20 CFR 404.1343 - When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply. 404.1343 Section 404.1343 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL... When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply. The limits on...

20 CFR 404.1343 - When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply. 404.1343 Section 404.1343 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL... When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply. The limits on...

20 CFR 404.1343 - When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply. 404.1343 Section 404.1343 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL... When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply. The limits on...

20 CFR 404.1343 - When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply. 404.1343 Section 404.1343 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL... When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply. The limits on...

20 CFR 404.1340 - Wage credits for World War II and post-World War II veterans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Wage credits for World War II and post-World... Uniformed Services Amounts of Wage Credits and Limits on Their Use § 404.1340 Wage credits for World War II and post-World War II veterans. In determining your entitlement to, and the amount of, your monthly...

20 CFR 404.1340 - Wage credits for World War II and post-World War II veterans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Wage credits for World War II and post-World... Uniformed Services Amounts of Wage Credits and Limits on Their Use § 404.1340 Wage credits for World War II and post-World War II veterans. In determining your entitlement to, and the amount of, your monthly...

20 CFR 404.1340 - Wage credits for World War II and post-World War II veterans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Wage credits for World War II and post-World... Uniformed Services Amounts of Wage Credits and Limits on Their Use § 404.1340 Wage credits for World War II and post-World War II veterans. In determining your entitlement to, and the amount of, your monthly...

20 CFR 404.1340 - Wage credits for World War II and post-World War II veterans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Wage credits for World War II and post-World... Uniformed Services Amounts of Wage Credits and Limits on Their Use § 404.1340 Wage credits for World War II and post-World War II veterans. In determining your entitlement to, and the amount of, your monthly...

20 CFR 404.1363 - Treatment of social security benefits or payments where Federal benefit payable other than by...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

...-sum death payment based on World War II or post-World War II wage credits after we receive notice from... War II or post-World War II active service, our payments to you are erroneous to the extent the payments are based on the World War II or post-World War II wage credits. The payments are erroneous...

20 CFR 404.1363 - Treatment of social security benefits or payments where Federal benefit payable other than by...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

...-sum death payment based on World War II or post-World War II wage credits after we receive notice from... War II or post-World War II active service, our payments to you are erroneous to the extent the payments are based on the World War II or post-World War II wage credits. The payments are erroneous...

Ballistic Missile Defense Deployment in Japan: Regional Reaction and the Future Stability of East Asia

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-01-01

cited in Paine, The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, 242. 9 Paine, 210. 10 J. Creelman , “The Massacre at Port Arthur,” The world (New York), 20 Dec...Manchuria during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The rape of Korea by the Japanese during this period was complete in physical , cultural...past. POST WORLD WAR II OCCUPATION The defeat of Japan in 1945 was total not only in terms of physical destruction of the country’s capacity

20 CFR 404.1301 - Introduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

..., through December 31, 1956. These individuals are considered World War II or post-World War II veterans... military or naval service of an allied country during World War II. These individuals are considered World.... These individuals are considered members of the uniformed services. (b) World War II or post-World War...

20 CFR 404.1301 - Introduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

..., through December 31, 1956. These individuals are considered World War II or post-World War II veterans... military or naval service of an allied country during World War II. These individuals are considered World.... These individuals are considered members of the uniformed services. (b) World War II or post-World War...

20 CFR 404.1301 - Introduction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

..., through December 31, 1956. These individuals are considered World War II or post-World War II veterans... military or naval service of an allied country during World War II. These individuals are considered World.... These individuals are considered members of the uniformed services. (b) World War II or post-World War...

20 CFR 404.1322 - Post-World War II service included.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Post-World War II service included. 404.1322 Section 404.1322 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1322 Post-World War II...

20 CFR 404.1323 - Post-World War II service excluded.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Post-World War II service excluded. 404.1323 Section 404.1323 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1323 Post-World War II...

20 CFR 404.1323 - Post-World War II service excluded.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Post-World War II service excluded. 404.1323... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1323 Post-World War II service excluded. Your service was not in the active service...

20 CFR 404.1322 - Post-World War II service included.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Post-World War II service included. 404.1322... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1322 Post-World War II service included. Your service was in the active service of...

20 CFR 404.1322 - Post-World War II service included.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Post-World War II service included. 404.1322... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1322 Post-World War II service included. Your service was in the active service of...

20 CFR 404.1323 - Post-World War II service excluded.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Post-World War II service excluded. 404.1323... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1323 Post-World War II service excluded. Your service was not in the active service...

20 CFR 404.1322 - Post-World War II service included.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Post-World War II service included. 404.1322... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1322 Post-World War II service included. Your service was in the active service of...

20 CFR 404.1323 - Post-World War II service excluded.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Post-World War II service excluded. 404.1323... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1323 Post-World War II service excluded. Your service was not in the active service...

20 CFR 404.1322 - Post-World War II service included.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Post-World War II service included. 404.1322... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1322 Post-World War II service included. Your service was in the active service of...

20 CFR 404.1323 - Post-World War II service excluded.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Post-World War II service excluded. 404.1323... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1323 Post-World War II service excluded. Your service was not in the active service...

A world from brave to new: Talcott Parsons and the war effort at Harvard University.

PubMed

Gerhardt, U

1999-01-01

This article argues that for Parsons and some of his colleagues at Harvard, the Second World War and the post-war period provided a context in which their work contributed to the transformation from totalitarianism to democracy in Central Europe (especially Germany) and Japan. The various agendas of Parsons' work are shown, supplemented by that of three of his colleagues with whom he collaborated (Gordon W. Allport, Carl J. Friedrich, Clyde Kluckhohn). The immediate effect of this work, for Parsons, however, meant frustration rather than fame, and his eventual reputation, I maintain, came unexpectedly with the third of his three attempts in the immediate post-war period to sum up what he believed were crucial insights that the Second World War had yielded concerning the ways in which sociology could contribute to the analytical understanding of democracy. The significance of this work is that it was both political and scientific. Because of the world situation of the 1940s, when the Holocaust in Germany was the nadir of civilization, Parsons believed that social science could contribute to the cause of making the world safe for future democracy. In the 1940s, this future depended on brave citizens, or such might have been Parsons' worldview. Targets envisaged for the 1950s, then, were community and citizenship in the newly democratic societies such as (West) Germany, the land that defeated Nazism. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Extravagant Aims, Distorted Practice

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Porter, James

2009-01-01

In the decades after the Second World War, the British Government had a democratic, independent and locally administered education service that was recognised as crucial to the post-war political, moral and economic recovery of the country. However, since that time, the independence of schools and local communities has been increasingly usurped,…

Early Dutch radio astronomy (1940-1970) : the people and the politics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elbers, Astrid

2015-12-01

Radio astronomy was born during the Second World War. The early post-war radio astronomy group in the Netherlands was one of the most important radio astronomy groups in the world. There are several reasons for this. Firstly: Dutch radio astronomers were trained as (optical) astronomers, while in most countries engineers and physicists with a background in wartime radar research were the first radio 'astronomers'. This was because radio telescopes shared the technology of wartime radar installations. Because Dutch astronomers were not familiar with the new kind of instrumentation, they had to conclude strategic alliances with industrial partners such as Philips, the PTT and the KNMI. These alliances would offer much more than merely technical know-how, which means that the disadvantage would prove to be an advantage in the end. Secondly: astronomy was still a very small-scale undertaking in the early post-war period. Even so, ZWO was still a very small organisation. The fact that so few people were involved meant that the impact of a personal network could be enormous. Thirdly: the Dutch post-war context was remarkably favourable to science: it was considered to be a key factor in the rebuilding of the country.

Changes in Scottish suicide rates during the Second World War.

PubMed

Henderson, Rob; Stark, Cameron; Humphry, Roger W; Selvaraj, Sivasubramaniam

2006-06-23

It is believed that total reported suicide rates tend to decrease during wartime. However, analysis of suicide rates during recent conflicts suggests a more complex picture, with increases in some age groups and changes in method choice. As few age and gender specific analyses of more distant conflicts have been conducted, it is not clear if these findings reflect a change in the epidemiology of suicide in wartime. Therefore, we examined suicide rates in Scotland before, during and after the Second World War to see if similar features were present. Data on deaths in Scotland recorded as suicide during the period 1931-1952, and population estimates for each of these years, were obtained from the General Register Office for Scotland. Using computer spreadsheets, suicide rates by gender, age and method were calculated. Forward stepwise logistic regression was used to assess the effect of gender, war and year on suicide rates using SAS V8.2. The all-age suicide rate among both men and women declined during the period studied. However, when this long-term decline is taken into account, the likelihood of suicide during the Second World War was higher than during both the pre-War and post-War periods. Suicide rates among men aged 15-24 years rose during the Second World War, peaking at 148 per million (41 deaths) during 1942 before declining to 39 per million (10 deaths) by 1945, while the rate among men aged 25-34 years reached 199 per million (43 deaths) during 1943 before falling to 66 per million (23 deaths) by 1946. This was accompanied by an increase in male suicides attributable to firearms and explosives during the War years which decreased following its conclusion. All age male and female suicide rates decreased in Scotland during World War II. However, once the general background decrease in suicide rates over the whole period is accounted for, the likelihood of suicide among the entire Scottish population during the Second World War was elevated. The overall decrease in suicide rates concealed large increases in younger male age groups during the War years, and an increase in male suicides recorded as due to the use of firearms. We conclude that the effects of war on younger people, reported in recent conflicts in Central Europe, were also seen in Scotland during the Second World War. The results support the findings of studies of recent conflicts which have found a heterogeneous picture with respect to age specific suicide rates during wartime.

Changes in Scottish suicide rates during the Second World War

PubMed Central

Henderson, Rob; Stark, Cameron; Humphry, Roger W; Selvaraj, Sivasubramaniam

2006-01-01

Background It is believed that total reported suicide rates tend to decrease during wartime. However, analysis of suicide rates during recent conflicts suggests a more complex picture, with increases in some age groups and changes in method choice. As few age and gender specific analyses of more distant conflicts have been conducted, it is not clear if these findings reflect a change in the epidemiology of suicide in wartime. Therefore, we examined suicide rates in Scotland before, during and after the Second World War to see if similar features were present. Methods Data on deaths in Scotland recorded as suicide during the period 1931 – 1952, and population estimates for each of these years, were obtained from the General Register Office for Scotland. Using computer spreadsheets, suicide rates by gender, age and method were calculated. Forward stepwise logistic regression was used to assess the effect of gender, war and year on suicide rates using SAS V8.2. Results The all-age suicide rate among both men and women declined during the period studied. However, when this long-term decline is taken into account, the likelihood of suicide during the Second World War was higher than during both the pre-War and post-War periods. Suicide rates among men aged 15–24 years rose during the Second World War, peaking at 148 per million (41 deaths) during 1942 before declining to 39 per million (10 deaths) by 1945, while the rate among men aged 25–34 years reached 199 per million (43 deaths) during 1943 before falling to 66 per million (23 deaths) by 1946. This was accompanied by an increase in male suicides attributable to firearms and explosives during the War years which decreased following its conclusion. Conclusion All age male and female suicide rates decreased in Scotland during World War II. However, once the general background decrease in suicide rates over the whole period is accounted for, the likelihood of suicide among the entire Scottish population during the Second World War was elevated. The overall decrease in suicide rates concealed large increases in younger male age groups during the War years, and an increase in male suicides recorded as due to the use of firearms. We conclude that the effects of war on younger people, reported in recent conflicts in Central Europe, were also seen in Scotland during the Second World War. The results support the findings of studies of recent conflicts which have found a heterogeneous picture with respect to age specific suicide rates during wartime. PMID:16796751

20 CFR 404.1342 - Limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits. 404.1342 Section 404.1342 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION... Uniformed Services Amounts of Wage Credits and Limits on Their Use § 404.1342 Limits on granting World War...

20 CFR 404.1342 - Limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits. 404.1342 Section 404.1342 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION... Uniformed Services Amounts of Wage Credits and Limits on Their Use § 404.1342 Limits on granting World War...

20 CFR 404.1342 - Limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits. 404.1342 Section 404.1342 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION... Uniformed Services Amounts of Wage Credits and Limits on Their Use § 404.1342 Limits on granting World War...

20 CFR 404.1342 - Limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits. 404.1342 Section 404.1342 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION... Uniformed Services Amounts of Wage Credits and Limits on Their Use § 404.1342 Limits on granting World War...

20 CFR 404.1302 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... on September 16, 1940, with a country with which the United States was at war during the World War II... under a program or pension system set up by the agency or instrumentality. Post-World War II period... detailed definition of the World War II veteran and a post-World War II veteran, see §§ 404.1310 and 404...

20 CFR 404.1302 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... on September 16, 1940, with a country with which the United States was at war during the World War II... under a program or pension system set up by the agency or instrumentality. Post-World War II period... detailed definition of the World War II veteran and a post-World War II veteran, see §§ 404.1310 and 404...

20 CFR 404.1302 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... on September 16, 1940, with a country with which the United States was at war during the World War II... under a program or pension system set up by the agency or instrumentality. Post-World War II period... detailed definition of the World War II veteran and a post-World War II veteran, see §§ 404.1310 and 404...

20 CFR 404.1302 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... on September 16, 1940, with a country with which the United States was at war during the World War II... under a program or pension system set up by the agency or instrumentality. Post-World War II period... detailed definition of the World War II veteran and a post-World War II veteran, see §§ 404.1310 and 404...

People's Attitudes versus Politics: Segregated Education in Post-War Bosnia and Herzegovina

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Torsti, Pilvi

2009-01-01

Education was an important part of the identity politics of socialist Yugoslavia, created after the Second World War under Partisan leadership. It has even been suggested that efforts towards nation building in Yugoslavia were carried out mainly through the education system and history education (Diegoli, 2007, 49-50; Hopken, 1997, 82; Wachtel…

Technology for All: Turning a Keyword into a School Subject in Post-War Sweden

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hultén, Magnus

2013-01-01

The decades following the Second World War saw strong technological development and economic growth. They also saw "the advent of technology education", a period of extensive curriculum development in this field. But what was done and why? In order to obtain a better understanding of the historical roots of technology education, in this…

The Cultural Roots of Professional Wisdom: Towards a Broader View of Teacher Expertise

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carr, David; Skinner, Don

2009-01-01

Perhaps the most pressing issue concerning teacher education and training since the end of the Second World War has been that of the role of theory--or principled reflection--in professional expertise. Here, although the main post-war architects of a new educational professionalism clearly envisaged a key role for theory--considering such…

20 CFR 404.1361 - Federal benefit payable other than by Veterans Administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... on the veteran's World War II or post-World War II active service before we determine and certify... on the veteran's World War II or post-World War II active service after we determine and certify payment, we— (1) Stop payment of your benefits or recompute the amount of any further benefits that can be...

20 CFR 404.1361 - Federal benefit payable other than by Veterans Administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... on the veteran's World War II or post-World War II active service before we determine and certify... on the veteran's World War II or post-World War II active service after we determine and certify payment, we— (1) Stop payment of your benefits or recompute the amount of any further benefits that can be...

20 CFR 404.1361 - Federal benefit payable other than by Veterans Administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... on the veteran's World War II or post-World War II active service before we determine and certify... on the veteran's World War II or post-World War II active service after we determine and certify payment, we— (1) Stop payment of your benefits or recompute the amount of any further benefits that can be...

20 CFR 404.1361 - Federal benefit payable other than by Veterans Administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... on the veteran's World War II or post-World War II active service before we determine and certify... on the veteran's World War II or post-World War II active service after we determine and certify payment, we— (1) Stop payment of your benefits or recompute the amount of any further benefits that can be...

20 CFR 404.1361 - Federal benefit payable other than by Veterans Administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... on the veteran's World War II or post-World War II active service before we determine and certify... on the veteran's World War II or post-World War II active service after we determine and certify payment, we— (1) Stop payment of your benefits or recompute the amount of any further benefits that can be...

Cultural shift in mental illness: a comparison of stress responses in World War I and the Vietnam War.

PubMed

Skinner, Rasjid; Kaplick, Paul M

2017-12-01

Post-traumatic stress disorder is an established diagnostic category. In particular, over the past 20 years, there has been an interest in culture as a fundamental factor in post-traumatic stress disorder symptom manifestation. However, only a very limited portion of this literature studies the historical variability of post-traumatic stress within a particular culture. Therefore, this study examines whether stress responses to violence associated with armed conflicts have been a culturally stable reaction in Western troops. We have compared historical records from World War I to those of the Vietnam War. Reference is also made to observations of combat trauma reactions in pre-World War I conflicts, World War II, the Korean War, the Falklands War, and the First Gulf War. The data set consisted of literature that was published during and after these armed conflicts. Accounts of World War I Shell Shock that describe symptom presentation, incidence (both acute and delayed), and prognosis were compared to the observations made of Vietnam War post-traumatic stress disorder victims. Results suggest that the conditions observed in Vietnam veterans were not the same as those which were observed in World War I trauma victims. The paper argues that the concept of post-traumatic stress disorder cannot be stretched to cover the typical battle trauma reactions of World War I. It is suggested that relatively subtle changes in culture, over little more than a generation, have had a profound effect on how mental illness forms, manifests itself, and is effectively treated. We add new evidence to the argument that post-traumatic stress disorder in its current conceptualisation does not adequately account, not only for ethnocultural variation but also for historical variation in stress responses within the same culture.

In the hands of your enemy.

PubMed

Worthen, Dennis B

2010-01-01

In the days of the post 9/11 attacks in the United States and the response against terrorism, one must question whether the source and supply of medicines in America is safe and adequate. This article reviews a common thread that runs through the periods of national emergency brought on by war, beginning with the Revolutionary War and repeated in the Civil War, World War 1, and World War 2: access to sufficient safe medicines. The shortage of medicines challenged the birth of the new nation in the Revolutionary War and helped thwart its destruction by the withdrawal of the southern states in the Civil War. Similarly, access to natural medicine and patented synthetic chemicals created major challenges in both World War 1 and World War 2. While not the only factor in victory, medicines did play an important role. Two separate but intertwined questions are evident. The first is whether the United States can control and provide the supply of medicines needed for the health and safety of it citizens-military and civilian. The second is whether the quality, that is the safety and efficacy, can be assured whether the source of the medicine is domestic or imported.

In Search of the Further Education of Young People in Post-War England

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Richardson, William

2007-01-01

This article surveys three strands of development in the further education of young people in England since the Second World War: its institutional evolution, some aspects of the experience of its students and staff, and the political and economic imperatives that have given it shape and direction. The account draws upon a wide range of primary…

Expanding Higher Education: Institutional Responses in Australia from the Post-War Era to the 1970s

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Forsyth, Hannah

2015-01-01

The history of universities in the twentieth century is, at least from the perspective of growth, a massive success. Australian higher education is no exception. Prior to the Second World War, Australia had six universities and approximately 10,500 students. Now there are in excess of one million students attending 39 institutions. In each phase…

Student Accommodation in Higher Education in the United Kingdom: Changing Post-War Attitudes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tight, Malcolm

2011-01-01

This article explores the changing attitudes towards student accommodation in higher education in the United Kingdom since the end of the Second World War. In the first part of this period there was a firm assumption, in universities and teacher training colleges, that the accommodation of students in or close to their university or college,…

20 CFR 404.1320 - Who is a post-World War II veteran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Who is a post-World War II veteran. 404.1320 Section 404.1320 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II Veterans § 404.1320 Who is a post-Worl...

20 CFR 404.1342 - Limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits. 404.1342 Section 404.1342 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Amounts of Wage Credits...

20 CFR 404.1340 - Wage credits for World War II and post-World War II veterans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Wage credits for World War II and post-World War II veterans. 404.1340 Section 404.1340 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Amounts of Wage Credits and...

20 CFR 404.1343 - When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false When the limits on granting World War II and post-World War II wage credits do not apply. 404.1343 Section 404.1343 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services...

20 CFR 404.1321 - Ninety-day active service requirement for post-World War II veterans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Ninety-day active service requirement for post-World War II veterans. 404.1321 Section 404.1321 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services Post-World War II...

The "Convitti Scuola della Rinascita" (The Boarding Schools of Rebirth): An Innovative Pedagogy for Democracy in Post-War Italy (1945-1955)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pruneri, Fabio

2016-01-01

In 1945, Italian society was in crisis. Twenty years of fascism and the aerial bombing and military offensives of the Second World War had left the civilian population suffering and the nation in need of reinvention. In this difficult context, certain anti-fascist intellectuals devised the interesting pedagogical experiment of the 11 Convitti…

Post-combat syndromes from the Boer war to the Gulf war: a cluster analysis of their nature and attribution

PubMed Central

Jones, Edgar; Hodgins-Vermaas, Robert; McCartney, Helen; Everitt, Brian; Beech, Charlotte; Poynter, Denise; Palmer, Ian; Hyams, Kenneth; Wessely, Simon

2002-01-01

Objectives To discover whether post-combat syndromes have existed after modern wars and what relation they bear to each other. Design Review of medical and military records of servicemen and cluster analysis of symptoms. Data sources Records for 1856 veterans randomly selected from war pension files awarded from 1872 and from the Medical Assessment Programme for Gulf war veterans. Main outcome measures Characteristic patterns of symptom clusters and their relation to dependent variables including war, diagnosis, predisposing physical illness, and exposure to combat; and servicemen's changing attributions for post-combat disorders. Results Three varieties of post-combat disorder were identified—a debility syndrome (associated with the 19th and early 20th centuries), somatic syndrome (related primarily to the first world war), and a neuropsychiatric syndrome (associated with the second world war and the Gulf conflict). The era in which the war occurred was overwhelmingly the best predictor of cluster membership. Conclusions All modern wars have been associated with a syndrome characterised by unexplained medical symptoms. The form that these assume, the terms used to describe them, and the explanations offered by servicemen and doctors seem to be influenced by advances in medical science, changes in the nature of warfare, and underlying cultural forces. What is already known on this topicService in the Gulf war is associated with an increased rate of reported symptoms and worsening subjective healthPost-combat syndromes have been described after most modern conflicts from the US civil war onwardsWhat this study addsThere seems to be no single post-combat syndrome but a number of variations on a themeThe ever changing form of post-combat syndromes seems to be related to advances in medical understanding, the developing nature of warfare, and cultural undercurrentsBecause reported symptoms are subject to bias and changing emphasis related to advances in medical science or the discovery of new diseases, the characterisation of individual syndromes has to be treated with cautionAttributions by servicemen are generally consistent with symptom characteristics, though there seems to be a growing reluctance to consider the stress of military service as a cause PMID:11834557

World Wars at Home: U.S. Response to World War II Propaganda.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nagy, Alex

1990-01-01

Focuses on how the United States Post Office reacted to the massive influx of political propaganda, primarily from the Soviet Union, immediately prior to and during World War II. Describes how the Post Office played an active role in stopping and burning some 50 tons of incoming material. (RS)

Post Second World War immigration from Balkan countries to Turkey.

PubMed

Kirisci, K

1995-01-01

"Although there are some works, both in English and Turkish, that have studied migration into the Ottoman empire from the Balkans during the 19th century...it is difficult to find any systematic and comprehensive literature that examines the period since the establishment of the Turkish Republic.... This article aims at filling some of this gap....[The article offers] an analysis of the size and causes of migration from the Balkans to Turkey since the end of the Second World War. The statistics for tables used in this article, unless stated otherwise, have been obtained from the General Directorate of Village Works in Ankara, which is responsible for keeping the statistical records on immigrants arriving in Turkey." excerpt

George W. Bush's Post-September 11 Rhetoric of Covenant Renewal: Upholding the Faith of the Greatest Generation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bostdorff, Denise M.

2003-01-01

The appeal of Bush's post-September 11 discourse lies in its similarities with the Puritan rhetoric of covenant renewal by which ministers brought second- and third-generation Puritans into the church. Through this epideictic discourse, Bush implored younger Americans to uphold the national covenant of their "elders," the World War II generation,…

The mental health sector and the social sciences in post- World War II USA. Part 2: The impact of federal research funding and the drugs revolution.

PubMed

Scull, Andrew

2011-09-01

The second of two linked papers examining the interactions of psychiatry and the social sciences since World War II examines the role of NIMH on these disciplines. It analyses the effects of the prominence and the decline of psychoanalysis, and the impact of the psychotropic drugs revolution and the associated rise of biological psychiatry on relations between psychiatry and clinical psychology; and it explores the changing relationships between psychiatry and sociology, from collaboration to conflict to mutual disdain.

The Changing Governance of Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ranson, Stewart

2008-01-01

The 1988 Education Reform Act sought to deconstruct the framework of post-Second World War social democratic governance and replace the tacit rule of professional providers with mechanisms of choice and market competition, thus empowering parents and school leaders. Functions, powers and responsibilities were fundamentally reconstituted and have…

America First Isolationism in U.S. Foreign Policy from the 19th to the 21st Century

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-01

internationalist policy pursued since the Second World War. I assume the answer is “No,” but an ex - post analysis will show the impact of his new mercantilist...his opponent Hillary Clinton to describe him as a “dangerous isolationist,” according to Washington Post correspondent Anne Gearan.3 But, is...Speech,” Washington Post , August 31, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/ post - politics/wp/2016/08/31/clinton-plans-to-slam-trump-as-a-dangerous

Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Southern Balkans

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-06-01

political rather than a religious struggle 114. The creation of the new church in the period 1870-1890, motivated many Christians to convert to the...had a very unsuccessful foreign policy. In three wars - Second Balkan War 1913, the First World War 1914 - 1918 and the Second World War 1939-1945...that occupied them. For those who refused the conversion expulsion was the price147. After the First World War 1914 - 1918 , the exchange of

'The gut war': Functional somatic disorders in the UK during the Second World War.

PubMed

Jones, Edgar

2012-12-01

Hospital admission and mortality statistics suggested that peptic ulcer reached a peak prevalence in the mid-1950s. During the Second World War, against this background of serious and common pathology, an epidemic of dyspepsia afflicted both service personnel and civilians alike. In the absence of reliable diagnostic techniques, physicians struggled to distinguish between life-threatening illness and mild, temporary disorders. This article explores the context in which non-ulcer stomach conditions flourished. At a time when fear was considered defeatist and overt psychological disorder attracted stigma, both soldiers and civilians exposed to frightening events may have unconsciously translated their distress into gastrointestinal disorders. While the nature of army food was initially identified as the cause of duodenal ulcer in servicemen, the pre-war idea that conscientious and anxious individuals were at high risk gathered support and fed into post-war beliefs that this was a stress-related illness. Diet continued to be employed as a means of management at a time when the nation was preoccupied by food because of the constraints imposed by rationing. The peptic ulcer phenomenon set much of the medical agenda for the war years and conflicted with the commonly held view that the British people had never been healthier.

German Counter-C3 Activity and Its Effects on Soviet Command, Control, and Communications During Operation Barbarossa

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-03-01

to examine in this regard is their most recent military experience of signifi- cance, the Second World War . A glance at this experience reveals... Second World War , and subsequently their historians, did not think or write in "C3 terms", although there is evidence 16 they certainly considered each...techni- ques of warfare employed by the Germans in World War II while also studying the Soviet experiences and performance in that same war . Second , an

The United States and Cuba: Past, Present and Future

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-04-01

Amendment in 1934, the naval base at Guantanamo remains controversial and undoubtedly surface as a transition issue for a post -Castro Cuba. 28 The...uprisings led by groups attempting to overthrow the government accusing the incumbent leaders of corruption and ruthlessness.33 The first US post ...86% and 90% of total exports.15 In the post -Second World War period, sugar prices fell again and although the price rose to 3.5 cents per pond in

91. World War II observation post, Cabarello level looking from ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

91. World War II observation post, Cabarello level looking from Carmen Bastion (similar to HABS PR-48-24) - Castillo de San Felipe del Morro, Northwest end of San Juan, San Juan, San Juan Municipio, PR

An Anthropologist Examines the Navy’s Recruiting Process.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-12-01

world ." So why does an Hispanic choose the Navy? "Mainly I think it’s because the image of the Navy has changed. There used to be a World War Two...after the Second World War . From this first stream of migrants branched a second, comprised of people who did most of the manual labor in the construc...Hispanics there was a higher military participation in World War Two and the Korean War , and these experiences had significant acculturating effects

California forest industry wood consumption and characteristics, 1972.

Treesearch

James O. Howard

1972-01-01

The California forest industry as it exists today is the product of dramatic post-World War II changes. Before World War II, the industry consisted almost entirely of sawmills, depending primarily upon redwood and pines for their raw material supply. Responding to the post-War building boom and local population growth, the sawmill industry increased rapidly—from 450 to...

Footnote in History: Sixth Army Group Operations in the Second World War and Lessons for Contemporary Planners

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-05-26

Footnote in History: Sixth Army Group Operations in the Second World War and Lessons for Contemporary Planners A Monograph...Lessons for Contemporary Planners 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) Rebecca E. Beard, MAJ, U.S...History: Sixth Army Group Operations in the Second World War and Lessons for Contemporary Planners Approved by: , Monograph Director

Joseph Rotblat: Influences, Scientific Achievements and Legacy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Underwood, Martin

2008-01-01

Joseph Rotblat was one of the most distinguished nuclear physicists and peace campaigners of the post Second World War period. His peace activities rank alongside those of Albert Einstein and Bertrand Russell; he won the Nobel Peace Prize, jointly with the Pugwash movement, that he helped found. However, he made significant contributions to…

The Deviant University Student: Historical Discourses about Student Failure and "Wastage" in the Antipodes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Manathunga, Catherine

2014-01-01

The emergence of academic development in Anglophone higher education was linked to post Second World War massification and concerns about student failure. These concerns were driven by increasing statistical investigations into student attrition and degree times to completion, particularly in Australia and Aotearoa, New Zealand. There was a…

Narratives of change and reform processes: global and local transactions in French psychiatric hospital reform after the Second World War.

PubMed

Henckes, Nicolas

2009-02-01

As with the rest of biomedicine, psychiatry has, since the Second World War, developed under the strong influence of the transnational accumulation of a whole series of practices and knowledge. Anthropology has taught us to pay attention to the transactions between local-level actors and those operating at the global level in the construction of this new world of medicine. This article examines the role played by the recommendations of the WHO Expert Committee of Mental Health in the reform of the French mental health system during the 1950s. Rooted in the experience of practitioners and administrators participating in the process of reforming local psychiatric systems, the recommendations of the WHO Expert Committee developed a new vision of regulating psychiatry, based on professionalism and an idea of a normativity of the doctor-patient relation. This article shows how, by mobilizing the WHO reports' recommendations, French administrators and doctors succeeded in creating a typically French object: "the psychiatric sector", founded on elaborating a new mandate for the psychiatric profession. The article thus questions the deinstitutionalization model as an explanation of transformations of the structure of the French psychiatry system in the post-war period.

Military uses of groundwater: a driver of innovation?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Robins, N. S.; Rose, E. P. F.

2009-07-01

Military need has been a positive driver to the development of the modern day, and now mature, science of hydrogeology. The important synergy between geology and water supply was appreciated by military men in the mid-nineteenth century but the first real test of this learning only took place in the First World War. German, British and American geologists then mapped water resources and the potential for exploiting groundwater in Belgium and northern France. Technical innovations included deployment of rapid drilling techniques and the promotion of well screens for use in unconsolidated sediments. The mapping techniques were developed further during the Second World War when innovative remote mapping of enemy-occupied territory became an important planning tool to both Allied and German armies. Work in North Africa and other arid and semi-arid terrains promoted insight into the occurrence of groundwater in fresh-water aquifers little replenished by recharge. Mapping of hard rock basement-type environments in the islands of Jersey and Guernsey by German geologists was a concept new to the British Isles. Collectively, these varied initiatives provided part of the foundation for post-Second World War development of modern-day applied hydrogeology.

‘The gut war’: Functional somatic disorders in the UK during the Second World War

PubMed Central

Jones, Edgar

2016-01-01

Hospital admission and mortality statistics suggested that peptic ulcer reached a peak prevalence in the mid-1950s. During the Second World War, against this background of serious and common pathology, an epidemic of dyspepsia afflicted both service personnel and civilians alike. In the absence of reliable diagnostic techniques, physicians struggled to distinguish between life-threatening illness and mild, temporary disorders. This article explores the context in which non-ulcer stomach conditions flourished. At a time when fear was considered defeatist and overt psychological disorder attracted stigma, both soldiers and civilians exposed to frightening events may have unconsciously translated their distress into gastrointestinal disorders. While the nature of army food was initially identified as the cause of duodenal ulcer in servicemen, the pre-war idea that conscientious and anxious individuals were at high risk gathered support and fed into post-war beliefs that this was a stress-related illness. Diet continued to be employed as a means of management at a time when the nation was preoccupied by food because of the constraints imposed by rationing. The peptic ulcer phenomenon set much of the medical agenda for the war years and conflicted with the commonly held view that the British people had never been healthier. PMID:27917025

'DESPERATE HOUSEWIVES' AND THE DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENT IN POST-WAR BRITAIN: INDIVIDUAL PERSPECTIVES.

PubMed

Haggett, Ali

This article examines the recollections of middle-class British housewives who experienced symptoms of neurosis, anxiety or depression during the post Second World War period. It specifically addresses the claim made by feminist commentators, that the banality and stultification of the domestic role caused mental illness in women. The oral testimonies suggest that, in many cases, housewives of the 1950s and 1960s found contentment in their role, identifying instead problematic interpersonal relationships or trauma during childhood as the cause of their symptoms. The article argues that the causes of anxiety and depression were more complex than has previously been suggested and seeks to provide a more sophisticated analysis of women's experience.

Fighting for Social Democracy: R.H. Tawney and Educational Reconstruction in the Second World War

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ku, Hsiao-Yuh

2016-01-01

R.H. Tawney (1880-1962), a leading English economic historian and prominent socialist, was vigorously involved in educational reconstruction during the Second World War. For Tawney, the war was a war for social democracy. His ideals of social democracy formed a basis for his case for Public (independent) School reform and free secondary education…

The Rise and Fall of Life-Wide Learning for Adults in England

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tuckett, Alan

2017-01-01

This article analyses policy and practice in social and cultural education for adults in England in the post Second World War era, beginning with the flowering of municipal adult education and the expansion of university extra-mural provision. It tracks the emerging policy focus on extending participation to under-represented groups, and on…

War, Nation, Memory: International Perspectives on World War II in School History Textbooks. Research in Curriculum and Instruction

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Crawford, Keith A., Ed.; Foster, Stuart J., Ed.

2007-01-01

The Second World War stands as the most devastating and destructive global conflict in human history. More than 60 nations representing 1.7 billion people or three quarters of the world's population were consumed by its horror. Not surprisingly, therefore, World War II stands as a landmark episode in history education throughout the world and its…

On the Border: The Contested Children of the Second World War

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ericsson, Kjersti; Simonsen, Eva

2008-01-01

This article conceptualizes Second World War children of German soldiers and native women in Norway as "border children", who became symbolic bearers of deep societal conflicts. The authors demonstrate that this position had painful consequences in the personal experiences of the children, experiences that were shared with war children…

The Great War: Online Resources.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Duncanson, Bruce

2002-01-01

Presents an annotated bibliography of Web sites about World War I. Includes: (1) general Web sites; (2) Web sites with information during the war; (3) Web sites with information about post-World War I; (4) Web sites that provide photos, sound files of speeches, and propaganda posters; and (5) Web sites with lesson plans. (CMK)

[Publicly employed physicians--war years and post-war judicial process].

PubMed

Schiøtz, A

1995-12-10

During the Second World War, publicly employed medical officers in Norway were given a role which disharmonized in many ways with the role they had before 9 April 1940. They had been employed on terms which included loyalty towards employer, colleagues and patients. After the outbreak of the war and for five years to come, loyalties were put to the test. At the same time their actual services became more demanding. Their daily work was complicated by various laws and regulations, and the political situation in general hindered personal and professional development and free communication between doctors and patients, and between colleagues. After the war the central medical administration was relentless and the sanctions against those who had supported the occupying powers were exceptionally hard. The author emphasizes the doctors' personal experiences during the war and the first postwar years. The most important sources are personal testimonies, as they come forth in public records, biographies and interviews.

DefenseLink Feature: The Great War

Science.gov Websites

of former Army Corporal Frank W. Buckles, the last surviving American veteran of World War I and the oldest known World War I era veteran in the world, who passed away yesterday at the age of 110. A during the Second World War. Frank Buckles lived the American Century. Like so many veterans, he returned

The Trilateral Force: The Atlantic Alliance and the Future of Nuclear Weapons Strategy

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

2010), 10. 4 Robert Manning, Envisioning 2030: U.S. Strategy for a Post-Western World, Atlantic Council (2013), 46. 5 Paul Bracken, The Second...Strategic Stability: Contending Interpretations, U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute (2013); Paul Bracken, “The Bomb Returns for a Second...U.S. Nuclear Strategy, Force Structure and Posture, Global Zero (2012), 6. 27 Dana Johnson, et al., “Triad, Dyad, Monad? Shaping the U.S. Force of

The Stillborn Army: Political Contention and the Fate of De Gaulle’s Armee de Metier

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-05-25

the Germans in antitank weapons S 1Anthony Adamthwaite, France and the Coming of the Second World War 1936-1939 (London: Frank Cass & Co., 1977), xii...Liddell-Hart, . -. History of the Second World War (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1971), 21. 3 James F. McMillan, Dreyfus to de Gaulle: Politics and...Comino of the Second World War , xi. ... 55j. R. Tournoux, P~tain and de Gaulle. 1964, trans. Oliver Coburn .4,-.,., (London: William Heinemann, 1966

Student Life Transformed: A Post-World War Two Institutional Case Study of St. Francis Xavier University.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cameron, James D.

2003-01-01

Provides an institutional case study of St. Francis Xavier University in Nova Scotia, a church-related college, regarding how post-World War II social trends reconfigured Canadian universities and substantially altered the undergraduate experience. Found that rising enrollments, physical plant expansion, faculty laicization, the campaign for…

The Hegemony of English in Science and Technology.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kaplan, Robert B.

A discussion of the dominant role of English in international science and technology looks at the interplay of several factors occurring during the post-World War II period: (1) imposition of English on the post-war world by the English-speaking victors (Britain, United States, Australia, New Zealand); (2) development of the first international…

The Great Unescape: Three Mile Island, Fukushima, and Beyond

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Spector, Hannah

2015-01-01

During the Second World War, the Luftwaffe ran a maximum security prisoner of war (POW) camp called "Stalag Luft III," which imprisoned captured Allied air force servicemen. The story of the 1944 escape from Stalag Luft III is one of the most famous stories of the Second World War as described in the firsthand written account and…

Extracting the Beaten Expeditionary Force: The Margin Between Defeat and Catastrophe

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-05-18

Lee exploited r, s ’victor’, at Second Manassas. the course ot the Amer iean Civi War mig-t nave been dirterent. Likewise, the remova or X Corps rrorm...34. Prooeedlngs , May. 1989. Playfair, I.S.O.. History or the Second World War , Volume I. The Germans Come to the Aid of Their Al ly. ,London. Her Majesty’s...London. Her Majesty’s Stationary Ofrice. 1966 . Roskiii. J.W.. History or the Second World War . United Kingdom Military Series, The War at Sea, 139

Defense.gov Special Report: World War I - 100th Anniversary

Science.gov Websites

Department of Defense Submit Search World War I 100th Anniversary The assassination on June 28, 1914, of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, would spark World War I. The Defense French in the Second Battle of Ypres. Map of the occupation of Poland in World War I. 5MAY MAY 5, 1915

North Korean Foreign Relations in the Post-Cold War World

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-04-01

Intentions, written Dr. Scobell, was pub- lished in July 2005. The second monograph, Kim Jong Il and North Korea: The Leader and the System , also writ... system to that of an aggressive nation representing a mortal threat. As if in fear of the DPRK’s “tyranny of proximity,” however, all three of North...fu- ture of the post–Kim Il Sung system opens up room for the outside world to use whatever leverage it might have to nudge North Korean leaders

Neurologic sequelae of deficiency diseases in World War II prisoners of war: Extracts from a videographic narrative.

PubMed

Kumar, Neeraj; Boes, Christopher J; Vilensky, Joel

2010-03-01

This report aims at bringing attention to still frames from a film that provides a videographic narrative of neurologic deficiency diseases in post World War II prisoners of war. An abbreviated version of the original film is provided as Supplementary material. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Command and Irregular Indigenous Combat Forces in the Middle East and Africa: A Historical Perspective on a Current Reality

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-11-21

these relationships to function. By comparing the command pathways of cases in Palestine Mandate and the Horn of Africa during the Second World War...suggest a way forward for contemporary operations. Keywords: Second World War, Israel, Ethiopia, Haganah, Palmach, Irgun (IZL), Special Operations...authority to one that stems from pathways of influence. Through the First World War, the British Empire had a tradition of work- ing with indigenous

Educating the Female Citizen in a Post-war World: Competing Ideologies for American Women, 1945-1965.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Eisenmann, Linda

2002-01-01

In post-World War II United States, women were caught between competing patriotic, economic, cultural, and psychological ideologies dictating their behavior. Differences between these expectations and challenges to behavioral norms provoked tensions in women's education that lasted until the women's movement of the 1960s. (Contains 25 references.)…

UNICEF, syphilis and the state: negotiating female citizenship in the post-Second World War world.

PubMed

Morris, Jennifer

2010-01-01

Few charitable organizations have achieved the status of global recognition enjoyed by UNICEF, the United Nations Children's Fund, which embodies the international effort to provide for needy children the world over. Created because of its synchronicity with the United Nations' stated purpose—to maintain peace in the world—UNICEF launched its operations in 1946. Its founding, early operations and eventual restructuring reveal a great deal about concurrent political and economic events, but also provide keen insight into international ideas about who qualified for full citizenship in the post-war world. The consequences of UNICEF's policies, procedures and practices posed challenges to notions of citizenship for both women and children. It challenged citizenship not by questioning sex-specific gender roles, but by judiciously adhering to the United Nations' promise to create equality for men and women alike. UNICEF found itself in the unique position to be able to globalize definitions of what constituted full citizenship in any nation, due to its rapid expansion throughout the world. Through its programs, especially those related to health care, it not only challenged these roles in the West, but began over several decades to complicate the definition of citizenship as it became a forceful presence in Asia and Africa throughout the 1970s.

Librarians and Censorship during Three Modern Wars.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Murphy, Katherine B.

The wars of the twentieth century have clarified American librarians' evolving attitudes toward censorship, while at the same time providing impetus for changes in those attitudes. This study uses content analysis to examine librarians' attitudes toward censorship during three periods: the First World War, the Second World War, and the Vietnam…

Shifting Identity Positions in the Development of Language Education for Immigrants: An Analysis of Discourses Associated with "Swedish for Immigrants"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rosen, Jenny Karin; Bagga-Gupta, Sangeeta

2013-01-01

The study presented in this paper focuses upon conceptualisations of language and identity in the institutionalised arena that emerged in the post-Second World War period with the specific intention of teaching Swedish to adult immigrants in the nation-state of Sweden. Our analysis focuses upon the development of the educational programme…

The Education of Women for Citizenship: The National Federation of Women's Institutes and the British Federation of Business and Professional Women 1930-1959

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Perriton, Linda

2009-01-01

This article focuses on how citizenship education was built into the organisational practices as well as the formal instructional programmes of women's organisations in Britain in the pre- and post-Second World War period. It compares the efforts of two such organisations, the National Federation of Women's Institutes (NFWI) and the British…

Reexamining Fourth Generation War as a Paradigm for Future War

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-12-04

Kuhn’s theory, a paradigm shift in science has far-reaching effects on the broader world . 4GW theorists embrace this aspect of Kuhn’s “paradigm...with the perplexing and hostile challenges of the chaotic post-Cold War world for which the ‘rules’ have not yet been written. The three-block war...events within its framework. In short, it was ready-made for military officers seeking a unifying frame for understanding the world and their experiences

Post-War Development of Housing Estates in the Sorela Style Joint with the Boom of Mining and Metallurgy in the Ostrava-Karviná Coal District and their Current Significance for Geotourism

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Duraj, Miloš; Cheng, Xianfeng; Niemiec, Dominik; Arencibia Montero, Orlando; Koleňák, Petr

2017-10-01

The post-war Czechoslovakia needed to deal with a complex and urgent problem of rebuilding the destroyed industry after the Second World War. The complicated circumstances shortly after the war divided Europe into two antagonistic units. The former Czechoslovakia fell under the influence of the Soviet Union. Apart from the political and many other changes, the influence of this power also affected the style of the contemporary architecture. A new style called social realism (sorela) evolved and dominated also the culture and arts. The initial ornateness and exaggerated grandeur of the buildings gradually faded out due to economic reasons. The classical ornamental sorela is irregularly represented in many localities of the former Czechoslovakia. It takes form of discrete buildings or whole blocks. Among the most interesting and extensive units to house tens of thousands of citizens employed in mining and metallurgy, there are the buildings in Ostrava-Poruba and Havířov. The localities are nowadays conservation zones due to their significance.

A TODAY VICTIM OF SECOND WORLD WAR.

PubMed

Hăisan, Anca; Dumea, Mihaela; Ursaru, Manuela; Bulat, C; Cimpoeşu, Diana Carmen

2015-01-01

Emergency medicine as a medical specialty has to deal with all kind of emergency situations, from medical to post traumatic acute eyents and from new born to the elderly persons, but also with particular situations like explosions. In Romania nowadays these are accidental explosions and rare like frequency, but may be dramatic due to numbers of victims and multisystem injury that may occur. We present a case of a single victim of accidental detonated bomb, a projectile from the Second World War, which unfortunately still may be found in some areas. The management of the case from first call to 112 until the victim is discharge-involves high professional team work. We use these opportunity to make a brief review of the mechanism through the lesions may appear and also to renew the fact that the most impressive lesion may not be the most severe, and we have to examine carefully in order to find the real life threatening injury of the patient.

The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence in the 1960s: Science in Popular Culture

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smith, Sierra

2012-01-01

Building upon the advancement of technology during the Second World War and the important scientific discoveries which have been made about the structure and components of the universe, scientists, especially in radio astronomy and physics, began seriously addressing the possibility of extraterrestrial intelligence in the 1960s. The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) quickly became one of the most controversial scientific issues in the post Second World War period. The controversy played out, not only in scientific and technical journals, but in newspapers and in popular literature. Proponents for SETI, including Frank Drake, Carl Sagan, and Philip Morrison, actively used a strategy of engagement with the public by using popular media to lobby for exposure and funding. This paper will examine the use of popular media by scientists interested in SETI to popularize and heighten public awareness and also to examine the effects of popularization on SETI's early development. My research has been generously supported by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory.

A Conversation with Historian Gerhard Weinberg.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hackney, Sheldon

1995-01-01

Presents an interview with historian Gerhard Weinberg by Sheldon Hackney of the National Endowment for the Humanities. Asserts that the 50th anniversary of the end of World War II also marks the end of the postwar world. Discusses post-World War II diplomacy and international relations. (CFR)

Memorandum of a Conference with President Eisenhower after Sputnik. The Constitution Community: Postwar United States (1945 to Early 1970s).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Traill, David

After World War II ended in 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR) emerged as the two dominant countries in the post-war world. An arms race began, and this constant pursuit for respect and supremacy was called the Cold War. On October 4, 1957, the USSR launched the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile, with the first…

[The transgenerational transmission of traumatic experiences of the Second World War over three generations--a psychoanalytical perspective].

PubMed

Silke, Wiegand-Grefe; Möller, Birgit

2012-01-01

The paper presents some reflections on the transgenerational transmission of traumatic experiences of war and in particular bombing during Second World War. These theoretical considerations are based on a case study (family interview) deriving from the research project "Kriegskindheit im Hamburger Feuersturm" additionally illustrated and complemented with impressions based on interviews with three generations in context of the project.

The Collision of Romanticism and Modernism in Post-World War II American Cinema: A Theoretical Defense of Intellectual History in the Undergraduate Classroom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ferris, Daniel Hunter

2013-01-01

The post-World War II era in the United States, which ran from 1945 to 1970, has long been divided into two distinct periods; the late 1940s and 1950s and the 1960s. Out of this separation has come a view of the late 1940s and 1950s as a time dominated by a conservative conformist culture that did little to rival pre-war norms. On the other hand,…

You Can Help Your Country: English Children's Work during the Second World War

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mayall, Berry; Morrow, Virginia

2011-01-01

Using a rich collection of archives, school histories, photographs and memoirs, this book charts and discusses the contributions English children made to the war effort during World War II. As men and women were increasingly called up for war work, as the country needed to grow as much food as possible, and as the war effort required ever…

India-Japan Strategic Cooperation and Implications for U.S. Strategy in the Indo-Asia-Pacific Region

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-01

Pradesh, Maharashtra, and West Bengal. In a 2015 ex post facto evaluation of Japan’s ODA Rural Electrification Project, project evaluator Keishi...rights are observed and extended. Implicit in the rebalance was a hedge against a China acting to challenge the existing post –World War II rules-based...during the last 45 years of the 20th century. In the immediate post –World War II era, India provided urgent supplies of food and other equipment to

Airborne Operations in World War II, European Theater

DTIC Science & Technology

1956-09-01

GARDEN Gee Hamilcar HANDS UP Formation usually composed of two or more elements and roughly equivalent to a squadron Forward Visual Control Post Ground...USAF HISTORICAL STUDIES: NO. 97 AIRBORNE OPERATIONS IN WORLD WAR II, EUROPEAN THEATER By Dr. John C. Warren USAF Historical Division Research Studies...OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE SEP 1956 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED - 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Airborne Operations in World War II 5a

Intellectual Biography in Higher Education: The Public Career of Earl J. McGrath as a Case Study.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reid, John Y.

The method of writing an intellectual biography and the public career of Earl J. McGrath in the post-World War I cultural milieu are analyzed. One analytical framework is adapted from cultural anthropology and is used to describe the relationship of educational systems to other social systems and to culture as a whole. The second analytic frame,…

Infantile desires and perverted practices: disciplining lesbianism in the WAAF and the ATS during the Second World War.

PubMed

Vickers, Emma

2009-01-01

During the Second World War the two largest women's services, the Women's Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF) and the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS), responded pragmatically to the presence of lesbians in their ranks. Such disinterest arguably stemmed from the need to retain valuable personnel in a time of great instability. This article seeks to illuminate the responses of both services within the context of wider understandings of lesbianism in Britain during the inter-war period and during the Second World War. It argues that the responses of senior officials were rooted in received understandings of lesbianism as both an acquired vice and as an innate psychopathic infirmity. Overwhelmingly, however, classification fell in the former category, underpinned as it was by notions of middle-class boarding school desire.

World War II, post-war reconstruction and British women chemists.

PubMed

Horrocks, Sally

2011-07-01

This paper draws on evidence from a range of sources to consider the extent to which World War II served as a turning point in the employment opportunities open to women chemists in Britain. It argues that wartime conditions expanded women's access to some areas of employment, but that these opportunities represented, in many ways, an expansion of existing openings rather than wholly new ones, and not all of them proved permanent. Instead, women chemists benefited more permanently from increased state expenditure on higher education and on research and development after the war. This enabled some women to remain in what had originally been temporary wartime posts and others to secure employment in wholly new positions. Women were most successful in securing positions created by the expansion of state welfare and support for agriculture, but also found new employment opportunities as a result of the heavy investment in weapons development that accelerated with the advent of the Cold War. In higher education, an initial expansion of openings was not sustained, and the proportion of women in university chemistry departments actually fell during the second half of the 1950s. Industry presents a rather ambiguous picture, with many firms continuing to refuse to employ women chemists, whereas elsewhere they enjoyed enhanced opportunities and better salaries than those offered before the war. This did not mean, however, that women chemists received equal treatment to their male colleagues, and, despite the changes, they remained concentrated in subordinate positions and were expected to concentrate on routine work. Prospects in the 1950s were certainly better than they had been during the 1930s, but they remained strongly gendered.

Political Partisanship, Bureaucratic Pragmatism and Acadian Nationalism: New Brunswick, Canada's 1920 History Textbook Controversy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Helyar, Frances

2014-01-01

During a time of post-war sensitivity to Canadian nationalism and patriotism, public feeling was aroused in 1920 New Brunswick regarding a world history textbook with a new chapter about the First World War. The American author made no reference to Canada's war efforts. The subsequent public discussion focused on issues of patriotism, citizenship,…

US conventional arms transfer policy. Strategy research project

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Langhorst, R.H.

1996-04-15

Millions of people around the world have been killed by conventional arms since the end of World War II. If increasing access to conventional arms is partly responsible for political and military aggression in post-Cold War Europe, what should be the United States` response. This study explores the new US Conventional Arms Transfer Policy of February 1995 in terms of ends1 ways and means and its linkages to US National Security and National Military Strategies. Analysis focuses mainly on post- Cold War Europe, providing examples of multilateral arms control successes and recommendations for US policy implementation.

The Application of USAID and the Department of Defense in a Comprehensive Government Approach

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-05-23

President Kennedy in 1961, the origins of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) were planted shortly after World War II ended in 1945...Building on the success of the Marshall Plan, which helped rebuild Europe’s economy and infrastructure after World War II, President Truman proposed...military relations because of legal concerns. However, because the post-Cold War world had brought the development community and the military into

Empowerment or endurance? War wives' experiences of independence during and after the Second World War in Germany, 1939-1948.

PubMed

Vaizey, Hester

2011-01-01

As German men were conscripted into the armed forces during the Second World War, more and more wives were left to manage their families alone. At the same time more women than ever entered paid employment to fill the gaps in the market left by their soldier husbands. Scholars working in the field have made much of the dislocation to gender roles prompted by the Second World War. This article questions whether women's wartime experiences changed their views on being confined to the home. Ultimately, this article argues, women wanted to return to a sense of normality at the end of the war. In the aftermath of defeat, in which mere survival rather than speculation about potentially improved models of the family set-up were paramount, "normality" was most obviously represented by prewar gender roles. Women were hoping for normalization, not only in the public sphere in the sense of a flourishing economy, but also in the private sphere with the return of the men and a resumption of the old role divisions. It was therefore not only conservative politicians who wished to preserve prewar structures within the home - so too did women themselves. The re-emergence of the traditional family model in the wake of the Second World War was thus as much the result of popular aspirations "from below" as of government policies imposed "from above".

Education, sex and leisure: ideology, discipline and the construction of race among South African servicemen during the Second World War.

PubMed

Roos, Neil

2011-01-01

During the Second World War (1939-1945), South African military authorities employed various regimes to mould white South African soldiers as citizens of a particular type. These coincided broadly with traditions of racial statehood identified by David Goldberg, and included attempts at ideological control – through the liberal Army Education Scheme, a compulsory adult education project – as well as disciplinary interventions, which concentrated on soldiers' sexuality. The ways that ordinary soldiers responded to these divergent discourses reminds us that whiteness in a racial state was elaborated not just from above, but also below. This observation raises some cautionary points for the writing of 'post-social' history, and just as it demands that ordinary servicemen's actions, experiences and ideologies need to be related to the state and other modes of power, it reaffirms Geoff Eley's appeal for a 'new history of society'.Lines of investigation that explore attempts to educate, discipline and control white soldiers begin to challenge some of the conventional periodizations of SA history, particularly the notion that South Africa's 1940s represented an optimistic 'world of possibilities'.

100 years of mortality due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Australia: the role of tobacco consumption.

PubMed

Adair, T; Hoy, D; Dettrick, Z; Lopez, A D

2012-12-01

Global studies of the long-term association between tobacco consumption and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have relied upon descriptions of trends. To statistically analyse the relationship of tobacco consumption with data on mortality due to COPD over the past 100 years in Australia. Tobacco consumption was reconstructed back to 1887. Log-linear Poisson regression models were used to analyse cumulative cohort and lagged time-specific smoking data and its relationship with COPD mortality. Age-standardised COPD mortality, although likely misclassified with other diseases, decreased for males and females from 1907 until the start of the Second World War in contrast to steadily rising tobacco consumption. Thereafter, COPD mortality rose sharply in line with trends in smoking, peaking in the early 1970s for males and over 20 years later for females, before falling again. Regression models revealed both cumulative and time-specific tobacco consumption to be strongly predictive of COPD mortality, with a time lag of 15 years for males and 20 years for females. Sharp falls in COPD mortality before the Second World War were unrelated to tobacco consumption. Smoking was the primary driver of post-War trends, and the success of anti-smoking campaigns has sharply reduced COPD mortality levels.

[Reconstructive investigations and identification measures in unknown soldiers of the Second World War].

PubMed

Jopp-van Well, Eilin; Gehl, Axel; Säring, Dennis; Amling, Michael; Hahn, Michael; Sperhake, Jan; Augustin, Christa; Krebs, Oliver; Püschel, Klaus

2016-01-01

The article reports on the exhumation and identification of unknown soldiers from the Second World War. With the help of medicolegal investigation and reconstruction methods an American pilot presumably murdered by a shot to the head (lynch law) and an interned Italian soldier could be identified after about 70 years and brought back home.

Collective Memories of the Second World War in History Textbooks from China, Japan and South Korea

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Suh, Yonghee; Yurita, Makito; Lin, Lin; Metzger, Scott

2013-01-01

Informed by recurring international controversies, this study explores representations of the Second World War as official history in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean secondary-level textbooks and theorizes about how they influence and function as collective memories about this time period. Using grounded theory, it finds that the examined Japanese…

[Long-term effects of traumatic experiences on somatic and psychic complaints of German World War Two refugees].

PubMed

Fischer, C J; Struwe, J; Lemke, M R

2006-01-01

The effects of expulsion from German territories following World War Two have not been studied systematically, and little is known about long-term effects of this potentially traumatic experience. Via mail, 600 refugees from former German territories due to World War Two were asked to complete questionnaires about biographic data, somatic and psychic health (SCL-90-R questionnaire), and specific aspects related to traumatic experiences (post-traumatic stress disorder questionnaire). Of those contacted, 25% participated in the investigation. Of them, 9.8% fulfilled diagnostic criteria of post-traumatic stress disorder according to DSM IV. Only 1.8% of an age-matched control group met these criteria. Analysis of the SCL-90-R questionnaire showed higher scores for former refugees in somatic and psychic complaints than the control group. We show that expulsion following war may lead to symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and somatic and psychic complaints after more than 50 years. Our investigation supports the necessity of adequate care for subjects expelled from their home countries and the psychologically traumatised.

Psychological effects of chemical weapons: a follow-up study of First World War veterans.

PubMed

Jones, E; Everitt, B; Ironside, S; Palmer, I; Wessely, S

2008-10-01

Chemical weapons exercise an enduring and often powerful psychological effect. This had been recognized during the First World War when it was shown that the symptoms of stress mimicked those of mild exposure to gas. Debate about long-term effects followed the suggestion that gassing triggered latent tuberculosis. A random sample of 103 First World War servicemen awarded a war pension for the effects of gas, but without evidence of chronic respiratory pathology, were subjected to cluster analysis using 25 common symptoms. The consistency of symptom reporting was also investigated across repeated follow-ups. Cluster analysis identified four groups: one (n=56) with a range of somatic symptoms, a second (n=30) with a focus on the respiratory system, a third (n=12) with a predominance of neuropsychiatric symptoms, and a fourth (n=5) with a narrow band of symptoms related to the throat and breathing difficulties. Veterans from the neuropsychiatric cluster had multiple diagnoses including neurasthenia and disordered action of the heart, and reported many more symptoms than those in the three somatic clusters. Mild or intermittent respiratory disorders in the post-war period supported beliefs about the damaging effects of gas in the three somatic clusters. By contrast, the neuropsychiatric group did not report new respiratory illnesses. For this cluster, the experience of gassing in a context of extreme danger may have been responsible for the intensity of their symptoms, which showed no sign of diminution over the 12-year follow-up.

An historical account of shell shock during the First World War and reforms in mental health in Australia 1914-1939.

PubMed

Rae, Ruth

2007-08-01

The study of the disorders of the mind at the turn of the twentieth century offered useful knowledge about the psyche and the First World War (FWW) provided an avalanche of case studies. Prior to the war the mentally ill were treated with disdain and the social distrust of individuals who did not present as 'normal' was high. The level of diagnostic expertise of psychiatric illness by doctors and nurses was low and as a consequence medicine and nursing was ill-equipped to deal with the phenomenon initially referred to as 'shell shock'. However, the soldiers of the FWW who endured the varied and seemingly unrelated symptoms of shell-shock were respected men - occasional heroes - who were reduced to the status of 'mentals'. There is evidence that civilian trained health professionals altered their views about mental illness during the FWW but initially, the military imperatives inherent in a global conflict perpetuated the notion that mental illness was linked with defective morality. This paper provides an historical account of changes in attitude toward the mentally ill as a consequence of the FWW. The interregnum (1918-39) was a period of advancement in the field of mental health within the civilian sector. However, the imperatives of war negated these developments and there is evidence that the management of soldiers suffering from post-traumatic stress disorders in the Second World War did not benefit from the lessons learnt in the FWW.

Germany's Armed Forces in the Second World War: Manpower, Armaments, and Supply.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Balsamo, Larry T.

1991-01-01

Discusses the state of Germany's armed forces in World War II. Describes Germany's progress from inferior weaponry and unprepared military at the beginning of the war to superior weapons and fighting. Stresses heavy German dependence on horse drawn supply. Credits Germany's defeat to human attrition accelerated by Hitler's operational leadership.…

Global History. A Curriculum Guide. Third Semester. Theme VIII: Economic, Political, and Cultural Changes in the Post-War World Affect Our Lives Today. Student Worksheets. Experimental Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New York City Board of Education, Brooklyn, NY. Div. of Curriculum and Instruction.

This packet of worksheets and articles was developed for use by secondary school students in the New York City public schools. It is part of a three semester, eight theme global history course. These worksheets cover the theme "Economic, Political, and Cultural Changes in the Post-War World Affect Our Lives Today" and are intended for use in…

Global History. A Curriculum Guide. Third Semester. Theme VIII: Economic, Political, and Cultural Changes in the Post-War World Affect Our Lives Today. Teacher Strategies. Experimental Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New York City Board of Education, Brooklyn, NY. Div. of Curriculum and Instruction.

Designed for use in the New York City public secondary schools, this guide was developed to assist the teacher and supervisor in using a three semester, eight theme, global history course. This guide, which covers "Economic, Political, and Cultural Changes in the Post-War World Affect Our Lives Today" is divided into eight sub-themes: (1)…

[Mortality after the Second World War].

PubMed

Valkovics, E

1999-01-01

Mortality trends in Hungary since the Second World War are analyzed. Two periods are distinguished; the first, from 1946 to 1966, was a period of declining mortality and increasing life expectancy, and the second, from 1966 until the present, a period of rising mortality and declining life expectancy, particularly for males, coupled with relatively stable mortality levels for females. The author analyzes differences in causes of death by age in these two periods. (ANNOTATION)

British game shooting in transition, 1900-1945.

PubMed

Martin, John

2011-01-01

This article explores the transformation of lowland game shooting from its heyday in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods to state-imposed rationalization during the Second World War. It evaluates the extent to which the interwar years constituted a period of depression or regeneration in the way the activity was organized and pursued, followed by an in-depth analysis of the impact of the Second World War. The study shows that the prevailing wisdom about the reasons for the decline of game shooting merits reappraisal, particularly in view of the unprecedented changes to the sport that resulted from the government's control and direction of food production during World War II.

Healing a Sick World: Psychiatric Medicine and the Atomic Age.

PubMed

Zwigenberg, Ran

2018-01-01

The onset of nuclear warfare in Hiroshima and Nagasaki had far-reaching implications for the world of medicine. The study of the A-bomb and its implications led to the launching of new fields and avenues of research, most notably in genetics and radiation studies. Far less understood and under-studied was the impact of nuclear research on psychiatric medicine. Psychological research, however, was a major focus of post-war military and civilian research into the bomb. This research and the perceived revolutionary impact of atomic energy and warfare on society, this paper argues, played an important role in the global development of post-war psychiatry. Focusing on psychiatrists in North America, Japan and the United Nations, this paper examines the reaction of the profession to the nuclear age from the early post-war period to the mid 1960s. The way psychiatric medicine related to atomic issues, I argue, shifted significantly between the immediate post-war period and the 1960s. While the early post-war psychiatrists sought to help society deal with and adjust to the new nuclear reality, later psychiatrists moved towards a more radical position that sought to resist the establishment's efforts to normalise the bomb and nuclear energy. This shift had important consequences for research into the psychological trauma suffered by victims of nuclear warfare, which, ultimately, together with other research into the impact of war and systematic violence, led to our current understanding of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

Healing a Sick World: Psychiatric Medicine and the Atomic Age

PubMed Central

Zwigenberg, Ran

2018-01-01

The onset of nuclear warfare in Hiroshima and Nagasaki had far-reaching implications for the world of medicine. The study of the A-bomb and its implications led to the launching of new fields and avenues of research, most notably in genetics and radiation studies. Far less understood and under-studied was the impact of nuclear research on psychiatric medicine. Psychological research, however, was a major focus of post-war military and civilian research into the bomb. This research and the perceived revolutionary impact of atomic energy and warfare on society, this paper argues, played an important role in the global development of post-war psychiatry. Focusing on psychiatrists in North America, Japan and the United Nations, this paper examines the reaction of the profession to the nuclear age from the early post-war period to the mid 1960s. The way psychiatric medicine related to atomic issues, I argue, shifted significantly between the immediate post-war period and the 1960s. While the early post-war psychiatrists sought to help society deal with and adjust to the new nuclear reality, later psychiatrists moved towards a more radical position that sought to resist the establishment’s efforts to normalise the bomb and nuclear energy. This shift had important consequences for research into the psychological trauma suffered by victims of nuclear warfare, which, ultimately, together with other research into the impact of war and systematic violence, led to our current understanding of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PMID:29199929

Typhus Exanthematicus in Romania During the Second World War (1940-1945) Reflected by Romanian Medical Journals of the Time.

PubMed

Jeican, Ionuţ Isaia; Botiş, Florin Ovidiu; Gheban, Dan

2015-01-01

This article provides a picture of exanthematic Typhus in Romania during the Second World War: epidemiological aspects of this disease in the inner zone and in the zone of military operations, as well as information about the diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of the Typhus in our country during this period.

Education through Art after the Second World War: A Critical Review of Art Education in South Korea

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kim, Hyungsook

2014-01-01

This article examines how progressive education was introduced to South Korea after the Second World War and takes a closer look at critical studies of this history. It argues that the America-led progressive education policies, which focused on art education, were an uncritical adaptation of the superpower's educational ideology and did not…

Humanism's Sisyphean Task: Curricular Reform at Brown University during the Second World War

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Porwancher, Andrew

2011-01-01

In the midst of a curricular debate at Brown University during the Second World War, the faculty's humanists seized the opportunity to pen their views on the nature and purpose of higher education. This investigation reveals humanism as a fragmented force, at once principal and peripheral to the American academy. The central argument of this study…

"I Feel I Am Really Pleading the Cause of My Own People": US Southern White Students' Study of African-American History and Culture in the 1930s through Art and the Senses

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Woyshner, Christine

2018-01-01

In the 1930s there emerged an initiative to teach black history and culture to white students, which pre-dates more widespread efforts of the post-Second World War era. This article analyses student work--considering sight, sound and text--and investigates what white students learned about African-American history and culture. Curriculum history…

Cryptanalysis in World War II--and Mathematics Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hilton, Peter

1984-01-01

Hilton describes the team of cryptanalysts who tried to decipher German and Japanese codes during the Second World War. The work of Turing, essentially developing the computer, is reported, as well as inferences about pure and applied mathematics. (MNS)

Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-12-17

Ottomans in World War I and took control of the territory in 1918 . Britain had tried to take Iraq from the Ottomans earlier in World War I but were...population. Sources: CIA The World Factbook; State Department International Religions Freedom Report, September 2008; DOD Measuring Stability...politically. Similarly, the September 19, 2008 report on International Religious Freedom attributed restrictions on the free exercise of religion (by

Navy Ship Names: Background for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-13

of the United States. (11) The first Pope to set foot on United States sovereign territory was Pius IX onboard the frigate Constitution in 1849...Battleship Cove, a maritime museum and war memorial with several deactivated warships, including a post-World War II cruiser named Fall River. The Navy...admiral who commanded U.S. and allied forces in the Pacific in World War II . Nimitz died in 1966, the same year that Congress considered the FY1967

Navy Ship Names: Background for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-03-29

of the United States. (11) The first Pope to set foot on United States sovereign territory was Pius IX onboard the frigate Constitution in 1849...Massachusetts that is the location of Battleship Cove, a maritime museum and war memorial with several deactivated warships, including a post-World War II ...1965 to 1996. The previous eight Wasp (LHD-1) class big deck amphibious assault ships were named for World War II -era Navy aircraft carriers and

Childhood leukaemia and ordnance factories in west Cumbria during the Second World War.

PubMed

Kinlen, L

2006-07-03

Much evidence has accumulated that childhood leukaemia (CL) is a rare response to a common, but unidentified, infection and in particular that situations involving the unusual mixing of urban and rural groups (approximating to, respectively, groups infected with, and susceptible to, the relevant microorganism) can produce localised epidemics with consequent increases of the infrequent leukaemic complication. During the Second World War, explosives production factories were built and operated at Drigg and Sellafield, and a shell filling factory at Bootle, in west Cumbria, England, requiring substantial numbers of construction workers to be brought into this remote and isolated area. Following the design of an earlier study of CL near large (post-war) rural construction sites, mortality from this disease was investigated with the help of the Office of National Statistics, in the area around these Cumbrian factories where local workers largely lived, during the construction period and with particular reference to the overlapping construction and operational phase when the mixing of local and migrant workers would have been greatest. An excess of leukaemia deaths at ages 1-14 was found during the construction period (observed 3; observed/expected (O/E) 2.2, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.6, 6.0), which was more marked and statistically significant during the overlap with operations (O 3; O/E 4.5, 95% CI: 1.1, 12.2), especially at ages 1-4 (O 2; O/E 7.1, CI: 1.2, 23.6). A previous investigation did not detect this excess because it considered only a small part of west Cumbria that omitted the communities where most of the workforce lived, having incorrectly attributed the post-war expansion of the village of Seascale (situated between Drigg and Sellafield) to the wartime ordnance factories. The present findings are consistent with the results of the earlier study of rural construction projects and with the general evidence that marked rural-urban population mixing increases the risk of CL.

Childhood leukaemia and ordnance factories in west Cumbria during the Second World War

PubMed Central

Kinlen, L

2006-01-01

Much evidence has accumulated that childhood leukaemia (CL) is a rare response to a common, but unidentified, infection and in particular that situations involving the unusual mixing of urban and rural groups (approximating to, respectively, groups infected with, and susceptible to, the relevant microorganism) can produce localised epidemics with consequent increases of the infrequent leukaemic complication. During the Second World War, explosives production factories were built and operated at Drigg and Sellafield, and a shell filling factory at Bootle, in west Cumbria, England, requiring substantial numbers of construction workers to be brought into this remote and isolated area. Following the design of an earlier study of CL near large (post-war) rural construction sites, mortality from this disease was investigated with the help of the Office of National Statistics, in the area around these Cumbrian factories where local workers largely lived, during the construction period and with particular reference to the overlapping construction and operational phase when the mixing of local and migrant workers would have been greatest. An excess of leukaemia deaths at ages 1–14 was found during the construction period (observed 3; observed/expected (O/E) 2.2, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.6, 6.0), which was more marked and statistically significant during the overlap with operations (O 3; O/E 4.5, 95% CI: 1.1, 12.2), especially at ages 1–4 (O 2; O/E 7.1, CI: 1.2, 23.6). A previous investigation did not detect this excess because it considered only a small part of west Cumbria that omitted the communities where most of the workforce lived, having incorrectly attributed the post-war expansion of the village of Seascale (situated between Drigg and Sellafield) to the wartime ordnance factories. The present findings are consistent with the results of the earlier study of rural construction projects and with the general evidence that marked rural–urban population mixing increases the risk of CL. PMID:16755299

Impacts of Psychological Science on National Security Agencies Post-9/11

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brandon, Susan E.

2011-01-01

Psychologists have been an integral part of national security agencies since World War I, when psychological science helped in personnel selection. A robust infrastructure supporting wider applications of psychology to military and intelligence problems developed further during World War II and the years following, primarily in the areas of…

Adding Economic Analysis to Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-03-07

in all of our fights around the world; economics. Throughout history, economic factors have been the tinder that feeds the flames of war. Economics... tinder box for the animosity that grew into the Third Reich and the flames of World War II. Learning from our post-WWI economic failure, the Marshall

Between bacteriology and virology: the development of typhus vaccines between the First and Second World Wars.

PubMed

Weindling, P

1995-01-01

This paper provides an overview of the development of typhus vaccines between the first and second world wars. It is shown that there was a shift in the classification of the causal Rickettsiae from being classed as bacteria to being conceptualised as a type of virus. This 'paradigm switch' stimulated interest in the possibility of producing an effective medicine.

Typhus Exanthematicus in Romania During the Second World War (1940–1945) Reflected by Romanian Medical Journals of the Time

PubMed Central

JEICAN, IONUŢ ISAIA; BOTIŞ, FLORIN OVIDIU; GHEBAN, DAN

2015-01-01

This article provides a picture of exanthematic Typhus in Romania during the Second World War: epidemiological aspects of this disease in the inner zone and in the zone of military operations, as well as information about the diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of the Typhus in our country during this period. PMID:26528054

Trauma-induced dissociative amnesia in World War I combat soldiers.

PubMed

van der Hart, O; Brown, P; Graafland, M

1999-02-01

This study relates trauma-induced dissociative amnesia reported in World War I (WW I) studies of war trauma to contemporary findings of dissociative amnesia in victims of childhood sexual abuse. Key diagnostic studies of post-traumatic amnesia in WW I combatants are surveyed. These cover phenomenology and the psychological dynamics of dissociation vis-à-vis repression. Descriptive evidence is cited for war trauma-induced dissociative amnesia. Posttraumatic amnesia extends beyond the experience of sexual and combat trauma and is a protean symptom, which reflects responses to the gamut of traumatic events.

"A Woman's World": The University of California, Berkeley, during the Second World War

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dorn, Charles

2008-01-01

During World War II, female students at the University of California, Berkeley--then the most populous undergraduate campus in American higher education--made significant advances in collegiate life. In growing numbers, women enrolled in male-dominated academic programs, including mathematics, chemistry, and engineering, as they prepared for…

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schweber, Silvan S.

2014-06-01

Some facets of the life of Hans Bethe after World War II are presented to illustrate how Paul Forman's works, and in particular his various theses—on mathematics and physics in Wilhelmine and Weimar Germany, on physics in the immediate post-World War II period, and on postmodernity—have influenced my biography of Bethe. Some aspects of the history of post-World War II quantum field theory, of solid state/condensed matter physics, and of the development of neoliberalism—the commitment to the belief that the market knows best, to free trade, to enhanced privatization, and to a drastic reduction of the government's role in regulating the economy—are reviewed in order to make some observations regarding certain "top-down" views in solid state physics in postmodernity, the economic and cultural condition of many Western societies since the 1980s, the decade in which many historians assume modernity to have ended.

Navy Ship Names: Background for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-26

fuel the steam-powered navy of the United States. (11) The first Pope to set foot on United States sovereign territory was Pius IX onboard the...location of Battleship Cove, a maritime museum and war memorial with several deactivated warships, including a post-World War II cruiser named Fall River...Chester Nimitz, a five-star admiral who commanded U.S. and allied forces in the Pacific in World War II . Nimitz died in 1966, the same year that Congress

Intergenerational transmission of historical memories and social-distance attitudes in post-war second-generation Croatians.

PubMed

Svob, Connie; Brown, Norman R; Takšić, Vladimir; Katulić, Katarina; Žauhar, Valnea

2016-08-01

Intergenerational transmission of memory is a process by which biographical knowledge contributes to the construction of collective memory (representation of a shared past). We investigated the intergenerational transmission of war-related memories and social-distance attitudes in second-generation post-war Croatians. We compared 2 groups of young adults from (1) Eastern Croatia (extensively affected by the war) and (2) Western Croatia (affected relatively less by the war). Participants were asked to (a) recall the 10 most important events that occurred in one of their parents' lives, (b) estimate the calendar years of each, and (c) provide scale ratings on them. Additionally, (d) all participants completed a modified Bogardus Social Distance scale, as well as an (e) War Events Checklist for their parents' lives. There were several findings. First, approximately two-thirds of Eastern Croatians and one-half of Western Croatians reported war-related events from their parents' lives. Second, war-related memories impacted the second-generation's identity to a greater extent than did non-war-related memories; this effect was significantly greater in Eastern Croatians than in Western Croatians. Third, war-related events displayed markedly different mnemonic characteristics than non-war-related events. Fourth, the temporal distribution of events surrounding the war produced an upheaval bump, suggesting major transitions (e.g., war) contribute to the way collective memory is formed. And, finally, outright social ostracism and aggression toward out-groups were rarely expressed, independent of region. Nonetheless, social-distance scores were notably higher in Eastern Croatia than in Western Croatia.

Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-02-05

defeated the Ottomans in World War I and took control of the territory in 1918 . Britain had tried to take Iraq from the Ottomans earlier in World War...World Factbook; State Department International Religions Freedom Report, September 2008; DOD Measuring Stability Report, December 2008; various press and...restrictions on the free exercise of religion (by religious minorities) to “terrorists, extremists, and criminal gangs,” while praising the Iraqi government

Sequelae of an injury from the Second World War treated by free flap transfer.

PubMed

Kletenský, J; Tvrdek, M; Nejedlý, A; Pros, Z; Lebeda, V; Prokopová, J; Stĕnhová, H

1993-01-01

The authors present the case-history of patients with chronic osteomyelitis of the proximal third of the tibia-resulting from an injury during the Second World War. The defect of bone and soft tissues was treated by free transfer of a musculocutaneous flap. The behaviour of the flap in the osteomyelitic cavity is followed up and checked by repeated CT and NMR examinations.

Post World War II Civil Rights Movement: The Struggle for Democracy and Beyond.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dunston, Aingred Ghislayne

Two main ideas are put forth in this paper: a description of the struggle of African-Americans to become full participants in the democratic process both before and after World War II; and an argument posited that through these struggles African Americans exposed the imperfections and weaknesses of the democratic society and provided for…

Positivism and Post-World War I Elementary School Reform in Ontario

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Milewski, Patrice

2012-01-01

Following the end of World War I, the Ontario Department of Education initiated a series of reforms aimed at both elementary and secondary schooling. This article examines the reforms that were made to elementary school curriculum and pedagogy. These were initiated within the context of a call for a general reconstruction of education and society…

Maternal dietary advice as an artifact of time and culture: post-World War II Queensland, Australia.

PubMed

Thorley, Virginia

2002-03-01

Dietary advice to breastfeeding mothers in post-World War II Queensland, 1945-1965, was not evidence-based, but based on cultural beliefs. Diet-based recommendations for boosting the breastmilk yield included increased intake of milk and protein foods, food supplements, especially chocolate-flavoured supplements, and tablets. Although community beliefs about foods to be avoided during lactation were reflected in informal advice, foods such as green leafy vegetables were specifically recommended by the print materials of the period as part of a healthy diet during breastfeeding.

Cold War Paradigms and the Post-Cold War High School History Curriculum.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McAninch, Stuart A.

1995-01-01

Discusses how Cold War ideological models provide a way to examine the U.S. role in world affairs. Discusses and compares on the writings of Paul Gagnon and Noam Chomsky on this topic. Concludes that students should stand outside both models to develop a meaningful perspective on the U.S. role during the Cold War. (CFR)

Secrecy and Physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Galison, Peter

2010-02-01

Secrecy in matters of national defense goes back far past antiquity. But our modern form of national secrecy owes a huge amount to a the large scale, systematic, and technical system of scientific secrecy that began in the Radar and Manhattan Projects of World War II and came to its current form in the Cold War. Here I would like to capture some of this trajectory and to present some of the paradoxes and deep conundrums that our secrecy system offers us in the Post-Cold War world. )

The Effects of GWOT and Deployment Intensity on the Propensity to Develop Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among Navy Personnel

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-03-01

In addition to anxiety and depression, symptoms included headaches , anorexia . . . tremors, insomnia, nightmares and palpitation which were...the traumatic event • Hyper awareness (i.e. feel constantly on guard or alert for danger, which may cause trouble sleeping) • Symptoms last longer...of war. It thus becomes much safer to simply say nothing and avoid the feelings . b. World War II Having forgotten the lessons from World War I

Long-term effects of trauma: post-traumatic stress among civilian internees of the Japanese during World War II.

PubMed

Potts, M K

1994-09-01

This study examined predictors and health-related effects of post-traumatic stress among 129 civilian internees of the Japanese during World War II. Post-traumatic stress disorder was noted in 36.7% within the 6 months after their release and in 15.0% within the most recent 6 months. Women were more likely than men to indicate post-traumatic stress disorder within the 6 months after their release. Higher incomes were associated with lower levels of post-traumatic stress within the most recent 6 months. After controlling for demographic and internment-related factors, higher levels of post-traumatic stress were associated with poorer physical health. This association was stronger among older internees than among their younger counterparts. Implications of the findings for clinical gerontology are discussed.

20 CFR 404.1370 - Evidence of active service and separation from active service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... monthly benefit or lump-sum death payment based on the active service of a World War II or post-World War II veteran, you must submit evidence of— (1) Your entitlement as required by subpart H of this part...) Evidence we accept. We accept as proof of a veteran's active service and separation from active service— (1...

20 CFR 404.1370 - Evidence of active service and separation from active service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... monthly benefit or lump-sum death payment based on the active service of a World War II or post-World War II veteran, you must submit evidence of— (1) Your entitlement as required by subpart H of this part...) Evidence we accept. We accept as proof of a veteran's active service and separation from active service— (1...

20 CFR 404.1370 - Evidence of active service and separation from active service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... monthly benefit or lump-sum death payment based on the active service of a World War II or post-World War II veteran, you must submit evidence of— (1) Your entitlement as required by subpart H of this part...) Evidence we accept. We accept as proof of a veteran's active service and separation from active service— (1...

20 CFR 404.1370 - Evidence of active service and separation from active service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... monthly benefit or lump-sum death payment based on the active service of a World War II or post-World War II veteran, you must submit evidence of— (1) Your entitlement as required by subpart H of this part...) Evidence we accept. We accept as proof of a veteran's active service and separation from active service— (1...

20 CFR 404.1370 - Evidence of active service and separation from active service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... monthly benefit or lump-sum death payment based on the active service of a World War II or post-World War II veteran, you must submit evidence of— (1) Your entitlement as required by subpart H of this part...) Evidence we accept. We accept as proof of a veteran's active service and separation from active service— (1...

Exploring Diversity at GCSE: Making a First World War Battlefields Visit Meaningful to All Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Philpott, Joanne; Guiney, Daniel

2011-01-01

Having already reflected on ways of improving their students' understanding of historical diversity at Key Stage 3, Joanne Philpott and Daniel Guiney set themselves the challenge of extending this to post-14 students by means of fieldwork activities at First World War battlefields sites. In addition, they wanted to link the study of past diversity…

Continuity of Y chromosome haplotypes in the population of Southern Poland before and after the Second World War.

PubMed

Woźniak, Marcin; Grzybowski, Tomasz; Starzyński, Jarosław; Marciniak, Tomasz

2007-06-01

The Polish population is reported to be very homogenous as far as Y chromosome polymorphism is concerned. One of the hypotheses that explains this phenomenon is based on the assumption that massive migrations that took place in Poland after the Second World War might have evoked such an effect. Thus, knowledge of the pre-war frequencies of Y chromosome haplotypes in different parts of the country would be a useful tool in testing such a hypothesis. We have collected 226 DNA samples, together with family history data, from males living in the rural area of Małopolska, Polish Southern border region. Based on donors' family histories we were able to reconstruct an 'ancestral' subpopulation of 108 males whose ancestors had inhabited the area before both World Wars. We have analyzed 12 Y-STR loci: DYS19, DYS385, DYS389I&II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS437, DYS438 and DYS439 in all the collected samples. Comparisons of our contemporary and 'ancestral' population samples with other Polish and Central European populations showed that the population of Southern Małopolska is very closely related to other Polish and Slavic populations. The above-mentioned observations suggest that the population of Southern Poland could have been highly homogenous even before the Second World War.

Children's experiences of war: handicapped children in England during the Second World War.

PubMed

Wheatcroft, Sue

2008-01-01

The experiences of children during the Second World War have attracted considerable attention, both scholarly and popular. Not all children however, have received equal attention. Handicapped children are conspicuous by their absence from all types of literature, both on evacuation and on children's experiences of the Second World War. This article restores these children to the story of wartime England and assesses their experiences. It examines the plans that were made for their evacuation and how they were carried out, and compares their lives, both individually and institutionally (i.e. in the various types of 'special' school) with those who, for various reasons, were not evacuated. It also compares their experiences, to a lesser degree, with those of their non-handicapped counterparts. The article argues that for many handicapped children it was a positive experience but one which depended on specific aspects, such as the attitudes of the authorities and of the general public, and perhaps more importantly, the attitudes and quality of the teaching and nursing staff, who were responsible for the children on a daily basis.

Uncovering the Hidden Histories: Black and Asian People in the Two World Wars

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gaze, Rupert

2005-01-01

The stories we tell in history are often stories about ourselves. This can lead to tremendous distortion. Rupert Gaze was shocked when a young black student told him that there was no point in his studying the Second World War because it had nothing to do with him or his family. While Gaze has worked for the Imperial War Museum (IWM) North, it has…

"Daddy's Gone to War": Father Absence and Its Differential Effects on America's Homefront Girls and Boys during the Second World War--and After.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tuttle, William M., Jr.

The absence of fathers during World War II had differing effects on the development of identity in boys and girls. Articles and research of the era discussed boys' separation from their fathers but largely failed to address daughters' loss of paternal influence. Evidence suggests that for both boys and girls, the problem was not primarily the…

[Psychogenic Disorders in German soldiers during World War I and II].

PubMed

Zimmermann, P; Hahne, H-H; Biesold, K-H; Lanczik, M

2005-02-01

In the First and Second World War German soldiers frequently suffered from psychogenic disorders. By comparison a change in the prevalences can be noted: in the First World War dissociative disorders dominated the clinical impression ("shell shock"), in the Second World War they could rarely be seen but were replaced by somatoform and psychosomatic diseases. The discussion about numerous reasons for this development has not been completed yet and is still not free from political attitudes. To achieve a more scientific point of view, the perspective of psychotraumatology might be helpful. According to psychotraumatic research, dissociative and somatoform disorders can emerge in a close relation to a Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The choice of symptoms depends on personality traits of the victim, but also on specific factors that characterise the situation in which the trauma appears. The mixture of pathogenetic and protective influences includes e. g. the possibility of flight- or fight reactions, feelings of trauma-associated guilt and group cohesion in the military unit. These factors can be useful to help explain the change of symptoms between both wars. In addition the analysis of situational conditions in former wars can give hints to actual planning and prophylaxis strategies in modern military psychiatry, that has to adjust to very different military operation fields.

United States Warship Transfers to Argentina, Brazil, and Chile: Options for U.S. Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-12-19

127 C. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF RECIPIENT COUNTRIES ...... ............. 130 D. APPEASES MILITARY IN POST -AUTHORITARIAN DEMOCRACIES...of transferring significant numbers of second-hand warships to the Southern Cone. In this post -Cold War environment a reassessment must be made as to... POST -AUTHORITARIAN DEMOCRACIES Exporting democracy and containing Communism has been a U.S. foreign policy goal throughout the Cold War. In the post Cold

[Specific characteristics of French immigration to Canada in the aftermath of the Second World War].

PubMed

Jones, R

1986-11-01

French immigration to Canada in the years immediately following World War II and policies affecting it are discussed. Particular attention is given to changes in Canadian immigration regulations and their enforcement, given concerns about Communists immigrating from France. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Troop Carriers at Normandy and Corregidor: Enduring Lessons for Tactical Airlift

DTIC Science & Technology

During World War II, troop carrier aviation developed as a new form of combat flying in order to support emerging airborne tactics. Throughout the...of World War II. The second is that modern airlift doctrine and joint practices can improve in how they address air integration and cooperation

Spanish-American War to Vietnam: Booklet 4. Critical Thinking in American History. Teacher's Guide, Source Envelope, [and Student Manual].

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

O'Reilly, Kevin

These curriculum materials in U.S. history are part of a series designed to teach critical thinking skills systematically. The teacher's guide presents a series of supplementary ready-to-use lesson plans for teaching high school students about the Spanish-American War, the Depression era, the cold war, and post-World War II issues. The…

World War II and other historical influences on the formation of the Ergonomics Research Society.

PubMed

Waterson, Patrick

2011-12-01

Little has been written about wartime ergonomics and the role this played in prompting the need for a society dedicated to ergonomics within the UK, namely the formation of the Ergonomics Research Society (ERS) in early 1950. This article aims to fill this gap in our understanding of the history of ergonomics in the UK and provide further details of the types of research undertaken by wartime research groups and committees such as the Institute of Aviation Medicine, Medical Research Council Applied Psychology Unit and the Flying Personnel Research Committee. In addition, the role of societal developments such as wartime links with the USA, the post-war drive to increase productivity and collaboration with industry and the recommendations of government committees in stimulating the work of the ERS are described in detail. This article also offers some reflection on present-day ergonomics in the UK and how this contrasts with the past. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE: This article will provide practitioners with a historical perspective on the development of ergonomics from its roots in the Second World War. These developments shed light on current trends and challenges within the discipline as a whole.

Legalised non-consensual sterilisation - eugenics put into practice before 1945, and the aftermath. Part 1: USA, Japan, Canada and Mexico.

PubMed

Amy, Jean-Jacques; Rowlands, Sam

2018-04-01

In the late 19th century, eugenics, a pseudo-scientific doctrine based on an erroneous interpretation of the laws of heredity, swept across the industrialised world. Academics and other influential figures who promoted it convinced political stakeholders to enact laws authorising the sterilisation of people seen as 'social misfits'. The earliest sterilisation Act was enforced in Indiana, in 1907; most states in the USA followed suit and so did several countries, with dissimilar political regimes. The end of the Second World War saw the suspension of Nazi legislation in Germany, including that regulating coerced sterilisation. The year 1945 should have been the endpoint of these inhuman practices but, in the early post-war period, the existing sterilisation Acts were suspended solely in Germany and Austria. Only much later did certain countries concerned - not Japan so far - officially acknowledge the human rights violations committed, issue apologies and develop reparation schemes for the victims' benefit.

Sir Archibald Hector McIndoe (1900-1960) and the Guinea Pig Club: the development of reconstructive surgery and rehabilitation in the Second World War (1939-1945).

PubMed

Macnamara, Alexandra F; Metcalfe, Neil H

2014-11-01

This article discusses the work of pioneering surgeon Sir Archibald McIndoe and particularly his reconstructive surgery and patient-centred approach during the Second World War. It also covers how this affected the lives of his patients and the subsequent formation of the Guinea Pig Club. © The Author(s) 2013 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav.

Professional Irregular Defense Forces: The Other Side of COIN

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

and Small Powers, 26. 70 Wight, Power Politics, 160. 24 attacked.71 During the Second World War, Nazi Germany, based on its temporary interests...Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), 721–723. 73 Karsh, Neutrality and Small States, 26...93 VI. THE YUGOSLAV PARTISANS A. BACKGROUND On 1 September 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland and the Second World War began. Following a quick

War, suffering and modern German history.

PubMed

Hansen, Randall

2011-01-01

This introduction proceeds in five steps. First, it briefly considers the etymology of the term "suffering," as well as the way in which scholars from different disciplines have approached it conceptually and empirically. Second, drawing on the contributions to this issue, it raises general themes emerging from the study of the Thirty Years, Franco-Prussian and First World Wars, with particular attention to gender, the disabled, and Jewish-German veterans. Finally, it considers the most politically contested field of German suffering - the Second World War - and reflects on how that suffering can be narrated and understood without running into the intellectual dead ends of either self-pity or collective guilt.

Civilians in World War II and DSM-IV mental disorders: results from the World Mental Health Survey Initiative.

PubMed

Frounfelker, Rochelle; Gilman, Stephen E; Betancourt, Theresa S; Aguilar-Gaxiola, Sergio; Alonso, Jordi; Bromet, Evelyn J; Bruffaerts, Ronny; de Girolamo, Giovanni; Gluzman, Semyon; Gureje, Oye; Karam, Elie G; Lee, Sing; Lépine, Jean-Pierre; Ono, Yutaka; Pennell, Beth-Ellen; Popovici, Daniela G; Ten Have, Margreet; Kessler, Ronald C

2018-02-01

Understanding the effects of war on mental disorders is important for developing effective post-conflict recovery policies and programs. The current study uses cross-sectional, retrospectively reported data collected as part of the World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative to examine the associations of being a civilian in a war zone/region of terror in World War II with a range of DSM-IV mental disorders. Adults (n = 3370) who lived in countries directly involved in World War II in Europe and Japan were administered structured diagnostic interviews of lifetime DSM-IV mental disorders. The associations of war-related traumas with subsequent disorder onset-persistence were assessed with discrete-time survival analysis (lifetime prevalence) and conditional logistic regression (12-month prevalence). Respondents who were civilians in a war zone/region of terror had higher lifetime risks than other respondents of major depressive disorder (MDD; OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1, 1.9) and anxiety disorder (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1, 2.0). The association of war exposure with MDD was strongest in the early years after the war, whereas the association with anxiety disorders increased over time. Among lifetime cases, war exposure was associated with lower past year risk of anxiety disorders (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2, 0.7). Exposure to war in World War II was associated with higher lifetime risk of some mental disorders. Whether comparable patterns will be found among civilians living through more recent wars remains to be seen, but should be recognized as a possibility by those projecting future needs for treatment of mental disorders.

Civilians in World War II and DSM-IV mental disorders: Results from the World Mental Health Survey Initiative

PubMed Central

Frounfelker, Rochelle; Gilman, Stephen E.; Betancourt, Theresa S.; Aguilar-Gaxiola, Sergio; Alonso, Jordi; Bromet, Evelyn J.; Bruffaerts, Ronny; de Girolamo, Giovanni; Gluzman, Semyon; Gureje, Oye; Karam, Elie G.; Lee, Sing; Lépine, Jean-Pierre; Ono, Yutaka; Pennell, Beth-Ellen; Popovici, Daniela G.; Have, Margreet ten; Kessler, Ronald C.

2018-01-01

Purpose Understanding the effects of war on mental disorders is important for developing effective post-conflict recovery policies and programs. The current study uses cross-sectional, retrospectively reported data collected as part of the World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative to examine the associations of being a civilian in a war zone/region of terror in World War II with a range of DSM-IV mental disorders. Methods Adults (n= 3,370)who lived in countries directly involved in World War II in Europe and Japan were administered structured diagnostic interviews of lifetime DSM-IV mental disorders. The associations of war-related traumas with subsequent disorder onset-persistence were assessed with discrete-time survival analysis (lifetime prevalence) and conditional logistic regression (12-month prevalence). Results Respondents who were civilians in a war zone/region of terror had higher lifetime risks than other respondents of major depressive disorder (MDD; OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1, 1.9) and anxiety disorder (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1, 2.0). The association of war exposure with MDD was strongest in the early years after the war, whereas the association with anxiety disorders increased over time. Among lifetime cases, war exposure was associated with lower past year risk of anxiety disorders. (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2, 0.7). Conclusions Exposure to war in World War II was associated with higher lifetime risk of some mental disorders. Whether comparable patterns will be found among civilians living through more recent wars remains to be seen, but should be recognized as a possibility by those projecting future needs for treatment of mental disorders. PMID:29119266

War and Education in the United States: Racial Ideology and Inequality in Three Historical Episodes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rury, John L.; Darby, Derrick

2016-01-01

This paper examines the impact of war on African-American education. This question is considered in three different periods: the eras of the American Revolution, the Civil War and the Second World War. Large-scale conflict, such as these instances of total war, can afford historical moments when oppressed groups are able take steps to improve…

Nurses across borders: displaced Russian and Soviet nurses after World War I and World War II.

PubMed

Grant, Susan

2014-01-01

Russian and Soviet nurse refugees faced myriad challenges attempting to become registered nurses in North America and elsewhere after the World War II. By drawing primarily on International Council of Nurses refugee files, a picture can be pieced together of the fate that befell many of those women who left Russia and later the Soviet Union because of revolution and war in the years after 1917. The history of first (after World War I) and second (after World War II) wave émigré nurses, integrated into the broader historical narrative, reveals that professional identity was just as important to these women as national identity. This became especially so after World War II, when Russian and Soviet refugee nurses resettled in the West. Individual accounts become interwoven on an international canvas that brings together a wide range of personal experiences from women based in Russia, the Soviet Union, China, Yugoslavia, Canada, the United States, and elsewhere. The commonality of experience among Russian nurses as they attempted to establish their professional identities highlights, through the prism of Russia, the importance of the history of the displaced nurse experience in the wider context of international migration history.

Occupational Pursuits: The Army and World War II Occupation Planning

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-03-01

Army became the dominant U.S. government agency in the interagency process concerning post-World War II occupation planning. Despite President ...the Army’s ability to create coherent internal doctrine, the relative weakness of civilian agencies, and the agenda and postwar goals of President ...Despite President Roosevelt’s own misgivings, shared by several influential members of his Cabinet, the Army nonetheless prevailed in shaping

Harvey Cushing and some Australian connections: Part 2--post World War 1.

PubMed

Roxanas, M G

2010-03-01

Part 1 of this article (see Vol 17, pp. 168-172) described the early life of Harvey Cushing and his encounters with Australian doctors, mostly in various military hospitals, in France, in World War 1. As none of the doctors he met at that time became neurosurgeons, and hence did not shape their professional development. When World War 1 ended, HC returned to a heavy schedule of operating at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital and to his university obligations. He received the Companion of the Bath from the British Government for his war services and wrote the history of US Base Hospital No. 5, which he directed during the War. Cushing's reputation as a neurosurgeon was now secure and he was ready to play an even greater part as an academic neurosurgeon, teaching students from all parts of the world and continuing his researches into cerebral tumours and the pituitary gland. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Teaching Giants to Learn: Lessons from Army Learning in World War II

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Visser, Max

2017-01-01

Purpose: This paper aims to discuss the "truism" that learning organizations cannot be large organizations and, conversely, that large organizations cannot be learning organizations. This paper analyzes learning in the German and US armies in the Second World War, based on a four-dimensional model of the learning organization.…

The U.S. Diplomatic Role in Lebanon’s Struggle for Independence during the Second World War

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-05-01

web of issues and events of the Second World War. In order to understand the attempts of Lebanese nationalists to influence the U.S. diplomatic role in...FRANCE, FEAR OF GERMANS, FINIS TO MANDATE? L’administration du Mandat etait changeante et versatile. Elle se caracterisait en outre par une indifference...quasi volontaire aux besoins veritables du Liban, surtout dans le domaine economique. De 1924 a 1939, le Liban eut au moins quatre formes differentes

Anna Freud: the Hampstead War Nurseries and the role of the direct observation of children for psychoanalysis.

PubMed

Midgley, Nick

2007-08-01

The psychoanalytic tradition of direct observation of children has a long history, going back to the early 20th century, when psychoanalysis and the emerging field of 'child studies' came into fruitful contact in Freud's Vienna. As a leading figure in the attempted integration of direct observation with the new psychoanalytic knowledge emerging from the consulting room, Anna Freud played a crucial role in the emergence of this field. But her major contribution to the theory and practice of observing children came during the Second World War, when she founded the Hampstead War Nurseries. The author describes in detail this important period of Anna Freud's career, and discusses the impact it had on later work. He explores the theoretical contribution that Anna Freud made in the post-war years to the debate about the place of direct observation in psychoanalysis, and concludes that Anna Freud's 'double approach' (direct observation plus analytic reconstruction) still has a great deal to offer as a method of both psychoanalytic research and education.

The Delivery of an Effective Collective Security Mechanism in West Africa: It Is Long Overdue

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-13

latter typical of conflicts of the context of bipolar dispute of post- World War II between the USA and the USSR, popularly known as the Cold War...the world powers, it generated an 3 unprecedented response to national and regional security cooperation and the requirement for a strong...stable world order can only be maintained with the benefit of a collective security system, with the military as an integral part to that cause

Resilience and distress: Israelis respond to the disengagement from Gaza and the second Lebanese war.

PubMed

Ben-Zur, Hasida; Gilbar, Ora

2011-10-01

Resilience and distress in Israeli society were assessed at three points in time: before and after the Israeli disengagement from Gaza, and after the second Lebanese war. A random sample of 366 Israelis was assessed for nation-related anxiety and hostility, personal resources and post-traumatic symptoms. The lowest levels of anxiety were observed at the second time point, after the disengagement. Respondents with high-resilience profiles showed lower levels of post-traumatic symptoms and higher levels of personal resources. The findings underscore Israelis' resilience and the importance of personal resources in ongoing nationally stressful situations.

Food, growth and time: Elsie Widdowson's and Robert McCance's research into prenatal and early postnatal growth.

PubMed

Buklijas, Tatjana

2014-09-01

Cambridge scientists Robert McCance and Elsie Widdowson are best known for their work on the British food tables and wartime food rations, but it is their research on prenatal and early postnatal growth that is today seen as a foundation of the fields studying the impact of environment upon prenatal development and, consequently, adult disease. In this essay I situate McCance's and Widdowson's 1940s human and 1950s experimental studies in the context of pre-war concerns with fetal growth and development, especially within biochemistry, physiology and agriculture; and the Second World War and post-war focus on the effects of undernutrition during pregnancy upon the fetus. I relate Widdowson's and McCance's research on the long-term effects of early undernutrition to the concern with recovery from early trauma so pertinent in post-war Europe and with sensitive (critical) periods, a concept of high importance across different fields. Finally I discuss how, following a hiatus in which fetal physiology engaged with different questions and stressed fetal autonomy, interest in the impact of environment upon prenatal growth and development revived towards the end of the twentieth century. The new field of "developmental origins of health and disease", I suggest, has provided a context in which Widdowson's and McCance's work has regained importance. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Handbook on Ground Forces Attrition in Modern Warfare

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-09-01

casualty rates since 1600 was re- 0 versed temporarily. The first is a period of about ten years during the Napoleonic Wars ; the second is a period of...are usually 0 higher at the outset of a war than later on when both sides become both exhausted and more careful. Second , the participants in the Middle...Matrix ........... 118 Comparision with World War II Casualty Rates ................. 120 Summary of Casualty Experience for Minor Conflicts

Failing to protect humanitarian workers: lessons from Britain and Voluntary Aid Detachments in the Second World War.

PubMed

Verma, Amol A

2017-09-01

This paper draws on official records of international and British organizations, newspaper reports, and volunteer memoirs to study the failure to protect humanitarian workers in the Second World War. The Second World War saw a significant expansion in the use of air warfare and flying missiles and these technological advances posed a grave threat to civilians and humanitarian workers. In this context, the International Committee of the Red Cross advocated unsuccessfully to restrict air warfare and create safe hospital zones. The British Government grappled with the tension between military and humanitarian objectives in setting its bombardment policy. Ultimately, humanitarian principles were neglected in pursuit of strategic aims, which endangered civilians and left humanitarian workers particularly vulnerable. British Voluntary Aid Detachment nurses experienced more than six-fold greater fatality rates than civil defence workers and the general population. The lessons from failures to protect humanitarian workers in the face of evolutions in warfare remain profoundly relevant.

Theoretical Approaches to Dealing with Somalia

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-05-17

because of a lack of assistance from the international community. 67 To use Thomas Friedman’s term, in The World Is Flat, Kaplan champions glocalization ...and board games. Wal-Mart makes the global local: glocalization . 69 Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace : Principles for a Post-Cold War World...30-31. Russett presents, as fact, democracies do not war against each other. 26 Seth Kaplan calls his version of glocalization an enmeshing

Thinking about Our Future: War, Society, and the Environment. A Series of Lesson Plans.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harik, Ramsay M.

This packet of 11 lesson plans is designed to help high school social studies classes examine socio-political issues facing the post-Cold War world. Though its multi-disciplinary approach touches upon a number of current topics, the packet's particular focus is on the wide-ranging impact of war and militarism on the planet's growing ecological…

Cold War America, 1946 to 1990. Almanacs of American Life.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gregory, Ross

This book offers an in-depth look at U.S. culture during a 45-year period when the threat of nuclear war loomed over millions worldwide, and post-World War II ideological tensions took form as an ever-deepening chasm separating two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. The book finds that the national and global societies that…

The long postwar and the politics of penicillin: early circulation and smuggling in Spain, 1944-1954.

PubMed

Santesmases, María Jesús

2014-01-01

In this paper I explore the early circulation of penicillin. I review the early distribution in Spain of a scarce product, reflect on the available sources about the illegal penicillin trade and discuss some cases of smuggling. I argue the early distribution of penicillin involved time and geography, a particular chronology of post Second World War geopolitics. Penicillin practices and experiences belong to this period, in a dictatorship that tolerated smuggling and illegal trade of other products, some, like penicillin, produced in neighbouring countries. As a commodity that crossed borders, penicillin, transiting between the law and hidden trade, between countries and social domains--between war fronts and from a war front to an urban site to be sold--reveals practices of the early years of prosperity in the 1950s. These transits were permanent tests of a society based on taxes and exchanges, law and bureaucracy, control, discipline and the creation of standards.

Image Making and Personal Narratives with Japanese-American Survivors of World War II Internment Camps

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yates, Carleen; Kuwada, Kali; Potter, Penelope; Cameron, Danielle; Hoshino, Janice

2007-01-01

This qualitative study explored the verbal and art making responses of Japanese-American elders who experienced the trauma of internment during World War II. Six Nisei (second generation Japanese-Americans) were asked to recall memories of their experiences during and immediately following internment; 3 of the participants also created art images…

"The World's Schoolmaster": Educational Reconstruction, Grayson Kefauver, and the Founding of UNESCO, 1942-46

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dorn, Charles

2006-01-01

The United States government sought to foster peaceful and stable democracies in Europe following the Second World War, especially in conquered enemy territories. This essay illuminates the tensions underlying that project by examining an important element of American foreign policy during the war era--the reconstruction of educational systems in…

Control of typhus fever in Finland during World War II.

PubMed

Laurent, Helene

2009-12-01

The article describes the measures taken against the threat of typhus epidemic in Finland during the Second World War. Comparisons between countries at war and their different typhus prevention methods are made. The main method of typhus prevention in Finland consisted of regular sauna bathing, which was culturally acceptable and very efficient when combined with heating of the clothing. The Finnish troops remained virtually louse-free by ecological and traditional methods, and thus the spread of typhus fever in the army could be prevented.

Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-03-27

the Ottomans in World War I and took control of the territory in 1918 . Britain had tried to take Iraq from the Ottomans earlier in World War I but...Iraqi parliament; the draft would give the Kurdish regional government a role in signing oil contracts with foreign investing firms. Shiite Islamists...Ayatollah Abol Qasem Musavi- Khoi, was head of the Hawza until his death in 1992. Like Khoi, Sistani generally opposes a direct role for clerics in

Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-04-27

the Ottomans in World War I and took control of the territory in 1918 . Britain had tried to take Iraq from the Ottomans earlier in World War I but were...Kurdish regional government a role in signing oil contracts with foreign investing firms. Shiite Islamists: Ayatollah Sistani, SCIRI, Da’wa Party...the Hawza until his death in 1992. Like Khoi, Sistani generally opposes a direct role for clerics in government, but he believes in clerical

Some reflections on madness and culture in the post-war world.

PubMed

Scull, Andrew

2014-12-01

This article examines the treatment of madness as a theme in drama, opera and films, concentrating its attention for the most part on the period between World War II and the 1980s. These were the years in which psychoanalysis dominated psychiatry in the USA, and so Freud's influence in the broader culture forms the central though not the sole focus of the analysis. © The Author(s) 2014.

Greed and Grievance and Drug Cartels: Mexico’s Commercial Insurgency

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-05-25

impunity as signs the problem has grown beyond mere organized crime. 23 As Sullivan and Elkus summarize, The fragmented and post ideological quality...are likely to dominate the post -Cold War world. Spiritual insurgency is the descent of the Cold War-era revolutionary insurgency. It will be driven by...the legitimacy of the organization as, “the de facto authority… [guaranteeing] living conditions for its inhabitants.”61 In areas where the

The National Guard in War: An Historical Analysis of the 27th Infantry Division (New York National Guard) in World War 2

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-06-01

1935. McNair, Leslie J., memorandun dated 12 July 1944, subject: "Recommendations on the Post-War National GuLard". Millet , Allan R., Semper...Moenk, Jean R., A History of Large Scale Maneuvers in the US. 1933-1964, (Ft Monroe, VA: HQ, CONARC, 1969). Moskin, J. Robert, The US Marine Corps

The Greening of Global Security: The U.S. Military and International Environmental Security

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-12-16

the Cold War . Issues virtually ignored only five years ago now exhibit a new luster, a new importance, a new resonance among countries of the world ...America 283 298 363 0.8 Europe 511 515 516 0.2 Oceania 28 31 39 1.2 World 5420 6292 8545 1.7 Environmental problems are now causing sizable cutbacks in...direct participation and intercession can become blurred. With NATO’s new focus in today’s Post Cold War world --i.e., low intensity peacekeeping

38 CFR 3.953 - Pub. L. 85-56 and Pub. L. 85-857.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... privileges or benefits as a retired emergency officer of World War I, on December 31, 1958, under the laws in... laws, repealed by Pub. L. 85-56, including those service connected under the second proviso of section 200 of the World War Veterans' Act, 1924, as amended, are protected by section 2316(b), Pub. L. 85-56...

Dissociative symptoms and amnesia in Dutch concentration camp survivors.

PubMed

Merckelbach, Harald; Dekkers, Theo; Wessel, Ineke; Roefs, Anne

2003-01-01

We examined to what extent dissociative phenomena in concentration camp survivors are related to post-traumatic stress symptoms. Self-reports of amnesia for traumatic war events and other dissociative experiences were studied in a sample of 31 Dutch survivors of World War II (WWII) Japanese concentration camps. Seventeen survivors treated for war-related psychiatric symptoms were compared to 14 concentration camp survivors who had no psychiatric diagnosis. Although survivors who received treatment scored significantly higher on the Impact of Event Scale and the Post-Traumatic Symptom Scale than control survivors, the two groups did not differ in terms of accessibility of war memories or dissociative experiences. Levels of post-traumatic stress symptoms were not significantly correlated with dissociative experiences. In both groups, reports of psychogenic amnesia for traumatic events were rare. Our results support previous studies demonstrating that post-traumatic stress symptoms are not necessarily accompanied by dissociative experiences. They also contradict the suggestion that amnesia is a common phenomenon in people who have been exposed to war atrocities. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.

Dorothy's Wars: School Leadership during the Birmingham Blitz

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rousmaniere, Kate

2016-01-01

This essay examines the school leadership experiences of an infant school head teacher in Birmingham, England, during the Second World War. Drawing on the letters of Dorothy Walker, the essay offers insights into school leadership wartime deprivations. The impact of an international war on the home front was not head teacher Dorothy Walker's only…

[The Red Cross System for War Relief during the Second World War and Actual Conditions of Its Efforts in Burma].

PubMed

Kawahara, Yukari

2015-12-01

This paper aims to show the system for relief provided by the Japanese Red Cross relief units during the Second World War, as well as the actual activities of sixteen of its relief units dispatched to Burma. The Red Cross wartime relief efforts involved using personnel and funding prepared beforehand to provide aid to those injured in war, regardless of their status as ally or enemy. Thus they were able to receive support from the army in order to ensure safety and provide supplies. Nurses dispatched to Burma took care of many patients who suffered from malnutrition and physical injuries amidst the outbreak of infectious diseases typical of tropical areas, without sufficient replacement members. Base hospitals not meant for the front lines also came under attack, and the nurses' lives were thus in mortal danger. Of the 374 original members, 29 died or went missing in action.

Supplement to: Astronomical ephemerides, navigation and war. The astonishing cooperation of the ephemeris institutes of Germany, England, France and the USA during the Second World War based on documents in the archives of the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut. Scans of the documents. (German Title: Supplement zu: Astronomische Ephemeriden, Navigation und Krieg. Die erstaunliche Zusammenarbeit der Ephemeriden-Institute von Deutschland, England, Frankreich und den USA im Zweiten Weltkrieg nach Dokumenten im Archiv des Astronomischen Rechen-Instituts. Scans der Dokumente.)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wielen, Roland; Wielen, Ute

In a previous paper (Wielen R. und Wielen U. 2016a: Astronomical Ephemerides, Navigation and War), we have presented the astonishing cooperation of the ephemeris institutes of Germany, England, France and the USA during the Second World War. We were able to use numerous archivalia which we also describe and comment in that paper. In the present paper, we publish colour scans of these archivalia. All the documents shown here are held in the archives of the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut in Heidelberg.

Foreign Languages and International Studies: Case for Survival.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Buzash, Michael D.

An argument is made for continued and strengthened programs in foreign language instruction in business curricula. Among the points made are the following: economic and commercial development in post-World War II America established strong international ties; the Vietnam War emphasized U.S. inadequacies in cultural literacy; some higher education…

Lindsay and the German Universities: An Oxford Contribution to the Post-War Reform Debate.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Phillips, David

1980-01-01

Discusses British involvement in educational reconstruction in Germany after World War II and the influence of Lord Lindsay of Birker in setting up the Royal Commission. The Commission consisted of German representatives from institutions of higher education, trade unions, churches, and the land authorities. (KC)

Strategic Utility of the Russian Spetsnaz

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-12-01

11  B.  POST -WORLD WAR II SOVIET ERA ................................................14  1.  Khrushchev...17  3.  Gorbachev .....................................................................................18  C.  POST ...region in Ukraine. The selection of these campaigns aims to identify patterns of Soviet and post - Soviet era employment of Spetsnaz. Although the

Non-invasive examination of a skull fragment recovered from a World War Two aircraft crash site.

PubMed

Gapert, René; Rieder, Kurt

2013-09-01

The discovery of human remains dating to the time of the Second World War is a common occurrence in Europe and the Pacific regions. This case report demonstrates the analysis of a bone fragment recovered from a Luftwaffe crash site in Austria during the summer of 2007. Eye-witness statements and official reports were used to reconstruct the historical background of the case. A recovered German military identity tag helped to identify the pilot. Aircraft parts, also discovered at the crash site in 2007, aided the identification of the aircraft type and corroborated the eye-witness reports of the final moments before and during the crash. The bone was analyzed chiefly to establish its human or non-human origin and to identify from which anatomic region the fragment could have arisen. It was identified as part of a human adult skull which exhibited peri-mortem fractures and heat damage as well as post-mortem vegetation staining. The historical background information in connection with the morphological analysis led to the presumptive identification of the cranial fragment as belonging to a downed German pilot.

Knowing Generation Y: a new generation of nurses in practice.

PubMed

Chung, Stephanie M

Generation Y is commonly defined as those people born between 1980 and 2000, now aged in their 20s and 30s. Their grandparents experienced post-World War II reconstruction, their parents the economic boom of the 1980s. There are currently 81 million individuals in the Generation Y cohort in the USA, making it the second-largest, and possibly most influential, cohort since World War II (Manion, 2009). Members of Generation Y are diverse, technologically advanced and vocal about their opinions. They tend to resist traditional hierarchy, want recognition/reward for achievements and distrust institutions. Knowing these characteristics is useful for nurse managers, preceptors and team members working with members of Generation Y. Studies have proven that Generation Y is challenging the nursing workforce through rapid turnover (Cogin, 2012). This article explores a theoretical model that predicts retention and/or turnover of nurses in light of Generation Y behaviours and motivators-for example, moving from agency to agency rather than devoting many years to a single practice. Further research is needed to find out whether these behaviours and motivators are unique to Generation Y alone.

The Politics of Identity: History, Nationalism, and the Prospect for Peace in Post-Cold War East Asia

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-04-01

Gerow, “Fantasies of War and Nation in Recent Japanese Cinema ,” Japan Focus, accessed at www.japanfocus.org/ products/details/1707J, p. 5. In his...about their country’s remarkable economic resurgence after the Korean War. President Bush was referring to the recent anti- Japanese protests in...interests, the emotional debates surrounding 3 the history of World War II and Japanese colonialism are treated as mere shibboleths of competing elites

Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-17

Ottomans in World War I and took control of the territory in 1918 . Britain had tried to take Iraq from the Ottomans earlier in World War I but were...His mentor, the former head of the Hawza, was Ayatollah Abol Qasem Musavi-Khoi. Like Khoi, Sistani generally opposes a direct role for clerics in...now in parliament. Party’s power base is southern marsh areas around Amara (Maysan Province), north of Basra. Party militiamen play major role in

Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-11-07

the Ottomans in World War I and took control of what is now Iraq in 1918 . Britain had tried to take Iraq from the Ottomans in Iraq earlier in World War... role in oil decisions. (A table on U.S. appropriations for the Iraqi opposition, including the INC, is an appendix).4 Another secular group, the Iraq...Sistani generally opposes a direct role for clerics in government, but he believes in clerical supervision of political leaders. He wants Iraq to

Tuberculosis and the role of war in the modern era.

PubMed

Drobniewski, F A; Verlander, N Q

2000-12-01

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem; historically, major wars have increased TB notifications. This study evaluated whether modern conflicts worldwide affected TB notifications between 1975 and 1995. Dates of conflicts were obtained and matched with national TB notification data reported to the World Health Organization. Overall notification rates were calculated pre and post conflict. Poisson regression analysis was applied to all conflicts with sufficient data for detailed trend analysis. Thirty-six conflicts were identified, for which 3-year population and notification data were obtained. Overall crude TB notification rates were 81.9 and 105.1/100,000 pre and post start of conflict in these countries. Sufficient data existed in 16 countries to apply Poisson regression analysis to model 5-year pre and post start of conflict trends. This analysis indicated that the risk of presenting with TB in any country 2.5 years after the outbreak of conflict relative to 2.5 years before the outbreak was 1.016 (95%CI 0.9435-1.095). The modelling suggested that in the modern era war may not significantly damage efforts to control TB in the long term. This might be due to the limited scale of most of these conflicts compared to the large-scale civilian disruption associated with 'world wars'. The management of TB should be considered in planning post-conflict refugee and reconstruction programmes.

The Life-Long Mortality Risks Of World War II Experiences

PubMed Central

Elder, Glen H.; Brown, James Scott; Martin, Leslie R.; Friedman, Howard W.

2009-01-01

Objective This longitudinal study of American veterans investigated the mortality risks of five World War II military experiences (i.e., combat exposure) and their variation among veterans in the post-war years. Methods The male subjects (N=854) are members of the Stanford-Terman study, and 38 percent served in World War II. Cox models (proportional hazards regressions) compared the relative mortality risk associated with each military experience. Results Overseas duty, service in the Pacific and exposure to combat significantly increased the mortality risks of veterans in the study. Individual differences in education, mental health in 1950, and age at entry into the military, as well as personality factors made no difference in these results. Conclusions A gradient is observable such that active duty on the home front, followed by overseas duty, service in the Pacific, and combat exposure markedly increased the risk of relatively early mortality. Potential linking mechanisms include heavy drinking. PMID:20161074

Gerhart Panning (1900-1944): a German forensic pathologist and his involvement in Nazi crimes during Second World War.

PubMed

Preuss, Johanna; Madea, Burkhard

2009-03-01

Twenty years after the Second World War the public were made aware of War Crimes committed by the German forensic pathologist, Gerhart Panning (1900-1944). From 1942 till 1944, Panning was professor at the Institute of Forensic Medicine at the University of Bonn. Panning died of tuberculosis on 22 March 1944. After the Second World War, Panning's widow tried to obtain denazification for her husband. There were no particularly serious doubts. In 1965, Konrad Graf von Moltke, the son of Helmuth James Graf von Moltke (1907-1944), presented to the court a private letter from his father to his mother. In this letter, written in 1941, Panning's experiments on Soviet prisoners are described. In the so-called Callsen trial in the court of Darmstadt from 1960 to 1968, the experiments were confirmed by witnesses. In 1941, Panning performed experiments in cooperation with the Sicherheitsstaffel (Nazi special police) in the Ukraine to prove that captured ammunition of the soviet infantry violated international law. For this purpose, different parts of the bodies of living Soviets were used as firing targets. He published the results of these experiments in a scientific journal without any evidence of the origin of these observations. In this article, Panning's life and crimes have been described.

The psychological study of anxiety in the era of the Second World War.

PubMed

Shapira, Michal

2013-01-01

The mid-twentieth century in Britain ushered in a new age of anxiety with the development of total war and the aerial bombing of civilians. Rather than trying to chart and quantify levels of anxiety and fear on the British home front during the Blitz, this article's goal is to examine how these emotions were conceptualized by psychological experts immediately prior to and during the war. The essay follows the rising problematization of anxiety and fear as new concepts calling for professional knowledge and management. It emphasizes the contribution of psychoanalysts to this development while pointing to gradual change between the two world wars.

Explaining Australian immigration.

PubMed

Betts, K

1996-11-01

"This article reviews the post-Second World War literature on explanations for Australia's immigration program. It discovers three main schools of thought based on net pull factors: the official explanation and two unofficial explanations which focus on migrants as workers and on migrants as consumers. However the growing importance of net push factors after 1974 means that some of this work is less relevant today. Explanations focusing on net push factors have yet to cohere into a distinct perspective (or perspectives) but some research has been done on chain migration and family-based migration strategies, asylum seekers, temporary movement, and migration and the law." excerpt

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gosling, F.G.

The Manhattan Project: Science in the Second World War'' is a short history of the origins and development of the American atomic bomb program during World War II. Beginning with the scientific developments of the pre-war years, the monograph details of the role of the United States government in conducting a secret, nationwide enterprise that took science from the laboratory and into combat with an entirely new type of weapon. The monograph concludes with a discussion of the immediate postwar period, the debate over the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, and the founding of the Atomic Energy Commission.

[Tuberculosis in the Royal Norwegian Navy at the time of the Second World War].

PubMed

Ongre, Aksel; Sommerfelt-Pettersen, Jan

2008-12-18

Tuberculosis became a great problem in the Royal Norwegian Navy during the first years of the Second World War (when it operated in allied services mainly from the UK); with the highest incidence (9.6 per 1 000) during the first half of 1943. Main reasons were insufficient medical examination of recruits, crowded living conditions on board (favoured the contagion) and the physical and psychological pressure during sea operations, which may have reduced the immune defence. Prophylactic measures in terms of tuberculin testing of all personnel, chest X-rays of the positives, vaccination of the negatives, environment investigation when disease was discovered, and isolation of those infected, gave control from the second half of 1943 and onwards. The article also mentions treatment, repatriation and the incidence of tuberculosis in the Norwegian Navy before and after the war as well as in the Royal Canadian Naval Services (where the incidence was low) during the war. Today, the tuberculosis situation in Norway is so favourable that routine chest X-ray of the recruits is no longer performed in the armed forces.

The Second Wave: The Small Protestant College in the South after the Civil War.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Read, Ira

The creation, growth and history of white, coeducational, four-year, small, Protestant, liberal arts colleges in the South during the period between the Civil War and World War II are reviewed. The primary issues discussed are the geographical location of such colleges, their religious atmospheres, the problems of the college constituency, the…

Wartime women giving birth: narratives of pregnancy and childbirth, Britain c. 1939-1960.

PubMed

Davis, Angela

2014-09-01

Women in Second World War Britain benefitted from measures to improve maternal and child health. Infant and maternal mortality rates continued to fall, new drugs became available, and efforts were made to improve the health of mothers and babies through the provision of subsidised milk and other foodstuffs. However, in return, women were also expected to contribute to the war effort through motherhood, and this reflected wider cultural ideas in the North Atlantic world in the first half of the twentieth century which equated maternity with military service. The aim of this article is to examine the interplay between narratives of birth and narratives of war in the accounts of maternity from women of the wartime generation. It will explore how the military-maternity analogy sheds light on women's experiences of pregnancy and childbirth in Britain during the Second World War, whilst also considering maternity within women's wider role as 'domestic soldiers', contributing to the war effort through their traditional work as housewives and mothers. In doing so, the article reveals the complexity of women's narratives. It demonstrates that they do not simply conform to the 'medical vs. social' binary, but reflect the wider cultural context in which women gave birth. Women incorporated the dominant discourses of the period, namely those around war, into their accounts. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Wartime women giving birth: Narratives of pregnancy and childbirth, Britain c. 1939–1960

PubMed Central

Davis, Angela

2014-01-01

Women in Second World War Britain benefitted from measures to improve maternal and child health. Infant and maternal mortality rates continued to fall, new drugs became available, and efforts were made to improve the health of mothers and babies through the provision of subsidised milk and other foodstuffs. However, in return, women were also expected to contribute to the war effort through motherhood, and this reflected wider cultural ideas in the North Atlantic world in the first half of the twentieth century which equated maternity with military service. The aim of this article is to examine the interplay between narratives of birth and narratives of war in the accounts of maternity from women of the wartime generation. It will explore how the military-maternity analogy sheds light on women’s experiences of pregnancy and childbirth in Britain during the Second World War, whilst also considering maternity within women’s wider role as ‘domestic soldiers’, contributing to the war effort through their traditional work as housewives and mothers. In doing so, the article reveals the complexity of women’s narratives. It demonstrates that they do not simply conform to the ‘medical vs. social’ binary, but reflect the wider cultural context in which women gave birth. Women incorporated the dominant discourses of the period, namely those around war, into their accounts. PMID:24361165

Charles Bernard Puestow (1902-1973): American surgeon and commander of the 27th Evacuation Hospital during the Second World War.

PubMed

Bosmia, Anand N; Christein, John D

2017-08-01

Dr. Charles Bernard Puestow (1902-1973) was an American surgeon who is well known for developing the longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy, which is known as the "Puestow procedure" in his honor. Puestow served in the American military during the Second World War and commanded the 27th Evacuation Hospital, which provided medical and surgical services to wounded individuals in Europe and North Africa. In 1946, he founded the surgical residency training program at the Hines Veterans Hospital, which was the first such program in the United States based at a veterans hospital.

Sowing the Seeds of Transformation: The United States Military Between the Civil War and World War One

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-11-02

efficiencies of production brought into being by the Industrial Revolution . For the first time, the entire populations of each combatant were involved...killing had been enabled by three “revolutions:” the economic strength of the post- industrial revolution , its ability to mobilize society and excess

A Review of the Conflicting Theories on the Slave Family.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Davis, David Brion

1997-01-01

Historians' changing perceptions of the quality of slave family life are reviewed as they developed from World War I to the present day, noting the paternalism that marked historians' thinking in post-War period, and the romanticism that characterizes some later writings. Controversy over slave family structures continues in present-day studies.…

Learning, War, and Emergencies: A Study of the Learner's Perspective

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dicum, Julia

2008-01-01

This article contributes to the understanding of children's perspectives by summarizing and comparing the thematic results of oral histories of Eastern European and German survivors of World War II and Afghan survivors of the post-1979 Afghanistan armed conflict. Twenty-seven participants in this study shared their memories of learning during each…

Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-09-06

Ottomans in World War I and took control of the territory in 1918 . Britain had tried to take Iraq from the Ottomans earlier in World War I but were...INA; SICI; KDP; PUK; the CRS-4 4 Because of its role in the eventual formation of the radical Ansar al-Islam group, the IMIK did not receive U.S...political role for clerics, but he believes in clerical supervision of political leaders. He wants Iraq to maintain its Islamic culture and favors modest

Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-07-21

the Ottomans in World War I and took control of the territory in 1918 . Britain had tried to take Iraq from the Ottomans earlier in World War I but...the United States to “support efforts” to remove the regime headed by CRS-4 4 Because of its role in the eventual formation of the radical Ansar al...quietist” — generally opposing a direct political role for clerics — but he has weighed in on major political issues. 10 ! Islamic Supreme Council of

Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-05-09

Ottomans in World War I and took control of the territory in 1918 . Britain had tried to take Iraq from the Ottomans earlier in World War I but were...support efforts” to remove CRS-4 4 Because of its role in the eventual formation of the radical Ansar al-Islam group, the IMIK did not receive U.S...is a “quietist” — generally opposing a direct political role for clerics, but he believes in clerical supervision of political leaders.10 ! Islamic

Rules of Engagement for Land Forces: A Matter of Training, Not Lawyering Volume 143

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-01-01

and Disintegration m the Wehrmacht in World War U , PUB. OPINION Q.f Fall 1948, at 281; JAMES FALLOWS, NATIONAL DEFENSE 107-38 (1981); MARTIN VAN...having SmmandCerience), Superseded by AR 350-41, supra (29^Jan 1986)^^ u >ugh suoerseded, AR 350-216 continues to guide instruction by judge...1940). In this regard, the Manne Corps post World War U doctrine differed from the Arrays, which stressed passive firepower within a mindset of

28. Photographic copy of the Post Engineer drawing (original is ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

28. Photographic copy of the Post Engineer drawing (original is located at Fort Hood) building section & wall sections, plan number PE 1264.1 - Fort Hood, World War II Temporary Buildings, Cold Storage Building, Seventeenth Street, Killeen, Bell County, TX

31. Photographic copy of the Post Engineer drawing (original is ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

31. Photographic copy of the Post Engineer drawing (original is located at Fort Hood) concrete dock details, plan number PE 1265.1 - Fort Hood, World War II Temporary Buildings, Cold Storage Building, Seventeenth Street, Killeen, Bell County, TX

34. Photographic copy of the Post Engineer drawing (original is ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

34. Photographic copy of the Post Engineer drawing (original is located at Fort Hood) electrical riser plan, plan number PE 1268.2 - Fort Hood, World War II Temporary Buildings, Cold Storage Building, Seventeenth Street, Killeen, Bell County, TX

29. Photographic copy of the Post Engineer drawing (original is ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

29. Photographic copy of the Post Engineer drawing (original is located at Fort Hood) building section & details, plan number PE 1264.2 - Fort Hood, World War II Temporary Buildings, Cold Storage Building, Seventeenth Street, Killeen, Bell County, TX

Environmental exposures as a risk factor for fibrolamellar carcinoma.

PubMed

Graham, Rondell P; Craig, John R; Jin, Long; Oliveira, Andre M; Bergquist, John R; Truty, Mark J; Mounajjed, Taofic; Greipp, Patricia T; Torbenson, Michael S

2017-06-01

Fibrolamellar carcinoma was first described in 1956. Subsequent large studies failed to identify cases before 1939 (the start of the World War II). This finding, combined with the presence of aryl hydrocarbon receptors on the tumor cells, have suggested that fibrolamellar carcinomas may be caused by environmental exposures that are new since World War II. To investigate this possibility, the surgical pathology files before 1939 were reviewed for hepatocellular carcinomas resected in young individuals. Two cases of fibrolamellar carcinoma were identified, from 1915 to 1924. The diagnosis of fibrolamellar carcinoma was confirmed at the histologic, ultrastructural and proteomic levels. These two fibrolamellar carcinoma cases clarify a key aspect of fibrolamellar carcinoma biology, reducing the likelihood that these tumors result exclusively from post World War II environmental exposures.

Stature of boys post World War II migrants.

PubMed

Hulanicka, B; Gronkiewicz, L; Zietkiewicz, B

1999-01-01

Poland is a country with significant regional differences in socio-economic, demographic and epidemiological phenomena. This is partly due to its history; notably the division of Poland among three different countries and the change of the borders after the second World War. The latter caused massive migratory movements of population. Then from the territory which now constitutes one third of Poland, Germans were evicted and Poles settled. These, then new, Western and Northern Territories of Poland (WNTP) are still the most developed parts of Poland with better roads, better housing and easier access to medical service and schools. On the other hand, some of the statistical data concerning the health and lifestyle of the population of these parts of Poland are worse than the corresponding data concerning the rest of Poland. For example the rate of lung cancer, the rate of divorce, the rate of adolescence pregnancies, the rate of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption are all higher in the WNTP. In 1955, a very comprehensive anthropological nationwide survey of school children was performed. Our findings based on this material exhibit a number of phenomena which might contribute to the explanation of these negative population data. We have observed that the boys born in various regions of pre-war Poland and settled with their parents in the new territories were of different height at the age of 7-18 years than those from the four other regions of Poland whose parents were not resettled. Also the average height of boys, those sons of the migrants who during post-war migration did not go to the west but settled in the central region of Poland, was greater than those who settled in the west of Poland. Our results indicate that among the migrants there was a considerable fraction of people who were physically weaker and less socially adapted in comparison to the rest of the Polish population and that these characteristics have been passed down to the subsequent generation.

Edgar Pask and his physiological research--an unsung hero of World War Two.

PubMed

Enever, G

2011-03-01

Edgar Pask died in 1966 at the age of 53. He was the Professor of Anaesthesia in Newcastle upon Tyne, and a quiet and unassuming man. But during the Second World War he had been involved in a number of dangerous and remarkable experiments; these included investigating the effects of acute hypoxia related to high altitude parachute descents, resuscitation techniques and the effectiveness of lifejackets.

[Supplying medicines and medical equipment for the population in Poland directly after the second world war].

PubMed

Drygas, A

1995-01-01

Before the war the country's pharmaceutical industry met 35% of needs. During the war 50% of its potential was destroyed. Such was the situation after the war. The sources of the supply were at that time the German leftovers, UNRRA help, insufficient (8%) manufacturing and import. The article presents detailed data connected with sources the nationalization of pharmacies and the ways they were delt with.

Early years of Radio Astronomy in the U.S.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Burke, B. F.

Radio Astronomy in the U.S. went through two distinct phases, the pioneering phase before the Second World War, when Karl Jansky and Grote Reber were the only two radio astronomers in the world, and the post-WWII era, when the subject blossomed throughout the world, especially in England and Australia, while U.S. radio astronomy languished at a relatively low level, until its resurgence a decade later. Here in Budapest we are celebrating the 70th anniversary of Jansky's discovery, and I shall start with a review of his work, and the subsequent work of Grote Reber, who died, regrettably, in December 2002. Two historical references will be cited frequently: Serendipitous Discoveries in Radio Astronomy (Kellermann & Sheets, eds. 1983, referred to as Paper 1) and the two historical collections edited by W.T. Sullivan, Classics in Radio Astronomy (1982, referred to as Paper 2) and The Early Years of Radio Astronomy (1984, Paper 3).

War on fear: Solly Zuckerman and civilian nerve in the Second World War.

PubMed

Burney, Ian

2012-12-01

This article examines the processes through which civilian fear was turned into a practicable investigative object in the inter-war period and the opening stages of the Second World War, and how it was invested with significance at the level of science and of public policy. Its focus is on a single historical actor, Solly Zuckerman, and on his early war work for the Ministry of Home Security-funded Extra Mural Unit based in Oxford's Department of Anatomy (OEMU). It examines the process by which Zuckerman forged a working relationship with fear in the 1930s, and how he translated this work to questions of home front anxiety in his role as an operational research officer. In doing so it demonstrates the persistent work applied to the problem: by highlighting it as an ongoing research project, and suggesting links between seemingly disparate research objects (e.g. the phenomenon of 'blast' exposure as physical and physiological trauma), the article aims to show how civilian 'nerve' emerged from within a highly specific analytical and operational matrix which itself had complex foundations.

Post-War Research on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Part I. Research before 1989.

PubMed

Rutkowski, Krzysztof; Dembińska, Edyta

2016-10-31

The paper presents the post-war history of post-traumatic research conducted at the Department of Psychiatry of the Jagiellonian University and the analysis of the main research approaches and selected publications. The time after World War II passed in Poland in two directions: coping with the finished war trauma and simultaneously the experience of communist persecution trauma. First scientific publications appeared in the fifties and were focused on the research of former concentration camps prisoners (KZ-Syndrome). Between 1962 and 1989 a special edition of Przegląd Lekarski, which concentrated entirely on war trauma research, was published. The journal was nominated for the Peace Nobel Prize twice. The research team from the Department of Psychiatry headed by Professor Antoni Kępiński made a very extensive description of KZ-Syndrome issues. The paper summarizes the most important contemporary research findings on psychopathology of KZ-Syndrome (Szymusik), reaction dynamics (Teutsch), after camp adjustment (Orwid), paroxysmal hypermnesia (Półtawska), somatic changes (Gatarski, Witusik). The result of the study was the basis for the development of a methodology and a new look at the classification of the consequences of post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as the development of ethical attitudes towards patients.

33. Photographic copy of the Post Engineer drawing (original is ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

33. Photographic copy of the Post Engineer drawing (original is located at Fort Hood) electric plan & light fixture schedule, plan number PE 1268.1 - Fort Hood, World War II Temporary Buildings, Cold Storage Building, Seventeenth Street, Killeen, Bell County, TX

32. Photographic copy of the Post Engineer drawing (original is ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

32. Photographic copy of the Post Engineer drawing (original is located at Fort Hood) compressor, evaporative condenser & unit cooler schedules, plan number PE 1268 - Fort Hood, World War II Temporary Buildings, Cold Storage Building, Seventeenth Street, Killeen, Bell County, TX

The State of the World's Children, 1993.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Grant, James P.

This report argues that despite all the problems of the post cold war world, the means are now at hand to end mass malnutrition, preventable disease, and widespread illiteracy among the world's children. UNICEF (the United Nations Children's Fund) estimates the cost of about $25 billion per year in additional aid to developing nations. To give…

Late sequelae of retained foreign bodies after world war II missile injuries.

PubMed

Surov, Alexey; Thermann, Florian; Behrmann, Curd; Spielmann, Rolf-Peter; Kornhuber, Malte

2012-09-01

A number of people injured during the second world war harbour foreign bodies such as grenade splinters or bullets in some part of the body. Most of these metal fragments remain clinically silent. Some of them, however, may cause delayed complications. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of delayed complications associated with foreign bodies after world war II injuries. 159 patients with retained foreign bodies after world war II injuries were retrospectively identified radiologically in our data bases in the time interval from 1997 to 2009. Diverse delayed complications secondary to the metal objects were diagnosed in 3 cases (2%): one patient with grenade splinter migration into the choledochal duct, one case with pseudotumoural tissue reaction, and one patient with late osteomyelitis. The time from injury to clinical presentation varied from 56 to 61 years. PubMed and Medline were screened for additional cases with delayed sequelae after foreign body acquisition during the 2nd world war. A 30 year search period from 1980 up to date was selected. 15 cases were identified here. Our study demonstrates that health consequences of the 2nd world war extend into the present time, and therefore physicians should be aware of the presence of hidden foreign bodies and their different possible late reactions. Crown Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Diet and coronary heart disease in England and Wales during and after the second world war.

PubMed

Barker, D J; Osmond, C

1986-03-01

During the second world war there were large changes in consumption of fats, fibre, and sugar in Britain. These changes matched recent recommendations made by the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy (COMA) with the object of reducing the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD). It is widely believed that CHD mortality fell during the war. This paper re-examines CHD mortality among middle-aged people in England and Wales from 1931 to 1967. After allowance for changes in the rules for coding cause of death, and for the sharp increase in all-causes mortality in 1940, there is little to suggest that time trends in CHD were much influenced by the war. Because of confounding variables, this does not argue against the COMA report. However, it gives no support to the view that compliance with the recommendations on fat, fibre, and sugar will lead, by itself, to an appreciable fall in CHD mortality in middle-aged people.

Intercollegiate Athletics in the Roaring Twenties.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Keefe, Robert J.

College sports were started by students in the post Civil War period of the 1860's and 1870's. By the 1880's football, baseball, crew, and track and field were popular intercollegiate sports. The desire of the nation as a whole for diversion after World War I provided an impetus for sports in general and intercollegiate athletics in particular.…

Social Psychology, Social Science, and Economics: Twentieth Century Progress and Problems, Twenty-First Century Prospects

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

House, James S.

2008-01-01

Stimulated by social scientists' and especially social psychologists' contributions during World War II, as well as by America's post-war economic and population growth, the period from 1945 to 1970 was widely viewed as a "Golden Age" for American social science. Interdisciplinary social psychology arguably was in the vanguard of these…

Post-War Trauma and Reconciliation in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Observations, Experiences, and Implications for Marriage and Family Therapy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nelson, Briana S.

2003-01-01

The 1992-1995 war in Bosnia-Herzegovina caused mush devastation in that region of the world. This article describes the themes and issues that emerged from information gained from interviews with Bosnian professionals through a project entitled "Trauma and Reconciliation in Bosnia-Herzegovina." Recommendations and implications for family…

Dada Typography: Patterns of Experimentation with Graphic Design 1912-1930.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McComb, Don

Dada was a collective movement among avant-garde artists who rejected the existing culture of post-World War I Europe on the grounds that it belonged to the same society that had produced the war. This paper discusses Dada typography in relation to typography's role and function in the history of printing, the changes resulting from the…

United States History. Annotated Bibliography of Tests.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ. Test Collection.

The 33 tests in this bibliography cover United States History from the period of exploration of the continent through the Civil War to Post World War II. One test measures knowledge of African American history. Types of measures include credit by examination, item banks, and end-of-course tests. All ages are represented but the majority of tests…

Further Education outside the Jurisdiction of Local Education Authorities in Post-War England

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Simmons, Robin

2014-01-01

This article revisits the three decades following the end of World War Two--a time when, following the 1944 Education Act, local education authorities (LEAs) were the key agencies responsible for running the education system across England. For the first time, there was a statutory requirement for LEAs to secure adequate facilities for further…

Mental health, citizenship, and the memory of World War II in the Netherlands (1945-85).

PubMed

Oosterhuis, Harry

2014-03-01

After World War II, Dutch psychiatrists and other mental health care professionals articulated ideals of democratic citizenship. Framed in terms of self-development, citizenship took on a broad meaning, not just in terms of political rights and obligations, but also in the context of material, social, psychological and moral conditions that individuals should meet in order to develop themselves and be able to act according to those rights and obligations in a responsible way. In the post-war period of reconstruction (1945-65), as well as between 1965 and 1985, the link between mental health and ideals of citizenship was coloured by the public memory of World War II and the German occupation, albeit in completely different, even opposite ways. The memory of the war, and especially the public consideration of its victims, changed drastically in the mid-1960s, and the mental health sector played a crucial role in bringing this change about. The widespread attention to the mental effects of the war that surfaced in the late 1960s after a period of 20 years of public silence should be seen against the backdrop of the combination of democratization and the emancipation of emotions.

[Parkinson's disease of Adolf Hitler and its influence in the development of World War Second].

PubMed

Guerrero, A L

2003-03-01

Adolf Hitler very probably suffered from Parkinson's disease. The first symptoms of it began to appear in 1937/1938. It is likely that its appearance, and the fear that it caused regarding his survival, lead Hitler to advance his initial projects of military expansion of the great Germany beginning in 1943. Thus, the Second World War broke out in 1939, perhaps quite before the time in which Germany would be prepared. Chronic treatment carried out with opiates, cocaine, amphetamines, and strychnine may very well be related with a very abnormal judgement of the problems and absence of trust in the advice of his team. With this, he would make military decisions that would end up being ill-fated for his interests and which, after 1942, would lead to a change in the course of the war.

Scabies by Kenneth Mellanby.

PubMed

Jackson, Robert

2004-01-01

Epidemics of scabies are often associated with wars or other times of social upheaval. This was particularly evident during the Second World War when it was estimated that there were one to two million patients with scabies in Great Britain. This article reviews the work of the zoologist Kenneth Mellanby of England and evaluates his contribution to our knowledge of the diagnosis and treatment of scabies in the Second World War. Using humans, Mellanby studied the transmission and treatment of this disease. Among his contributions were knowledge of how many mites the average patient had, and where they were located. He clearly noted and described that the scabies rash was not limited to the location of the mites on the body; he attributed the rash in areas with no mites to "a true sensitization." He found that "fomites were not the major method of transmissions.

A British Second World War veteran with disseminated strongyloidiasis.

PubMed

Gill, G V; Beeching, N J; Khoo, S; Bailey, J W; Partridge, S; Blundell, J W; Luksza, A R

2004-06-01

A case is described of a 78-year-old British veteran of the Second World War (1939-45) who was stationed in Southeast Asia and who developed a recurrent pneumonia with blood eosinophilia. He was treated with steroids, and eventually died with a severe Pseudomonas pneumonia. Just prior to death, larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis were identified in his sputum, and a specific serum ELISA test was later positive. At autopsy no other organs were involved, but bronchoalveolar carcinoma was found. Longstanding (57 years) chronic strongyloidiasis in a veteran who served in Southeast Asia but who was not a prisoner of war is very unusual. The pattern of dissemination was also not that of a true hyperinfection syndrome, and the case demonstrates the continued need for diagnostic vigilance amongst former soldiers who were based in the Far East.

How to Stop the Bear: Strategy of Small States

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-12-01

at war with France and Great Britain, and the two small countries happened to be located on the strategic highway to France ” (Michael Handel, 1981...would be enforced and protected by the great powers, especially by the United Kingdom. In 1870, when France and Prussia were on the verge of war...resistance. This experience of overrun and occupation led the post-World War Belgium to attempt to make bilateral treaties with Britain and France

Responses to occupational and environmental exposures in the U.S. military--World War II to the present.

PubMed

Richards, Erin E

2011-07-01

Since the Civil War, a proportion of U.S. service members continues to return from war with new health problems and continues to reference battlefield exposures as the cause. Hence, one of the most pressing public health debates in military policy, the determination of causality and linking of battlefield exposures to health outcomes in veterans, continues. The advances in military environmental and occupational epidemiologic research and Department of Defense policy concerning battlefield exposures are summarized and examples from World War II through the first Gulf War are provided. The limitations associated with the unique battlefield environment, multiple environmental exposures, and the inherent stresses of war, beget challenges for researchers responsible for determining causality. In light of these difficulties, six strategies for addressing environmental exposures and their possible impact on veterans were recommended by the Institute of Medicine post Operation Desert Storm. These strategies, along with their respective progress and remaining gaps, are addressed.

Education, Art, and Exile: Cultural Activists and Exhibitions of Refugee Children's Art in the UK during the Second World War

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Roberts, Siân

2017-01-01

During the 1930s and 1940s art increasingly came to be used as a therapeutic tool with children who were perceived as damaged by their experiences of war or displacement. This article explores two related exhibitions--"Children's Art from All Countries" (1941) and "The War as Seen by Children" (1943)--which provided a platform…

The Marine Corps Schools: Driving Institutional Change Towards the Second World War

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-05-22

Corps became identified and legitimated externally in the broader society as small war specialists. As American commercial and missionary interest...Soissons, St. Mihiel, Blanc Mont Ridge , and the Muese-Argonne were reflections of both professional steadiness and personal valor. The press reports

Harvey Cushing and some Australian connections: part 1 - early life and work.

PubMed

Roxanas, M G

2010-02-01

Before World War 1 both the United States of America and Australia had rather rudimentary medical systems. Enterprising practitioners in both countries tended to look to continental Europe (especially Germany) and the United Kingdom as places of medical renown. The outbreak of World War 1 changed this but also enabled doctors from both the United States and Australia to work in military hospitals in Europe. The interactions that occurred were important for their professional development and led to some close associations between American and antipodean doctors. Examples of these were the experiences of Harvey Cushing, a burgeoning American neurosurgeon, which he recounted in his diary. His commentary merits close inspection and analysis. An account of some of Cushing's Australian connections post World War 1 is given in Part 2 (in press). Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Governing the grapevine: the study of rumor during World War II.

PubMed

Faye, Cathy

2007-02-01

Throughout the early 1940s, a host of rumors relating to the Second World War began to circulate, leading the government to establish various committees and undertake multiple projects intended to counteract rumors that were believed to threaten civilian morale and compromise national security. Simultaneously, social scientists also began taking measures to study and combat rumor. Such efforts included the institution of several community groups, deemed "rumor clinics," that aimed to decrease the prevalence of wartime rumor by educating the general public. This article outlines the rise and fall of rumor clinics, focusing specifically on the shifting boundaries and the mounting tensions between the United States government and social scientists in the study of rumor during World War II.

Comparison of anthropometric and biochemical indices of adolescents born during and after the Iran-Iraq war; Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.

PubMed

Ramezankhani, Azra; Mehrabi, Yadollah; Mirmiran, Parvin; Azizi, Fereidoun

2011-01-01

A country's developmental progress and overall changes in socio-economic structure are reflected in the outcome of secular trend studies on physical growth of children. The aim of this study was to compare anthropometric and biochemical indices of adolescent boys and girls born during and after the Iran-Iraq war. Adolescents, aged 11 - 18 years, were selected from the TLGS cohort and divided into two groups. In the first group, adolescents born during the war and in the second group adolescents born after the war were included. Height, weight, serum lipids, FBS, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and BMI were compared amongst adolescents of the same ages between the two groups. Mean weight and height increased at the ages of 12, 13, 14, and 17 years in boys of the post-war group. The mean weight of girls in the post-war group increased at the ages of 11, 13, and 14 years. Between 11 - 14 years, the means for total and LDL cholesterol, and between the ages of 15 - 18 years FBS, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol decreased in boys of the post-war group. For girls between the ages of 11 - 14, FBS, total cholesterol, TG and LDL cholesterol, and between the ages of 15 - 18 years, FBS, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol decreased in the post-war group. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased at all ages in both groups. This study showed that some anthropometric indices such as height and weight increased in boys who were born after the war; but in girls, the mean weight in the age groups increased. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and some lipid profiles decreased in boys and girls of the post-war group.

[The "war neurosis"-- an early model of a pluridimensional outlined trauma-theory in psychiatry].

PubMed

Tölle, Rainer

2005-10-01

The war neurosis, mainly observed during the first World War, caused a lively debate on its origin and etiology. In psychiatric history this debate is often portrayed in a somewhat simplifying manner. Namely Oppenheim was considered as the leading exponent of the organic etiology of traumatic neurosis, while others, with growing interest in psychodynamic theories, were thought to favor exclusively psychogenesis of this condition. However, only discussing matters in this way would be too simple. Rather, the controversy was much more differentiated and led to important insights: First, it turned out to be impossible to explain any psychopathological syndrome exclusively in terms of neuropathological, i. e. structural alterations, in particular, a syndrome presenting with a sudden onset of dissociative and conversion symptoms. Secondly, the psychiatric theory of hysteria of Charcot and Freud was developed and extended further. And, last, the etiology of war neurosis was recognized to be multifactorial. Thus, the discourse on this issue was not one-dimensional and favoring a single explanation for a complex disorder, but revealed "pluridimensional" features. Subsequently psychotherapy, for the first time, was widely introduced into clinical practice with a clear indication and well-defined methodological approach. In summary, war neuroses can be addressed as an early model of traumatic stress disorder, such as acute stress disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder.

Catholic doctrine and nuclear dogmatics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Paradise, S.I.

The bishops' pastoral letter challenging US nuclear strategy is based on the moral doctrine of a just war and post-World War II anti-Communist developments within the church. They advocate non-violence and active pursuit of peace, but retain the just war theory. They interpret nuclear deterrence as morally flawed and a driving force in the arms race, but they offer a moral loophole by advocating only bilateral and verifiable disarmament. The controversy centers on how quickly Christians are obligated to act. 9 references. (DCK)

Military Authority.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Martz, Carlton; Hayes, Bill

2001-01-01

This issue of "Bill of Rights in Action" explores questions of military authority. The first article looks at the French Army mutinies in World War I and how the French Army dealt with them. The second article examines President Truman's firing of popular and powerful General Douglas MacArthur during the Korean War. The final article…

False Images but a New Promise in Universities' Contribution to Industrial and Technological Advance.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shattock, M. L.

1987-01-01

The major contributions of university science in the two World Wars, the funding declines in inter- and post-war periods, and government and industry policies are cited as evidence that the educational system alone has not been responsible for technological decline. They are contrasted with U.S. policies and practices in university research. (MSE)

Communicating for the Long War: Options for Squadron Commanders

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-04-01

in military operations. In today’s global environment, the opinion of the US public and the world public is essential for the United States to...report emphasized the United States is engaged in a “generational and global struggle about ideas, not a war between the West and Islam.”8 The report...today’s environment of globalization , information and ideas can be transmitted across the world in a matter of seconds. PA operations can use this

Bearing Capacity Tests on Ice Reinforced With Geogrid

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-12-01

reinforce an ice bridge on rivers, lakes and oceans every winter in cold re- the Imjin River in Korea; Carnes (1964) reports that gions around the...increased the flexural aircraft in World War U. Although this "Pykrete," strength up to 31%. Creep tests on ice beams with as it was called, never was used...The Second World War , Clos- CONCLUSIONS ing the Ring, vol. 5. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, pp. 75-76. Thebearingcapacity testsconductedinCRREL’s

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, World Economy & International Relations, No. 3, March 1987

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-06-15

Efficiency Promotion in Industry (pp 28-40) (E. Vilkhovchenko) (not translated) •Star Wars ’ and Washington’s Allies Western Europe on SDI (pp 41-48) (G...sets of complex problems. The first is the problem S war and peace, pollution of environment and the socio-economic gap between industrially...developed capitalist countries and the developing world. The second -has taken shape as a result of the evolution of state-monopolistic capitalism and

Human genetics in troubled times and places.

PubMed

Harper, Peter S

2018-01-01

The development of human genetics world-wide during the twentieth century, especially across Europe, has occurred against a background of repeated catastrophes, including two world wars and the ideological problems and repression posed by Nazism and Communism. The published scientific literature gives few hints of these problems and there is a danger that they will be forgotten. The First World War was largely indiscriminate in its carnage, but World War 2 and the preceding years of fascism were associated with widespread migration, especially of Jewish workers expelled from Germany, and of their children, a number of whom would become major contributors to the post-war generation of human and medical geneticists in Britain and America. In Germany itself, eminent geneticists were also involved in the abuses carried out in the name of 'eugenics' and 'race biology'. However, geneticists in America, Britain and the rest of Europe were largely responsible for the ideological foundations of these abuses. In the Soviet Union, geneticists and genetics itself became the object of persecution from the 1930s till as late as the mid 1960s, with an almost complete destruction of the field during this time; this extended also to Eastern Europe and China as part of the influence of Russian communism. Most recently, at the end of the twentieth century, China saw a renewal of government sponsored eugenics programmes, now mostly discarded. During the post-world war 2 decades, human genetics research benefited greatly from recognition of the genetic dangers posed by exposure to radiation, following the atomic bomb explosions in Japan, atmospheric testing and successive accidental nuclear disasters in Russia. Documenting and remembering these traumatic events, now largely forgotten among younger workers, is essential if we are to fully understand the history of human genetics and avoid the repetition of similar disasters in the future. The power of modern human genetic and genomic techniques now gives a greater potential for abuse as well as for beneficial use than has ever been seen in the past.

[Development, science, and politics: the debate surrounding creation of the Instituto Internacional da Hiléia Amazônica].

PubMed

Magalhães, Rodrigo Cesar da Silva; Maio, Marcos Chor

2007-12-01

The article uses the debate surrounding creation of the Instituto Internacional da Hiléia Amazônica (International Institute of the Hylean Amazon--IIHA) as a point of departure for analyzing the topic of development. We first address post-World War II relations between science and development. Next, we examine the Brazilian government's initiatives in the Amazon during the 1940s and how the IIHA project was received. Lastly, we analyze the controversies ignited in Brazil by Unesco's plan. The IIHA project was a catalyst of the development debate in post-World War II Brazil. The discussions then sparked in Brazil and the project's denouement solidified a development model for the Amazon that even today underpins initiatives taken in the region.

Visualizing a monumental past: Archeology, Nasser's Egypt, and the early Cold War.

PubMed

Carruthers, William

2017-09-01

This article examines geographies of decolonization and the Cold War through a case study in the making of archeological knowledge. The article focuses on an archeological dig that took place in Egypt in the period between the July 1952 Free Officers' coup and the 1956 Suez crisis. Making use of the notion of the 'boundary object', this article demonstrates how the excavation of ancient Egyptian remains at the site of Mit Rahina helped to constitute Nasserist revolutionary modernity and its relationship to wider, post-Second World War political geographies. The dig took place as a result of an Egyptian-American collaboration designed to institute the possibility of archeology taking place along the lines of the Point Four modernization program promoted by the United States. The article discusses how this situation not only engendered contention surrounding the role of the international 'experts' appointed to run this excavation work, but also - and as a result - helped to constitute the monumental visual and material shape that archeological evidence relating to the Egyptian past could now take. Egypt's revolution sat within wider Cold War political struggles, yet the 'ground-up' realities of this relationship helped to constitute the sort of past (and future) monumentality proposed by Nasser's government.

World citizenship and the emergence of the social psychiatry project of the World Health Organization, 1948-c.1965.

PubMed

Wu, Harry Yi-Jui

2015-06-01

This paper examines the relationship between 'world citizenship' and the new psychiatric research paradigm established by the World Health Organization in the early post-World War II period. Endorsing the humanitarian ideological concept of 'world citizenship', health professionals called for global rehabilitation initiatives to address the devastation after the war. The charm of world citizenship had not only provided theoretical grounds of international collaborative research into the psychopathology of psychiatric diseases, but also gave birth to the international psychiatric epidemiologic studies conducted by the World Health Organization. Themes explored in this paper include the global awareness of mental rehabilitation, the application of public health methods in psychiatry to improve mental health globally, the attempt by the WHO to conduct large-scale, cross-cultural studies relevant to mental health and the initial problems it faced. © The Author(s) 2015.

Education in Time of War: George Johnson and the Commission on American Citizenship of the Catholic University of America

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Elias, John L.

2009-01-01

Times of war are times of crisis for theologians and educators. This article examines how Msgr. George Johnson, the vice president of the Religious Education Association and the most prominent Catholic educator in the 1930s and 1940s, dealt with the ethical and educational issues surrounding U.S. involvement in the Second World War. It argues that…

An Application of Convergence Theory to Japan's Post-WWII Economic "Miracle."

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Valdes, Benigno

2003-01-01

Provides an explanation of the post-World War II economic phenomenon of Japan as a process of economic convergence within the framework of the neoclassical Solo-Swan model of economic growth. States that this interpretation helps students understand economic growth and development and Japan's modern economic history. (JEH)

Alcohol and suicide in Russia, 1870-1894 and 1956-2005: evidence for the continuation of a harmful drinking culture across time?

PubMed

Stickley, Andrew; Jukkala, Tanya; Norström, Thor

2011-03-01

Previous research suggests that a strong relation exists between alcohol consumption and suicide in Soviet and post-Soviet Russia. This study extends this analysis across a much longer historical time frame by examining the relationship between heavy drinking and suicide in tsarist and post-World War II Russia. Using alcohol poisoning mortality data as a proxy for heavy drinking, time-series analytical modeling techniques were used to examine the strength of the alcohol-suicide relation in the provinces of European Russia in the period 1870-1894 and for Russia in 1956-2005. During 1870-1894, a decreasing trend was recorded in heavy drinking in Russia that contrasted with the sharp increase observed in this phenomenon in the post-World War II period. A rising trend in suicide was recorded in both study periods, although the increase was much greater in the latter period. The strength of the heavy drinking-suicide relation nevertheless remained unchanged across time, with a 10% increase in heavy drinking resulting in a 3.5% increase in suicide in tsarist Russia and a 3.8% increase in post-World War II Russia. Despite the innumerable societal changes that have occurred in Russia across the two study periods and the growth in the level of heavy drinking, the strength of the heavy drinking-suicide relation has remained unchanged across time. This suggests the continuation of a highly detrimental drinking culture where the heavy episodic drinking of distilled spirits (vodka) is an essential element in the alcohol-suicide association.

Memories from the edge of the abyss: evaluating the oral accounts of World War II veterans.

PubMed

Walton, Rodney Earl

2010-01-01

Since the "greatest generation" is rapidly passing from the scene, this article maintains that the time is ripe for the oral history community to engage in a serious examination of the strengths and weaknesses of World War II veteran interviews. Using a small case study about the battle of Okinawa (April-June 1945), the essay examines some aspects of the memory quality of World War II veterans interviewed late in life. It presents three arguments. First, American veterans of World War II were frequently reticent about recounting their memories. They often waited until late in life to do so. Second, the American World War II veterans' interviews were generally reliable and accurate even when given late in life. Nonetheless, some problems were encountered in interviewing veterans long after a battle. Third, the veterans could provide greater detail about their initial experiences during a campaign. Recollections about their later experiences during the same campaign were foggier. The author concedes, however, that the small size of his case study means that the conclusions can only have validity if confirmed by the experience of other oral history interviewers. Hence the author's goal is to initiate this important conversation rather than to conclude it.

The role of the Director Zmago Slokan in the development of Maribor General Hospital in the first period after the Second World War (1953-1970).

PubMed

Pivec, Gregor

2015-12-01

The author explores and explains the role of the director of Maribor General Hospital in the first period after Second World War. The period was problematic on account of the difficult economic situation and changes in the political system. On one hand the hospital suffered relatively large damage due to bombing attacks during the war and on the other it had to face numerous staffing problems, especially with a lack of physicians and trained nursing staff (from 1948 an executive order entered into force forbidding the nursing nuns from performing nursing care in hospitals). The change in the political system required the management of the hospital to be taken over by an individual who enjoyed the political, professional and economic trust of the then authorities. Based on his engagement during the Second World War, the director, Zmago Slokan, represented a form of guarantee for the political system of that time, which nevertheless wanted the quality-based, professional and economic progress of the hospital. Using his personal characteristics, professional medical and economic knowledge as well as political experience, he was able to manage different tendencies to continue the quality-based progress of the institution. Thus, he set a proper foundation for its development in the periods that followed, in the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia as well as in the independent Republic of Slovenia (after 1991). The author discusses the role of the director in the hospital's progress chronologically.

Nursing typhus victims in the Second World War, 1942-1944: a discussion paper.

PubMed

Brooks, Jane

2014-07-01

This article explores the care British nurses provided to victims of typhus during the Second World War. Typhus is associated with poverty and overcrowding. During wars in the pre-antibiotic era, civilians were particularly susceptible to epidemics, which military governments feared would spread to their troops. This discussion paper draws on archival data from three typhus epidemics in the Second World War to examine the expert work of British nurses in caring for victims during these potential public health disasters. The published sources for the paper include material from nursing and medical journals published between 1940-1947. Archival sources come from the National Archives in Kew, the Wellcome Library and the Army Medical Services Museum, between 1943-1945. Of particular interest is the correspondence with Dame Katharine Jones from nurses on active service overseas. Whilst epidemics of typhus are now rare, nurses in the present day may be required to care for the public in environments of extreme poverty and overcrowding, where life-threatening infectious diseases are prevalent. This article has demonstrated that it is possible for expert and compassionate nursing to alleviate suffering and prevent death, even when medical technologies are unavailable. Expert and compassionate care, adequate nutrition and hydration and attention to hygiene needs are crucial when there are limited pharmacological treatments and medical technologies available to treat infectious diseases. The appreciation of this could have implications for nurses working in current global conflicts. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

The U. S. in Third World Communications: Latin America, 1900-1945. Journalism Monographs Number Eighty-Six.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fejes, Fred

The media imperialism approach to studies of communications in South America lacks sensitivity to the historical dimension, and tends to define the issues of western media imperialism in the context of the United States post-World War II ascendancy to world power. Through an examination of the expansion of U. S. communication interests into Latin…

Religion and World Order: How Are They Related?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mische, Patricia M.

1997-01-01

The role of spirituality in the rise and fall of civilizations is discussed in the context of three viewpoints about the timeframe of current global systems being transformed: (1) a 50-year timeframe (post-World War II world order); (2) a 500-year timeframe (rise of nation-states); and (3) a 10,000-year timeframe (rise of agriculture and systems…

The State of the World's Children, 1993. Summary.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Grant, James P.

This document is a summary of a report that argues that despite all the problems of the post cold war world, the means are now at hand to end mass malnutrition, preventable disease, and widespread illiteracy among the world's children at an estimated cost of $25 billion per year in additional aid to developing nations. To give this cause priority,…

World Population in Transition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Merrick, Thomas W.; And Others

1986-01-01

This issue discusses world population trends and their implications for more and less developed countries. There have been two periods of major population expansion since 1750 with the first lasting almost 200 years and the second surge occurring after World War II. Growth rates in industrialized countries are now very low with fertility below…

Profiteering on the Iran-Iraq war

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brzoska, M.

1987-06-01

The military gear delivered from the US in the Iran-contra affair represents only a minor portion of arms sales to the combatants in the Iraq-Iran war. That war has now lasted more than six years and has deeply influenced the international arms market. Occurring during a period when other demand for arms has been relatively low, the war has nourished new suppliers and has revived both the legal and illegal private arms market. The erratic behavior of the USSR and the US, until recently by far the most important arms suppliers to the Third World, has pushed Iran and Iraqmore » toward more commercially oriented sources, including many in the Third World. Both countries have had ample supplies of weapons during the war, and these weapons have served their purpose. Mainly because of its duration, the war already ranks third among post-World War II wars - after the Vietnam war and the Biafra war - in battlefield victims, with 300,000-500,000 casualties. The economic cost has risen to nearly $500 billion in weapons, destruction, and lost income. While it is hard to see anything but losers on the battlefield, the arms traffickers are profiting. Total Iranian arms imports since August 1980 have been higher than $10 billion, while Iraq has imported more than $30 billion worth. It is difficult to know whether making arms more difficult to obtain would have stopped the war, but judging from other recent wars, such as those between India and Pakistan, between Uganda and Tanzania, and in the Middle East, it seems likely that hostilities could have been stopped long ago. 12 references.« less

"War dysentery" and the limitations of German military hygiene during World War I.

PubMed

Linton, Derek S

2010-01-01

This article examines major epidemics of bacillary dysentery in the German army as well as among civilians in eastern Europe and in Germany during World War I. These epidemics were all the more surprising in light of prewar advances in understanding the disease and limiting dysentery outbreaks. Three major reasons are adduced for the incapacity of German military hygienists to prevent wartime epidemics. First was the difficulty of bacteriological testing at the front, especially early in the war, with negative consequences for diagnosis, therapy, and disease control. Second was inadequate hygiene including major shortcomings in latrine cleanliness and attempts to grapple with the "fly plague." Third was the lack of a Pasteur-type vaccine until late in the war. Susceptibility to dysentery was also heightened by war-related nutritional deficiencies. Taking off from an article by the English medical historian Roger Cooter, this article shows that the concept of "war dysentery" was socially constructed and served a variety of professional interests but at the same time takes issue with Cooter's arguments against linking "war" and "epidemics" pathogenetically.

Breast cancer incidence in food- vs non-food-producing areas in Norway: possible beneficial effects of World War II

PubMed Central

Robsahm, T E; Tretli, S

2002-01-01

It has been suggested that World War II influenced breast cancer risk among Norwegian women by affecting adolescent growth. Diet changed substantially during the war, and the reduction in energy intake was assumed to be larger in non-food- producing than in food-producing municipalities. In the present study, we have looked at the influence of residential history in areas with and without food production on the incidence of breast cancer in a population-based cohort study consisting of 597 906 women aged between 30 and 64 years. The study included 7311 cases of breast cancer, diagnosed between 1964 and 1992. The risk estimates were calculated using a Poisson regression model. The results suggest that residential history may influence the risk of breast cancer, where the suggested advantageous effect of World War II seems to be larger in non-food-producing than in food-producing areas. Breast cancer incidence was observed to decline for the post-war cohorts, which is discussed in relation to diet. British Journal of Cancer (2002) 86, 362–366. DOI: 10.1038/sj/bjc/6600084 www.bjcancer.com © 2002 The Cancer Research Campaign PMID:11875700

From Mephistopheles to Isaiah: Jacques Loeb, technical biology and war.

PubMed

Fangerau, Heiner

2009-04-01

In 1917, the German-American scientist Jacques Loeb (1859-1924) published a short essay, entitled 'Biology and War', that summarized his disagreement with World War I. He was deeply saddened by the break-up of the international scientific community as a consequence of the actions of bellicose politicians. These actions were in direct opposition to his efforts to promote social reform, mechanistic biology and scientific internationalism. The aim of this paper is to examine Loeb's activities aimed at these efforts before, during and after the war. It attempts to explain how Loeb's scientific work was formed, what was special about it and why it was both successful and attacked. Particular emphasis is placed on how Loeb reacted to the War and the subsequent forced disintegration of his international scientific network. Loeb's attempts to integrate his interpretation of biology into post-war Europe's approach to the life sciences is analysed in connection with his social commitment. It is argued that his emigration to the USA, the circumstances of World War I, the reaction of his German colleagues to it and the demolition of the international scientific community changed: (1) Loeb's feelings towards his old home; (2) the direction of his scientific endeavours; and (3) his engagement in science politics. His correspondence with eminent scientists from all over the world serves as a key to Loeb's efforts in the context of the social elements of scientific networks and perceptions.

Commanders Guidance and Campaign Planning - The Falkland Islands War 1982

DTIC Science & Technology

Since the end of the Second World War , only one conflict has seen the use of aircraft carriers, submarines, anti-ship missiles, an opposed amphibious...seventy- two hours and conduct an opposed amphibious assault with little training. The fact that they were able to do so is a testament to their

Publicity as an Instrument of Reform.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Caudill, Susan

Albert Einstein and the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists (ECAS) conducted a reform-based public communication campaign for the international control of atomic energy after the Second World War. The Committee raised funds and sought publicity for its proposed solution to the problem of war and the management of peace. Its solution was the…

Russian perspectives: The past shapes the present

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Houck, R.P.

1994-11-01

This document contains an outline of a speech given to a group of professionals at Pacific Northwest Laboratory which was intended to give an unbiased view of Soviet perceptions. Topics discussed include: The new mission of US and Soviet labs and institutions to develop products and dedicate research to post cold war threat, historical prospectives of Russia, Russian military roles and missions, ideology of Russian politics, evils of capitalism, Russian civil war, communism, world war II, Russian losses during the war, the cold war, reasons why America should care what happens in Russia, the internal threat against a market-based economy,more » the US should help, and the Russian people and their attitudes.« less

Malnutrition and skin disease in Far East prisoners-of-war in World War II.

PubMed

Creamer, D

2018-05-31

During the Second World War, thousands of captured British and Commonwealth troops were interned in prisoner-of-war (POW) camps in the Far East. Imprisonment was extremely harsh, and prisoners developed multiple pathologies induced by physical hardship, tropical infections and starvation. Immediately after the war, several POW doctors published their clinical experiences, including reports of skin disease caused by malnutrition. The most notable deficiency dermatoses seen in Far East POWs were ariboflavinosis (vitamin B2 or riboflavin deficiency) and pellagra (vitamin B3 or niacin deficiency). A lack of vitamin B2 produces a striking inflammatory disorder of scrotal skin. Reports of pellagra in POWs documented a novel widespread eruption, developing into exfoliative dermatitis, in addition to the usual photosensitive dermatosis. A review of the literature from 70 years ago provides a reminder of the skin's response to malnutrition. © 2018 British Association of Dermatologists.

[The present level of post-traumatic stress symptoms in a sample of child survivors of World War II].

PubMed

Lis-Turlejska, Maja; Szumiał, Szymon; Okuniewska, Hanna

2012-01-01

The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of PTSD and level of symptoms more broadly considered as post-traumatic e.g. depression among Polish child survivors of World War II. Data were collected from 218 individuals aged 63-78. a list of questions regarding exposure to a range of war related traumas; PDS (Foa, 1995); IES (Horowitz et al., 1976) to measure PTSD symptoms and BDI (Beck et al., 1961) for depression symptoms. Exposure to potentially traumatic events related to the WWII varied from 1.83% to 47.25%. The prevalence of PTSD symptoms at a diagnostic level according to PDS was 29.4%. The mean values B, C and D-category symptoms were respectively: 2.08 (SD=1.74), 2.34 (SD=1.98) and 2.40 (SD=1.69). Greater age, parental loss and exposure to at least one traumatic war-related event (this variable was close to the level of statistical significance, however) were all predictors of a diagnostic level of PTSD symptoms. 60 years after WW II about one-third of respondents manifest a clinical level of PTSD symptoms. Taking into consideration the results of the research on the child survivors of the modern wars, psychosocial and cultural factors should also be examined as causes of this phenomenon.

Museum of the Second World War in Gdansk as an Example of Contemporary Design Trends in Museum Buildings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wojtowicz-Jankowska, Dorota; Stasiak, Anna

2017-10-01

At a time when history gives us one of the last opportunities to confront our knowledge of World War II, with the knowledge of people living in those days, there are buildings created with strong transmission not only architectural, but also of a great emotional load. At the same time, when the political system does not forbid to speak openly about the past period, and the technology allows you to create structures, about which we could only dream of even several dozen years ago, and objects such as the Museum of the Second World War in Gdansk are designed. In this paper are presented the current trends shaping the museum facilities, with the example of the Museum of the Second World War. The diversity of forms, materials and technology makes it impossible to establish a single standard for this type of public buildings, and that makes each of these objects unique. At the same time, it is possible to identify some common spatial treatments noted in the sector of architecture devoted to exhibitions and commemoration. The Museum of the Second World War is a newly created structure, in the design of which the authors used advanced technology (which allows the implementation of its ideas) in order to meet the ever-growing needs of users. The popularity of museums depends on many factors, such as the type and form of the offered exhibitions, the transfer of information and emotional value, location of the building and adaptation of the facility to the users‧ needs, which differ in many respects (age, the efficiency of perception, education or wealth). Given that museums are usually buildings that have noticeable form in the urban landscape, the paper will describe how to set up the idea, and later its implementation, impact on urban space. Additionally, for some time exhibitions and architecture surrounding them have become a tool for the promotion of towns, regions, or even the whole countries. The fact is that the exhibitions are visited not only by local residents but also by tourists. If the museum is well integrated into the urban spatial structure (landscape), it has a good chance to become one of the symbols of the city. Additionally, it can promote creating and deepening the sense of identity of the local users’ public space.

Postal censorship of Bosnian public health institutions during the Second World War: The Independent State of Croatia versus Dr. Stanko Sielski.

PubMed

Papalas, John A; Tahirović, Husref

2016-11-01

This study aims to present evidence of censorship during World War II by the Independent State of Croatia of one of its public health officials, Dr. Stanko Sielski who was a physician trained in epidemiology and public health. During World War II, he directed the Institute for Combating Endemic Syphilis in the Bosnian town Banja Luka. The staff under his direction consisted solely of Jewish physicians. We analyzed two groups of envelopes either sent by or to Dr. Stanko Sielski during the War and found evidence of censorship only in communications with a Jewish physician dated towards the end of the War. Dr. Stanko Sielski would be posthumously recognized for his efforts to shield his Jewish colleagues. The newly available, but still limited data, which we present indicates efforts to censor Dr. Stanko Sielski's postal communications towards the War's end. The censors targeted specifically Dr. Stanko Sielski's correspondences with the Jewish physicians he was protecting. This material highlights the many challenges his public health service experienced during the time of armed conflict. Copyright © 2016 by Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Blood transfusion at the time of the First World War--practice and promise at the birth of transfusion medicine.

PubMed

Boulton, F; Roberts, D J

2014-12-01

The centenary of the start of the First World War has stirred considerable interest in the political, social, military and human factors of the time and how they interacted to produce and sustain the material and human destruction in the 4 years of the war and beyond. Medical practice may appear distant and static and perhaps seems to have been somewhat ineffectual in the face of so much trauma and in the light of the enormous advances in medicine and surgery over the last century. However, this is an illusion of time and of course medical, surgical and psychiatric knowledge and procedures were developing rapidly at the time and the war years accelerated implementation of many important advances. Transfusion practice lay at the heart of resuscitation, and although direct transfusion from donor to recipient was still used, Geoffrey Keynes from Britain, Oswald Robertson from America and his namesake Lawrence Bruce Robertson from Canada, developed methods for indirect transfusion from donor to recipient by storing blood in bottles and also blood-banking that laid the foundation of modern transfusion medicine. This review explores the historical setting behind the development of blood transfusion up to the start of the First World War and on how they progressed during the war and afterwards. A fresh look may renew interest in how a novel medical speciality responded to the needs of war and of post-war society. © 2015 British Blood Transfusion Society.

Japanese Education and the Development of Postwar Educational Policy, 1945-1985.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Beauchamp, Edward R.

This document chronicles major developments in post World War II Japanese educational policy. The focus is mainly on the way in which world events, social structure, religion, cultural values, and official policy initiatives influenced Japanese educational practices. Developments covered in the first period, from 1868 to 1945, began with the…

Education for America's Role in World Affairs.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fonte, John, Ed.; Ryerson, Andre, Ed.

This collection of essays by leading policy analysts and educators investigate the often contradictory claims of global, peace, multicultural and citizenship education and examines what U.S. students should know about world affairs in the post-cold war era. The essays suggest methods of change based on a strong academic core of history,…

Third World Conflict and American Response in the Post-Cold War World

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-03-05

exemplify this problem. Deforestation is largely the result of actions taken by tropical countries (notably Brazil in the Amazon Basin) to convert into more...34productive" uses equatorial rainforests that historically created a kind of green band around the Earth’s middle. That band is slowly disappearing

Interweaving Ideas and Patchwork Programmes: Nutrition Projects in Colonial Fiji, 1945-60.

PubMed

Hartley, Sarah Clare

2017-04-01

The influence of a range of actors is discernible in nutrition projects during the period after the Second World War in the South Pacific. Influences include: international trends in nutritional science, changing ideas within the British establishment about state responsibility for the welfare of its citizens and the responsibility of the British Empire for its subjects; the mixture of outside scrutiny and support for projects from post-war international and multi-governmental organisations, such as the South Pacific Commission. Nutrition research and projects conducted in Fiji for the colonial South Pacific Health Service and the colonial government also sought to address territory-specific socio-political issues, especially Fiji's complex ethnic poli,tics. This study examines the subtle ways in which nutrition studies and policies reflected and reinforced these wider socio-political trends. It suggests that historians should approach health research and policy as a patchwork of territorial, international, and regional ideas and priorities, rather than looking for a single causality.

Interweaving Ideas and Patchwork Programmes: Nutrition Projects in Colonial Fiji, 1945–60

PubMed Central

Hartley, Sarah Clare

2017-01-01

The influence of a range of actors is discernible in nutrition projects during the period after the Second World War in the South Pacific. Influences include: international trends in nutritional science, changing ideas within the British establishment about state responsibility for the welfare of its citizens and the responsibility of the British Empire for its subjects; the mixture of outside scrutiny and support for projects from post-war international and multi-governmental organisations, such as the South Pacific Commission. Nutrition research and projects conducted in Fiji for the colonial South Pacific Health Service and the colonial government also sought to address territory-specific socio-political issues, especially Fiji’s complex ethnic poli,tics. This study examines the subtle ways in which nutrition studies and policies reflected and reinforced these wider socio-political trends. It suggests that historians should approach health research and policy as a patchwork of territorial, international, and regional ideas and priorities, rather than looking for a single causality. PMID:28260564

Rapid increase in Japanese life expectancy after World War II.

PubMed

Sugiura, Yasuo; Ju, Young-Su; Yasuoka, Junko; Jimba, Masamine

2010-02-01

Japanese life expectancy increased by about 13.7 years during the first decade after World War II, despite the country's post-war poverty. Although it is known that medical progress explains part of this increase, roles of non-medical factors have not been systematically studied. This study hypothesizes that non-medical factors, in addition to medical factors, are associated with the rapid increase in life expectancy in Japan. We analyzed the time trends of potential explanatory factors and used regression analysis with historical data from the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications' Historical Statistics of Japan during the period between 1946 and 1983. Time trends analysis revealed that the rapid increase in life expectancy preceded the dramatic growth of per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 10 years. In education, the nearly universal enrollment in elementary schools and increased advancement to upper secondary schools for both sexes were associated with better health. Regarding legislation, 32 health laws were passed in the first decade after the war and these laws were associated with improved health. Using regression analysis, we found that the enrollment rate in elementary schools, the number of health laws, and expansion of community-based activity staff were significantly associated with the increased life expectancy during the first decade after World War II. To conclude, in addition to medical factors, non-medical factors applied across the country, particularly education, community-based activities and legislation were associated with the rapid increase in Japanese life expectancy after World War II.

United States and environmental security: Deforestation and conflict in southeast Asia. Master's thesis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Greenwald, P.T.

In the post Cold War era, the East-West conflict may be succeeded by a new confrontation which pits an industrialized North against a developing South. In June 1992, world attention was fixed on the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. This event marked a milestone in global environmental awareness; but just as the end of the Cold War has provided new opportunities for the US, the world is now faced with new sources of conflict which have advanced to the forefront of the national security debate. Among the new sources of conflict, environmental problems are rapidly becoming preeminent. Within nationalmore » security debates, those environmental problems which respect no international boundary are of particular concern. Worldwide deforestation, and the related issues of global warming and the loss of biodiversity, represent a clear threat to national security. Two percent of the Earth's rainforests are lost each year; one 'football field' is lost each second. Deforestation has already led to conflict and instability within several regions of the world including Southeast Asia. The United States must recognize the character and dynamics of these new sources of conflict in order to successfully realize its policy aims in national security. The US should preempt conflict through cooperation and develop a shared concern for the environment throughout the world. The US military may play a key role in this effort. Rainforest, Deforestation, Tropical timber, Logging, Southeast Asia, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Burma, Laos, Japan Cambodia, Vietnam, Human rights, Plywood, Pulp, Paper, World Bank, U.S. Agency for International Development.« less

Japanese American reactions to World War II incarceration redress: Just world belief, locus of control, and coping.

PubMed

Kim, Jackie H J; Nagata, Donna K; Akiyama, Mark

2015-07-01

This study examines second generation (Nisei) Japanese Americans' reactions to government redress for their unjust incarceration during World War II. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to explore the roles of individual difference factors-Belief in a Just World (BJW), Locus of Control (LOC)-and Incarceration-Related Coping in predicting (a) reported redress-related Suffering Relief and (b) Positive Redress Impacts. Findings show that BJW was a stronger predictor of redress reactions than LOC, with higher BJW associated with more affirmative views of redress. In addition, Incarceration-Related Coping mediated a majority of the relationships between the individual difference factors and redress reactions. (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).

The Impact of Racial Integration on the Combat Effectiveness of Eighth (US) Army during the Korean War

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

Truman K . Gibson, the Civilian Aide to the Secretary of Defense, noted in a memorandum to Assistant Secretary of War John J. McCloy, a growing belief...DC: Center for Military History, 1966), 416. 6 Truman K . Gibson to John J. McCloy, Washington, DC, 8 August 1945, in Planning for the Postwar...not eager to suffer the same fate. 143 Finally, the conditions of the post-World War II force challenged Eighth (US) Army’s ability to integrate

Education and World Order

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Phillip W.

2007-01-01

The impact on educational analysis of mainstream international relations (IR) theories is yet to realize its full potential. The problem of education in relation to the construction of world order is considered in relation to core developments in IR theory since the Second World War. In particular, the global architecture of education is seen as a…

Identification of human remains from the Second World War mass graves uncovered in Bosnia and Herzegovina

PubMed Central

Marjanović, Damir; Hadžić Metjahić, Negra; Čakar, Jasmina; Džehverović, Mirela; Dogan, Serkan; Ferić, Elma; Džijan, Snježana; Škaro, Vedrana; Projić, Petar; Madžar, Tomislav; Rod, Eduard; Primorac, Dragan

2015-01-01

Aim To present the results obtained in the identification of human remains from World War II found in two mass graves in Ljubuški, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Methods Samples from 10 skeletal remains were collected. Teeth and femoral fragments were collected from 9 skeletons and only a femoral fragment from 1 skeleton. DNA was isolated from bone and teeth samples using an optimized phenol/chloroform DNA extraction procedure. All samples required a pre-extraction decalcification with EDTA and additional post-extraction DNA purification using filter columns. Additionally, DNA from 12 reference samples (buccal swabs from potential living relatives) was extracted using the Qiagen DNA extraction method. QuantifilerTM Human DNA Quantification Kit was used for DNA quantification. PowerPlex ESI kit was used to simultaneously amplify 15 autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) loci, and PowerPlex Y23 was used to amplify 23 Y chromosomal STR loci. Matching probabilities were estimated using a standard statistical approach. Results A total of 10 samples were processed, 9 teeth and 1 femoral fragment. Nine of 10 samples were profiled using autosomal STR loci, which resulted in useful DNA profiles for 9 skeletal remains. A comparison of established victims' profiles against a reference sample database yielded 6 positive identifications. Conclusion DNA analysis may efficiently contribute to the identification of remains even seven decades after the end of the World War II. The significant percentage of positively identified remains (60%), even when the number of the examined possible living relatives was relatively small (only 12), proved the importance of cooperation with the members of the local community, who helped to identify the closest missing persons’ relatives and collect referent samples from them. PMID:26088850

Identification of human remains from the Second World War mass graves uncovered in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

PubMed

Marjanović, Damir; Hadžić Metjahić, Negra; Čakar, Jasmina; Džehverović, Mirela; Dogan, Serkan; Ferić, Elma; Džijan, Snježana; Škaro, Vedrana; Projić, Petar; Madžar, Tomislav; Rod, Eduard; Primorac, Dragan

2015-06-01

To present the results obtained in the identification of human remains from World War II found in two mass graves in Ljubuški, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Samples from 10 skeletal remains were collected. Teeth and femoral fragments were collected from 9 skeletons and only a femoral fragment from 1 skeleton. DNA was isolated from bone and teeth samples using an optimized phenol/chloroform DNA extraction procedure. All samples required a pre-extraction decalcification with EDTA and additional post-extraction DNA purification using filter columns. Additionally, DNA from 12 reference samples (buccal swabs from potential living relatives) was extracted using the Qiagen DNA extraction method. QuantifilerTM Human DNA Quantification Kit was used for DNA quantification. PowerPlex ESI kit was used to simultaneously amplify 15 autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) loci, and PowerPlex Y23 was used to amplify 23 Y chromosomal STR loci. Matching probabilities were estimated using a standard statistical approach. A total of 10 samples were processed, 9 teeth and 1 femoral fragment. Nine of 10 samples were profiled using autosomal STR loci, which resulted in useful DNA profiles for 9 skeletal remains. A comparison of established victims' profiles against a reference sample database yielded 6 positive identifications. DNA analysis may efficiently contribute to the identification of remains even seven decades after the end of the World War II. The significant percentage of positively identified remains (60%), even when the number of the examined possible living relatives was relatively small (only 12), proved the importance of cooperation with the members of the local community, who helped to identify the closest missing persons' relatives and collect referent samples from them.

A Neapolitan miracle.

PubMed

Greco, Pietro

2016-01-01

The Italian scientific renaissance, that started when the Second World War was drawing to a close and reached its apex early in the Sixties--is widely discussed in literature. But there is also a second, maybe less visible but not less important renaissance in the Italian scientific world of the Fifties and Sixties: the Neapolitan renaissance, in which biophysics plays an important role. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

When the world collapses: changed worldview and social reconstruction in a traumatized community

PubMed Central

Biruski, Dinka Corkalo; Ajdukovic, Dean; Stanic, Ajana Löw

2014-01-01

Background Traumatic experience can affect the individual's basic beliefs about the world as a predictable and safe place. One of the cornerstones in recovery from trauma is reestablishment of safety, connectedness, and the shattered schema of a worldview. Objective This study explored the role of negatively changed worldview in the relationship between war-related traumatization and readiness for social reconstruction of intergroup relations in a post-conflict community measured by three processes: intergroup rapprochement, rebuilding trust, and need for apology. It was hypothesized that more traumatized people are less supportive of social reconstruction and that this relationship is mediated by the changed worldview. Method The study included a community random sample of 333 adults in the city of Vukovar, Croatia, that was most devastated during the 1991–1995 war. Six instruments were administered: Stressful Events Scale, Impact of Event Scale-Revised, Changed Worldview Scale, and three scales measuring the post-conflict social reconstruction processes: Intergroup Rapprochement, Intergroup Trust and Need for Apology. Results Mediation analyses showed that the worldview change fully mediated between traumatization and all three aspects of social reconstruction. Conclusions In a population exposed to war traumatization the worldview change mediates post-conflict social recovery of community relations. PMID:25279101

Implementing the Post-9/11 GI Bill: Lessons Learned and Emerging Issues. Policy Matters: A Higher Education Policy Brief

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McBain, Lesley

2009-01-01

On August 1, 2009, the most generous veterans education benefit program since the original post-World War II GI Bill went into effect. The Post-9/11 Veterans Education Assistance Act, popularly known as the Post-9/11 GI Bill, pays for up to 100 percent of a veteran's tuition/required fees at a state college/university depending on the veteran's…

Sex ratio at birth and war in Croatia (1991-1995).

PubMed

Polasek, O; Kolcic, I; Kolaric, B; Rudan, I

2005-09-01

We have investigated sex ratio at birth (expressed as the proportion of males) in Croatia before, during and after the war (1991-1995). Data for each of 21 counties in Croatia (861 516 births) were collected and pooled into two groups: the first, consisting of the counties unaffected by the war, and the second, comprising the counties affected by war events. Odds ratios of being born as a male were calculated, with being born in a county exposed to war defined as the risk factor. No significant deviations from the expected ratio of 0.514 were found in pre-war, wartime or post-war period at the national level. The ratio was 0.515 during the pre-war and wartime periods, and 0.514 in the post-war period. Comparison of the ratios in the three periods in both affected and unaffected counties revealed no significant increase in the sex ratio. The only significant increase in the sex ratio was registered in two counties unaffected by the warfare. This study indicates that warfare did not cause a detectable increase of the sex ratio at birth in Croatia, in contrast to what might have been predicted based on earlier reports in the literature.

Intestinal parasites in First World War German soldiers from "Kilianstollen", Carspach, France.

PubMed

Le Bailly, Matthieu; Landolt, Michaël; Mauchamp, Leslie; Dufour, Benjamin

2014-01-01

Paleoparasitological investigations revealed the presence of intestinal helminths in samples taken from the abdominal cavities of two German soldiers, recovered in the First World War site named "Kilianstollen" in Carspach, France. Eggs from roundworm, whipworm, tapeworm and capillariids were identified. The morphological and morphometrical comparison, followed by statistical analyses, showed that the Carspach capillariid eggs are similar to rodent parasites. Poor sanitary conditions in the trenches, the lack of knowledge of parasites, and the widespread presence of commensal animals, can explain the occurrence of such parasites in human intestines. This study is the second dealing with 20th century human samples. It confirms the presence of intestinal worms in First World War German soldiers. In this case study, the application of statistics to precise measurements facilitated the diagnosis of ancient helminth eggs and completed the microscopic approach.

Focused vs Broad In World War I: A Historical Comparison Of General Staff Officer Education At Pre War Leavenworth and Langres

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-05-26

innovation , which stymied the students’ growth as reflective practitioners. The Langres Staff College students did not shrn:e a sirnilrn: knowledge...Secondly, the Langres Staff College’s methods of instruction lacked innovation , which stymied the students’ growth as reflective practitioners. The...pre-war Leavenworth Staff College’s methods of instruction consisted of innovative methods, which provided students with more opportunities to

Technogeopologistics: Supply Networks and Military Power in the Industrial Age

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

communication ( LOCs ) to the battlefield in ever more complex ways. Thus, logistics exhibit sensitivity to technological change. Logistics also have...War will serve as a lens for sea versus land LOCs . With the addition of the air LOC under the inter-war airpower thinkers Giulio Douhet and Billy...Mitchell, the Second World War will be a testing ground for all three domains. The interaction among sea, land, and air LOCs with both the industrial

Army Amateur Radio System: 1925-1941

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-05-21

1948 Captain Robert L. Gabardy selected the use of the acronym MARS, the Roman god of war, as a fitting name for the post-World War II rebirth of the...3 Robert L. Gabardy , telephonic interview by author, January 26, 2010. In approaching its mission as an auxiliary, MARS can examine...accessed January 25, 2010). Interviews Gabardy , Robert L., interview by author, January 26, 2010. Hart, George, interview by author, January 27

World War I: an air war of consequence.

PubMed

Hallion, Richard P

2014-06-01

On December 17, 1903, the brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright flew the world's first successful airplane, following this with the first military airplane in 1908. (The 1908 Flyer was built by the brothers in response to a 1907 requirements specification for a 2-place aircraft capable of flying at 40 mph and able to be broken down and transported in a horse-drawn wagon. Technically, since it crashed during its demonstration program and was not formally delivered to the Army, it never became Army property. But the trials had been so impressive that the Army ordered a second, delivered in 1909.) Just six years later, Europe erupted in a general war. Often portrayed as a sideshow to the war on land and sea, the air war heralded the advent of mechanized warfare, the airplane being one of four great technological advances--the submarine, the tank, and radio communication--that, together, revolutionized military affairs. Aircraft reconnaissance influenced the conduct of military operations from the war's earliest days, and airborne observers routinely governed the fall of artillery barrages, crucially important in an artillery-dominant war. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

The Macromolecular Concept and the Origins of Molecular Biology

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Olby, Robert

1970-01-01

Traces the origins of molecular biology to the work of 19th century biophysicists, ultrastructurists and collodial chemists. The development of the Aggregate Theory,and its overthrow by the Macromolecule Concept is described. Research in molecular genetics in the pre-second world war period, and the effects of the war on it, are briefly reviewed.…

Caring for Rosie the Riveter's Children

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

MacKenzie, Bill

2011-01-01

During the Second World War, women in the United States who worked in the war industries in such jobs as welders, riveters, heavy machinery operators, and parachute riggers were heralded in the media as "Rosie the Riveter." From 1943 to 1945 a fortunate few of these workplace pioneers participated in a memorable experiment in child care at Kaiser…

Rebuilding Physical Education in the Western Occupation Zones of Germany, 1945-1949

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dichter, Heather L.

2012-01-01

After the Second World War, the British, American and French believed education could be used to promote democracy in Germany. The Western powers faced particular difficulties with the field of physical education because of the strong Nazi influence in this area during the Third Reich. The premier pre-war physical education teacher training…

Some autobiographical data (my life before the First World War)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fesenkov, V. G.; Fesenkova, L. V.

The autobiography of the distinguish astronomy academician V. G. Fesenkov consists of two parts. The first one describes the period before 1914, the second one - the next period of academician life. The education in primary school, Harkov's University, his work in Tashkent and Harkov observatories, work at dissertation, work at the observatories in Paris, Medon and Nyssa are under discussion. This part of biography talks about the educational state and astronomy in Russia and Europe before the First World War. Also there are discussion of life of Russian intelligence at the beginning of XX century and intellectual atmosphere of life and work of scientists in Russia and France. The second part is devoted to the development of native astronomy in the Soviet period.

Mandibular fractures in India during the Second World War (1944 and 1945): analysis of the Snawdon series.

PubMed

Chambers, I G; Scully, C

1987-10-01

The records of Major J. W. E. Snawdon of the No. 2 Indian Maxillofacial Unit provide a rare and detailed insight into the treatment of mandibular fractures during the Second World War. Notable features were the high frequency of civilian-type injuries, the considerable delays between injury and definitive treatment, the lengthy periods of intermaxillary fixation required, the high incidence of infections and the common occurrence of delayed union. Despite these problems, only 12% of fractures resulted in non-union, usually when these were missile injuries with considerable destruction. Reporting of the details from Snawdon's records should be of interest particularly to young oral surgeons, whose experience of trauma belongs to an entirely different environment.

Denver area post-World War II suburbs.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-02-01

Historic Residential Subdivisions of Metropolitan Denver, 1940-1965, documents the development of : mid-century suburbs in CDOT Region 6. The report follows the National Register of Historic Places : format for multiple property documentation, and is...

[Development of pharmacy in the Leskovac region for the period from liberation from the Turks until World War II].

PubMed

Milić, Petar; Milić, Slavica

2013-01-01

From the historical point of view, there are three time periods when the process of modernization of Serbian society took place. First period includes the interval from the beginning of the 19th century until the end of World War I, when the Serbian country was reestablished as Serbian Knezevina (princedom) and in 1882 as Serbian Kingdom. Second period includes an interval from the unity of Serbia into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croatians and Slovenians, which was established at the end of World War I (1918) and in 1929 changed the name into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which lasted until the end of World War II. The third period includes time after World War II. In this paper, the social-economical conditions in the Leskovac area during the first two periods of modernization were described, as well as the pharmacy development emphasizing the characteristic of the pharmaceutics. The Leskovac area belongs to most recently liberated areas in Serbia, i.e. Leskovac was liberated at the end of 1877. Nevertheless, the first pharmacy was opened in Leskovac in 1862, during the reign of the Turks. The authors being the people from Leskovac as well as the pharmacists believe that they contributed to better overview of the activities of people from modernization period, paying them well-deserved recognition.

Mitochondrial dysfunction in Gulf War illness revealed by 31Phosphorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: a case-control study.

PubMed

Koslik, Hayley J; Hamilton, Gavin; Golomb, Beatrice A

2014-01-01

Approximately 1/3 of 1990-1 Gulf War veterans developed chronic multisymptom health problems. Implicated exposures bear mechanisms that adversely affect mitochondria. Symptoms emphasize fatigue, cognition and muscle (brain and muscle are aerobically demanding); with protean additional domains affected, compatible with mitochondrial impairment. Recent evidence supports treatments targeting cell bioenergetics (coenzyme10) to benefit Gulf War illness symptoms. However, no evidence has directly documented mitochondrial or bioenergetic impairment in Gulf War illness. We sought to objectively assess for mitochondrial dysfunction, examining post-exercise phosphocreatine-recovery time constant (PCr-R) using (31)Phosphorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ((31)P-MRS), in Gulf War veterans with Gulf War illness compared to matched healthy controls. PCr-R has been described as a "robust and practical" index of mitochondrial status. Case-control study from 2012-2013. Fourteen community-dwelling Gulf War veterans and matched controls from the San Diego area comprised 7 men meeting CDC and Kansas criteria for Gulf War illness, and 7 non-deployed healthy controls matched 1:1 to cases on age, sex, and ethnicity. Calf muscle phosphocreatine was evaluated by (31)P-MRS at rest, through 5 minutes of foot pedal depression exercise, and in recovery, to assess PCr-R. Paired t-tests compared cases to matched controls. PCr-R was significantly prolonged in Gulf War illness cases vs their matched controls: control values, mean ± SD, 29.0 ± 8.7 seconds; case values 46.1 ± 18.0 seconds; difference 17.1 ± 14.9 seconds; p = 0.023. PCr-R was longer for cases relative to their matched controls for all but one pair; moreover while values clustered under 31 seconds for all but one control, they exceeded 35 seconds (with a spread up to 70 seconds) for all but one case. These data provide the first direct evidence supporting mitochondrial dysfunction in Gulf War illness. Findings merit replication in a larger study and/or corroboration with additional mitochondrial assessment tools.

Oral History Interview Transcripts Tombigbee Historic Townsites Project. Volume 5 (Interview Numbers 123-128).

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-01-01

and Mama had throe in college when the Depression hit. I was still in junior high sceaool. At that time, they consolidated the Aberdeen Separate School...What brought you to Clay County? A: Well, I was just hunting labor. That was in the Depression days. We were hunting labor and moved down to the...all through the Depression period! 780 A: Yes, ma’am, and then plumb up to the Second World War. We started sawmilling just before World War II when

Comparison of Symptom Distress between World War II Ex-POWs and Vietnam Combat Veterans with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miller, David J.; And Others

It has been documented that exposure to severe and prolonged stress can result in emotional disturbances which may last for decades. Research has focused on the diagnosis of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), symptoms of which include flashbacks, increased startle response, interpersonal withdrawal, suspiciousness, impulsivity, and…

Classroom Strategies for Teaching Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Traumatic Brain Injury

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sinski, Jennifer Blevins

2012-01-01

Postsecondary institutions currently face the largest influx of veteran students since World War II. As the number of veteran students who may experience learning problems caused by Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and/or Traumatic Brain Injury continues to rise, the need for instructional strategies that address their needs increases. Educators may…

Parents and children in Second World War Germany: an inter-generational perspective on wartime separation.

PubMed

Vaizey, Hester

2011-01-01

This article discusses how the relationship between parents and their children were affected by the second world war in Germany. With fathers away from home for often as long as a decade, many children grew up without a father being physically present. The current historiography suggests that wartime separation caused a crisis in the family. But did the prolonged periods of time apart and the separate experiences of husbands at the Front and wives and children at home really destabilize family relationships? This article questions such a picture of families in ruin. It argues that family relationships were far more resilient in the face of wartime separation than has previously been credited. Indeed, it reveals the importance of children in keeping mothers and fathers focused on getting through the war. It further contends that, even from afar, fathers continued to play an important role in their children’s lives. And this in turn revises our understanding of the situation facing reuniting families.

The significance of experiences of war and migration in older age: long-term consequences in child survivors from the Dutch East Indies.

PubMed

Mooren, Trudy T M; Kleber, Rolf J

2013-11-01

This study examines late consequences of war and migration in both non-clinical and clinical samples of child survivors of World War II. This is one of the very few studies on the mental health of children who were subjected to internment in camps, hiding, and violence under Japanese occupation in the Far East. It provides a unique case to learn about the significance of experiences of war and migration in later life. Long-term sequelae of the Japanese persecution in the Dutch East Indies (DEI) in child survivors were studied by analyzing sets of standardized questionnaires of 939 persons. Instruments dealt with post-traumatic responses, general health, and dissociation. Participants were recruited through community services and registers of clinical services. Discriminant analyses were conducted to evaluate the significance of early experiences in determining group belonging. Compared with age-matched controls that lived through the German occupation in the Netherlands during World War II, the child survivors from the DEI reported both more trauma-related experiences and mental health disturbances in later life. In particular, the number of violent events during the war, among which especially internment in a camp, contributed to the variation among groups, in support of the significance of these disruptive experiences at older age. The results underline the long-term significance of World War II-related traumatic experiences in the population of elderly child survivors who spent their childhood in the former DEI.

Enhancing U.S. National Security: The Case for Hemispheric Free Trade

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-04-15

to shape much of the post-World War II international order. Institutions created then at U.S. behest, and which still guide the world’s affairs today... the United Nations, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the Organization of American...those services or agricultural products effectively. Given this erosion in international trade discipline, the GATT has understandably come under

An Immersive Virtual Reality Therapy Application for Iraq War Veterans with PTSD: From Training to Toy to Treatment

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-12-01

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( PTSD ) is reported to be caused by traumatic events that are outside the range of usual human...available X- Box game, Full Spectrum Warrior. 2. POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER According to the DSM-IV (1994), PTSD is caused by traumatic events...H. (2002). Virtual reality exposure therapy for World Trade Center Post Traumatic Stress Disorder . Cyberpsychology

Reducing the Footprint: Post Combat Operations, Budget Cuts, and Modern Day Sequestration

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-05-02

That Scary , in One Graph”; The Washington Post; November, 2012; http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2012/11/20/the- sequesters-defense-cuts...arent-that- scary -in-one-graph Figure 1 highlights the ebbs and flows of the DOD budget since the post World War II timeframe. Although the 2011...defense cuts aren’t that scary , in one graph”. The Washington Post, Washington: November, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp

[A historical medical study of post-traumatic stress disorders in World War I soldiers].

PubMed

Lemke, S

2007-01-01

The concept of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was to be verified considering World War I soldiers suffering from psychiatric and neurologic diseases. According to hypotheses, relevant circumstances of the case history and significance of the direct military action had to be examined. In 2002, medical histories dating from 1914 to 1921 of male soldiers in Jena, Germany, were analyzed. Statistical examination carried out by means of the chi2 test revealed mental illness more frequently in soldiers with relevant family anamnesis, previous psychiatric treatment, or degree of voluntariness than in soldiers not so characterized. The accumulation of mental illnesses was lower in soldiers involved in military actions or directly with firing weapons than in soldiers never involved in battles. These results are in accord with historical but not current literature on PTSD. The author is of the opinion that psychiatric anamnesis is not given enough consideration in the concept of PTSD.

Anatomy in Cologne--Institutional development and body supply from the Weimar Republic to the early post-war period.

PubMed

Kaiser, Stephanie; Gross, Dominik

2015-07-01

The Anatomical Institute of the University of Cologne was founded in 1925. This paper highlights its institutional development and the sources from which it procured bodies for dissection. A comparison is drawn between the first years of the institute's existence during the Weimar Republic (1925-1932) and its rebuilding after war damage in the early post-war period (1947-1954). The institute and its procurement of bodies have not previously been investigated for these two time periods. The Third Reich, for which a detailed study already exists, will be mentioned as well to allow better evaluation of the periods before and after National Socialism. Based on newly evaluated archival material and body journals which will be examined both quantitatively and qualitatively, it becomes apparent that the Cologne institute experienced a chronic shortage of bodies both during the Weimar Republic and the first post-war decade (even though the delivery facilities were mostly the same). However, the situation of the institute in terms of structure, organization and personnel as well as body supply in the aftermath of World War II proved much more challenging than during the time of the Weimar Republic. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Giving Lip Service with an Attitude: North Korea’s China Debate

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-12-01

during the Imjin wars in 1592–98, thousands of Korean peasants fled across the Yalu River in search of shelter and livelihood. Social dislocation, gen...Volunteers (CPVs) in the post- war recon- struction of Korea. During the socialist construction in the 1960s and 1970s, pro- tected by the Chinese...olive branch of détente with the United States without war . Perhaps, ardent Chinese intermediation may deliver the Second Opening of Korea to the West

Impacts of psychological science on national security agencies post-9/11.

PubMed

Brandon, Susan E

2011-09-01

Psychologists have been an integral part of national security agencies since World War I, when psychological science helped in personnel selection. A robust infrastructure supporting wider applications of psychology to military and intelligence problems developed further during World War II and the years following, primarily in the areas of testing, human factors, perception, and the decision sciences. Although the nature of the attacks on 9/11 raised the level of perceived need for increased human-based intelligence, the impacts of psychologists on the policies and practices of national security agencies in the decade since have not increased significantly. © 2011 American Psychological Association

Anesthesia Providers’ Perspectives Regarding Parental Presence During Anesthesia Induction: A Pilot Study

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-05-01

stressful parts of the surgical experience. This stress affects the child, the parent, and the surgical team. Children and parents cdike are often...during episodes of extreme stress only amplifies that stress (Bowlby, 1973). Bowlby studied post World War II orphans in England and observed the...children often find themselves in the middle of warring factions. Any parent or child experiences stress preoperatively. The added dimension of

Pearl Harbor and America's Homefront Children: First Fears, Blackouts, Air Raid Drills, and Nightmares.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tuttle, William M., Jr.

In conducting research about U.S. homefront children during the Second World War, a professor of history wrote to the 100 largest-circulation newspapers in the United States as well as 75 African-American, Hispanic American, and Jewish-American newspapers and magazines seeking letters from people who experienced the War as children. More than…

Internal medicine in the United States and Germany: mutual influences from 1870 to today.

PubMed

Schulte-Bockolt, Arnd; Soergel, Konrad H; Stein, Juergen

2016-11-01

Over the past 140 years, the close academic and clinical interactions in Internal Medicine between German-speaking countries and the United States have been through three distinct stages. From 1870 until the First World War, German medical research, teaching, and university organization served as a model for U.S. medical schools and practice. However, after World War I, medical education reforms were implemented in the U.S., and due also to radical economic and political changes at home, German medicine lost its pioneering role. Furthermore, many scientists and clinicians were forced to emigrate in the face of racial and political persecution in Germany and Austria. Since the Second World War, American medicine has grown further to become the world leader in research, training, and clinical practice. The earlier trend of American physicians studying abroad was thus reversed, with many of today's foremost German physicians completing clinical and research training in the United States.

U.S. National Security Strategy - The Magnitude of Second and Third-Order Effects on Smaller Nations: The Cases of Lebanon During the Cold War and Pakistan During the Global War on Terrorism

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-03-19

informal management style used during the war years was not suited to the longer-term security issues of the post-war era. As US grand strategy became...Eisenhower Doctrine in 1957. THE CASE OF LEBANON Each of the above mentioned security policies were products of American diplomacy aimed at managing the...consisting of its East and West entities, found itself a principle player in the American-led security alliance structure designed to check Soviet

[Plague outbreaks in the Mediterranean area during the 2nd World War, epidemiology and treatments].

PubMed

Mafart, B; Brisou, P; Bertherat, E

2004-11-01

Before the Second World War, the plague was still rife in North Africa but occurred only as sporadic cases or small outbreaks as in Egypt or Morocco. The permanent foci of infected wild rodent were the cause of these rural outbreaks. In 1943 and 1944, plague came back in several Mediterranean towns and ports and was considered as a serious danger for the Allied Forces. These resurgences were related to the World War as well as the overpopulation of the cities, regroupings and population movements, relaxation of prophylactic measures of the plague in sea transport. The Allied Forces medical officers then showed the resistance of Yersinia pestis to penicillin which they had been supplied with recently, the effectiveness of sulphamides but mortality remained high (27%). In parallel, the drastic fight against rodents and fleas (DDT) gave excellent results.

Management of the bladder in traumatic injuries of the spinal cord during the First World War and its implications for the current practice of urology.

PubMed

Silver, John R

2011-08-01

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Prior to the First World War, traumatic injuries to the spinal cord rapidly led to death from severe infections of the bladder. During the Second World War, Ludwig Guttmann resurrected the use of intermittent catheterisation at Stoke Mandeville Hospital, by meticulous attention to detail and was so successful, that this method was introduced into general urological practice. Historical review of the management of the bladder in patients with spinal injuries. Spinal injury patients--literature review--personal experience at Stoke Mandeville Hospital. Review of the different methods of catheterisation from the 19th century to today. Methods learned from the management of the bladder of spinal injuries patients were adopted into mainstream urology. © 2011 THE AUTHOR; BJU INTERNATIONAL © 2011 BJU INTERNATIONAL.

[The "Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie" and the two world wars].

PubMed

Bonnemain, Bruno

2011-02-01

The "Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie" was the official publication of the Société de Pharmacie de Paris which became later on the French Academy of pharmacy. It is consequently the organ that presented scientific publications and independent position papers from pharmacists being part of this assembly and coming from universities, drugstores or pharmaceutical industries. We have analyzed the content of this journal during the last two world wars in order to evaluate to what extent the members of the Société de Pharmacie de Paris were part of the war efforts, and encouraged or criticized the on-going events. We can observe that, in both cases, pharmacists used their expert opinions to better react and manage consequences of the conflicts, but also to express their disagreement with enemy's opinions or actions, the Society doing everything possible to maintain its activities. One can observe also that both conflicts were an opportunity to reconsider the organization of pharmacy in France, especially during the Second World War where took place discussions on pharmacy reform (1941 law) and creation of the Pharmacists' Order which will ultimately occur after the war end.

The mortality of Allied prisoners of war and Belgian civilian deportees in German custody during the First World War: a reappraisal of the effects of forced labour.

PubMed

Spoerer, Mark

2006-07-01

Influenced by results for the Second World War, recent research on forced labour in Imperial Germany during the Great War has stressed continuities of racial discrimination against East European workers. While agreeing that prisoners of war (POWs) from Russia were discriminated against, I reject the view that this led to a significantly worse mortality regime for the group as a whole. Using the same raw data, I calculate annual rates which show that the mortality of POWs from Russia was only slightly higher than that of French and Belgian POWs but much lower than that of British and Italian POWs and of Belgian civilian deportees. I argue that this unexpected outcome is explained by the fact that the POWs who came early into German captivity faced a lower risk of being employed in urban industrial areas, with their much more unfavourable food and disease environment.

Long term mental health outcomes of Finnish children evacuated to Swedish families during the second world war and their non-evacuated siblings: cohort study.

PubMed

Santavirta, Torsten; Santavirta, Nina; Betancourt, Theresa S; Gilman, Stephen E

2015-01-05

To compare the risks of admission to hospital for any type of psychiatric disorder and for four specific psychiatric disorders among adults who as children were evacuated to Swedish foster families during the second world war and their non-evacuated siblings, and to evaluate whether these risks differ between the sexes. Cohort study. National child evacuation scheme in Finland during the second world war. Children born in Finland between 1933 and 1944 who were later included in a 10% sample of the 1950 Finnish census ascertained in 1997 (n = 45,463; women: n = 22,021; men: n = 23,442). Evacuees in the sample were identified from war time government records. Adults admitted to hospital for psychiatric disorders recorded between 1971 and 2011 in the Finnish hospital discharge register. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the association between evacuation to temporary foster care in Sweden during the second world war and admission to hospital for a psychiatric disorder between ages 38 and 78 years. Fixed effects methods were employed to control for all unobserved social and genetic characteristics shared among siblings. Among men and women combined, the risk of admission to hospital for a psychiatric disorder did not differ between Finnish adults evacuated to Swedish foster families and their non-evacuated siblings (hazard ratio 0.89, 95% confidence interval 0.64 to 1.26). Evidence suggested a lower risk of admission for any mental disorder (0.67, 0.44 to 1.03) among evacuated men, whereas for women there was no association between evacuation and the overall risk of admission for a psychiatric disorder (1.21, 0.80 to 1.83). When admissions for individual psychiatric disorders were analyzed, evacuated girls were significantly more likely than their non-evacuated sisters to be admitted to hospital for a mood disorder as an adult (2.19, 1.10 to 4.33). The Finnish evacuation policy was not associated with an increased overall risk of admission to hospital for a psychiatric disorder in adulthood among former evacuees. In fact, evacuation was associated with a marginally reduced risk of admission for any psychiatric disorder among men. Among women who had been evacuated, however, the risk of being admitted to hospital for a mood disorder was increased. © Santavirta et al 2014.

American Popular Music 1950-2000

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lonergan, David

2011-01-01

This article describes and discusses some of the chief resources in the study of post-World War II mainstream popular music. In addition to indicating major areas of research, it can serve as a guide to collection development in the discipline.

Getting Inclusion Right in South Africa

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Walton, Elizabeth

2011-01-01

The years after the Second World War have seen many countries in the developed and developing world dismantle separate special education systems and promote the education of children with disabilities or other support needs in regular rather than separate classes. This process of increasing access and participation and reducing exclusionary…

The effect of war on infant mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

PubMed

Lindskog, Elina Elveborg

2016-10-06

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has suffered from war and lingering conflicts in East DRC and has one of the highest infant mortality rates in the world. Prior research has documented increases in infant and child mortality associated with war, but the empirical evidence is limited in several respects. Measures of conflict are quite crude or conflict is not tightly linked to periods of exposure to infant death. Few studies have distinguished between the effects of war on neonatal versus post-neonatal infants. No study has considered possible differences between women who give birth during wartime and those who do not that may be related to greater infant mortality. The analysis used the nationally representative sample of 15,103 mothers and 53,768 children from the 2007 and 2013/2014 Demographic Health Survey in the DRC and indicators of conflict events and conflict deaths from the 2013 Uppsala Conflict Data. To account for unobserved heterogeneity across women, a multi-level modeling approach was followed by grouping all births for each woman and estimating random intercepts in discrete time event history models. Post-neonatal mortality increased during the Congolese wars, and was highest where conflict events and deaths were extreme. Neonatal mortality was not associated with conflict levels. Infant mortality was not higher in East DRC, where conflicts continued during the post Congolese war period. Models specifying unobserved differences between mothers who give birth during war and those who have children in peacetime did not reduce the estimated effect of war, i.e., no support was found for selectivity in the sample of births during war. Differences in effects of the Congolese war on neonatal versus post-neonatal mortality suggest that conflict influences the conditions of infants' lives more than the aspects of mothers' pregnancy conditions and delivery that are relevant for infant mortality. These differences may, however, be specific to the nature of conflict and prior conditions in the DRC. Because of continued political instability, violent conflict may be expected to continue in contexts such as the DRC; we must therefore continue to document, analyze and monitor the mechanisms through which war influences infant mortality.

A World of Opportunity: Postsecondary Training and Education for All

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carnevale, Anthony

2008-01-01

For most of the 20th century, high school was enough for a shot at middle-class status and wages. Eventually high school was surpassed by postsecondary education as the preferred route to professional and managerial jobs in the post-World War II era. This article describes how today, young workers rarely go anywhere in the American job market…

Hypertext Theory: Rethinking and Reformulating What We Know, Web 2.0

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Baehr, Craig; Lang, Susan M.

2012-01-01

This article traces the influences of hypertext theory throughout the various genres of online publication in technical communication. It begins with a look back at some of the important concepts and theorists writing about hypertext theory from the post-World War II era, to the early years of the World Wide Web 2.0, and the very differing notions…

A Cross-National and Inter-Disciplinary Analysis of Secondary Educational Change in England, France and Sweden. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Holmes, Brian

Educational systems are changing rapidly all over the world. The practice of developed countries borrowing educational practices from other developed countries is as widespread as that of underdeveloped nations borrowing from developed countries in the creation of education systems. The primary trends of educational reform in post-World War II…

Women in Higher Education in Post WWII Occupied Japan: The Effect of Democratic Reforms.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moroishi, Yasumi

This study explores postwar educational reform in Japan from 1945 to 1952 and focuses on issues related to women's higher education. It describes the transformation of the educational system and the effect of the educational reforms of U.S. occupation forces on post-World War II Japan. The basic research design emphasizes narrative historical…

Post-9/11 Student Veterans in the Ivy League: A Narrative Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kalin, Carol R.

2017-01-01

Thanks to the Post-9/11 G.I. Bill, veterans are entering American colleges and universities in numbers not seen since World War II. Very few of today's veterans, however, attend our nation's most selective institutions. Military-connected students constitute about 5% of the total college-going population, but make up only 2% or less of the student…

The Inter-American Human Rights Court; Some Recent Decisions Affecting the Independence of Partner Nations Military Justice Systems, and Their Impact on the Future of Human Rights.

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-05-23

Court of Human Rights. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights In post -totalitarian Latin America, multiple ways to handle allegations of human rights...of Study Clearly, while the Human Rights System in the Americas dates back to the early days of the post -World War II era, and was inspired even...penalizes post - conflict or post -authoritarian governments… And forces them to remove from public 54

Challenging claims that mental illness has been increasing and mental well-being declining.

PubMed

Busfield, Joan

2012-08-01

There has been a tendency by some social scientists and the media to claim that in advanced western societies like Britain and the US mental illness has been increasing and mental well-being declining over the period since the Second World War. In this paper I consider the evidence that is invoked in making such claims, along with the counter-evidence. In order to assess the evidence it is essential to take account of the different ways mental illness and mental well-being are measured and the definitions the measures embed. I argue that when the findings from studies using similar measures at different points in time are compared, there is little evidence of consistent secular increases in mental illness or declines in mental well-being. I suggest that such claims are encouraged by two main factors: first and most importantly, the major changes that have occurred in the official boundaries of mental disorder over the post-war period, which have also changed the ideas and perceptions of professionals and the public about mental health and illness; and second, the ready way in which data on mental health and illness can be used to support criticism of certain features of present-day society. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Peaceful berkelium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Trabesinger, Andreas

2017-09-01

The first new element produced after the Second World War has led a rather peaceful life since entering the period table -- until it became the target of those producing superheavy elements, as Andreas Trabesinger describes.

Present and future applications of NMR to medicine and materials science

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morris, Peter

1992-06-01

The phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was first observed in the immediate post second-world-war period by two American physicists, working independently: Bloch at Stanford and Purcell at Harvard. Their observations were reported in 1946 in the same volume of Physical Review and led to the joint award of the 1952 Nobel Prize for Physics. Once the details of the interaction had been worked out, and the chemical specificity had been appreciated, a period of instrumentational refinement followed before NMR took its place as arguably the most powerful analytical technique available to the organic chemist. The historical development of NMR and the basis of its analytical power are described in the companion article by Dr. J. Feeney.

[Divna Veković (1886-1944)--the first woman physician in Montenegro].

PubMed

Martinović, Marina; Jokanović, Vladimir

2006-01-01

The authors are dealing with historical and political situation in Montenegro in the second part of the 19th century. They emphasized the importance of foundation of the Empress Maria Girls' Institute, which was financed by the Empress of Russia. Many famous South-Slav intellectuals have graduated from this Institute. Among them, the name of Divna Veković, the first woman physician in Montenegro, particularly stands out. A Sorbonne student, she was an outstanding physician and humanitarian during the First World War. Between the two World Wars, she revealed the spiritual wealth of Montenegro to Europe. She was the first to translate the Mountain of Wreath into French. She also translated the poetry of J. J. Zmaj and of other poets. During the World War II she continued her work in her birth place. She cared for the sick, the wounded and the poor. She died at the end of the war under mysterious circumstances. In the history of Montenegrin medicine, she has almost been forgotten. The aim of this paper is to lift the veil of oblivion from the life and work of this noble woman.

Origin and evolution of US Naval strategic nuclear policy to 1960. Master's thesis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kreitlein, H.C.

1986-12-01

This thesis treats the impact of the atomic bomb on traditional naval strategy as that strategy had developed under the influence of Captain Alfred T. Mahan, how traditional naval strategy was modified by the development of naval aviation, the lessons of World War II, and the leadership of James Forrestal, and how the adoption of atomic weapons into naval strategic planning was integrally tied to naval aviation. The growth of the Soviet Union as a threat to world peace, and interservice rivalry over roles and missions are compared as factors that influenced the development of post-World War II naval strategicmore » thinking. The Navy's reaction to the adoption of massive retaliation as the foundation of the national strategic nuclear policy is discussed and analyzed.« less

Leadership in Crisis: Service Chiefs in the Post-Vietnam World

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

the Korean War offered numerous lessons for the Army and USAF based on the effectiveness of interdiction and the need to coordinate with the ground ...roles and missions.100 Attack capability in this discussion is a platform’s ability to attack targets on the ground . Both USAF and Army leaders had...States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives , 7 August 1964). AU/SAASS/MILLS/AY12 72 of war.8 Soon after Johnson signed the resolution

The Potential and Reality of New Refugees Entering German Higher Education: The Case of Berlin Institutions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Streitwieser, Bernhard; Brueck, Lukas; Moody, Rachel; Taylor, Margaret

2017-01-01

By the close of 2015, roughly 890,000 new refugees had arrived in Germany, more than half fleeing the ongoing Syrian Civil War. While Germany had been accustomed to heavy migration streams since the end of the Second World War, the speed of the refugee influx was unexpected. Federal, state, and municipal governments and German civil society,…

[The psychology of being unaccounted for, based on the example of children of missing German soldiers from World War II].

PubMed

Orlowski, Henning V; Klauer, Thomas; Freyberger, Harald J; Seidler, Günter H; Kuwert, Philipp

2013-01-01

Despite today's extensive research on the psychosocial consequences of World War II, the group of wives and children whose husbands or fathers went "missing in action" during the Second World War, has yet to be studied systematically in Germany. The present review article shows the special role the wives, and in particular the children, of missing German soldiers played in society and discusses the impact of their loved ones being unaccounted has had on the mental health of this group. An overview of current research on the psychosocial status of the war generation is given following a short historical introduction to the theme. Subsequently, we discuss the legal and social situation of the families of missing German soldiers during the postwar decades. Finally, two psychological concepts drawn from the US research show that specific disorders, such as complicated grief or "boundary ambiguity," can occur in the relatives of missing persons and blur the line between hope and grief occurring as a result of ambiguous loss. The psychosocial impact of having a relative go missing has hardly been noticed in the German research tradition after World War II. Particularly in light of the age structure of those directly affected and the experiences of transgenerational transmission this neglected psychosocial research subject urgently needs further scientific investigation, inasmuch as the age of the family members still allows it.

The protective role of maternal post-traumatic growth and cognitive trauma processing in Palestinian mothers and infants: a longitudinal study.

PubMed

Diab, Safwat Y; Isosävi, Sanna; Qouta, Samir R; Kuittinen, Saija; Punamäki, Raija-Leena

2018-02-21

Women at pre partum and post partum are especially susceptible to war trauma because they struggle to protect their infants from danger. Trauma research suggests increased problems in maternal mental health and infant development. Yet many cognitive-emotional processes affect the trauma survivors' mental health, such as post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic cognition. The aim of this study was to examine whether a mother's high post-traumatic growth and optimal post-traumatic cognition could protect their own mental health and their infant's stress regulation from the effects of traumatic war experiences. This three-wave prospective study involved Palestinian women living in the Gaza Strip who were at the second trimester of pregnancy (T1), women with infants aged 4 months (T2), and women with children aged 12 months (T3) months. The participants reported their war experiences in a 30-item checklist of losses, destruction, and atrocities in the 2008-09, 2012, and 2014 military offensives. Post-traumatic growth was assessed by a 21-item scale and post-traumatic cognition by a 36-item scale. Maternal mental health was assessed by post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive, anxiety, and dissociation symptoms at T1 and T3, and infants' stress regulation was assessed with the Infant Behaviour Questionnaire at T2 and T3. We included 511 women at T1, 481 women at T2, and 454 women at T3. High maternal post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic cognition had protective roles. Post-traumatic growth had a protective effect on maternal mental health since severe exposure to traumatic war experiences was not associated with maternal PTSD, depression, and dissociation if women showed high post-traumatic growth, as indicated by the significant interaction effect between post-traumatic growth and war trauma on each of the three symptoms. Post-traumatic cognition had a protective effect on infant development since severe exposure was not associated with dysfunctional infant emotion regulation when mothers reported optimal post-traumatic cognition, as indicated by the significant interaction effect between post-traumatic cognition and war trauma on each of negative affectivity and surgency or extraversion. The nature of cognitive emotional processing of war trauma could explain the distinct roles of post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic cognition. High post-traumatic growth involves increased social affiliation, spiritual awareness, and psychological strengths resulting from painful and traumatic experiences. In the national struggle for independence, post-traumatic growth is often associated with heroism and even hardiness, which might benefit a mother's mental health but not their infant's wellbeing. Optimal post-traumatic cognition indicates successful and harmonious trauma processing, which enables mothers to be more reflective and sensitive to their infant's needs. Interventions to promote healthy infant development in war settings should encourage and support mothers' effective cognitive-emotional processing of traumatic experiences. The Academy of Finland and University of Tampere, Finland. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Field Artillery in Support of River Crossing Operations.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-01-03

and tactical levels alike, to the Anglo-American attitude of the Second World War and since. The Soviets recognize the importance of getting across...SSING , WORL -D IW, R II RUSSIAN AF L I" Y Yl R T T A F IC \\ *AVTI T 1 P. Y pnCTW 3 A~~A’JContinue on reverse if necess iry and identify Ly block...operations in World War II. Each army’s concept ai.d doctrifl( is oxa,’ined based on historical records and contemporary literature rCnd t: com-,pared( to

[World War II and current care provision: impact of war-related trauma on present professional care situations].

PubMed

Wilhelm, I; Zank, S

2014-07-01

This study represents the first empirical research into the impact of war-related trauma on present professional care situations in Germany. A total of 105 professional caregivers from North Rhine-Westphalia were questioned in a standardized form about the impact of war-related trauma on the daily work. Of the professional caregivers questioned 82%reported that they were already caring for a person suffering from post-war trauma and 77% stated that war-related trauma had an impact on the daily work. Altogether 63% reported that war-related trauma is highly significant for the daily work. The professional caregivers reported that there was often a lack of knowledge and awareness of the topic among colleagues. The study showed that there is a need for increasing awareness and providing further staff education and training regarding the treatment of people suffering from (war-related) trauma in order to ensure adequate care for those concerned.

Aspects of neutrality: two Dutch ambulances at the eastern front in the First World War.

PubMed

van Bergen, Leo

2010-01-01

The paper looks at two First World War ambulance teams which distinctly differed from each other, both in the way they perceived the war and the places at the front where they worked. The first was working on the Serbian side and the second on the Austrian-Hungarian. The questions raised are: how was medical neutrality defined (was it defined at all)? Was neutrality maintained, and if so how? The writings of several protagonists are closely examined, and placed in context, to show that total neutrality was not adhered to by the physicians and nurses of these ambulances. Apparently neutrality in wartime is difficult, even for men and women coming from a neutral country with an occupation seen as essentially neutral.

The Politics of Forgetting: Otto Hahn and the German Nuclear-Fission Project in World War II

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sime, Ruth Lewin

2012-03-01

As the co-discoverer of nuclear fission and director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, Otto Hahn (1879-1968) took part in Germany`s nuclear-fission project throughout the Second World War. I outline Hahn's efforts to mobilize his institute for military-related research; his inclusion in high-level scientific structures of the military and the state; and his institute's research programs in neutron physics, isotope separation, transuranium elements, and fission products, all of potential military importance for a bomb or a reactor and almost all of it secret. These activities are contrasted with Hahn's deliberate misrepresentations after the war, when he claimed that his wartime work had been nothing but "purely scientific" fundamental research that was openly published and of no military relevance.

Technology in military strategy: a realistic assessment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sanders, R.

1983-01-01

Today the Military Reform Movement strongly criticizes the United States military for being mesmerized by technology to the detriment of other, including human, factors. Only in this century have writers given great attention to war technologies. In contrast to strategic thinkers like Sun-Tsu, Machiavelli, Clausewitz, Moltke, and Mahan, post-World War I theorists like fuller, Liddell Hart, Douhet, and Mitchell made technology a key to their strategic concepts. Nuclear war theorists like Brodie, Kahn, and Wohlstetter made technology a centrality, while limited war theorists like Osgood and Kissinger gave it considerable, but less, stress. The reformers place more weight on tehmore » art of using military forces than on weapons, emphasizing mobility and historical lessons, rather than technology. Nuclear war theories rely too heavily on technological dimensions to expect a shift. Somewhat more attention could profitably be paid to nontechnological aspects of conventional war, but any violent pendulum swing should be avoided.« less

History of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union, 1941-1945. Volume 6. Results of the Great Patriotic War,

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-10-06

Under %he peculiar conditions of Second World War this Leninist prediction/forecast completely justified. The process of the nonuniform development of...and resourcefulness were required heroines Ye. G. Mazanik, N. V. Troyan and M. B. Osipovoy in order to select into the very lair of deputy Hitler in...the front, in the rear, in the lair of enemy - to give entire their energy to the work of victory were that decisive force which gave rise to the mass

Mahan Goes to War: Effects of World War I on the U.S. Navy’s Force Structure and Operational Planning

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-05-17

War Plan Orange originated from U.S.-Japanese tensions arising from massive Japanese immigration to the U.S. West Coast and racist local policies...Roosevelt suggested adding a second phase in which ships “ originally in the Blue Fleet, could represent a Black force pushing home its attack on our...area except that two divisions of dreadnoughts might be based on Brest for moral effect against anticipated raids by heavy enemy ships in the channel

Health visiting and its role in addressing the nutritional needs of children in the first world war.

PubMed

Osborne, Wayne; Lawton, Sandra

2014-10-01

The first known UK health visitor post was established in 1862, in response to the living conditions of the poor. Before the first world war, local government boards advised district councils generally to employ health visitors: breastfeeding and child nutrition needed particular attention. In 1910, Hucknall District Council in Nottinghamshire, England, appointed nurse Ellen Woodcock to advise mothers and caregivers on looking after their children and themselves. Focusing on the welfare of women and children, health visitors could not fail to reach everyone in the community. This historical perspective shows that many of the initiatives and policies of today mirror those of a century ago.

Venous envy: the post-World War II debate over IV nursing.

PubMed

Sandelowski, M

1999-09-01

After World War II, a debate ensued over whether nurses should perform intravenous (IV) therapy. The debate was resolved by permitting nurses to do venipunctures as physicians' agents and by recirculating the familiar tautology: if nurses were already doing venipunctures, they must be simple enough for nurses to do. The vein was a portal of entry for nurses, but one with limited access. What was ultimately ceded to nurses was not full jurisdiction over a domain of nursing practice, but rather a limited settlement in a domain of medical practice. The debate over IV therapy demonstrated how technology, in combination with ideology, can both create and destroy nursing jurisdictions.

Francophonie: An Alternative Education for Globalisation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gavari Starkie, Elisa

2011-01-01

This article analyses the Francophonie strategy to foster diversity of cultures and multilingualism in a globalised world. The first part of the article provides the analyses of the historic role of the French cultural and educational model in the diplomatic relations. Then the article refers to the context of the Second World War and the American…

This Earthly World: Edward Said, the Praxis of Secular Humanisms and Situated Cosmopolitanisms

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Roman, Leslie G.

2006-01-01

This essay unearths the educational and socio-political implications of Edward W. Said's work for our understanding of what a secular humanism might mean in the highly charged atmosphere of the post-Cold War and September 11 discourses that have pervaded the USA and, to varying degrees, other parts of the world. It asks what it means to move…

Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-03-02

three provinces of the Ottoman empire after British forces defeated the Ottomans in World War I and took control of the territory in 1918 . Britain...imported by government from national funds. Sources: CIA The World Factbook; State Department International Religions Freedom Report, September 2008...attributed restrictions on the free exercise of religion (by religious minorities) to “terrorists, extremists, and criminal gangs,” while praising the

Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-09-08

territory in 1918 . Britain had tried to take Iraq from the Ottomans earlier in World War I but were defeated at Al Kut in 1916. Britain’s presence in...2007 because $7.2 billion not approved by Iraqi government. Sources: CIA The World Factbook; State Department International Religions Freedom Report...Diwaniyah and includes forces from the following foreign countries: Armenia, Slovakia, Denmark, El Salvador, Ukraine, Romania , Lithuania, Latvia, Mongolia

Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-11-19

control of the territory in 1918 . Britain had tried to take Iraq from the Ottomans earlier in World War I but were defeated at Al Kut in 1916...Sources: CIA The World Factbook; State Department International Religions Freedom Report, September 2007; DOD Measuring Stability Report, September...2008 report on International Religious Freedom attributed restrictions on the free exercise of religion (by religious minorities) to “terrorists

An Autoethnographical Study of Culture, Power, Identity and Art Education in Post-Colonial South Korea

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jeong, Ok-Hee

2017-01-01

This article reflects my experiences of learning art in the 1970s and 1980s and my teaching career in school art education in twenty-first century South Korea. This autobiographical reflection shows how I have struggled with my identity as an art teacher in the post-colonial context of Western influences on Korean society since World War II. There…

76 FR 58535 - National Register of Historic Places; Notification of Pending Nominations and Related Actions

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-21

... Railroad District, (Post-World War II Development in Ottumwa, IA 1944-1959 MPS), Main St. to BNSFRR tracks... Marion County 1927 Hillsboro Water Tower, Lots 10 & 11, Blk. 2, Hill's 2nd Addition., Hillsboro, 11000727...

The Mount Wilson Optical Shop during the Second World War

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abrahams, P.

2004-12-01

During the Second World War, the Optical Shop of Mount Wilson Observatory, located in Pasadena, engaged in a variety of exacting and pioneering ventures in optical design and fabrication. Roof prisms for military optics were produced on a large scale, leading to the production of an instruction manual, for guidance in other workshops. Triple mirrors, or autocollimating corner cubes, were another precision part made in large numbers. Aerial photography was extensively developed. Test procedures for measuring resolution of lenses were researched. Various camera shutters and film sweep mechanisms were devised. The most significant work concerned Schmidt cameras, for possible use in night-time aerial photography. Variations included a solid Schmidt, and the Schmidt Cassegrain, which was fabricated for the first time at MWO. Key figures include Don Hendrix, Roger Hayward, Aden Meinel, and Walter Adams.

United States Constabulary in Post-World War Two Germany: What Can Cowboys Tell Us About Stability Operations Today?

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-04-07

Constabulary, colloquially known at the Circle C Cowboys for their distinct .unit insignia , provides lessons regarding the importance of specialized...fraternization with the German people. The goal of the directive was U.S. military governanc.e until local, n~ri- Nazi personnel could govern themselves. At the...end of the war and as the occupation began, insurrection from hard-line Nazis was the principal concern; however, it became evident that then~ were

The U.S. Navy in the World (1970-1980): Context for U.S. Navy Capstone Strategies and Concepts

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

vs. Soviet amphibious ops Emerging “near seas defense” capabilities and strategy  PRC Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (GPCR) raged, then...Chilean coup Soviet Afghan invasion Horn of Africa wars Mindanao Insurgency Aceh insurgency E. Timor invasion Nicaraguan revolution Angola civil war... autonomy Salient role of analysis shifted from OSD to the Services Advocated incr. defense spending, incl. US Navy, in face of post-Vietnam “peace

Studies in Intelligence. Volume 54, Number 3, September 2010

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-09-01

ADDRESS( ES ) Center for the Study of Intelligence,Central Intelligence Agency,Washington,DC,20505 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER 9...SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS( ES ) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY...The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War by Thaddeus Holt •Eyes In The Sky: Eisenhower, The CIA and Cold War Aerial Es

Truman Smith's Reports on Nazi Militarism: Domestic Political Priorities and U.S. Foreign Policy-Making in Franklin Roosevelt's First and Second Terms

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shearer, Sam

2015-01-01

After an accomplished military career leading up to and during World War II, Truman Smith (1893-1970) was seemingly forgotten. His name was seldom mentioned after the war until his memoirs were published posthumously in 1984. History shows Smith to be an astoundingly successful figure in military intelligence. This article provides a biography on…

NATO or Neutrality : Decisions by Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-09-01

implications and affect international relations on a continuing basis. B. LITERATURE REVIEW Although individual histories have been written about...do so. Few of these studies have analyzed these questions with an eye toward history , however; and this will be the unique perspective of this thesis...Foreign Policy Since the Second World War (London: Hugh Evelyn Limited, 1968); Johan Stenfeldt, “Positioning in the Cold War: Swedish and Danish History

Clinical findings of the second 1000 UK Gulf War veterans who attended the Ministry of Defence's Medical Assessment Programme.

PubMed

Lee, H A; Gabriel, R; Bale, A J; Bolton, P; Blatchley, N F

2001-06-01

To review the diagnoses made in the second 1000 veterans of the Gulf conflict 1990-91 seen in the Ministry of Defence's Gulf Veterans' Medical Assessment Programme and to determine the main conditions related to Gulf service. Case series of 1000 consecutive Gulf veterans who presented to the programme between 25 February 1997 and 19 February 1998. Gulf War veterans. Assessment of the patient's health status. Diagnosis of medical and psychiatric conditions using ICD-10. 204 patients were unwell. 309 patients had organic disease, of whom 248 were well, 252 had psychiatric conditions which remained active in 173. The remaining 79, now well, had had psychiatric disorders following Gulf service. The principal psychiatric diagnosis was post traumatic stress disorder and the majority arose as a result of Gulf service. 796 (80%) veterans were well. There were 309 (31%) patients with organic disease. 252 (25%) veterans had psychiatric conditions of which 173 (69%) had an active diagnosed disorder and post traumatic stress disorder was the predominant condition. The pattern of disease is similar to that seen in NHS practice. We found, like others, no evidence to support a unique Gulf War syndrome. Post conflict illnesses have many common features.

Consequences of captivity: health effects of far East imprisonment in World War II.

PubMed

Robson, D; Welch, E; Beeching, N J; Gill, G V

2009-02-01

Though medical consequences of war attract attention, the health consequences of the prisoner-of-war (POW) experience are poorly researched and appreciated. The imprisonment of Allied military personnel by the Japanese during the World War II provides an especially dramatic POW scenario in terms of deprivation, malnutrition and exposure to tropical diseases. Though predominantly British, these POWs also included troops from Australia, Holland and North America. Imprisonment took place in various locations in Southeast Asia and the Far East for a 3.5-year period between 1942 and 1945. Nutritional deficiency syndromes, dysentery, malaria, tropical ulcers and cholera were major health problems; and supplies of drugs and medical equipment were scarce. There have been limited mortality studies on ex-Far East prisoners (FEPOWs) since repatriation, but these suggest an early (up to 10 years post-release) excess mortality due to tuberculosis, suicides and cirrhosis (probably related to hepatitis B exposure during imprisonment). In terms of morbidity, the commonest has been a psychiatric syndrome which would now be recognized as post-traumatic stress disorder--present in at least one-third of FEPOWs and frequently presenting decades later. Peptic ulceration, osteoarthritis and hearing impairment also appear to occur more frequently. In addition, certain tropical diseases have persisted in these survivors--notably infections with the nematode worm Strongyloides stercoralis. Studies 30 years or more after release have shown overall infection rates of 15%. Chronic strongyloidiasis of this type frequently causes a linear urticarial 'larva currens' rash, but can potentially lead to fatal hyperinfection if immunity is suppressed. Finally, about 5% of FEPOW survivors have chronic nutritional neuropathic syndromes--usually optic atrophy or sensory peripheral neuropathy (often painful). The World War II FEPOW experience was a unique, though often tragic, accidental experiment into the longer term effects of under nutrition and untreated exotic disease. Investigation of the survivors has provided unique insights into the medical outcome of deprivation in tropical environments.

Trends and fluctuations in the severity of interstate wars

PubMed Central

Clauset, Aaron

2018-01-01

Since 1945, there have been relatively few large interstate wars, especially compared to the preceding 30 years, which included both World Wars. This pattern, sometimes called the long peace, is highly controversial. Does it represent an enduring trend caused by a genuine change in the underlying conflict-generating processes? Or is it consistent with a highly variable but otherwise stable system of conflict? Using the empirical distributions of interstate war sizes and onset times from 1823 to 2003, we parameterize stationary models of conflict generation that can distinguish trends from statistical fluctuations in the statistics of war. These models indicate that both the long peace and the period of great violence that preceded it are not statistically uncommon patterns in realistic but stationary conflict time series. This fact does not detract from the importance of the long peace or the proposed mechanisms that explain it. However, the models indicate that the postwar pattern of peace would need to endure at least another 100 to 140 years to become a statistically significant trend. This fact places an implicit upper bound on the magnitude of any change in the true likelihood of a large war after the end of the Second World War. The historical patterns of war thus seem to imply that the long peace may be substantially more fragile than proponents believe, despite recent efforts to identify mechanisms that reduce the likelihood of interstate wars. PMID:29507877

History of Astronomy Under the Auspices of the IAU

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kochhar, Rajesh; Sun, Xiaochun; Ruggles, Clive; Avilés, Juan Antonio Belmonte; Corbin, Brenda; Milone, Eugene; Norris, Raymond; Oigatto, Luisa; Sōma, Mitsuru

2016-04-01

International Astronomical Union was formed after the First World War although it became truly international only after the Second World War. Its Commission 41 on History of Astronomy (C41) was set up in 1948 and in a few years established itself as an active and influential unit. It has the distinction of being a joint Commission, the other partner being International Union of History and Philosophy of Science and Technology (IUHPS). Since IAU is an internationally respected body of professional astronomers, its support for history of astronomy enhances the credibility of the discipline in the eyes of scientists as well as science establishments of individual countries. C41 is committed to advancing objective and rigorous world history of astronomy taking into account all its aspects.

Vulnerability and resilience in a group intervention with hospital personnel during exposure to extreme and prolonged war stress.

PubMed

Palgi, Yuval; Ben-Ezra, Menachem; Possick, Chaya

2012-02-01

The current study presents a pilot demonstration of a new therapeutic procedure to mitigate symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The pilot took place during the Second Lebanon War. Vulnerability and resilience statements, as well as post-traumatic symptoms, were measured among special army administrative staff (SAAS) who worked in a hospital setting during extreme and prolonged war stress. All 13 soldiers in the unit studied participated in seven group therapy intervention sessions. It was hypothesized that shifting the focus of therapeutic intervention from the scenes of the events to the personal and professional narratives of preparing for the event would change the content of the soldiers' narratives. It was believed that subtracting the number of positive statements from the number of negative statements would yield increasingly higher "resilience scores" during and after the war. It also was believed that such a change would be reflected in reduction of post-traumatic symptoms. As expected, the participants showed a decrease in vulnerability and an increase in resilience contents, as well as a decrease in traumatic symptoms during and after the war. These findings may reflect the effects of the ceasefire, the mutually supportive attitude of the participants, and the therapeutic interventions.

HOLDING THE TORCH UP HIGH - A MEDICAL HISTORICAL EVALUATION OF SURGICAL ADVANCES DURING THE GREAT WAR 1914-1918, IN MEMORY OF THOSE THAT SERVED AND FELL.

PubMed

Scharf, G

2017-09-01

"How wide and varied is the experience of the battlefield and how fertile the blood of warriors in raising good surgeons" Sir Clifford Allbutt (1898). With these sentiments of the medical lessons learned in war and conflict, with the background of the poem of "In Flanders Field", written by a doctor who had South African War connections, reasons (the Somme and third Ypres battles) will be given that this was indeed a "GREAT WAR" as the world history, weapons, strategy, tactics and wounding patterns had changed dramatically. These changes are still affecting all at present, as eventually the Second World War came from it, as well as the Cold "Third World" War. In this war most casualties were caused by bomb fragments and the figures were enormous. It was the war of massive troop movements (railroads), the Schlieffen plan, trench warfare, artillery, the machine guns, end of cavalry and the initiation of tanks, air warfare/reconnaissance and gas/chemical warfare. The surgical experiences of previous wars were obsolete. Urgent rethinking of surgical principles and protocols had to be devised, with the death rates of dying due to wounds, sepsis and tetanus exceeding 60 percent of all casualties. Abdominal wounds were treated conservatively, but soon there came advances in resuscitation, anaesthetics, aggressive wound and exploratory surgery, orthopaedics, plastic and reconstructive surgery, physiology, wound pathology and microbiology. All sides concentrated on ambulance stations, field hospitals and then rapid transfer to bigger referral and base hospitals. It seems that lessons learned where indeed exchanged (? by the Red Cross to all combatant medical personal). Even to the present day, frameworks of this are still used effectively (Vietnam War, Falklands War and our recent border wars). The lessons are well learned and the Torch is ours to hold up high! Copyright© Authors.

Increase in the incidence of type 1 diabetes in Israeli children following the Second Lebanon War.

PubMed

Zung, Amnon; Blumenfeld, Orit; Shehadeh, Naim; Dally Gottfried, Orna; Tenenbaum Rakover, Yardena; Hershkovitz, Eli; Gillis, David; Zangen, David; Pinhas-Hamiel, Orit; Hanukoglu, Aaron; Rachmiel, Marianna; Shalitin, Shlomit

2012-06-01

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease occurring in genetically susceptible individuals. The precipitating cause is unclear. Recently, the Second Lebanon War exposed a large civilian population in northern Israel to significant psychological stress in the form of repeated barrages of missile attacks. We hypothesized that trends in regional incidence of type 1 diabetes before and after the war would reflect an association with stress. All type 1 diabetes patients aged 0-17 yr who were reported to the Israel Juvenile Diabetes Register (n = 1822) in the four pre-war (2002-2005) and two post-war years (2006-2007) were included in the study. The patients were stratified by gender, age, ethnicity, family history of type 1 diabetes, season at diagnosis, and region of residency, namely, those who lived in the northern regions that were attacked and those in other regions. The post-war incidence of type 1 diabetes was increased in the northern regions (rate ratio, RR = 1.27; p = 0.037), with no change in the other regions. This change was more prominent in males (RR = 1.55; p = 0.005) but similar in summer and winter, in different ages, and in different ethnic groups. There was no change in the proportion of new patients with a family history of the disease. For the first time in a large population, we found a positive association between the trauma of war and an increase in the incidence of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. The increase in incidence was not associated with genetic susceptibility to the disease. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Psychiatric Consequences of WTC Collapse and The Gulf War*

PubMed Central

Singh, Ajai R.; Singh, Shakuntala A.

2004-01-01

Along with political, economic, ethical, rehabilitative and military dimensions, psychopathological sequelae of war and terrorism also deserve our attention. The terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre ( W.T.C.) in 2001 and the Gulf War of 1990-91 gave rise to a number of psychiatric disturbances in the population, both adult and children, mainly in the form of Post-traumatic Stress disorder (PTSD). Nearly 75,000 people suffered psychological problems in South Manhattan alone due to that one terrorist attack on the WTC in New York and the Pentagon in Washington. In Gulf War I, morethat 1,00,000 US veterans reported a number of health problems on returning from war, whose claims the concerned government has denied in more than 90% cases. Extensive and comprehensive neurological damage to the brain of Gulf War I veterans has been reported by one study, as has damage to the basal ganglia in another, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) in a third,possibly due to genetic mutations induced by exposure to biological and chemical agents, fumes from burning oil wells, landfills,mustard or other nerve gases. The recent Gulf War will no doubt give rise its own crop of PTSD and related disorders. In a cost-benefitanalysis of the post Gulf War II scenario, the psychopathological effects of war and terrorism should become part of the social audit any civilized society engages in. Enlightened public opinion must become aware of the wider ramifications of war and terrorism so that appropriate action plans can be worked out. PMID:22815596

Battle for the mind: World War 1 and the birth of military psychiatry.

PubMed

Jones, Edgar; Wessely, Simon

2014-11-08

The 100th anniversary of the outbreak of World War 1 could be viewed as a tempting opportunity to acknowledge the origins of military psychiatry and the start of a journey from psychological ignorance to enlightenment. However, the psychiatric legacy of the war is ambiguous. During World War 1, a new disorder (shellshock) and a new treatment (forward psychiatry) were introduced, but the former should not be thought of as the first recognition of what is now called post-traumatic stress disorder and the latter did not offer the solution to the management of psychiatric casualties, as was subsequently claimed. For this Series paper, we researched contemporary publications, classified military reports, and casualty returns to reassess the conventional narrative about the effect of shellshock on psychiatric practice. We conclude that the expression of distress by soldiers was culturally mediated and that patients with postcombat syndromes presented with symptom clusters and causal interpretations that engaged the attention of doctors but also resonated with popular health concerns. Likewise, claims for the efficacy of forward psychiatry were inflated. The vigorous debates that arose in response to controversy about the nature of psychiatric disorders and the discussions about how these disorders should be managed remain relevant to the trauma experienced by military personnel who have served in Iraq and Afghanistan. The psychiatric history of World War 1 should be thought of as an opportunity for commemoration and in terms of its contemporary relevance-not as an opportunity for self-congratulation. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Astronomers in the Chemist's War

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Trimble, Virginia L.

2012-01-01

World War II, with radar, rockets, and "atomic" bombs was the physicists' war. And many of us know, or think we know, what our more senior colleagues did during it, with Hubble and Hoffleit at Aberdeen; M. Schwarzschild on active duty in Italy; Bondi, Gold, and Hoyle hunkered down in Dunsfeld, Surrey, talking about radar, and perhaps steady state; Greenstein and Henyey designing all-sky cameras; and many astronomers teaching navigation. World War I was The Chemists' War, featuring poison gases, the need to produce liquid fuels from coal on one side of the English Channel and to replace previously-imported dyesstuffs on the other. The talke will focus on what astronomers did and had done to them between 1914 and 1919, from Freundlich (taken prisoner on an eclipse expedition days after the outbreak of hostilities) to Edwin Hubble, returning from France without ever having quite reached the front lines. Other events bore richer fruit (Hale and the National Research Council), but very few of the stories are happy ones. Most of us have neither first nor second hand memories of The Chemists' War, but I had the pleasure of dining with a former Freundlich student a couple of weeks ago.

45 CFR 2522.450 - What types of programs or program models may receive special consideration in the selection process?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... any emergency, natural or man-made (this includes programs that help to plan, equip, train, and... communities; (7) Programs that foster opportunities for Americans born in the post-World War II baby boom to...

45 CFR 2522.450 - What types of programs or program models may receive special consideration in the selection process?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... any emergency, natural or man-made (this includes programs that help to plan, equip, train, and... communities; (7) Programs that foster opportunities for Americans born in the post-World War II baby boom to...

45 CFR 2522.450 - What types of programs or program models may receive special consideration in the selection process?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... any emergency, natural or man-made (this includes programs that help to plan, equip, train, and... communities; (7) Programs that foster opportunities for Americans born in the post-World War II baby boom to...

45 CFR 2522.450 - What types of programs or program models may receive special consideration in the selection process?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... any emergency, natural or man-made (this includes programs that help to plan, equip, train, and... communities; (7) Programs that foster opportunities for Americans born in the post-World War II baby boom to...

Determinants of mortality transition in developing countries before and after the Second World War: Some evidence from Cuba.

PubMed

Díaz-Briquets, S

1981-11-01

Few studies provide an insight into what factors contributed to declines in the mortality rates of developing countries before the Second World War. In this paper, statistics on causes of death from Cuba, particularly Havana, are used to investigate what may have been some of the principal determinants of mortality decline in the developing world before the arrival of modern drugs and insecticides. Trends in cause-specific mortality are examined in the light of Cuba's social, economic, medical and public health history. The Cuban experience strongly suggests that in this country public health and sanitary reforms and nutritional improvements were largely responsible for initial declines in mortality throughout the first half of the twentieth century. One important finding is that the impact of these reforms and improved nutrition was greatly influenced by prevailing economic conditions. Periods of economic prosperity facilitated declines in mortality; but in times of adversity, the reverse occurred. It appears that during prosperous periods the maintenance and expansion of public health and sanitary facilities were made possible by increased public and private revenues, and that individuals had access to a more abundant diet. The severe economic crisis of the Great Depression had the opposite effect. With the appearance of sulphonamides in the late 1930s, antibiotics, and residual insecticides and other specific measures at the end of the Second World War, the relevance of economic conditions as a determinant of mortality decline diminished. Although this analysis points to the aforementioned trends, the Cuban experience also suggests that other factors enter into the process of declining mortality and that this phenomenon can only be explained as the result of the complex interplay of many forces.

Half a Man: The Symbolism and Science of Paraplegic Impotence in World War II America.

PubMed

Linker, Beth; Laemmli, Whitney

2015-01-01

At the conclusion of the Second World War, more than 600,000 men returned to the United States with long-term disabilities, profoundly destabilizing the definitions, representations, and experiences of male sexuality in America. By examining an oft-neglected 1950 film, The Men, along with medical, personal, and popular accounts of impotence in paralyzed World War II veterans, this essay excavates the contours of that change and its attendant anxieties. While previous scholarship on film and sexuality in the postwar period has focused on women's experiences, we broaden the analytical lens to provide a fuller picture of the various meanings of male sexuality, especially disabled heterosexuality. In postwar America, the paralyzed veteran created a temporary fissure in conventional discussions of the gendered body, a moment when the "normality" and performative features of the male body could not be assumed but rather had to be actively defined. To many veterans, and to the medical men who treated them, sexual reproduction--not function-became the ultimate signifier of remasculinization.

77 FR 20843 - National Register of Historic Places; Notification of Pending Nominations and Related Actions

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-06

... Administration Hospital Historic District (United States Second Generation Veterans Hospitals), 1515 W. Pleasant... World War II Defensive Complex, Sabena Rd., Sinapalu, 12000250 NEW YORK Saratoga County Mohawk Valley...

Some Aviation Growth Events

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Spearman, M. Leroy

2002-01-01

The growth of aviation since the first flight of a heavier-than-air powered manned vehicle in 1903 has been somewhat remarkable. Some of the events that have influenced this growth are reviewed in this paper. This review will include some events prior to World War I; the influence of the war itself; the events during the post-war years including the establishment of aeronautical research laboratories; and the influence of World War II which, among other things, introduced new technologies that included rocket and jet propulsion and supersonic aerodynamics. The subsequent era of aeronautical research and the attendant growth in aviation over the past half century will be reviewed from the view point of the author who, since 1944, has been involved in the NACA/NASA aeronautical research effort at what is now the Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. The review will discuss some of the research programs related to the development of some experimental aircraft, the Century series of fighter aircraft, multi-mission aircraft, advanced military aircraft and missiles, advanced civil aircraft, supersonic transports, spacecraft and others.

Shell shock, trauma, and the First World War: the making of a diagnosis and its histories.

PubMed

Loughran, Tracey

2012-01-01

During the First World War, thousands of soldiers were treated for "shell shock," a condition which encompassed a range of physical and psychological symptoms. Shell shock has most often been located within a "genealogy of trauma," and identified as an important marker in the gradual recognition of the psychological afflictions caused by combat. In recent years, shell shock has increasingly been viewed as a powerful emblem of the suffering of war. This article, which focuses on Britain, extends scholarly analyses which question characterizations of shell shock as an early form of post-traumatic stress disorder. It also considers some of the methodological problems raised by recasting shell shock as a wartime medical construction rather than an essentially timeless manifestation of trauma. It argues that shell shock must be analyzed as a diagnosis shaped by a specific set of contemporary concerns, knowledges, and practices. Such an analysis challenges accepted understandings of what shell shock "meant" in the First World War, and also offers new perspectives on the role of shell shock in shaping the emergence of psychology and psychiatry in the early part of the twentieth century. The article also considers what relation, if any, might exist between intellectual and other histories, literary approaches, and perceptions of trauma as timeless and unchanging.

Two Educators in the Chasms of History: Divergent Paths of Resistance to Radical Oppression

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shner, Moshe

2015-01-01

The present study is a comparative analysis of two Jewish educators, well known figures before the Second World War, who responded in opposite ways to the same historical reality of oppression by choosing different avenues of resistance. The first figure is the world-renowned educator, paediatrician and children's book writer Janusz Korczak. The…

Cultural Internationalism at the Cite Universitaire: International Education between the First and Second World Wars

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reis, Jehnie I.

2010-01-01

In the 1920s, French scholars and bureaucrats created the Cite Universitaire in Paris. The institution housed university students from around the world. The Cite founders formulated a model for the Cite that reflected ideological concerns in interwar Europe with a focus on pacifism, international education and cultural internationalism. The…

Negative Effect of the British Poor Vocational Education on Its Economic Development after the Second World War

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Li, Yong

2007-01-01

England is the oldest nation of industry revolution and the earliest industrialized country in the world. With the colonization system breakdown and economic giants, the United States, Germany, Japan, etc. rising, today England has already lost former days of elegant appearance. The disadvantageous vocational education is one of essential factor…

Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-10-02

the Ottoman empire after British forces defeated the Ottomans in World War I and took control of the territory in 1918 . Britain had tried to take Iraq... Religions Freedom Report, September 2007; DOD Measuring Stability Report, September 2008. CRS-3 1 Bush, George H.W., and Brent Scowcroft. A World...politically. Similarly, the September 19, 2008 report on International Religious Freedom attributed restrictions on the free exercise of religion (by

Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-08-12

took control of the territory in 1918 . Britain had tried to take Iraq from the Ottomans earlier in World War I but were defeated at Al Kut in 1916... Religions Freedom Report, September 2007; DOD Measuring Stability Report, June 2008. CRS-3 1 Bush, George H.W., and Brent Scowcroft. A World Transformed...Armenia, Slovakia, Denmark, El Salvador, Ukraine, Romania , Lithuania, Latvia, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan. Polish forces number 900, down from a high

Someone to watch over me: exposure to war events and trust in the armed forces in Israel as factors in war-related stress.

PubMed

Zysberg, Leehu; Kimhi, Shaul; Eshel, Yochanan

2013-01-01

This study examined the role of trust in the national armed and security forces in Israel as a potential protective factor in post-war stress symptoms, alongside other known correlates such as exposure to war events, sense of danger, and demographics. A cluster sample of 870 residents of the town of Kiryat-Shemona in Israel participated in this correlational study. The town was under heavy bombing during the second Lebanon war, and data collection took place about a year after the end of the war. Our results suggest that while sense of danger and exposure to war events are the strongest correlates of stress related symptoms, trust in the armed forces was negatively correlated with stress, even after controlling for demographics; therefore supporting our hypothesis. Theoretical, methodological and practical implications are discussed in light of our findings.

Urban Counterinsurgency: Case Studies and Implications for U.S. Military Forces

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-10-01

Politica Electoral Independiente (Original name for Christian Socialist Party)--Venezuela CRS Compagnies Republicaines de Securite (Republican Security...arguably has had the greatest political and military impact of any of the colonial insurgencies in the post -World War II period. The lessons drawn from...Def. SDECE Governor Cmdg General Post General 10th Mil. Region No. Af. Liai- National Territorial Gendar- Armed Forces son Services Police Police

A review of UK housing policy: ideology and public health.

PubMed

Stewart, J

2005-06-01

The aim of this paper is to review UK public health policy, with a specific reference to housing as a key health determinant, since its inception in the Victorian era to contemporary times. This paper reviews the role of social and private housing policy in the development of the UK public health movement, tracing its initial medical routes through to the current socio-economic model of public health. The paper establishes five distinct ideologically and philosophically driven eras, placing public health and housing within liberal (Victorian era), state interventionist (post World War 1; post World War 2), neoliberal (post 1979) and "Third Way" (post 1997) models, showing the political perspective of policy interventions and overviewing their impact on public health. The paper particularly focuses on the contemporary model of public health since the Acheson Report, and how its recommendations have found their way into policy, also the impact on housing practice. Public health is closely related to political ideology, whether driven by the State, individual or partnership arrangements. The current political system, the Third Way, seeks to promote a sustainable "social contract" between citizens and the State, public, private and voluntary organizations in delivering community-based change in areas where health inequalities can be most progressively and successfully addressed.

Tolerating the Intolerable: Flash Smelting of Copper and the Construction of Technological Constraints.

PubMed

Korhonen, Janne M

2018-01-01

Material and energy constraints have had a major influence in the history of technology. However, prior research has surprisingly little to say about what these constraints actually are, how they emerge, and which are the mechanisms through which they influence technological change. This article studies a case where energy constraints were supposedly the source of a radical innovation in copper smelting in post-Second World War Finland. It finds that the constraints were significantly more ambiguous and socially constructed than the technologists themselves acknowledged, and highlights the context dependence of constraints and how technologists may perceive them. Technological feasibility influences the perception of constraints, and the perception of constraints influences what is found to be technologically feasible. This relationship is moderated by political power wielded by technologists.

War experiences and psychotic symptoms among former child soldiers in Northern Uganda: the mediating role of post-war hardships – the WAYS Study

PubMed Central

Amone-P’Olak, Kennedy; Otim, Balaam Nyeko; Opio, George; Ovuga, Emilio; Meiser-Stedman, Richard

2014-01-01

Psychotic symptoms have been associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and war experiences. However, the relationships between types of war experiences, the onset and course of psychotic symptoms, and post-war hardships in child soldiers have not been investigated. This study assessed whether various types of war experiences contribute to psychotic symptoms differently and whether post-war hardships mediated the relationship between war experiences and later psychotic symptoms. In an ongoing longitudinal cohort study (the War-Affected Youths Survey), 539 (61% male) former child soldiers were assessed for psychotic symptoms, post-war hardships, and previous war experiences. Regression analyses were used to assess the contribution of different types of war experiences on psychotic symptoms and the mediating role of post-war hardships in the relations between previous war experiences and psychotic symptoms. The findings yielded ‘witnessing violence’, ‘deaths and bereavement’, ‘involvement in hostilities’, and ‘sexual abuse’ as types of war experiences that significantly and independently predict psychotic symptoms. Exposure to war experiences was related to psychotic symptoms through post-war hardships (β = .18, 95% confidence interval = [0.10, 0.25]) accounting for 50% of the variance in their relationship. The direct relation between previous war experiences and psychotic symptoms attenuated but remained significant (β = .18, 95% confidence interval = [0.12, 0.26]). Types of war experiences should be considered when evaluating risks for psychotic symptoms in the course of providing emergency humanitarian services in post-conflict settings. Interventions should consider post-war hardships as key determinants of psychotic symptoms among war-affected youths. PMID:24718435

Wartime nuclear weapons research in Germany and Japan.

PubMed

Grunden, Walter E; Walker, Mark; Yamnazaki, Masakatsu

2005-01-01

This article compares military research projects during the Second World War to develop nuclear weapons in Germany and Japan, two countries who lost the war and failed to create nuclear weapons. The performance and motivations of the scientists, as well as the institutional support given the work, is examined, explaining why, in each case, the project went as far as it did-but no further. The story is carried over into the postwar period, when the two cultures and their scientists had to deal with the buildup of nuclear weapons during the cold war and the new nuclear power industry.

Afro-American Identity: The Jamaican Nexus.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gullick, Charles J. M. R.

1983-01-01

Describes the ethnic history and the economic development of Jamaica from its beginnings as a Spanish colony through British rule to post-World War II independence. Rastafarianism, an extremist Black nationalist movement, arose after independence. Its militancy is due to an overwhelmingly Black majority population, with few countervailing ethnic…

From Hometown to Nontown: Rural Community Effects of Suburbanization

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Salamon, Sonya

2003-01-01

Regional suburbanization processes are transforming rural America socially and physically, threatening the uniqueness of small towns whose diversity is a national resource. This article reviews existing holistic descriptions of American rural communities since post-World War II by rural sociologists and anthropologists. Three new community case…

Frankfurt Medical Department Activity (FMEDDAC) OB/GYN Clinic Study

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-08-01

ideas took hold and flourished in post-World War II Japan ( Arikan , 1990). The Japanese institutionalized the following chain FMEDDAC OB-GYN 8 reaction...be required for most organizations. FMEDDAC OB-GYN 69 References Arikan , V.L. (1991). Total quality management - Applications to nursing service

Lobar pneumonia treated by Musgrave Park physicians.

PubMed

Hedley-Whyte, John; Milamed, Debra R

2009-05-01

In the decade 1935-45 the treatment of lobar pneumonia in the developed and warring world underwent a series of evolutions-anti-sera, specific anti-sera, refinement of sulpha drugs, sulpha and anti-sera, the introduction of penicillin for bacteriology, then ophthalmology, and then for penicillin-sensitive bacterial infections such as lobar pneumonia with its many Cooper types of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Penicillin for civilian use was essentially banned in World War II, a ban that early in 1941 two Musgrave Park physicians tried to circumvent. Strict secrecy on the details of penicillin production was enforced. The treatment option chosen by the Musgrave Park physicians in 1941, and the non-availability of penicillin led to sequelae affecting the post-Belfast careers of both patient and physicians.

[Neuropsychological sequelae of deportation to the Nazi concentration camps during the Second World War].

PubMed

Abalan, F; Martínez-Gallardo, R; Bourgeois, M

1989-01-01

The essential neuropsychic consequences of the deportation to the nazi concentration camps of adults during the second world war are the "KZ syndrome", the survival syndrome (or persecution syndrome) and reactive schizophrenias. The "KZ syndrome" puts together a psychic asthenia, a progressive intellectual deterioration, anxiety, depressive mood and vegetative disturbances. It is brought about as a consequence of malnutrition and the psychic traumas suffered by those deported. It shows up mainly in the non-jewish deported. The survival syndrome is chronic, puts together anxiety, insomnia and nightmares, repetitive memories relative to the period of persecution, depressive symptoms, somatic complaints, neurovegetative disturbances and hypervigilance. It is observed mainly in those deported that are jewish. It is produced as a consequence of very severe psychic traumas suffered by the jewish deportees. Some reactive schizophrenias described in deported jews seem to be the direct consequence of psychic traumas of an extreme intensity.

[Chronic CO poisoning. Use of generator gas during the second world war and recent research].

PubMed

Tvedt, B; Kjuus, H

1997-06-30

The consequences of long-lasting and low-grade exposure to carbon monoxide are a matter of debate. During the second world war, lack of petrol led to widespread use of wood as fuel (generator gas vehicles), especially in the Nordic countries. This caused many cases of "acute" or "chronic" carbon monoxide poisoning. Typical symptoms of "chronic poisoning" were headache, dizziness and tiredness. Usually the symptoms disappeared after some weeks or month, but in some patients probably became permanent. The experiences from the generator gas era are now almost forgotten, and chronic carbon monoxide poisoning is easily overlooked. The authors describe two cases of such poisoning. A crane driver at a smelting works developed permanent symptoms after twenty years of exposure. A faulty oil-fired central heating system caused long-lasting symptoms in four members of a family.

The Multifactorial Epidemiology of Blackwater Fever.

PubMed

Shanks, G Dennis

2017-12-01

Blackwater fever is a massive hemolytic event usually occurring in the context of repeated falciparum malaria infections and intermittent quinine use. Its etiology is poorly understood, and it is rarely seen today. Historical epidemiological observations from the 20th century demonstrated variable patterns in prisoners in Andaman Islands, refugees in Macedonia, canal workers in Panama, expatriates in Rhodesia, and Second World War soldiers. Rates of blackwater fever per 1,000 malaria cases varied over two orders of magnitude. Islands, such as the Andaman Islands and New Guinea, had lower blackwater fever rates than continental areas. During the Second World War, blackwater fever rates in British soldiers in West Africa and Australian soldiers in New Guinea differed by a factor of 40 despite similar treatment regimens and falciparum malaria transmission risks. Blackwater fever is a complex interaction between host erythrocyte, falciparum malaria, and antimalarial drugs which remains poorly understood.

Leonard Wood: surgeon, soldier, administrator.

PubMed

Craddock, W L

1995-01-01

Leonard Wood's (1860-1927) 42 years of distinguished service to the United States are covered herein. Wood received the Congressional Medal of Honor for the capture of the Apaches. He was commander of the famous "Rough Riders," and was distinguished for his Cuban labors as Military Governor. As Army Chief of Staff, he and Theodore Roosevelt pursued the problems of military preparedness for America's involvement in World War I. After World War I, Wood quelled disruptive situations caused by growing industrial problems. He became a supporter of veterans' rights, enrolling 27,000 veterans in college and providing them with the necessary education that would help solve the problems of four million veterans. After being operated on successfully for a brain tumor by Harvey Cushing in 1910, he suffered a recurrence while serving his second tour as the Philippines' Military Governor. Returning home, he died in 1927 during the second surgery.

20 CFR 404.1311 - Ninety-day active service requirement for World War II veterans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... World War II veterans. 404.1311 Section 404.1311 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION... Uniformed Services World War II Veterans § 404.1311 Ninety-day active service requirement for World War II veterans. (a) The 90 days of active service required for World War II veterans do not have to be...

Collateral damage: the German food crisis, educational attainment and labor market outcomes of German post-war cohorts.

PubMed

Jürges, Hendrik

2013-01-01

Using the German 1970 census to study educational and labor market outcomes of cohorts born during the German food crisis after World War II, I document that those born between November 1945 and May 1946 have significantly lower educational attainment and occupational status than cohorts born shortly before or after. Several alternative explanations for this finding are tested. Most likely, a short spell of severe undernutrition around the end of the war has impaired intrauterine conditions in early pregnancies and resulted in long-term detriments among the affected cohorts. This conjecture is corroborated by evidence from Austria. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Choosing the Adequate Level of Graded Readers--Preliminary Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Prtljaga, Jelena; Palinkaševic, Radmila; Brkic, Jovana

2015-01-01

Graded readers have been used as second language teaching material since the end of the Second World War. They are an important source of simplified material which provides comprehensible input on all levels. It is of crucial importance for a successful usage of graded readers in the classroom and in studies which focus on graded readers, that an…

A Force to Be Reckoned with

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stanistreet, Paul

2011-01-01

In the second article in a series marking 90 years of NIACE support for adult learning, the author charts the changing shape of adult education in the decades following the Second World War, and the Institute's emergence as a "major non-governmental force" in the development of adult education. In 1983 the NIAE changed its name to the…

Cultural Studies and Foreign Language Teaching in Denmark. ROLIG-papir 41.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Risager, Karen

A description is provided of foreign language and related cultural education (English, French, and German) in Denmark since the 1950s. The first section gives an overview of the development of Danish society in general since the second world war, and more specifically, of developments in foreign language teaching. The second section briefly…

[The step toward 2015 JRC Guidelines since the end of the 2nd World War].

PubMed

Okada, Kazuo

2016-02-01

2015 JRC Guidelines have already published on 16th of October in 2015. This manuscript tries to explain the way how to arrive at this publication since CPR in Japan after the Second World War. ILCOR is the international organization in resuscitation, leads the world and publishes the international consensus CoSTR. JRC could join official member of ILCOR since 2006 after the establishment of Resuscitation Council of Asia. In 2010 RCA and JRC could contribute in 2010 version. In 2015 JRC Guidelines, the most significant change is the addition of 'First Aid' Chapter. Selecting the evidence will be followed with 'GRADE' method much logistic and easier to determine the evidence estimation than 2010 version. Neuroresuscitation is also the unique chapter in JRC Guidelines.

Persuasive History: A Critical Comparison of Television's "Victory at Sea" and "The World at War."

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mattheisen, Donald J.

1992-01-01

Discusses the television series "Victory at Sea" and "The World at War" and their use in teaching about World War II. Contrasts that war's glorious portrayal in "Victory at Sea" with the more ambiguous presentation of "The World at War." Suggests that students can learn a great deal about war and film itself…

20 CFR 404.1310 - Who is a World War II veteran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Who is a World War II veteran. 404.1310... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services World War II Veterans § 404.1310 Who is a World War II veteran. You are a World War II veteran if you were in the active...

20 CFR 404.1310 - Who is a World War II veteran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Who is a World War II veteran. 404.1310... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services World War II Veterans § 404.1310 Who is a World War II veteran. You are a World War II veteran if you were in the active...

20 CFR 404.1310 - Who is a World War II veteran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Who is a World War II veteran. 404.1310... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services World War II Veterans § 404.1310 Who is a World War II veteran. You are a World War II veteran if you were in the active...

20 CFR 404.1310 - Who is a World War II veteran.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Who is a World War II veteran. 404.1310... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Wage Credits for Veterans and Members of the Uniformed Services World War II Veterans § 404.1310 Who is a World War II veteran. You are a World War II veteran if you were in the active...

The "War Poets": Evolution of a Literary Conscience in World War I.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Galambos, Ellen

1983-01-01

Pre-World War I poetry often used picturesque images which blinded people to the actual horrors of war. The war poets, who experienced the destruction of World War I, led the way in expressing new images of the devastation and death of war, rather than focusing on honor and glory. (IS)

Contemporary paternal genetic landscape of Polish and German populations: from early medieval Slavic expansion to post-World War II resettlements.

PubMed

Rębała, Krzysztof; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Tönjes, Anke; Kovacs, Peter; Stumvoll, Michael; Lindner, Iris; Büttner, Andreas; Wichmann, H-Erich; Siváková, Daniela; Soták, Miroslav; Quintana-Murci, Lluís; Szczerkowska, Zofia; Comas, David

2013-04-01

Homogeneous Proto-Slavic genetic substrate and/or extensive mixing after World War II were suggested to explain homogeneity of contemporary Polish paternal lineages. Alternatively, Polish local populations might have displayed pre-war genetic heterogeneity owing to genetic drift and/or gene flow with neighbouring populations. Although sharp genetic discontinuity along the political border between Poland and Germany indisputably results from war-mediated resettlements and homogenisation, it remained unknown whether Y-chromosomal diversity in ethnically/linguistically defined populations was clinal or discontinuous before the war. In order to answer these questions and elucidate early Slavic migrations, 1156 individuals from several Slavic and German populations were analysed, including Polish pre-war regional populations and an autochthonous Slavic population from Germany. Y chromosomes were assigned to 39 haplogroups and genotyped for 19 STRs. Genetic distances revealed similar degree of differentiation of Slavic-speaking pre-war populations from German populations irrespective of duration and intensity of contacts with German speakers. Admixture estimates showed minor Slavic paternal ancestry (~20%) in modern eastern Germans and hardly detectable German paternal ancestry in Slavs neighbouring German populations for centuries. BATWING analysis of isolated Slavic populations revealed that their divergence was preceded by rapid demographic growth, undermining theory that Slavic expansion was primarily linguistic rather than population spread. Polish pre-war regional populations showed within-group heterogeneity and lower STR variation within R-M17 subclades compared with modern populations, which might have been homogenised by war resettlements. Our results suggest that genetic studies on early human history in the Vistula and Oder basins should rely on reconstructed pre-war rather than modern populations.

Contemporary paternal genetic landscape of Polish and German populations: from early medieval Slavic expansion to post-World War II resettlements

PubMed Central

Rębała, Krzysztof; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Tönjes, Anke; Kovacs, Peter; Stumvoll, Michael; Lindner, Iris; Büttner, Andreas; Wichmann, H-Erich; Siváková, Daniela; Soták, Miroslav; Quintana-Murci, Lluís; Szczerkowska, Zofia; Comas, David

2013-01-01

Homogeneous Proto-Slavic genetic substrate and/or extensive mixing after World War II were suggested to explain homogeneity of contemporary Polish paternal lineages. Alternatively, Polish local populations might have displayed pre-war genetic heterogeneity owing to genetic drift and/or gene flow with neighbouring populations. Although sharp genetic discontinuity along the political border between Poland and Germany indisputably results from war-mediated resettlements and homogenisation, it remained unknown whether Y-chromosomal diversity in ethnically/linguistically defined populations was clinal or discontinuous before the war. In order to answer these questions and elucidate early Slavic migrations, 1156 individuals from several Slavic and German populations were analysed, including Polish pre-war regional populations and an autochthonous Slavic population from Germany. Y chromosomes were assigned to 39 haplogroups and genotyped for 19 STRs. Genetic distances revealed similar degree of differentiation of Slavic-speaking pre-war populations from German populations irrespective of duration and intensity of contacts with German speakers. Admixture estimates showed minor Slavic paternal ancestry (∼20%) in modern eastern Germans and hardly detectable German paternal ancestry in Slavs neighbouring German populations for centuries. BATWING analysis of isolated Slavic populations revealed that their divergence was preceded by rapid demographic growth, undermining theory that Slavic expansion was primarily linguistic rather than population spread. Polish pre-war regional populations showed within-group heterogeneity and lower STR variation within R-M17 subclades compared with modern populations, which might have been homogenised by war resettlements. Our results suggest that genetic studies on early human history in the Vistula and Oder basins should rely on reconstructed pre-war rather than modern populations. PMID:22968131

Notes on Political Philosophy and Contemporary International Relations.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mahoney, Daniel

1987-01-01

Describes the post World War II development of the discipline of international relations, stating that it helped reinvigorate interest in the tradition of political philosophy. Examines shortcomings, such as its division into realist and idealist camps, and discusses the works and ideologies of people such as Morgenthau, Aron, and Beitz. (GEA)

Wanted: Computers in Classrooms Today, Not Tomorrow.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Penning, Nick

1991-01-01

There are 10 times as many Nintendos in homes as computers in schools. American education is underfunded and locked into a post-World War II operational mode. A federal policy is needed to help schools acquire needed technology, support teachers' professional development, build research into practice, and integrate technology into school…

Young People in the Federal Republic of Germany.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Forsbach, Marlene

1977-01-01

The sociological study examines behavior and consciousness of West German youth with emphasis on their political views, voting behavior, leisure activities, and spending patterns. The paper is presented in 14 sections. Section I traces political development of youth from the post World War II skepticism to current political activism. In section…

American Educational History: School, Society, and the Common Good

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jeynes, William H.

2007-01-01

Designed for undergraduate and graduate courses in education, this book covers education developments and trends beginning with the Colonial experience through the present day, placing an emphasis on post-World War II issues such as the role of technology, the standards movement, affirmative action, bilingual education, undocumented immigrants,…

Rural Schools for Tomorrow. Yearbook.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Butterworth, Julian E., Ed.

This 1945 National Education Association yearbook focuses attention on the post-World War II problems of rural schools and encourages national, state, and local leaders to lay plans for strengthening rural education programs. The articles examine social and economic problems faced by rural Americans, the implications of these problems for rural…

Limits of Military Power for National Security.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Melman, Seymour

1981-01-01

Reviews the post World War II nuclear-military arms race and claims that it is possible to define significant limits of military power for national security. Topics discussed include public opinion regarding the arms race, constraints on military power, conventional forces, checkmating conventional strategy, and the seriousness of nuclear false…

The Evolution of Current Command Relationships in Amphibious Operations Doctrine

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-04-08

post World War I British Empire. They pressed on, however, despite extremely limited funding and inability to test their doctrine, and spent much...The levels of cooperation that exist are now firmly cemented in the minds of those in uniform today and the caustic service in-fighting for

The Health of School Students.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Antropova, M. V.; And Others

1996-01-01

Presents the results of a study examining the health of Russian youth from the 1930s to the present. Although overall health has improved from the nadir of World War II, several disturbing trends have developed in post-Soviet society. Changing socioeconomic conditions have resulted in fatigue and poor diet. (MJP)

A Modern City--Its Geography.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mayer, Harold M.; And Others

This publication contains nine articles intended to enhance teachers' understanding of urban geography. The articles are reprinted from issues of the 1969 volume of the Journal of Geography. Urban studies has been one of the most rapidly developing fields of geography during the post World War II generation. There has been extensive research and…

The Evolution of Italian Radicalism, 1780-1914: A Historiographical Review.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lovett, Clara M.

1988-01-01

Discusses the norms within which Italian historical literature is produced, stating that they are important generally to the work of Italian historians and particularly in understanding the recent historical literature on Italian radicalism. Surveys the post-World War II progress of the historiography of Italian radicalism, recommending areas of…

Edward Albee's "The Zoo Story": Echo/es of Contemporary Subversive Culture

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nabi, Naqibun; Ahmed, Firoz

2016-01-01

The post-world war II American social and cultural setting was ambiguously featured with enforced conformity in the name of prosperity and Americanization of the nation. Despite of this fact, American writers, especially, dramatists conveyed their message against this fixation through variety and intellectuality. Edward Albee's "The Zoo…

Babies Bottom Out--A 'Maybe Boom'

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Science News, 1977

1977-01-01

Data for the period September 1976 through April 1977 indicate a rise in the United States birth rate; however, the rate is still below the replacement level. It is speculated that the increase is an "echo" effect to the post-World War II baby boom which peaked in 1957. (SL)

Japanese-U.S. Economic Relations. Japan Digest.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ellington, Lucien

World War II was the last time when overall U.S.-Japan relations, and the economic relationship in particular, were as bad as appears to be the case in the 1990s. The United States and Japan are, respectively, the two largest economies in the world. The Japanese have the second leading market for U.S. products trailing only Canada. Japan buys more…

Six Decades of Educational Multilateralism in a Globalising World: The History of the UNESCO Institute in Hamburg

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Elfert, Maren

2013-01-01

Created in 1945 as a specialised agency of the United Nations (UN), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was given, among other mandates, the task of reconstructing education systems devastated during the Second World War. UNESCO, in turn, and after some debate about an engagement in Germany, founded the…

U.S. Maritime Strategy In a Post-Cold War World?

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-05-16

worlo in wnIcn zne East-West squarea off across an iron curzain nas oeen- aramatically transformed . A chain reaction of nhslocic events in Eastern Europe...research will n e to exam int- tne -- ri :.me Componen t ot the Un itec St ates Natioanal M ~r z a , egov ,71tni1n the context of the changing geoo~o...experience. 12 :Zi. Historical BacKqrouna By maritime strategy we mean the principies wnicn govern a war in which the sea is a suostantia! factor. Naval

An Airfield Too Far, the Army’s Search for a Runway

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-05-01

just to keep the war going. Pilots flew to the point of e>ý.austion--often nine to ten hours a day witho.t leaving their cockpits. If the British...ground controlled. approach radar (GCA) of post-World War II vintage, However, it does not have a radiation signature as a threat air defense radar. Using...AD-A241 034 zx.R WARL COLLEGE RESEARCH REPORT AN AIRFIELD TOO FAR, THE ARMY’S 5EARCH FOR A RUNWAY DTIC, LIEU.TENANT COLO-NEL KENT V. H~JFFORD, USA

Ecology in a walled city: researching urban wildlife in post-war Berlin.

PubMed

Lachmund, Jens

2007-06-01

The division of Berlin in the aftermath of World War II and the erection of the Wall in 1961 were not only of tremendous political, social and cultural significance, but also had implications for the way in which science was undertaken in this city. For ecologists living and working in the enclosed city part of West Berlin, the lack of accessible countryside motivated them to focus their fieldwork increasingly on urban sites and, thereby, to engage themselves in one of the most significant attempts to develop an ecology of the city.

[Famous figures of the Poznań orthopaedics of the period of the occupation and post-war years. Coryphees of Polish orthopaedics].

PubMed

Barcikowski, Władysław

2008-01-01

In this article author presents, from a perspective of own memories is portraying persons which he met in his professional activity. They participated in forming the orthopaedics in Poznań and different nooks of Poland. He resembles their, often very dramatic, fates and the influence they had on Polish medicine reviving after the II world war. With the special attention he is reminding one of most well-known and valued celebrities of the Polish orthopaedics professor Wiktor Dega.

Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-02-09

forces defeated the Ottomans in World War I and took control of the territory in 1918 . Britain had tried to take Iraq from the Ottomans earlier in World...generally opposes a direct role for clerics in government, but he believes in clerical supervision of political leaders. He wants Iraq to maintain its...parliament. Party’s power base is southern marsh areas around Amara (Maysan Province), north of Basra. Party militiamen play major role in policing areas

77 FR 25195 - National Register of Historic Places; Notification of Pending Nominations and Related Actions

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-27

..., (World War II Home Front Efforts in Arkansas, MPS) .5 mi. from jct. of US 67 & Campbell Ln., Campbell... States Second Generation Veterans Hospitals MPS), 5500 Armstrong Rd., Battle Creek, 12000282 MINNESOTA...

Introduction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bainbridge, William Sims

This brief introductory chapter sets the stage for a broad discussion of many aspects of virtual worlds, by comparing episodes experienced by two avatar researchers, one in Second Life (SL), and the other in Star Wars Galaxies (SWG). Interviewer Wilber attends a medieval dance on an SL island created by Starfleet, an innovative and hard-working group of 500 Star Trek fans, who have created working virtual technology and soaring architecture to make real their fantasies about the human future. Algorithma Teq visits the Mos Eisley Cantina in SWG, where Luke Skywalker originally met Han Solo, and is scrutinized by two Imperial storm troopers, even as she attempts to remain aloof from the Star Wars mythos and simply practice her engineering skills in making droids. It can be useful to distinguish gamelike virtual worlds from non-game worlds, yet as these examples show, they are not distinct categories, and virtual worlds inevitably mix fantasy and reality in complex ways.

A personal retrospective on the second half of the 20th century.

PubMed

Nicholas Leibovic, K

2013-06-01

During the Second World War scientists and engineers were involved as never before in all technical phases of the war effort. It included intelligence, logistics and large scale automated computation. Much of this required team work which led to the adoption of interdisciplinary perspectives and found expression after the war in new fields of enquiry such as cybernetics, biophysics and artificial intelligence. While Europe was recovering from its devastation, the United States entered an unprecedented age of prosperity beginning in the 1940s and 50s. The political and budgetary environment was favorable for scientific research and it was felt in Europe as well as the U.S.A. I discuss some of these conditions and the figures associated with the work that became the foundation for advances throughout the second half of the 20th century and conclude with a few observations on quantitative neuroscience and the problem of representation. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Death from 1918 pandemic influenza during the First World War: a perspective from personal and anecdotal evidence

PubMed Central

Wever, Peter C; van Bergen, Leo

2014-01-01

The Meuse-Argonne offensive, a decisive battle during the First World War, is the largest frontline commitment in American military history involving 1·2 million U.S. troops. With over 26 000 deaths among American soldiers, the offensive is considered “America's deadliest battle”. The Meuse-Argonne offensive coincided with the highly fatal second wave of the influenza pandemic in 1918. In Europe and in U.S. Army training camps, 1918 pandemic influenza killed around 45 000 American soldiers making it questionable which battle should be regarded “America's deadliest”. The origin of the influenza pandemic has been inextricably linked with the men who occupied the military camps and trenches during the First World War. The disease had a profound impact, both for the military apparatus and for the individual soldier. It struck all the armies and might have claimed toward 100 000 fatalities among soldiers overall during the conflict while rendering millions ineffective. Yet, it remains unclear whether 1918 pandemic influenza had an impact on the course of the First World War. Still, even until this day, virological and bacteriological analysis of preserved archived remains of soldiers that succumbed to 1918 pandemic influenza has important implications for preparedness for future pandemics. These aspects are reviewed here in a context of citations, images, and documents illustrating the tragic events of 1918. PMID:24975798

The Threshold of the State: Civil Defence, the Blackout and the Home in Second World War Britain.

PubMed

Greenhalgh, James

2017-06-01

This article reconsiders the way that the British state extended its control of the home during the Second World War, using the implementation of air raid precautions and the blackout as a lens through which to view the state's developing attitudes to domestic space. Presented here is not the familiar story of pitch-dark, dangerous streets or altered cityscapes of fear and destruction; instead, by examining personal testimony the article inverts traditional treatments of the blackout to look at the interior of dwellings, demonstrating how the realities of total warfare impinged upon the psychological elements that constituted the home. What emerges not only expands historical understandings of the wartime experience of civilians, it also shows civil defence measures as highly visible points on an often antagonistic trajectory of state interactions with citizens concerning the privacy and security of the dwelling in the modern city. The requirements of civil defence, I argue, were not merely the product of exceptional wartime circumstances, but symptomatic of long-standing attempts to open up dwellings to state scrutiny. These attempts had both a significant pre-war lineage and, crucially, implications beyond the end of the war in private homes and on social housing estates. © The Author [2017]. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Prosthetic Manhood in the Soviet Union at the End of World War II.

PubMed

Bernstein, Frances

2015-01-01

Millions of Soviet soldiers were disabled as a direct consequence of their service in the Second World War. Yet despite its expressions of gratitude for their sacrifices, the state evinced a great deal of discomfort regarding their damaged bodies. The countless armless and legless veterans were a constant reminder of the destruction suffered by the country as a whole, an association increasingly incompatible with the postwar agenda of wholesale reconstruction. This article focuses on a key strategy for erasing the scars of war, one with ostensibly unambiguous benefit for the disabled themselves: the development of prostheses. In addition to fostering independence from others and ultimately from the state, artificial limbs would facilitate the veterans' return to the kinds of socially useful labor by which the country defined itself. In so doing, this strategy engendered the establishment of a new model of masculinity: a prosthetic manhood.

Civilian health during WWI and the causes of German defeat: a reexamination of the winter hypothesis.

PubMed

Voth, H J

1995-01-01

This paper is a reexamination of the Winter hypothesis, which holds that there was a marked difference in the development of civilian health during the First World War between the central powers and the Western allies. Ultimate success on the battlefield, according to Winter, required balancing the needs of the military with civilian demands; Germany lost because it failed to achieve such a balance. The resulting decline in health standards undermined the war effort and eventually led to defeat. This article proceeds in two steps. First, it demonstrates that Winter's data does not allow him to make a proper comparison between the two camps. Second, I argue that his hypothesis can be refuted once a truly comparable source is used--infant mortality rated. There is as yet no convincing evidence to suggest that the outcome of the First world War was determined by public health policy.

Polymer Research at NBS-NIST

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Han, Charles

2001-03-01

Research on Polymers at NBS-NIST can be traced back to the World War I era.. During World War II, rubber and other organic materials testing and characterization started to play an important role in the nation's war effort. Since the 1940's, the rubber and plastic industry has transformed our lives. Rubber and plastic becomes a part of nearly every aspect of our daily life, including clothing, housing, transportation, and even food. The standards, testing methods, and basic physics research results produced at NBS-NIST had extensive influences and impacts on science and technology development during the post WWII period. Although sometimes controversial, the research in polymer crystallization, in linear and non-linear visco-elasticity, in surface adsorption, in piezoelectrical and pyroelectrical properties, in light scattering and neutron scattering, in polymer blends and alloys, and in dental applications, has made important contributions in the establishment of the current technology base. The challenge is to set the correct course in the future. We can learn many things by simply looking back at our past.

History of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Doctrine and a Path Forward

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chyba, Christopher

2007-04-01

During the Cold War, the United States considered a number of approaches for living in a world with nuclear weapons, including disarmament, preventive war, the incorporation of nuclear weapons into military strategy, passive and active defense, and deterrence. With the failure of early approaches to disarmament, and the rejection of preventive war against the Soviet Union (and later, China), deterrence became central to key nuclear relationships, though arms control continued to play an important role. The nuclear nonproliferation treaty made preventing the further spread of nuclear weapons another central component of U.S. policy. The Bush Administration has tried to devise a new policy for the post-Cold War period. Their approach has three salient pillars. First, it is characterized by an overall skepticism toward multilateral agreements, on the grounds that bad actors will not obey them, that agreements can lead to a false sense of security, and that such agreements are too often a way for the Lilliputians of the world to tie down Gulliver. The March 2005 U.S. National Defense Strategy declared that U.S. strength ``will continue to be challenged by those who employ a strategy of the weak, using international fora, judicial processes and terrorism.'' Second, the Bush Administration declared its intention to maintain a military dominance so great that other states simply would not try to catch up. The 2002 National Security Strategy states that ``Our forces will be strong enough to dissuade potential adversaries from pursuing a military build-up in hopes of surpassing, or equaling, the power of the United States.'' Third, the 2002 National Security Strategy (reaffirmed by the 2006 National Security Strategy) moved preventive war (which the strategies called ``preemptive war'') to a central position, rather than deterrence and nonproliferation. In part this was because of the claim that certain ``rogue'' states, and terrorist groups, were not deterrable. This talk will sketch this history, discuss the approach of the Bush Administration in more detail and assess its successes and failures, and suggest the lines of a new approach to U.S. nuclear weapons policy for the coming decades. This approach will follow that outlined in George Bunn and Christopher Chyba (eds.), ``U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy: Confronting Today's Threats'' (Brookings, 2006, 340 pp.).

Psychiatric symptoms and psychosocial functioning among hospital personnel during the Gaza War: a repeated cross-sectional study.

PubMed

Ben-Ezra, Menachem; Palgi, Yuval; Wolf, Jonathan Jacob; Shrira, Amit

2011-10-30

Studies of mental health among hospital personnel during armed conflict are scarce and usually include single time point investigations without a comparison group. The authors compared the psychiatric symptoms and psychosocial functioning of exposed and unexposed hospital personnel at two time points. The research was conducted during 2009 and included a survey of two random samples of hospital personnel (physicians and nurses), one collected during the Gaza War and the other 6 months later. Each sample included hospital personnel who were exposed to war-related stress and others who were not (Study 1: n=67 and 74 for exposed and unexposed, respectively; Study 2: n=57 and 50 for exposed and unexposed, respectively). Levels of psychiatric symptoms and psychosocial functioning were measured. Compared to unexposed hospital personnel, exposed hospital personnel had a significantly higher level of post-traumatic symptoms during the Gaza War and 6 months later. In addition, during the Gaza War, exposed hospital personnel had a significantly higher level of depressive symptoms. However, in the second study, depressive symptoms were similar to those found in the unexposed group. These findings may suggest that war-related stress is associated with post-traumatic symptoms among hospital personnel even 6 months after exposure. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Anaesthetic and other treatments of shell shock: World War I and beyond.

PubMed

McKenzie, A G

2012-03-01

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an important health risk factor for military personnel deployed in modern warfare. In World War I this condition (then known as shell shock or 'neurasthenia') was such a problem that 'forward psychiatry' was begun by French doctors in 1915. Some British doctors tried general anaesthesia as a treatment (ether and chloroform), while others preferred application of electricity. Four British 'forward psychiatric units' were set up in 1917. Hospitals for shell shocked soldiers were also established in Britain, including (for officers) Craiglockhart War Hospital in Edinburgh; patients diagnosed to have more serious psychiatric conditions were transferred to the Royal Edinburgh Asylum. Towards the end of 1918 anaesthetic and electrical treatments of shell shock were gradually displaced by modified Freudian methods psychodynamic intervention. The efficacy of 'forward psychiatry' was controversial. In 1922 the War Office produced a report on shell shock with recommendations for prevention of war neurosis. However, when World War II broke out in 1939, this seemed to have been ignored. The term 'combat fatigue' was introduced as breakdown rates became alarming, and then the value of pre-selection was recognised. At the Maudsley Hospital in London in 1940 barbiturate abreaction was advocated for quick relief from severe anxiety and hysteria, using i.v. anaesthetics: Somnifaine, paraldehyde, Sodium Amytal. 'Pentothal narcosis' and 'narco-analysis' were adopted by British and American military psychiatrists. However, by 1945 medical thinking gradually settled on the same approaches that had seemed to be effective in 1918. The term PTSD was introduced in 1980. In the UK the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines for management (2005) recommend trauma-focussed Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and consideration of antidepressants.

Returning Education to Layering Horizons?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ranson, Stewart

2010-01-01

The author considers the prospect that the new Liberal-Conservative coalition Government will use the crisis of the largest public debt since the Second World War to contract and restructure education and public services, and discusses what cuts and changes are likely to happen.

Web life: Voices of the Manhattan Project

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

2014-02-01

Voices of the Manhattan Project was launched in October 2012 with the aim of preserving the memories and experiences of scientists and other workers who participated in the US-led effort to build an atomic bomb during the Second World War.

The Peak of Rocket Production: The Designer of Ballistic Missiles V.F. Utkin (1923-2000)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prisniakov, V.; Sitnikova, N.

2002-01-01

The main landmarks of the biography of the general designer of the most power missiles Vladimira Fe- dorovicha Utkina are stated. Formation of character of outstanding scientist of 20 century as the son of the Soviet epoch is shown. He belongs to that generation which had many difficulties and afflictions - hungry time, the heavy years of the second world war, post-war disruption, but also many happy days - the Victory above fascism, restoration of the country, pride of successes in conquest of Space. In June, 1941 Vladimir has finished school with honours certificate and since October, 1941 up to the end of the second world war was on various fronts. After the ending of Leningrad military-mechanical insti- tute the young engineer came in Southern engineering works in Dnipropetrovsk (Yugmach). Here for 40 years there was a dizzy ascent of the beginner-designer over a ladder of space-rocket's Olympus up to the chief designer and the general director of the biggest in the world of rocket concern (9000 high quality engineers of Design office Yugnoe (DOYu) and 60 thousand workers Yugmach). After death in 1971 to year of main designer M. Jangele V. F. Utkin has headed Design office Yugnoe. Under ma- nual of V. Utkin four strategic rocket complexes of new generation SS-17, SS-18 (three updatings with divided head parts with weight of 8 tons), SS-24 (railway and shaft basing) were developed and han- ded over on arms. Among development of academician V. Utkin there is a rocket-carrier "Zenit" which delivers to an orbit over 12 tons of a payload. This rocket is also a basis of the first stage of reusable transport space system "Energia-Buran". Under manual of V. Utkin were developed and used the con- version carrier-rockets "Ziclon" and "Kosmos", as well the effective satellites of a defensive, scientific and economic direction, among which family of satellites "Kosmos", the satellite "Ocean", equipped by a locator of the side observation too. Largest scientific achievements V. Utkin and his pupils are crea- tion unique "mortar" launching of a heavy liquid rocket from shaft, the decision of a complex of prob- lems on maintenance ready for military action (continuous attendance) of liquid rockets in the filled condi-tion for many years, maintenance of stability of rockets at action on them of striking factors of nuclear explosion. With personal participation of academician IAA V. Utkin the following large scien- tific and technical results were received: (a) a military railway rocket complex with intercontinental solid-propellant rocket with starting weight of 105 tons and with 10 warheads; (b) a method of war manage-ment with the help of command rockets; (c) a method of definition of characteristics of means of overcoming of antimissile defense; (d) war intercontinental rockets with the increased accuracy, with the survivability, with the availability for action; (e) a commanding rocket. Design' decisions not ha- ving the analogues in world: (a) managements of flight solid-propellant an intercontinental ballistic missiles by means of a deviating head part; (b) managements solid-propellant rocket by method of inje- ction of gas in supercritical part of nozzle; (c) industrial introduction of the newest materials etc.V. Ut- kin is the active participant of works in the field of the international cooperation in research and deve- lopment of a space. In 1990 V. Utkin hold a high post of the director of ZSNIIMACH which is leading organization of a space-rocket industry of Russia. Under manual V. Utkin the Federal space program of Russia was developed. V. Utkin had huge authority as the chairman of Advice of the Main designers of the USSR. He was the co-chairman combined commission of experts V. Utkin - T. Stafford" on problems of maintenance joint manned flights. He was the chairman of Coordination advice under the program of researches on manned space complexes. V. Utkin dreamed to be the active participant of a new stage of the outer space exploration, connected with commissioning ISS. He believed, that Human mind and integration of efforts of all world community will be prevailed over the world.

One-Third of a Campus: Ruth Crawford Mitchell and Second-Generation Americans at the University of Pittsburgh

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wechsler, Harold S.

2008-01-01

Were colleges obliged to address the dilemmas faced by the many first- and second-generation Americans who enrolled after World War I? No, replied many administrators who espoused exclusion or assimilation, or who expressed indifference. These attitudes meant that many students would never learn to navigate the turbulent waters of campus social…

Joseph S. Weiner and the foundation of post-WW II human biology in the United Kingdom.

PubMed

Little, Michael A; Collins, Kenneth J

2012-01-01

Both the United States and the United Kingdom experienced a transformation in the science of physical anthropology from the period before World War II until the post-war period. In the United States, Sherwood L. Washburn is credited with being a leading figure in this transformation. In the United Kingdom, two individuals were instrumental in bringing about a similar change in the profession. These were Joseph S. Weiner at the University of Oxford and Nigel Barnicot at the University of London, with Weiner playing the principal role as leader in what Washburn called the "New Physical Anthropology," that is, the application of evolutionary theory, the de-emphasis on race classification, and the application of the scientific method and experimental approaches to problem solving. Weiner's contributions to physical anthropology were broad-based--climatic and work physiology, paleoanthropology, and human variation--in what became known as human biology in the U.K. and human adaptability internationally. This biographical essay provides evidence for the significant influence of J.S. Weiner on the post-war development of human biology (biological or physical anthropology) inthe U.K. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.