Sample records for process commonly referred
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The positive side of a negative reference: the delay between linguistic processing and common ground
Noveck, Ira; Rivera, Natalia; Jaume-Guazzini, Francisco
2017-01-01
Interlocutors converge on names to refer to entities. For example, a speaker might refer to a novel looking object as the jellyfish and, once identified, the listener will too. The hypothesized mechanism behind such referential precedents is a subject of debate. The common ground view claims that listeners register the object as well as the identity of the speaker who coined the label. The linguistic view claims that, once established, precedents are treated by listeners like any other linguistic unit, i.e. without needing to keep track of the speaker. To test predictions from each account, we used visual-world eyetracking, which allows observations in real time, during a standard referential communication task. Participants had to select objects based on instructions from two speakers. In the critical condition, listeners sought an object with a negative reference such as not the jellyfish. We aimed to determine the extent to which listeners rely on the linguistic input, common ground or both. We found that initial interpretations were based on linguistic processing only and that common ground considerations do emerge but only after 1000 ms. Our findings support the idea that—at least temporally—linguistic processing can be isolated from common ground. PMID:28386440
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Uptake of recommended common reference intervals for chemical pathology in Australia.
Jones, Graham Rd; Koetsier, Sabrina
2017-05-01
Background Reference intervals are a vital part of reporting numerical pathology results. It is known, however, that variation in reference intervals between laboratories is common, even when analytical methods support common reference intervals. In response to this, in Australia, the Australasian Association of Clinical Biochemists together with the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia published in 2014 a set of recommended common reference intervals for 11 common serum analytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, creatinine male, creatinine female, calcium, calcium adjusted for albumin, phosphate, magnesium, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and total protein). Methods Uptake of recommended common reference intervals in Australian laboratories was assessed using data from four annual cycles of the RCPAQAP reference intervals external quality assurance programme. Results Over three years, from 2013 to 2016, the use of the recommended upper and lower reference limits has increased from 40% to 83%. Nearly half of the intervals in use by enrolled laboratories in 2016 have been changed in this time period, indicating an active response to the guidelines. Conclusions These data support the activities of the Australasian Association of Clinical Biochemists and Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia in demonstrating a change in laboratory behaviour to reduce unnecessary variation in reference intervals and thus provide a consistent message to doctor and patients irrespective of the laboratory used.
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Aligning ESP Courses with the "Common European Framework of Reference for Languages"
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Athanasiou, Androulla; Constantinou, Elis Kakoulli; Neophytou, Maro; Nicolaou, Anna; Papadima Sophocleous, Salomi; Yerou, Christina
2016-01-01
This article explains how the "Common European Framework of References for Languages" (CEFR; Council of Europe 2001, "Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, teaching, assessment." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) has been applied in language courses at the Language Centre (LC) of the Cyprus…
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Multiple reference frames in haptic spatial processing
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Volčič, R.
2008-08-01
The present thesis focused on haptic spatial processing. In particular, our interest was directed to the perception of spatial relations with the main focus on the perception of orientation. To this end, we studied haptic perception in different tasks, either in isolation or in combination with vision. The parallelity task, where participants have to match the orientations of two spatially separated bars, was used in its two-dimensional and three-dimensional versions in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3, respectively. The influence of non-informative vision and visual interference on performance in the parallelity task was studied in Chapter 4. A different task, the mental rotation task, was introduced in a purely haptic study in Chapter 5 and in a visuo-haptic cross-modal study in Chapter 6. The interaction of multiple reference frames and their influence on haptic spatial processing were the common denominators of these studies. In this thesis we approached the problems of which reference frames play the major role in haptic spatial processing and how the relative roles of distinct reference frames change depending on the available information and the constraints imposed by different tasks. We found that the influence of a reference frame centered on the hand was the major cause of the deviations from veridicality observed in both the two-dimensional and three-dimensional studies. The results were described by a weighted average model, in which the hand-centered egocentric reference frame is supposed to have a biasing influence on the allocentric reference frame. Performance in haptic spatial processing has been shown to depend also on sources of information or processing that are not strictly connected to the task at hand. When non-informative vision was provided, a beneficial effect was observed in the haptic performance. This improvement was interpreted as a shift from the egocentric to the allocentric reference frame. Moreover, interfering visual information presented
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Self-referent information processing in individuals with bipolar spectrum disorders
Molz Adams, Ashleigh; Shapero, Benjamin G.; Pendergast, Laura H.; Alloy, Lauren B.; Abramson, Lyn Y.
2014-01-01
Background Bipolar spectrum disorders (BSDs) are common and impairing, which has led to an examination of risk factors for their development and maintenance. Historically, research has examined cognitive vulnerabilities to BSDs derived largely from the unipolar depression literature. Specifically, theorists propose that dysfunctional information processing guided by negative self-schemata may be a risk factor for depression. However, few studies have examined whether BSD individuals also show self-referent processing biases. Methods This study examined self-referent information processing differences between 66 individuals with and 58 individuals without a BSD in a young adult sample (age M = 19.65, SD = 1.74; 62% female; 47% Caucasian). Repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted to examine multivariate effects of BSD diagnosis on 4 self-referent processing variables (self-referent judgments, response latency, behavioral predictions, and recall) in response to depression-related and nondepression-related stimuli. Results Bipolar individuals endorsed and recalled more negative and fewer positive self-referent adjectives, as well as made more negative and fewer positive behavioral predictions. Many of these information-processing biases were partially, but not fully, mediated by depressive symptoms. Limitations Our sample was not a clinical or treatment-seeking sample, so we cannot generalize our results to clinical BSD samples. No participants had a bipolar I disorder at baseline. Conclusions This study provides further evidence that individuals with BSDs exhibit a negative self-referent information processing bias. This may mean that those with BSDs have selective attention and recall of negative information about themselves, highlighting the need for attention to cognitive biases in therapy. PMID:24074480
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Nationwide Multicenter Reference Interval Study for 28 Common Biochemical Analytes in China.
Xia, Liangyu; Chen, Ming; Liu, Min; Tao, Zhihua; Li, Shijun; Wang, Liang; Cheng, Xinqi; Qin, Xuzhen; Han, Jianhua; Li, Pengchang; Hou, Li'an; Yu, Songlin; Ichihara, Kiyoshi; Qiu, Ling
2016-03-01
A nationwide multicenter study was conducted in the China to explore sources of variation of reference values and establish reference intervals for 28 common biochemical analytes, as a part of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Committee on Reference Intervals and Decision Limits (IFCC/C-RIDL) global study on reference values. A total of 3148 apparently healthy volunteers were recruited in 6 cities covering a wide area in China. Blood samples were tested in 2 central laboratories using Beckman Coulter AU5800 chemistry analyzers. Certified reference materials and value-assigned serum panel were used for standardization of test results. Multiple regression analysis was performed to explore sources of variation. Need for partition of reference intervals was evaluated based on 3-level nested ANOVA. After secondary exclusion using the latent abnormal values exclusion method, reference intervals were derived by a parametric method using the modified Box-Cox formula. Test results of 20 analytes were made traceable to reference measurement procedures. By the ANOVA, significant sex-related and age-related differences were observed in 12 and 12 analytes, respectively. A small regional difference was observed in the results for albumin, glucose, and sodium. Multiple regression analysis revealed BMI-related changes in results of 9 analytes for man and 6 for woman. Reference intervals of 28 analytes were computed with 17 analytes partitioned by sex and/or age. In conclusion, reference intervals of 28 common chemistry analytes applicable to Chinese Han population were established by use of the latest methodology. Reference intervals of 20 analytes traceable to reference measurement procedures can be used as common reference intervals, whereas others can be used as the assay system-specific reference intervals in China.
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Nationwide Multicenter Reference Interval Study for 28 Common Biochemical Analytes in China
Xia, Liangyu; Chen, Ming; Liu, Min; Tao, Zhihua; Li, Shijun; Wang, Liang; Cheng, Xinqi; Qin, Xuzhen; Han, Jianhua; Li, Pengchang; Hou, Li’an; Yu, Songlin; Ichihara, Kiyoshi; Qiu, Ling
2016-01-01
Abstract A nationwide multicenter study was conducted in the China to explore sources of variation of reference values and establish reference intervals for 28 common biochemical analytes, as a part of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Committee on Reference Intervals and Decision Limits (IFCC/C-RIDL) global study on reference values. A total of 3148 apparently healthy volunteers were recruited in 6 cities covering a wide area in China. Blood samples were tested in 2 central laboratories using Beckman Coulter AU5800 chemistry analyzers. Certified reference materials and value-assigned serum panel were used for standardization of test results. Multiple regression analysis was performed to explore sources of variation. Need for partition of reference intervals was evaluated based on 3-level nested ANOVA. After secondary exclusion using the latent abnormal values exclusion method, reference intervals were derived by a parametric method using the modified Box–Cox formula. Test results of 20 analytes were made traceable to reference measurement procedures. By the ANOVA, significant sex-related and age-related differences were observed in 12 and 12 analytes, respectively. A small regional difference was observed in the results for albumin, glucose, and sodium. Multiple regression analysis revealed BMI-related changes in results of 9 analytes for man and 6 for woman. Reference intervals of 28 analytes were computed with 17 analytes partitioned by sex and/or age. In conclusion, reference intervals of 28 common chemistry analytes applicable to Chinese Han population were established by use of the latest methodology. Reference intervals of 20 analytes traceable to reference measurement procedures can be used as common reference intervals, whereas others can be used as the assay system-specific reference intervals in China. PMID:26945390
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Peer education in the commons: a new approach to reference services.
Neal, Ruth E; Ajamie, Lauren F; Harmon, Karen D; Kellerby, Carissa D; Schweikhard, April J
2010-10-01
In planning for a new library construction project for the University of Oklahoma-Tulsa, graduate students enrolled in the University of Oklahoma (OU) School of Library and Information Studies collaborated in an innovative effort to develop a commons-based reference service. By first considering a philosophical approach to the need for a commons, blending in the experiences of other libraries that have created similar spaces, and focusing on the workflow issues likely to be encountered by the graduate assistants staffing the commons itself, this planning team developed an uncommon peer-to-peer approach to reference and education services, one focused on the patron as student.
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Self-referent information processing in individuals with bipolar spectrum disorders.
Molz Adams, Ashleigh; Shapero, Benjamin G; Pendergast, Laura H; Alloy, Lauren B; Abramson, Lyn Y
2014-01-01
Bipolar spectrum disorders (BSDs) are common and impairing, which has led to an examination of risk factors for their development and maintenance. Historically, research has examined cognitive vulnerabilities to BSDs derived largely from the unipolar depression literature. Specifically, theorists propose that dysfunctional information processing guided by negative self-schemata may be a risk factor for depression. However, few studies have examined whether BSD individuals also show self-referent processing biases. This study examined self-referent information processing differences between 66 individuals with and 58 individuals without a BSD in a young adult sample (age M=19.65, SD=1.74; 62% female; 47% Caucasian). Repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted to examine multivariate effects of BSD diagnosis on 4 self-referent processing variables (self-referent judgments, response latency, behavioral predictions, and recall) in response to depression-related and nondepression-related stimuli. Bipolar individuals endorsed and recalled more negative and fewer positive self-referent adjectives, as well as made more negative and fewer positive behavioral predictions. Many of these information-processing biases were partially, but not fully, mediated by depressive symptoms. Our sample was not a clinical or treatment-seeking sample, so we cannot generalize our results to clinical BSD samples. No participants had a bipolar I disorder at baseline. This study provides further evidence that individuals with BSDs exhibit a negative self-referent information processing bias. This may mean that those with BSDs have selective attention and recall of negative information about themselves, highlighting the need for attention to cognitive biases in therapy. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Common lines modeling for reference free Ab-initio reconstruction in cryo-EM.
Greenberg, Ido; Shkolnisky, Yoel
2017-11-01
We consider the problem of estimating an unbiased and reference-free ab initio model for non-symmetric molecules from images generated by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. The proposed algorithm finds the globally optimal assignment of orientations that simultaneously respects all common lines between all images. The contribution of each common line to the estimated orientations is weighted according to a statistical model for common lines' detection errors. The key property of the proposed algorithm is that it finds the global optimum for the orientations given the common lines. In particular, any local optima in the common lines energy landscape do not affect the proposed algorithm. As a result, it is applicable to thousands of images at once, very robust to noise, completely reference free, and not biased towards any initial model. A byproduct of the algorithm is a set of measures that allow to asses the reliability of the obtained ab initio model. We demonstrate the algorithm using class averages from two experimental data sets, resulting in ab initio models with resolutions of 20Å or better, even from class averages consisting of as few as three raw images per class. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Steinmetz, Josiane; Schiele, Françoise; Gueguen, René; Férard, Georges; Henny, Joseph
2007-01-01
The improvement of the consistency of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity results among different assays after calibration with a common material was estimated. We evaluated if this harmonization could lead to reference limits common to different routine methods. Seven laboratories measured GGT activity using their own routine analytical system both according to the manufacturer's recommendation and after calibration with a multi-enzyme calibrator [value assigned by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) reference procedure]. All samples were re-measured using the IFCC reference procedure. Two groups of subjects were selected in each laboratory: a group of healthy men aged 18-25 years without long-term medication and with alcohol consumption less than 44 g/day and a group of subjects with elevated GGT activity. The day-to-day coefficients of variation were less than 2.9% in each laboratory. The means obtained in the group of healthy subjects without common calibration (range of the means 16-23 U/L) were significantly different from those obtained by the IFCC procedure in five laboratories. After calibration, the means remained significantly different from the IFCC procedure results in only one laboratory. For three calibrated methods, the slope values of linear regression vs. the IFCC procedure were not different from the value 1. The results obtained with these three methods for healthy subjects (n=117) were gathered and reference limits were calculated. These were 11-49 U/L (2.5th-97.5th percentiles). The calibration also improved the consistency of elevated results when compared to the IFCC procedure. The common calibration improved the level of consistency between different routine methods. It permitted to define common reference limits which are quite similar to those proposed by the IFCC. This approach should lead to a real benefit in terms of prevention, screening, diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring and for
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Empirical Learner Language and the Levels of the "Common European Framework of Reference"
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Wisniewski, Katrin
2017-01-01
The "Common European Framework of Reference" (CEFR) is the most widespread reference tool for linking language tests, curricula, and national educational standards to levels of foreign language proficiency in Europe. In spite of this, little is known about how the CEFR levels (A1-C2) relate to empirical learner language(s). This article…
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Review of the Reference Dose and Reference Concentration Processes Document
Summarizes the review and deliberations of the Risk Assessment Forum’s RfD/RfC Technical Panel and its recommendations for improvements in oral referencedose/inhalation reference concentration (RfD/RfC) process.
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Yang, Yunfeng; Zhu, Mengxia; Wu, Liyou; Zhou, Jizhong
2008-09-16
Using genomic DNA as common reference in microarray experiments has recently been tested by different laboratories. Conflicting results have been reported with regard to the reliability of microarray results using this method. To explain it, we hypothesize that data processing is a critical element that impacts the data quality. Microarray experiments were performed in a gamma-proteobacterium Shewanella oneidensis. Pair-wise comparison of three experimental conditions was obtained either with two labeled cDNA samples co-hybridized to the same array, or by employing Shewanella genomic DNA as a standard reference. Various data processing techniques were exploited to reduce the amount of inconsistency between both methods and the results were assessed. We discovered that data quality was significantly improved by imposing the constraint of minimal number of replicates, logarithmic transformation and random error analyses. These findings demonstrate that data processing significantly influences data quality, which provides an explanation for the conflicting evaluation in the literature. This work could serve as a guideline for microarray data analysis using genomic DNA as a standard reference.
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Ozarda, Yesim; Ichihara, Kiyoshi; Barth, Julian H; Klee, George
2013-05-01
The reference intervals (RIs) given in laboratory reports have an important role in aiding clinicians in interpreting test results in reference to values of healthy populations. In this report, we present a proposed protocol and standard operating procedures (SOPs) for common use in conducting multicenter RI studies on a national or international scale. The protocols and consensus on their contents were refined through discussions in recent C-RIDL meetings. The protocol describes in detail (1) the scheme and organization of the study, (2) the target population, inclusion/exclusion criteria, ethnicity, and sample size, (3) health status questionnaire, (4) target analytes, (5) blood collection, (6) sample processing and storage, (7) assays, (8) cross-check testing, (9) ethics, (10) data analyses, and (11) reporting of results. In addition, the protocol proposes the common measurement of a panel of sera when no standard materials exist for harmonization of test results. It also describes the requirements of the central laboratory, including the method of cross-check testing between the central laboratory of each country and local laboratories. This protocol and the SOPs remain largely exploratory and may require a reevaluation from the practical point of view after their implementation in the ongoing worldwide study. The paper is mainly intended to be a basis for discussion in the scientific community.
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Reference Intervals of Common Clinical Chemistry Analytes for Adults in Hong Kong.
Lo, Y C; Armbruster, David A
2012-04-01
Defining reference intervals is a major challenge because of the difficulty in recruiting volunteers to participate and testing samples from a significant number of healthy reference individuals. Historical literature citation intervals are often suboptimal because they're be based on obsolete methods and/or only a small number of poorly defined reference samples. Blood donors in Hong Kong gave permission for additional blood to be collected for reference interval testing. The samples were tested for twenty-five routine analytes on the Abbott ARCHITECT clinical chemistry system. Results were analyzed using the Rhoads EP evaluator software program, which is based on the CLSI/IFCC C28-A guideline, and defines the reference interval as the 95% central range. Method specific reference intervals were established for twenty-five common clinical chemistry analytes for a Chinese ethnic population. The intervals were defined for each gender separately and for genders combined. Gender specific or combined gender intervals were adapted as appropriate for each analyte. A large number of healthy, apparently normal blood donors from a local ethnic population were tested to provide current reference intervals for a new clinical chemistry system. Intervals were determined following an accepted international guideline. Laboratories using the same or similar methodologies may adapt these intervals if deemed validated and deemed suitable for their patient population. Laboratories using different methodologies may be able to successfully adapt the intervals for their facilities using the reference interval transference technique based on a method comparison study.
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Hyltoft Petersen, Per; Lund, Flemming; Fraser, Callum G; Sandberg, Sverre; Sölétormos, György
2018-01-01
Background Many clinical decisions are based on comparison of patient results with reference intervals. Therefore, an estimation of the analytical performance specifications for the quality that would be required to allow sharing common reference intervals is needed. The International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) recommended a minimum of 120 reference individuals to establish reference intervals. This number implies a certain level of quality, which could then be used for defining analytical performance specifications as the maximum combination of analytical bias and imprecision required for sharing common reference intervals, the aim of this investigation. Methods Two methods were investigated for defining the maximum combination of analytical bias and imprecision that would give the same quality of common reference intervals as the IFCC recommendation. Method 1 is based on a formula for the combination of analytical bias and imprecision and Method 2 is based on the Microsoft Excel formula NORMINV including the fractional probability of reference individuals outside each limit and the Gaussian variables of mean and standard deviation. The combinations of normalized bias and imprecision are illustrated for both methods. The formulae are identical for Gaussian and log-Gaussian distributions. Results Method 2 gives the correct results with a constant percentage of 4.4% for all combinations of bias and imprecision. Conclusion The Microsoft Excel formula NORMINV is useful for the estimation of analytical performance specifications for both Gaussian and log-Gaussian distributions of reference intervals.
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The Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) in Canada: A Research Agenda
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Arnott, Stephanie; Brogden, Lace Marie; Faez, Farahnaz; Péguret, Muriel; Piccardo, Enrica; Rehner, Katherine; Taylor, Shelley K.; Wernicke, Meike
2017-01-01
This article proposes a research agenda for future inquiry into the use of the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) in the plurilingual Canadian context. Drawing on data collected from a research forum hosted by the Canadian Association of Second Language Teachers in 2014, as well as a detailed analysis of Canadian empirical studies and…
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Flegar-Meštrić, Zlata; Perkov, Sonja; Radeljak, Andrea
2016-03-26
Considering the fact that the results of laboratory tests provide useful information about the state of health of patients, determination of reference value is considered an intrinsic part in the development of laboratory medicine. There are still huge differences in the analytical methods used as well as in the associated reference intervals which could consequently significantly affect the proper assessment of patient health. In a constant effort to increase the quality of patients' care, there are numerous international initiatives for standardization and/or harmonization of laboratory diagnostics in order to achieve maximum comparability of laboratory test results and improve patient safety. Through the standardization and harmonization processes of analytical methods the ability to create unique reference intervals is achieved. Such reference intervals could be applied globally in all laboratories using methods traceable to the same reference measuring system and analysing the biological samples from the populations with similar socio-demographic and ethnic characteristics. In this review we outlined the results of the harmonization processes in Croatia in the field of population based reference intervals for clinically relevant blood and serum constituents which are in accordance with ongoing activity for worldwide standardization and harmonization based on traceability in laboratory medicine.
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Interdisciplinary Common Ground: Techniques and Attentional Processes
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Arvidson, P. Sven
2014-01-01
Common ground in the interdisciplinary research process is the pivot from disciplinary to interdisciplinary perspective. As thinking moves from disciplinary to interdisciplinary, what is the shape or structure of attention, how does intellectual content transform in the attending process? Four common ground techniques--extension, redefinition,…
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No evidence for common processes of cognitive control and self-control.
Scherbaum, Stefan; Frisch, Simon; Holfert, Anna-Maria; O'Hora, Denis; Dshemuchadse, Maja
2018-01-01
Cognitive control and self-control are often used as interchangeable terms. Both terms refer to the ability to pursue long-term goals, but the types of controlled behavior that are typically associated with these terms differ, at least superficially. Cognitive control is observed in the control of attention and the overcoming of habitual responses, while self-control is observed in resistance to short-term impulses and temptations. Evidence from clinical studies and neuroimaging studies suggests that below these superficial differences, common control process (e.g., inhibition) might guide both types of controlled behavior. Here, we study this hypothesis in a behavioral experiment, which interlaced trials of a Simon task with trials of an intertemporal decision task. If cognitive control and self-control depend on a common control process, we expected conflict adaptation from Simon task trials to lead to increased self-control in the intertemporal decision trials. However, despite successful manipulations of conflict and conflict adaptation, we found no evidence for this hypothesis. We investigate a number of alternative explanations of this result and conclude that the differences between cognitive control and self-control are not superficial, but rather reflect differences at the process level. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Flegar-Meštrić, Zlata; Perkov, Sonja; Radeljak, Andrea
2016-01-01
Considering the fact that the results of laboratory tests provide useful information about the state of health of patients, determination of reference value is considered an intrinsic part in the development of laboratory medicine. There are still huge differences in the analytical methods used as well as in the associated reference intervals which could consequently significantly affect the proper assessment of patient health. In a constant effort to increase the quality of patients’ care, there are numerous international initiatives for standardization and/or harmonization of laboratory diagnostics in order to achieve maximum comparability of laboratory test results and improve patient safety. Through the standardization and harmonization processes of analytical methods the ability to create unique reference intervals is achieved. Such reference intervals could be applied globally in all laboratories using methods traceable to the same reference measuring system and analysing the biological samples from the populations with similar socio-demographic and ethnic characteristics. In this review we outlined the results of the harmonization processes in Croatia in the field of population based reference intervals for clinically relevant blood and serum constituents which are in accordance with ongoing activity for worldwide standardization and harmonization based on traceability in laboratory medicine. PMID:27019800
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The Reference Process and the Philosophy of Karl Popper.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Neill, S. D.
1985-01-01
Two aspects of Karl Popper's philosophy are applied to reference process: process is viewed as series of problem-solving situations amenable to analysis using Popper's problem-solving schema. Reference interview is analyzed in context of Popper's postulate that books contain autonomous world of ideas existing apart from mind of knower. (30…
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40 CFR 63.1322 - Batch process vents-reference control technology.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Batch process vents-reference control technology. 63.1322 Section 63.1322 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR... Batch process vents—reference control technology. (a) Batch process vents. The owner or operator of a...
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40 CFR 63.1322 - Batch process vents-reference control technology.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 12 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Batch process vents-reference control... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions: Group IV Polymers and Resins § 63.1322 Batch process vents—reference control technology. (a) Batch process vents. The owner or...
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40 CFR 63.1322 - Batch process vents-reference control technology.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 12 2012-07-01 2011-07-01 true Batch process vents-reference control technology. 63.1322 Section 63.1322 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR... Batch process vents—reference control technology. (a) Batch process vents. The owner or operator of a...
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40 CFR 63.1322 - Batch process vents-reference control technology.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 12 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Batch process vents-reference control technology. 63.1322 Section 63.1322 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR... § 63.1322 Batch process vents—reference control technology. (a) Batch process vents. The owner or...
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40 CFR 63.1322 - Batch process vents-reference control technology.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Batch process vents-reference control technology. 63.1322 Section 63.1322 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR... Batch process vents—reference control technology. (a) Batch process vents. The owner or operator of a...
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Transport equations of electrodiffusion processes in the laboratory reference frame.
Garrido, Javier
2006-02-23
The transport equations of electrodiffusion processes use three reference frames for defining the fluxes: Fick's reference in diffusion, solvent-fixed reference in transference numbers, and laboratory fluxes in electric conductivity. The convenience of using only one reference frame is analyzed here from the point of view of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. A relation between the fluxes of ions and solvent and the electric current density is deduced first from a mass and volume balance. This is then used to show that (i) the laboratory and Fick's diffusion coefficients are identical and (ii) the transference numbers of both the solvent and the ion in the laboratory reference frame are related. Finally, four experimental methods for the measurement of ion transference numbers are analyzed critically. New expressions for evaluating transference numbers for the moving boundary method and the chronopotentiometry technique are deduced. It is concluded that the ion transport equation in the laboratory reference frame plays a key role in the description of electrodiffusion processes.
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Huang, Huali; Cheng, Fang; Wang, Ruoan; Zhang, Dabing; Yang, Litao
2013-01-01
Proper selection of endogenous reference genes and their real-time PCR assays is quite important in genetically modified organisms (GMOs) detection. To find a suitable endogenous reference gene and its real-time PCR assay for common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) DNA content or copy number quantification, four previously reported wheat endogenous reference genes and their real-time PCR assays were comprehensively evaluated for the target gene sequence variation and their real-time PCR performance among 37 common wheat lines. Three SNPs were observed in the PKABA1 and ALMT1 genes, and these SNPs significantly decreased the efficiency of real-time PCR amplification. GeNorm analysis of the real-time PCR performance of each gene among common wheat lines showed that the Waxy-D1 assay had the lowest M values with the best stability among all tested lines. All results indicated that the Waxy-D1 gene and its real-time PCR assay were most suitable to be used as an endogenous reference gene for common wheat DNA content quantification. The validated Waxy-D1 gene assay will be useful in establishing accurate and creditable qualitative and quantitative PCR analysis of GM wheat.
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Huang, Huali; Cheng, Fang; Wang, Ruoan; Zhang, Dabing; Yang, Litao
2013-01-01
Proper selection of endogenous reference genes and their real-time PCR assays is quite important in genetically modified organisms (GMOs) detection. To find a suitable endogenous reference gene and its real-time PCR assay for common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) DNA content or copy number quantification, four previously reported wheat endogenous reference genes and their real-time PCR assays were comprehensively evaluated for the target gene sequence variation and their real-time PCR performance among 37 common wheat lines. Three SNPs were observed in the PKABA1 and ALMT1 genes, and these SNPs significantly decreased the efficiency of real-time PCR amplification. GeNorm analysis of the real-time PCR performance of each gene among common wheat lines showed that the Waxy-D1 assay had the lowest M values with the best stability among all tested lines. All results indicated that the Waxy-D1 gene and its real-time PCR assay were most suitable to be used as an endogenous reference gene for common wheat DNA content quantification. The validated Waxy-D1 gene assay will be useful in establishing accurate and creditable qualitative and quantitative PCR analysis of GM wheat. PMID:24098735
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Barenfanger, Olaf; Tschirner, Erwin
2008-01-01
The major goal of the Council of Europe to promote and facilitate communication and interaction among Europeans of different mother tongues has led to the development of the "Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment" (CEFR). Among other things, the CEFR is intended to help language…
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40 CFR 63.113 - Process vent provisions-reference control technology.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Process vent provisions-reference control technology. 63.113 Section 63.113 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... § 63.113 Process vent provisions—reference control technology. (a) The owner or operator of a Group 1...
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40 CFR 63.113 - Process vent provisions-reference control technology.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Process vent provisions-reference control technology. 63.113 Section 63.113 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... § 63.113 Process vent provisions—reference control technology. (a) The owner or operator of a Group 1...
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40 CFR 63.113 - Process vent provisions-reference control technology.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Process vent provisions-reference control technology. 63.113 Section 63.113 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... § 63.113 Process vent provisions—reference control technology. (a) The owner or operator of a Group 1...
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40 CFR 63.113 - Process vent provisions-reference control technology.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 9 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Process vent provisions-reference control technology. 63.113 Section 63.113 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... § 63.113 Process vent provisions—reference control technology. (a) The owner or operator of a Group 1...
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40 CFR 63.113 - Process vent provisions-reference control technology.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Process vent provisions-reference control technology. 63.113 Section 63.113 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... § 63.113 Process vent provisions—reference control technology. (a) The owner or operator of a Group 1...
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Specific Immunoglobulin (Ig) G Reference Intervals for Common Food, Insect, and Mold Allergens.
Martins, Thomas B; Bandhauer, Michael E; Wilcock, Diane M; Hill, Harry R; Slev, Patricia R
2016-12-01
The clinical utility of serum IgG measurement in the diagnosis of allergy and food-induced hypersensitivity has been largely discredited. Recent studies, however, have shown that specific IgG can inhibit IgE mediated allergies, and may play a role in allergen specific desensitization. Accurate reference intervals for IgG specific allergens have not been widely established and are needed for better interpretation of serum antibody concentrations. In this study we established 64 IgG reference intervals for 48 common food allergens, 5 venoms, and 11 molds. Specific IgG concentrations were determined employing an automated fluorescent enzyme immunoassay on serum samples from 130 normal adults (65 males and 65 females), age range 18-69 y, mean 37.3 y. The lower reference interval limit for all allergens tested (n=64) was <2 mcg/mL. The median upper reference interval value for all 64 allergens was 12.9 mcg/mL, with Tuna (f40) having the lowest upper interval limit at 3.8 mcg/mL, and the mold Setomelanomma rostrate (m8) demonstrating the highest upper interval limit at 131 mcg/L. The considerable variation observed among the upper reference interval limits emphasizes the need for the establishment of allergen specific ranges for IgG. These newly established ranges should be a useful aid for clinicians in the interpretation of laboratory serum IgG results. © 2016 by the Association of Clinical Scientists, Inc.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hutton, J. J.; Gopaul, N.; Zhang, X.; Wang, J.; Menon, V.; Rieck, D.; Kipka, A.; Pastor, F.
2016-06-01
For almost two decades mobile mapping systems have done their georeferencing using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) to measure position and inertial sensors to measure orientation. In order to achieve cm level position accuracy, a technique referred to as post-processed carrier phase differential GNSS (DGNSS) is used. For this technique to be effective the maximum distance to a single Reference Station should be no more than 20 km, and when using a network of Reference Stations the distance to the nearest station should no more than about 70 km. This need to set up local Reference Stations limits productivity and increases costs, especially when mapping large areas or long linear features such as roads or pipelines. An alternative technique to DGNSS for high-accuracy positioning from GNSS is the so-called Precise Point Positioning or PPP method. In this case instead of differencing the rover observables with the Reference Station observables to cancel out common errors, an advanced model for every aspect of the GNSS error chain is developed and parameterized to within an accuracy of a few cm. The Trimble Centerpoint RTX positioning solution combines the methodology of PPP with advanced ambiguity resolution technology to produce cm level accuracies without the need for local reference stations. It achieves this through a global deployment of highly redundant monitoring stations that are connected through the internet and are used to determine the precise satellite data with maximum accuracy, robustness, continuity and reliability, along with advance algorithms and receiver and antenna calibrations. This paper presents a new post-processed realization of the Trimble Centerpoint RTX technology integrated into the Applanix POSPac MMS GNSS-Aided Inertial software for mobile mapping. Real-world results from over 100 airborne flights evaluated against a DGNSS network reference are presented which show that the post-processed Centerpoint RTX solution agrees with
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ISLE (Image and Signal Processing LISP Environment) reference manual
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Sherwood, R.J.; Searfus, R.M.
1990-01-01
ISLE is a rapid prototyping system for performing image and signal processing. It is designed to meet the needs of a person doing development of image and signal processing algorithms in a research environment. The image and signal processing modules in ISLE form a very capable package in themselves. They also provide a rich environment for quickly and easily integrating user-written software modules into the package. ISLE is well suited to applications in which there is a need to develop a processing algorithm in an interactive manner. It is straightforward to develop the algorithms, load it into ISLE, apply themore » algorithm to an image or signal, display the results, then modify the algorithm and repeat the develop-load-apply-display cycle. ISLE consists of a collection of image and signal processing modules integrated into a cohesive package through a standard command interpreter. ISLE developer elected to concentrate their effort on developing image and signal processing software rather than developing a command interpreter. A COMMON LISP interpreter was selected for the command interpreter because it already has the features desired in a command interpreter, it supports dynamic loading of modules for customization purposes, it supports run-time parameter and argument type checking, it is very well documented, and it is a commercially supported product. This manual is intended to be a reference manual for the ISLE functions The functions are grouped into a number of categories and briefly discussed in the Function Summary chapter. The full descriptions of the functions and all their arguments are given in the Function Descriptions chapter. 6 refs.« less
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Circular common-path point diffraction interferometer.
Du, Yongzhao; Feng, Guoying; Li, Hongru; Vargas, J; Zhou, Shouhuan
2012-10-01
A simple and compact point-diffraction interferometer with circular common-path geometry configuration is developed. The interferometer is constructed by a beam-splitter, two reflection mirrors, and a telescope system composed by two lenses. The signal and reference waves travel along the same path. Furthermore, an opaque mask containing a reference pinhole and a test object holder or test window is positioned in the common focal plane of the telescope system. The object wave is divided into two beams that take opposite paths along the interferometer. The reference wave is filtered by the reference pinhole, while the signal wave is transmitted through the object holder. The reference and signal waves are combined again in the beam-splitter and their interference is imaged in the CCD. The new design is compact, vibration insensitive, and suitable for the measurement of moving objects or dynamic processes.
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Common Processes in Evidence-Based Adolescent HIV Prevention Programs
Ingram, Barbara L.; Flannery, Diane; Elkavich, Amy
2014-01-01
Dissemination of evidence-based HIV prevention programs for adolescents will be increased if community interventionists are able to distinguish core, essential program elements from optional, discretionary ones. We selected five successful adolescent HIV prevention programs, used a qualitative coding method to identify common processes described in the procedural manuals, and then compared the programs. Nineteen common processes were categorized as structural features, group management strategies, competence building, and addressing developmental challenges of adolescence. All programs shared the same structural features (goal-setting and session agendas), used an active engagement style of group management, and built cognitive competence. Programs varied in attention to developmental challenges, emphasis on behavioral and emotional competence, and group management methods. This qualitative analysis demonstrated that successful HIV programs contain processes not articulated in their developers’ theoretical models. By moving from the concrete specifics of branded interventions to identification of core, common processes, we are consistent with the progress of “common factors” research in psychotherapy. PMID:18330687
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Memory and Common Ground Processes in Language Use
Brown-Schmidt, Sarah; Duff, Melissa C.
2018-01-01
During communication, we form assumptions about what our communication partners know and believe. Information that is mutually known between the discourse partners—their common ground—serves as a backdrop for successful communication. Here we present an introduction to the focus of this topic, which is the role of memory in common ground and language use. Two types of questions emerge as central to understanding the relationship between memory and common ground, specifically questions having to do with the representation of common ground in memory, and the use of common ground during language processing. PMID:27797165
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40 CFR 63.487 - Batch front-end process vents-reference control technology.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... § 63.487 Batch front-end process vents—reference control technology. (a) Batch front-end process vents... 40 Protection of Environment 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Batch front-end process vents-reference control technology. 63.487 Section 63.487 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY...
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Memory and Common Ground Processes in Language Use.
Brown-Schmidt, Sarah; Duff, Melissa C
2016-10-01
During communication, we form assumptions about what our communication partners know and believe. Information that is mutually known between the discourse partners-their common ground-serves as a backdrop for successful communication. Here we present an introduction to the focus of this topic, which is the role of memory in common ground and language use. Two types of questions emerge as central to understanding the relationship between memory and common ground, specifically questions having to do with the representation of common ground in memory, and the use of common ground during language processing. Copyright © 2016 Cognitive Science Society, Inc.
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Venturelli, Gustavo L; Brod, Fábio C A; Rossi, Gabriela B; Zimmermann, Naíra F; Oliveira, Jaison P; Faria, Josias C; Arisi, Ana C M
2014-11-01
The Embrapa 5.1 genetically modified (GM) common bean was approved for commercialization in Brazil. Methods for the quantification of this new genetically modified organism (GMO) are necessary. The development of a suitable endogenous reference is essential for GMO quantification by real-time PCR. Based on this, a new taxon-specific endogenous reference quantification assay was developed for Phaseolus vulgaris L. Three genes encoding common bean proteins (phaseolin, arcelin, and lectin) were selected as candidates for endogenous reference. Primers targeting these candidate genes were designed and the detection was evaluated using the SYBR Green chemistry. The assay targeting lectin gene showed higher specificity than the remaining assays, and a hydrolysis probe was then designed. This assay showed high specificity for 50 common bean samples from two gene pools, Andean and Mesoamerican. For GM common bean varieties, the results were similar to those obtained for non-GM isogenic varieties with PCR efficiency values ranging from 92 to 101 %. Moreover, this assay presented a limit of detection of ten haploid genome copies. The primers and probe developed in this work are suitable to detect and quantify either GM or non-GM common bean.
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Friend Wise, Alyssa; Padmanabhan, Poornima; Duffy, Thomas M.
2009-01-01
This mixed-methods study probed the effectiveness of three kinds of objects (video, theory, metaphor) as common reference points for conversations between online learners (student teachers). Individuals' degree of detail-focus was examined as a potentially interacting covariate and the outcome measure was learners' level of tacit knowledge related…
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Normand-Marconnet, Nadine; Lo Bianco, Joseph
2015-01-01
Today, the "Common European Framework of Reference for Languages" (CEFR; Council of Europe 2001) is widely recognised as emblematic of globalization in education, both in the realms of policy and in educational practice (Byram et al. 2012a). In Europe the CEFR is regularly cited as a reference point for curriculum planning, and is often…
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40 CFR 63.487 - Batch front-end process vents-reference control technology.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
...-reference control technology. 63.487 Section 63.487 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions: Group I Polymers and Resins § 63.487 Batch front-end process vents—reference control technology. (a) Batch front-end process...
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40 CFR 63.487 - Batch front-end process vents-reference control technology.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
...-reference control technology. 63.487 Section 63.487 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions: Group I Polymers and Resins § 63.487 Batch front-end process vents—reference control technology. (a) Batch front-end process...
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40 CFR 63.487 - Batch front-end process vents-reference control technology.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
...-reference control technology. 63.487 Section 63.487 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... SOURCE CATEGORIES National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions: Group I Polymers and Resins § 63.487 Batch front-end process vents—reference control technology. (a) Batch front-end process...
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Building a Reference Resolution System Using Human Language Processing for Inspiration
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Watters, Shana Kay
2010-01-01
For over 30 years, reference resolution, the process of determining what a noun phrase including a pronoun refers to in written and spoken language, has been an important and on-going area of research. Most existing pronominal reference resolution algorithms and systems are designed to use syntactic information and surface features (e.g. number…
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An endogenous reference gene of common and durum wheat for detection of genetically modified wheat.
Imai, Shinjiro; Tanaka, Keiko; Nishitsuji, Yasuyuki; Kikuchi, Yosuke; Matsuoka, Yasuyuki; Arami, Shin-Ichiro; Sato, Megumi; Haraguchi, Hiroyuki; Kurimoto, Youichi; Mano, Junichi; Furui, Satoshi; Kitta, Kazumi
2012-01-01
To develop a method for detecting GM wheat that may be marketed in the near future, we evaluated the proline-rich protein (PRP) gene as an endogenous reference gene of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum durum L.). Real-time PCR analysis showed that only DNA of wheat was amplified and no amplification product was observed for phylogenetically related cereals, indicating that the PRP detection system is specific to wheat. The intensities of the amplification products and Ct values among all wheat samples used in this study were very similar, with no nonspecific or additional amplification, indicating that the PRP detection system has high sequence stability. The limit of detection was estimated at 5 haploid genome copies. The PRP region was demonstrated to be present as a single or double copy in the common wheat haploid genome. Furthermore, the PRP detection system showed a highly linear relationship between Ct values and the amount of plasmid DNA, indicating that an appropriate calibration curve could be constructed for quantitative detection of GM wheat. All these results indicate that the PRP gene is a suitable endogenous reference gene for PCR-based detection of GM wheat.
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Process-based reference conditions: An alternative approach for managed river systems
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Grams, P.; Melis, T.; Wright, S.; Schmidt, J.; Topping, D.
2008-12-01
Physical reference conditions, whether based on historic information or the condition of nearby less impaired systems, provide necessary information that contributes to an assessment of stream condition and the nature of channel transformation. In many cases, however, the utility of this traditional 'reference' approach may end at the assessment stage and not be applicable to establishing and implementing restoration goals. Ongoing impacts such as continued existence of an upstream dam or the persistence of invasive vegetation may render restoration based on a physical reference infeasible. In these circumstances, an alternative approach is to identify and describe reference processes in place of physical reference conditions. This is the case for the Colorado River where large dams, a commitment to hydropower production, and legal mandates for regional distribution and off- channel consumption of water greatly reduce the relevance of historical conditions in setting goals for rehabilitation. In this setting, two strategies are available for setting reference conditions. One is maintenance of post-dam sediment mass balance, which attempts to ensure that the channel does not continue to degrade or aggrade and that riverine habitats do not continue to diverge from their historical condition. Post- dam sediment mass balance can be quantified at a reconnaissance or project scale. The second strategy is to define key processes that maintain the native ecosystem. These processes may, or may not, be consistent with maintenance of sediment mass balance, but they may be key to rejuvenation of spawning and rearing habitats, maintenance of historical ranges of temperature and turbidity, maintenance of a sustainable food base for the native aquatic community, or maintaining other riverine resources. Both strategies require careful monitoring of processes (e.g. sediment flux), which may add considerably to the cost and complexity of a monitoring program. An additional challenge
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Bruton, Anthony
2005-01-01
Process writing and communicative-task-based instruction both assume productive tasks that prompt self-expression to motivate students and as the principal engine for developing L2 proficiency in the language classroom. Besides this, process writing and communicative-task-based instruction have much else in common, despite some obvious…
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Cross-reference identification within a PDF document
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Li, Sida; Gao, Liangcai; Tang, Zhi; Yu, Yinyan
2015-01-01
Cross-references, such like footnotes, endnotes, figure/table captions, references, are a common and useful type of page elements to further explain their corresponding entities in the target document. In this paper, we focus on cross-reference identification in a PDF document, and present a robust method as a case study of identifying footnotes and figure references. The proposed method first extracts footnotes and figure captions, and then matches them with their corresponding references within a document. A number of novel features within a PDF document, i.e., page layout, font information, lexical and linguistic features of cross-references, are utilized for the task. Clustering is adopted to handle the features that are stable in one document but varied in different kinds of documents so that the process of identification is adaptive with document types. In addition, this method leverages results from the matching process to provide feedback to the identification process and further improve the algorithm accuracy. The primary experiments in real document sets show that the proposed method is promising to identify cross-reference in a PDF document.
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Martyniuk, Waldemar
2012-01-01
The Council of Europe's "Common European Framework of Reference for Languages" is rapidly becoming a powerful instrument for shaping language education policies in Europe and beyond. The task of relating language policies, language curricula, teacher education and training, textbook and course design and content, examinations and…
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2010-01-01
Background The development of DNA microarrays has facilitated the generation of hundreds of thousands of transcriptomic datasets. The use of a common reference microarray design allows existing transcriptomic data to be readily compared and re-analysed in the light of new data, and the combination of this design with large datasets is ideal for 'systems'-level analyses. One issue is that these datasets are typically collected over many years and may be heterogeneous in nature, containing different microarray file formats and gene array layouts, dye-swaps, and showing varying scales of log2- ratios of expression between microarrays. Excellent software exists for the normalisation and analysis of microarray data but many data have yet to be analysed as existing methods struggle with heterogeneous datasets; options include normalising microarrays on an individual or experimental group basis. Our solution was to develop the Batch Anti-Banana Algorithm in R (BABAR) algorithm and software package which uses cyclic loess to normalise across the complete dataset. We have already used BABAR to analyse the function of Salmonella genes involved in the process of infection of mammalian cells. Results The only input required by BABAR is unprocessed GenePix or BlueFuse microarray data files. BABAR provides a combination of 'within' and 'between' microarray normalisation steps and diagnostic boxplots. When applied to a real heterogeneous dataset, BABAR normalised the dataset to produce a comparable scaling between the microarrays, with the microarray data in excellent agreement with RT-PCR analysis. When applied to a real non-heterogeneous dataset and a simulated dataset, BABAR's performance in identifying differentially expressed genes showed some benefits over standard techniques. Conclusions BABAR is an easy-to-use software tool, simplifying the simultaneous normalisation of heterogeneous two-colour common reference design cDNA microarray-based transcriptomic datasets. We show
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Lightning attachment process to common buildings
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Saba, M. M. F.; Paiva, A. R.; Schumann, C.; Ferro, M. A. S.; Naccarato, K. P.; Silva, J. C. O.; Siqueira, F. V. C.; Custódio, D. M.
2017-05-01
The physical mechanism of lightning attachment to grounded structures is one of the most important issues in lightning physics research, and it is the basis for the design of the lightning protection systems. Most of what is known about the attachment process comes from leader propagation models that are mostly based on laboratory observations of long electrical discharges or from observations of lightning attachment to tall structures. In this paper we use high-speed videos to analyze the attachment process of downward lightning flashes to an ordinary residential building. For the first time, we present characteristics of the attachment process to common structures that are present in almost every city (in this case, two buildings under 60 m in São Paulo City, Brazil). Parameters like striking distance and connecting leaders speed, largely used in lightning attachment models and in lightning protection standards, are revealed in this work.
Plain Language SummarySince the time of Benjamin Franklin, no one has ever recorded high-speed video images of a lightning connection to a <span class="hlt">common</span> building. It is very difficult to do it. Cameras need to be very close to the structure chosen to be observed, and long observation time is required to register one lightning strike to that particular structure. Models and theories used to determine the zone of protection of a lightning rod have been developed, but they all suffer from the lack of field data. The submitted manuscript provides results from high-speed video observations of lightning attachment to low buildings that are <span class="hlt">commonly</span> found in almost every populated area around the world. The proximity of the camera and the high frame rate allowed us to see interesting details that will improve the understanding of the attachment <span class="hlt">process</span> and, consequently, the models and theories used by lightning protection standards. This paper also presents spectacular images and videos of</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8057811','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8057811"><span>Automated <span class="hlt">processing</span> for proton spectroscopic imaging using water <span class="hlt">reference</span> deconvolution.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Maudsley, A A; Wu, Z; Meyerhoff, D J; Weiner, M W</p> <p>1994-06-01</p> <p>Automated formation of MR spectroscopic images (MRSI) is necessary before routine application of these methods is possible for in vivo studies; however, this task is complicated by the presence of spatially dependent instrumental distortions and the complex nature of the MR spectrum. A data <span class="hlt">processing</span> method is presented for completely automated formation of in vivo proton spectroscopic images, and applied for analysis of human brain metabolites. This procedure uses the water <span class="hlt">reference</span> deconvolution method (G. A. Morris, J. Magn. Reson. 80, 547(1988)) to correct for line shape distortions caused by instrumental and sample characteristics, followed by parametric spectral analysis. Results for automated image formation were found to compare favorably with operator dependent spectral integration methods. While the water <span class="hlt">reference</span> deconvolution <span class="hlt">processing</span> was found to provide good correction of spatially dependent resonance frequency shifts, it was found to be susceptible to errors for correction of line shape distortions. These occur due to differences between the water <span class="hlt">reference</span> and the metabolite distributions.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_3 --> <div id="page_4" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="61"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27312352','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27312352"><span><span class="hlt">Commonly</span> used <span class="hlt">reference</span> values underestimate oxygen uptake in healthy, 50-year-old Swedish women.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Genberg, M; Andrén, B; Lind, L; Hedenström, H; Malinovschi, A</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is the gold standard among clinical exercise tests. It combines a conventional stress test with measurement of oxygen uptake (V O 2 ) and CO 2 production. No validated Swedish <span class="hlt">reference</span> values exist, and <span class="hlt">reference</span> values in women are generally understudied. Moreover, the importance of achieved respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and the significance of breathing reserve (BR) at peak exercise in healthy individuals are poorly understood. We compared V O 2 at maximal load (peakV O 2 ) and anaerobic threshold (V O 2@ AT ) in healthy Swedish individuals with <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used <span class="hlt">reference</span> values, taking gender into account. Further, we analysed maximal workload and peakV O 2 with regard to peak RER and BR. In all, 181 healthy, 50-year-old individuals (91 women) performed CPET. PeakV O 2 was best predicted using Jones et al. (100·5%), while SHIP <span class="hlt">reference</span> values underestimated peakV O 2 most: 112·5%. Furthermore, underestimation of peakV O 2 in women was found for all studied <span class="hlt">reference</span> values (P<0·001) and was largest for SHIP: women had 128% of predicted peakV O 2 , while men had 104%. PeakV O 2 was similar in subjects with peak RER of 1-1·1 and RER > 1·1 (2 328·7 versus 2 176·7 ml min -1 , P = 0·11). Lower BR (≤30%) related to significantly higher peakV O 2 (P<0·001). In conclusion, peakV O 2 was best predicted by Jones. All studied <span class="hlt">reference</span> values underestimated oxygen uptake in women. No evidence for demanding RER > 1·1 in healthy individuals was found. A lowered BR is probably a normal response to higher workloads in healthy individuals. © 2016 Scandinavian Society of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Standardization+AND+processes&pg=7&id=EJ739062','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Standardization+AND+processes&pg=7&id=EJ739062"><span>Practised Intelligence Testing Based on a Modern Test Conceptualization and Its <span class="hlt">Reference</span> to the <span class="hlt">Common</span> Intelligence Theories</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Kubinger, Klaus D.; Litzenberger, Margarete; Mrakotsky, Christine</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>The question is to what extent intelligence test-batteries prove any kind of empirical <span class="hlt">reference</span> to <span class="hlt">common</span> intelligence theories. Of particular interest are conceptualized tests that are of a high psychometric standard--those that fit the Rasch model--and hence are not exposed to fundamental critique. As individualized testing, i.e., a…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=encyclopedia+AND+evaluation&pg=7&id=ED386216','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=encyclopedia+AND+evaluation&pg=7&id=ED386216"><span><span class="hlt">Reference</span> and Information Services: An Introduction. Second Edition. Library Science Text Series.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Bopp, Richard E., Ed.; Smith, Linda C., Ed.</p> <p></p> <p>This document provides an overview of the concepts and <span class="hlt">processes</span> behind <span class="hlt">reference</span> services and the most important sources consulted in answering <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">reference</span> questions. The book is divided into two parts. Part 1 deals with concepts and theory. It covers ethical aspects of <span class="hlt">reference</span> service, the <span class="hlt">reference</span> interview, the principles and goals of…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25399516','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25399516"><span>Serum chemistry <span class="hlt">reference</span> values for the <span class="hlt">common</span> genet (Genetta genetta): variations associated with Leishmania infantum infection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Millán, Javier; Chirife, Andrea D; Altet, Laura</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>The role of wildlife in the epidemiology of leishmaniosis in under debate, and determining whether infection with Leishmania infantum causes illness in wild carnivores is important to determine its potential role as a reservoir. To provide for the first time serum biochemistry <span class="hlt">reference</span> values for the <span class="hlt">common</span> genet (Genetta genetta), and to determine variations associated with L. infantum infection. Twenty-five serum biochemistry parameters were determined in 22 wild-caught genets. Blood samples were analyzed for L. infantum DNA by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two female genets were positive for L. infantum DNA but did not show any external clinical sign upon physical examination. Among other variations in the biochemistry values of these genets, one presented a higher concentration of gamma-globulins and cholesterol, whereas the other genet presented increased creatinine, bilirubin, and chloride levels when compared to uninfected females. Sex-related differences in some parameters were also reported. Infection with L. infantum may sometimes be accompanied by abnormal serum biochemistry in wild carnivores. Clinical disease may occur in L. infantum-infected wild carnivores. This has implications in the epidemiology of leishmaniosis. In addition, the data provided here would also be useful as <span class="hlt">reference</span> values for researchers or rehabilitators working with the <span class="hlt">common</span> genet.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Nga&id=EJ864113','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Nga&id=EJ864113"><span>Openness of <span class="hlt">Common</span>-Standards <span class="hlt">Process</span> at Issue</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Cavanagh, Sean</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>As the most concerted venture to craft <span class="hlt">common</span> academic standards in more than a decade rolls forward, the <span class="hlt">process</span> has drawn criticism from those who say too much of the nitty-gritty work is taking place behind closed doors. The organizations leading the effort--the National Governors Association (NGA) and the Council of Chief State School Officers…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009IEITC..92.1669T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009IEITC..92.1669T"><span>Comparisons between <span class="hlt">Common</span> and Dedicated <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Signals for MIMO Multiplexing Using Precoding in Evolved UTRA Downlink</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Taoka, Hidekazu; Kishiyama, Yoshihisa; Higuchi, Kenichi; Sawahashi, Mamoru</p> <p></p> <p>This paper presents comparisons between <span class="hlt">common</span> and dedicated <span class="hlt">reference</span> signals (RSs) for channel estimation in MIMO multiplexing using codebook-based precoding for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) radio access in the Evolved UTRA downlink with frequency division duplexing (FDD). We clarify the best RS structure for precoding-based MIMO multiplexing based on comparisons of the structures in terms of the achievable throughput taking into account the overhead of the <span class="hlt">common</span> and dedicated RSs and the precoding matrix indication (PMI) signal. Based on extensive simulations on the throughput in 2-by-2 and 4-by-4 MIMO multiplexing with precoding, we clarify that channel estimation based on <span class="hlt">common</span> RSs multiplied with the precoding matrix indicated by the PMI signal achieves higher throughput compared to that using dedicated RSs irrespective of the number of spatial multiplexing streams when the number of available precoding matrices, i.e., the codebook size, is less than approximately 16 and 32 for 2-by-2 and 4-by-4 MIMO multiplexing, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29236822','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29236822"><span>The relative frequency of <span class="hlt">common</span> neuromuscular diagnoses in a <span class="hlt">reference</span> center.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cotta, Ana; Paim, Júlia Filardi; Carvalho, Elmano; da-Cunha-Júnior, Antonio Lopes; Navarro, Monica M; Valicek, Jaquelin; Menezes, Miriam Melo; Nunes, Simone Vilela; Xavier-Neto, Rafael; Baptista, Sidney; Lima, Luciano Romero; Takata, Reinaldo Issao; Vargas, Antonio Pedro</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>The diagnostic procedure in neuromuscular patients is complex. Knowledge of the relative frequency of neuromuscular diseases within the investigated population is important to allow the neurologist to perform the most appropriate diagnostic tests. To report the relative frequency of <span class="hlt">common</span> neuromuscular diagnoses in a <span class="hlt">reference</span> center. A 17-year chart review of patients with suspicion of myopathy. Among 3,412 examinations, 1,603 (46.98%) yielded confirmatory results: 782 (48.78%) underwent molecular studies, and 821 (51.21%) had muscle biopsies. The most frequent diagnoses were: dystrophinopathy 460 (28.70%), mitochondriopathy 330 (20.59%), spinal muscular atrophy 158 (9.86%), limb girdle muscular dystrophy 157 (9.79%), Steinert myotonic dystrophy 138 (8.61%), facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy 99 (6.17%), and other diagnoses 261 (16.28%). Using the presently-available diagnostic techniques in this service, a specific limb girdle muscular dystrophy subtype diagnosis was reached in 61% of the patients. A neuromuscular-appropriate diagnosis is important for genetic counseling, rehabilitation orientation, and early treatment of respiratory and cardiac complications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25153598','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25153598"><span>A multicenter nationwide <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals study for <span class="hlt">common</span> biochemical analytes in Turkey using Abbott analyzers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ozarda, Yesim; Ichihara, Kiyoshi; Aslan, Diler; Aybek, Hulya; Ari, Zeki; Taneli, Fatma; Coker, Canan; Akan, Pinar; Sisman, Ali Riza; Bahceci, Onur; Sezgin, Nurzen; Demir, Meltem; Yucel, Gultekin; Akbas, Halide; Ozdem, Sebahat; Polat, Gurbuz; Erbagci, Ayse Binnur; Orkmez, Mustafa; Mete, Nuriye; Evliyaoglu, Osman; Kiyici, Aysel; Vatansev, Husamettin; Ozturk, Bahadir; Yucel, Dogan; Kayaalp, Damla; Dogan, Kubra; Pinar, Asli; Gurbilek, Mehmet; Cetinkaya, Cigdem Damla; Akin, Okhan; Serdar, Muhittin; Kurt, Ismail; Erdinc, Selda; Kadicesme, Ozgur; Ilhan, Necip; Atali, Dilek Sadak; Bakan, Ebubekir; Polat, Harun; Noyan, Tevfik; Can, Murat; Bedir, Abdulkerim; Okuyucu, Ali; Deger, Orhan; Agac, Suret; Ademoglu, Evin; Kaya, Ayşem; Nogay, Turkan; Eren, Nezaket; Dirican, Melahat; Tuncer, GulOzlem; Aykus, Mehmet; Gunes, Yeliz; Ozmen, Sevda Unalli; Kawano, Reo; Tezcan, Sehavet; Demirpence, Ozlem; Degirmen, Elif</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>A nationwide multicenter study was organized to establish <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals (RIs) in the Turkish population for 25 <span class="hlt">commonly</span> tested biochemical analytes and to explore sources of variation in <span class="hlt">reference</span> values, including regionality. Blood samples were collected nationwide in 28 laboratories from the seven regions (≥400 samples/region, 3066 in all). The sera were collectively analyzed in Uludag University in Bursa using Abbott reagents and analyzer. <span class="hlt">Reference</span> materials were used for standardization of test results. After secondary exclusion using the latent abnormal values exclusion method, RIs were derived by a parametric method employing the modified Box-Cox formula and compared with the RIs by the non-parametric method. Three-level nested ANOVA was used to evaluate variations among sexes, ages and regions. Associations between test results and age, body mass index (BMI) and region were determined by multiple regression analysis (MRA). By ANOVA, differences of <span class="hlt">reference</span> values among seven regions were significant in none of the 25 analytes. Significant sex-related and age-related differences were observed for 10 and seven analytes, respectively. MRA revealed BMI-related changes in results for uric acid, glucose, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, and γ-glutamyltransferase. Their RIs were thus derived by applying stricter criteria excluding individuals with BMI >28 kg/m2. Ranges of RIs by non-parametric method were wider than those by parametric method especially for those analytes affected by BMI. With the lack of regional differences and the well-standardized status of test results, the RIs derived from this nationwide study can be used for the entire Turkish population.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017LPICo1986.7009T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017LPICo1986.7009T"><span><span class="hlt">Common</span> Workflow Service: Standards Based Solution for Managing Operational <span class="hlt">Processes</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tinio, A. W.; Hollins, G. A.</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Common</span> Workflow Service is a collaborative and standards-based solution for managing mission operations <span class="hlt">processes</span> using techniques from the Business <span class="hlt">Process</span> Management (BPM) discipline. This presentation describes the CWS and its benefits.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25129063','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25129063"><span>Discovery of <span class="hlt">common</span> sequences absent in the human <span class="hlt">reference</span> genome using pooled samples from next generation sequencing.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Liu, Yu; Koyutürk, Mehmet; Maxwell, Sean; Xiang, Min; Veigl, Martina; Cooper, Richard S; Tayo, Bamidele O; Li, Li; LaFramboise, Thomas; Wang, Zhenghe; Zhu, Xiaofeng; Chance, Mark R</p> <p>2014-08-16</p> <p>Sequences up to several megabases in length have been found to be present in individual genomes but absent in the human <span class="hlt">reference</span> genome. These sequences may be <span class="hlt">common</span> in populations, and their absence in the <span class="hlt">reference</span> genome may indicate rare variants in the genomes of individuals who served as donors for the human genome project. As the <span class="hlt">reference</span> genome is used in probe design for microarray technology and mapping short reads in next generation sequencing (NGS), this missing sequence could be a source of bias in functional genomic studies and variant analysis. One End Anchor (OEA) and/or orphan reads from paired-end sequencing have been used to identify novel sequences that are absent in <span class="hlt">reference</span> genome. However, there is no study to investigate the distribution, evolution and functionality of those sequences in human populations. To systematically identify and study the missing <span class="hlt">common</span> sequences (micSeqs), we extended the previous method by pooling OEA reads from large number of individuals and applying strict filtering methods to remove false sequences. The pipeline was applied to data from phase 1 of the 1000 Genomes Project. We identified 309 micSeqs that are present in at least 1% of the human population, but absent in the <span class="hlt">reference</span> genome. We confirmed 76% of these 309 micSeqs by comparison to other primate genomes, individual human genomes, and gene expression data. Furthermore, we randomly selected fifteen micSeqs and confirmed their presence using PCR validation in 38 additional individuals. Functional analysis using published RNA-seq and ChIP-seq data showed that eleven micSeqs are highly expressed in human brain and three micSeqs contain transcription factor (TF) binding regions, suggesting they are functional elements. In addition, the identified micSeqs are absent in non-primates and show dynamic acquisition during primate evolution culminating with most micSeqs being present in Africans, suggesting some micSeqs may be important sources of human</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010sssp.conf...13E','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010sssp.conf...13E"><span>Graphical Technique to Support the Teaching/Learning <span class="hlt">Process</span> of Software <span class="hlt">Process</span> <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Espinosa-Curiel, Ismael Edrein; Rodríguez-Jacobo, Josefina; Fernández-Zepeda, José Alberto</p> <p></p> <p>In this paper, we propose a set of diagrams to visualize software <span class="hlt">process</span> <span class="hlt">reference</span> models (PRM). The diagrams, called dimods, are the combination of some visual and <span class="hlt">process</span> modeling techniques such as rich pictures, mind maps, IDEF and RAD diagrams. We show the use of this technique by designing a set of dimods for the Mexican Software Industry <span class="hlt">Process</span> Model (MoProSoft). Additionally, we perform an evaluation of the usefulness of dimods. The result of the evaluation shows that dimods may be a support tool that facilitates the understanding, memorization, and learning of software PRMs in both, software development organizations and universities. The results also show that dimods may have advantages over the traditional description methods for these types of models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780044931&hterms=holograms&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dholograms','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780044931&hterms=holograms&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dholograms"><span>Electronic heterodyne recording and <span class="hlt">processing</span> of optical holograms using phase modulated <span class="hlt">reference</span> waves</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Decker, A. J.; Pao, Y.-H.; Claspy, P. C.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>The use of a phase-modulated <span class="hlt">reference</span> wave for the electronic heterodyne recording and <span class="hlt">processing</span> of a hologram is described. Heterodyne recording is used to eliminate the self-interference terms of a hologram and to create a Leith-Upatnieks hologram with coaxial object and <span class="hlt">reference</span> waves. Phase modulation is also shown to be the foundation of a multiple-view hologram system. When combined with hologram scale transformations, heterodyne recording is the key to general optical <span class="hlt">processing</span>. Spatial filtering is treated as an example.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21756925','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21756925"><span>Emotional self-<span class="hlt">reference</span>: brain structures involved in the <span class="hlt">processing</span> of words describing one's own emotions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Herbert, Cornelia; Herbert, Beate M; Pauli, Paul</p> <p>2011-08-01</p> <p>The present functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigated the role of emotion-related (e.g., amygdala) and self-related brain structures (MPFC in particular) in the <span class="hlt">processing</span> of emotional words varying in stimulus <span class="hlt">reference</span>. Healthy subjects (N=22) were presented with emotional (pleasant or unpleasant) or neutral words in three different conditions: (1) self (e.g., my fear), (2) other (e.g., his fear) and (3) no <span class="hlt">reference</span> (e.g., the fear). <span class="hlt">Processing</span> of unpleasant words was associated with increased amygdala and also insula activation across all conditions. Pleasant stimuli were specifically associated with increased activation of amygdala and insula when related to the self (vs. other and no <span class="hlt">reference</span>). Activity in the MPFC (vMPFC in particular) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was preferentially increased during <span class="hlt">processing</span> of self-related emotional words (vs. other and no <span class="hlt">reference</span>). These results demonstrate that amygdala activation in response to emotional stimuli is modulated by stimulus <span class="hlt">reference</span> and that brain structures implicated in emotional and self-related <span class="hlt">processing</span> might be important for the subjective experience of one's own emotions. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23054351','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23054351"><span>The combined effects of self-<span class="hlt">referent</span> information <span class="hlt">processing</span> and ruminative responses on adolescent depression.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Black, Stephanie Winkeljohn; Pössel, Patrick</p> <p>2013-08-01</p> <p>Adolescents who develop depression have worse interpersonal and affective experiences and are more likely to develop substance problems and/or suicidal ideation compared to adolescents who do not develop depression. This study examined the combined effects of negative self-<span class="hlt">referent</span> information <span class="hlt">processing</span> and rumination (i.e., brooding and reflection) on adolescent depressive symptoms. It was hypothesized that the interaction of negative self-<span class="hlt">referent</span> information <span class="hlt">processing</span> and brooding would significantly predict depressive symptoms, while the interaction of negative self-<span class="hlt">referent</span> information <span class="hlt">processing</span> and reflection would not predict depressive symptoms. Adolescents (n = 92; 13-15 years; 34.7% female) participated in a 6-month longitudinal study. Self-report instruments measured depressive symptoms and rumination; a cognitive task measured information <span class="hlt">processing</span>. Path modelling in Amos 19.0 analyzed the data. The interaction of negative information <span class="hlt">processing</span> and brooding significantly predicted an increase in depressive symptoms 6 months later. The interaction of negative information <span class="hlt">processing</span> and reflection did not significantly predict depression, however, the model not meet a priori standards to accept the null hypothesis. Results suggest clinicians working with adolescents at-risk for depression should consider focusing on the reduction of brooding and negative information <span class="hlt">processing</span> to reduce long-term depressive symptoms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006SPIE.6301E..0YG','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006SPIE.6301E..0YG"><span><span class="hlt">Reference</span> software implementation for GIFTS ground data <span class="hlt">processing</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Garcia, R. K.; Howell, H. B.; Knuteson, R. O.; Martin, G. D.; Olson, E. R.; Smuga-Otto, M. J.</p> <p>2006-08-01</p> <p>Future satellite weather instruments such as high spectral resolution imaging interferometers pose a challenge to the atmospheric science and software development communities due to the immense data volumes they will generate. An open-source, scalable <span class="hlt">reference</span> software implementation demonstrating the calibration of radiance products from an imaging interferometer, the Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer1 (GIFTS), is presented. This paper covers essential design principles laid out in summary system diagrams, lessons learned during implementation and preliminary test results from the GIFTS Information <span class="hlt">Processing</span> System (GIPS) prototype.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol9/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol9-sec63-487.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol9/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol9-sec63-487.pdf"><span>40 CFR 63.487 - Batch front-end <span class="hlt">process</span> vents-<span class="hlt">reference</span> control technology.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>... control technology. 63.487 Section 63.487 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... CATEGORIES National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions: Group I Polymers and Resins § 63.487 Batch front-end <span class="hlt">process</span> vents—<span class="hlt">reference</span> control technology. (a) Batch front-end <span class="hlt">process</span> vents...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27035827','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27035827"><span>Unstable Expression of <span class="hlt">Commonly</span> Used <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Genes in Rat Pancreatic Islets Early after Isolation Affects Results of Gene Expression Studies.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kosinová, Lucie; Cahová, Monika; Fábryová, Eva; Týcová, Irena; Koblas, Tomáš; Leontovyč, Ivan; Saudek, František; Kříž, Jan</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The use of RT-qPCR provides a powerful tool for gene expression studies; however, the proper interpretation of the obtained data is crucially dependent on accurate normalization based on stable <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes. Recently, strong evidence has been shown indicating that the expression of many <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes may vary significantly due to diverse experimental conditions. The isolation of pancreatic islets is a complicated procedure which creates severe mechanical and metabolic stress leading possibly to cellular damage and alteration of gene expression. Despite of this, freshly isolated islets frequently serve as a control in various gene expression and intervention studies. The aim of our study was to determine expression of 16 candidate <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes and one gene of interest (F3) in isolated rat pancreatic islets during short-term cultivation in order to find a suitable endogenous control for gene expression studies. We compared the expression stability of the most <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes and evaluated the reliability of relative and absolute quantification using RT-qPCR during 0-120 hrs after isolation. In freshly isolated islets, the expression of all tested genes was markedly depressed and it increased several times throughout the first 48 hrs of cultivation. We observed significant variability among samples at 0 and 24 hrs but substantial stabilization from 48 hrs onwards. During the first 48 hrs, relative quantification failed to reflect the real changes in respective mRNA concentrations while in the interval 48-120 hrs, the relative expression generally paralleled the results determined by absolute quantification. Thus, our data call into question the suitability of relative quantification for gene expression analysis in pancreatic islets during the first 48 hrs of cultivation, as the results may be significantly affected by unstable expression of <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes. However, this method could provide reliable information from 48 hrs onwards.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24895842','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24895842"><span>3D flexible alignment using 2D maximum <span class="hlt">common</span> substructure: dependence of prediction accuracy on target-<span class="hlt">reference</span> chemical similarity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kawabata, Takeshi; Nakamura, Haruki</p> <p>2014-07-28</p> <p>A protein-bound conformation of a target molecule can be predicted by aligning the target molecule on the <span class="hlt">reference</span> molecule obtained from the 3D structure of the compound-protein complex. This strategy is called "similarity-based docking". For this purpose, we develop the flexible alignment program fkcombu, which aligns the target molecule based on atomic correspondences with the <span class="hlt">reference</span> molecule. The correspondences are obtained by the maximum <span class="hlt">common</span> substructure (MCS) of 2D chemical structures, using our program kcombu. The prediction performance was evaluated using many target-<span class="hlt">reference</span> pairs of superimposed ligand 3D structures on the same protein in the PDB, with different ranges of chemical similarity. The details of atomic correspondence largely affected the prediction success. We found that topologically constrained disconnected MCS (TD-MCS) with the simple element-based atomic classification provides the best prediction. The crashing potential energy with the receptor protein improved the performance. We also found that the RMSD between the predicted and correct target conformations significantly correlates with the chemical similarities between target-<span class="hlt">reference</span> molecules. Generally speaking, if the <span class="hlt">reference</span> and target compounds have more than 70% chemical similarity, then the average RMSD of 3D conformations is <2.0 Å. We compared the performance with a rigid-body molecular alignment program based on volume-overlap scores (ShaEP). Our MCS-based flexible alignment program performed better than the rigid-body alignment program, especially when the target and <span class="hlt">reference</span> molecules were sufficiently similar.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25636165','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25636165"><span>Selection of <span class="hlt">reference</span> standard during method development using the analytical hierarchy <span class="hlt">process</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sun, Wan-yang; Tong, Ling; Li, Dong-xiang; Huang, Jing-yi; Zhou, Shui-ping; Sun, Henry; Bi, Kai-shun</p> <p>2015-03-25</p> <p><span class="hlt">Reference</span> standard is critical for ensuring reliable and accurate method performance. One important issue is how to select the ideal one from the alternatives. Unlike the optimization of parameters, the criteria of the <span class="hlt">reference</span> standard are always immeasurable. The aim of this paper is to recommend a quantitative approach for the selection of <span class="hlt">reference</span> standard during method development based on the analytical hierarchy <span class="hlt">process</span> (AHP) as a decision-making tool. Six alternative single <span class="hlt">reference</span> standards were assessed in quantitative analysis of six phenolic acids from Salvia Miltiorrhiza and its preparations by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography. The AHP model simultaneously considered six criteria related to <span class="hlt">reference</span> standard characteristics and method performance, containing feasibility to obtain, abundance in samples, chemical stability, accuracy, precision and robustness. The priority of each alternative was calculated using standard AHP analysis method. The results showed that protocatechuic aldehyde is the ideal <span class="hlt">reference</span> standard, and rosmarinic acid is about 79.8% ability as the second choice. The determination results successfully verified the evaluation ability of this model. The AHP allowed us comprehensive considering the benefits and risks of the alternatives. It was an effective and practical tool for optimization of <span class="hlt">reference</span> standards during method development. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4436368','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4436368"><span>Adrenal Hormones in <span class="hlt">Common</span> Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): Influential Factors and <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Intervals</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hart, Leslie B.; Wells, Randall S.; Kellar, Nick; Balmer, Brian C.; Hohn, Aleta A.; Lamb, Stephen V.; Rowles, Teri; Zolman, Eric S.; Schwacke, Lori H.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Inshore <span class="hlt">common</span> bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are exposed to a broad spectrum of natural and anthropogenic stressors. In response to these stressors, the mammalian adrenal gland releases hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone to maintain physiological and biochemical homeostasis. Consequently, adrenal gland dysfunction results in disruption of hormone secretion and an inappropriate stress response. Our objective herein was to develop diagnostic <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals (RIs) for adrenal hormones <span class="hlt">commonly</span> associated with the stress response (i.e., cortisol, aldosterone) that account for the influence of intrinsic (e.g., age, sex) and extrinsic (e.g., time) factors. Ultimately, these <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals will be used to gauge an individual’s response to chase-capture stress and could indicate adrenal abnormalities. Linear mixed models (LMMs) were used to evaluate demographic and sampling factors contributing to differences in serum cortisol and aldosterone concentrations among bottlenose dolphins sampled in Sarasota Bay, Florida, USA (2000–2012). Serum cortisol concentrations were significantly associated with elapsed time from initial stimulation to sample collection (p<0.05), and RIs were constructed using nonparametric methods based on elapsed sampling time for dolphins sampled in less than 30 minutes following net deployment (95% RI: 0.91–4.21 µg/dL) and following biological sampling aboard a research vessel (95% RI: 2.32–6.68 µg/dL). To examine the applicability of the pre-sampling cortisol RI across multiple estuarine stocks, data from three additional southeast U.S. sites were compared, revealing that all of the dolphins sampled from the other sites (N = 34) had cortisol concentrations within the 95th percentile RI. Significant associations between serum concentrations of aldosterone and variables reported in previous studies (i.e., age, elapsed sampling time) were not observed in the current project (p<0.05). Also, approximately 16% of</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_4 --> <div id="page_5" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="81"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25993341','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25993341"><span>Adrenal Hormones in <span class="hlt">Common</span> Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): Influential Factors and <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Intervals.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hart, Leslie B; Wells, Randall S; Kellar, Nick; Balmer, Brian C; Hohn, Aleta A; Lamb, Stephen V; Rowles, Teri; Zolman, Eric S; Schwacke, Lori H</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Inshore <span class="hlt">common</span> bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are exposed to a broad spectrum of natural and anthropogenic stressors. In response to these stressors, the mammalian adrenal gland releases hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone to maintain physiological and biochemical homeostasis. Consequently, adrenal gland dysfunction results in disruption of hormone secretion and an inappropriate stress response. Our objective herein was to develop diagnostic <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals (RIs) for adrenal hormones <span class="hlt">commonly</span> associated with the stress response (i.e., cortisol, aldosterone) that account for the influence of intrinsic (e.g., age, sex) and extrinsic (e.g., time) factors. Ultimately, these <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals will be used to gauge an individual's response to chase-capture stress and could indicate adrenal abnormalities. Linear mixed models (LMMs) were used to evaluate demographic and sampling factors contributing to differences in serum cortisol and aldosterone concentrations among bottlenose dolphins sampled in Sarasota Bay, Florida, USA (2000-2012). Serum cortisol concentrations were significantly associated with elapsed time from initial stimulation to sample collection (p<0.05), and RIs were constructed using nonparametric methods based on elapsed sampling time for dolphins sampled in less than 30 minutes following net deployment (95% RI: 0.91-4.21 µg/dL) and following biological sampling aboard a research vessel (95% RI: 2.32-6.68 µg/dL). To examine the applicability of the pre-sampling cortisol RI across multiple estuarine stocks, data from three additional southeast U.S. sites were compared, revealing that all of the dolphins sampled from the other sites (N = 34) had cortisol concentrations within the 95th percentile RI. Significant associations between serum concentrations of aldosterone and variables reported in previous studies (i.e., age, elapsed sampling time) were not observed in the current project (p<0.05). Also, approximately 16% of Sarasota Bay</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=business+AND+disciplinary+AND+process&pg=3&id=EJ570696','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=business+AND+disciplinary+AND+process&pg=3&id=EJ570696"><span>The Execution and Evaluation of an Integrated Business <span class="hlt">Common</span> Core Curriculum.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Pharr, Steven W.; Morris, John S.; Stover, Dana; Byers, C. Randall; Reyes, Mario G.</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>Describes the rationale, <span class="hlt">process</span>, and organization of an integrated, cross-disciplinary undergraduate program known as the Integrated Business <span class="hlt">Common</span> Core (IBC) at the University of Idaho. Indicates that IBC's goal is to provide students with an understanding of key business issues, with emphasis on <span class="hlt">processes</span>. (2 tables and 11 <span class="hlt">references</span>) (JDI)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12519023','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12519023"><span>Gestalt grouping and <span class="hlt">common</span> onset masking.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kahan, Todd A; Mathis, Katherine M</p> <p>2002-11-01</p> <p>A four-dot mask that surrounds and is presented simultaneously with a briefly presented target will reduce a person's ability to identity that target if the mask persists beyond target offset and attention is divided (Enns & Di Lollo, 1997, 2000). This masking effect, <span class="hlt">referred</span> to as <span class="hlt">common</span> onset masking, reflects reentrant <span class="hlt">processing</span> in the visual system and can best be explained with a theory of object substitution (Di Lollo, Enns, & Rensink, 2000). In the present experiments, we investigated whether Gestalt grouping variables would influence the strength of <span class="hlt">common</span> onset masking. The results indicated that (1) masking was impervious to grouping by form, similarity of color, position, luminance polarity, and <span class="hlt">common</span> region and (2) masking increased with the number of elements in the masking display.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11895011','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11895011"><span>The auditory <span class="hlt">processing</span> battery: survey of <span class="hlt">common</span> practices.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Emanuel, Diana C</p> <p>2002-02-01</p> <p>A survey of auditory <span class="hlt">processing</span> (AP) diagnostic practices was mailed to all licensed audiologists in the State of Maryland and sent as an electronic mail attachment to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and Educational Audiology Association Internet forums. <span class="hlt">Common</span> AP protocols (25 from the Internet, 28 from audiologists in Maryland) included requiring basic audiologic testing, using questionnaires, and administering dichotic listening, monaural low-redundancy speech, temporal <span class="hlt">processing</span>, and electrophysiologic tests. Some audiologists also administer binaural interaction, attention, memory, and speech-language/psychological/educational tests and incorporate a classroom observation. The various AP batteries presently administered appear to be based on the availability of AP tests with well-documented normative data. Resources for obtaining AP tests are listed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10153388','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10153388"><span>Benchmarking <span class="hlt">reference</span> services: an introduction.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Marshall, J G; Buchanan, H S</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>Benchmarking is based on the <span class="hlt">common</span> sense idea that someone else, either inside or outside of libraries, has found a better way of doing certain things and that your own library's performance can be improved by finding out how others do things and adopting the best practices you find. Benchmarking is one of the tools used for achieving continuous improvement in Total Quality Management (TQM) programs. Although benchmarking can be done on an informal basis, TQM puts considerable emphasis on formal data collection and performance measurement. Used to its full potential, benchmarking can provide a <span class="hlt">common</span> measuring stick to evaluate <span class="hlt">process</span> performance. This article introduces the general concept of benchmarking, linking it whenever possible to <span class="hlt">reference</span> services in health sciences libraries. Data collection instruments that have potential application in benchmarking studies are discussed and the need to develop <span class="hlt">common</span> measurement tools to facilitate benchmarking is emphasized.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=data+AND+automation&pg=3&id=EJ248955','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=data+AND+automation&pg=3&id=EJ248955"><span><span class="hlt">Reference</span> Tools for Data <span class="hlt">Processing</span>, Office Automation, and Data Communications: An Introductory Guide.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Cupoli, Patricia Dymkar</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>Provides an introduction to various <span class="hlt">reference</span> sources which are useful in dealing with the areas of data <span class="hlt">processing</span>, office automation, and communications technologies. A bibliography with vendor listings is included. (FM)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170007855','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170007855"><span>Design and Principles Enabling the Space <span class="hlt">Reference</span> FOM</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Moeller, Bjoern; Dexter, Dan; Madden, Michael; Crues, Edwin Z.; Garro, Alfredo; Skuratovskiy, Anton</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>A first complete draft of the Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO) Space <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Federation Object Model (FOM) has now been produced. This paper provides some insights into its capabilities and discusses the opportunity for reuse in other domains. The focus of this first version of the standard is execution control, time management and coordinate systems, well-known <span class="hlt">reference</span> frames, as well as some basic support for physical entities. The biggest part of the execution control is the coordinated start-up <span class="hlt">process</span>. This <span class="hlt">process</span> contains a number of steps, including checking of required federates, handling of early versus late joiners, sharing of federation wide configuration data and multi-phase initialization. An additional part of Execution Control is the coordinated and synchronized transition between Run mode, Freeze mode and Shutdown. For time management, several time lines are defined, including real-time, scenario time, High Level Architecture (HLA) logical time and physical time. A strategy for mixing simulations that use different time steps is introduced, as well as an approach for finding <span class="hlt">common</span> boundaries for fully synchronized freeze. For describing spatial information, a mechanism with a set of <span class="hlt">reference</span> frames is specified. Each <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame has a position and orientation related to a parent <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame. This makes it possible for federates to perform calculations in <span class="hlt">reference</span> frames that are convenient to them. An operation on the Moon can be performed using lunar coordinates whereas an operation on Earth can be performed using Earth coordinates. At the same time, coordinates in one <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame have an unambiguous relationship to a coordinate in another <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame. While the Space <span class="hlt">Reference</span> FOM is originally being developed for Space operations, the authors believe that many parts of it can be reused for any simulation that has a focus on physical <span class="hlt">processes</span> with one or more coordinate systems, and require high</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=339669&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=life+AND+science&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=339669&Lab=NRMRL&keyword=life+AND+science&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>US Federal LCA <span class="hlt">Commons</span> Life Cycle Inventory Unit <span class="hlt">Process</span> Template</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The US Federal LCA <span class="hlt">Commons</span> Life Cycle Inventory Unit <span class="hlt">Process</span> Template is a multi-sheet Excel template for life cycle inventory data, metadata and other documentation. The template comes as a package that consistent of three parts: (1) the main template itself for life cycle inven...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=encyclopedia+AND+evaluation&pg=6&id=ED449799','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=encyclopedia+AND+evaluation&pg=6&id=ED449799"><span><span class="hlt">Reference</span> and Information Services: An Introduction. Third Edition. Library and Information Science Text Series.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Bopp, Richard E., Ed.; Smith, Linda C., Ed.</p> <p></p> <p>Like the first two editions, this third edition is designed primarily to provide the beginning student of library and information science with an overview both of the concepts and <span class="hlt">processes</span> behind today's <span class="hlt">reference</span> services and of the most important sources consulted in answering <span class="hlt">common</span> types of <span class="hlt">reference</span> questions. The first 12 chapters deal with…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=337315&keyword=Ethics&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50','EPA-EIMS'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=337315&keyword=Ethics&actType=&TIMSType=+&TIMSSubTypeID=&DEID=&epaNumber=&ntisID=&archiveStatus=Both&ombCat=Any&dateBeginCreated=&dateEndCreated=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&dateBeginCompleted=&dateEndCompleted=&personID=&role=Any&journalID=&publisherID=&sortBy=revisionDate&count=50"><span>Updating Regulations for Human Subjects Research: The New <span class="hlt">Common</span> Rule Has arrived! What Changes Are Coming?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/query.page">EPA Science Inventory</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The “<span class="hlt">Common</span> Rule” <span class="hlt">refers</span> to the federal regulations that govern research involving human subjects. These regulations have been largely unchanged since 1981, while the research they cover has continued to evolve. After a 6-year rulemaking <span class="hlt">process</span>, the <span class="hlt">Common</span> Rule was ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhyD..369...47R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhyD..369...47R"><span>On <span class="hlt">common</span> noise-induced synchronization in complex networks with state-dependent noise diffusion <span class="hlt">processes</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Russo, Giovanni; Shorten, Robert</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>This paper is concerned with the study of <span class="hlt">common</span> noise-induced synchronization phenomena in complex networks of diffusively coupled nonlinear systems. We consider the case where <span class="hlt">common</span> noise propagation depends on the network state and, as a result, the noise diffusion <span class="hlt">process</span> at the nodes depends on the state of the network. For such networks, we present an algebraic sufficient condition for the onset of synchronization, which depends on the network topology, the dynamics at the nodes, the coupling strength and the noise diffusion. Our result explicitly shows that certain noise diffusion <span class="hlt">processes</span> can drive an unsynchronized network towards synchronization. In order to illustrate the effectiveness of our result, we consider two applications: collective decision <span class="hlt">processes</span> and synchronization of chaotic systems. We explicitly show that, in the former application, a sufficiently large noise can drive a population towards a <span class="hlt">common</span> decision, while, in the latter, we show how <span class="hlt">common</span> noise can synchronize a network of Lorentz chaotic systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPC.1726b0071K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPC.1726b0071K"><span>Dependent Neyman type A <span class="hlt">processes</span> based on <span class="hlt">common</span> shock Poisson approach</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kadilar, Gamze Özel; Kadilar, Cem</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The Neyman type A <span class="hlt">process</span> is used for describing clustered data since the Poisson <span class="hlt">process</span> is insufficient for clustering of events. In a multivariate setting, there may be dependencies between multivarite Neyman type A <span class="hlt">processes</span>. In this study, dependent form of the Neyman type A <span class="hlt">process</span> is considered under <span class="hlt">common</span> shock approach. Then, the joint probability function are derived for the dependent Neyman type A Poisson <span class="hlt">processes</span>. Then, an application based on forest fires in Turkey are given. The results show that the joint probability function of the dependent Neyman type A <span class="hlt">processes</span>, which is obtained in this study, can be a good tool for the probabilistic fitness for the total number of burned trees in Turkey.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3190208','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3190208"><span>Self-<span class="hlt">reference</span> modulates the <span class="hlt">processing</span> of emotional stimuli in the absence of explicit self-referential appraisal instructions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Pauli, Paul; Herbert, Beate M.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Self-referential evaluation of emotional stimuli has been shown to modify the way emotional stimuli are <span class="hlt">processed</span>. This study aimed at a new approach by investigating whether self-<span class="hlt">reference</span> alters emotion <span class="hlt">processing</span> in the absence of explicit self-referential appraisal instructions. Event-related potentials were measured while subjects spontaneously viewed a series of emotional and neutral nouns. Nouns were preceded either by personal pronouns (‘my’) indicating self-<span class="hlt">reference</span> or a definite article (‘the’) without self-<span class="hlt">reference</span>. The early posterior negativity, a brain potential reflecting rapid attention capture by emotional stimuli was enhanced for unpleasant and pleasant nouns relative to neutral nouns irrespective of whether nouns were preceded by personal pronouns or articles. Later brain potentials such as the late positive potential were enhanced for unpleasant nouns only when preceded by personal pronouns. Unpleasant nouns were better remembered than pleasant or neutral nouns when paired with a personal pronoun. Correlation analysis showed that this bias in favor of self-related unpleasant concepts can be explained by participants’ depression scores. Our results demonstrate that self-<span class="hlt">reference</span> acts as a first <span class="hlt">processing</span> filter for emotional material to receive higher order <span class="hlt">processing</span> after an initial rapid attention capture by emotional content has been completed. Mood-congruent <span class="hlt">processing</span> may contribute to this effect. PMID:20855295</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20855295','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20855295"><span>Self-<span class="hlt">reference</span> modulates the <span class="hlt">processing</span> of emotional stimuli in the absence of explicit self-referential appraisal instructions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Herbert, Cornelia; Pauli, Paul; Herbert, Beate M</p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>Self-referential evaluation of emotional stimuli has been shown to modify the way emotional stimuli are <span class="hlt">processed</span>. This study aimed at a new approach by investigating whether self-<span class="hlt">reference</span> alters emotion <span class="hlt">processing</span> in the absence of explicit self-referential appraisal instructions. Event-related potentials were measured while subjects spontaneously viewed a series of emotional and neutral nouns. Nouns were preceded either by personal pronouns ('my') indicating self-<span class="hlt">reference</span> or a definite article ('the') without self-<span class="hlt">reference</span>. The early posterior negativity, a brain potential reflecting rapid attention capture by emotional stimuli was enhanced for unpleasant and pleasant nouns relative to neutral nouns irrespective of whether nouns were preceded by personal pronouns or articles. Later brain potentials such as the late positive potential were enhanced for unpleasant nouns only when preceded by personal pronouns. Unpleasant nouns were better remembered than pleasant or neutral nouns when paired with a personal pronoun. Correlation analysis showed that this bias in favor of self-related unpleasant concepts can be explained by participants' depression scores. Our results demonstrate that self-<span class="hlt">reference</span> acts as a first <span class="hlt">processing</span> filter for emotional material to receive higher order <span class="hlt">processing</span> after an initial rapid attention capture by emotional content has been completed. Mood-congruent <span class="hlt">processing</span> may contribute to this effect.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130009070','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130009070"><span>Using NASA's <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Architecture: Comparing Polar and Geostationary Data <span class="hlt">Processing</span> Systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ullman, Richard; Burnett, Michael</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The JPSS and GOES-R programs are housed at NASA GSFC and jointly implemented by NASA and NOAA to NOAA requirements. NASA's role in the JPSS Ground System is to develop and deploy the system according to NOAA requirements. NASA's role in the GOES-R ground segment is to provide Systems Engineering expertise and oversight for NOAA's development and deployment of the system. NASA's Earth Science Data Systems <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Architecture is a document developed by NASA's Earth Science Data Systems Standards <span class="hlt">Process</span> Group that describes a NASA Earth Observing Mission Ground system as a generic abstraction. The authors work within the respective ground segment projects and are also separately contributors to the <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Architecture document. Opinions expressed are the author's only and are not NOAA, NASA or the Ground Projects' official positions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23286462','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23286462"><span>A <span class="hlt">common</span> type system for clinical natural language <span class="hlt">processing</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wu, Stephen T; Kaggal, Vinod C; Dligach, Dmitriy; Masanz, James J; Chen, Pei; Becker, Lee; Chapman, Wendy W; Savova, Guergana K; Liu, Hongfang; Chute, Christopher G</p> <p>2013-01-03</p> <p>One challenge in reusing clinical data stored in electronic medical records is that these data are heterogenous. Clinical Natural Language <span class="hlt">Processing</span> (NLP) plays an important role in transforming information in clinical text to a standard representation that is comparable and interoperable. Information may be <span class="hlt">processed</span> and shared when a type system specifies the allowable data structures. Therefore, we aim to define a <span class="hlt">common</span> type system for clinical NLP that enables interoperability between structured and unstructured data generated in different clinical settings. We describe a <span class="hlt">common</span> type system for clinical NLP that has an end target of deep semantics based on Clinical Element Models (CEMs), thus interoperating with structured data and accommodating diverse NLP approaches. The type system has been implemented in UIMA (Unstructured Information Management Architecture) and is fully functional in a popular open-source clinical NLP system, cTAKES (clinical Text Analysis and Knowledge Extraction System) versions 2.0 and later. We have created a type system that targets deep semantics, thereby allowing for NLP systems to encapsulate knowledge from text and share it alongside heterogenous clinical data sources. Rather than surface semantics that are typically the end product of NLP algorithms, CEM-based semantics explicitly build in deep clinical semantics as the point of interoperability with more structured data types.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23708770','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23708770"><span>Automated filtering of <span class="hlt">common</span>-mode artifacts in multichannel physiological recordings.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kelly, John W; Siewiorek, Daniel P; Smailagic, Asim; Wang, Wei</p> <p>2013-10-01</p> <p>The removal of spatially correlated noise is an important step in <span class="hlt">processing</span> multichannel recordings. Here, a technique termed the adaptive <span class="hlt">common</span> average <span class="hlt">reference</span> (ACAR) is presented as an effective and simple method for removing this noise. The ACAR is based on a combination of the well-known <span class="hlt">common</span> average <span class="hlt">reference</span> (CAR) and an adaptive noise canceling (ANC) filter. In a convergent <span class="hlt">process</span>, the CAR provides a <span class="hlt">reference</span> to an ANC filter, which in turn provides feedback to enhance the CAR. This method was effective on both simulated and real data, outperforming the standard CAR when the amplitude or polarity of the noise changes across channels. In many cases, the ACAR even outperformed independent component analysis. On 16 channels of simulated data, the ACAR was able to attenuate up to approximately 290 dB of noise and could improve signal quality if the original SNR was as high as 5 dB. With an original SNR of 0 dB, the ACAR improved signal quality with only two data channels and performance improved as the number of channels increased. It also performed well under many different conditions for the structure of the noise and signals. Analysis of contaminated electrocorticographic recordings further showed the effectiveness of the ACAR.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24518360','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24518360"><span>Statistical considerations for harmonization of the global multicenter study on <span class="hlt">reference</span> values.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ichihara, Kiyoshi</p> <p>2014-05-15</p> <p>The global multicenter study on <span class="hlt">reference</span> values coordinated by the Committee on <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Intervals and Decision Limits (C-RIDL) of the IFCC was launched in December 2011, targeting 45 <span class="hlt">commonly</span> tested analytes with the following objectives: 1) to derive <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals (RIs) country by country using a <span class="hlt">common</span> protocol, and 2) to explore regionality/ethnicity of <span class="hlt">reference</span> values by aligning test results among the countries. To achieve these objectives, it is crucial to harmonize 1) the protocol for recruitment and sampling, 2) statistical procedures for deriving the RI, and 3) test results through measurement of a panel of sera in <span class="hlt">common</span>. For harmonized recruitment, very lenient inclusion/exclusion criteria were adopted in view of differences in interpretation of what constitutes healthiness by different cultures and investigators. This policy may require secondary exclusion of individuals according to the standard of each country at the time of deriving RIs. An iterative optimization procedure, called the latent abnormal values exclusion (LAVE) method, can be applied to automate the <span class="hlt">process</span> of refining the choice of <span class="hlt">reference</span> individuals. For global comparison of <span class="hlt">reference</span> values, test results must be harmonized, based on the among-country, pair-wise linear relationships of test values for the panel. Traceability of <span class="hlt">reference</span> values can be ensured based on values assigned indirectly to the panel through collaborative measurement of certified <span class="hlt">reference</span> materials. The validity of the adopted strategies is discussed in this article, based on interim results obtained to date from five countries. Special considerations are made for dissociation of RIs by parametric and nonparametric methods and between-country difference in the effect of body mass index on <span class="hlt">reference</span> values. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5844515','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5844515"><span>Uneven recombination rate and linkage disequilibrium across a <span class="hlt">reference</span> SNP map for <span class="hlt">common</span> bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Farmer, Andrew D.; Huang, Wei; Ambachew, Daniel; Penmetsa, R. Varma; Carrasquilla-Garcia, Noelia; Assefa, Teshale; Cannon, Steven B.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Recombination (R) rate and linkage disequilibrium (LD) analyses are the basis for plant breeding. These vary by breeding system, by generation of inbreeding or outcrossing and by region in the chromosome. <span class="hlt">Common</span> bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a favored food legume with a small sequenced genome (514 Mb) and n = 11 chromosomes. The goal of this study was to describe R and LD in the <span class="hlt">common</span> bean genome using a 768-marker array of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) based on Trans-legume Orthologous Group (TOG) genes along with an advanced-generation Recombinant Inbred Line <span class="hlt">reference</span> mapping population (BAT93 x Jalo EEP558) and an internationally available diversity panel. A whole genome genetic map was created that covered all eleven linkage groups (LG). The LGs were linked to the physical map by sequence data of the TOGs compared to each chromosome sequence of <span class="hlt">common</span> bean. The genetic map length in total was smaller than for previous maps reflecting the precision of allele calling and mapping with SNP technology as well as the use of gene-based markers. A total of 91.4% of TOG markers had singleton hits with annotated Pv genes and all mapped outside of regions of resistance gene clusters. LD levels were found to be stronger within the Mesoamerican genepool and decay more rapidly within the Andean genepool. The recombination rate across the genome was 2.13 cM / Mb but R was found to be highly repressed around centromeres and frequent outside peri-centromeric regions. These results have important implications for association and genetic mapping or crop improvement in <span class="hlt">common</span> bean. PMID:29522524</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1081311.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1081311.pdf"><span>Teaching Writing within the <span class="hlt">Common</span> European Framework of <span class="hlt">Reference</span> (CEFR): A Supplement Asynchronous Blended Learning Approach in an EFL Undergraduate Course in Egypt</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Shaarawy, Hanaa Youssef; Lotfy, Nohayer Esmat</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Based on the <span class="hlt">Common</span> European Framework of <span class="hlt">Reference</span> (CEFR) and following a blended learning approach (a supplement model), this article reports on a quasi-experiment where writing was taught evenly with other language skills in everyday language contexts and where asynchronous online activities were required from students to extend learning beyond…</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_5 --> <div id="page_6" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="101"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5005345','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5005345"><span>Production of <span class="hlt">Referring</span> Expressions for an Unknown Audience: A Computational Model of Communal <span class="hlt">Common</span> Ground</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kutlak, Roman; van Deemter, Kees; Mellish, Chris</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>This article presents a computational model of the production of <span class="hlt">referring</span> expressions under uncertainty over the hearer's knowledge. Although situations where the hearer's knowledge is uncertain have seldom been addressed in the computational literature, they are <span class="hlt">common</span> in ordinary communication, for example when a writer addresses an unknown audience, or when a speaker addresses a stranger. We propose a computational model composed of three complimentary heuristics based on, respectively, an estimation of the recipient's knowledge, an estimation of the extent to which a property is unexpected, and the question of what is the optimum number of properties in a given situation. The model was tested in an experiment with human readers, in which it was compared against the Incremental Algorithm and human-produced descriptions. The results suggest that the new model outperforms the Incremental Algorithm in terms of the proportion of correctly identified entities and in terms of the perceived quality of the generated descriptions. PMID:27630592</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=self+AND+management+AND+skill&pg=4&id=EJ1123587','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=self+AND+management+AND+skill&pg=4&id=EJ1123587"><span>The "<span class="hlt">Common</span> European Framework of <span class="hlt">Reference</span> for Languages," the European Language Portfolio, and Language Teaching/Learning at University: An Argument and Some Proposals</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Little, David</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>I begin this article by briefly explaining why I think CercleS should encourage university language centres to align their courses and assessment with the proficiency levels of the "<span class="hlt">Common</span> European Framework of <span class="hlt">Reference</span> for Languages" (CEFR) and why they should use a version of the European Language Portfolio (ELP) to support the…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.V53B..01C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.V53B..01C"><span>238U/235U determinations of some <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used <span class="hlt">reference</span> materials and U-bearing accessory minerals (Invited)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Condon, D.; Noble, S.; McLean, N.; Bowring, S. A.</p> <p>2009-12-01</p> <p>We have determined 238U/235U ratios for a suite of <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used natural (CRM 112a, SRM 950a, HU-1) and synthetic (IRMM 184 and CRM U500) uranium <span class="hlt">reference</span> materials in addition to several U-bearing accessory phases (zircon and monazite) by thermal ionisation mass-spectrometry (TIMS) using the IRMM 3636 233U-236U double spike to accurately correct for mass fractionation. The 238U/235U values for the natural uranium <span class="hlt">reference</span> materials differ, by up to 0.1%, from the widely used ‘consensus’ value (137.88) with all having 238U/235U values less than 137.88. Similarly, initial 238U/235U data from zircon and monazite yield 238U/235U values that are lower than the ‘consensus’ value. The data obtained from U-bearing minerals is used to assess how the uncertainty in the 238U/235U ratio contributes to the systematic discordance observed in 238U/206Pb and 235U/207Pb dates (Mattinson, 2000; Schoene et al., 2006) which has traditionally been wholly attributed to error in the U decay constants. The 238U/235U determinations made on the synthetic <span class="hlt">reference</span> materials yield results that are considerably more precise and accurate than the certified values (0.02% vs. 0.1% for CRM U500). The calibration of isotopic tracers used for U-daughter geochronology that are partially based upon these <span class="hlt">reference</span> materials, and the resultant age determinations, will benefit from increased accuracy and precision. Mattinson, J.M., 2000. Revising the “gold standard”—the uranium decay constants of Jaffey et al., 1971. Eos Trans. AGU, Spring Meet. Suppl., Abstract V61A-02. Schoene B., Crowley J.L., Condon D.C., Schmitz M.D., Bowring S.A., 2006, Reassessing the uranium decay constants for geochronology using ID-TIMS U-Pb data. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70: 426-445</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3575354','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3575354"><span>A <span class="hlt">common</span> type system for clinical natural language <span class="hlt">processing</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Background One challenge in reusing clinical data stored in electronic medical records is that these data are heterogenous. Clinical Natural Language <span class="hlt">Processing</span> (NLP) plays an important role in transforming information in clinical text to a standard representation that is comparable and interoperable. Information may be <span class="hlt">processed</span> and shared when a type system specifies the allowable data structures. Therefore, we aim to define a <span class="hlt">common</span> type system for clinical NLP that enables interoperability between structured and unstructured data generated in different clinical settings. Results We describe a <span class="hlt">common</span> type system for clinical NLP that has an end target of deep semantics based on Clinical Element Models (CEMs), thus interoperating with structured data and accommodating diverse NLP approaches. The type system has been implemented in UIMA (Unstructured Information Management Architecture) and is fully functional in a popular open-source clinical NLP system, cTAKES (clinical Text Analysis and Knowledge Extraction System) versions 2.0 and later. Conclusions We have created a type system that targets deep semantics, thereby allowing for NLP systems to encapsulate knowledge from text and share it alongside heterogenous clinical data sources. Rather than surface semantics that are typically the end product of NLP algorithms, CEM-based semantics explicitly build in deep clinical semantics as the point of interoperability with more structured data types. PMID:23286462</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EnOp...49.1388Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EnOp...49.1388Z"><span>Single-machine <span class="hlt">common</span>/slack due window assignment problems with linear decreasing <span class="hlt">processing</span> times</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Xingong; Lin, Win-Chin; Wu, Wen-Hsiang; Wu, Chin-Chia</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>This paper studies linear non-increasing <span class="hlt">processing</span> times and the <span class="hlt">common</span>/slack due window assignment problems on a single machine, where the actual <span class="hlt">processing</span> time of a job is a linear non-increasing function of its starting time. The aim is to minimize the sum of the earliness cost, tardiness cost, due window location and due window size. Some optimality results are discussed for the <span class="hlt">common</span>/slack due window assignment problems and two O(n log n) time algorithms are presented to solve the two problems. Finally, two examples are provided to illustrate the correctness of the corresponding algorithms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4084824','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4084824"><span>Automated Filtering of <span class="hlt">Common</span> Mode Artifacts in Multi-Channel Physiological Recordings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kelly, John W.; Siewiorek, Daniel P.; Smailagic, Asim; Wang, Wei</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The removal of spatially correlated noise is an important step in <span class="hlt">processing</span> multi-channel recordings. Here, a technique termed the adaptive <span class="hlt">common</span> average <span class="hlt">reference</span> (ACAR) is presented as an effective and simple method for removing this noise. The ACAR is based on a combination of the well-known <span class="hlt">common</span> average <span class="hlt">reference</span> (CAR) and an adaptive noise canceling (ANC) filter. In a convergent <span class="hlt">process</span>, the CAR provides a <span class="hlt">reference</span> to an ANC filter, which in turn provides feedback to enhance the CAR. This method was effective on both simulated and real data, outperforming the standard CAR when the amplitude or polarity of the noise changes across channels. In many cases the ACAR even outperformed independent component analysis (ICA). On 16 channels of simulated data the ACAR was able to attenuate up to approximately 290 dB of noise and could improve signal quality if the original SNR was as high as 5 dB. With an original SNR of 0 dB, the ACAR improved signal quality with only two data channels and performance improved as the number of channels increased. It also performed well under many different conditions for the structure of the noise and signals. Analysis of contaminated electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings further showed the effectiveness of the ACAR. PMID:23708770</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27512379','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27512379"><span>The Role of Metarepresentation in the Production and Resolution of <span class="hlt">Referring</span> Expressions.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Horton, William S; Brennan, Susan E</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>In this paper we consider the potential role of metarepresentation-the representation of another representation, or as <span class="hlt">commonly</span> considered within cognitive science, the mental representation of another individual's knowledge and beliefs-in mediating definite <span class="hlt">reference</span> and <span class="hlt">common</span> ground in conversation. Using dialogues from a referential communication study in which speakers conversed in succession with two different addressees, we highlight ways in which interlocutors work together to successfully <span class="hlt">refer</span> to objects, and achieve shared conceptualizations. We briefly review accounts of how such shared conceptualizations could be represented in memory, from simple associations between label and <span class="hlt">referent</span>, to "triple co-presence" representations that track interlocutors in an episode of <span class="hlt">referring</span>, to more elaborate metarepresentations that invoke theory of mind, mutual knowledge, or a model of a conversational partner. We consider how some forms of metarepresentation, once created and activated, could account for definite <span class="hlt">reference</span> in conversation by appealing to ordinary <span class="hlt">processes</span> in memory. We conclude that any representations that capture information about others' perspectives are likely to be relatively simple and subject to the same kinds of constraints on attention and memory that influence other kinds of cognitive representations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26522424','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26522424"><span>The <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Ability Neural Network Study: Life-time stability of <span class="hlt">reference</span>-ability neural networks derived from task maps of young adults.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Habeck, C; Gazes, Y; Razlighi, Q; Steffener, J; Brickman, A; Barulli, D; Salthouse, T; Stern, Y</p> <p>2016-01-15</p> <p> derivation of these networks, we also observed some brain-behavioral correlations, notably for the fluid-reasoning network whose network score correlated with performance on the memory and fluid-reasoning tasks. While age did not influence the expression of this RANN, the slope of the association between network score and fluid-reasoning performance was negatively associated with higher ages. These results provide support for the hypothesis that a set of specific, age-invariant neural networks underlies these four RAs, and that these networks maintain their cognitive specificity and level of intensity across age. Activation <span class="hlt">common</span> to all 12 tasks was identified as another activation pattern resulting from a mean-contrast Partial-Least-Squares technique. This <span class="hlt">common</span> pattern did show associations with age and some subject demographics for some of the <span class="hlt">reference</span> domains, lending support to the overall conclusion that aspects of neural <span class="hlt">processing</span> that are specific to any cognitive <span class="hlt">reference</span> ability stay constant across age, while aspects that are <span class="hlt">common</span> to all <span class="hlt">reference</span> abilities differ across age. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27872504','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27872504"><span>Harmonising <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Intervals for Three Calculated Parameters used in Clinical Chemistry.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hughes, David; Koerbin, Gus; Potter, Julia M; Glasgow, Nicholas; West, Nic; Abhayaratna, Walter P; Cavanaugh, Juleen; Armbruster, David; Hickman, Peter E</p> <p>2016-08-01</p> <p>For more than a decade there has been a global effort to harmonise all phases of the testing <span class="hlt">process</span>, with particular emphasis on the most frequently utilised measurands. In addition, it is recognised that calculated parameters derived from these measurands should also be a target for harmonisation. Using data from the Aussie Normals study we report <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals for three calculated parameters: serum osmolality, serum anion gap and albumin-adjusted serum calcium. The Aussie Normals study was an a priori study that analysed samples from 1856 healthy volunteers. The nine analytes used for the calculations in this study were measured on Abbott Architect analysers. The data demonstrated normal (Gaussian) distributions for the albumin-adjusted serum calcium, the anion gap (using potassium in the calculation) and the calculated serum osmolality (using both the Bhagat et al. and Smithline and Gardner formulae). To assess the suitability of these <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals for use as harmonised <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals, we reviewed data from the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia/Australasian Association of Clinical Biochemists (RCPA/AACB) bias survey. We conclude that the <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals for the calculated serum osmolality (using the Smithline and Gardner formulae) may be suitable for use as a <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">reference</span> interval. Although a <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">reference</span> interval for albumin-adjusted serum calcium may be possible, further investigations (including a greater range of albumin concentrations) are needed. This is due to the bias between the Bromocresol Green (BCG) and Bromocresol Purple (BCP) methods at lower serum albumin concentrations. Problems with the measurement of Total CO 2 in the bias survey meant that we could not use the data for assessing the suitability of a <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">reference</span> interval for the anion gap. Further study is required.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/57618','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/57618"><span>Health hazards associated with the use of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (<span class="hlt">commonly</span> <span class="hlt">referred</span> to as DOP) in HEPA filter test</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>NONE</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), <span class="hlt">commonly</span> <span class="hlt">referred</span> to as di-octyl phthalate, is an important production chemical in the US. In addition to its major use as an additive in plastics, DEHP is widely used to evaluate the effectiveness of high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters. Historically, DEHP was also used in quantitative fit testing for respirators. Evaluations of this compound a decade ago showed that it can induce hepatocellular carcinomas in laboratory animals. Although most Department of Energy (DOE) facilities have since discontinued using DEHP in respirator fit testing, DEHP continues to be used for evaluating HEPA filters. This report summarizes availablemore » information on the toxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and other hazards and problems posed by DEHP, specifically with <span class="hlt">reference</span> to HEPA filter testing. Information on work practice improvements as well as the availability and suitability of DEHP substitutes are also presented. This material should assist the DOE in the safe use of this material.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4490127','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4490127"><span>Hemifield-dependent N1 and event-related theta/delta oscillations: An unbiased comparison of surface Laplacian and <span class="hlt">common</span> EEG <span class="hlt">reference</span> choices</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kayser, Jürgen; Tenke, Craig E.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Surface Laplacian methodology has been used to reduce the impact of volume conduction and arbitrary choice of EEG recording <span class="hlt">reference</span> for the analysis of surface potentials. However, the empirical implications of employing these different transformations to the same EEG data remain obscure. This study directly compared the statistical effects of four <span class="hlt">commonly</span>-used (nose, linked mastoids, average) or recommended (<span class="hlt">reference</span> electrode standardization technique [REST]) <span class="hlt">references</span> and their spherical spline current source density (CSD) transformation for a large data set stemming from a well-understood experimental manipulation. ERPs (72 sites) recorded from 130 individuals during a visual half-field paradigm with highly-controlled emotional stimuli were characterized by mid-parietooccipital N1 (125 ms peak latency) and event-related synchronization (ERS) of theta/delta (160 ms), which were most robust over the contralateral hemisphere. All five data transformations were rescaled to the same covariance and submitted to a single temporal or time-frequency PCA (Varimax) to yield simplified estimates of N1 or theta/delta ERS. Unbiased nonparametric permutation tests revealed that these hemifield-dependent asymmetries were by far most focal and prominent for CSD data, despite all transformations showing maximum effects at mid-parietooccipital sites. Employing smaller subsamples (signal-to-noise) or window-based ERP/ERS amplitudes did not affect these comparisons. Furthermore, correlations between N1 and theta/delta ERS at these sites were strongest for CSD and weakest for nose-referenced data. Contrary to the <span class="hlt">common</span> notion that the spatial high pass filter properties of a surface Laplacian reduce important contributions of neuronal generators to the EEG signal, the present findings demonstrate that instead volume conduction inherent in surface potentials weakens the representation of neuronal activation patterns at scalp that directly reflect regional brain activity. PMID</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=dual+AND+processing+AND+theory&pg=7&id=EJ717977','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=dual+AND+processing+AND+theory&pg=7&id=EJ717977"><span>The <span class="hlt">Processing</span> Cost of <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Set Computation: Acquisition of Stress Shift and Focus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Reinhart, Tanya</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Reference</span> set computation -- the construction of a (global) comparison set to determine whether a given derivation is appropriate in context -- comes with a <span class="hlt">processing</span> cost. I argue that this cost is directly visible at the acquisition stage: In those linguistic areas in which it has been independently established that such computation is indeed…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4398391','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4398391"><span>Mercury vapor in residential building <span class="hlt">common</span> areas in communities where mercury is used for cultural purposes versus a <span class="hlt">reference</span> community</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Garetano, Gary; Stern, Alan H.; Robson, Mark; Gochfeld, Michael</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Background Exposure to elemental mercury (Hg0) in residential buildings can occur from accidental spills, broken objects (thermometers, fluorescent fixtures, thermostats), and deliberate introduction, one mode of which involves cultural practices by individuals who believe dispersal of mercury in a residence will bring luck, enhance health or ward off harm. Objectives To determine whether mercury vapor levels in <span class="hlt">common</span> areas of residential buildings is higher in a community where cultural uses are likely (study areas S1, S2) than in a <span class="hlt">reference</span> community (C1) where cultural use is unlikely, and whether levels can serve as a signal of significant cultural mercury use. Methods We monitored Hg0 vapor with a portable spectrophotometer in the three communities. We randomly selected sites in S1 and C1 community, and also include sites in S2 specified by local health officials who suspected cultural mercury use. We evaluated 122 multifamily buildings and 116 outdoor locations. Findings We found >25 ng/m3 Hg0 in 14% of buildings in study areas compared to only one <span class="hlt">reference</span> building. In the latter we identified an accidental mercury spill from a bottle that had been brought into the building. Both the mean and maximum indoor mercury vapor levels were greater in the study communities than in the <span class="hlt">reference</span> community. In all communities, we observed mean indoor Hg0 vapor concentration greater than outdoors, although in two-thirds of buildings, indoor levels did not exceed the area-specific outdoor upper-limit concentration. Conclusion After controlling for factors that might influence Hg0 vapor levels, the most plausible explanation for greater Hg0 levels in the study area is a relationship to cultural use of mercury. None of the measured levels exceeded the ATSDR minimum risk level for residences of 200 ng/m3 Hg0 although levels in living quarters might be greater than those in the <span class="hlt">common</span> areas. PMID:18406445</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28733189','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28733189"><span>Systematic review of serum steroid <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals developed using mass spectrometry.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tavita, Nevada; Greaves, Ronda F</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the published literature to determine the available serum/plasma steroid <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals generated by mass spectrometry (MS) methods across all age groups in healthy subjects and to suggest recommendations to achieve <span class="hlt">common</span> MS based <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals for serum steroids. MEDLINE, EMBASE and PubMed databases were used to conduct a comprehensive search for English language, MS-based <span class="hlt">reference</span> interval studies for serum/plasma steroids. Selection of steroids to include was based on those listed in the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia Quality Assurance Programs, Chemical Pathology, Endocrine Program. This methodology has been registered onto the PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews (ID number: CRD42015029637). After accounting for duplicates, a total of 60 manuscripts were identified through the search strategy. Following critical evaluation, a total of 16 studies were selected. Of the 16 studies, 12 reported <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals for testosterone, 11 for 17 hydroxy-progesterone, nine for androstenedione, six for cortisol, three for progesterone, two for dihydrotestosterone and only one for aldosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate. No studies established MS-based <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals for oestradiol. As far as we are aware, this report provides the first comparison of the peer reviewed literature for serum/plasma steroid <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals generated by MS-based methods. The <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals based on these published studies can be used to inform the <span class="hlt">process</span> to develop <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals, and agreed reporting units for mass spectrometry based steroid methods. Copyright © 2017 The Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5622944','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5622944"><span>The Presentation Location of the <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Stimuli Affects the Left-Side Bias in the <span class="hlt">Processing</span> of Faces and Chinese Characters</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Li, Chenglin; Cao, Xiaohua</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>For faces and Chinese characters, a left-side <span class="hlt">processing</span> bias, in which observers rely more heavily on information conveyed by the left side of stimuli than the right side of stimuli, has been frequently reported in previous studies. However, it remains unclear whether this left-side bias effect is modulated by the <span class="hlt">reference</span> stimuli's location. The present study adopted the chimeric stimuli task to investigate the influence of the presentation location of the <span class="hlt">reference</span> stimuli on the left-side bias in face and Chinese character <span class="hlt">processing</span>. The results demonstrated that when a <span class="hlt">reference</span> face was presented in the left visual field of its chimeric images, which are centrally presented, the participants showed a preference higher than the no-bias threshold for the left chimeric face; this effect, however, was not observed in the right visual field. This finding indicates that the left-side bias effect in face <span class="hlt">processing</span> is stronger when the <span class="hlt">reference</span> face is in the left visual field. In contrast, the left-side bias was observed in Chinese character <span class="hlt">processing</span> when the <span class="hlt">reference</span> Chinese character was presented in either the left or right visual field. Together, these findings suggest that although faces and Chinese characters both have a left-side <span class="hlt">processing</span> bias, the underlying neural mechanisms of this left-side bias might be different. PMID:29018391</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29018391','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29018391"><span>The Presentation Location of the <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Stimuli Affects the Left-Side Bias in the <span class="hlt">Processing</span> of Faces and Chinese Characters.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Chenglin; Cao, Xiaohua</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>For faces and Chinese characters, a left-side <span class="hlt">processing</span> bias, in which observers rely more heavily on information conveyed by the left side of stimuli than the right side of stimuli, has been frequently reported in previous studies. However, it remains unclear whether this left-side bias effect is modulated by the <span class="hlt">reference</span> stimuli's location. The present study adopted the chimeric stimuli task to investigate the influence of the presentation location of the <span class="hlt">reference</span> stimuli on the left-side bias in face and Chinese character <span class="hlt">processing</span>. The results demonstrated that when a <span class="hlt">reference</span> face was presented in the left visual field of its chimeric images, which are centrally presented, the participants showed a preference higher than the no-bias threshold for the left chimeric face; this effect, however, was not observed in the right visual field. This finding indicates that the left-side bias effect in face <span class="hlt">processing</span> is stronger when the <span class="hlt">reference</span> face is in the left visual field. In contrast, the left-side bias was observed in Chinese character <span class="hlt">processing</span> when the <span class="hlt">reference</span> Chinese character was presented in either the left or right visual field. Together, these findings suggest that although faces and Chinese characters both have a left-side <span class="hlt">processing</span> bias, the underlying neural mechanisms of this left-side bias might be different.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/1007868','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/1007868"><span><span class="hlt">Reference</span> conditions for giant sequoia forest restoration: structure, <span class="hlt">process</span>, and precision</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Stephenson, Nathan L.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>National Park Service policy directs that more natural conditions be restored to giant sequoia groves, which have been altered by a century of fire exclusion. Efforts to find a reasonable and practical definition of “natural” have helped drive scientists and land managers to use past grove conditions as <span class="hlt">reference</span> conditions for restoration. Extensive research aimed at determining <span class="hlt">reference</span> conditions has demonstrated that past fire regimes can be characterized with greater precision than past grove structures. Difficulty and imprecision in determining past grove structure has helped fuel a debate between “structural restorationists,” who believe that forest structure should be restored mechanically before fire is reintroduced, and “<span class="hlt">process</span> restorationists,” who believe that simple reintroduction of fire is appropriate. I evaluate old and new studies from sequoia groves to show that some of the arguments of both groups have been flawed. Importantly, it appears that restoration of fire without a preceding mechanical restoration may restore the pre-Euro-American structure of sequoia groves, at least within the bounds of our imprecise knowledge of past grove structure. However, the same may not be true for all forest types that have experienced lengthy fire exclusion. Our ability to draw robust generalizations about fire's role in forest restoration will depend heavily on a thorough understanding of past and present interactions among climate, fire, and forest structure. Use of <span class="hlt">reference</span> conditions will be central to developing this understanding.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23108370','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23108370"><span>A target sample of adolescents and reward <span class="hlt">processing</span>: same neural and behavioral correlates engaged in <span class="hlt">common</span> paradigms?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nees, Frauke; Vollstädt-Klein, Sabine; Fauth-Bühler, Mira; Steiner, Sabina; Mann, Karl; Poustka, Luise; Banaschewski, Tobias; Büchel, Christian; Conrod, Patricia J; Garavan, Hugh; Heinz, Andreas; Ittermann, Bernd; Artiges, Eric; Paus, Tomas; Pausova, Zdenka; Rietschel, Marcella; Smolka, Michael N; Struve, Maren; Loth, Eva; Schumann, Gunter; Flor, Herta</p> <p>2012-11-01</p> <p>Adolescence is a transition period that is assumed to be characterized by increased sensitivity to reward. While there is growing research on reward <span class="hlt">processing</span> in adolescents, investigations into the engagement of brain regions under different reward-related conditions in one sample of healthy adolescents, especially in a target age group, are missing. We aimed to identify brain regions preferentially activated in a reaction time task (monetary incentive delay (MID) task) and a simple guessing task (SGT) in a sample of 14-year-old adolescents (N = 54) using two <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used reward paradigms. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was employed during the MID with big versus small versus no win conditions and the SGT with big versus small win and big versus small loss conditions. Analyses focused on changes in blood oxygen level-dependent contrasts during reward and punishment <span class="hlt">processing</span> in anticipation and feedback phases. We found clear magnitude-sensitive response in reward-related brain regions such as the ventral striatum during anticipation in the MID task, but not in the SGT. This was also true for reaction times. The feedback phase showed clear reward-related, but magnitude-independent, response patterns, for example in the anterior cingulate cortex, in both tasks. Our findings highlight neural and behavioral response patterns engaged in two different reward paradigms in one sample of 14-year-old healthy adolescents and might be important for <span class="hlt">reference</span> in future studies investigating reward and punishment <span class="hlt">processing</span> in a target age group.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3365060','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3365060"><span>DISCO-SCA and Properly Applied GSVD as Swinging Methods to Find <span class="hlt">Common</span> and Distinctive <span class="hlt">Processes</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Van Deun, Katrijn; Van Mechelen, Iven; Thorrez, Lieven; Schouteden, Martijn; De Moor, Bart; van der Werf, Mariët J.; De Lathauwer, Lieven; Smilde, Age K.; Kiers, Henk A. L.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Background In systems biology it is <span class="hlt">common</span> to obtain for the same set of biological entities information from multiple sources. Examples include expression data for the same set of orthologous genes screened in different organisms and data on the same set of culture samples obtained with different high-throughput techniques. A major challenge is to find the important biological <span class="hlt">processes</span> underlying the data and to disentangle therein <span class="hlt">processes</span> <span class="hlt">common</span> to all data sources and <span class="hlt">processes</span> distinctive for a specific source. Recently, two promising simultaneous data integration methods have been proposed to attain this goal, namely generalized singular value decomposition (GSVD) and simultaneous component analysis with rotation to <span class="hlt">common</span> and distinctive components (DISCO-SCA). Results Both theoretical analyses and applications to biologically relevant data show that: (1) straightforward applications of GSVD yield unsatisfactory results, (2) DISCO-SCA performs well, (3) provided proper pre-<span class="hlt">processing</span> and algorithmic adaptations, GSVD reaches a performance level similar to that of DISCO-SCA, and (4) DISCO-SCA is directly generalizable to more than two data sources. The biological relevance of DISCO-SCA is illustrated with two applications. First, in a setting of comparative genomics, it is shown that DISCO-SCA recovers a <span class="hlt">common</span> theme of cell cycle progression and a yeast-specific response to pheromones. The biological annotation was obtained by applying Gene Set Enrichment Analysis in an appropriate way. Second, in an application of DISCO-SCA to metabolomics data for Escherichia coli obtained with two different chemical analysis platforms, it is illustrated that the metabolites involved in some of the biological <span class="hlt">processes</span> underlying the data are detected by one of the two platforms only; therefore, platforms for microbial metabolomics should be tailored to the biological question. Conclusions Both DISCO-SCA and properly applied GSVD are promising integrative methods for</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NJPh...18c3018I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NJPh...18c3018I"><span>Asynchronous <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame agreement in a quantum network</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Islam, Tanvirul; Wehner, Stephanie</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>An efficient implementation of many multiparty protocols for quantum networks requires that all the nodes in the network share a <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame. Establishing such a <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame from scratch is especially challenging in an asynchronous network where network links might have arbitrary delays and the nodes do not share synchronised clocks. In this work, we study the problem of establishing a <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame in an asynchronous network of n nodes of which at most t are affected by arbitrary unknown error, and the identities of the faulty nodes are not known. We present a protocol that allows all the correctly functioning nodes to agree on a <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame as long as the network graph is complete and not more than t\\lt n/4 nodes are faulty. As the protocol is asynchronous, it can be used with some assumptions to synchronise clocks over a network. Also, the protocol has the appealing property that it allows any existing two-node asynchronous protocol for <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame agreement to be lifted to a robust protocol for an asynchronous quantum network.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_6 --> <div id="page_7" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="121"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=obstetrician&pg=3&id=ED276509','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=obstetrician&pg=3&id=ED276509"><span>Volunteeer's <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Guide.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Armstrong, Julie; And Others</p> <p></p> <p>For Postpartum Education for Parents (PEP) volunteers, this <span class="hlt">reference</span> guide provides background information about the <span class="hlt">common</span> concerns of parents. Extensively reviewed for accuracy and content by pediatricians, psychologists, obstetricians, nurses, and childbirth educators, the guide contains a summary discussion of the postpartum infant and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title15-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title15-vol1-sec200-104.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title15-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title15-vol1-sec200-104.pdf"><span>15 CFR 200.104 - Standard <span class="hlt">reference</span> materials.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>... the NIST National Measurement Laboratory administers a program to provide many types of well... be readily <span class="hlt">referred</span> to a <span class="hlt">common</span> base. NIST SP 260 is a catalog of Standard <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Materials available from NIST. ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title15-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title15-vol1-sec200-104.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title15-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title15-vol1-sec200-104.pdf"><span>15 CFR 200.104 - Standard <span class="hlt">reference</span> materials.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>... the NIST National Measurement Laboratory administers a program to provide many types of well... be readily <span class="hlt">referred</span> to a <span class="hlt">common</span> base. NIST SP 260 is a catalog of Standard <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Materials available from NIST. ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title15-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title15-vol1-sec200-104.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title15-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title15-vol1-sec200-104.pdf"><span>15 CFR 200.104 - Standard <span class="hlt">reference</span> materials.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>... the NIST National Measurement Laboratory administers a program to provide many types of well... be readily <span class="hlt">referred</span> to a <span class="hlt">common</span> base. NIST SP 260 is a catalog of Standard <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Materials available from NIST. ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title15-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title15-vol1-sec200-104.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title15-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title15-vol1-sec200-104.pdf"><span>15 CFR 200.104 - Standard <span class="hlt">reference</span> materials.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>... the NIST National Measurement Laboratory administers a program to provide many types of well... be readily <span class="hlt">referred</span> to a <span class="hlt">common</span> base. NIST SP 260 is a catalog of Standard <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Materials available from NIST. ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title15-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title15-vol1-sec200-104.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title15-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title15-vol1-sec200-104.pdf"><span>15 CFR 200.104 - Standard <span class="hlt">reference</span> materials.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>... the NIST National Measurement Laboratory administers a program to provide many types of well... be readily <span class="hlt">referred</span> to a <span class="hlt">common</span> base. NIST SP 260 is a catalog of Standard <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Materials available from NIST. ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27929511','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27929511"><span>Evaluation of dose-area product of <span class="hlt">common</span> radiographic examinations towards establishing a preliminary diagnostic <span class="hlt">reference</span> levels (PDRLs) in Southwestern Nigeria.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jibiri, Nnamdi N; Olowookere, Christopher J</p> <p>2016-11-08</p> <p>In Nigeria, a large number of radiographic examinations are conducted yearly for various diagnostic purposes. However, most examinations carried out do not have records of doses received by the patients, and the employed exposure parameters used are not documented; therefore, adequate radiation dose management is hin-dered. The aim of the present study was to estimate the dose-area product (DAP) of patients examined in Nigeria, and to propose regional <span class="hlt">reference</span> dose levels for nine <span class="hlt">common</span> examinations (chest PA, abdomen AP, pelvis AP, lumbar AP, skull AP, leg AP, knee AP, hand AP, and thigh AP) undertaken in Nigeria. Measurement of entrance surface dose (ESD) was carried out using thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD). Measured ESDS were converted into DAP using the beam area of patients in 12 purposely selected hospitals. Results of the study show that the maximum/ minimum ratio ranged from 3 for thigh AP to 57 in abdomen AP. The range of determined mean and 75th percentile DAPs were 0.18-17.16, and 0.25-28.59 Gy cm2, respectively. Data available for comparison show that 75th percentile DAPs in this study (in chest PA, abdomen AP, pelvis AP, lumbar AP) are higher than NRPB-HPE <span class="hlt">reference</span> values. The DAP in this study is higher by factor of 31.4 (chest PA), 9.9 (abdomen AP), 2.2 (pelvis AP), and 2.1 (lumbar AP) than NRPB-HPE values. The relative higher dose found in this study shows nonoptimization of practice in Nigeria. It is expected that regular dose auditing and dose optimization implementation in Nigeria would lead to lower DAP value, especially in abdomen AP. The 75th percentile DAP distribution reported in this study could be taken as regional diagnostic <span class="hlt">reference</span> level in the Southwestern Nigeria; however, a more extensive nationwide dose survey is required to establish national <span class="hlt">reference</span> dose. © 2016 The Authors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24808407','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24808407"><span><span class="hlt">Common</span> and Innovative Visuals: A sparsity modeling framework for video.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Abdolhosseini Moghadam, Abdolreza; Kumar, Mrityunjay; Radha, Hayder</p> <p>2014-05-02</p> <p>Efficient video representation models are critical for many video analysis and <span class="hlt">processing</span> tasks. In this paper, we present a framework based on the concept of finding the sparsest solution to model video frames. To model the spatio-temporal information, frames from one scene are decomposed into two components: (i) a <span class="hlt">common</span> frame, which describes the visual information <span class="hlt">common</span> to all the frames in the scene/segment, and (ii) a set of innovative frames, which depicts the dynamic behaviour of the scene. The proposed approach exploits and builds on recent results in the field of compressed sensing to jointly estimate the <span class="hlt">common</span> frame and the innovative frames for each video segment. We <span class="hlt">refer</span> to the proposed modeling framework by CIV (<span class="hlt">Common</span> and Innovative Visuals). We show how the proposed model can be utilized to find scene change boundaries and extend CIV to videos from multiple scenes. Furthermore, the proposed model is robust to noise and can be used for various video <span class="hlt">processing</span> applications without relying on motion estimation and detection or image segmentation. Results for object tracking, video editing (object removal, inpainting) and scene change detection are presented to demonstrate the efficiency and the performance of the proposed model.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4888899','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4888899"><span><span class="hlt">References</span> for Haplotype Imputation in the Big Data Era</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Li, Wenzhi; Xu, Wei; Li, Qiling; Ma, Li; Song, Qing</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Imputation is a powerful in silico approach to fill in those missing values in the big datasets. This <span class="hlt">process</span> requires a <span class="hlt">reference</span> panel, which is a collection of big data from which the missing information can be extracted and imputed. Haplotype imputation requires ethnicity-matched <span class="hlt">references</span>; a mismatched <span class="hlt">reference</span> panel will significantly reduce the quality of imputation. However, currently existing big datasets cover only a small number of ethnicities, there is a lack of ethnicity-matched <span class="hlt">references</span> for many ethnic populations in the world, which has hampered the data imputation of haplotypes and its downstream applications. To solve this issue, several approaches have been proposed and explored, including the mixed <span class="hlt">reference</span> panel, the internal <span class="hlt">reference</span> panel and genotype-converted <span class="hlt">reference</span> panel. This review article provides the information and comparison between these approaches. Increasing evidence showed that not just one or two genetic elements dictate the gene activity and functions; instead, cis-interactions of multiple elements dictate gene activity. Cis-interactions require the interacting elements to be on the same chromosome molecule, therefore, haplotype analysis is essential for the investigation of cis-interactions among multiple genetic variants at different loci, and appears to be especially important for studying the <span class="hlt">common</span> diseases. It will be valuable in a wide spectrum of applications from academic research, to clinical diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and pharmaceutical industry. PMID:27274952</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25707445','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25707445"><span>Information <span class="hlt">processing</span> biases concurrently and prospectively predict depressive symptoms in adolescents: Evidence from a self-<span class="hlt">referent</span> encoding task.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Connolly, Samantha L; Abramson, Lyn Y; Alloy, Lauren B</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Negative information <span class="hlt">processing</span> biases have been hypothesised to serve as precursors for the development of depression. The current study examined negative self-<span class="hlt">referent</span> information <span class="hlt">processing</span> and depressive symptoms in a community sample of adolescents (N = 291, Mage at baseline = 12.34 ± 0.61, 53% female, 47.4% African-American, 49.5% Caucasian and 3.1% Biracial). Participants completed a computerised self-<span class="hlt">referent</span> encoding task (SRET) and a measure of depressive symptoms at baseline and completed an additional measure of depressive symptoms nine months later. Several negative information <span class="hlt">processing</span> biases on the SRET were associated with concurrent depressive symptoms and predicted increases in depressive symptoms at follow-up. Findings partially support the hypothesis that negative information <span class="hlt">processing</span> biases are associated with depressive symptoms in a nonclinical sample of adolescents, and provide preliminary evidence that these biases prospectively predict increases in depressive symptoms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5393922','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5393922"><span>Mapping <span class="hlt">common</span> aphasia assessments to underlying cognitive <span class="hlt">processes</span> and their neural substrates</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lacey, Elizabeth H.; Skipper-Kallal, LM; Xing, S; Fama, ME; Turkeltaub, PE</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Background Understanding the relationships between clinical tests, the <span class="hlt">processes</span> they measure, and the brain networks underlying them, is critical in order for clinicians to move beyond aphasia syndrome classification toward specification of individual language <span class="hlt">process</span> impairments. Objective To understand the cognitive, language, and neuroanatomical factors underlying scores of <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used aphasia tests. Methods 25 behavioral tests were administered to a group of 38 chronic left hemisphere stroke survivors and a high resolution MRI was obtained. Test scores were entered into a principal components analysis to extract the latent variables (factors) measured by the tests. Multivariate lesion-symptom mapping was used to localize lesions associated with the factor scores. Results The principal components analysis yielded four dissociable factors, which we labeled Word Finding/Fluency, Comprehension, Phonology/Working Memory Capacity, and Executive Function. While many tests loaded onto the factors in predictable ways, some relied heavily on factors not <span class="hlt">commonly</span> associated with the tests. Lesion symptom mapping demonstrated discrete brain structures associated with each factor, including frontal, temporal, and parietal areas extending beyond the classical language network. Specific functions mapped onto brain anatomy largely in correspondence with modern neural models of language <span class="hlt">processing</span>. Conclusions An extensive clinical aphasia assessment identifies four independent language functions, relying on discrete parts of the left middle cerebral artery territory. A better understanding of the <span class="hlt">processes</span> underlying cognitive tests and the link between lesion and behavior may lead to improved aphasia diagnosis, and may yield treatments better targeted to an individual’s specific pattern of deficits and preserved abilities. PMID:28135902</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28135902','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28135902"><span>Mapping <span class="hlt">Common</span> Aphasia Assessments to Underlying Cognitive <span class="hlt">Processes</span> and Their Neural Substrates.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lacey, Elizabeth H; Skipper-Kallal, Laura M; Xing, Shihui; Fama, Mackenzie E; Turkeltaub, Peter E</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Understanding the relationships between clinical tests, the <span class="hlt">processes</span> they measure, and the brain networks underlying them, is critical in order for clinicians to move beyond aphasia syndrome classification toward specification of individual language <span class="hlt">process</span> impairments. To understand the cognitive, language, and neuroanatomical factors underlying scores of <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used aphasia tests. Twenty-five behavioral tests were administered to a group of 38 chronic left hemisphere stroke survivors and a high-resolution magnetic resonance image was obtained. Test scores were entered into a principal components analysis to extract the latent variables (factors) measured by the tests. Multivariate lesion-symptom mapping was used to localize lesions associated with the factor scores. The principal components analysis yielded 4 dissociable factors, which we labeled Word Finding/Fluency, Comprehension, Phonology/Working Memory Capacity, and Executive Function. While many tests loaded onto the factors in predictable ways, some relied heavily on factors not <span class="hlt">commonly</span> associated with the tests. Lesion symptom mapping demonstrated discrete brain structures associated with each factor, including frontal, temporal, and parietal areas extending beyond the classical language network. Specific functions mapped onto brain anatomy largely in correspondence with modern neural models of language <span class="hlt">processing</span>. An extensive clinical aphasia assessment identifies 4 independent language functions, relying on discrete parts of the left middle cerebral artery territory. A better understanding of the <span class="hlt">processes</span> underlying cognitive tests and the link between lesion and behavior may lead to improved aphasia diagnosis, and may yield treatments better targeted to an individual's specific pattern of deficits and preserved abilities.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002SPIE.4684.1819L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002SPIE.4684.1819L"><span>From plastic to gold: a unified classification scheme for <span class="hlt">reference</span> standards in medical image <span class="hlt">processing</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lehmann, Thomas M.</p> <p>2002-05-01</p> <p>Reliable evaluation of medical image <span class="hlt">processing</span> is of major importance for routine applications. Nonetheless, evaluation is often omitted or methodically defective when novel approaches or algorithms are introduced. Adopted from medical diagnosis, we define the following criteria to classify <span class="hlt">reference</span> standards: 1. Reliance, if the generation or capturing of test images for evaluation follows an exactly determined and reproducible protocol. 2. Equivalence, if the image material or relationships considered within an algorithmic <span class="hlt">reference</span> standard equal real-life data with respect to structure, noise, or other parameters of importance. 3. Independence, if any <span class="hlt">reference</span> standard relies on a different procedure than that to be evaluated, or on other images or image modalities than that used routinely. This criterion bans the simultaneous use of one image for both, training and test phase. 4. Relevance, if the algorithm to be evaluated is self-reproducible. If random parameters or optimization strategies are applied, reliability of the algorithm must be shown before the <span class="hlt">reference</span> standard is applied for evaluation. 5. Significance, if the number of <span class="hlt">reference</span> standard images that are used for evaluation is sufficient large to enable statistically founded analysis. We demand that a true gold standard must satisfy the Criteria 1 to 3. Any standard only satisfying two criteria, i.e., Criterion 1 and Criterion 2 or Criterion 1 and Criterion 3, is <span class="hlt">referred</span> to as silver standard. Other standards are termed to be from plastic. Before exhaustive evaluation based on gold or silver standards is performed, its relevance must be shown (Criterion 4) and sufficient tests must be carried out to found statistical analysis (Criterion 5). In this paper, examples are given for each class of <span class="hlt">reference</span> standards.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27074723','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27074723"><span>Magnitude knowledge: the <span class="hlt">common</span> core of numerical development.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Siegler, Robert S</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>The integrated theory of numerical development posits that a central theme of numerical development from infancy to adulthood is progressive broadening of the types and ranges of numbers whose magnitudes are accurately represented. The <span class="hlt">process</span> includes four overlapping trends: (1) representing increasingly precisely the magnitudes of non-symbolic numbers, (2) connecting small symbolic numbers to their non-symbolic <span class="hlt">referents</span>, (3) extending understanding from smaller to larger whole numbers, and (4) accurately representing the magnitudes of rational numbers. The present review identifies substantial <span class="hlt">commonalities</span>, as well as differences, in these four aspects of numerical development. With both whole and rational numbers, numerical magnitude knowledge is concurrently correlated with, longitudinally predictive of, and causally related to multiple aspects of mathematical understanding, including arithmetic and overall math achievement. Moreover, interventions focused on increasing numerical magnitude knowledge often generalize to other aspects of mathematics. The cognitive <span class="hlt">processes</span> of association and analogy seem to play especially large roles in this development. Thus, acquisition of numerical magnitude knowledge can be seen as the <span class="hlt">common</span> core of numerical development. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24013612','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24013612"><span>Identification and evaluation of <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for qRT-PCR normalization in Ganoderma lucidum.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xu, Jiang; Xu, ZhiChao; Zhu, YingJie; Luo, HongMei; Qian, Jun; Ji, AiJia; Hu, YuanLei; Sun, Wei; Wang, Bo; Song, JingYuan; Sun, Chao; Chen, ShiLin</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) is a rapid, sensitive, and reliable technique for gene expression studies. The accuracy and reliability of qRT-PCR results depend on the stability of the <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes used for gene normalization. Therefore, a systematic <span class="hlt">process</span> of <span class="hlt">reference</span> gene evaluation is needed. Ganoderma lucidum is a famous medicinal mushroom in East Asia. In the current study, 10 potential <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes were selected from the G. lucidum genomic data. The sequences of these genes were manually curated, and primers were designed following strict criteria. The experiment was conducted using qRT-PCR, and the stability of each candidate gene was assessed using four <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used statistical programs-geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder. According to our results, PP2A was expressed at the most stable levels under different fermentation conditions, and RPL4 was the most stably expressed gene in different tissues. RPL4, PP2A, and β-tubulin are the most <span class="hlt">commonly</span> recommended <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for normalizing gene expression in the entire sample set. The current study provides a foundation for the further use of qRT-PCR in G. lucidum gene analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5690520','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5690520"><span>Evaluation of dose‐area product of <span class="hlt">common</span> radiographic examinations towards establishing a preliminary diagnostic <span class="hlt">reference</span> levels (PDRLs) in Southwestern Nigeria</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Jibiri, Nnamdi N.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>In Nigeria, a large number of radiographic examinations are conducted yearly for various diagnostic purposes. However, most examinations carried out do not have records of doses received by the patients, and the employed exposure parameters used are not documented; therefore, adequate radiation dose management is hindered. The aim of the present study was to estimate the dose‐area product (DAP) of patients examined in Nigeria, and to propose regional <span class="hlt">reference</span> dose levels for nine <span class="hlt">common</span> examinations (chest PA, abdomen AP, pelvis AP, lumbar AP, skull AP, leg AP, knee AP, hand AP, and thigh AP) undertaken in Nigeria. Measurement of entrance surface dose (ESD) was carried out using thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD). Measured ESDS were converted into DAP using the beam area of patients in 12 purposely selected hospitals. Results of the study show that the maximum/minimum ratio ranged from 3 for thigh AP to 57 in abdomen AP. The range of determined mean and 75th percentile DAPs were 0.18–17.16, and 0.25–28.59 Gy cm2, respectively. Data available for comparison show that 75th percentile DAPs in this study (in chest PA, abdomen AP, pelvis AP, lumbar AP) are higher than NRPB‐HPE <span class="hlt">reference</span> values. The DAP in this study is higher by factor of 31.4 (chest PA), 9.9 (abdomen AP), 2.2 (pelvis AP), and 2.1 (lumbar AP) than NRPB‐HPE values. The relative higher dose found in this study shows nonoptimization of practice in Nigeria. It is expected that regular dose auditing and dose optimization implementation in Nigeria would lead to lower DAP value, especially in abdomen AP. The 75th percentile DAP distribution reported in this study could be taken as regional diagnostic <span class="hlt">reference</span> level in the Southwestern Nigeria; however, a more extensive nationwide dose survey is required to establish national <span class="hlt">reference</span> dose. PACS number(s): 87.53.Bn, 87.59.B PMID:27929511</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3722127','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3722127"><span>An ERP Study of the <span class="hlt">Processing</span> of <span class="hlt">Common</span> and Decimal Fractions: How Different They Are</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Zhang, Li; Wang, Qi; Lin, Chongde; Ding, Cody; Zhou, Xinlin</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>This study explored event-related potential (ERP) correlates of <span class="hlt">common</span> fractions (1/5) and decimal fractions (0.2). Thirteen subjects performed a numerical magnitude matching task under two conditions. In the <span class="hlt">common</span> fraction condition, a nonsymbolic fraction was asked to be judged whether its magnitude matched the magnitude of a <span class="hlt">common</span> fraction; in the decimal fraction condition, a nonsymbolic fraction was asked to be matched with a decimal fraction. Behavioral results showed significant main effects of condition and numerical distance, but no significant interaction of condition and numerical distance. Electrophysiological data showed that when nonsymbolic fractions were compared to <span class="hlt">common</span> fractions, they displayed larger N1 and P3 amplitudes than when they were compared to decimal fractions. This finding suggested that the visual identification for nonsymbolic fractions was different under the two conditions, which was not due to perceptual differences but to task demands. For symbolic fractions, the condition effect was observed in the N1 and P3 components, revealing stimulus-specific visual identification <span class="hlt">processing</span>. The effect of numerical distance as an index of numerical magnitude representation was observed in the P2, N3 and P3 components under the two conditions. However, the topography of the distance effect was different under the two conditions, suggesting stimulus specific semantic <span class="hlt">processing</span> of <span class="hlt">common</span> fractions and decimal fractions. PMID:23894491</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25246004','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25246004"><span>Communication of scientific uncertainty: international case studies on the development of folate and vitamin D Dietary <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Values.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Brown, Kerry A; de Wit, Liesbeth; Timotijevic, Lada; Sonne, Anne-Mette; Lähteenmäki, Liisa; Brito Garcia, Noé; Jeruszka-Bielak, Marta; Sicińska, Ewa; Moore, Alana N; Lawrence, Mark; Raats, Monique M</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>Transparent evidence-based decision making has been promoted worldwide to engender trust in science and policy making. Yet, little attention has been given to transparency implementation. The degree of transparency (focused on how uncertain evidence was handled) during the development of folate and vitamin D Dietary <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Values was explored in three a priori defined areas: (i) value request; (ii) evidence evaluation; and (iii) final values. Qualitative case studies (semi-structured interviews and desk research). A <span class="hlt">common</span> protocol was used for data collection, interview thematic analysis and reporting. Results were coordinated via cross-case synthesis. Australia and New Zealand, Netherlands, Nordic countries, Poland, Spain and UK. Twenty-one interviews were conducted in six case studies. Transparency of <span class="hlt">process</span> was not universally observed across countries or areas of the recommendation setting <span class="hlt">process</span>. Transparency practices were most <span class="hlt">commonly</span> seen surrounding the request to develop <span class="hlt">reference</span> values (e.g. access to risk manager/assessor problem formulation discussions) and evidence evaluation (e.g. disclosure of risk assessor data sourcing/evaluation protocols). Fewer transparency practices were observed to assist with handling uncertainty in the evidence base during the development of quantitative <span class="hlt">reference</span> values. Implementation of transparency policies may be limited by a lack of dedicated resources and best practice procedures, particularly to assist with the latter stages of <span class="hlt">reference</span> value development. Challenges remain regarding the best practice for transparently communicating the influence of uncertain evidence on the final <span class="hlt">reference</span> values. Resolving this issue may assist the evolution of nutrition risk assessment and better inform the recommendation setting <span class="hlt">process</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19900012008','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19900012008"><span><span class="hlt">Common</span> source cascode amplifiers for integrating IR-FPA applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Woolaway, James T.; Young, Erick T.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>Space based astronomical infrared measurements present stringent performance requirements on the infrared detector arrays and their associated readout circuitry. To evaluate the usefulness of commercial CMOS technology for astronomical readout applications a theoretical and experimental evaluation was performed on source follower and <span class="hlt">common</span>-source cascode integrating amplifiers. Theoretical analysis indicates that for conditions where the input amplifier integration capacitance is limited by the detectors capacitance the input <span class="hlt">referred</span> rms noise electrons of each amplifier should be equivalent. For conditions of input gate limited capacitance the source follower should provide lower noise. Measurements of test circuits containing both source follower and <span class="hlt">common</span> source cascode circuits showed substantially lower input <span class="hlt">referred</span> noise for the <span class="hlt">common</span>-source cascode input circuits. Noise measurements yielded 4.8 input <span class="hlt">referred</span> rms noise electrons for an 8.5 minute integration. The signal and noise gain of the <span class="hlt">common</span>-source cascode amplifier appears to offer substantial advantages in acheiving predicted noise levels.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004SPIE.5559..131R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004SPIE.5559..131R"><span>Missile signal <span class="hlt">processing</span> <span class="hlt">common</span> computer architecture for rapid technology upgrade</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rabinkin, Daniel V.; Rutledge, Edward; Monticciolo, Paul</p> <p>2004-10-01</p> <p> may be programmed under existing real-time operating systems using parallel <span class="hlt">processing</span> software libraries, resulting in highly portable code that can be rapidly migrated to new platforms as processor technology evolves. Use of standardized development tools and 3rd party software upgrades are enabled as well as rapid upgrade of <span class="hlt">processing</span> components as improved algorithms are developed. The resulting weapon system will have a superior <span class="hlt">processing</span> capability over a custom approach at the time of deployment as a result of a shorter development cycles and use of newer technology. The signal <span class="hlt">processing</span> computer may be upgraded over the lifecycle of the weapon system, and can migrate between weapon system variants enabled by modification simplicity. This paper presents a <span class="hlt">reference</span> design using the new approach that utilizes an Altivec PowerPC parallel COTS platform. It uses a VxWorks-based real-time operating system (RTOS), and application code developed using an efficient parallel vector library (PVL). A quantification of computing requirements and demonstration of interceptor algorithm operating on this real-time platform are provided.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_7 --> <div id="page_8" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="141"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Organizational+AND+Culture+AND+Leadership%2c&pg=2&id=EJ1018971','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Organizational+AND+Culture+AND+Leadership%2c&pg=2&id=EJ1018971"><span>Developing <span class="hlt">Common</span> Measures in Evaluation Capacity Building: An Iterative Science and Practice <span class="hlt">Process</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Labin, Susan N.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>A fundamental reason for doing evaluation capacity building (ECB) is to improve program outcomes. Developing <span class="hlt">common</span> measures of outcomes and the activities, <span class="hlt">processes</span>, and factors that lead to these outcomes is an important step in moving the science and the practice of ECB forward. This article identifies a number of existing ECB measurement…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3890679','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3890679"><span>Efficacy of the core DNA barcodes in identifying <span class="hlt">processed</span> and poorly conserved plant materials <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used in South African traditional medicine</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Mankga, Ledile T.; Yessoufou, Kowiyou; Moteetee, Annah M.; Daru, Barnabas H.; van der Bank, Michelle</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Abstract Medicinal plants cover a broad range of taxa, which may be phylogenetically less related but morphologically very similar. Such morphological similarity between species may lead to misidentification and inappropriate use. Also the substitution of a medicinal plant by a cheaper alternative (e.g. other non-medicinal plant species), either due to misidentification, or deliberately to cheat consumers, is an issue of growing concern. In this study, we used DNA barcoding to identify <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used medicinal plants in South Africa. Using the core plant barcodes, matK and rbcLa, obtained from <span class="hlt">processed</span> and poorly conserved materials sold at the muthi traditional medicine market, we tested efficacy of the barcodes in species discrimination. Based on genetic divergence, PCR amplification efficiency and BLAST algorithm, we revealed varied discriminatory potentials for the DNA barcodes. In general, the barcodes exhibited high discriminatory power, indicating their effectiveness in verifying the identity of the most <span class="hlt">common</span> plant species traded in South African medicinal markets. BLAST algorithm successfully matched 61% of the queries against a <span class="hlt">reference</span> database, suggesting that most of the information supplied by sellers at traditional medicinal markets in South Africa is correct. Our findings reinforce the utility of DNA barcoding technique in limiting false identification that can harm public health. PMID:24453559</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17934190','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17934190"><span>Functional neuronal <span class="hlt">processing</span> of body odors differs from that of similar <span class="hlt">common</span> odors.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lundström, Johan N; Boyle, Julie A; Zatorre, Robert J; Jones-Gotman, Marilyn</p> <p>2008-06-01</p> <p>Visual and auditory stimuli of high social and ecological importance are <span class="hlt">processed</span> in the brain by specialized neuronal networks. To date, this has not been demonstrated for olfactory stimuli. By means of positron emission tomography, we sought to elucidate the neuronal substrates behind body odor perception to answer the question of whether the central <span class="hlt">processing</span> of body odors differs from perceptually similar nonbody odors. Body odors were <span class="hlt">processed</span> by a network that was distinctly separate from <span class="hlt">common</span> odors, indicating a separation in the <span class="hlt">processing</span> of odors based on their source. Smelling a friend's body odor activated regions previously seen for familiar stimuli, whereas smelling a stranger activated amygdala and insular regions akin to what has previously been demonstrated for fearful stimuli. The results provide evidence that social olfactory stimuli of high ecological relevance are <span class="hlt">processed</span> by specialized neuronal networks similar to what has previously been demonstrated for auditory and visual stimuli.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/5678947','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/5678947"><span>Description of Defense Waste <span class="hlt">Processing</span> Facility <span class="hlt">reference</span> waste form and canister. Revision 1</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Baxter, R.G.</p> <p>1983-08-01</p> <p>The Defense Waste <span class="hlt">Processing</span> Facility (DWPF) will be located at the Savannah River Plant in Aiken, SC, and is scheduled for construction authorization during FY-1984. The <span class="hlt">reference</span> waste form is borosilicate glass containing approx. 28 wt % sludge oxides, with the balance glass frit. Borosilicate glass was chosen because of its high resistance to leaching by water, its relatively high solubility for nuclides found in the sludge, and its reasonably low melting temperature. The glass frit contains about 58% SiO/sub 2/ and 15% B/sub 2/O/sub 3/. Leachabilities of SRP waste glasses are expected to approach 10/sup -8/ g/m/sup 2/-day basedmore » upon 1000-day tests using glasses containing SRP radioactive waste. Tests were performed under a wide variety of conditions simulating repository environments. The canister is filled with 3260 lb of glass which occupies about 85% of the free canister volume. The filled canister will generate approx. 470 watts when filled with oxides from 5-year-old sludge and 15-year-old supernate from the sludge and supernate <span class="hlt">processes</span>. The radionuclide content of the canister is about 177,000 ci, with a radiation level of 5500 rem/h at canister surface contact. The <span class="hlt">reference</span> canister is fabricated of standard 24-in.-OD, Schedule 20, 304L stainless steel pipe with a dished bottom, domed head, and a combined lifting and welding flange on the head neck. The overall canister length is 9 ft 10 in. with a 3/8-in. wall thickness. The 3-m canister length was selected to reduce equipment cell height in the DWPF to a practical size. The canister diameter was selected as an optimum size from glass quality considerations, a logical size for repository handling and to ensure that a filled canister with its double containment shipping cask could be accommodated on a legal-weight truck. The overall dimensions and weight appear to be compatible with preliminary assessments of repository requirements. 10 <span class="hlt">references</span>.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70026002','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70026002"><span>Morphometric and histopathological parameters of gonadal development in adult <span class="hlt">common</span> carp from contaminated and <span class="hlt">reference</span> sites in Lake Mead, Nevada</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Patino, R.; Goodbred, S.L.; Draugelis-Dale, R.; Barry, C.E.; Scott, Foott J.; Wainscott, M.R.; Gross, T.S.; Covay, K.J.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>This study examined the hypothesis that exposure to sublethal concentrations of contaminants alters the gonadal condition of feral <span class="hlt">common</span> carp Cyprinus carpio. Adult <span class="hlt">common</span> carp in Lake Mead, Nevada, were collected from a contaminated site (Las Vegas Bay) that receives municipal and industrial effluent and from a <span class="hlt">reference</span> site (Overton Arm) with a relatively low level of contamination. Fish were sampled seven times over a 1-year period extending over two separate spawning seasons. Morphometric and histopathological parameters of gonadal and germ cell development were determined. In males, the pattern of seasonal changes in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) was similar between the sites and showed no clear association with site-specific seasonal temperature profiles. However, Las Vegas Bay males had consistently lower GSI values and, on one of the sampling dates, a lower proportion of sperm relative to other germ cell stages (determined histologically). Further, Las Vegas Bay males had a higher incidence of gonadal macrophage aggregates, which are putative tissue biomarkers of contaminant exposure in fishes. In females, seasonal GSI profiles, the frequency of fish with postovulatory follicles (an index of spawning activity), and the timing of new follicle recruitment all showed differences between sites, but these differences generally matched differences in water temperature profile. Also, the peak size-frequency of full-grown follicles did not differ between sites, and estimates of fecundity for the second spawning season indicated that females from the <span class="hlt">reference</span> site unexpectedly produced a lower number of gametes, Overall, site differences in gonadal condition were observed in carp of both sexes but they seemed to be associated with site differences in contaminant levels only in males. The apparent lack of association between contaminant level and gonadal condition in female carp from mildly mesotrophic Lake Mead may indicate a lack of contaminant effects in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title47-vol3/pdf/CFR-2010-title47-vol3-sec61-25.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title47-vol3/pdf/CFR-2010-title47-vol3-sec61-25.pdf"><span>47 CFR 61.25 - <span class="hlt">References</span> to other instruments.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... 47 Telecommunication 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false <span class="hlt">References</span> to other instruments. 61.25 Section 61.25 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) <span class="hlt">COMMON</span> CARRIER SERVICES (CONTINUED) TARIFFS General Rules for Nondominant Carriers § 61.25 <span class="hlt">References</span> to other instruments. In...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28561639','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28561639"><span>Susceptibility of Salmonella Biofilm and Planktonic Bacteria to <span class="hlt">Common</span> Disinfectant Agents Used in Poultry <span class="hlt">Processing</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chylkova, Tereza; Cadena, Myrna; Ferreiro, Aura; Pitesky, Maurice</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Poultry contaminated with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica are a major cause of zoonotic foodborne gastroenteritis. Salmonella Heidelberg is a <span class="hlt">common</span> serotype of Salmonella that has been implicated as a foodborne pathogen associated with the consumption of improperly prepared chicken. To better understand the effectiveness of <span class="hlt">common</span> antimicrobial disinfectants (i.e., peroxyacetic acid [PAA], acidified hypochlorite [aCH], and cetylpyridinium chloride [CPC]), environmental isolates of nontyphoidal Salmonella were exposed to these agents under temperature, concentration, and contact time conditions consistent with poultry <span class="hlt">processing</span>. Under simulated <span class="hlt">processing</span> conditions (i.e., chiller tank and dipping stations), the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects of each disinfectant were assessed against biofilm and planktonic cultures of each organism in a disinfectant challenge. Log reductions, planktonic MICs, and mean biofilm eradication concentrations were computed. The biofilms of each Salmonella isolate were more resistant to the disinfectants than were their planktonic counterparts. Although PAA was bacteriostatic and bactericidal against the biofilm and planktonic Salmonella isolates tested at concentrations up to 64 times the concentrations <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used in a chiller tank during poultry <span class="hlt">processing</span>, aCH was ineffective against the same isolates under identical conditions. At the simulated 8-s dipping station, CPC was bacteriostatic against all seven and bactericidal against six of the seven Salmonella isolates in their biofilm forms at concentrations within the regulatory range. These results indicate that at the current contact times and concentrations, aCH and PAA are not effective against these Salmonella isolates in their biofilm state. The use of CPC should be considered as a tool for controlling Salmonella biofilms in poultry <span class="hlt">processing</span> environments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21738519','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21738519"><span>Transfer of Training between Music and Speech: <span class="hlt">Common</span> <span class="hlt">Processing</span>, Attention, and Memory.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Besson, Mireille; Chobert, Julie; Marie, Céline</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>After a brief historical perspective of the relationship between language and music, we review our work on transfer of training from music to speech that aimed at testing the general hypothesis that musicians should be more sensitive than non-musicians to speech sounds. In light of recent results in the literature, we argue that when long-term experience in one domain influences acoustic <span class="hlt">processing</span> in the other domain, results can be interpreted as <span class="hlt">common</span> acoustic <span class="hlt">processing</span>. But when long-term experience in one domain influences the building-up of abstract and specific percepts in another domain, results are taken as evidence for transfer of training effects. Moreover, we also discuss the influence of attention and working memory on transfer effects and we highlight the usefulness of the event-related potentials method to disentangle the different <span class="hlt">processes</span> that unfold in the course of music and speech perception. Finally, we give an overview of an on-going longitudinal project with children aimed at testing transfer effects from music to different levels and aspects of speech <span class="hlt">processing</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3125524','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3125524"><span>Transfer of Training between Music and Speech: <span class="hlt">Common</span> <span class="hlt">Processing</span>, Attention, and Memory</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Besson, Mireille; Chobert, Julie; Marie, Céline</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>After a brief historical perspective of the relationship between language and music, we review our work on transfer of training from music to speech that aimed at testing the general hypothesis that musicians should be more sensitive than non-musicians to speech sounds. In light of recent results in the literature, we argue that when long-term experience in one domain influences acoustic <span class="hlt">processing</span> in the other domain, results can be interpreted as <span class="hlt">common</span> acoustic <span class="hlt">processing</span>. But when long-term experience in one domain influences the building-up of abstract and specific percepts in another domain, results are taken as evidence for transfer of training effects. Moreover, we also discuss the influence of attention and working memory on transfer effects and we highlight the usefulness of the event-related potentials method to disentangle the different <span class="hlt">processes</span> that unfold in the course of music and speech perception. Finally, we give an overview of an on-going longitudinal project with children aimed at testing transfer effects from music to different levels and aspects of speech <span class="hlt">processing</span>. PMID:21738519</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title47-vol3/pdf/CFR-2010-title47-vol3-sec61-74.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title47-vol3/pdf/CFR-2010-title47-vol3-sec61-74.pdf"><span>47 CFR 61.74 - <span class="hlt">References</span> to other instruments.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... other document or instrument. (b) Tariffs for end-on-end through services may <span class="hlt">reference</span> the tariffs of... 47 Telecommunication 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false <span class="hlt">References</span> to other instruments. 61.74 Section 61.74 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) <span class="hlt">COMMON</span> CARRIER SERVICES...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17466967','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17466967"><span>The effect of <span class="hlt">reference</span> choices on the spatio-temporal analysis of brain evoked potentials: the use of infinite <span class="hlt">reference</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yao, Dezhong; Wang, Li; Arendt-Nielsen, Lars; Chen, Andrew C N</p> <p>2007-11-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Reference</span> is a very virtual issue in EEG and ERP. Understanding the difference of various <span class="hlt">references</span> will make the applications more confident. In this work, somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) with stimulation on the right hand was studied. The SEP spatio-temporal analysis was conducted comparatively on six <span class="hlt">references</span>, left mastoid (contralateral mastoid <span class="hlt">reference</span>, CM), right mastoid (ipsilateral mastoid <span class="hlt">reference</span>, IM), linked mastoids (LM), average <span class="hlt">reference</span> (AR), vertex <span class="hlt">reference</span> (Cz) and the infinity <span class="hlt">reference</span> (IR) newly proposed in 2001. Among the six, CM is the one used in actual recordings, and the other five are obtained by off-line re-referencing. The comparison is conducted on four selected components (P30 ms, P40 ms, N90 ms and P230 ms) in both temporal and spatial aspects. The results show that <span class="hlt">references</span> may have a distinct influence on the amplitudes of the scalp potentials, with relative error at some electrodes larger than 500%, and for some electrodes it may even change the polarity. Pair-wise multiple comparison (Tukey test) shows that the differences of peak values among various <span class="hlt">references</span> are very significant (P<0.001) between Cz and IR\\CM\\IM\\LM, and significant (P<0.01) between Cz and AR for component N90 ms; very significant (P<0.001) between Cz and IR\\CM\\IM\\LM\\AR, significant between IMLM and AR (P<0.01), CM and AR (P<0.05) for component P230 ms. The amplitude value order is CM/IM> or =LM>IR>AR>Cz. The two-ways (the six <span class="hlt">references</span> vs. the four Peaks) repeated measures ANOVA test shows the effect of different <span class="hlt">references</span> depends on various components; there is a statistically significant interaction between <span class="hlt">reference</span> and the peak (P=<0.001). While for the spatial map of the potential amplitude, <span class="hlt">references</span> will not affect the amplitude map shape if the color-bar is selected automatically, but if a fixed color-bar is chosen for data of various <span class="hlt">references</span>, they may show some differences. These results mean a <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">reference</span> is important</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/10159844-radwaste-desk-reference-volume-part-processing-liquid-waste-final-report','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/10159844-radwaste-desk-reference-volume-part-processing-liquid-waste-final-report"><span>Radwaste desk <span class="hlt">reference</span> - Volume 3, Part 1: <span class="hlt">Processing</span> liquid waste. Final report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Deltete, D.; Fisher, S.; Kelly, J.J.</p> <p>1994-05-01</p> <p>EPRI began, late in 1987, to produce a Radwaste Desk <span class="hlt">Reference</span> that would allow each of the member utilities access to the available information and expertise on radwaste management. EPRI considers this important because radwaste management involves a wide variety of scientific and engineering disciplines. These include chemical and mechanical engineering, chemistry, and health physics. Radwaste management also plays a role in implementing a wide variety of regulatory requirements. These include plant-specific technical specifications, NRC standards for protection against radiation, DOE transportation regulations and major environmental legislation such as the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. EPRI chose a question andmore » answer format because it could be easily accessed by radwaste professionals with a variety of interests. The questions were generated at two meetings of utility radwaste professionals and EPRI contractors. The names of the participants and their affiliation appear in the acknowledgments. The questions were organized using the matrix which appears in the introduction and below. During the writing phase, some questions were combined and new questions added. To aid the reader, each question was numbered and tied to individual Section Contents. An extensive index provides additional reader assistance. EPRI chose authors who are acknowledged experts in their fields and good communicators. Each author focused her or his energies on specific areas of radwaste management activities, thereby contributing to one or more volumes of the Radwaste Desk <span class="hlt">Reference</span>. Volume 1, which is already in publication, addresses dry active waste generation, <span class="hlt">processing</span> and measurement. Volume 2 addresses low level waste storage, transportation and disposal. This volume, Volume 3, is being issued in two parts. Part 1 concentrates on the <span class="hlt">processing</span> of liquid radioactive waste, whereas Part 2 addresses liquid waste management.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26555275','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26555275"><span>With <span class="hlt">Reference</span> to <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Genes: A Systematic Review of Endogenous Controls in Gene Expression Studies.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chapman, Joanne R; Waldenström, Jonas</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The choice of <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes that are stably expressed amongst treatment groups is a crucial step in real-time quantitative PCR gene expression studies. Recent guidelines have specified that a minimum of two validated <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes should be used for normalisation. However, a quantitative review of the literature showed that the average number of <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes used across all studies was 1.2. Thus, the vast majority of studies continue to use a single gene, with β-actin (ACTB) and/or glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) being <span class="hlt">commonly</span> selected in studies of vertebrate gene expression. Few studies (15%) tested a panel of potential <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for stability of expression before using them to normalise data. Amongst studies specifically testing <span class="hlt">reference</span> gene stability, few found ACTB or GAPDH to be optimal, whereby these genes were significantly less likely to be chosen when larger panels of potential <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes were screened. Fewer <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes were tested for stability in non-model organisms, presumably owing to a dearth of available primers in less well characterised species. Furthermore, the experimental conditions under which real-time quantitative PCR analyses were conducted had a large influence on the choice of <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes, whereby different studies of rat brain tissue showed different <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes to be the most stable. These results highlight the importance of validating the choice of normalising <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes before conducting gene expression studies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21406238','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21406238"><span><span class="hlt">Common</span> and dissociable neural correlates associated with component <span class="hlt">processes</span> of inductive reasoning.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jia, Xiuqin; Liang, Peipeng; Lu, Jie; Yang, Yanhui; Zhong, Ning; Li, Kuncheng</p> <p>2011-06-15</p> <p>The ability to draw numerical inductive reasoning requires two key cognitive <span class="hlt">processes</span>, identification and extrapolation. This study aimed to identify the neural correlates of both component <span class="hlt">processes</span> of numerical inductive reasoning using event-related fMRI. Three kinds of tasks: rule induction (RI), rule induction and application (RIA), and perceptual judgment (Jud) were solved by twenty right-handed adults. Our results found that the left superior parietal lobule (SPL) extending into the precuneus and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) were <span class="hlt">commonly</span> recruited in the two components. It was also observed that the fronto-parietal network was more specific to identification, whereas the striatal-thalamic network was more specific to extrapolation. The findings suggest that numerical inductive reasoning is mediated by the coordination of multiple brain areas including the prefrontal, parietal, and subcortical regions, of which some are more specific to demands on only one of these two component <span class="hlt">processes</span>, whereas others are sensitive to both. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26362325','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26362325"><span>Collaborative derivation of <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals for major clinical laboratory tests in Japan.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ichihara, Kiyoshi; Yomamoto, Yoshikazu; Hotta, Taeko; Hosogaya, Shigemi; Miyachi, Hayato; Itoh, Yoshihisa; Ishibashi, Midori; Kang, Dongchon</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Three multicentre studies of <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals were conducted recently in Japan. The Committee on <span class="hlt">Common</span> <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Intervals of the Japan Society of Clinical Chemistry sought to establish <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals for 40 laboratory tests which were measured in <span class="hlt">common</span> in the three studies and regarded as well harmonized in Japan. The study protocols were comparable with recruitment mostly from hospital workers with body mass index ≤28 and no medications. Age and sex distributions were made equal to obtain a final data size of 6345 individuals. Between-subgroup differences were expressed as the SD ratio (between-subgroup SD divided by SD representing the <span class="hlt">reference</span> interval). Between-study differences were all within acceptable levels, and thus the three datasets were merged. By adopting SD ratio ≥0.50 as a guide, sex-specific <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals were necessary for 12 assays. Age-specific <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals for females partitioned at age 45 were required for five analytes. The <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals derived by the parametric method resulted in appreciable narrowing of the ranges by applying the latent abnormal values exclusion method in 10 items which were closely associated with prevalent disorders among healthy individuals. Sex- and age-related profiles of <span class="hlt">reference</span> values, derived from individuals with no abnormal results in major tests, showed peculiar patterns specific to each analyte. <span class="hlt">Common</span> <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals for nationwide use were developed for 40 major tests, based on three multicentre studies by advanced statistical methods. Sex- and age-related profiles of <span class="hlt">reference</span> values are of great relevance not only for interpreting test results, but for applying clinical decision limits specified in various clinical guidelines. © The Author(s) 2015.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29570841','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29570841"><span>Selection of <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for tissue/organ samples on day 3 fifth-instar larvae in silkworm, Bombyx mori.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Genhong; Chen, Yanfei; Zhang, Xiaoying; Bai, Bingchuan; Yan, Hao; Qin, Daoyuan; Xia, Qingyou</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>The silkworm, Bombyx mori, is one of the world's most economically important insect. Surveying variations in gene expression among multiple tissue/organ samples will provide clues for gene function assignments and will be helpful for identifying genes related to economic traits or specific cellular <span class="hlt">processes</span>. To ensure their accuracy, <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used gene expression quantification methods require a set of stable <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for data normalization. In this study, 24 candidate <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes were assessed in 10 tissue/organ samples of day 3 fifth-instar B. mori larvae using geNorm and NormFinder. The results revealed that, using the combination of the expression of BGIBMGA003186 and BGIBMGA008209 was the optimum choice for normalizing the expression data of the B. mori tissue/organ samples. The most stable gene, BGIBMGA003186, is recommended if just one <span class="hlt">reference</span> gene is used. Moreover, the <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used <span class="hlt">reference</span> gene encoding cytoplasmic actin was the least appropriate <span class="hlt">reference</span> gene of the samples investigated. The reliability of the selected <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes was further confirmed by evaluating the expression profiles of two cathepsin genes. Our results may be useful for future studies involving the quantification of relative gene expression levels of different tissue/organ samples in B. mori. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17465326','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17465326"><span>Computation and brain <span class="hlt">processes</span>, with special <span class="hlt">reference</span> to neuroendocrine systems.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Toni, Roberto; Spaletta, Giulia; Casa, Claudia Della; Ravera, Simone; Sandri, Giorgio</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>The development of neural networks and brain automata has made neuroscientists aware that the performance limits of these brain-like devices lies, at least in part, in their computational power. The computational basis of a. standard cybernetic design, in fact, <span class="hlt">refers</span> to that of a discrete and finite state machine or Turing Machine (TM). In contrast, it has been suggested that a number of human cerebral activites, from feedback controls up to mental <span class="hlt">processes</span>, rely on a mixing of both finitary, digital-like and infinitary, continuous-like procedures. Therefore, the central nervous system (CNS) of man would exploit a form of computation going beyond that of a TM. This "non conventional" computation has been called hybrid computation. Some basic structures for hybrid brain computation are believed to be the brain computational maps, in which both Turing-like (digital) computation and continuous (analog) forms of calculus might occur. The cerebral cortex and brain stem appears primary candidate for this <span class="hlt">processing</span>. However, also neuroendocrine structures like the hypothalamus are believed to exhibit hybrid computional <span class="hlt">processes</span>, and might give rise to computational maps. Current theories on neural activity, including wiring and volume transmission, neuronal group selection and dynamic evolving models of brain automata, bring fuel to the existence of natural hybrid computation, stressing a cooperation between discrete and continuous forms of communication in the CNS. In addition, the recent advent of neuromorphic chips, like those to restore activity in damaged retina and visual cortex, suggests that assumption of a discrete-continuum polarity in designing biocompatible neural circuitries is crucial for their ensuing performance. In these bionic structures, in fact, a correspondence exists between the original anatomical architecture and synthetic wiring of the chip, resulting in a correspondence between natural and cybernetic neural activity. Thus, chip "form</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15531220','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15531220"><span>Cognitive bias in back pain patients attending osteopathy: testing the enmeshment model in <span class="hlt">reference</span> to future thinking.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Read, Jessica; Pincus, Tamar</p> <p>2004-12-01</p> <p>Depressive symptoms are <span class="hlt">common</span> in chronic pain. Previous research has found differences in information-<span class="hlt">processing</span> biases in depressed pain patients and depressed people without pain. The schema enmeshment model of pain (SEMP) has been proposed to explain chronic pain patients' information-<span class="hlt">processing</span> biases. Negative future thinking is <span class="hlt">common</span> in depression but has not been explored in relation to chronic pain and information-<span class="hlt">processing</span> models. The study aimed to test the SEMP with <span class="hlt">reference</span> to future thinking. An information-<span class="hlt">processing</span> paradigm compared endorsement and recall bias between depressed and non-depressed chronic low back pain patients and control participants. Twenty-five depressed and 35 non-depressed chronic low back pain patients and 25 control participants (student osteopaths) were recruited from an osteopathy practice. Participants were asked to endorse positive and negative ill-health, depression-related, and neutral (control) adjectives, encoded in <span class="hlt">reference</span> to either current or future time-frame. Incidental recall of the adjectives was then tested. While the expected hypothesis of a recall bias by depressed pain patients towards ill-health stimuli in the current condition was confirmed, the recall bias was not present in the future condition. Additionally, patterns of endorsement and recall bias differed. Results extend understanding of future thinking in chronic pain within the context of the SEMP.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19700000510','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19700000510"><span>Technique for analyzing human respiratory <span class="hlt">process</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Liu, F. F.</p> <p>1970-01-01</p> <p>Electronic system /MIRACLE 2/ places frequency and gas flow rate of the respiratory <span class="hlt">process</span> within a <span class="hlt">common</span> frame of <span class="hlt">reference</span> to render them comparable and compatible with ''real clock time.'' Numerous measurements are accomplished accurately on a strict one-minute half-minute, breath-by-breath, or other period basis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=SPIRE&pg=2&id=EJ276763','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=SPIRE&pg=2&id=EJ276763"><span>Automating Technical <span class="hlt">Processes</span> and <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Services Using SPIRES.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Buckley, Joseph James</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>Examines the capabilities, cost-effectiveness, and flexibility of the Stanford Public Information Retrieval System (SPIRES), an online information retrieval system producing a variety of printed products, and notes its use in the Title I Evaluation Clearinghouse, advantages of SPIRES, programing, and availability. Eleven <span class="hlt">references</span> and a five-item…</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_8 --> <div id="page_9" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="161"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16881258','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16881258"><span>Dynamic anticipatory <span class="hlt">processing</span> of hierarchical sequential events: a <span class="hlt">common</span> role for Broca's area and ventral premotor cortex across domains?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fiebach, Christian J; Schubotz, Ricarda I</p> <p>2006-05-01</p> <p>This paper proposes a domain-general model for the functional contribution of ventral premotor cortex (PMv) and adjacent Broca's area to perceptual, cognitive, and motor <span class="hlt">processing</span>. We propose to understand this frontal region as a highly flexible sequence processor, with the PMv mapping sequential events onto stored structural templates and Broca's Area involved in more complex, hierarchical or hypersequential <span class="hlt">processing</span>. This proposal is supported by <span class="hlt">reference</span> to previous functional neuroimaging studies investigating abstract sequence <span class="hlt">processing</span> and syntactic <span class="hlt">processing</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ArtSa..52...49K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ArtSa..52...49K"><span>Application of the Undifferenced GNSS Precise Positioning in Determining Coordinates in National <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Frames</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Krzan, Grzegorz; Stępniak, Katarzyna</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>In high-accuracy positioning using GNSS, the most <span class="hlt">common</span> solution is still relative positioning using double-difference observations of dual-frequency measurements. An increasingly popular alternative to relative positioning are undifferenced approaches, which are designed to make full use of modern satellite systems and signals. Positions referenced to global International Terrestrial <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Frame (ITRF2008) obtained from Precise Point Positioning (PPP) or Undifferenced (UD) network solutions have to be transformed to national (regional) <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame, which introduces additional bases related to the transformation <span class="hlt">process</span>. In this paper, satellite observations from two test networks using different observation time series were <span class="hlt">processed</span>. The first test concerns the positioning accuracy from <span class="hlt">processing</span> one year of dual-frequency GPS observations from 14 EUREF Permanent Network (EPN) stations using NAPEOS 3.3.1 software. The results were transformed into a national <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame (PL-ETRF2000) and compared to positions from an EPN cumulative solution, which was adopted as the true coordinates. Daily observations were <span class="hlt">processed</span> using PPP and UD multi-station solutions to determine the final accuracy resulting from satellite positioning, the transformation to national coordinate systems and Eurasian intraplate plate velocities. The second numerical test involved similar <span class="hlt">processing</span> strategies of post-<span class="hlt">processing</span> carried out using different observation time series (30 min., 1 hour, 2 hours, daily) and different classes of GNSS receivers. The centimeter accuracy of results presented in the national coordinate system satisfies the requirements of many surveying and engineering applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/oculopharyngeal-muscular-dystrophy','NIH-MEDLINEPLUS'); return false;" href="https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/oculopharyngeal-muscular-dystrophy"><span>Genetics Home <span class="hlt">Reference</span>: oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://medlineplus.gov/">MedlinePlus</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>... This condition is much more <span class="hlt">common</span> in the French-Canadian population of the Canadian province of Quebec, ... A, Perie S, Pouget J, Eymard B; Neurologists of French Neuromuscular <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Centers CORNEMUS and FILNEMUS. Correlation between ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3896759','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3896759"><span>Monolithic focused <span class="hlt">reference</span> beam X-ray holography</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Geilhufe, J.; Pfau, B.; Schneider, M.; Büttner, F.; Günther, C. M.; Werner, S.; Schaffert, S.; Guehrs, E.; Frömmel, S.; Kläui, M.; Eisebitt, S.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Fourier transform holography is a highly efficient and robust imaging method, suitable for single-shot imaging at coherent X-ray sources. In its <span class="hlt">common</span> implementation, the image contrast is limited by the <span class="hlt">reference</span> signal generated by a small pinhole aperture. Increased pinhole diameters improve the signal, whereas the resolution is diminished. Here we report a new concept to decouple the spatial resolution from the image contrast by employing a Fresnel zone plate to provide the <span class="hlt">reference</span> beam. Superimposed on-axis images of distinct foci are separated with a novel algorithm. Our method is insensitive to mechanical drift or vibrations and allows for long integration times <span class="hlt">common</span> at low-flux facilities like high harmonic generation sources. The application of monolithic focused <span class="hlt">reference</span> beams improves the efficiency of high-resolution X-ray Fourier transform holography beyond all present approaches and paves the path towards sub-10 nm single-shot X-ray imaging. PMID:24394675</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17594235','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17594235"><span>What is the best <span class="hlt">reference</span> RNA? And other questions regarding the design and analysis of two-color microarray experiments.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kerr, Kathleen F; Serikawa, Kyle A; Wei, Caimiao; Peters, Mette A; Bumgarner, Roger E</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">reference</span> design is a practical and popular choice for microarray studies using two-color platforms. In the <span class="hlt">reference</span> design, the <span class="hlt">reference</span> RNA uses half of all array resources, leading investigators to ask: What is the best <span class="hlt">reference</span> RNA? We propose a novel method for evaluating <span class="hlt">reference</span> RNAs and present the results of an experiment that was specially designed to evaluate three <span class="hlt">common</span> choices of <span class="hlt">reference</span> RNA. We found no compelling evidence in favor of any particular <span class="hlt">reference</span>. In particular, a commercial <span class="hlt">reference</span> showed no advantage in our data. Our experimental design also enabled a new way to test the effectiveness of pre-<span class="hlt">processing</span> methods for two-color arrays. Our results favor using intensity normalization and foregoing background subtraction. Finally, we evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of data quality filters, and we propose a new filter that can be applied to any experimental design and does not rely on replicate hybridizations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25842052','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25842052"><span>Wechsler profiles in <span class="hlt">referred</span> children with intellectual giftedness: Associations with trait-anxiety, emotional dysregulation, and heterogeneity of Piaget-like reasoning <span class="hlt">processes</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Guénolé, Fabian; Speranza, Mario; Louis, Jacqueline; Fourneret, Pierre; Revol, Olivier; Baleyte, Jean-Marc</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>It is <span class="hlt">common</span> that intellectually gifted children (IQ ≥ 130) are <span class="hlt">referred</span> to paediatric or child neuropsychiatry clinics for socio-emotional problems and/or school underachievement or maladjustment. Among them, those displaying developmental asynchrony - a heterogeneous developmental pattern reflected in a significant verbal-performance discrepancy (SVPD) on Wechsler's intelligence profile - are thought to be more emotionally and behaviourally impaired than others. Our purpose was to investigate this clinical dichotomy using a cognitive psychopathological approach. Trait-anxiety and emotional dysregulation were investigated in two groups of <span class="hlt">referred</span> gifted children (n = 107 and 136, respectively), a pilot-study of reasoning <span class="hlt">processes</span> on extensive Piaget-like tasks was also performed in an additional small group (n = 12). Compared to those with a homogenous Wechsler profile, children with a SVPD exhibited: 1) a decreased prevalence of social preoccupation-anxiety (11.1% versus 27.4%; p < 0.05); 2) an increased prevalence of emotional dysregulation (58.7% versus 41.3%; p < 0.05); and 3) an increased prevalence of pathological cognitive disharmony on Piaget-like tasks (87.5% versus 0.0%; p < 0.05). The results support a clinical dichotomy of behaviourally-impaired children with intellectual giftedness, with developmentally asynchronous ones exhibiting more severe psychopathological features. This suggests that developmental asynchrony matters when examining emotional and behavioural problems in gifted children and call for further investigation of this profile. Copyright © 2015 European Paediatric Neurology Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100042365','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100042365"><span><span class="hlt">Reference</span> Avionics Architecture for Lunar Surface Systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Somervill, Kevin M.; Lapin, Jonathan C.; Schmidt, Oron L.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Developing and delivering infrastructure capable of supporting long-term manned operations to the lunar surface has been a primary objective of the Constellation Program in the Exploration Systems Mission Directorate. Several concepts have been developed related to development and deployment lunar exploration vehicles and assets that provide critical functionality such as transportation, habitation, and communication, to name a few. Together, these systems perform complex safety-critical functions, largely dependent on avionics for control and behavior of system functions. These functions are implemented using interchangeable, modular avionics designed for lunar transit and lunar surface deployment. Systems are optimized towards reuse and <span class="hlt">commonality</span> of form and interface and can be configured via software or component integration for special purpose applications. There are two core concepts in the <span class="hlt">reference</span> avionics architecture described in this report. The first concept uses distributed, smart systems to manage complexity, simplify integration, and facilitate <span class="hlt">commonality</span>. The second core concept is to employ extensive <span class="hlt">commonality</span> between elements and subsystems. These two concepts are used in the context of developing <span class="hlt">reference</span> designs for many lunar surface exploration vehicles and elements. These concepts are repeated constantly as architectural patterns in a conceptual architectural framework. This report describes the use of these architectural patterns in a <span class="hlt">reference</span> avionics architecture for Lunar surface systems elements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26218054','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26218054"><span>Characteristics of Pediatric Performance on a Test Battery <span class="hlt">Commonly</span> Used in the Diagnosis of Central Auditory <span class="hlt">Processing</span> Disorder.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Weihing, Jeffrey; Guenette, Linda; Chermak, Gail; Brown, Mallory; Ceruti, Julianne; Fitzgerald, Krista; Geissler, Kristin; Gonzalez, Jennifer; Brenneman, Lauren; Musiek, Frank</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Although central auditory <span class="hlt">processing</span> disorder (CAPD) test battery performance has been examined in adults with neurologic lesions of the central auditory nervous system (CANS), similar data on children being <span class="hlt">referred</span> for CAPD evaluations are sparse. This study characterizes CAPD test battery performance in children using tests <span class="hlt">commonly</span> administered to diagnose the disorder. Specifically, this study describes failure rates for various test combinations, relationships between CAPD tests used in the battery, and the influence of cognitive function on CAPD test performance and CAPD diagnosis. A comparison is also made between the performance of children with CAPD and data from patients with neurologic lesions of the CANS. A retrospective study. Fifty-six pediatric patients were <span class="hlt">referred</span> for CAPD testing. Participants were administered four CAPD tests, including frequency patterns (FP), low-pass filtered speech (LPFS), dichotic digits (DD), and competing sentences (CS). In addition, they were given the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). Descriptive analyses examined the failure rates of various test combinations, as well as how often children with CAPD failed certain combinations when compared with adults with CANS lesions. A principal components analysis was performed to examine interrelationships between tests. Correlations and regressions were conducted to determine the relationship between CAPD test performance and the WISC. Results showed that the FP and LPFS tests were most <span class="hlt">commonly</span> failed by children with CAPD. Two-test combinations that included one or both of these two tests and excluded DD tended to be failed more often. Including the DD and CS test in a battery benefited specificity. Tests thought to measure interhemispheric transfer tended to be correlated. Compared with adult patients with neurologic lesions, children with CAPD tended to fail LPFS more frequently and DD less frequently. Both groups failed FP with relatively equal frequency</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SOIL....3..113A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SOIL....3..113A"><span>Decision support for the selection of <span class="hlt">reference</span> sites using 137Cs as a soil erosion tracer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Arata, Laura; Meusburger, Katrin; Bürge, Alexandra; Zehringer, Markus; Ketterer, Michael E.; Mabit, Lionel; Alewell, Christine</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The classical approach of using 137Cs as a soil erosion tracer is based on the comparison between stable <span class="hlt">reference</span> sites and sites affected by soil redistribution <span class="hlt">processes</span>; it enables the derivation of soil erosion and deposition rates. The method is associated with potentially large sources of uncertainty with major parts of this uncertainty being associated with the selection of the <span class="hlt">reference</span> sites. We propose a decision support tool to Check the Suitability of <span class="hlt">reference</span> Sites (CheSS). <span class="hlt">Commonly</span>, the variation among 137Cs inventories of spatial replicate <span class="hlt">reference</span> samples is taken as the sole criterion to decide on the suitability of a <span class="hlt">reference</span> inventory. Here we propose an extension of this procedure using a repeated sampling approach, in which the <span class="hlt">reference</span> sites are resampled after a certain time period. Suitable <span class="hlt">reference</span> sites are expected to present no significant temporal variation in their decay-corrected 137Cs depth profiles. Possible causes of variation are assessed by a decision tree. More specifically, the decision tree tests for (i) uncertainty connected to small-scale variability in 137Cs due to its heterogeneous initial fallout (such as in areas affected by the Chernobyl fallout), (ii) signs of erosion or deposition <span class="hlt">processes</span> and (iii) artefacts due to the collection, preparation and measurement of the samples; (iv) finally, if none of the above can be assigned, this variation might be attributed to <q>turbation</q> <span class="hlt">processes</span> (e.g. bioturbation, cryoturbation and mechanical turbation, such as avalanches or rockfalls). CheSS was exemplarily applied in one Swiss alpine valley where the apparent temporal variability called into question the suitability of the selected <span class="hlt">reference</span> sites. In general we suggest the application of CheSS as a first step towards a comprehensible approach to test for the suitability of <span class="hlt">reference</span> sites.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED282265.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED282265.pdf"><span><span class="hlt">Reference</span> and <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Failures. Technical Report No. 398.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Goodman, Bradley A.</p> <p></p> <p>In order to build robust natural language <span class="hlt">processing</span> systems that can detect and recover from miscommunication, the investigation of how people communicate and how they recover from problems in communication described in this artificial intelligence report focused on <span class="hlt">reference</span> problems which a listener may have in determining what or whom a…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-06-03/pdf/2011-13354.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-06-03/pdf/2011-13354.pdf"><span>76 FR 32067 - <span class="hlt">Common</span> Crop Insurance Regulations; Extra Long Staple Cotton Crop Provisions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-06-03</p> <p>... 0563-AC27 <span class="hlt">Common</span> Crop Insurance Regulations; Extra Long Staple Cotton Crop Provisions AGENCY: Federal... (FCIC) finalizes amendments made to the <span class="hlt">Common</span> Crop Insurance Regulations, Extra Long Staple Cotton Crop Insurance Provisions to remove all <span class="hlt">references</span> to the Daily Spot Cotton Quotation and replace the <span class="hlt">references</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=cue%2bmemory&id=EJ1132195','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=cue%2bmemory&id=EJ1132195"><span>Conceptual Match as a Determinant of <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Reuse in Dialogue</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Knutsen, Dominique; Le Bigot, Ludovic</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>As speakers interact, they add <span class="hlt">references</span> to their <span class="hlt">common</span> ground, which they can then reuse to facilitate listener comprehension. However, all <span class="hlt">references</span> are not equally likely to be reused. The purpose of this study was to shed light on how the speakers' conceptualizations of the <span class="hlt">referents</span> under discussion affect reuse (along with a generation…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=common+AND+cold&pg=2&id=EJ512682','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=common+AND+cold&pg=2&id=EJ512682"><span>Why Do We Keep Catching the <span class="hlt">Common</span> Cold?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Gillen, Alan L.; Mayor, Heather D.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>Describes activities for biology teachers that will stimulate discussions on virus structure, cell biology, rhino viruses, and new trends in treating the <span class="hlt">common</span> cold. Provides opportunity for inquiry and problem solving in exercises that emphasize an understanding of how <span class="hlt">common</span> cold viruses might pack inside nasal epithelial cells. (14 <span class="hlt">references</span>)…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19653798','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19653798"><span>Distance-dependent <span class="hlt">processing</span> of pictures and words.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Amit, Elinor; Algom, Daniel; Trope, Yaacov</p> <p>2009-08-01</p> <p>A series of 8 experiments investigated the association between pictorial and verbal representations and the psychological distance of the <span class="hlt">referent</span> objects from the observer. The results showed that people better <span class="hlt">process</span> pictures that represent proximal objects and words that represent distal objects than pictures that represent distal objects and words that represent proximal objects. These results were obtained with various psychological distance dimensions (spatial, temporal, and social), different tasks (classification and categorization), and different measures (speed of <span class="hlt">processing</span> and selective attention). The authors argue that differences in the <span class="hlt">processing</span> of pictures and words emanate from the physical similarity of pictures, but not words, to the <span class="hlt">referents</span>. Consequently, perceptual analysis is <span class="hlt">commonly</span> applied to pictures but not to words. Pictures thus impart a sense of closeness to the <span class="hlt">referent</span> objects and are preferably used to represent such objects, whereas words do not convey proximity and are preferably used to represent distal objects in space, time, and social perspective.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010IEITE..93..827O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010IEITE..93..827O"><span>An Optimization System with Parallel <span class="hlt">Processing</span> for Reducing <span class="hlt">Common</span>-Mode Current on Electronic Control Unit</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Okazaki, Yuji; Uno, Takanori; Asai, Hideki</p> <p></p> <p>In this paper, we propose an optimization system with parallel <span class="hlt">processing</span> for reducing electromagnetic interference (EMI) on electronic control unit (ECU). We adopt simulated annealing (SA), genetic algorithm (GA) and taboo search (TS) to seek optimal solutions, and a Spice-like circuit simulator to analyze <span class="hlt">common</span>-mode current. Therefore, the proposed system can determine the adequate combinations of the parasitic inductance and capacitance values on printed circuit board (PCB) efficiently and practically, to reduce EMI caused by the <span class="hlt">common</span>-mode current. Finally, we apply the proposed system to an example circuit to verify the validity and efficiency of the system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=organizational+AND+control&pg=7&id=EJ970707','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=organizational+AND+control&pg=7&id=EJ970707"><span>Reframing Student Affairs Leadership: An Analysis of Organizational Frames of <span class="hlt">Reference</span> and Locus of Control</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Tull, Ashley; Freeman, Jerrid P.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Examined in this study were the identified frames of <span class="hlt">reference</span> and locus of control used by 478 student affairs administrators. Administrator responses were examined to identify frames of <span class="hlt">reference</span> most <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used and their preference order. Locus of control most <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used and the relationship between frames of <span class="hlt">reference</span> and locus of…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AdSpR..61.2418S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AdSpR..61.2418S"><span>Application of time-variable <span class="hlt">process</span> noise in terrestrial <span class="hlt">reference</span> frames determined from VLBI data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Soja, Benedikt; Gross, Richard S.; Abbondanza, Claudio; Chin, Toshio M.; Heflin, Michael B.; Parker, Jay W.; Wu, Xiaoping; Balidakis, Kyriakos; Nilsson, Tobias; Glaser, Susanne; Karbon, Maria; Heinkelmann, Robert; Schuh, Harald</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>In recent years, Kalman filtering has emerged as a suitable technique to determine terrestrial <span class="hlt">reference</span> frames (TRFs), a prime example being JTRF2014. The time series approach allows variations of station coordinates that are neither reduced by observational corrections nor considered in the functional model to be taken into account. These variations are primarily due to non-tidal geophysical loading effects that are not reduced according to the current IERS Conventions (2010). It is standard practice that the <span class="hlt">process</span> noise models applied in Kalman filter TRF solutions are derived from time series of loading displacements and account for station dependent differences. So far, it has been assumed that the parameters of these <span class="hlt">process</span> noise models are constant over time. However, due to the presence of seasonal and irregular variations, this assumption does not truly reflect reality. In this study, we derive a station coordinate <span class="hlt">process</span> noise model allowing for such temporal variations. This <span class="hlt">process</span> noise model and one that is a parameterized version of the former are applied in the computation of TRF solutions based on very long baseline interferometry data. In comparison with a solution based on a constant <span class="hlt">process</span> noise model, we find that the station coordinates are affected at the millimeter level.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/ornithine-translocase-deficiency','NIH-MEDLINEPLUS'); return false;" href="https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/ornithine-translocase-deficiency"><span>Genetics Home <span class="hlt">Reference</span>: ornithine translocase deficiency</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://medlineplus.gov/">MedlinePlus</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>... Diagnosis of Japanese patients with HHH syndrome by molecular genetic analysis: a <span class="hlt">common</span> mutation, R179X. J Hum Genet. ... M, Fariello G, Dionisi-Vici C. Clinical and molecular findings in hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria ... Bulletins Genetics Home <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Celebrates Its ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title32-vol6/pdf/CFR-2010-title32-vol6-sec1290-1.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title32-vol6/pdf/CFR-2010-title32-vol6-sec1290-1.pdf"><span>32 CFR 1290.1 - <span class="hlt">References</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>... 32 National Defense 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false <span class="hlt">References</span>. 1290.1 Section 1290.1 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS PREPARING AND <span class="hlt">PROCESSING</span> MINOR OFFENSES AND VIOLATION NOTICES <span class="hlt">REFERRED</span> TO U.S. DISTRICT COURTS § 1290.1...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title32-vol6/pdf/CFR-2014-title32-vol6-sec1290-1.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title32-vol6/pdf/CFR-2014-title32-vol6-sec1290-1.pdf"><span>32 CFR 1290.1 - <span class="hlt">References</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>... 32 National Defense 6 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false <span class="hlt">References</span>. 1290.1 Section 1290.1 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS PREPARING AND <span class="hlt">PROCESSING</span> MINOR OFFENSES AND VIOLATION NOTICES <span class="hlt">REFERRED</span> TO U.S. DISTRICT COURTS § 1290.1...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_9 --> <div id="page_10" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="181"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title32-vol6/pdf/CFR-2012-title32-vol6-sec1290-1.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title32-vol6/pdf/CFR-2012-title32-vol6-sec1290-1.pdf"><span>32 CFR 1290.1 - <span class="hlt">References</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>... 32 National Defense 6 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false <span class="hlt">References</span>. 1290.1 Section 1290.1 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS PREPARING AND <span class="hlt">PROCESSING</span> MINOR OFFENSES AND VIOLATION NOTICES <span class="hlt">REFERRED</span> TO U.S. DISTRICT COURTS § 1290.1...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title32-vol6/pdf/CFR-2013-title32-vol6-sec1290-1.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title32-vol6/pdf/CFR-2013-title32-vol6-sec1290-1.pdf"><span>32 CFR 1290.1 - <span class="hlt">References</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>... 32 National Defense 6 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false <span class="hlt">References</span>. 1290.1 Section 1290.1 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS PREPARING AND <span class="hlt">PROCESSING</span> MINOR OFFENSES AND VIOLATION NOTICES <span class="hlt">REFERRED</span> TO U.S. DISTRICT COURTS § 1290.1...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title32-vol6/pdf/CFR-2011-title32-vol6-sec1290-1.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title32-vol6/pdf/CFR-2011-title32-vol6-sec1290-1.pdf"><span>32 CFR 1290.1 - <span class="hlt">References</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>... 32 National Defense 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false <span class="hlt">References</span>. 1290.1 Section 1290.1 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY MISCELLANEOUS PREPARING AND <span class="hlt">PROCESSING</span> MINOR OFFENSES AND VIOLATION NOTICES <span class="hlt">REFERRED</span> TO U.S. DISTRICT COURTS § 1290.1...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29897875','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29897875"><span>Simultaneously Discovering and Localizing <span class="hlt">Common</span> Objects in Wild Images.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Zhenzhen; Yuan, Junsong</p> <p>2018-09-01</p> <p>Motivated by the recent success of supervised and weakly supervised <span class="hlt">common</span> object discovery, in this paper, we move forward one step further to tackle <span class="hlt">common</span> object discovery in a fully unsupervised way. Generally, object co-localization aims at simultaneously localizing objects of the same class across a group of images. Traditional object localization/detection usually trains specific object detectors which require bounding box annotations of object instances, or at least image-level labels to indicate the presence/absence of objects in an image. Given a collection of images without any annotations, our proposed fully unsupervised method is to simultaneously discover images that contain <span class="hlt">common</span> objects and also localize <span class="hlt">common</span> objects in corresponding images. Without requiring to know the total number of <span class="hlt">common</span> objects, we formulate this unsupervised object discovery as a sub-graph mining problem from a weighted graph of object proposals, where nodes correspond to object proposals, and edges represent the similarities between neighbouring proposals. The positive images and <span class="hlt">common</span> objects are jointly discovered by finding sub-graphs of strongly connected nodes, with each sub-graph capturing one object pattern. The optimization problem can be efficiently solved by our proposed maximal-flow-based algorithm. Instead of assuming that each image contains only one <span class="hlt">common</span> object, our proposed solution can better address wild images where each image may contain multiple <span class="hlt">common</span> objects or even no <span class="hlt">common</span> object. Moreover, our proposed method can be easily tailored to the task of image retrieval in which the nodes correspond to the similarity between query and <span class="hlt">reference</span> images. Extensive experiments on PASCAL VOC 2007 and Object Discovery data sets demonstrate that even without any supervision, our approach can discover/localize <span class="hlt">common</span> objects of various classes in the presence of scale, view point, appearance variation, and partial occlusions. We also conduct broad</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29533055','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29533055"><span>Effect of industrial <span class="hlt">processing</span> on the IgE reactivity of three <span class="hlt">commonly</span> consumed Mo-roccan fish species in Fez region.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mejrhit, N; Azdad, O; Aarab, L</p> <p>2018-03-02</p> <p>Objectives. The aim of this work was to study the effect of industrial <span class="hlt">processing</span> on the allergenicity of three <span class="hlt">commonly</span> consumed Moroccan fish species in Fez region (sardine, <span class="hlt">common</span> pandora, and shrimp). Methods. This work was conducted by a sera-bank obtained from 1248 patients recruited from Fez Hospitals. Their sera were analyzed for specific IgE binding to raw fish extracts. Among them, 60 patients with higher specific IgE levels were selected, and used to estimate the binding variation of IgE to these products under several <span class="hlt">processing</span> (frying, cooking, canning, marinade, and fermentation) using ELISA analysis. Results. ELISA results demonstrated that all the studied <span class="hlt">processing</span> cause a reduction in the immunoreactivity of human IgE to fish products, with a high action with marinade and fermentation compared to other <span class="hlt">processing</span>. This alteration was also observed with rabbit IgG in all <span class="hlt">processed</span> products, showing that the maximum reduction was marked in fermented sardine with 64.5%, in cooked <span class="hlt">common</span> pandora with 58%, and in fermented shrimp with 69.2%. Conclusion. In conclusion, our study has shown that the allergenicity of the three studied fish could be reduced by different industrial <span class="hlt">processes</span> with different degrees.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=marvin+AND+minsky&id=EJ298485','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=marvin+AND+minsky&id=EJ298485"><span>The <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Encounter Model.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>White, Marilyn Domas</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>Develops model of the <span class="hlt">reference</span> interview which explicitly incorporates human information <span class="hlt">processing</span>, particularly schema ideas presented by Marvin Minsky and other theorists in cognitive <span class="hlt">processing</span> and artificial intelligence. Questions are raised concerning use of content analysis of transcribed verbal protocols as methodology for studying…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=modern+AND+portfolio&pg=2&id=EJ1121286','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=modern+AND+portfolio&pg=2&id=EJ1121286"><span>The "<span class="hlt">Common</span> European Framework of <span class="hlt">Reference</span> for Languages" and the European Language Portfolio: Some History, a View of Language Learner Autonomy, and Some Implications for Language Learning in Higher Education</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Little, David</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>This article is based on a plenary talk given at the CercleS seminar hosted by the University of Groningen in November 2011 to mark the tenth anniversary of the publication of the "<span class="hlt">Common</span> European Framework of <span class="hlt">Reference</span> for Languages" and the launch of the European Language Portfolio. The first part of the article summarizes the history…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26981015','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26981015"><span><span class="hlt">Reference</span> intervals: current status, recent developments and future considerations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ozarda, Yesim</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Reliable and accurate <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals (RIs) for laboratory analyses are an integral part of the <span class="hlt">process</span> of correct interpretation of clinical laboratory test results. RIs given in laboratory reports have an important role in aiding the clinician in interpreting test results in <span class="hlt">reference</span> to values for healthy populations. Since the 1980s, the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) has been proactive in establishing recommendations to clarify the true significance of the term 'RIs, to select the appropriate <span class="hlt">reference</span> population and statistically analyse the data. The C28-A3 guideline published by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and IFCC is still the most widely-used source of <span class="hlt">reference</span> in this area. In recent years, protocols additional to the Guideline have been published by the IFCC, Committee on <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Intervals and Decision Limits (C-RIDL), including all details of multicenter studies on RIs to meet the requirements in this area. Multicentric RIs studies are the most important development in the area of RIs. Recently, the C-RIDL has performed many multicentric studies to obtain <span class="hlt">common</span> RIs. Confusion of RIs and clinical decision limits (CDLs) remains an issue and pediatric and geriatric age groups are a significant problem. For future studies of RIs, the genetic effect would seem to be the most challenging area. The aim of the review is to present the current theory and practice of RIs, with special emphasis given to multicenter RIs studies, RIs studies for pediatric and geriatric age groups, clinical decision limits and partitioning by genetic effects on RIs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4783089','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4783089"><span><span class="hlt">Reference</span> intervals: current status, recent developments and future considerations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Ozarda, Yesim</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Reliable and accurate <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals (RIs) for laboratory analyses are an integral part of the <span class="hlt">process</span> of correct interpretation of clinical laboratory test results. RIs given in laboratory reports have an important role in aiding the clinician in interpreting test results in <span class="hlt">reference</span> to values for healthy populations. Since the 1980s, the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) has been proactive in establishing recommendations to clarify the true significance of the term ‘RIs, to select the appropriate <span class="hlt">reference</span> population and statistically analyse the data. The C28-A3 guideline published by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and IFCC is still the most widely-used source of <span class="hlt">reference</span> in this area. In recent years, protocols additional to the Guideline have been published by the IFCC, Committee on <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Intervals and Decision Limits (C-RIDL), including all details of multicenter studies on RIs to meet the requirements in this area. Multicentric RIs studies are the most important development in the area of RIs. Recently, the C-RIDL has performed many multicentric studies to obtain <span class="hlt">common</span> RIs. Confusion of RIs and clinical decision limits (CDLs) remains an issue and pediatric and geriatric age groups are a significant problem. For future studies of RIs, the genetic effect would seem to be the most challenging area. The aim of the review is to present the current theory and practice of RIs, with special emphasis given to multicenter RIs studies, RIs studies for pediatric and geriatric age groups, clinical decision limits and partitioning by genetic effects on RIs. PMID:26981015</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMPA23B2194L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMPA23B2194L"><span><span class="hlt">Commons</span> problems, <span class="hlt">common</span> ground: Earth-surface dynamics and the social-physical interdisciplinary frontier</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lazarus, E.</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>In the archetypal "tragedy of the <span class="hlt">commons</span>" narrative, local farmers pasture their cows on the town <span class="hlt">common</span>. Soon the <span class="hlt">common</span> becomes crowded with cows, who graze it bare, and the arrangement of open access to a shared resource ultimately fails. The "tragedy" involves social and physical <span class="hlt">processes</span>, but the denouement depends on who is telling the story. An economist might argue that the system collapses because each farmer always has a rational incentive to graze one more cow. An ecologist might remark that the rate of grass growth is an inherent control on the <span class="hlt">common</span>'s carrying capacity. And a geomorphologist might point out that <span class="hlt">processes</span> of soil degradation almost always outstrip <span class="hlt">processes</span> of soil production. Interdisciplinary research into human-environmental systems still tends to favor disciplinary vantages. In the context of Anthropocene grand challenges - including fundamental insight into dynamics of landscape resilience, and what the dominance of human activities means for <span class="hlt">processes</span> of change and evolution on the Earth's surface - two disciplines in particular have more to talk about than they might think. Here, I use three examples - (1) beach nourishment, (2) upstream/downstream fluvial asymmetry, and (3) current and historical "land grabbing" - to illustrate a range of interconnections between physical Earth-surface science and <span class="hlt">common</span>-pool resource economics. In many systems, decision-making and social complexity exert stronger controls on landscape expression than do physical geomorphological <span class="hlt">processes</span>. Conversely, human-environmental research keeps encountering multi-scale, emergent problems of resource use made '<span class="hlt">common</span>-pool' by water, nutrient and sediment transport dynamics. Just as Earth-surface research can benefit from decades of work on <span class="hlt">common</span>-pool resource systems, quantitative Earth-surface science can make essential contributions to efforts addressing complex problems in environmental sustainability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18955906','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18955906"><span>Perceptual grouping in the human brain: <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">processing</span> of different cues.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Seymour, Kiley; Karnath, Hans-Otto; Himmelbach, Marc</p> <p>2008-12-03</p> <p>The perception of global scenes and objects consisting of multiple constituents is based on the integration of local elements or features. Gestalt grouping cues, such as proximity or similarity, can aid this <span class="hlt">process</span>. Using functional MRI we investigated whether grouping guided by different gestalt cues rely on distinct networks in the brain or share a <span class="hlt">common</span> network. Our study revealed that gestalt grouping involved the inferior parietal cortex, middle temporal gyrus and prefrontal cortex irrespective of the specific cue used. These findings agree with observations in neurological patients, which suggest that inferior parietal regions may aid the integration of local features into a global gestalt. Damage to this region results in simultanagnosia, a deficit in perceiving multiple objects and global scenes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27191942','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27191942"><span>Motion-based nearest vector metric for <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame selection in the perception of motion.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Agaoglu, Mehmet N; Clarke, Aaron M; Herzog, Michael H; Ögmen, Haluk</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>We investigated how the visual system selects a <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame for the perception of motion. Two concentric arcs underwent circular motion around the center of the display, where observers fixated. The outer (target) arc's angular velocity profile was modulated by a sine wave midflight whereas the inner (<span class="hlt">reference</span>) arc moved at a constant angular speed. The task was to report whether the target reversed its direction of motion at any point during its motion. We investigated the effects of spatial and figural factors by systematically varying the radial and angular distances between the arcs, and their relative sizes. We found that the effectiveness of the <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame decreases with increasing radial- and angular-distance measures. Drastic changes in the relative sizes of the arcs did not influence motion reversal thresholds, suggesting no influence of stimulus form on perceived motion. We also investigated the effect of <span class="hlt">common</span> velocity by introducing velocity fluctuations to the <span class="hlt">reference</span> arc as well. We found no effect of whether or not a <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame has a constant motion. We examined several form- and motion-based metrics, which could potentially unify our findings. We found that a motion-based nearest vector metric can fully account for all the data reported here. These findings suggest that the selection of <span class="hlt">reference</span> frames for motion <span class="hlt">processing</span> does not result from a winner-take-all <span class="hlt">process</span>, but instead, can be explained by a field whose strength decreases with the distance between the nearest motion vectors regardless of the form of the moving objects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1111236.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1111236.pdf"><span>Linking English-Language Test Scores onto the <span class="hlt">Common</span> European Framework of <span class="hlt">Reference</span>: An Application of Standard-Setting Methodology. TOEFL iBT Research Report TOEFL iBt-06. ETS RR-08-34</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Tannenbaum, Richard J.; Wylie, E. Caroline</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Common</span> European Framework of <span class="hlt">Reference</span> (CEFR) describes language proficiency in reading, writing, speaking, and listening on a 6-level scale. In this study, English-language experts from across Europe linked CEFR levels to scores on three tests: the TOEFL® iBT test, the TOEIC® assessment, and the TOEIC "Bridge"™ test.…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20066019','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20066019"><span>[Errors in Peruvian medical journals <span class="hlt">references</span>].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Huamaní, Charles; Pacheco-Romero, José</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">References</span> are fundamental in our studies; an adequate selection is asimportant as an adequate description. To determine the number of errors in a sample of <span class="hlt">references</span> found in Peruvian medical journals. We reviewed 515 scientific papers <span class="hlt">references</span> selected by systematic randomized sampling and corroborated <span class="hlt">reference</span> information with the original document or its citation in Pubmed, LILACS or SciELO-Peru. We found errors in 47,6% (245) of the <span class="hlt">references</span>, identifying 372 types of errors; the most frequent were errors in presentation style (120), authorship (100) and title (100), mainly due to spelling mistakes (91). <span class="hlt">References</span> error percentage was high, varied and multiple. We suggest systematic revision of <span class="hlt">references</span> in the editorial <span class="hlt">process</span> as well as to extend the discussion on this theme. <span class="hlt">references</span>, periodicals, research, bibliometrics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28714659','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28714659"><span>Are patients <span class="hlt">referred</span> to rehabilitation diagnosed accurately?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tederko, Piotr; Krasuski, Marek; Nyka, Izabella; Mycielski, Jerzy; Tarnacka, Beata</p> <p>2017-07-17</p> <p>An accurate diagnosis of the leading health condition and comorbidities is a prerequisite for safe and effective rehabilitation. The problem of diagnostic errors in physical and rehabilitation medicine (PRM) has not been addressed sufficiently. The responsibility of a <span class="hlt">referring</span> physician is to determine indications and contraindications for rehabilitation. To assess the rate of and risk factors for inaccurate referral diagnoses (RD) in patients <span class="hlt">referred</span> to a rehabilitation facility. We hypothesized that inaccurate RD would be more <span class="hlt">common</span> in patients 1) <span class="hlt">referred</span> by non-PRM physicians; 2) waiting longer for the admission; 3) older patients. Retrospective observational study. 1000 randomly selected patients admitted between 2012 and 2016 to a day- rehabilitation center (DRC). University DRC specialized in musculoskeletal diseases. On admission all cases underwent clinical verification of RD. Inappropriateness regarding primary diagnoses and comorbidities were noted. Influence of several factors affecting probability of inaccurate RD was analyzed with multiple binary regression model applied to 6 categories of diseases. The rate of inaccurate RD was 25.2%. Higher frequency of inaccurate RD was noted among patients <span class="hlt">referred</span> by non-PRM specialists (30.3% vs 17.3% in cases <span class="hlt">referred</span> by PRM specialists). Application of logit regression showed highly significant influence of the specialty of a <span class="hlt">referring</span> physician on the odds of inaccurate RD (joint Wald test ch2(6)=38.98, p- value=0.000), controlling for the influence of other variables. This may reflect a suboptimal knowledge of the rehabilitation <span class="hlt">process</span> and a tendency to neglect of comorbidities by non-PRM specialists. The rate of inaccurate RD did not correlate with time between referral and admission (joint Wald test of all odds ratios equal to 1, chi2(6)=5.62, p-value=0.467), however, mean and median waiting times were relatively short (35.7 and 25 days respectively).A high risk of overlooked multimorbidity was</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8225804','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8225804"><span>A framework for a <span class="hlt">process</span>-driven <span class="hlt">common</span> foundation programme for graduates.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jasper, M; Rolfe, G</p> <p>1993-10-01</p> <p>This paper discusses some of the problems encountered in writing a shortened <span class="hlt">Common</span> Foundation Programme in nursing for graduates, and outlines a course which takes as its starting point the particular educational needs and requirements of the student group. Thus, the first question to be addressed by the curriculum writers when designing the course was "How can we teach these students?", rather than "What can we teach them?". The resulting <span class="hlt">process</span>-driven course is heavily influenced by the student-centred philosophy of Carl Rogers, and utilizes a variety of large- and small-group methods to facilitate the students in gradually taking responsibility for, and making decisions about, their learning needs. The paper continues with some strategies for ensuring a smooth transition from a tutor-led, syllabus-driven start to the course, to a student-led, <span class="hlt">process</span>-driven finish for both the theoretical and clinical components, and for the assessment schedule. Finally, a student-centred approach to evaluation is briefly outlined, and the paper concludes by suggesting that the principles employed in designing and implementing this course could be successfully transferred to a wide variety of other educational settings.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26927107','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26927107"><span>Utilisation of Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensors with Dissipation (QCM-D) for a Clauss Fibrinogen Assay in Comparison with <span class="hlt">Common</span> Coagulation <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Methods.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Oberfrank, Stephanie; Drechsel, Hartmut; Sinn, Stefan; Northoff, Hinnak; Gehring, Frank K</p> <p>2016-02-24</p> <p>The determination of fibrinogen levels is one of the most important coagulation measurements in medicine. It plays a crucial part in diagnostic and therapeutic decisions, often associated with time-critical conditions. The <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used measurement is the Clauss fibrinogen assay (CFA) where plasma is activated by thrombin reagent and which is conducted by mechanical/turbidimetric devices. As quartz crystal microbalance sensors with dissipation (QCM-D) based devices have a small footprint, can be operated easily and allow measurements independently from sample transportation time, laboratory location, availability and opening hours, they offer a great opportunity to complement laboratory CFA measurements. Therefore, the objective of the work was to (1) transfer the CFA to the QCM-D method; (2) develop an easy, time- and cost-effective procedure and (3) compare the results with <span class="hlt">references</span>. Different sensor coatings (donor's own plasma; gold surface) and different QCM-D parameters (frequency signal shift; its calculated turning point; dissipation signal shift) were sampled. The results demonstrate the suitability for a QCM-D-based CFA in physiological fibrinogen ranges. Results were obtained in less than 1 min and in very good agreement with a standardized <span class="hlt">reference</span> (Merlin coagulometer). The results provide a good basis for further investigation and pave the way to a possible application of QCM-D in clinical and non-clinical routine in the medical field.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4813857','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4813857"><span>Utilisation of Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensors with Dissipation (QCM-D) for a Clauss Fibrinogen Assay in Comparison with <span class="hlt">Common</span> Coagulation <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Methods</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Oberfrank, Stephanie; Drechsel, Hartmut; Sinn, Stefan; Northoff, Hinnak; Gehring, Frank K.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The determination of fibrinogen levels is one of the most important coagulation measurements in medicine. It plays a crucial part in diagnostic and therapeutic decisions, often associated with time-critical conditions. The <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used measurement is the Clauss fibrinogen assay (CFA) where plasma is activated by thrombin reagent and which is conducted by mechanical/turbidimetric devices. As quartz crystal microbalance sensors with dissipation (QCM-D) based devices have a small footprint, can be operated easily and allow measurements independently from sample transportation time, laboratory location, availability and opening hours, they offer a great opportunity to complement laboratory CFA measurements. Therefore, the objective of the work was to (1) transfer the CFA to the QCM-D method; (2) develop an easy, time- and cost-effective procedure and (3) compare the results with <span class="hlt">references</span>. Different sensor coatings (donor’s own plasma; gold surface) and different QCM-D parameters (frequency signal shift; its calculated turning point; dissipation signal shift) were sampled. The results demonstrate the suitability for a QCM-D-based CFA in physiological fibrinogen ranges. Results were obtained in less than 1 min and in very good agreement with a standardized <span class="hlt">reference</span> (Merlin coagulometer). The results provide a good basis for further investigation and pave the way to a possible application of QCM-D in clinical and non-clinical routine in the medical field. PMID:26927107</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15173679','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15173679"><span><span class="hlt">Commonalities</span> in the central nervous system's involvement with complementary medical therapies: limbic morphinergic <span class="hlt">processes</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Esch, Tobias; Guarna, Massimo; Bianchi, Enrica; Zhu, Wei; Stefano, George B</p> <p>2004-06-01</p> <p>Currently, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) are experiencing growing popularity, especially in former industrialized countries. However, most of the underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms as well as participating biological structures are still speculative. Specific and non-specific effects may play a role in CAM. Moreover, trust, belief, and expectation may be of importance, pointing towards <span class="hlt">common</span> central nervous system (CNS) pathways involved in CAM. Four CAM approaches (acupuncture, meditation, music therapy, and massage therapy) were examined with regard to the CNS activity pattern involved. CNS <span class="hlt">commonalities</span> between different approaches were investigated. Frontal/prefrontal and limbic brain structures play a role in CAM. Particularly, left-anterior regions of the brain and reward or motivation circuitry constituents are involved, indicating positive affect and emotion-related memory <span class="hlt">processing</span>--accompanied by endocrinologic and autonomic functions--as crucial components of CAM effects. Thus, trust and belief in a therapist or positive therapy expectations seem to be important. However, besides <span class="hlt">common</span> non-specific or subjective effects, specific (objective) physiological components also exist. Non-specific CNS <span class="hlt">commonalities</span> are involved in various CAM therapies. Different therapeutic approaches physiologically overlap in the brain. However, molecular correspondents of the detected CNS analogies still have to be specified. In particular, fast acting autoregulatory signaling molecules presumably play a role. These may also be involved in the placebo response.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28178626','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28178626"><span><span class="hlt">Reference</span> genes for quantitative PCR in the adipose tissue of mice with metabolic disease.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Almeida-Oliveira, Fernanda; Leandro, João G B; Ausina, Priscila; Sola-Penna, Mauro; Majerowicz, David</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Obesity and diabetes are metabolic diseases and they are increasing in prevalence. The dynamics of gene expression associated with these diseases is fundamental to identifying genes involved in related biological <span class="hlt">processes</span>. qPCR is a sensitive technique for mRNA quantification and the most <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used method in gene-expression studies. However, the reliability of these results is directly influenced by data normalization. As <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes are the major normalization method used, this work aims to identify <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for qPCR in adipose tissues of mice with type-I diabetes or obesity. We selected 12 genes that are <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used as <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes. The expression of these genes in the adipose tissues of mice was analyzed in the context of three different experimental protocols: 1) untreated animals; 2) high-fat-diet animals; and 3) streptozotocin-treated animals. Gene-expression stability was analyzed using four different algorithms. Our data indicate that TATA-binding protein is stably expressed across adipose tissues in control animals. This gene was also a useful <span class="hlt">reference</span> when the brown adipose tissues of control and obese mice were analyzed. The mitochondrial ATP synthase F1 complex gene exhibits stable expression in subcutaneous and perigonadal adipose tissue from control and obese mice. Moreover, this gene is the best <span class="hlt">reference</span> for qPCR normalization in adipose tissue from streptozotocin-treated animals. These results show that there is no perfect stable gene suited for use under all experimental conditions. In conclusion, the selection of appropriate genes is a prerequisite to ensure qPCR reliability and must be performed separately for different experimental protocols. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_10 --> <div id="page_11" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="201"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130012666','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130012666"><span>Certification-Based <span class="hlt">Process</span> Analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Knight, Russell L.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Space mission architects are often challenged with knowing which investment in technology infusion will have the highest return. Certification-based analysis (CBA) gives architects and technologists a means to communicate the risks and advantages of infusing technologies at various points in a <span class="hlt">process</span>. Various alternatives can be compared, and requirements based on supporting streamlining or automation can be derived and levied on candidate technologies. CBA is a technique for analyzing a <span class="hlt">process</span> and identifying potential areas of improvement. The <span class="hlt">process</span> and analysis products are used to communicate between technologists and architects. <span class="hlt">Process</span> means any of the standard representations of a production flow; in this case, any individual steps leading to products, which feed into other steps, until the final product is produced at the end. This sort of <span class="hlt">process</span> is <span class="hlt">common</span> for space mission operations, where a set of goals is reduced eventually to a fully vetted command sequence to be sent to the spacecraft. Fully vetting a product is synonymous with certification. For some types of products, this is <span class="hlt">referred</span> to as verification and validation, and for others it is <span class="hlt">referred</span> to as checking. Fundamentally, certification is the step in the <span class="hlt">process</span> where one insures that a product works as intended, and contains no flaws.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AMT....11.1347S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AMT....11.1347S"><span>Reduction of ZTD outliers through improved GNSS data <span class="hlt">processing</span> and screening strategies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stepniak, Katarzyna; Bock, Olivier; Wielgosz, Pawel</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Though Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data <span class="hlt">processing</span> has been significantly improved over the years, it is still <span class="hlt">commonly</span> observed that zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) estimates contain many outliers which are detrimental to meteorological and climatological applications. In this paper, we show that ZTD outliers in double-difference <span class="hlt">processing</span> are mostly caused by sub-daily data gaps at <span class="hlt">reference</span> stations, which cause disconnections of clusters of stations from the <span class="hlt">reference</span> network and <span class="hlt">common</span> mode biases due to the strong correlation between stations in short baselines. They can reach a few centimetres in ZTD and usually coincide with a jump in formal errors. The magnitude and sign of these biases are impossible to predict because they depend on different errors in the observations and on the geometry of the baselines. We elaborate and test a new baseline strategy which solves this problem and significantly reduces the number of outliers compared to the standard strategy <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used for positioning (e.g. determination of national <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame) in which the pre-defined network is composed of a skeleton of <span class="hlt">reference</span> stations to which secondary stations are connected in a star-like structure. The new strategy is also shown to perform better than the widely used strategy maximizing the number of observations available in many GNSS programs. The reason is that observations are maximized before <span class="hlt">processing</span>, whereas the final number of used observations can be dramatically lower because of data rejection (screening) during the <span class="hlt">processing</span>. The study relies on the analysis of 1 year of GPS (Global Positioning System) data from a regional network of 136 GNSS stations <span class="hlt">processed</span> using Bernese GNSS Software v.5.2. A post-<span class="hlt">processing</span> screening procedure is also proposed to detect and remove a few outliers which may still remain due to short data gaps. It is based on a combination of range checks and outlier checks of ZTD and formal errors. The accuracy of the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/866683','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/866683"><span>Aluminum <span class="hlt">reference</span> electrode</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Sadoway, Donald R.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>A stable <span class="hlt">reference</span> electrode for use in monitoring and controlling the <span class="hlt">process</span> of electrolytic reduction of a metal. In the case of Hall cell reduction of aluminum, the <span class="hlt">reference</span> electrode comprises a pool of molten aluminum and a solution of molten cryolite, Na.sub.3 AlF.sub.6, wherein the electrical connection to the molten aluminum does not contact the highly corrosive molten salt solution. This is accomplished by altering the density of either the aluminum (decreasing the density) or the electrolyte (increasing the density) so that the aluminum floats on top of the molten salt solution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7067429','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7067429"><span>Aluminum <span class="hlt">reference</span> electrode</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Sadoway, D.R.</p> <p>1988-08-16</p> <p>A stable <span class="hlt">reference</span> electrode is described for use in monitoring and controlling the <span class="hlt">process</span> of electrolytic reduction of a metal. In the case of Hall cell reduction of aluminum, the <span class="hlt">reference</span> electrode comprises a pool of molten aluminum and a solution of molten cryolite, Na[sub 3]AlF[sub 6], wherein the electrical connection to the molten aluminum does not contact the highly corrosive molten salt solution. This is accomplished by altering the density of either the aluminum (decreasing the density) or the electrolyte (increasing the density) so that the aluminum floats on top of the molten salt solution. 1 fig.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26365506','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26365506"><span><span class="hlt">Common</span> and distinct networks for self-referential and social stimulus <span class="hlt">processing</span> in the human brain.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Herold, Dorrit; Spengler, Stephanie; Sajonz, Bastian; Usnich, Tatiana; Bermpohl, Felix</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>Self-referential <span class="hlt">processing</span> is a complex cognitive function, involving a set of implicit and explicit <span class="hlt">processes</span>, complicating investigation of its distinct neural signature. The present study explores the functional overlap and dissociability of self-referential and social stimulus <span class="hlt">processing</span>. We combined an established paradigm for explicit self-referential <span class="hlt">processing</span> with an implicit social stimulus <span class="hlt">processing</span> paradigm in one fMRI experiment to determine the neural effects of self-relatedness and social <span class="hlt">processing</span> within one study. Overlapping activations were found in the orbitofrontal cortex and in the intermediate part of the precuneus. Stimuli judged as self-referential specifically activated the posterior cingulate cortex, the ventral medial prefrontal cortex, extending into anterior cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal cortex, the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex, the ventral and dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, the left inferior temporal gyrus, and occipital cortex. Social <span class="hlt">processing</span> specifically involved the posterior precuneus and bilateral temporo-parietal junction. Taken together, our data show, not only, first, <span class="hlt">common</span> networks for both <span class="hlt">processes</span> in the medial prefrontal and the medial parietal cortex, but also, second, functional differentiations for self-referential <span class="hlt">processing</span> versus social <span class="hlt">processing</span>: an anterior-posterior gradient for social <span class="hlt">processing</span> and self-referential <span class="hlt">processing</span> within the medial parietal cortex and specific activations for self-referential <span class="hlt">processing</span> in the medial and lateral prefrontal cortex and for social <span class="hlt">processing</span> in the temporo-parietal junction.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21145379','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21145379"><span>Border collie comprehends object names as verbal <span class="hlt">referents</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pilley, John W; Reid, Alliston K</p> <p>2011-02-01</p> <p>Four experiments investigated the ability of a border collie (Chaser) to acquire receptive language skills. Experiment 1 demonstrated that Chaser learned and retained, over a 3-year period of intensive training, the proper-noun names of 1022 objects. Experiment 2 presented random pair-wise combinations of three commands and three names, and demonstrated that she understood the separate meanings of proper-noun names and commands. Chaser understood that names <span class="hlt">refer</span> to objects, independent of the behavior directed toward those objects. Experiment 3 demonstrated Chaser's ability to learn three <span class="hlt">common</span> nouns--words that represent categories. Chaser demonstrated one-to-many (<span class="hlt">common</span> noun) and many-to-one (multiple-name) name-object mappings. Experiment 4 demonstrated Chaser's ability to learn words by inferential reasoning by exclusion--inferring the name of an object based on its novelty among familiar objects that already had names. Together, these studies indicate that Chaser acquired referential understanding of nouns, an ability normally attributed to children, which included: (a) awareness that words may <span class="hlt">refer</span> to objects, (b) awareness of verbal cues that map words upon the object <span class="hlt">referent</span>, and (c) awareness that names may <span class="hlt">refer</span> to unique objects or categories of objects, independent of the behaviors directed toward those objects. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4086331','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4086331"><span><span class="hlt">Common</span> path in-line holography using enhanced joint object <span class="hlt">reference</span> digital interferometers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kelner, Roy; Katz, Barak; Rosen, Joseph</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Joint object <span class="hlt">reference</span> digital interferometer (JORDI) is a recently developed system capable of recording holograms of various types [Opt. Lett. 38(22), 4719 (2013)24322115]. Presented here is a new enhanced system design that is based on the previous JORDI. While the previous JORDI has been based purely on diffractive optical elements, displayed on spatial light modulators, the present design incorporates an additional refractive objective lens, thus enabling hologram recording with improved resolution and increased system applicability. Experimental results demonstrate successful hologram recording for various types of objects, including transmissive, reflective, three-dimensional, phase and highly scattering objects. The resolution limit of the system is analyzed and experimentally validated. Finally, the suitability of JORDI for microscopic applications is verified as a microscope objective based configuration of the system is demonstrated. PMID:24663838</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhDT........39B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhDT........39B"><span>How <span class="hlt">Common</span> is <span class="hlt">Common</span> Use Facilities at Airports</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Barbeau, Addison D.</p> <p></p> <p>This study looked at <span class="hlt">common</span> use airports across the country and at the implementation of <span class="hlt">common</span> use facailities at airports. <span class="hlt">Common</span> use consists of several elements that maybe installed at an airport. One of the elements is the self-service kiosks that allow passengers to have a faster check-in <span class="hlt">process</span>, therefore moving them more quickly within the airport. Another element is signage and the incorporation of each airline's logo. Another aspect of <span class="hlt">common</span> useis an airport regaining control of terminal gates by reducing the number of gates that are exclusively leased to a specific air carrier. This research focused on the current state of the <span class="hlt">common</span> use facilities across the United States and examines the advantages and disadvantages of this approach. The research entailed interviews with personnel at a wide range of airports and found that each airport is in a different stage of implementation; some have fully implemented the <span class="hlt">common</span> use concept while others are in the beginning stages of implementation. The questions were tailored to determine what the advantages and disadvantages are of a <span class="hlt">common</span> use facility. The most <span class="hlt">common</span> advantages reported included flexibility and cost. In the commom use system the airport reserves the right to move any airline to a different gate at any time for any reason. In turn, this helps reduce gates delays at that facility. For the airports that were interviewed no major disadvantages were reported. One down side of <span class="hlt">common</span> use facilities for the airport involved is the major capital cost that is required to move to a <span class="hlt">common</span> use system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-03-07/pdf/2011-4813.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-03-07/pdf/2011-4813.pdf"><span>76 FR 12358 - <span class="hlt">Common</span> Formats for Patient Safety Data Collection and Event Reporting</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-03-07</p> <p>... HHS, AHRQ coordinates the development of a set of <span class="hlt">common</span> definitions and reporting formats (<span class="hlt">Common</span>... unsafe conditions that increase risks and hazards to patients. Definitions and other details about PSOs... hospitals and skilled nursing facilities. Definition of <span class="hlt">Common</span> Formats The term ``<span class="hlt">Common</span> Formats'' <span class="hlt">refers</span> to...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?direntryid=336742','PESTICIDES'); return false;" href="https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?direntryid=336742"><span>THE CONCEPT OF <span class="hlt">REFERENCE</span> CONDITION, REVISITED ...</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/search.htm">EPA Pesticide Factsheets</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Ecological assessments of aquatic ecosystems depend on the ability to compare current conditions against some expectation of how they could be in the absence of significant human disturbance. The concept of a ‘‘<span class="hlt">reference</span> condition’’ is often used to describe the standard or benchmark against which current condition is compared. If assessments are to be conducted consistently, then a <span class="hlt">common</span> understanding of the definitions and complications of <span class="hlt">reference</span> condition is necessary. A 2006 paper (Stoddard et al., 2006, Ecological Applications 16:1267-1276) made an early attempt at codifying the <span class="hlt">reference</span> condition concept; in this presentation we will revisit the points raised in that paper (and others) and examine how our thinking has changed in a little over 10 years.Among the issues to be discussed: (1) the “moving target” created when <span class="hlt">reference</span> site data are used to set thresholds in large scale assessments; (2) natural vs. human disturbance and their effects on <span class="hlt">reference</span> site distributions; (3) circularity and the use of biological data to assist in <span class="hlt">reference</span> site identification; (4) using site-scale (in-stream or in-lake) measurements vs. landscape-level human activity to identify <span class="hlt">reference</span> conditions. Ecological assessments of aquatic ecosystems depend on the ability to compare current conditions against some expectation of how they could be in the absence of significant human disturbance. The concept of a ‘‘<span class="hlt">reference</span> condition’’ is often use</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22864814','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22864814"><span>Selection of novel <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for use in the human central nervous system: a BrainNet Europe Study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Durrenberger, Pascal F; Fernando, Francisca S; Magliozzi, Roberta; Kashefi, Samira N; Bonnert, Timothy P; Ferrer, Isidro; Seilhean, Danielle; Nait-Oumesmar, Brahim; Schmitt, Andrea; Gebicke-Haerter, Peter J; Falkai, Peter; Grünblatt, Edna; Palkovits, Miklos; Parchi, Piero; Capellari, Sabina; Arzberger, Thomas; Kretzschmar, Hans; Roncaroli, Federico; Dexter, David T; Reynolds, Richard</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>The use of an appropriate <span class="hlt">reference</span> gene to ensure accurate normalisation is crucial for the correct quantification of gene expression using qPCR assays and RNA arrays. The main criterion for a gene to qualify as a <span class="hlt">reference</span> gene is a stable expression across various cell types and experimental settings. Several <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes are <span class="hlt">commonly</span> in use but more and more evidence reveals variations in their expression due to the presence of on-going neuropathological disease <span class="hlt">processes</span>, raising doubts concerning their use. We conducted an analysis of genome-wide changes of gene expression in the human central nervous system (CNS) covering several neurological disorders and regions, including the spinal cord, and were able to identify a number of novel stable <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes. We tested the stability of expression of eight novel (ATP5E, AARS, GAPVD1, CSNK2B, XPNPEP1, OSBP, NAT5 and DCTN2) and four more <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used (BECN1, GAPDH, QARS and TUBB) <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes in a smaller cohort using RT-qPCR. The most stable genes out of the 12 <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes were tested as normaliser to validate increased levels of a target gene in CNS disease. We found that in human post-mortem tissue the novel <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes, XPNPEP1 and AARS, were efficient in replicating microarray target gene expression levels and that XPNPEP1 was more efficient as a normaliser than BECN1, which has been shown to change in expression as a consequence of neuronal cell loss. We provide herein one more suitable novel <span class="hlt">reference</span> gene, XPNPEP1, with no current neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative associations that can be used for gene quantitative gene expression studies with human CNS post-mortem tissue and also suggest a list of potential other candidates. These data also emphasise the importance of organ/tissue-specific stably expressed genes as <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for RNA studies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1060507.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1060507.pdf"><span>Uncertainty in <span class="hlt">Reference</span> and Information Service</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>VanScoy, Amy</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Introduction: Uncertainty is understood as an important component of the information seeking <span class="hlt">process</span>, but it has not been explored as a component of <span class="hlt">reference</span> and information service. Method: Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to examine the practitioner perspective of <span class="hlt">reference</span> and information service for eight academic research…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27092350','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27092350"><span>The use of a standardized gray <span class="hlt">reference</span> card in dental photography to correct the effects of five <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used diffusers on the color of 40 extracted human teeth.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hein, Sascha; Zangl, Michael</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the color changes of human teeth caused by five different diffuser materials <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used in dental photography, as well as software influence, and to confirm whether the use of a standardized gray <span class="hlt">reference</span> card is effective in correcting these color changes during digital postproduction. Forty extracted human teeth were obtained from a specialized oral surgery practice in Cham, Germany. Five <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used diffuser materials were chosen to be investigated, which included: polyethylene (PET), White Frost photographic paper, LumiQuest polyamide (nylon) material, 80 gsm white printing paper, and 3M linear polarizing filter sheet used for cross polarization. A digital single-lens reflex camera (Canon EOS 5D MKII) was used, together with a twin flash suitable for macrophotography (Canon MT-24EX Macro Twin Lite). Images were tethered into Adobe Lightroom CC using the RAW format. A standardized gray <span class="hlt">reference</span> card (WhiBal, Michael Tapes Design) was used for exposure calibration and white balancing. Classic Color Me- ter software (Ricci Adams, version 1.6 (122)) was used to obtain CIE L*a*b* values of the specimens before and after white balancing and exposure correction. All diffusers caused visually perceivable color changes on the extracted teeth: White Frost (ΔE* 1.24; sd 0.47), 80 gsm printing paper (ΔE* 2.94; sd 0.35), LumiQuest polyamide (ΔE* 3.68; sd 0.54), PET (ΔE* 6.55; sd 0.41), and 3M linear polarizing filter sheet (ΔE* 7.58; sd 1.00). The use of a standardized gray <span class="hlt">reference</span> card (WhiBal) could correct these values below the visually perceivable threshold: White Frost (ΔE* 0.58; sd 0.36), 80 gsm printing paper (ΔE* 0.93; sd 0.54), LumiQuest polyamide (ΔE* 0.66; sd 0.58), PET (ΔE* 0.59; sd 0.33), and 3M linear polarizing filter sheet (ΔE* 0.53; sd 0.42). The use of a standardized gray <span class="hlt">reference</span> card with specified CIE L*a*b* values should be considered when diffusers are used in dental photography in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=psychology&id=EJ1139542','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=psychology&id=EJ1139542"><span>Core <span class="hlt">References</span> in Introductory Social Psychology and Developmental Psychology Textbooks</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Whitehead, George I., III; Smith, Stephanie H.; Losonczy-Marshall, Marta</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of the present study was to identify the core <span class="hlt">references</span> in introductory textbooks in two sub-disciplines of psychology: social psychology and developmental psychology. One research question was the extent to which the <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">references</span> in these textbooks present the trends in contemporary research in each sub-discipline. An analysis…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4309215','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4309215"><span>Identification of <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Genes in Human Myelomonocytic Cells for Gene Expression Studies in Altered Gravity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Thiel, Cora S.; Hauschild, Swantje; Tauber, Svantje; Paulsen, Katrin; Raig, Christiane; Raem, Arnold; Biskup, Josefine; Gutewort, Annett; Hürlimann, Eva; Philpot, Claudia; Lier, Hartwin; Engelmann, Frank; Layer, Liliana E.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Gene expression studies are indispensable for investigation and elucidation of molecular mechanisms. For the <span class="hlt">process</span> of normalization, <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes (“housekeeping genes”) are essential to verify gene expression analysis. Thus, it is assumed that these <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes demonstrate similar expression levels over all experimental conditions. However, <span class="hlt">common</span> recommendations about <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes were established during 1 g conditions and therefore their applicability in studies with altered gravity has not been demonstrated yet. The microarray technology is frequently used to generate expression profiles under defined conditions and to determine the relative difference in expression levels between two or more different states. In our study, we searched for potential <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes with stable expression during different gravitational conditions (microgravity, normogravity, and hypergravity) which are additionally not altered in different hardware systems. We were able to identify eight genes (ALB, B4GALT6, GAPDH, HMBS, YWHAZ, ABCA5, ABCA9, and ABCC1) which demonstrated no altered gene expression levels in all tested conditions and therefore represent good candidates for the standardization of gene expression studies in altered gravity. PMID:25654098</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25654098','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25654098"><span>Identification of <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes in human myelomonocytic cells for gene expression studies in altered gravity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Thiel, Cora S; Hauschild, Swantje; Tauber, Svantje; Paulsen, Katrin; Raig, Christiane; Raem, Arnold; Biskup, Josefine; Gutewort, Annett; Hürlimann, Eva; Unverdorben, Felix; Buttron, Isabell; Lauber, Beatrice; Philpot, Claudia; Lier, Hartwin; Engelmann, Frank; Layer, Liliana E; Ullrich, Oliver</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Gene expression studies are indispensable for investigation and elucidation of molecular mechanisms. For the <span class="hlt">process</span> of normalization, <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes ("housekeeping genes") are essential to verify gene expression analysis. Thus, it is assumed that these <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes demonstrate similar expression levels over all experimental conditions. However, <span class="hlt">common</span> recommendations about <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes were established during 1 g conditions and therefore their applicability in studies with altered gravity has not been demonstrated yet. The microarray technology is frequently used to generate expression profiles under defined conditions and to determine the relative difference in expression levels between two or more different states. In our study, we searched for potential <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes with stable expression during different gravitational conditions (microgravity, normogravity, and hypergravity) which are additionally not altered in different hardware systems. We were able to identify eight genes (ALB, B4GALT6, GAPDH, HMBS, YWHAZ, ABCA5, ABCA9, and ABCC1) which demonstrated no altered gene expression levels in all tested conditions and therefore represent good candidates for the standardization of gene expression studies in altered gravity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25443675','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25443675"><span><span class="hlt">Common</span> dental and periodontal diseases: evaluation and management.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Laudenbach, Joel M; Simon, Ziv</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>Physicians may encounter patients with dental and periodontal diseases in the context of outpatient medical practice. It is important for physicians to be aware of <span class="hlt">common</span> dental and periodontal conditions and be able to assess for the presence and severity of these diseases. This article reviews <span class="hlt">common</span> dental and periodontal conditions, their cardinal signs and symptoms, outpatient-setting assessment techniques, as well as <span class="hlt">common</span> methods of treatment. Physicians detecting gross abnormalities on clinical examination should <span class="hlt">refer</span> the patient to a dentist for further evaluation and management. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=chicago+AND+fire&id=EJ1129099','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=chicago+AND+fire&id=EJ1129099"><span>Finding <span class="hlt">Common</span> Ground with the <span class="hlt">Common</span> Core</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Moisan, Heidi</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>This article examines the journey of museum educators at the Chicago History Museum in understanding the <span class="hlt">Common</span> Core State Standards and implementing them in our work with the school audience. The <span class="hlt">process</span> raised questions about our teaching philosophy and our responsibility to our audience. Working with colleagues inside and outside of our…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23844275','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23844275"><span>Natural antioxidant activity of <span class="hlt">commonly</span> consumed plant foods in India: effect of domestic <span class="hlt">processing</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sreeramulu, D; Reddy, C V K; Chauhan, Anitha; Balakrishna, N; Raghunath, M</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Phytochemicals protect against oxidative stress which in turn helps in maintaining the balance between oxidants and antioxidants. In recent times natural antioxidants are gaining considerable interest among nutritionists, food manufacturers, and consumers because of their perceived safety, potential therapeutic value, and long shelf life. Plant foods are known to protect against degenerative diseases and ageing due to their antioxidant activity (AOA) attributed to their high polyphenolic content (PC). Data on AOA and PC of Indian plant foods is scanty. Therefore we have determined the antioxidant activity in 107 <span class="hlt">commonly</span> consumed Indian plant foods and assessed their relation to their PC. Antioxidant activity is presented as the range of values for each of the food groups. The foods studied had good amounts of PC and AOA although they belonged to different food groups. Interestingly, significant correlation was observed between AOA (DPPH and FRAP) and PC in most of the foods, corroborating the literature that polyphenols are potent antioxidants and that they may be important contributors to the AOA of the plant foods. We have also observed that <span class="hlt">common</span> domestic methods of <span class="hlt">processing</span> may not affect the PC and AOA of the foods studied in general. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first results of the kind in <span class="hlt">commonly</span> consumed Indian plant foods.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28730186','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28730186"><span>STANDARD <span class="hlt">REFERENCE</span> MATERIALS FOR THE POLYMERS INDUSTRY.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>McDonough, Walter G; Orski, Sara V; Guttman, Charles M; Migler, Kalman D; Beers, Kathryn L</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides science, industry, and government with a central source of well-characterized materials certified for chemical composition or for some chemical or physical property. These materials are designated Standard <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Materials ® (SRMs) and are used to calibrate measuring instruments, to evaluate methods and systems, or to produce scientific data that can be <span class="hlt">referred</span> readily to a <span class="hlt">common</span> base. In this paper, we discuss the history of polymer based SRMs, their current status, and challenges and opportunities to develop new standards to address industrial measurement challenges.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_11 --> <div id="page_12" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="221"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED527334.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED527334.pdf"><span>Analyzing How Formalist, Cognitive-<span class="hlt">Processing</span>, and Literacy Practices Learning Paradigms are Shaping the Implementation of the <span class="hlt">Common</span> Core State Standards</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Beach, Richard</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>This paper analyzes the influence of three different learning paradigms for learning literacy--formalist, cognitive-<span class="hlt">processing</span>, and literacy practices--on the implementation of the <span class="hlt">Common</span> Core State Standards. It argues that the <span class="hlt">Common</span> Core State Standards are based largely on a formalist paradigm as evident in the emphasis on teaching text…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3845374','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3845374"><span><span class="hlt">Common</span> African cooking <span class="hlt">processes</span> do not affect the aflatoxin binding efficacy of refined calcium montmorillonite clay</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Elmore, Sarah E.; Mitchell, Nicole; Mays, Travis; Brown, Kristal; Marroquin-Cardona, Alicia; Romoser, Amelia; Phillips, Timothy D.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Aflatoxins are <span class="hlt">common</span> contaminants of staple crops, such as corn and groundnuts, and a significant cause of concern for food safety and public health in developing countries. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been implicated in the etiology of acute and chronic disease in humans and animals, including growth stunting, liver cancer and death. Cost effective and culturally acceptable intervention strategies for the reduction of dietary AFB1 exposure are of critical need in populations at high risk for aflatoxicosis. Fermented gruels consisting of cornmeal are a <span class="hlt">common</span> source for such exposure and are consumed by both children and adults in many countries with a history of frequent, high-level aflatoxin exposure. One proposed method to reduce aflatoxins in the diet is to include a selective enterosorbent, Uniform Particle Size NovaSil (UPSN), as a food additive in contaminated foods. For UPSN to be effective in this capacity, it must be stable in complex, acidic mixtures that are often exposed to heat during the <span class="hlt">process</span> of fermented gruel preparation. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to test the ability of UPSN to sorb aflatoxin while <span class="hlt">common</span> cooking conditions were applied. The influence of fermentation, heat treatment, acidity, and <span class="hlt">processing</span> time were investigated with and without UPSN. Analyses were performed using the field-practical Vicam assay with HPLC verification of trends. Our findings demonstrated that UPSN significantly reduced aflatoxin levels (47-100%) in cornmeal, regardless of <span class="hlt">processing</span> conditions. Upon comparison of each element tested, time appeared to be the primary factor influencing UPSN efficacy. The greatest decreases in AFB1 were reported in samples allowed to incubate (with or without fermentation) for 72 hrs. This data suggests that addition of UPSN to staple corn ingredients likely to contain aflatoxins would be a sustainable approach to reduce exposure. PMID:24311894</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24311894','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24311894"><span><span class="hlt">Common</span> African cooking <span class="hlt">processes</span> do not affect the aflatoxin binding efficacy of refined calcium montmorillonite clay.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Elmore, Sarah E; Mitchell, Nicole; Mays, Travis; Brown, Kristal; Marroquin-Cardona, Alicia; Romoser, Amelia; Phillips, Timothy D</p> <p>2014-03-01</p> <p>Aflatoxins are <span class="hlt">common</span> contaminants of staple crops, such as corn and groundnuts, and a significant cause of concern for food safety and public health in developing countries. Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) has been implicated in the etiology of acute and chronic disease in humans and animals, including growth stunting, liver cancer and death. Cost effective and culturally acceptable intervention strategies for the reduction of dietary AFB 1 exposure are of critical need in populations at high risk for aflatoxicosis. Fermented gruels consisting of cornmeal are a <span class="hlt">common</span> source for such exposure and are consumed by both children and adults in many countries with a history of frequent, high-level aflatoxin exposure. One proposed method to reduce aflatoxins in the diet is to include a selective enterosorbent, Uniform Particle Size NovaSil (UPSN), as a food additive in contaminated foods. For UPSN to be effective in this capacity, it must be stable in complex, acidic mixtures that are often exposed to heat during the <span class="hlt">process</span> of fermented gruel preparation. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to test the ability of UPSN to sorb aflatoxin while <span class="hlt">common</span> cooking conditions were applied. The influence of fermentation, heat treatment, acidity, and <span class="hlt">processing</span> time were investigated with and without UPSN. Analyses were performed using the field-practical Vicam assay with HPLC verification of trends. Our findings demonstrated that UPSN significantly reduced aflatoxin levels (47-100%) in cornmeal, regardless of <span class="hlt">processing</span> conditions. Upon comparison of each element tested, time appeared to be the primary factor influencing UPSN efficacy. The greatest decreases in AFB 1 were reported in samples allowed to incubate (with or without fermentation) for 72 hrs. This data suggests that addition of UPSN to staple corn ingredients likely to contain aflatoxins would be a sustainable approach to reduce exposure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=hearth&id=EJ1019126','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=hearth&id=EJ1019126"><span>The <span class="hlt">Common</span> Core: Far from Home</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Toscano, Michael</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>In this opinion piece, Michael Toscano writes that his criticism of the <span class="hlt">Common</span> Core State Standards ultimately has very little to do with their innate quality, but rather that their relation to other social spheres is disordered. He <span class="hlt">refers</span> to the full reordering of American education away from families and local communities--which he states are…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4177847','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4177847"><span>Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Genetic Basis of Skin Color Variation in <span class="hlt">Common</span> Carp</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Jiang, Yanliang; Zhang, Songhao; Xu, Jian; Feng, Jianxin; Mahboob, Shahid; Al-Ghanim, Khalid A.; Sun, Xiaowen; Xu, Peng</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Background The <span class="hlt">common</span> carp is an important aquaculture species that is widely distributed across the world. During the long history of carp domestication, numerous carp strains with diverse skin colors have been established. Skin color is used as a visual criterion to determine the market value of carp. However, the genetic basis of <span class="hlt">common</span> carp skin color has not been extensively studied. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we performed Illumina sequencing on two <span class="hlt">common</span> carp strains: the reddish Xingguo red carp and the brownish-black Yellow River carp. A total of 435,348,868 reads were generated, resulting in 198,781 assembled contigs that were used as <span class="hlt">reference</span> sequences. Comparisons of skin transcriptome files revealed 2,012 unigenes with significantly different expression in the two <span class="hlt">common</span> carp strains, including 874 genes that were up-regulated in Xingguo red carp and 1,138 genes that were up-regulated in Yellow River carp. The expression patterns of 20 randomly selected differentially expressed genes were validated using quantitative RT-PCR. Gene pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes indicated that melanin biosynthesis, along with the Wnt and MAPK signaling pathways, is highly likely to affect the skin pigmentation <span class="hlt">process</span>. Several key genes involved in the skin pigmentation <span class="hlt">process</span>, including TYRP1, SILV, ASIP and xCT, showed significant differences in their expression patterns between the two strains. Conclusions In this study, we conducted a comparative transcriptome analysis of Xingguo red carp and Yellow River carp skins, and we detected key genes involved in the <span class="hlt">common</span> carp skin pigmentation <span class="hlt">process</span>. We propose that <span class="hlt">common</span> carp skin pigmentation depends upon at least three pathways. Understanding fish skin color genetics will facilitate future molecular selection of the fish skin colors with high market values. PMID:25255374</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25255374','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25255374"><span>Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the genetic basis of skin color variation in <span class="hlt">common</span> carp.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jiang, Yanliang; Zhang, Songhao; Xu, Jian; Feng, Jianxin; Mahboob, Shahid; Al-Ghanim, Khalid A; Sun, Xiaowen; Xu, Peng</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">common</span> carp is an important aquaculture species that is widely distributed across the world. During the long history of carp domestication, numerous carp strains with diverse skin colors have been established. Skin color is used as a visual criterion to determine the market value of carp. However, the genetic basis of <span class="hlt">common</span> carp skin color has not been extensively studied. In this study, we performed Illumina sequencing on two <span class="hlt">common</span> carp strains: the reddish Xingguo red carp and the brownish-black Yellow River carp. A total of 435,348,868 reads were generated, resulting in 198,781 assembled contigs that were used as <span class="hlt">reference</span> sequences. Comparisons of skin transcriptome files revealed 2,012 unigenes with significantly different expression in the two <span class="hlt">common</span> carp strains, including 874 genes that were up-regulated in Xingguo red carp and 1,138 genes that were up-regulated in Yellow River carp. The expression patterns of 20 randomly selected differentially expressed genes were validated using quantitative RT-PCR. Gene pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes indicated that melanin biosynthesis, along with the Wnt and MAPK signaling pathways, is highly likely to affect the skin pigmentation <span class="hlt">process</span>. Several key genes involved in the skin pigmentation <span class="hlt">process</span>, including TYRP1, SILV, ASIP and xCT, showed significant differences in their expression patterns between the two strains. In this study, we conducted a comparative transcriptome analysis of Xingguo red carp and Yellow River carp skins, and we detected key genes involved in the <span class="hlt">common</span> carp skin pigmentation <span class="hlt">process</span>. We propose that <span class="hlt">common</span> carp skin pigmentation depends upon at least three pathways. Understanding fish skin color genetics will facilitate future molecular selection of the fish skin colors with high market values.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27932919','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27932919"><span>Metabarcoding of marine nematodes - evaluation of <span class="hlt">reference</span> datasets used in tree-based taxonomy assignment approach.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Holovachov, Oleksandr</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Metabarcoding is becoming a <span class="hlt">common</span> tool used to assess and compare diversity of organisms in environmental samples. Identification of OTUs is one of the critical steps in the <span class="hlt">process</span> and several taxonomy assignment methods were proposed to accomplish this task. This publication evaluates the quality of <span class="hlt">reference</span> datasets, alongside with several alignment and phylogeny inference methods used in one of the taxonomy assignment methods, called tree-based approach. This approach assigns anonymous OTUs to taxonomic categories based on relative placements of OTUs and <span class="hlt">reference</span> sequences on the cladogram and support that these placements receive. In tree-based taxonomy assignment approach, reliable identification of anonymous OTUs is based on their placement in monophyletic and highly supported clades together with identified <span class="hlt">reference</span> taxa. Therefore, it requires high quality <span class="hlt">reference</span> dataset to be used. Resolution of phylogenetic trees is strongly affected by the presence of erroneous sequences as well as alignment and phylogeny inference methods used in the <span class="hlt">process</span>. Two preparation steps are essential for the successful application of tree-based taxonomy assignment approach. Curated collections of genetic information do include erroneous sequences. These sequences have detrimental effect on the resolution of cladograms used in tree-based approach. They must be identified and excluded from the <span class="hlt">reference</span> dataset beforehand.Various combinations of multiple sequence alignment and phylogeny inference methods provide cladograms with different topology and bootstrap support. These combinations of methods need to be tested in order to determine the one that gives highest resolution for the particular <span class="hlt">reference</span> dataset.Completing the above mentioned preparation steps is expected to decrease the number of unassigned OTUs and thus improve the results of the tree-based taxonomy assignment approach.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987SPIE..801..344M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987SPIE..801..344M"><span>High Power Laser <span class="hlt">Processing</span> Of Materials</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Martyr, D. R.; Holt, T.</p> <p>1987-09-01</p> <p>The first practical demonstration of a laser device was in 1960 and in the following years, the high power carbon dioxide laser has matured as an industrial machine tool. Modern carbon dioxide gas lasers can be used for cutting, welding, heat treatment, drilling, scribing and marking. Since their invention over 25 years ago they are now becoming recognised as highly reliable devices capable of achieving huge savings in production costs in many situations. This paper introduces the basic laser <span class="hlt">processing</span> techniques of cutting, welding and heat treatment as they apply to the most <span class="hlt">common</span> engineering materials. Typical <span class="hlt">processing</span> speeds achieved with a wide range of laser powers are reported. Accuracies achievable and fit-up tolerances required are presented. Methods of integrating lasers with machine tools are described and their suitability in a wide range of manufacturing industries is described by <span class="hlt">reference</span> to recent installations. Examples from small batch manufacturing, high volume production using dedicated laser welding equipment, and high volume manufacturing using 'flexible' automated laser welding equipment are described Future applications of laser <span class="hlt">processing</span> are suggested by <span class="hlt">reference</span> to current <span class="hlt">process</span> developments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IJAEO..56...13L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IJAEO..56...13L"><span>Automated matching of multiple terrestrial laser scans for stem mapping without the use of artificial <span class="hlt">references</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Jingbin; Liang, Xinlian; Hyyppä, Juha; Yu, Xiaowei; Lehtomäki, Matti; Pyörälä, Jiri; Zhu, Lingli; Wang, Yunsheng; Chen, Ruizhi</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Terrestrial laser scanning has been widely used to analyze the 3D structure of a forest in detail and to generate data at the level of a <span class="hlt">reference</span> plot for forest inventories without destructive measurements. Multi-scan terrestrial laser scanning is more <span class="hlt">commonly</span> applied to collect plot-level data so that all of the stems can be detected and analyzed. However, it is necessary to match the point clouds of multiple scans to yield a point cloud with automated <span class="hlt">processing</span>. Mismatches between datasets will lead to errors during the <span class="hlt">processing</span> of multi-scan data. Classic registration methods based on flat surfaces cannot be directly applied in forest environments; therefore, artificial <span class="hlt">reference</span> objects have conventionally been used to assist with scan matching. The use of artificial <span class="hlt">references</span> requires additional labor and expertise, as well as greatly increasing the cost. In this study, we present an automated <span class="hlt">processing</span> method for plot-level stem mapping that matches multiple scans without artificial <span class="hlt">references</span>. In contrast to previous studies, the registration method developed in this study exploits the natural geometric characteristics among a set of tree stems in a plot and combines the point clouds of multiple scans into a unified coordinate system. Integrating multiple scans improves the overall performance of stem mapping in terms of the correctness of tree detection, as well as the bias and the root-mean-square errors of forest attributes such as diameter at breast height and tree height. In addition, the automated <span class="hlt">processing</span> method makes stem mapping more reliable and consistent among plots, reduces the costs associated with plot-based stem mapping, and enhances the efficiency.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5217473','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5217473"><span>A psychometric investigation of gender differences and <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">processes</span> across Borderline and Antisocial Personality Disorders</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Chun, Seokjoon; Harris, Alexa; Carrion, Margely; Rojas, Elizabeth; Stark, Stephen; Lejuez, Carl; Lechner, William V.; Bornovalova, Marina A.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The comorbidity between Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is well-established, and the two disorders share many similarities. However, there are also differences across disorders: most notably, BPD is diagnosed more frequently in females and ASPD in males. We investigated if a) comorbidity between BPD and ASPD is attributable to two discrete disorders or the expression of <span class="hlt">common</span> underlying <span class="hlt">processes</span>, and b) if the model of comorbidity is true across sex. Using a clinical sample of 1400 drug users in residential substance abuse treatment, we tested three competing models to explore whether the comorbidity of ASPD and BPD should be represented by a single <span class="hlt">common</span> factor, two correlated factors, or a bifactor structure involving a general and disorder-specific factors. Next, we tested whether our resulting model was meaningful by examining its relationship with criterion variables previously reported to be associated with BPD and ASPD. The bifactor model provided the best fit and was invariant across sex. Overall, the general factor of the bifactor model significantly accounted for a large percentage of the variance in criterion variables, whereas the BPD and AAB specific factors added little to the models. The association of the general and specific factor with all criterion variables was equal for males and females. Our results suggest <span class="hlt">common</span> underlying vulnerability accounts for both the comorbidity between BPD and AAB (across sex), and this <span class="hlt">common</span> vulnerability drives the association with other psychopathology and maladaptive behavior. This in turn has implications for diagnostic classification systems and treatment. General scientific summary This study found that, for both males and females, borderline and antisocial personality disorders show a large degree of overlap, and little uniqueness. The <span class="hlt">commonality</span> between BPD and ASPD mainly accounted for associations with criterion variables. This suggests that BPD and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1240081-compositional-analysis-biomass-reference-materials-results-from-interlaboratory-study','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1240081-compositional-analysis-biomass-reference-materials-results-from-interlaboratory-study"><span>Compositional analysis of biomass <span class="hlt">reference</span> materials: Results from an interlaboratory study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Templeton, David W.; Wolfrum, Edward J.; Yen, James H.; ...</p> <p>2015-10-29</p> <p>Biomass compositional methods are used to compare different lignocellulosic feedstocks, to measure component balances around unit operations and to determine <span class="hlt">process</span> yields and therefore the economic viability of biomass-to-biofuel <span class="hlt">processes</span>. Four biomass <span class="hlt">reference</span> materials (RMs NIST 8491–8494) were prepared and characterized, via an interlaboratory comparison exercise in the early 1990s to evaluate biomass summative compositional methods, analysts, and laboratories. Having <span class="hlt">common</span>, uniform, and stable biomass <span class="hlt">reference</span> materials gives the opportunity to assess compositional data compared to other analysts, to other labs, and to a known compositional value. The expiration date for the original characterization of these RMs was reached andmore » an effort to assess their stability and recharacterize the <span class="hlt">reference</span> values for the remaining material using more current methods of analysis was initiated. We sent samples of the four biomass RMs to 11 academic, industrial, and government laboratories, familiar with sulfuric acid compositional methods, for recharacterization of the component <span class="hlt">reference</span> values. In this work, we have used an expanded suite of analytical methods that are more appropriate for herbaceous feedstocks, to recharacterize the RMs’ compositions. We report the median values and the expanded uncertainty values for the four RMs on a dry-mass, whole-biomass basis. The original characterization data has been recalculated using median statistics to facilitate comparisons with this data. We found improved total component closures for three out of the four RMs compared to the original characterization, and the total component closures were near 100 %, which suggests that most components were accurately measured and little double counting occurred. Here, the major components were not statistically different in the recharacterization which suggests that the biomass materials are stable during storage and that additional components, not seen in the original</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4823300','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4823300"><span>Development of a candidate <span class="hlt">reference</span> material for adventitious virus detection in vaccine and biologicals manufacturing by deep sequencing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Mee, Edward T.; Preston, Mark D.; Minor, Philip D.; Schepelmann, Silke; Huang, Xuening; Nguyen, Jenny; Wall, David; Hargrove, Stacey; Fu, Thomas; Xu, George; Li, Li; Cote, Colette; Delwart, Eric; Li, Linlin; Hewlett, Indira; Simonyan, Vahan; Ragupathy, Viswanath; Alin, Voskanian-Kordi; Mermod, Nicolas; Hill, Christiane; Ottenwälder, Birgit; Richter, Daniel C.; Tehrani, Arman; Jacqueline, Weber-Lehmann; Cassart, Jean-Pol; Letellier, Carine; Vandeputte, Olivier; Ruelle, Jean-Louis; Deyati, Avisek; La Neve, Fabio; Modena, Chiara; Mee, Edward; Schepelmann, Silke; Preston, Mark; Minor, Philip; Eloit, Marc; Muth, Erika; Lamamy, Arnaud; Jagorel, Florence; Cheval, Justine; Anscombe, Catherine; Misra, Raju; Wooldridge, David; Gharbia, Saheer; Rose, Graham; Ng, Siemon H.S.; Charlebois, Robert L.; Gisonni-Lex, Lucy; Mallet, Laurent; Dorange, Fabien; Chiu, Charles; Naccache, Samia; Kellam, Paul; van der Hoek, Lia; Cotten, Matt; Mitchell, Christine; Baier, Brian S.; Sun, Wenping; Malicki, Heather D.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Background Unbiased deep sequencing offers the potential for improved adventitious virus screening in vaccines and biotherapeutics. Successful implementation of such assays will require appropriate control materials to confirm assay performance and sensitivity. Methods A <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">reference</span> material containing 25 target viruses was produced and 16 laboratories were invited to <span class="hlt">process</span> it using their preferred adventitious virus detection assay. Results Fifteen laboratories returned results, obtained using a wide range of wet-lab and informatics methods. Six of 25 target viruses were detected by all laboratories, with the remaining viruses detected by 4–14 laboratories. Six non-target viruses were detected by three or more laboratories. Conclusion The study demonstrated that a wide range of methods are currently used for adventitious virus detection screening in biological products by deep sequencing and that they can yield significantly different results. This underscores the need for <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">reference</span> materials to ensure satisfactory assay performance and enable comparisons between laboratories. PMID:26709640</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MarGR..39...89R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MarGR..39...89R"><span>Control of the repeatability of high frequency multibeam echosounder backscatter by using natural <span class="hlt">reference</span> areas</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Roche, Marc; Degrendele, Koen; Vrignaud, Christophe; Loyer, Sophie; Le Bas, Tim; Augustin, Jean-Marie; Lurton, Xavier</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>The increased use of backscatter measurements in time series for environmental monitoring necessitates the comparability of individual results. With the current lack of pre-calibrated multibeam echosounder systems for absolute backscatter measurement, a pragmatic solution is the use of natural <span class="hlt">reference</span> areas for ensuring regular assessment of the backscatter measurement repeatability. This method mainly relies on the assumption of a sufficiently stable <span class="hlt">reference</span> area regarding its backscatter signature. The aptitude of a natural area to provide a stable and uniform backscatter response must be carefully considered and demonstrated by a sufficiently long time-series of measurements. Furthermore, this approach requires a strict control of the acquisition and <span class="hlt">processing</span> parameters. If all these conditions are met, stability check and relative calibration of a system are possible by comparison with the averaged backscatter values for the area. Based on a <span class="hlt">common</span> multibeam echosounder and sampling campaign completed by available bathymetric and backscatter time series, the suitability as a backscatter <span class="hlt">reference</span> area of three different candidates was evaluated. Two among them, Carré Renard and Kwinte, prove to be excellent choices, while the third one, Western Solent, lacks sufficient data over time, but remains a valuable candidate. The case studies and the available backscatter data on these areas prove the applicability of this method. The expansion of the number of <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used <span class="hlt">reference</span> areas and the growth of the number of multibeam echosounder controlled thereon could greatly contribute to the further development of quantitative applications based on multibeam echosounder backscatter measurements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950011177','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950011177"><span>A standard satellite control <span class="hlt">reference</span> model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Golden, Constance</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>This paper describes a Satellite Control <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Model that provides the basis for an approach to identify where standards would be beneficial in supporting space operations functions. The background and context for the development of the model and the approach are described. A <span class="hlt">process</span> for using this <span class="hlt">reference</span> model to trace top level interoperability directives to specific sets of engineering interface standards that must be implemented to meet these directives is discussed. Issues in developing a 'universal' <span class="hlt">reference</span> model are also identified.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=example+AND+pretest-posttest&pg=7&id=EJ379107','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=example+AND+pretest-posttest&pg=7&id=EJ379107"><span>Teaching <span class="hlt">Common</span> Errors in Applying a Procedure.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Marcone, Stephen; Reigeluth, Charles M.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>Discusses study that investigated whether or not the teaching of matched examples and nonexamples in the form of <span class="hlt">common</span> errors could improve student performance in undergraduate music theory courses. Highlights include hypotheses tested, pretests and posttests, and suggestions for further research with different age groups. (19 <span class="hlt">references</span>)…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5354406','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5354406"><span>The spermatogenic <span class="hlt">process</span> of the <span class="hlt">common</span> vampire bat Desmodus rotundus under a histomorphometric view</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Puga, Luciano Carlos Heringer Porcaro; de Paula, Tarcízio Antônio Rêgo; Freitas, Mariella Bontempo Duca; da Matta, Sérgio Luis Pinto</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Among all bat species, Desmodus rotundus stands out as one of the most intriguing due to its exclusively haematophagous feeding habits. However, little is known about their spermatogenic cycle. This study aimed at describing the spermatogenic <span class="hlt">process</span> of <span class="hlt">common</span> vampire bats through testicular histomorphometric characterization of adult specimens, spermatogenic production indexes, description of stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle and estimative of the spermatogenic <span class="hlt">process</span> duration. Morphometrical and immunohistochemical analyzes for bromodeoxiuridine were conducted under light microscopy and ultrastructural analyzes were performed under transmission electron microscopy. Vampire bats showed higher investment in gonadal tissue (gonadosomatic index of 0.54%) and in seminiferous tubules (tubulesomatic index of 0.49%) when compared to larger mammals. They also showed a high tubular length per gram of testis (34.70 m). Approximately half of the intertubular compartment was found to be comprised by Leydig cells (51.20%), and an average of 23.77x106 of these cells was found per gram of testis. The germline cells showed 16.93% of mitotic index and 2.51% of meiotic index. The overall yield of spermatogenesis was 60% and the testicular spermatic reserve was 71.44x107 spermatozoa per gram of testis. With a total spermatogenesis duration estimated at 37.02 days, vampire bats showed a daily sperm production of 86.80x106 gametes per gram of testis. These findings demonstrate a high sperm production, which is <span class="hlt">commonly</span> observed in species with promiscuous mating system. PMID:28301534</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28366822','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28366822"><span>Quality specifications for the extra-analytical phase of laboratory testing: <span class="hlt">Reference</span> intervals and decision limits.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ceriotti, Ferruccio</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Reference</span> intervals and decision limits are a critical part of the clinical laboratory report. The evaluation of their correct use represents a tool to verify the post analytical quality. Four elements are identified as indicators. 1. The use of decision limits for lipids and glycated hemoglobin. 2. The use, whenever possible, of <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">reference</span> values. 3. The presence of gender-related <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals for at least the following <span class="hlt">common</span> serum measurands (besides obviously the fertility relate hormones): alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine kinase (CK), creatinine, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), IgM, ferritin, iron, transferrin, urate, red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct). 4. The presence of age-related <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals. The problem of specific <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals for elderly people is discussed, but their use is not recommended; on the contrary it is necessary the presence of pediatric age-related <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals at least for the following <span class="hlt">common</span> serum measurands: ALP, amylase, creatinine, inorganic phosphate, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, urate, insulin like growth factor 1, white blood cells, RBC, Hb, Hct, alfa-fetoprotein and fertility related hormones. The lack of such <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals may imply significant risks for the patients. Copyright © 2017 The Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26971953','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26971953"><span><span class="hlt">Reference</span> in human and non-human primate communication: What does it take to <span class="hlt">refer</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sievers, Christine; Gruber, Thibaud</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>The concept of functional <span class="hlt">reference</span> has been used to isolate potentially referential vocal signals in animal communication. However, its relatedness to the phenomenon of <span class="hlt">reference</span> in human language has recently been brought into question. While some researchers have suggested abandoning the concept of functional <span class="hlt">reference</span> altogether, others advocate a revision of its definition to include contextual cues that play a role in signal production and perception. Empirical and theoretical work on functional <span class="hlt">reference</span> has also put much emphasis on how the receiver understands the referential signal. However, <span class="hlt">reference</span>, as defined in the linguistic literature, is an action of the producer, and therefore, any definition describing <span class="hlt">reference</span> in non-human animals must also focus on the producer. To successfully determine whether a signal is used to <span class="hlt">refer</span>, we suggest an approach from the field of pragmatics, taking a closer look at specific situations of signal production, specifically at the factors that influence the production of a signal by an individual. We define the concept of signaller's <span class="hlt">reference</span> to identify intentional acts of <span class="hlt">reference</span> produced by a signaller independently of the communicative modality, and illustrate it with a case study of the hoo vocalizations produced by wild chimpanzees during travel. This novel framework introduces an intentional approach to referentiality. It may therefore permit a closer comparison of human and non-human animal referential behaviour and underlying cognitive <span class="hlt">processes</span>, allowing us to identify what may have emerged solely in the human lineage.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5526645','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5526645"><span>Three-Dimensional Imaging by Self-<span class="hlt">Reference</span> Single-Channel Digital Incoherent Holography</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Rosen, Joseph; Kelner, Roy</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Digital holography offers a reliable and fast method to image a three-dimensional scene from a single perspective. This article reviews recent developments of self-<span class="hlt">reference</span> single-channel incoherent hologram recorders. Hologram recorders in which both interfering beams, <span class="hlt">commonly</span> <span class="hlt">referred</span> to as the signal and the <span class="hlt">reference</span> beams, originate from the same observed objects are considered as self-<span class="hlt">reference</span> systems. Moreover, the hologram recorders reviewed herein are configured in a setup of a single channel interferometer. This unique configuration is achieved through the use of one or more spatial light modulators. PMID:28757811</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19864328','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19864328"><span>Estimation of skin entrance doses (SEDs) for <span class="hlt">common</span> medical X-ray diagnostic examinations in India and proposed diagnostic <span class="hlt">reference</span> levels (DRLs).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sonawane, A U; Shirva, V K; Pradhan, A S</p> <p>2010-02-01</p> <p>Skin entrance doses (SEDs) were estimated by carrying out measurements of air kerma from 101 X-ray machines installed in 45 major and selected hospitals in the country by using a silicon detector-based dose Test-O-Meter. 1209 number of air kerma measurements of diagnostic projections for adults have been analysed for seven types of <span class="hlt">common</span> diagnostic examinations, viz. chest (AP, PA, LAT), lumbar spine (AP, LAT), thoracic spine (AP, LAT), abdomen (AP), pelvis (AP), hip joints (AP) and skull (PA, LAT) for different film-screen combinations. The values of estimated diagnostic <span class="hlt">reference</span> levels (DRLs) (third quartile values of SEDs) were compared with guidance levels/DRLs of doses published by the IAEA-BSS-Safety Series No. 115, 1996; HPA (NRPB) (2000 and 2005), UK; CRCPD/CDRH (USA), European Commission and other national values. The values of DRLs obtained in this study are comparable with the values published by the IAEA-BSS-115 (1996); HPA (NRPB) (2000 and 2005) UK; EC and CRCPD/CDRH, USA including values obtained in previous studies in India.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=rationality+AND+decision-making&pg=6&id=EJ491422','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=rationality+AND+decision-making&pg=6&id=EJ491422"><span><span class="hlt">Reference</span> Service and Bounded Rationality: Helping Students with Research.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Chu, Felix T.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>In university libraries, <span class="hlt">reference</span> librarians often get ambiguous questions to which they try to give appropriate answers. Because of limitations on resources, time, and mental capability for information <span class="hlt">processing</span>, the decision-making <span class="hlt">process</span> involved in answering <span class="hlt">reference</span> questions becomes bounded by the rationality of these constraints.…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/24644','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/24644"><span>Chapter 4 - The LANDFIRE Prototype Project <span class="hlt">reference</span> database</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>John F. Caratti</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>This chapter describes the data compilation <span class="hlt">process</span> for the Landscape Fire and Resource Management Planning Tools Prototype Project (LANDFIRE Prototype Project) <span class="hlt">reference</span> database (LFRDB) and explains the <span class="hlt">reference</span> data applications for LANDFIRE Prototype maps and models. The <span class="hlt">reference</span> database formed the foundation for all LANDFIRE tasks. All products generated by the...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title47-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title47-vol1-sec10-440.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title47-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title47-vol1-sec10-440.pdf"><span>47 CFR 10.440 - Embedded <span class="hlt">reference</span> prohibition.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-10-01</p> <p>... 47 Telecommunication 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Embedded <span class="hlt">reference</span> prohibition. 10.440 Section 10.440 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION GENERAL COMMERCIAL MOBILE ALERT SYSTEM Alert Message Requirements § 10.440 Embedded <span class="hlt">reference</span> prohibition. A CMAS Alert Message <span class="hlt">processed</span> by a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title47-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title47-vol1-sec10-440.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title47-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title47-vol1-sec10-440.pdf"><span>47 CFR 10.440 - Embedded <span class="hlt">reference</span> prohibition.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>... 47 Telecommunication 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Embedded <span class="hlt">reference</span> prohibition. 10.440 Section 10.440 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION GENERAL COMMERCIAL MOBILE ALERT SYSTEM Alert Message Requirements § 10.440 Embedded <span class="hlt">reference</span> prohibition. A CMAS Alert Message <span class="hlt">processed</span> by a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title47-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title47-vol1-sec10-440.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title47-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title47-vol1-sec10-440.pdf"><span>47 CFR 10.440 - Embedded <span class="hlt">reference</span> prohibition.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>... 47 Telecommunication 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Embedded <span class="hlt">reference</span> prohibition. 10.440 Section 10.440 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION GENERAL COMMERCIAL MOBILE ALERT SYSTEM Alert Message Requirements § 10.440 Embedded <span class="hlt">reference</span> prohibition. A CMAS Alert Message <span class="hlt">processed</span> by a...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Blakely&pg=5&id=EJ044802','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Blakely&pg=5&id=EJ044802"><span>Preceiving Patterns of <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Service: A Survey</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Blakely, Florence</p> <p>1971-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Reference</span> librarians must, if they hope to survive, retool in preparation for becoming the interface between the patron and computer-based information systems. This involves sharpening the interview technique and understanding where to plug into the information flow <span class="hlt">process</span>. (4 <span class="hlt">references</span>) (Author)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=abnormal+AND+psychology+AND+david&pg=5&id=EJ159921','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=abnormal+AND+psychology+AND+david&pg=5&id=EJ159921"><span><span class="hlt">Referent</span> Communication in Chronic Schizophrenia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Kantorowitz, David A.; Cohen, Bertram D.</p> <p>1977-01-01</p> <p>Thirty chronic schizophrenics (15 <span class="hlt">process</span> and 15 reactive) and 15 normal control speakers described colors displayed in three-chip sets containing a <span class="hlt">referent</span> and two nonreferent colors. Concludes that poor communication accuracy in long-term schizophrenics results from failure to include a self-editing stage as a part of the communication <span class="hlt">process</span>.…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920028525&hterms=computer+interface+controllers&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dcomputer%2Binterface%2Bcontrollers','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920028525&hterms=computer+interface+controllers&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dcomputer%2Binterface%2Bcontrollers"><span>Hand controller <span class="hlt">commonality</span> evaluation <span class="hlt">process</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Stuart, Mark A.; Bierschwale, John M.; Wilmington, Robert P.; Adam, Susan C.; Diaz, Manuel F.; Jensen, Dean G.</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>A hand controller evaluation <span class="hlt">process</span> has been developed to determine the appropriate hand controller configurations for supporting remotely controlled devices. These devices include remote manipulator systems (RMS), dexterous robots, and remotely-piloted free flyers. Standard interfaces were developed to evaluate six different hand controllers in three test facilities including dynamic computer simulations, kinematic computer simulations, and physical simulations. The hand controllers under consideration were six degree-of-freedom (DOF) position and rate minimaster and joystick controllers, and three-DOF rate controllers. Task performance data, subjective comments, and anthropometric data obtained during tests were used for controller configuration recommendations to the SSF Program.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29759125','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29759125"><span><span class="hlt">Common</span> Soft Tissue Musculoskeletal Pain Disorders.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hubbard, Matthew J; Hildebrand, Bernard A; Battafarano, Monica M; Battafarano, Daniel F</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Soft tissue musculoskeletal pain disorders are <span class="hlt">common</span> in the primary care setting. Early recognition and diagnosis of these syndromes minimizes patient pain and disability. This article gives a brief overview of the most <span class="hlt">common</span> soft tissue musculoskeletal pain syndromes. The authors used a regional approach to organize the material, as providers will encounter these syndromes with complaints of pain <span class="hlt">referring</span> to an anatomic location. The covered disorders include myofascial pain syndrome, rotator cuff tendinopathy, bicipital tendinopathy, subacromial bursitis, olecranon bursitis, epicondylitis, De Quervain disease, trigger finger, trochanteric bursitis, knee bursitis, pes anserine bursitis, Baker cyst, plantar fasciitis, and Achilles tendinopathy. Published by Elsevier Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=%5b5.2%5d+AND+%5bNP+AND+8%3a11%5d+AND+%5bJD+AND+8%3a13+AND+%5bABC%5d+AND+%5d+AND+%5bNP+AND+8%3a14%5d&pg=4&id=EJ945290','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=%5b5.2%5d+AND+%5bNP+AND+8%3a11%5d+AND+%5bJD+AND+8%3a13+AND+%5bABC%5d+AND+%5d+AND+%5bNP+AND+8%3a14%5d&pg=4&id=EJ945290"><span>The Sentence-Composition Effect: <span class="hlt">Processing</span> of Complex Sentences Depends on the Configuration of <span class="hlt">Common</span> Noun Phrases versus Unusual Noun Phrases</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Johnson, Marcus L.; Lowder, Matthew W.; Gordon, Peter C.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>In 2 experiments, the authors used an eye tracking while reading methodology to examine how different configurations of <span class="hlt">common</span> noun phrases versus unusual noun phrases (NPs) influenced the difference in <span class="hlt">processing</span> difficulty between sentences containing object- and subject-extracted relative clauses. Results showed that <span class="hlt">processing</span> difficulty was…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544206','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27544206"><span>Unity and disunity in evolutionary sciences: <span class="hlt">process</span>-based analogies open <span class="hlt">common</span> research avenues for biology and linguistics.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>List, Johann-Mattis; Pathmanathan, Jananan Sylvestre; Lopez, Philippe; Bapteste, Eric</p> <p>2016-08-20</p> <p>For a long time biologists and linguists have been noticing surprising similarities between the evolution of life forms and languages. Most of the proposed analogies have been rejected. Some, however, have persisted, and some even turned out to be fruitful, inspiring the transfer of methods and models between biology and linguistics up to today. Most proposed analogies were based on a comparison of the research objects rather than the <span class="hlt">processes</span> that shaped their evolution. Focusing on <span class="hlt">process</span>-based analogies, however, has the advantage of minimizing the risk of overstating similarities, while at the same time reflecting the <span class="hlt">common</span> strategy to use <span class="hlt">processes</span> to explain the evolution of complexity in both fields. We compared important evolutionary <span class="hlt">processes</span> in biology and linguistics and identified <span class="hlt">processes</span> specific to only one of the two disciplines as well as <span class="hlt">processes</span> which seem to be analogous, potentially reflecting core evolutionary <span class="hlt">processes</span>. These new <span class="hlt">process</span>-based analogies support novel methodological transfer, expanding the application range of biological methods to the field of historical linguistics. We illustrate this by showing (i) how methods dealing with incomplete lineage sorting offer an introgression-free framework to analyze highly mosaic word distributions across languages; (ii) how sequence similarity networks can be used to identify composite and borrowed words across different languages; (iii) how research on partial homology can inspire new methods and models in both fields; and (iv) how constructive neutral evolution provides an original framework for analyzing convergent evolution in languages resulting from <span class="hlt">common</span> descent (Sapir's drift). Apart from new analogies between evolutionary <span class="hlt">processes</span>, we also identified <span class="hlt">processes</span> which are specific to either biology or linguistics. This shows that general evolution cannot be studied from within one discipline alone. In order to get a full picture of evolution, biologists and linguists need to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JBO....22l6001V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JBO....22l6001V"><span>Wide field of view <span class="hlt">common</span>-path lateral-shearing digital holographic interference microscope</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vora, Priyanka; Trivedi, Vismay; Mahajan, Swapnil; Patel, Nimit; Joglekar, Mugdha; Chhaniwal, Vani; Moradi, Ali-Reza; Javidi, Bahram; Anand, Arun</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Quantitative three-dimensional (3-D) imaging of living cells provides important information about the cell morphology and its time variation. Off-axis, digital holographic interference microscopy is an ideal tool for 3-D imaging, parameter extraction, and classification of living cells. Two-beam digital holographic microscopes, which are usually employed, provide high-quality 3-D images of micro-objects, albeit with lower temporal stability. <span class="hlt">Common</span>-path digital holographic geometries, in which the <span class="hlt">reference</span> beam is derived from the object beam, provide higher temporal stability along with high-quality 3-D images. Self-referencing geometry is the simplest of the <span class="hlt">common</span>-path techniques, in which a portion of the object beam itself acts as the <span class="hlt">reference</span>, leading to compact setups using fewer optical elements. However, it has reduced field of view, and the <span class="hlt">reference</span> may contain object information. Here, we describe the development of a <span class="hlt">common</span>-path digital holographic microscope, employing a shearing plate and converting one of the beams into a separate <span class="hlt">reference</span> by employing a pin-hole. The setup is as compact as self-referencing geometry, while providing field of view as wide as that of a two-beam microscope. The microscope is tested by imaging and quantifying the morphology and dynamics of human erythrocytes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29235271','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29235271"><span>Wide field of view <span class="hlt">common</span>-path lateral-shearing digital holographic interference microscope.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Vora, Priyanka; Trivedi, Vismay; Mahajan, Swapnil; Patel, Nimit; Joglekar, Mugdha; Chhaniwal, Vani; Moradi, Ali-Reza; Javidi, Bahram; Anand, Arun</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Quantitative three-dimensional (3-D) imaging of living cells provides important information about the cell morphology and its time variation. Off-axis, digital holographic interference microscopy is an ideal tool for 3-D imaging, parameter extraction, and classification of living cells. Two-beam digital holographic microscopes, which are usually employed, provide high-quality 3-D images of micro-objects, albeit with lower temporal stability. <span class="hlt">Common</span>-path digital holographic geometries, in which the <span class="hlt">reference</span> beam is derived from the object beam, provide higher temporal stability along with high-quality 3-D images. Self-referencing geometry is the simplest of the <span class="hlt">common</span>-path techniques, in which a portion of the object beam itself acts as the <span class="hlt">reference</span>, leading to compact setups using fewer optical elements. However, it has reduced field of view, and the <span class="hlt">reference</span> may contain object information. Here, we describe the development of a <span class="hlt">common</span>-path digital holographic microscope, employing a shearing plate and converting one of the beams into a separate <span class="hlt">reference</span> by employing a pin-hole. The setup is as compact as self-referencing geometry, while providing field of view as wide as that of a two-beam microscope. The microscope is tested by imaging and quantifying the morphology and dynamics of human erythrocytes. (2017) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25896676','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25896676"><span>Evaluation of <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for insect olfaction studies.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Omondi, Bonaventure Aman; Latorre-Estivalis, Jose Manuel; Rocha Oliveira, Ivana Helena; Ignell, Rickard; Lorenzo, Marcelo Gustavo</p> <p>2015-04-22</p> <p>Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) is a robust and accessible method to assay gene expression and to infer gene regulation. Being a chain of procedures, this technique is subject to systematic error due to biological and technical limitations mainly set by the starting material and downstream procedures. Thus, rigorous data normalization is critical to grant reliability and repeatability of gene expression quantification by qRT-PCR. A number of 'housekeeping genes', involved in basic cellular functions, have been <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used as internal controls for this normalization <span class="hlt">process</span>. However, these genes could themselves be regulated and must therefore be tested a priori. We evaluated eight potential <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for their stability as internal controls for RT-qPCR studies of olfactory gene expression in the antennae of Rhodnius prolixus, a Chagas disease vector. The set of genes included were: α-tubulin; β-actin; Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Eukaryotic initiation factor 1A; Glutathione-S-transferase; Serine protease; Succinate dehydrogenase; and Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Five experimental conditions, including changes in age,developmental stage and feeding status were tested in both sexes. We show that the evaluation of candidate <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes is necessary for each combination of sex, tissue and physiological condition analyzed in order to avoid inconsistent results and conclusions. Although, Normfinder and geNorm software yielded different results between males and females, five genes (SDH, Tub, GAPDH, Act and G6PDH) appeared in the first positions in all rankings obtained. By using gene expression data of a single olfactory coreceptor gene as an example, we demonstrated the extent of changes expected using different internal standards. This work underlines the need for a rigorous selection of internal standards to grant the reliability of normalization <span class="hlt">processes</span> in qRT-PCR studies. Furthermore, we show that particular</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1175811','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1175811"><span>Direct-to-digital holography reduction of <span class="hlt">reference</span> hologram noise and fourier space smearing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Voelkl, Edgar</p> <p>2006-06-27</p> <p>Systems and methods are described for reduction of <span class="hlt">reference</span> hologram noise and reduction of Fourier space smearing, especially in the context of direct-to-digital holography (off-axis interferometry). A method of reducing <span class="hlt">reference</span> hologram noise includes: recording a plurality of <span class="hlt">reference</span> holograms; <span class="hlt">processing</span> the plurality of <span class="hlt">reference</span> holograms into a corresponding plurality of <span class="hlt">reference</span> image waves; and transforming the corresponding plurality of <span class="hlt">reference</span> image waves into a reduced noise <span class="hlt">reference</span> image wave. A method of reducing smearing in Fourier space includes: recording a plurality of <span class="hlt">reference</span> holograms; <span class="hlt">processing</span> the plurality of <span class="hlt">reference</span> holograms into a corresponding plurality of <span class="hlt">reference</span> complex image waves; transforming the corresponding plurality of <span class="hlt">reference</span> image waves into a reduced noise <span class="hlt">reference</span> complex image wave; recording a hologram of an object; <span class="hlt">processing</span> the hologram of the object into an object complex image wave; and dividing the complex image wave of the object by the reduced noise <span class="hlt">reference</span> complex image wave to obtain a reduced smearing object complex image wave.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24112315','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24112315"><span>Estimating reliable paediatric <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals in clinical chemistry and haematology.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ridefelt, Peter; Hellberg, Dan; Aldrimer, Mattias; Gustafsson, Jan</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Very few high-quality studies on paediatric <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals for general clinical chemistry and haematology analytes have been performed. Three recent prospective community-based projects utilising blood samples from healthy children in Sweden, Denmark and Canada have substantially improved the situation. The present review summarises current <span class="hlt">reference</span> interval studies for <span class="hlt">common</span> clinical chemistry and haematology analyses. ©2013 Foundation Acta Paediatrica. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3852350','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3852350"><span>Representational Similarity Analysis Reveals <span class="hlt">Commonalities</span> and Differences in the Semantic <span class="hlt">Processing</span> of Words and Objects</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Devereux, Barry J.; Clarke, Alex; Marouchos, Andreas; Tyler, Lorraine K.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Understanding the meanings of words and objects requires the activation of underlying conceptual representations. Semantic representations are often assumed to be coded such that meaning is evoked regardless of the input modality. However, the extent to which meaning is coded in modality-independent or amodal systems remains controversial. We address this issue in a human fMRI study investigating the neural <span class="hlt">processing</span> of concepts, presented separately as written words and pictures. Activation maps for each individual word and picture were used as input for searchlight-based multivoxel pattern analyses. Representational similarity analysis was used to identify regions correlating with low-level visual models of the words and objects and the semantic category structure <span class="hlt">common</span> to both. <span class="hlt">Common</span> semantic category effects for both modalities were found in a left-lateralized network, including left posterior middle temporal gyrus (LpMTG), left angular gyrus, and left intraparietal sulcus (LIPS), in addition to object- and word-specific semantic <span class="hlt">processing</span> in ventral temporal cortex and more anterior MTG, respectively. To explore differences in representational content across regions and modalities, we developed novel data-driven analyses, based on k-means clustering of searchlight dissimilarity matrices and seeded correlation analysis. These revealed subtle differences in the representations in semantic-sensitive regions, with representations in LIPS being relatively invariant to stimulus modality and representations in LpMTG being uncorrelated across modality. These results suggest that, although both LpMTG and LIPS are involved in semantic <span class="hlt">processing</span>, only the functional role of LIPS is the same regardless of the visual input, whereas the functional role of LpMTG differs for words and objects. PMID:24285896</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24285896','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24285896"><span>Representational similarity analysis reveals <span class="hlt">commonalities</span> and differences in the semantic <span class="hlt">processing</span> of words and objects.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Devereux, Barry J; Clarke, Alex; Marouchos, Andreas; Tyler, Lorraine K</p> <p>2013-11-27</p> <p>Understanding the meanings of words and objects requires the activation of underlying conceptual representations. Semantic representations are often assumed to be coded such that meaning is evoked regardless of the input modality. However, the extent to which meaning is coded in modality-independent or amodal systems remains controversial. We address this issue in a human fMRI study investigating the neural <span class="hlt">processing</span> of concepts, presented separately as written words and pictures. Activation maps for each individual word and picture were used as input for searchlight-based multivoxel pattern analyses. Representational similarity analysis was used to identify regions correlating with low-level visual models of the words and objects and the semantic category structure <span class="hlt">common</span> to both. <span class="hlt">Common</span> semantic category effects for both modalities were found in a left-lateralized network, including left posterior middle temporal gyrus (LpMTG), left angular gyrus, and left intraparietal sulcus (LIPS), in addition to object- and word-specific semantic <span class="hlt">processing</span> in ventral temporal cortex and more anterior MTG, respectively. To explore differences in representational content across regions and modalities, we developed novel data-driven analyses, based on k-means clustering of searchlight dissimilarity matrices and seeded correlation analysis. These revealed subtle differences in the representations in semantic-sensitive regions, with representations in LIPS being relatively invariant to stimulus modality and representations in LpMTG being uncorrelated across modality. These results suggest that, although both LpMTG and LIPS are involved in semantic <span class="hlt">processing</span>, only the functional role of LIPS is the same regardless of the visual input, whereas the functional role of LpMTG differs for words and objects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JInst...910006C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JInst...910006C"><span><span class="hlt">Reference</span> analysis of the signal + background model in counting experiments II. Approximate <span class="hlt">reference</span> prior</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Casadei, D.</p> <p>2014-10-01</p> <p>The objective Bayesian treatment of a model representing two independent Poisson <span class="hlt">processes</span>, labelled as ``signal'' and ``background'' and both contributing additively to the total number of counted events, is considered. It is shown that the <span class="hlt">reference</span> prior for the parameter of interest (the signal intensity) can be well approximated by the widely (ab)used flat prior only when the expected background is very high. On the other hand, a very simple approximation (the limiting form of the <span class="hlt">reference</span> prior for perfect prior background knowledge) can be safely used over a large portion of the background parameters space. The resulting approximate <span class="hlt">reference</span> posterior is a Gamma density whose parameters are related to the observed counts. This limiting form is simpler than the result obtained with a flat prior, with the additional advantage of representing a much closer approximation to the <span class="hlt">reference</span> posterior in all cases. Hence such limiting prior should be considered a better default or conventional prior than the uniform prior. On the computing side, it is shown that a 2-parameter fitting function is able to reproduce extremely well the <span class="hlt">reference</span> prior for any background prior. Thus, it can be useful in applications requiring the evaluation of the <span class="hlt">reference</span> prior for a very large number of times.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=stressors+AND+adults&pg=6&id=EJ722433','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=stressors+AND+adults&pg=6&id=EJ722433"><span>Older Adults' Coping with Negative Life Events: <span class="hlt">Common</span> <span class="hlt">Processes</span> of Managing Health, Interpersonal, and Financial/Work Stressors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Moos, Rudolf H.; Brennan, Penny L.; Schutte, Kathleen K.; Moos, Bernice S.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>This study examined how older adults cope with negative life events in health, interpersonal, and financial/work domains and whether <span class="hlt">common</span> stress and coping <span class="hlt">processes</span> hold across these three domains. On three occasions, older adults identified the most severe negative event they faced in the last year and described how they appraised and coped…</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21843538','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21843538"><span>Neural correlates of the <span class="hlt">processing</span> of self-<span class="hlt">referent</span> emotional information in bulimia nervosa.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pringle, A; Ashworth, F; Harmer, C J; Norbury, R; Cooper, M J</p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>There is increasing interest in understanding the roles of distorted beliefs about the self, ostensibly unrelated to eating, weight and shape, in eating disorders (EDs), but little is known about their neural correlates. We therefore used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural correlates of self-<span class="hlt">referent</span> emotional <span class="hlt">processing</span> in EDs. During the scan, unmedicated patients with bulimia nervosa (n=11) and healthy controls (n=16) responded to personality words previously found to be related to negative self beliefs in EDs and depression. Rating of the negative personality descriptors resulted in reduced activation in patients compared to controls in parietal, occipital and limbic areas including the amygdala. There was no evidence that reduced activity in patients was secondary to increased cognitive control. Different patterns of neural activation between patients and controls may be the result of either habituation to personally relevant negative self beliefs or of emotional blunting in patients. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21842660','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21842660"><span>[Investigation on pattern of quality control for Chinese materia medica based on famous-region drug and bioassay--the work <span class="hlt">reference</span>].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yan, Dan; Xiao, Xiaohe</p> <p>2011-05-01</p> <p>Selection and standardization of the work <span class="hlt">reference</span> are the technical issues to be faced with in the bioassay of Chinese materia medica. Taking the bioassay of Coptis chinensis. as an example, the manufacture <span class="hlt">process</span> of the famous-region drugs extraction was explained from the aspects of original identification, routine examination, component analysis and bioassay. The <span class="hlt">common</span> technologies were extracted, and the selection and standardization procedures of the work <span class="hlt">reference</span> for the bioassay of Chinese materia medica were drawn up, so as to provide technical support for constructing a new mode and method of the quality control of Chinese materia medica based on the famous-region drugs and bioassay.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18426058','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18426058"><span><span class="hlt">Processing</span> the presence, placement, and properties of a distractor in spatial language tasks.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Carlson, Laura A; Hill, Patrick L</p> <p>2008-03-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">common</span> way to describe the location of an object is to spatially relate it to a nearby object. For such descriptions, the object being described is <span class="hlt">referred</span> to as the located object; the object to which it is spatially related is <span class="hlt">referred</span> to as the <span class="hlt">reference</span> object. Typically, however, there are many nearby objects (distractors), resulting in the need for selection. We report three experiments that examine the extent to which a distractor in the display is <span class="hlt">processed</span> during the selection of a <span class="hlt">reference</span> object. Using acceptability ratings and production measures, we show that the presence and the placement ofa distractor have a significant impact on the assessment of the spatial relation between the located and <span class="hlt">reference</span> objects; there is also evidence that the properties of the distractor are <span class="hlt">processed</span>, but only under limited conditions. One implication is that the dimension that is most relevant to <span class="hlt">reference</span> object selection is its spatial relation to the located object, rather than its salience with respect to other objects in the display.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=networks+AND+Neural&pg=7&id=EJ959968','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=networks+AND+Neural&pg=7&id=EJ959968"><span>fMRI Evidence for Strategic Decision-Making during Resolution of Pronoun <span class="hlt">Reference</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>McMillan, Corey T.; Clark, Robin; Gunawardena, Delani; Ryant, Neville; Grossman, Murray</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Pronouns are extraordinarily <span class="hlt">common</span> in daily language yet little is known about the neural mechanisms that support decisions about pronoun <span class="hlt">reference</span>. We propose a large-scale neural network for resolving pronoun <span class="hlt">reference</span> that consists of two components. First, a core language network in peri-Sylvian cortex supports syntactic and semantic…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Defamation+AND+law&pg=4&id=ED260175','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Defamation+AND+law&pg=4&id=ED260175"><span>Letters of Recommendation/Verbal <span class="hlt">References</span> Should Not Become Endangered Communications: an Analysis of Rights, Responsibilities, and Duties of <span class="hlt">References</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Bell, James D.</p> <p></p> <p>In view of the dramatic increase in the numbers of laws and lawsuits since the 1960s, teachers must become aware of the privacy considerations and potential legal problems that may arise when writing a letter of recommendation or giving a verbal <span class="hlt">reference</span>. They should become familiar with present <span class="hlt">common</span> law doctrine and recent legislation…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10040E..0US','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10040E..0US"><span><span class="hlt">Common</span> path endoscopic probes for optical coherence tomography (Conference Presentation)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Singh, Kanwarpal; Gardecki, Joseph A.; Tearney, Guillermo J.</p> <p>2017-02-01</p> <p>Background: Dispersion imbalance and polarization mismatch between the <span class="hlt">reference</span> and sample arm signals can lead to image quality degradation in optical coherence tomography (OCT). One approach to reduce these image artifacts is to employ a <span class="hlt">common</span>-path geometry in fiber-based probes. In this work, we report an 800 um diameter all-fiber <span class="hlt">common</span>-path monolithic probe for coronary artery imaging where the <span class="hlt">reference</span> signal is generated using an inline fiber partial reflector. Methods: Our <span class="hlt">common</span>-path probe was designed for swept-source based Fourier domain OCT at 1310 nm wavelength. A face of a coreless fiber was coated with gold and spliced to a standard SMF-28 single mode fiber creating an inline partial reflector, which acted as a <span class="hlt">reference</span> surface. The other face of the coreless fiber was shaped into a ball lens for focusing. The optical elements were assembled within a 560 µm diameter drive shaft, which was attached to a rotary junction. The drive shaft was placed inside a transparent sheath having an outer diameter of 800 µm. Results: With a source input power of 30mW, the inline <span class="hlt">common</span>-path probe achieved a sensitivity of 104 dB. Images of human finger skin showed the characteristic layers of skin as well as features such as sweat ducts. Images of coronary arteries ex vivo obtained with this probe enabled visualization of the characteristic architectural morphology of the normal artery wall and known features of atherosclerotic plaque. Conclusion: In this work, we have demonstrated a <span class="hlt">common</span> path OCT probe for cardiovascular imaging. The probe is easy to fabricate, will reduce system complexity and overall cost. We believe that this design will be helpful in endoscopic applications that require high resolution and a compact form factor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4486993','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4486993"><span>Validity of palpation of the C1 transverse <span class="hlt">process</span>: comparison with a radiographic <span class="hlt">reference</span> standard</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Cooperstein, Robert; Young, Morgan; Lew, Makani</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Objectives: Primary goal: to determine the validity of C1 transverse <span class="hlt">process</span> (TVP) palpation compared to an imaging <span class="hlt">reference</span> standard. Methods: Radiopaque markers were affixed to the skin at the putative location of the C1 TVPs in 21 participants receiving APOM radiographs. The radiographic vertical distances from the marker to the C1 TVP, mastoid <span class="hlt">process</span>, and C2 TVP were evaluated to determine palpatory accuracy. Results: Interexaminer agreement for radiometric analysis was “excellent.” Stringent accuracy (marker placed ±4mm from the most lateral projection of the C1 TVP) = 57.1%; expansive accuracy (marker placed closer to contiguous structures) = 90.5%. Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) = 4.34 (3.65, 5.03) mm; root-mean-squared error = 5.40mm. Conclusions: Manual palpation of the C1 TVP can be very accurate and likely to direct a manual therapist or other health professional to the intended diagnostic or therapeutic target. This work is relevant to manual therapists, anesthetists, surgeons, and other health professionals. PMID:26136601</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5041180-development-extended-straightness-measurement-reference','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5041180-development-extended-straightness-measurement-reference"><span>Development of an extended straightness measurement <span class="hlt">reference</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Schenz, R.F.; Griffith, L.V.; Sommargren, G.E.</p> <p>1988-09-06</p> <p>The most accurate diamond turning machines have used physical straightness <span class="hlt">references</span>. These <span class="hlt">references</span> <span class="hlt">commonly</span> are made of optical materials, such as Zerodur, and are flat enough to permit straightness measurements with an accuracy of 100--150 nm (4--6 microinches) p-v. In most cases, the flatness error is stable and can be accommodated by using a calibration table. The straightedges for the Large Optics Diamond Turning Machine (LODTM) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) are 1.1 meters in length and allow a straightness <span class="hlt">reference</span> accuracy of 25--50 nm (1--2 microinches) p-v after calibration. Fabrication problems become insurmountable when a straightness <span class="hlt">reference</span> formore » a length of up to 4 meters is desired. Moreover, the method of calibration by straightedge reversal does not account for gravitational sag when the sensing direction is vertical. Vertical sensing would be required in a four meter system and sag would become unacceptably large. Recent developments published in the literature suggest that the use of a laser beam for a <span class="hlt">reference</span> may be feasible. Workers at Osaka University have reported a laser beam straightness <span class="hlt">reference</span> that has a resolution of 3.5 nm, although tests were done only over a 200 mm length. LLNL has begun an investigation on the use of a directionally stabilized laser beam as a straightness measurement <span class="hlt">reference</span>. The goal of the investigation is to provide a <span class="hlt">reference</span> that is accurate to 25 nm (1 microinch) over a four meter distance. 3 refs., 2 figs.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-11-19/pdf/2010-29250.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-11-19/pdf/2010-29250.pdf"><span>75 FR 70850 - <span class="hlt">Common</span> Crop Insurance Regulations; Extra Long Staple Cotton Crop Provisions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-11-19</p> <p>... Crop Insurance Regulations; Extra Long Staple Cotton Crop Provisions AGENCY: Federal Crop Insurance... Corporation (FCIC) proposes to amend the <span class="hlt">Common</span> Crop Insurance Regulations, Extra Long Staple Cotton Crop Insurance Provisions to remove all <span class="hlt">references</span> to the Daily Spot Cotton Quotation and replace the <span class="hlt">reference</span>...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008cosp...37.3191T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008cosp...37.3191T"><span>Guide to solar <span class="hlt">reference</span> spectra and irradiance models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tobiska, W. Kent</p> <p></p> <p>The international standard for determining solar irradiances was published by the International Standards Organization (ISO) in May 2007. The document, ISO 21348 Space Environment (natural and artificial) - <span class="hlt">Process</span> for determining solar irradiances, describes the <span class="hlt">process</span> for representing solar irradiances. We report on the next progression of standards work, i.e., the development of a guide that identifies solar <span class="hlt">reference</span> spectra and irradiance models for use in engineering design or scientific research. This document will be produced as an AIAA Guideline and ISO Technical Report. It will describe the content of the <span class="hlt">reference</span> spectra and models, uncertainties and limitations, technical basis, data bases from which the <span class="hlt">reference</span> spectra and models are formed, publication <span class="hlt">references</span>, and sources of computer code for <span class="hlt">reference</span> spectra and solar irradiance models, including those which provide spectrally-resolved lines as well as solar indices and proxies and which are generally recognized in the solar sciences. The document is intended to assist aircraft and space vehicle designers and developers, heliophysicists, geophysicists, aeronomers, meteorologists, and climatologists in understanding available models, comparing sources of data, and interpreting engineering and scientific results based on different solar <span class="hlt">reference</span> spectra and irradiance models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=system+AND+web+AND+virtual+AND+library&pg=5&id=EJ631227','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=system+AND+web+AND+virtual+AND+library&pg=5&id=EJ631227"><span>Our Experiment in Online, Real-Time <span class="hlt">Reference</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Broughton, Kelly</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>Describes experiences in providing real-time online <span class="hlt">reference</span> services to users with remote Web access at the Bowling Green State University library. Discusses the decision making <span class="hlt">process</span> first used to select HumanClick software to communicate via chat; and the selection of a fee-based customer service product, Virtual <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Desk. (LRW)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=packaging+AND+interactions&id=EJ860883','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=packaging+AND+interactions&id=EJ860883"><span>From SCORM to <span class="hlt">Common</span> Cartridge: A Step Forward</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Gonzalez-Barbone, Victor; Anido-Rifon, Luis</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Shareable Content Object <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Model (SCORM) was proposed as a standard for sharable learning object packaging, delivering and sequencing. Several years later, <span class="hlt">Common</span> Cartridge (CC) is proposed as an enhancement of SCORM offering more flexibility and addressing needs not originally envisioned, namely assessment and web 2.0 standards, content…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24727656','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24727656"><span>SSVEP recognition using <span class="hlt">common</span> feature analysis in brain-computer interface.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhang, Yu; Zhou, Guoxu; Jin, Jing; Wang, Xingyu; Cichocki, Andrzej</p> <p>2015-04-15</p> <p>Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) has been successfully applied to steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) recognition for brain-computer interface (BCI) application. Although the CCA method outperforms the traditional power spectral density analysis through multi-channel detection, it requires additionally pre-constructed <span class="hlt">reference</span> signals of sine-cosine waves. It is likely to encounter overfitting in using a short time window since the <span class="hlt">reference</span> signals include no features from training data. We consider that a group of electroencephalogram (EEG) data trials recorded at a certain stimulus frequency on a same subject should share some <span class="hlt">common</span> features that may bear the real SSVEP characteristics. This study therefore proposes a <span class="hlt">common</span> feature analysis (CFA)-based method to exploit the latent <span class="hlt">common</span> features as natural <span class="hlt">reference</span> signals in using correlation analysis for SSVEP recognition. Good performance of the CFA method for SSVEP recognition is validated with EEG data recorded from ten healthy subjects, in contrast to CCA and a multiway extension of CCA (MCCA). Experimental results indicate that the CFA method significantly outperformed the CCA and the MCCA methods for SSVEP recognition in using a short time window (i.e., less than 1s). The superiority of the proposed CFA method suggests it is promising for the development of a real-time SSVEP-based BCI. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27153324','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27153324"><span>Systemic Inflammation: Methodological Approaches to Identification of the <span class="hlt">Common</span> Pathological <span class="hlt">Process</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zotova, N V; Chereshnev, V A; Gusev, E Yu</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>We defined Systemic inflammation (SI) as a "typical, multi-syndrome, phase-specific pathological <span class="hlt">process</span>, developing from systemic damage and characterized by the total inflammatory reactivity of endotheliocytes, plasma and blood cell factors, connective tissue and, at the final stage, by microcirculatory disorders in vital organs and tissues." The goal of the work: to determine methodological approaches and particular methodical solutions for the problem of identification of SI as a <span class="hlt">common</span> pathological <span class="hlt">process</span>. SI can be defined by the presence in plasma of systemic proinflammatory cell stress products-cytokines and other inflammatory mediators, and also by the complexity of other <span class="hlt">processes</span> signs. We have developed 2 scales: 1) The Reactivity Level scale (RL)-from 0 to 5 points: 0-normal level; RL-5 confirms systemic nature of inflammatory mediator release, and RL- 2-4 defines different degrees of event probability. 2) The SI scale, considering additional criteria along with RL, addresses more integral criteria of SI: the presence of ≥ 5 points according to the SI scale proves the high probability of SI developing. To calculate the RL scale, concentrations of 4 cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α) and C-reactive protein in plasma were examined. Additional criteria of the SI scale were the following: D-dimers>500ng/ml, cortisol>1380 or <100nmol/l, troponin I≥0.2ng/ml and/or myoglobin≥800ng/ml. 422 patients were included in the study with different septic (n-207) and aseptic (n-215) pathologies. In 190 cases (of 422) there were signs of SI (lethality 38.4%, n-73). In only 5 of 78 cases, lethality was not confirmed by the presence of SI. SI was registered in 100% of cases with septic shock (n-31). There were not significant differences between AU-ROC of CR, SI scale and SOFA to predict death in patients with sepsis and trauma.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29105895','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29105895"><span>A dimensional approach to determine <span class="hlt">common</span> and specific neurofunctional markers for depression and social anxiety during emotional face <span class="hlt">processing</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Luo, Lizhu; Becker, Benjamin; Zheng, Xiaoxiao; Zhao, Zhiying; Xu, Xiaolei; Zhou, Feng; Wang, Jiaojian; Kou, Juan; Dai, Jing; Kendrick, Keith M</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Major depression disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorder are both prevalent and debilitating. High rates of comorbidity between MDD and social anxiety disorder (SAD) suggest <span class="hlt">common</span> pathological pathways, including aberrant neural <span class="hlt">processing</span> of interpersonal signals. In patient populations, the determination of <span class="hlt">common</span> and distinct neurofunctional markers of MDD and SAD is often hampered by confounding factors, such as generally elevated anxiety levels and disorder-specific brain structural alterations. This study employed a dimensional disorder approach to map neurofunctional markers associated with levels of depression and social anxiety symptoms in a cohort of 91 healthy subjects using an emotional face <span class="hlt">processing</span> paradigm. Examining linear associations between levels of depression and social anxiety, while controlling for trait anxiety revealed that both were associated with exaggerated dorsal striatal reactivity to fearful and sad expression faces respectively. Exploratory analysis revealed that depression scores were positively correlated with dorsal striatal functional connectivity during <span class="hlt">processing</span> of fearful faces, whereas those of social anxiety showed a negative association during <span class="hlt">processing</span> of sad faces. No linear relationships between levels of depression and social anxiety were observed during a facial-identity matching task or with brain structure. Together, the present findings indicate that dorsal striatal neurofunctional alterations might underlie aberrant interpersonal <span class="hlt">processing</span> associated with both increased levels of depression and social anxiety. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29677680','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29677680"><span>Transcriptomic identification of salt-related genes and de novo assembly in <span class="hlt">common</span> buckwheat (F. esculentum).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lu, Qi-Huan; Wang, Ya-Qi; Song, Jin-Nan; Yang, Hong-Bing</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Common</span> buckwheat (F. esculentum), annually herbaceous crop, is prevalent in people's daily life with the increasing development of economics. Compared with wheat, it is highly praised with high content of rutin and flavonoid. <span class="hlt">Common</span> buckwheat is recognized as healthy food with good taste, and the product price of which such as noodles, flour, bread and so on are higher than wheat, and the seeds of which are bigger than that of tartary buckwheat, so if <span class="hlt">common</span> buckwheat are planted more widely, people will spend less money on this healthy and delicious food. However, soil salinity has been a giant problem for agriculture production. The cultivation of salt tolerant crop varieties is an effective way to make full use of saline alkali land, and the highest salinity that the <span class="hlt">common</span> buckwheat can sow is at 6.0%, so we chose 100 mM as the concentration of NaCl for treatment. Then we conducted transcriptome comparison between control and treatment groups. Potential regulatory genes related salt stress in <span class="hlt">common</span> buckwheat were identified. A total of 29.36 million clean reads were produced via an illumina sequencing approach. We de novo assembled these reads into a transcriptome dataset containing 43,772 unigenes with N50 length of 1778 bp. A total of 26,672 unigenes could be found matches in public databases. GO, KEGG and Swiss-Prot classification suggested the enrichment of these unigenes in 47 sub-categories, 25 KOG and 129 pathways, respectively. We got 385 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after comparing the transcriptome data between salt treatment and control groups. There are some genes encoded for responsing to stimulus, cell killing, metabolic <span class="hlt">process</span>, signaling, multi-organism <span class="hlt">process</span>, growth and cellular <span class="hlt">process</span> might be relevant to salt stress in <span class="hlt">common</span> buckwheat, which will provide a valuable <span class="hlt">references</span> for the study on mechanism of salt tolerance and will be used as a genetic information for cultivating strong salt tolerant <span class="hlt">common</span> buckwheat varieties in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AIPC.1552..560D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AIPC.1552..560D"><span>Type T <span class="hlt">reference</span> function suitability for low temperature applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dowell, D.</p> <p>2013-09-01</p> <p>Type T thermocouples are <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used in industrial measurement applications due to their accuracy relative to other thermocouple types, low cost, and the ready availability of measurement equipment. Type T thermocouples are very effective when used in differential measurements, as there is no cold junction compensation necessary for the connections to the measurement equipment. Type T's published accuracy specifications result in its frequent use in low temperature applications. An examination of over 328 samples from a number of manufacturers has been completed for this investigation. Samples were compared to a Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometer (SPRT) at the LN2 boiling point along with four other standardized measurement points using a characterized ice point <span class="hlt">reference</span>, low-thermal EMF scanner and an 8.5 digit multimeter, and the data compiled and analyzed. The test points were approximately -196 °C, -75 °C, 0 °C, +100 °C, and +200 °C. These data show an anomaly in the conformance to the <span class="hlt">reference</span> functions where the <span class="hlt">reference</span> functions meet at 0 °C. Additionally, in the temperature region between -100 °C to -200 °C, a positive offset of up to 5.4 °C exists between the <span class="hlt">reference</span> function equations published in the ASTM E230-06 for the nitrogen point and the measured response of the actual wire. This paper will examine the historical and technological reasons for this anomaly in the both the ASTM and IEC <span class="hlt">reference</span> functions. At the request of the author and the Proceedings Editor the above article has been replaced with a corrected version. The original PDF file supplied to AIP Publishing contained several figures with missing information/characters—caused by <span class="hlt">processes</span> used to generate the PDF file. All figures were affected by this error. The article has been replaced and these figures now display correctly. The corrected article was published on 7 November 2013.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5136706','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5136706"><span>Metabarcoding of marine nematodes – evaluation of <span class="hlt">reference</span> datasets used in tree-based taxonomy assignment approach</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Abstract Background Metabarcoding is becoming a <span class="hlt">common</span> tool used to assess and compare diversity of organisms in environmental samples. Identification of OTUs is one of the critical steps in the <span class="hlt">process</span> and several taxonomy assignment methods were proposed to accomplish this task. This publication evaluates the quality of <span class="hlt">reference</span> datasets, alongside with several alignment and phylogeny inference methods used in one of the taxonomy assignment methods, called tree-based approach. This approach assigns anonymous OTUs to taxonomic categories based on relative placements of OTUs and <span class="hlt">reference</span> sequences on the cladogram and support that these placements receive. New information In tree-based taxonomy assignment approach, reliable identification of anonymous OTUs is based on their placement in monophyletic and highly supported clades together with identified <span class="hlt">reference</span> taxa. Therefore, it requires high quality <span class="hlt">reference</span> dataset to be used. Resolution of phylogenetic trees is strongly affected by the presence of erroneous sequences as well as alignment and phylogeny inference methods used in the <span class="hlt">process</span>. Two preparation steps are essential for the successful application of tree-based taxonomy assignment approach. Curated collections of genetic information do include erroneous sequences. These sequences have detrimental effect on the resolution of cladograms used in tree-based approach. They must be identified and excluded from the <span class="hlt">reference</span> dataset beforehand. Various combinations of multiple sequence alignment and phylogeny inference methods provide cladograms with different topology and bootstrap support. These combinations of methods need to be tested in order to determine the one that gives highest resolution for the particular <span class="hlt">reference</span> dataset. Completing the above mentioned preparation steps is expected to decrease the number of unassigned OTUs and thus improve the results of the tree-based taxonomy assignment approach. PMID:27932919</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780024786','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780024786"><span>Application of the informational <span class="hlt">reference</span> system OZhUR to the automated <span class="hlt">processing</span> of data from satellites of the Kosmos series</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pokras, V. M.; Yevdokimov, V. P.; Maslov, V. D.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>The structure and potential of the information <span class="hlt">reference</span> system OZhUR designed for the automated data <span class="hlt">processing</span> systems of scientific space vehicles (SV) is considered. The system OZhUR ensures control of the extraction phase of <span class="hlt">processing</span> with respect to a concrete SV and the exchange of data between phases.The practical application of the system OZhUR is exemplified in the construction of a data <span class="hlt">processing</span> system for satellites of the Cosmos series. As a result of automating the operations of exchange and control, the volume of manual preparation of data is significantly reduced, and there is no longer any need for individual logs which fix the status of data <span class="hlt">processing</span>. The system Ozhur is included in the automated data <span class="hlt">processing</span> system Nauka which is realized in language PL-1 in a binary one-address system one-state (BOS OS) electronic computer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100028285','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100028285"><span>Human Exploration of Mars Design <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Architecture 5.0</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Drake, Bret G.</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>This paper provides a summary of the Mars Design <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Architecture 5.0 (DRA 5.0), which is the latest in a series of NASA Mars <span class="hlt">reference</span> missions. It provides a vision of one potential approach to human Mars exploration. The <span class="hlt">reference</span> architecture provides a <span class="hlt">common</span> framework for future planning of systems concepts, technology development, and operational testing as well as Mars robotic missions, research that is conducted on the International Space Station, and future lunar exploration missions. This summary the Mars DRA 5.0 provides an overview of the overall mission approach, surface strategy and exploration goals, as well as the key systems and challenges for the first three human missions to Mars.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17936115','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17936115"><span>A comparative uncertainty study of the calibration of macrolide antibiotic <span class="hlt">reference</span> standards using quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance and mass balance methods.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Liu, Shu-Yu; Hu, Chang-Qin</p> <p>2007-10-17</p> <p>This study introduces the general method of quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) for the calibration of <span class="hlt">reference</span> standards of macrolide antibiotics. Several qNMR experimental conditions were optimized including delay, which is an important parameter of quantification. Three kinds of macrolide antibiotics were used to validate the accuracy of the qNMR method by comparison with the results obtained by the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The purities of five <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">reference</span> standards of macrolide antibiotics were measured by the 1H qNMR method and the mass balance method, respectively. The analysis results of the two methods were compared. The qNMR is quick and simple to use. In a new medicine research and development <span class="hlt">process</span>, qNMR provides a new and reliable method for purity analysis of the <span class="hlt">reference</span> standard.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160005248','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160005248"><span>A First Look at the Upcoming SISO Space <span class="hlt">Reference</span> FOM</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Crues, Edwin; Dexter, Dan; Madden, Michael; Garro, Alfred; Vankov, Alexander; Skuratovskiy, Anton; Moller, Bjorn</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Simulation is increasingly used in the space domain for several purposes. One example is analysis and engineering, from the mission level down to individual systems and subsystems. Another example is training of space crew and flight controllers. Several distributed simulations have been developed for example for docking vehicles with the ISS and for mission training, in many cases with participants from several nations. Space based scenarios are also used in the "Simulation Exploration Experience", SISO's university outreach program. We have thus realized that there is a need for a distributed simulation interoperability standard for data exchange within the space domain. Based on these experiences, SISO is developing a Space <span class="hlt">Reference</span> FOM. Members of the product development group come from several countries and contribute experiences from projects within NASA, ESA and other organizations. Participants represent government, academia and industry. The first version will focus on handling of time and space. The Space <span class="hlt">Reference</span> FOM will provide the following: (i) a flexible positioning system using <span class="hlt">reference</span> frames for arbitrary bodies in space, (ii) a naming conventions for well known <span class="hlt">reference</span> frames, (iii) definitions of <span class="hlt">common</span> time scales, (iv) federation agreements for <span class="hlt">common</span> types of time management with focus on time stepped simulation, and (v) support for physical entities, such as space vehicles and astronauts. The Space <span class="hlt">Reference</span> FOM is expected to make collaboration politically, contractually and technically easier. It is also expected to make collaboration easier to manage and extend.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810017894','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810017894"><span>Thermocouple, multiple junction <span class="hlt">reference</span> oven</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Leblanc, L. P. (Inventor)</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>An improved oven for maintaining the junctions of a plurality of <span class="hlt">reference</span> thermocouples at a <span class="hlt">common</span> and constant temperature is described. The oven is characterized by a cylindrical body defining a heat sink with axially extended-cylindrical cavity a singularized heating element which comprises a unitary cylindrical heating element consisting of a resistance heating coil wound about the surface of metallic spool with an axial bore defined and seated in the cavity. Other features of the oven include an annular array of radially extended bores defined in the cylindrical body and a plurality of <span class="hlt">reference</span> thermocouple junctions seated in the bores in uniformly spaced relation with the heating element, and a temperature sensing device seated in the axial bore for detecting temperature changes as they occur in the spool and circuit to apply a voltage across the coil in response to detected drops in temperatures of the spool.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5372731','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5372731"><span><span class="hlt">Common</span> Chemical Inductors of Replication Stress: Focus on Cell-Based Studies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Vesela, Eva; Chroma, Katarina; Turi, Zsofia; Mistrik, Martin</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>DNA replication is a highly demanding <span class="hlt">process</span> regarding the energy and material supply and must be precisely regulated, involving multiple cellular feedbacks. The slowing down or stalling of DNA synthesis and/or replication forks is <span class="hlt">referred</span> to as replication stress (RS). Owing to the complexity and requirements of replication, a plethora of factors may interfere and challenge the genome stability, cell survival or affect the whole organism. This review outlines chemical compounds that are known inducers of RS and <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used in laboratory research. These compounds act on replication by direct interaction with DNA causing DNA crosslinks and bulky lesions (cisplatin), chemical interference with the metabolism of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (hydroxyurea), direct inhibition of the activity of replicative DNA polymerases (aphidicolin) and interference with enzymes dealing with topological DNA stress (camptothecin, etoposide). As a variety of mechanisms can induce RS, the responses of mammalian cells also vary. Here, we review the activity and mechanism of action of these compounds based on recent knowledge, accompanied by examples of induced phenotypes, cellular readouts and <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used doses. PMID:28230817</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/47777','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/47777"><span>Development of internal forest soil <span class="hlt">reference</span> samples and testing of digestion methods</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>J.E. Hislop; J.W. Hornbeck; S.W. Bailey; R.A. Hallett</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>Our research requires determinations of total elemental concentrations of forest soils. The lack of certified forest soil <span class="hlt">reference</span> materials led us to develop internal <span class="hlt">reference</span> samples. Samples were collected from three soil horizons (Oa, B, and C) at three locations having forested, acidic soils similar to those we <span class="hlt">commonly</span> analyze. A shatterbox was used to...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5225951','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5225951"><span><span class="hlt">Referent</span> control and motor equivalence of reaching from standing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Tomita, Yosuke; Feldman, Anatol G.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Motor actions may result from central changes in the <span class="hlt">referent</span> body configuration, defined as the body posture at which muscles begin to be activated or deactivated. The actual body configuration deviates from the <span class="hlt">referent</span> configuration, particularly because of body inertia and environmental forces. Within these constraints, the system tends to minimize the difference between these configurations. For pointing movement, this strategy can be expressed as the tendency to minimize the difference between the <span class="hlt">referent</span> trajectory (RT) and actual trajectory (QT) of the effector (hand). This <span class="hlt">process</span> may underlie motor equivalent behavior that maintains the pointing trajectory regardless of the number of body segments involved. We tested the hypothesis that the minimization <span class="hlt">process</span> is used to produce pointing in standing subjects. With eyes closed, 10 subjects reached from a standing position to a remembered target located beyond arm length. In randomly chosen trials, hip flexion was unexpectedly prevented, forcing subjects to take a step during pointing to prevent falling. The task was repeated when subjects were instructed to intentionally take a step during pointing. In most cases, reaching accuracy and trajectory curvature were preserved due to adaptive condition-specific changes in interjoint coordination. Results suggest that <span class="hlt">referent</span> control and the minimization <span class="hlt">process</span> associated with it may underlie motor equivalence in pointing. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Motor actions may result from minimization of the deflection of the actual body configuration from the centrally specified <span class="hlt">referent</span> body configuration, in the limits of neuromuscular and environmental constraints. The minimization <span class="hlt">process</span> may maintain reaching trajectory and accuracy regardless of the number of body segments involved (motor equivalence), as confirmed in this study of reaching from standing in young healthy individuals. Results suggest that the <span class="hlt">referent</span> control <span class="hlt">process</span> may underlie motor equivalence in</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/33502','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/33502"><span><span class="hlt">Common</span> forest trees of Hawaii (native and introduced)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Elbert L. Little; Roger G. Skolmen</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>This handbook provides an illustrated <span class="hlt">reference</span> for identifying the <span class="hlt">common</span> trees in the forests of Hawaii. Useful information about each species is also compiled, including Hawaiian, English, and scientific names; description; distribution within the islands and beyond; uses of wood and other products; and additional notes.The 152 species described...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3589705','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3589705"><span>Phenotyping <span class="hlt">common</span> beans for adaptation to drought</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Beebe, Stephen E.; Rao, Idupulapati M.; Blair, Matthew W.; Acosta-Gallegos, Jorge A.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Common</span> beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) originated in the New World and are the grain legume of greatest production for direct human consumption. <span class="hlt">Common</span> bean production is subject to frequent droughts in highland Mexico, in the Pacific coast of Central America, in northeast Brazil, and in eastern and southern Africa from Ethiopia to South Africa. This article reviews efforts to improve <span class="hlt">common</span> bean for drought tolerance, <span class="hlt">referring</span> to genetic diversity for drought response, the physiology of drought tolerance mechanisms, and breeding strategies. Different races of <span class="hlt">common</span> bean respond differently to drought, with race Durango of highland Mexico being a major source of genes. Sister species of P. vulgaris likewise have unique traits, especially P. acutifolius which is well adapted to dryland conditions. Diverse sources of tolerance may have different mechanisms of plant response, implying the need for different methods of phenotyping to recognize the relevant traits. Practical considerations of field management are discussed including: trial planning; water management; and field preparation. PMID:23507928</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26471250','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26471250"><span><span class="hlt">Common</span> and distinct modulation of electrophysiological indices of feedback <span class="hlt">processing</span> by autistic and psychopathic traits.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Carter Leno, Virginia; Naples, Adam; Cox, Anthony; Rutherford, Helena; McPartland, James C</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and psychopathy are primarily characterized by social dysfunction; overlapping phenotypic features may reflect altered function in <span class="hlt">common</span> brain mechanisms. The current study examined the degree to which neural response to social and nonsocial feedback is modulated by autistic versus psychopathic traits in a sample of typically developing adults (N = 31, 11 males, 18-52 years). Event-related potentials were recorded whilst participants completed a behavioral task and received feedback on task performance. Both autistic and psychopathic traits were associated with alterations in the neural correlates of feedback <span class="hlt">processing</span>. Sensitivity to specific forms of feedback (social, nonsocial, positively valenced, negatively valenced) differed between the two traits. Autistic traits were associated with decreased sensitivity to social feedback. In contrast, the antisocial domain of psychopathic traits was associated with an overall decrease in sensitivity to feedback, and the interpersonal manipulation domain was associated with preserved <span class="hlt">processing</span> of positively valenced feedback. Results suggest distinct alterations within specific mechanisms of feedback <span class="hlt">processing</span> may underlie similar difficulties in social behavior.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4362921','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4362921"><span>Age Differences in Self-Referencing: Evidence for <span class="hlt">Common</span> and Distinct Encoding Strategies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gutchess, Angela H.; Sokal, Rebecca; Coleman, Jennifer A.; Gotthilf, Gina; Grewal, Lauren; Rosa, Nicole</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Although engagement of medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) underlies self-referencing of information for younger and older adults, the region has not consistently been implicated across age groups for the encoding of self-referenced information. We sought to determine whether making judgments about others as well as the self influenced findings in the previous study. During an fMRI session, younger and older adults encoded adjectives using only a self-<span class="hlt">reference</span> task. For items later remembered compared to those later forgotten, both age groups robustly recruited medial prefrontal cortex, indicating <span class="hlt">common</span> neural regions support encoding across younger and older adults when participants make only self-<span class="hlt">reference</span> judgments. Focal age differences emerged in regions related to emotional <span class="hlt">processing</span> and cognitive control, though these differences are more limited than in tasks in which judgments also are made about others. We conclude that making judgments about another person differently affects the ways that younger and older adults make judgments about the self, with results of a follow-up behavioral study supporting this interpretation. PMID:25223905</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19960042626','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19960042626"><span><span class="hlt">Common</span> View Time Transfer Using Worldwide GPS and DMA Monitor Stations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Reid, Wilson G.; McCaskill, Thomas B.; Oaks, Orville J.; Buisson, James A.; Warren, Hugh E.</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>Analysis of the on-orbit Navstar clocks and the Global Positioning System (GPS) monitor station <span class="hlt">reference</span> clocks is performed by the Naval Research Laboratory using both broadcast and postprocessed precise ephemerides. The precise ephemerides are produced by the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) for each of the GPS space vehicles from pseudo-range measurements collected at five GPS and at five DMA monitor stations spaced around the world. Recently, DMA established an additional site co-located with the US Naval Observatory precise time site. The time <span class="hlt">reference</span> for the new DMA site is the DoD Master Clock. Now, for the first time, it is possible to transfer time every 15 minutes via <span class="hlt">common</span> view from the DoD Master Clock to the 11 GPS and DMA monitor stations. The estimated precision of a single <span class="hlt">common</span>-view time transfer measurement taken over a 15-minute interval was between 1.4 and 2.7 nanoseconds. Using the measurements from all Navstar space vehicles in <span class="hlt">common</span> view during the 15-minute interval, typically 3-7 space vehicles, improved the estimate of the precision to between 0.65 and 1.13 nanoseconds. The mean phase error obtained from closure of the time transfer around the world using the 11 monitor stations and the 25 space vehicle clocks over a period of 4 months had a magnitude of 31 picoseconds. Analysis of the low noise time transfer from the DoD Master Clock to each of the monitor stations yields not only the bias in the time of the <span class="hlt">reference</span> clock, but also focuses attention on structure in the behaviour of the <span class="hlt">reference</span> clock not previously seen. Furthermore, the time transfer provides a a uniformly sampled database of 15-minute measurements that make possible, for the first time, the direct and exhaustive computation of the frequency stability of the monitor station <span class="hlt">reference</span> clocks. To lend perspective to the analysis, a summary is given of the discontinuities in phase and frequency that occurred in the <span class="hlt">reference</span> clock at the Master Control Station during</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Wall+AND+cell&pg=2&id=ED157796','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Wall+AND+cell&pg=2&id=ED157796"><span>A Guide to the <span class="hlt">Common</span> Diatoms at Water Pollution Surveillance System Stations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Weber, Cornelius I.</p> <p></p> <p>This guide was developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a taxonomic <span class="hlt">reference</span> for the identification of diatoms. The taxonomic information included consists of a generic key to the <span class="hlt">common</span> genera of diatoms, a section illustrating 164 diatom species representing 43 <span class="hlt">common</span> genera found at the Water Pollution…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA637708','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA637708"><span>Automated Coastal Engineering System: Technical <span class="hlt">Reference</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>1992-09-01</p> <p>of Contents ACES Technical <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Wave Transmission Through Permeable Structures ..................................... 5-4 Littoral <span class="hlt">Processes</span>...A-2 Table A-4: Grain-Size Scales ( Soil Classification) ..................................... A-3 Table A-5: Major Tidal Constituents... Permeable Structures Lonphore Sediment Tranaport Littoral Numerical Si~ulation of Time-Dependent Beach and Dune Erosion <span class="hlt">Processes</span> Calculation of Composite</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15732702','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15732702"><span>The <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame of figure-ground assignment.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Vecera, Shaun P</p> <p>2004-10-01</p> <p>Figure-ground assignment involves determining which visual regions are foreground figures and which are backgrounds. Although figure-ground <span class="hlt">processes</span> provide important inputs to high-level vision, little is known about the <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame in which the figure's features and parts are defined. Computational approaches have suggested a retinally based, viewer-centered <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame for figure-ground assignment, but figural assignment could also be computed on the basis of environmental regularities in an environmental <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame. The present research used a newly discovered cue, lower region, to examine the <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame of figure-ground assignment. Possible <span class="hlt">reference</span> frames were misaligned by changing the orientation of viewers by having them tilt their heads (Experiments 1 and 2) or turn them upside down (Experiment 3). The results of these experiments indicated that figure-ground perception followed the orientation of the viewer, suggesting a viewer-centered <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame for figure-ground assignment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29358231','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29358231"><span>An Overexpressed Q Allele Leads to Increased Spike Density and Improved <span class="hlt">Processing</span> Quality in <span class="hlt">Common</span> Wheat (Triticum aestivum).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xu, Bin-Jie; Chen, Qing; Zheng, Ting; Jiang, Yun-Feng; Qiao, Yuan-Yuan; Guo, Zhen-Ru; Cao, Yong-Li; Wang, Yan; Zhang, Ya-Zhou; Zong, Lu-Juan; Zhu, Jing; Liu, Cai-Hong; Jiang, Qian-Tao; Lan, Xiu-Jin; Ma, Jian; Wang, Ji-Rui; Zheng, You-Liang; Wei, Yu-Ming; Qi, Peng-Fei</p> <p>2018-03-02</p> <p>Spike density and <span class="hlt">processing</span> quality are important traits in modern wheat production and are controlled by multiple gene loci. The associated genes have been intensively studied and new discoveries have been constantly reported during the past few decades. However, no gene playing a significant role in the development of these two traits has been identified. In the current study, a <span class="hlt">common</span> wheat mutant with extremely compact spikes and good <span class="hlt">processing</span> quality was isolated and characterized. A new allele ( Q c1 ) of the Q gene (an important domestication gene) responsible for the mutant phenotype was cloned, and the molecular mechanism for the mutant phenotype was studied. Results revealed that Q c1 originated from a point mutation that interferes with the miRNA172-directed cleavage of Q transcripts, leading to its overexpression. It also reduces the longitudinal cell size of rachises, resulting in an increased spike density. Furthermore, Q c1 increases the number of vascular bundles, which suggests a higher efficiency in the transportation of assimilates in the spikes of the mutant than that of wild type. This accounts for the improved <span class="hlt">processing</span> quality. The effects of Q c1 on spike density and wheat <span class="hlt">processing</span> quality were confirmed by analyzing nine <span class="hlt">common</span> wheat mutants possessing four different Q c alleles. These results deepen our understanding of the key roles of Q gene, and provide new insights for the potential application of Q c alleles in wheat quality breeding. Copyright © 2018 Xu et al.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20811451','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20811451"><span>Integrating <span class="hlt">common</span> and rare genetic variation in diverse human populations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Altshuler, David M; Gibbs, Richard A; Peltonen, Leena; Altshuler, David M; Gibbs, Richard A; Peltonen, Leena; Dermitzakis, Emmanouil; Schaffner, Stephen F; Yu, Fuli; Peltonen, Leena; Dermitzakis, Emmanouil; Bonnen, Penelope E; Altshuler, David M; Gibbs, Richard A; de Bakker, Paul I W; Deloukas, Panos; Gabriel, Stacey B; Gwilliam, Rhian; Hunt, Sarah; Inouye, Michael; Jia, Xiaoming; Palotie, Aarno; Parkin, Melissa; Whittaker, Pamela; Yu, Fuli; Chang, Kyle; Hawes, Alicia; Lewis, Lora R; Ren, Yanru; Wheeler, David; Gibbs, Richard A; Muzny, Donna Marie; Barnes, Chris; Darvishi, Katayoon; Hurles, Matthew; Korn, Joshua M; Kristiansson, Kati; Lee, Charles; McCarrol, Steven A; Nemesh, James; Dermitzakis, Emmanouil; Keinan, Alon; Montgomery, Stephen B; Pollack, Samuela; Price, Alkes L; Soranzo, Nicole; Bonnen, Penelope E; Gibbs, Richard A; Gonzaga-Jauregui, Claudia; Keinan, Alon; Price, Alkes L; Yu, Fuli; Anttila, Verneri; Brodeur, Wendy; Daly, Mark J; Leslie, Stephen; McVean, Gil; Moutsianas, Loukas; Nguyen, Huy; Schaffner, Stephen F; Zhang, Qingrun; Ghori, Mohammed J R; McGinnis, Ralph; McLaren, William; Pollack, Samuela; Price, Alkes L; Schaffner, Stephen F; Takeuchi, Fumihiko; Grossman, Sharon R; Shlyakhter, Ilya; Hostetter, Elizabeth B; Sabeti, Pardis C; Adebamowo, Clement A; Foster, Morris W; Gordon, Deborah R; Licinio, Julio; Manca, Maria Cristina; Marshall, Patricia A; Matsuda, Ichiro; Ngare, Duncan; Wang, Vivian Ota; Reddy, Deepa; Rotimi, Charles N; Royal, Charmaine D; Sharp, Richard R; Zeng, Changqing; Brooks, Lisa D; McEwen, Jean E</p> <p>2010-09-02</p> <p>Despite great progress in identifying genetic variants that influence human disease, most inherited risk remains unexplained. A more complete understanding requires genome-wide studies that fully examine less <span class="hlt">common</span> alleles in populations with a wide range of ancestry. To inform the design and interpretation of such studies, we genotyped 1.6 million <span class="hlt">common</span> single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 1,184 <span class="hlt">reference</span> individuals from 11 global populations, and sequenced ten 100-kilobase regions in 692 of these individuals. This integrated data set of <span class="hlt">common</span> and rare alleles, called 'HapMap 3', includes both SNPs and copy number polymorphisms (CNPs). We characterized population-specific differences among low-frequency variants, measured the improvement in imputation accuracy afforded by the larger <span class="hlt">reference</span> panel, especially in imputing SNPs with a minor allele frequency of <or=5%, and demonstrated the feasibility of imputing newly discovered CNPs and SNPs. This expanded public resource of genome variants in global populations supports deeper interrogation of genomic variation and its role in human disease, and serves as a step towards a high-resolution map of the landscape of human genetic variation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27441552','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27441552"><span>Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Resistant and Susceptible <span class="hlt">Common</span> Bean Genotypes in Response to Soybean Cyst Nematode Infection.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jain, Shalu; Chittem, Kishore; Brueggeman, Robert; Osorno, Juan M; Richards, Jonathan; Nelson, Berlin D</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) reproduces on the roots of <span class="hlt">common</span> bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and can cause reductions in plant growth and seed yield. The molecular changes in <span class="hlt">common</span> bean roots caused by SCN infection are unknown. Identification of genetic factors associated with SCN resistance could help in development of improved bean varieties with high SCN resistance. Gene expression profiling was conducted on <span class="hlt">common</span> bean roots infected by SCN HG type 0 using next generation RNA sequencing technology. Two pinto bean genotypes, PI533561 and GTS-900, resistant and susceptible to SCN infection, respectively, were used as RNA sources eight days post inoculation. Total reads generated ranged between ~ 3.2 and 5.7 million per library and were mapped to the <span class="hlt">common</span> bean <span class="hlt">reference</span> genome. Approximately 70-90% of filtered RNA-seq reads uniquely mapped to the <span class="hlt">reference</span> genome. In the inoculated roots of resistant genotype PI533561, a total of 353 genes were differentially expressed with 154 up-regulated genes and 199 down-regulated genes when compared to the transcriptome of non- inoculated roots. On the other hand, 990 genes were differentially expressed in SCN-inoculated roots of susceptible genotype GTS-900 with 406 up-regulated and 584 down-regulated genes when compared to non-inoculated roots. Genes encoding nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat resistance (NLR) proteins, WRKY transcription factors, pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and heat shock proteins involved in diverse biological <span class="hlt">processes</span> were differentially expressed in both resistant and susceptible genotypes. Overall, suppression of the photosystem was observed in both the responses. Furthermore, RNA-seq results were validated through quantitative real time PCR. This is the first report describing genes/transcripts involved in SCN-<span class="hlt">common</span> bean interaction and the results will have important implications for further characterization of SCN resistance genes in <span class="hlt">common</span> bean.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4956322','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4956322"><span>Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Resistant and Susceptible <span class="hlt">Common</span> Bean Genotypes in Response to Soybean Cyst Nematode Infection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Jain, Shalu; Chittem, Kishore; Brueggeman, Robert; Osorno, Juan M.; Richards, Jonathan; Nelson, Berlin D.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) reproduces on the roots of <span class="hlt">common</span> bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and can cause reductions in plant growth and seed yield. The molecular changes in <span class="hlt">common</span> bean roots caused by SCN infection are unknown. Identification of genetic factors associated with SCN resistance could help in development of improved bean varieties with high SCN resistance. Gene expression profiling was conducted on <span class="hlt">common</span> bean roots infected by SCN HG type 0 using next generation RNA sequencing technology. Two pinto bean genotypes, PI533561 and GTS-900, resistant and susceptible to SCN infection, respectively, were used as RNA sources eight days post inoculation. Total reads generated ranged between ~ 3.2 and 5.7 million per library and were mapped to the <span class="hlt">common</span> bean <span class="hlt">reference</span> genome. Approximately 70–90% of filtered RNA-seq reads uniquely mapped to the <span class="hlt">reference</span> genome. In the inoculated roots of resistant genotype PI533561, a total of 353 genes were differentially expressed with 154 up-regulated genes and 199 down-regulated genes when compared to the transcriptome of non- inoculated roots. On the other hand, 990 genes were differentially expressed in SCN-inoculated roots of susceptible genotype GTS-900 with 406 up-regulated and 584 down-regulated genes when compared to non-inoculated roots. Genes encoding nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat resistance (NLR) proteins, WRKY transcription factors, pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and heat shock proteins involved in diverse biological <span class="hlt">processes</span> were differentially expressed in both resistant and susceptible genotypes. Overall, suppression of the photosystem was observed in both the responses. Furthermore, RNA-seq results were validated through quantitative real time PCR. This is the first report describing genes/transcripts involved in SCN-<span class="hlt">common</span> bean interaction and the results will have important implications for further characterization of SCN resistance genes in <span class="hlt">common</span> bean</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1075802.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1075802.pdf"><span>The Predictive Validity of Teacher Candidate Letters of <span class="hlt">Reference</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Mason, Richard W.; Schroeder, Mark P.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Letters of <span class="hlt">reference</span> are widely used as an essential part of the hiring <span class="hlt">process</span> of newly licensed teachers. While the predictive validity of these letters of <span class="hlt">reference</span> has been called into question it has never been empirically studied. The current study examined the predictive validity of the quality of letters of <span class="hlt">reference</span> for forty-one student…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23270375','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23270375"><span>Statistical inference from multiple iTRAQ experiments without using <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">reference</span> standards.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Herbrich, Shelley M; Cole, Robert N; West, Keith P; Schulze, Kerry; Yager, James D; Groopman, John D; Christian, Parul; Wu, Lee; O'Meally, Robert N; May, Damon H; McIntosh, Martin W; Ruczinski, Ingo</p> <p>2013-02-01</p> <p>Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) is a prominent mass spectrometry technology for protein identification and quantification that is capable of analyzing multiple samples in a single experiment. Frequently, iTRAQ experiments are carried out using an aliquot from a pool of all samples, or "masterpool", in one of the channels as a <span class="hlt">reference</span> sample standard to estimate protein relative abundances in the biological samples and to combine abundance estimates from multiple experiments. In this manuscript, we show that using a masterpool is counterproductive. We obtain more precise estimates of protein relative abundance by using the available biological data instead of the masterpool and do not need to occupy a channel that could otherwise be used for another biological sample. In addition, we introduce a simple statistical method to associate proteomic data from multiple iTRAQ experiments with a numeric response and show that this approach is more powerful than the conventionally employed masterpool-based approach. We illustrate our methods using data from four replicate iTRAQ experiments on aliquots of the same pool of plasma samples and from a 406-sample project designed to identify plasma proteins that covary with nutrient concentrations in chronically undernourished children from South Asia.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27315761','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27315761"><span>Self-<span class="hlt">Reference</span> Acts as a Golden Thread in Binding.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sui, Jie</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>In a recent article in this journal, Glyn Humphreys and I proposed a model of how self-<span class="hlt">reference</span> enhances binding in perception and cognition [1]. We showed that self-<span class="hlt">reference</span> changes particular functional <span class="hlt">processes</span>; notably, self-<span class="hlt">reference</span> increases binding between the features of stimuli and between different stages of <span class="hlt">processing</span>. Lane and colleagues [2] provide an interesting comment on our article that suggests our theory of self-<span class="hlt">reference</span> is compatible with Dennett's philosophical perspective on the narrative nature of the self. Although the nature of the self has attracted the attention of both philosophers and scientists, the two disciplines have generated different perspectives on the functions of the self, largely due to their different methodologies. For example, Dennett argues that the self is constituted through human narration on experience [3]. By contrast, work from psychologists and cognitive neuroscientists focuses on the functional and neural mechanisms of self-<span class="hlt">reference</span>. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JEI....21d3012Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JEI....21d3012Z"><span>Decomposed multidimensional control grid interpolation for <span class="hlt">common</span> consumer electronic image <span class="hlt">processing</span> applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zwart, Christine M.; Venkatesan, Ragav; Frakes, David H.</p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>Interpolation is an essential and broadly employed function of signal <span class="hlt">processing</span>. Accordingly, considerable development has focused on advancing interpolation algorithms toward optimal accuracy. Such development has motivated a clear shift in the state-of-the art from classical interpolation to more intelligent and resourceful approaches, registration-based interpolation for example. As a natural result, many of the most accurate current algorithms are highly complex, specific, and computationally demanding. However, the diverse hardware destinations for interpolation algorithms present unique constraints that often preclude use of the most accurate available options. For example, while computationally demanding interpolators may be suitable for highly equipped image <span class="hlt">processing</span> platforms (e.g., computer workstations and clusters), only more efficient interpolators may be practical for less well equipped platforms (e.g., smartphones and tablet computers). The latter examples of consumer electronics present a design tradeoff in this regard: high accuracy interpolation benefits the consumer experience but computing capabilities are limited. It follows that interpolators with favorable combinations of accuracy and efficiency are of great practical value to the consumer electronics industry. We address multidimensional interpolation-based image <span class="hlt">processing</span> problems that are <span class="hlt">common</span> to consumer electronic devices through a decomposition approach. The multidimensional problems are first broken down into multiple, independent, one-dimensional (1-D) interpolation steps that are then executed with a newly modified registration-based one-dimensional control grid interpolator. The proposed approach, decomposed multidimensional control grid interpolation (DMCGI), combines the accuracy of registration-based interpolation with the simplicity, flexibility, and computational efficiency of a 1-D interpolation framework. Results demonstrate that DMCGI provides improved interpolation</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=%22contract+law%22&pg=5&id=EJ389233','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=%22contract+law%22&pg=5&id=EJ389233"><span>Personal Malpractice Liability of <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Librarians and Information Brokers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Gray, John A.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>Reviews <span class="hlt">common</span> law contract and tort bases for malpractice liability and their applicability to <span class="hlt">reference</span> librarians, special librarians, and information brokers. The discussion covers the legal bases for professional malpractice liability, the librarian-patron relationship, the likelihood of lawsuits, and the need for personal liability…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090040343','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090040343"><span>Human Exploration of Mars Design <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Architecture 5.0</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Drake, Bret G.; Hoffman, Stephen J.; Beaty, David W.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>This paper provides a summary of the 2007 Mars Design <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Architecture 5.0 (DRA 5.0), which is the latest in a series of NASA Mars <span class="hlt">reference</span> missions. It provides a vision of one potential approach to human Mars exploration including how Constellation systems can be used. The <span class="hlt">reference</span> architecture provides a <span class="hlt">common</span> framework for future planning of systems concepts, technology development, and operational testing as well as Mars robotic missions, research that is conducted on the International Space Station, and future lunar exploration missions. This summary the Mars DRA 5.0 provides an overview of the overall mission approach, surface strategy and exploration goals, as well as the key systems and challenges for the first three human missions to Mars.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23859064','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23859064"><span>Application of a global <span class="hlt">reference</span> for fetal-weight and birthweight percentiles in predicting infant mortality.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ding, G; Tian, Y; Zhang, Y; Pang, Y; Zhang, J S; Zhang, J</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>To determine whether the recently published A global <span class="hlt">reference</span> for fetal-weight and birthweight percentiles (Global <span class="hlt">Reference</span>) improves small- (SGA), appropriate- (AGA), and large-for-gestational-age (LGA) definitions in predicting infant mortality. Population-based cohort study. The US Linked Livebirth and Infant Death records between 1995 and 2004. Singleton births with birthweight >500 g born at 24-41 weeks of gestation. We compared infant mortality rates of SGA, AGA, and LGA infants classified by three different <span class="hlt">references</span>: the Global <span class="hlt">Reference</span>; a <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used birthweight <span class="hlt">reference</span>; and Hadlock's ultrasound <span class="hlt">reference</span>. Infant mortality rates. Among 33 997 719 eligible liveborn singleton births, 25% of preterm and 9% of term infants were classified differently for SGA, AGA, and LGA by the Global <span class="hlt">Reference</span> and the birthweight <span class="hlt">reference</span>. The Global <span class="hlt">Reference</span> indicated higher mortality rates in preterm SGA and preterm LGA infants than the birthweight <span class="hlt">reference</span>. The mortality rate was considerably higher in infants classified as preterm SGA by the Global <span class="hlt">Reference</span> but not by the birthweight <span class="hlt">reference</span>, compared with the corresponding infants classified by the birthweight <span class="hlt">reference</span> but not by the Global <span class="hlt">Reference</span> (105.7 versus 12.9 per 1000, RR 8.17, 95% CI 7.38-9.06). Yet, the differences in mortality rates were much smaller in term infants than in preterm infants. Black infants had a particularly higher mortality rate than other races in AGA and LGA preterm and term infants. In respect to the <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used birthweight <span class="hlt">reference</span>, the Global <span class="hlt">Reference</span> increases the identification of infant deaths by improved classification of abnormal newborn size at birth, and these advantages were more obvious in preterm than in term infants. © 2013 RCOG.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21951254','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21951254"><span>The <span class="hlt">process</span>-knowledge model of health literacy: evidence from a componential analysis of two <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used measures.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chin, Jessie; Morrow, Daniel G; Stine-Morrow, Elizabeth A L; Conner-Garcia, Thembi; Graumlich, James F; Murray, Michael D</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>We investigated the effects of domain-general <span class="hlt">processing</span> capacity (fluid ability such as working memory), domain-general knowledge (crystallized ability such as vocabulary), and domain-specific health knowledge for two of the most <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used measures of health literacy (S-TOFHLA and REALM). One hundred forty six community-dwelling older adults participated; 103 had been diagnosed with hypertension. The results showed that older adults who had higher levels of <span class="hlt">processing</span> capacity or knowledge (domain-general or health) performed better on both of the health literacy measures. <span class="hlt">Processing</span> capacity interacted with knowledge: <span class="hlt">Processing</span> capacity had a lower level of association with health literacy for participants with more knowledge than for those with lower levels of knowledge, suggesting that knowledge may offset the effects of <span class="hlt">processing</span> capacity limitations on health literacy. Furthermore, performance on the two health literacy measures appeared to reflect a different weighting for the three types of abilities. S-TOFHLA performance reflected <span class="hlt">processing</span> capacity as well as general knowledge, whereas performance on the REALM depended more on general and health knowledge than on <span class="hlt">processing</span> capacity. The findings support a <span class="hlt">process</span>-knowledge model of health literacy among older adults, and have implications for selecting health literacy measures in various health care contexts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/466449-common-knowledge-now-you-have-now-you-don','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/466449-common-knowledge-now-you-have-now-you-don"><span><span class="hlt">Common</span> knowledge: Now you have it, now you don`t?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Fagin, R.; Halpern, J.Y.; Moses, Y.</p> <p></p> <p>The notion of <span class="hlt">common</span> knowledge, where everyone knows, everyone knows that everyone knows, etc., has proven to be fundamental in various disciplines, including Philosophy, Artificial Intelligence, Economics, and Psychology. This key notion was first studied by the philosopher David Lewis in the context of conventions. Lewis pointed out that in order for something to be a convention, it must in fact be <span class="hlt">common</span> knowledge among the members of a group. (For example, the convention that green means {open_quotes}go{close_quotes} and red means {open_quotes}stop{close_quotes} is presumably <span class="hlt">common</span> knowledge among the drivers in our society.) <span class="hlt">Common</span> knowledge also arises in discourse understanding. Supposemore » Ann asks Bob {open_quotes}What did you think of the movie?{close_quotes} <span class="hlt">referring</span> to a showing of Monkey Business they have just seen. Not only must Ann and Bob both know that {open_quotes}the movie{close_quotes} <span class="hlt">refers</span> to Monkey Business, but Ann must know that Bob knows, Bob must know that Ann knows that Bob knows, and so on. In fact, by a closer analysis of this situation, it can be shown that there must be <span class="hlt">common</span> knowledge of what movie is meant in order for Bob to answer the question appropriately. Finally, <span class="hlt">common</span> knowledge also turns out to be a prerequisite for agreement and coordinated action in distributed systems. This is precisely what makes it such a crucial notion in the analysis of interacting groups of agents. On the other hand, in practical settings <span class="hlt">common</span> knowledge is impossible to achieve. This puts us in a somewhat paradoxical situation, in that we claim both that <span class="hlt">common</span> knowledge is a prerequisite for agreement and coordinated action and that it cannot be attained. We discuss two answers to this paradox: Modeling the world with a coarser granularity, and relaxing the requirements for coordination.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMEP52B..08B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMEP52B..08B"><span>Approaches to defining <span class="hlt">reference</span> regimes for river restoration planning</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Beechie, T. J.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Reference</span> conditions or <span class="hlt">reference</span> regimes can be defined using three general approaches, historical analysis, contemporary <span class="hlt">reference</span> sites, and theoretical or empirical models. For large features (e.g., floodplain channels and ponds) historical data and maps are generally reliable. For smaller features (e.g., pools and riffles in small tributaries), field data from contemporary <span class="hlt">reference</span> sites are a reasonable surrogate for historical data. Models are generally used for features that have no historical information or present day <span class="hlt">reference</span> sites (e.g., beaver pond habitat). Each of these approaches contributes to a watershed-wide understanding of current biophysical conditions relative to potential conditions, which helps create not only a guiding vision for restoration, but also helps quantify and locate the largest or most important restoration opportunities. <span class="hlt">Common</span> uses of geomorphic and biological <span class="hlt">reference</span> conditions include identifying key areas for habitat protection or restoration, and informing the choice of restoration targets. Examples of use of each of these three approaches to define <span class="hlt">reference</span> regimes in western USA illustrate how historical information and current research highlight key restoration opportunities, focus restoration effort in areas that can produce the largest ecological benefit, and contribute to estimating restoration potential and assessing likelihood of achieving restoration goals.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007SPIE.6510E..13D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007SPIE.6510E..13D"><span>Proposed diagnostic <span class="hlt">reference</span> levels for 3 <span class="hlt">common</span> cardiac interventional procedures in Ireland</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>D'Helft, C.; McGee, A. M.; Rainford, L. A.; Mc Fadden, S. L.; Hughes, C. M.; Winder, R. J.; Brennan, P. C.</p> <p>2007-03-01</p> <p>Radiation doses for 3 <span class="hlt">common</span> types of cardiac radiological examinations where investigated: coronary angiography (CA), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and pacemaker insertions (PPI). 22 cardiac imaging suites participated in the study. Radiation dose was monitored for 1804 adult patients using dose area product (DAP) meters. Operational and examination details such as cardiologist grade, patient details and examination complexity were recorded for each examination. Both intra and inter-hospital variations where demonstrated by the results. Individual patient DAP values ranged from 136-23,101cGycm2, 475-41,038cGycm2 and 45- 17,192cGycm2 for CA, PCI and PPI respectively, with third quartile values of 4,173cGycm2, 8,836cGycm2 and 2,051cGycm2. Screening times varied from 0.22-27.6mins, 1.8-98mins and 0.33-54.5mins for CA, PCI and PPI respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5432555','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5432555"><span>Non-linear Analysis of Scalp EEG by Using Bispectra: The Effect of the <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Choice</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Chella, Federico; D'Andrea, Antea; Basti, Alessio; Pizzella, Vittorio; Marzetti, Laura</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Bispectral analysis is a signal <span class="hlt">processing</span> technique that makes it possible to capture the non-linear and non-Gaussian properties of the EEG signals. It has found various applications in EEG research and clinical practice, including the assessment of anesthetic depth, the identification of epileptic seizures, and more recently, the evaluation of non-linear cross-frequency brain functional connectivity. However, the validity and reliability of the indices drawn from bispectral analysis of EEG signals are potentially biased by the use of a non-neutral EEG <span class="hlt">reference</span>. The present study aims at investigating the effects of the <span class="hlt">reference</span> choice on the analysis of the non-linear features of EEG signals through bicoherence, as well as on the estimation of cross-frequency EEG connectivity through two different non-linear measures, i.e., the cross-bicoherence and the antisymmetric cross-bicoherence. To this end, four <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used <span class="hlt">reference</span> schemes were considered: the vertex electrode (Cz), the digitally linked mastoids, the average <span class="hlt">reference</span>, and the <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Electrode Standardization Technique (REST). The <span class="hlt">reference</span> effects were assessed both in simulations and in a real EEG experiment. The simulations allowed to investigated: (i) the effects of the electrode density on the performance of the above <span class="hlt">references</span> in the estimation of bispectral measures; and (ii) the effects of the head model accuracy in the performance of the REST. For real data, the EEG signals recorded from 10 subjects during eyes open resting state were examined, and the distortions induced by the <span class="hlt">reference</span> choice in the patterns of alpha-beta bicoherence, cross-bicoherence, and antisymmetric cross-bicoherence were assessed. The results showed significant differences in the findings depending on the chosen <span class="hlt">reference</span>, with the REST providing superior performance than all the other <span class="hlt">references</span> in approximating the ideal neutral <span class="hlt">reference</span>. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of considering the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-08-03/pdf/2010-18928.pdf','FEDREG'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-08-03/pdf/2010-18928.pdf"><span>75 FR 45583 - New York: Incorporation by <span class="hlt">Reference</span> of State Hazardous Waste Management Program</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR">Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-08-03</p> <p>... authorized and that EPA will enforce under the Solid Waste Disposal Act, as amended and <span class="hlt">commonly</span> <span class="hlt">referred</span> to...: Incorporation by <span class="hlt">Reference</span> of State Hazardous Waste Management Program AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency... authorized hazardous waste program which is set forth in the regulations entitled ``Approved State Hazardous...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28647526','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28647526"><span>National Survey of Adult and Pediatric <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Intervals in Clinical Laboratories across Canada: A Report of the CSCC Working Group on <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Interval Harmonization.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Adeli, Khosrow; Higgins, Victoria; Seccombe, David; Collier, Christine P; Balion, Cynthia M; Cembrowski, George; Venner, Allison A; Shaw, Julie</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Reference</span> intervals are widely used decision-making tools in laboratory medicine, serving as health-associated standards to interpret laboratory test results. Numerous studies have shown wide variation in <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals, even between laboratories using assays from the same manufacturer. Lack of consistency in either sample measurement or <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals across laboratories challenges the expectation of standardized patient care regardless of testing location. Here, we present data from a national survey conducted by the Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists (CSCC) <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Interval Harmonization (hRI) Working Group that examines variation in laboratory <span class="hlt">reference</span> sample measurements, as well as pediatric and adult <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals currently used in clinical practice across Canada. Data on <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals currently used by 37 laboratories were collected through a national survey to examine the variation in <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals for seven <span class="hlt">common</span> laboratory tests. Additionally, 40 clinical laboratories participated in a baseline assessment by measuring six analytes in a <span class="hlt">reference</span> sample. Of the seven analytes examined, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and creatinine <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals were most variable. As expected, <span class="hlt">reference</span> interval variation was more substantial in the pediatric population and varied between laboratories using the same instrumentation. <span class="hlt">Reference</span> sample results differed between laboratories, particularly for ALT and free thyroxine (FT4). <span class="hlt">Reference</span> interval variation was greater than test result variation for the majority of analytes. It is evident that there is a critical lack of harmonization in laboratory <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals, particularly for the pediatric population. Furthermore, the observed variation in <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals across instruments cannot be explained by the bias between the results obtained on instruments by different manufacturers. Copyright © 2017 The Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25222760','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25222760"><span>Mental health issues among college students: who gets <span class="hlt">referred</span> for psychopharmacology evaluation?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kirsch, Daniel J; Doerfler, Leonard A; Truong, Debbie</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>To describe diagnostic and psychotropic medication prescription characteristics among college students <span class="hlt">referred</span> by college counseling centers for psychopharmacologic evaluation. Participants were 540 college students <span class="hlt">referred</span> by 6 college counseling centers in Massachusetts between November 2005 and May 2011. Students completed self-report measures of depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation and attempts, and substance use. Information regarding DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition) diagnosis, previous history of medication prescription, and current psychotropic medication(s) prescribed by the consulting psychiatrist was obtained from medical records. Depression, anxiety, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were the most <span class="hlt">common</span> psychiatric problems identified in students. Half of these students had been prescribed mediation prior to evaluation. Antidepressant medication was the most frequently prescribed medication. A large proportion of students reported previous thoughts of suicide, and 12% had made at least 1 suicide attempt. Depression, anxiety, and ADHD are <span class="hlt">common</span> among students <span class="hlt">referred</span> by college counseling centers for medication evaluation and treatment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26447060','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26447060"><span>The Integrative Self: How Self-<span class="hlt">Reference</span> Integrates Perception and Memory.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sui, Jie; Humphreys, Glyn W</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>We propose a new account of how self-<span class="hlt">reference</span> affects information <span class="hlt">processing</span>. We report evidence that self-<span class="hlt">reference</span> affects the binding of memory to source, the integration of parts into perceptual wholes, and the ability to switch from a prior association to new associations. Self-<span class="hlt">reference</span> also influences the integration of different stages of <span class="hlt">processing</span>, linking attention to decision making, and affects the coupling between brain regions mediating self-representation and attention to the environment. Taken together, the data suggest that self-<span class="hlt">reference</span> acts as a form of 'integrative glue' which can either enhance or disrupt performance, depending on the task context. We discuss the implications for understanding the self, and future directions for research. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=281575','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=281575"><span>Validation of <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for gene expression studies in soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is a <span class="hlt">common</span> tool for quantifying mRNA transcripts. To normalize results, a <span class="hlt">reference</span> gene is mandatory. Aphis glycines is a significant soybean pest, yet gene expression and functional genomics studies are hindered by a lack of stable <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes. We evalu...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8148865','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8148865"><span><span class="hlt">Referred</span> knee pain in a young athlete: a case study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tippett, S R</p> <p>1994-02-01</p> <p>Parapatellar pain is a <span class="hlt">common</span> complaint in the active adolescent patient population. Patello-femoral pain syndrome, Osgood-Schlatter disease, Sinding-Larsen-Johansson syndrome, patellar tendinitis, and other stress failure conditions are the primary causes of these parapatellar symptoms. Not all cases of knee discomfort are related to knee pathology. This case study discusses hip pathology as a source of <span class="hlt">referred</span> knee pain in an 8-year-old male athlete. Care must be taken to evaluate all possible sources of both primary and <span class="hlt">referred</span> pain in all cases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RaPC..144..386R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RaPC..144..386R"><span>Hybrid pregnant <span class="hlt">reference</span> phantom series based on adult female ICRP <span class="hlt">reference</span> phantom</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rafat-Motavalli, Laleh; Miri-Hakimabad, Hashem; Hoseinian-Azghadi, Elie</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>This paper presents boundary representation (BREP) models of pregnant female and her fetus at the end of each trimester. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) female <span class="hlt">reference</span> voxel phantom was used as a base template in development <span class="hlt">process</span> of the pregnant hybrid phantom series. The differences in shape and location of the displaced maternal organs caused by enlarging uterus were also taken into account. The CT and MR images of fetus specimens and pregnant patients of various ages were used to replace the maternal abdominal pelvic organs of template phantom and insert the fetus inside the gravid uterus. Each fetal model contains 21 different organs and tissues. The skeletal model of the fetus also includes age-dependent cartilaginous and ossified skeletal components. The replaced maternal organ models were converted to NURBS surfaces and then modified to conform to <span class="hlt">reference</span> values of ICRP Publication 89. The particular feature of current series compared to the previously developed pregnant phantoms is being constructed upon the basis of ICRP <span class="hlt">reference</span> phantom. The maternal replaced organ models are NURBS surfaces. With this great potential, they might have the feasibility of being converted to high quality polygon mesh phantoms.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19183431','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19183431"><span>Bench-to-bedside review: the importance of the precision of the <span class="hlt">reference</span> technique in method comparison studies--with specific <span class="hlt">reference</span> to the measurement of cardiac output.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cecconi, Maurizio; Rhodes, Andrew; Poloniecki, Jan; Della Rocca, Giorgio; Grounds, R Michael</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Bland-Altman analysis is used for assessing agreement between two measurements of the same clinical variable. In the field of cardiac output monitoring, its results, in terms of bias and limits of agreement, are often difficult to interpret, leading clinicians to use a cutoff of 30% in the percentage error in order to decide whether a new technique may be considered a good alternative. This percentage error of +/- 30% arises from the assumption that the <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used <span class="hlt">reference</span> technique, intermittent thermodilution, has a precision of +/- 20% or less. The combination of two precisions of +/- 20% equates to a total error of +/- 28.3%, which is <span class="hlt">commonly</span> rounded up to +/- 30%. Thus, finding a percentage error of less than +/- 30% should equate to the new tested technique having an error similar to the <span class="hlt">reference</span>, which therefore should be acceptable. In a worked example in this paper, we discuss the limitations of this approach, in particular in regard to the situation in which the <span class="hlt">reference</span> technique may be either more or less precise than would normally be expected. This can lead to inappropriate conclusions being drawn from data acquired in validation studies of new monitoring technologies. We conclude that it is not acceptable to present comparison studies quoting percentage error as an acceptability criteria without reporting the precision of the <span class="hlt">reference</span> technique.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19857922','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19857922"><span>A scheme for the classification of explosions in the chemical <span class="hlt">process</span> industry.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Abbasi, Tasneem; Pasman, H J; Abbasi, S A</p> <p>2010-02-15</p> <p>All <span class="hlt">process</span> industry accidents fall under three broad categories-fire, explosion, and toxic release. Of these fire is the most <span class="hlt">common</span>, followed by explosions. Within these broad categories occur a large number of sub-categories, each depicting a specific sub-type of a fire/explosion/toxic release. But whereas clear and self-consistent sub-classifications exist for fires and toxic releases, the situation is not as clear vis a vis explosions. In this paper the inconsistencies and/or shortcomings associated with the classification of different types of explosions, which are seen even in otherwise highly authentic and useful <span class="hlt">reference</span> books on <span class="hlt">process</span> safety, are reviewed. In its context a new classification is attempted which may, hopefully, provide a frame-of-<span class="hlt">reference</span> for the future.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title32-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title32-vol1-sec93-1.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title32-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title32-vol1-sec93-1.pdf"><span>32 CFR 93.1 - <span class="hlt">References</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>... 32 National Defense 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false <span class="hlt">References</span>. 93.1 Section 93.1 National Defense Department of Defense OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE PERSONNEL, MILITARY AND CIVILIAN ACCEPTANCE OF SERVICE OF <span class="hlt">PROCESS</span>; RELEASE OF OFFICIAL INFORMATION IN LITIGATION; AND TESTIMONY BY NSA PERSONNEL AS...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title32-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title32-vol1-sec93-1.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title32-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title32-vol1-sec93-1.pdf"><span>32 CFR 93.1 - <span class="hlt">References</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-07-01</p> <p>... 32 National Defense 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false <span class="hlt">References</span>. 93.1 Section 93.1 National Defense Department of Defense OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE PERSONNEL, MILITARY AND CIVILIAN ACCEPTANCE OF SERVICE OF <span class="hlt">PROCESS</span>; RELEASE OF OFFICIAL INFORMATION IN LITIGATION; AND TESTIMONY BY NSA PERSONNEL AS...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title32-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title32-vol1-sec93-1.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title32-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title32-vol1-sec93-1.pdf"><span>32 CFR 93.1 - <span class="hlt">References</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>... 32 National Defense 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false <span class="hlt">References</span>. 93.1 Section 93.1 National Defense Department of Defense OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE PERSONNEL, MILITARY AND CIVILIAN ACCEPTANCE OF SERVICE OF <span class="hlt">PROCESS</span>; RELEASE OF OFFICIAL INFORMATION IN LITIGATION; AND TESTIMONY BY NSA PERSONNEL AS...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title32-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title32-vol1-sec93-1.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title32-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title32-vol1-sec93-1.pdf"><span>32 CFR 93.1 - <span class="hlt">References</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-07-01</p> <p>... 32 National Defense 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false <span class="hlt">References</span>. 93.1 Section 93.1 National Defense Department of Defense OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE PERSONNEL, MILITARY AND CIVILIAN ACCEPTANCE OF SERVICE OF <span class="hlt">PROCESS</span>; RELEASE OF OFFICIAL INFORMATION IN LITIGATION; AND TESTIMONY BY NSA PERSONNEL AS...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title32-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title32-vol1-sec93-1.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title32-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title32-vol1-sec93-1.pdf"><span>32 CFR 93.1 - <span class="hlt">References</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>... 32 National Defense 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false <span class="hlt">References</span>. 93.1 Section 93.1 National Defense Department of Defense OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE PERSONNEL, MILITARY AND CIVILIAN ACCEPTANCE OF SERVICE OF <span class="hlt">PROCESS</span>; RELEASE OF OFFICIAL INFORMATION IN LITIGATION; AND TESTIMONY BY NSA PERSONNEL AS...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6594785','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6594785"><span>Patients <span class="hlt">referred</span> for stomatognathic treatment--a survey of 282 patients.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Magnusson, T</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>The signs and symptoms of mandibular dysfunction and the treatment results were studied in 282 patients <span class="hlt">referred</span> to the Clinic of Stomatognathic Physiology, Luleå, Sweden. Seventy two per cent of the patients were women. The most <span class="hlt">common</span> clinical finding was muscles tender to palpation, which was found in 60% of the patients, but other signs such as TMJ-clickings (27%) and limited mandibular movement (16%) were <span class="hlt">common</span>, as were interferences in the retruded position (33%) and on the non-working side (19%). Splint therapy, therapeutic exercises for the lower jaw and occlusal adjustment in combination with counselling were by far the most <span class="hlt">common</span> modes of therapy. More than half of the patients had completed the course of treatment within four visits and only a few patients needed more than ten visits. Eighty one per cent of the patients reported no or only mild symptoms after treatment but in a few cases fairly severe or very severe symptoms persisted. The investigation shows that most patients <span class="hlt">referred</span> because of mandibular dysfunction can be cured or improved with relatively simple treatment methods and after a few visits. In some cases, however, the patients need more complex and time-consuming treatment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16925852','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16925852"><span>Food <span class="hlt">processing</span> methods influence the glycaemic indices of some <span class="hlt">commonly</span> eaten West Indian carbohydrate-rich foods.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bahado-Singh, P S; Wheatley, A O; Ahmad, M H; Morrison, E Y St A; Asemota, H N</p> <p>2006-09-01</p> <p>Glycaemic index (GI) values for fourteen <span class="hlt">commonly</span> eaten carbohydrate-rich foods <span class="hlt">processed</span> by various methods were determined using ten healthy subjects. The foods studied were round leaf yellow yam (Dioscorea cayenensis), negro and lucea yams (Dioscorea rotundata), white and sweet yams (Dioscorea alata), sweet potato (Solanum tuberosum), Irish potato (Ipomoea batatas), coco yam (Xanthosoma spp.), dasheen (Colocasia esculenta), pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata), breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), green banana (Musa sapientum), and green and ripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca). The foods were <span class="hlt">processed</span> by boiling, frying, baking and roasting where applicable. Pure glucose was used as the standard with a GI value of 100. The results revealed marked differences in GI among the different foods studied ranging from 35 (se 3) to 94 (se 8). The area under the glucose response curve and GI value of some of the roasted and baked foods were significantly higher than foods boiled or fried (P<0.05). The results indicate that foods <span class="hlt">processed</span> by roasting or baking may result in higher GI. Conversely, boiling of foods may contribute to a lower GI diet.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15800464','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15800464"><span>Temporomandibular disorders: <span class="hlt">referred</span> cranio-cervico-facial clinic.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ramírez, Luis Miguel; Sandoval, German Pablo; Ballesteros, Luis Ernesto</p> <p>2005-04-01</p> <p>The bond between temporomandibular disorders and <span class="hlt">referred</span> craniofacial symptomatology is more and more evident. In it subsists the prevailing necessity of understanding the temporomandibular disorders and the cranio-cervico-facial <span class="hlt">referred</span> symptomatology from a neurophysiologic and muscle-skeletal perspective contained in the stomatognatic system. Diagnosis in head and neck areas is difficult because of its complex anatomy. Some painful craniofacial syndromes exhibit the same symptoms although they don.t seem objectively possible and that is what confuses the specialist and the patient. Pain in the head and the neck is one of the most complex to diagnose because of its varied origins that can be neurological, vascular, muscular, ligamental and bony. This article seeks to show some reasonable anatomical and pathophysiological connections of this muscle-skeletal disorder expressed with symptoms like tinnitus, otic fullness, otalgia and migraine among others. Disciplines in health such as neurology, the otolaryngology and dentistry share <span class="hlt">common</span> anatomical and pathophysiological roads constructed in an increased muscular activity that generates muscle-skeletal disorders and is difficult to locate <span class="hlt">referred</span> craniofacial symptomatology. This revision aspires to sensitize the medical specialist and the odontologist in the understanding of the important interdisciplinary handling in the detection of this disorder. This offers better tools in the conservative therapy phase of this craniofacial <span class="hlt">referred</span> symptomatology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SPIE.8334E..3ZZ','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SPIE.8334E..3ZZ"><span>The simulation on diode-clamped five-level converters <span class="hlt">common</span>-mode voltage suppression with zero-vector PWM strategy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Yonggao; Gao, Yanli; Long, Lizhong</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>More and more researchers have great concern on the issue of <span class="hlt">Common</span>-mode voltage (CMV) in high voltage large power converter. A novel <span class="hlt">common</span>-mode voltage suppression scheme based on zero-vector PWM strategy (ZVPWM) is present in this paper. Taking a diode-clamped five-level converter as example, the principle of zero vector PWM <span class="hlt">common</span>-mode voltage (ZCMVPWM) suppression method is studied in detail. ZCMVPWM suppression strategy is including four important parts, which are locating the sector of <span class="hlt">reference</span> voltage vector, locating the small triangular sub-sector of <span class="hlt">reference</span> voltage vector, <span class="hlt">reference</span> vector synthesis, and calculating the operating time of vector. The principles of four important pars are illustrated in detail and the corresponding MATLAB models are established. System simulation and experimental results are provided. It gives some consultation value for the development and research of multi-level converters.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930062466&hterms=Organizational+flexibility&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3DOrganizational%2Bflexibility','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930062466&hterms=Organizational+flexibility&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3DOrganizational%2Bflexibility"><span>A <span class="hlt">reference</span> architecture for the component factory</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Basili, Victor R.; Caldiera, Gianluigi; Cantone, Giovanni</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Software reuse can be achieved through an organization that focuses on utilization of life cycle products from previous developments. The component factory is both an example of the more general concepts of experience and domain factory and an organizational unit worth being considered independently. The critical features of such an organization are flexibility and continuous improvement. In order to achieve these features we can represent the architecture of the factory at different levels of abstraction and define a <span class="hlt">reference</span> architecture from which specific architectures can be derived by instantiation. A <span class="hlt">reference</span> architecture is an implementation and organization independent representation of the component factory and its environment. The paper outlines this <span class="hlt">reference</span> architecture, discusses the instantiation <span class="hlt">process</span>, and presents some examples of specific architectures by comparing them in the framework of the <span class="hlt">reference</span> model.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19940006495&hterms=time+Russia&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dtime%2BRussia','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19940006495&hterms=time+Russia&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dtime%2BRussia"><span>Comparison of GPS and GLONASS <span class="hlt">common</span>-view time transfers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lewandowski, W.; Petit, G.; Thomas, C.; Cherenkov, G. T.; Koshelyaevsky, N. B.; Pushkin, S. B.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>It was already shown than even with a simple daily averaging of GLONASS data at each site, continental GLONASS time transfer can be achieved at a level of several tens of nanoseconds. A further step is to carry out observations of GLONASS satellites by the <span class="hlt">common</span>-view method. A comparison of GPS and GLONASS <span class="hlt">common</span>-view time transfers between Russia and Western Europe are reported. At each site, a GPS receiver and a GLONASS receiver are connected to the same atomic clock. Both GPS receivers are of NBS type and the GLONASS receivers are of type A-724. As GPS <span class="hlt">common</span>-view time transfer between Sevres and Mendeleevo is accomplished at a level of a few nanoseconds in precision, it gives an excellent <span class="hlt">reference</span> with which to evaluate the performance of GLONASS <span class="hlt">common</span>-view time transfer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070017419&hterms=principles+management&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dprinciples%2Bmanagement','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070017419&hterms=principles+management&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dprinciples%2Bmanagement"><span>A <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Architecture for Space Information Management</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mattmann, Chris A.; Crichton, Daniel J.; Hughes, J. Steven; Ramirez, Paul M.; Berrios, Daniel C.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>We describe a <span class="hlt">reference</span> architecture for space information management systems that elegantly overcomes the rigid design of <span class="hlt">common</span> information systems in many domains. The <span class="hlt">reference</span> architecture consists of a set of flexible, reusable, independent models and software components that function in unison, but remain separately managed entities. The main guiding principle of the <span class="hlt">reference</span> architecture is to separate the various models of information (e.g., data, metadata, etc.) from implemented system code, allowing each to evolve independently. System modularity, systems interoperability, and dynamic evolution of information system components are the primary benefits of the design of the architecture. The architecture requires the use of information models that are substantially more advanced than those used by the vast majority of information systems. These models are more expressive and can be more easily modularized, distributed and maintained than simpler models e.g., configuration files and data dictionaries. Our current work focuses on formalizing the architecture within a CCSDS Green Book and evaluating the architecture within the context of the C3I initiative.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ThApC.tmp..426K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ThApC.tmp..426K"><span>Regional probability distribution of the annual <span class="hlt">reference</span> evapotranspiration and its effective parameters in Iran</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Khanmohammadi, Neda; Rezaie, Hossein; Montaseri, Majid; Behmanesh, Javad</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">reference</span> evapotranspiration (ET0) plays an important role in water management plans in arid or semi-arid countries such as Iran. For this reason, the regional analysis of this parameter is important. But, ET0 <span class="hlt">process</span> is affected by several meteorological parameters such as wind speed, solar radiation, temperature and relative humidity. Therefore, the effect of distribution type of effective meteorological variables on ET0 distribution was analyzed. For this purpose, the regional probability distribution of the annual ET0 and its effective parameters were selected. Used data in this research was recorded data at 30 synoptic stations of Iran during 1960-2014. Using the probability plot correlation coefficient (PPCC) test and the L-moment method, five <span class="hlt">common</span> distributions were compared and the best distribution was selected. The results of PPCC test and L-moment diagram indicated that the Pearson type III distribution was the best probability distribution for fitting annual ET0 and its four effective parameters. The results of RMSE showed that the ability of the PPCC test and L-moment method for regional analysis of <span class="hlt">reference</span> evapotranspiration and its effective parameters was similar. The results also showed that the distribution type of the parameters which affected ET0 values can affect the distribution of <span class="hlt">reference</span> evapotranspiration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25223905','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25223905"><span>Age differences in self-referencing: Evidence for <span class="hlt">common</span> and distinct encoding strategies.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gutchess, Angela H; Sokal, Rebecca; Coleman, Jennifer A; Gotthilf, Gina; Grewal, Lauren; Rosa, Nicole</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>Although engagement of medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) underlies self-referencing of information for younger and older adults, the region has not consistently been implicated across age groups for the encoding of self-referenced information. We sought to determine whether making judgments about others as well as the self influenced findings in the previous study. During an fMRI session, younger and older adults encoded adjectives using only a self-<span class="hlt">reference</span> task. For items later remembered compared to those later forgotten, both age groups robustly recruited medial prefrontal cortex, indicating <span class="hlt">common</span> neural regions support encoding across younger and older adults when participants make only self-<span class="hlt">reference</span> judgments. Focal age differences emerged in regions related to emotional <span class="hlt">processing</span> and cognitive control, though these differences are more limited than in tasks in which judgments also are made about others. We conclude that making judgments about another person differently affects the ways that younger and older adults make judgments about the self, with results of a follow-up behavioral study supporting this interpretation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Memory and Aging. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PMB....63dNT01L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PMB....63dNT01L"><span>Threshold-driven optimization for <span class="hlt">reference</span>-based auto-planning</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Long, Troy; Chen, Mingli; Jiang, Steve; Lu, Weiguo</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>We study threshold-driven optimization methodology for automatically generating a treatment plan that is motivated by a <span class="hlt">reference</span> DVH for IMRT treatment planning. We present a framework for threshold-driven optimization for <span class="hlt">reference</span>-based auto-planning (TORA). <span class="hlt">Commonly</span> used voxel-based quadratic penalties have two components for penalizing under- and over-dosing of voxels: a <span class="hlt">reference</span> dose threshold and associated penalty weight. Conventional manual- and auto-planning using such a function involves iteratively updating the preference weights while keeping the thresholds constant, an unintuitive and often inconsistent method for planning toward some <span class="hlt">reference</span> DVH. However, driving a dose distribution by threshold values instead of preference weights can achieve similar plans with less computational effort. The proposed methodology spatially assigns <span class="hlt">reference</span> DVH information to threshold values, and iteratively improves the quality of that assignment. The methodology effectively handles both sub-optimal and infeasible DVHs. TORA was applied to a prostate case and a liver case as a proof-of-concept. <span class="hlt">Reference</span> DVHs were generated using a conventional voxel-based objective, then altered to be either infeasible or easy-to-achieve. TORA was able to closely recreate <span class="hlt">reference</span> DVHs in 5-15 iterations of solving a simple convex sub-problem. TORA has the potential to be effective for auto-planning based on <span class="hlt">reference</span> DVHs. As dose prediction and knowledge-based planning becomes more prevalent in the clinical setting, incorporating such data into the treatment planning model in a clear, efficient way will be crucial for automated planning. A threshold-focused objective tuning should be explored over conventional methods of updating preference weights for DVH-guided treatment planning.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370435','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370435"><span>Delusions of <span class="hlt">reference</span>: a new theoretical model.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Startup, Mike; Bucci, Sandra; Langdon, Robyn</p> <p>2009-03-01</p> <p>Although delusions of <span class="hlt">reference</span> are one of the most <span class="hlt">common</span> psychotic symptoms, they have been the focus of little research, possibly because they have been considered to be integral to persecutory delusions. Evidence has now emerged that there are two kinds of delusion of <span class="hlt">reference</span>. One of these, referential delusions of communication, which involves beliefs that others are communicating in subtle, nonverbal ways, is the focus of this paper. We present a new model designed to account for the four crucial aspects of the phenomenology of these delusions: (1) that neutral stimuli are experienced as having personal significance; (2) that the neutral stimuli are experienced as communicating a message nonverbally; (3) that the content of the message concerns the self; (4) that the experience of a self-<span class="hlt">referent</span> communication is believed rather than being dismissed as implausible. We used PsycINFO and Scopus, using the term "delusion* of <span class="hlt">reference</span>", to search for publications with a bearing on our model. The amount of research we found that was designed to test aspects of this model is small but other published research appears to provide some support for its various steps. Much of this research was not explicitly intended to provide an account of delusions of <span class="hlt">reference</span> but its relevance nevertheless seems clear. There is preliminary support for the plausibility of our model but much additional research is needed. We conclude by summarising what we consider to be the main desiderata.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=disadvantage+AND+administrative+AND+management&pg=2&id=EJ384350','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=disadvantage+AND+administrative+AND+management&pg=2&id=EJ384350"><span>Collective Management of <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Services.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Comer, Cynthia H.; And Others</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>Describes a one-year experiment with collective management--i.e., management in which decision-making rests with the department as a whole--in the Oberlin College Library <span class="hlt">reference</span> department. The planning <span class="hlt">process</span>, problems, and advantages and disadvantages of this style of management are discussed. Several questions are raised about the…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24592226','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24592226"><span>Insight into others' minds: spatio-temporal representations by intrinsic frame of <span class="hlt">reference</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sun, Yanlong; Wang, Hongbin</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Recent research has seen a growing interest in connections between domains of spatial and social cognition. Much evidence indicates that <span class="hlt">processes</span> of representing space in distinct frames of <span class="hlt">reference</span> (FOR) contribute to basic spatial abilities as well as sophisticated social abilities such as tracking other's intention and belief. Argument remains, however, that belief reasoning in social domain requires an innately dedicated system and cannot be reduced to low-level encoding of spatial relationships. Here we offer an integrated account advocating the critical roles of spatial representations in intrinsic frame of <span class="hlt">reference</span>. By re-examining the results from a spatial task (Tamborello etal., 2012) and a false-belief task (Onishi and Baillargeon, 2005), we argue that spatial and social abilities share a <span class="hlt">common</span> origin at the level of spatio-temporal association and predictive learning, where multiple FOR-based representations provide the basic building blocks for efficient and flexible partitioning of the environmental statistics. We also discuss neuroscience evidence supporting these mechanisms. We conclude that FOR-based representations may bridge the conceptual as well as the implementation gaps between the burgeoning fields of social and spatial cognition.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24355262','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24355262"><span>Biological nitrate removal <span class="hlt">processes</span> from drinking water supply-a review.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mohseni-Bandpi, Anoushiravan; Elliott, David Jack; Zazouli, Mohammad Ali</p> <p>2013-12-19</p> <p>This paper reviews both heterotrophic and autotrophic <span class="hlt">processes</span> for the removal of nitrate from water supplies. The most <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used carbon sources in heterotrophic denitrification are methanol, ethanol and acetic acid. <span class="hlt">Process</span> performance for each feed stock is compared with particular <span class="hlt">reference</span> nitrate and nitrite residual and to toxicity potential. Autotrophic nitrate removal has the advantages of not requiring an organic carbon source; however the slow growth rate of autotrophic bacteria and low nitrate removal rate have contributed to the fact that relatively few full scale plants are in operation at the present time.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.epa.gov/minimum-risk-pesticides/commonly-consumed-food-commodities','PESTICIDES'); return false;" href="https://www.epa.gov/minimum-risk-pesticides/commonly-consumed-food-commodities"><span><span class="hlt">Commonly</span> Consumed Food Commodities</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/search.htm">EPA Pesticide Factsheets</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Commonly</span> consumed foods are those ingested for their nutrient properties. Food commodities can be either raw agricultural commodities or <span class="hlt">processed</span> commodities, provided that they are the forms that are sold or distributed for human consumption. Learn more.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19720012067','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19720012067"><span>A stellar tracking <span class="hlt">reference</span> system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Klestadt, B.</p> <p>1971-01-01</p> <p>A stellar attitude <span class="hlt">reference</span> system concept for satellites was studied which promises to permit continuous precision pointing of payloads with accuracies of 0.001 degree without the use of gyroscopes. It is accomplished with the use of a single, clustered star tracker assembly mounted on a non-orthogonal, two gimbal mechanism, driven so as to unwind satellite orbital and orbit precession rates. A set of eight stars was found which assures the presence of an adequate inertial <span class="hlt">reference</span> on a continuous basis in an arbitrary orbit. Acquisition and operational considerations were investigated and inherent <span class="hlt">reference</span> redundancy/reliability was established. Preliminary designs for the gimbal mechanism, its servo drive, and the star tracker cluster with its associated signal <span class="hlt">processing</span> were developed for a baseline sun-synchronous, noon-midnight orbit. The functions required of the onboard computer were determined and the equations to be solved were found. In addition detailed error analyses were carried out, based on structural, thermal and other operational considerations.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title15-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title15-vol1-sec200-105.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title15-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title15-vol1-sec200-105.pdf"><span>15 CFR 200.105 - Standard <span class="hlt">reference</span> data.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>... for application in energy, environment and health, industrial <span class="hlt">process</span> design, materials durability... Institute of Physics, in the National Standard <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Data System reports as the NSRDS-NIST series, and...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22846522','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22846522"><span>Vulvovaginitis and other <span class="hlt">common</span> vulvar disorders in children.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rome, Ellen S</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Vulvovaginitis, labial adhesions, and other vulvar disorders occur <span class="hlt">commonly</span> in children and can provoke high anxiety in both the parent and child. Performed correctly, the pediatric gynecologic examination can diagnose and treat, educate and reassure both parent and child. This examination requires patience, sensitivity, direct communication with the child as well as with the parent, and an open manner that inspires trust in both parties to manage a potentially anxiety-provoking situation. This chapter will review <span class="hlt">common</span> vulvar disorders, including vulvovaginitis, lichen sclerosis et atrophicus, bubble bath vaginitis, labial adhesions, urethral prolapse, and other <span class="hlt">common</span> problems. A discussion of childhood sexual abuse is beyond the scope of this chapter, with appropriate <span class="hlt">references</span> available elsewhere. Practical pearls will be offered to make this exam easy for the primary care clinician and/or subspecialist. Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27543806','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27543806"><span>A <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">reference</span>-based indirect comparison meta-analysis of eslicarbazepine versus lacosamide as add on treatments for focal epilepsy.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Brigo, Francesco; Trinka, Eugen; Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi; Nardone, Raffaele; Milan, Alberto; Grillo, Elisabetta</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>Eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL) and lacosamide (LCM) have recently emerged as add-on treatments in patients with focal epilepsy experiencing seizures despite adequate monotherapy. Both drugs enhance slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels. To date no randomized controlled trial (RCT) has directly compared ESL with LCM as add-on treatments for focal epilepsy. Our aim was to indirectly compare the efficacy of ESL and LCM used as add-on treatments in patients with focal epilepsy using <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">reference</span>-based indirect comparison meta-analysis. We systematically searched RCTs in which ESL or LCM has been used as add-on treatment in patients with focal epilepsy and compared with placebo. Following outcomes were considered: ≥50% reduction in seizure frequency; seizure freedom; treatment withdrawal for any reason; ≥25% increase in seizure frequency. Random-effects Mantel-Haenszel meta-analyses were performed to obtain odds ratios (ORs) for the efficacy of ESL or LCM versus placebo. Adjusted indirect comparisons were then made between ESL and LCM using the obtained results, and comparing the minimum and the highest effective recommended daily dose of each drug. Eight studies were included. Indirect comparisons adjusted for dose-effect showed no difference between ESL and LCM for responder rate, seizure freedom, and withdrawal rates. We could not assess increase in seizure frequency due to lack of data. Indirect comparisons failed to find a significant difference in efficacy between add-on ESL and LCM in patients with focal epilepsy. Direct head-to-head clinical trials comparing ESL with LCM as add-on antiepileptic treatment are required to confirm these results. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70000326','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70000326"><span>Global daily <span class="hlt">reference</span> evapotranspiration modeling and evaluation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Senay, G.B.; Verdin, J.P.; Lietzow, R.; Melesse, Assefa M.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>Accurate and reliable evapotranspiration (ET) datasets are crucial in regional water and energy balance studies. Due to the complex instrumentation requirements, actual ET values are generally estimated from <span class="hlt">reference</span> ET values by adjustment factors using coefficients for water stress and vegetation conditions, <span class="hlt">commonly</span> <span class="hlt">referred</span> to as crop coefficients. Until recently, the modeling of <span class="hlt">reference</span> ET has been solely based on important weather variables collected from weather stations that are generally located in selected agro-climatic locations. Since 2001, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) has been producing six-hourly climate parameter datasets that are used to calculate daily <span class="hlt">reference</span> ET for the whole globe at 1-degree spatial resolution. The U.S. Geological Survey Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science has been producing daily <span class="hlt">reference</span> ET (ETo) since 2001, and it has been used on a variety of operational hydrological models for drought and streamflow monitoring all over the world. With the increasing availability of local station-based <span class="hlt">reference</span> ET estimates, we evaluated the GDAS-based <span class="hlt">reference</span> ET estimates using data from the California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS). Daily CIMIS <span class="hlt">reference</span> ET estimates from 85 stations were compared with GDAS-based <span class="hlt">reference</span> ET at different spatial and temporal scales using five-year daily data from 2002 through 2006. Despite the large difference in spatial scale (point vs. ∼100 km grid cell) between the two datasets, the correlations between station-based ET and GDAS-ET were very high, exceeding 0.97 on a daily basis to more than 0.99 on time scales of more than 10 days. Both the temporal and spatial correspondences in trend/pattern and magnitudes between the two datasets were satisfactory, suggesting the reliability of using GDAS parameter-based <span class="hlt">reference</span> ET for regional water and energy balance studies in many parts of the world</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5315376','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5315376"><span>Sustainability of <span class="hlt">common</span> pool resources</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Timilsina, Raja Rajendra; Kamijo, Yoshio</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Sustainability has become a key issue in managing natural resources together with growing concerns for capitalism, environmental and resource problems. We hypothesize that the ongoing modernization of competitive societies, which we <span class="hlt">refer</span> to as “capitalism,” affects human nature for utilizing <span class="hlt">common</span> pool resources, thus compromising sustainability. To test this hypothesis, we design and implement a set of dynamic <span class="hlt">common</span> pool resource games and experiments in the following two types of Nepalese areas: (i) rural (non-capitalistic) and (ii) urban (capitalistic) areas. We find that a proportion of prosocial individuals in urban areas is lower than that in rural areas, and urban residents deplete resources more quickly than rural residents. The composition of proself and prosocial individuals in a group and the degree of capitalism are crucial in that an increase in prosocial members in a group and the rural dummy positively affect resource sustainability by 65% and 63%, respectively. Overall, this paper shows that when societies move toward more capitalistic environments, the sustainability of <span class="hlt">common</span> pool resources tends to decrease with the changes in individual preferences, social norms, customs and views to others through human interactions. This result implies that individuals may be losing their coordination abilities for social dilemmas of resource sustainability in capitalistic societies. PMID:28212426</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28212426','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28212426"><span>Sustainability of <span class="hlt">common</span> pool resources.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Timilsina, Raja Rajendra; Kotani, Koji; Kamijo, Yoshio</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Sustainability has become a key issue in managing natural resources together with growing concerns for capitalism, environmental and resource problems. We hypothesize that the ongoing modernization of competitive societies, which we <span class="hlt">refer</span> to as "capitalism," affects human nature for utilizing <span class="hlt">common</span> pool resources, thus compromising sustainability. To test this hypothesis, we design and implement a set of dynamic <span class="hlt">common</span> pool resource games and experiments in the following two types of Nepalese areas: (i) rural (non-capitalistic) and (ii) urban (capitalistic) areas. We find that a proportion of prosocial individuals in urban areas is lower than that in rural areas, and urban residents deplete resources more quickly than rural residents. The composition of proself and prosocial individuals in a group and the degree of capitalism are crucial in that an increase in prosocial members in a group and the rural dummy positively affect resource sustainability by 65% and 63%, respectively. Overall, this paper shows that when societies move toward more capitalistic environments, the sustainability of <span class="hlt">common</span> pool resources tends to decrease with the changes in individual preferences, social norms, customs and views to others through human interactions. This result implies that individuals may be losing their coordination abilities for social dilemmas of resource sustainability in capitalistic societies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5200920','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5200920"><span>Language in Context: MEG Evidence for Modality-General and -Specific Responses to <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Resolution</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Abstract Successful language comprehension critically depends on our ability to link linguistic expressions to the entities they <span class="hlt">refer</span> to. Without <span class="hlt">reference</span> resolution, newly encountered language cannot be related to previously acquired knowledge. The human experience includes many different types of <span class="hlt">referents</span>, some visual, some auditory, some very abstract. Does the neural basis of <span class="hlt">reference</span> resolution depend on the nature of the <span class="hlt">referents</span>, or do our brains use a modality-general mechanism for linking meanings to <span class="hlt">referents</span>? Here we report evidence for both. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG), we varied both the modality of <span class="hlt">referents</span>, which consisted either of visual or auditory objects, and the point at which <span class="hlt">reference</span> resolution was possible within sentences. Source-localized MEG responses revealed brain activity associated with <span class="hlt">reference</span> resolution that was independent of the modality of the <span class="hlt">referents</span>, localized to the medial parietal lobe and starting ∼415 ms after the onset of <span class="hlt">reference</span> resolving words. A modality-specific response to <span class="hlt">reference</span> resolution in auditory domains was also found, in the vicinity of auditory cortex. Our results suggest that referential language <span class="hlt">processing</span> cannot be reduced to <span class="hlt">processing</span> in classical language regions and representations of the referential domain in modality-specific neural systems. Instead, our results suggest that <span class="hlt">reference</span> resolution engages medial parietal cortex, which supports a mechanism for referential <span class="hlt">processing</span> regardless of the content modality. PMID:28058272</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/541762','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/541762"><span>Method of pedestal and <span class="hlt">common</span>-mode noise correction for switched-capacitor analog memories</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Britton, C.L.</p> <p>1997-09-23</p> <p>A method and apparatus are disclosed for correcting <span class="hlt">common</span>-mode noise and pedestal noise in a multichannel array of switched-capacitor analog memories wherein each analog memory is connected to an associated analog-to-digital converter. The apparatus comprises a single differential element in two different embodiments. In a first embodiment, the differential element is a <span class="hlt">reference</span> analog memory connected to a buffer. In the second embodiment, the differential dement is a <span class="hlt">reference</span> analog memory connected to a <span class="hlt">reference</span> analog-to-digital connected to an array of digital summing circuits. 4 figs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/415753','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/415753"><span>Method of pedestal and <span class="hlt">common</span>-mode noise correction for switched-capacitor analog memories</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Britton, C.L.</p> <p>1996-12-31</p> <p>A method and apparatus are disclosed for correcting <span class="hlt">common</span>-mode noise and pedestal noise in a multichannel array of switched-capacitor analog memories wherein each analog memory is connected to an associated analog-to-digital converter. The apparatus comprises a single differential element in two different embodiments. In a first embodiment, the differential element is a <span class="hlt">reference</span> analog memory connected to a buffer. In the second embodiment, the differential element is a <span class="hlt">reference</span> analog memory connected to a <span class="hlt">reference</span> analog-to-digital connected to an array of digital summing circuits. 4 figs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/871159','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/871159"><span>Method of pedestal and <span class="hlt">common</span>-mode noise correction for switched-capacitor analog memories</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Britton, Charles L.</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>A method and apparatus for correcting <span class="hlt">common</span>-mode noise and pedestal noise in a multichannel array of switched-capacitor analog memories wherein each analog memory is connected to an associated analog-to-digital converter. The apparatus comprises a single differential element in two different embodiments. In a first embodiment, the differential element is a <span class="hlt">reference</span> analog memory connected to a buffer. In the second embodiment, the differential dement is a <span class="hlt">reference</span> analog memory connected to a <span class="hlt">reference</span> analog-to-digital connected to an array of digital summing circuits.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/870764','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/870764"><span>Method of pedestal and <span class="hlt">common</span>-mode noise correction for switched-capacitor analog memories</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Britton, Charles L.</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>A method and apparatus for correcting <span class="hlt">common</span>-mode noise and pedestal noise in a multichannel array of switched-capacitor analog memories wherein each analog memory is connected to an associated analog-to-digital converter. The apparatus comprises a single differential element in two different embodiments. In a first embodiment, the differential element is a <span class="hlt">reference</span> analog memory connected to a buffer. In the second embodiment, the differential element is a <span class="hlt">reference</span> analog memory connected to a <span class="hlt">reference</span> analog-to-digital connected to an array of digital summing circuits.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25698367','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25698367"><span><span class="hlt">Reference</span> values of MRI measurements of the <span class="hlt">common</span> bile duct and pancreatic duct in children.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gwal, Kriti; Bedoya, Maria A; Patel, Neal; Rambhatla, Siri J; Darge, Kassa; Sreedharan, Ram R; Anupindi, Sudha A</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>Magnetic resonance imaging/cholangiopancreatography (MRI/MRCP) is now an essential imaging modality for the evaluation of biliary and pancreatic pathology in children, but there are no data depicting the normal diameters of the <span class="hlt">common</span> bile duct (CBD) and pancreatic duct. Recognition of abnormal duct size is important and the increasing use of MRCP necessitates normal MRI measurements. To present normal MRI measurements for the <span class="hlt">common</span> bile duct and pancreatic duct in children. In this retrospective study we searched all children ages birth to 10 years in our MR urography (MRU) database from 2006 until 2013. We excluded children with a history of hepatobiliary or pancreatic surgery. We stratified 204 children into five age groups and retrospectively measured the CBD and the pancreatic duct on 2-D axial and 3-D coronal T2-weighted sequences. We performed statistical analysis, using logistic and linear regressions to detect the age association of the visibility and size of the duct measurements. We used non-parametric tests to detect gender and imaging plane differences. Our study included 204 children, 106 (52%) boys and 98 (48%) girls, with a median age of 33 months (range 0-119 months). The children were distributed into five age groups. The <span class="hlt">common</span> bile duct was visible in all children in all age groups. The pancreatic duct was significantly less visible in the youngest children, group 1 (54/67, 80.5%; P = 0.003) than in the oldest children, group 5 (22/22, 100%). In group 2 the pancreatic duct was seen in 19/21 (90.4%), in group 3 52/55 (94.5%), and in group 4 39/39 (100%). All duct measurements increased with age (P < 0.001; r-value > 0.423), and the incremental differences between ages were significant. The measurement variations between the axial and coronal planes were statistically significant (P < 0.001); however these differences were fractions of millimeters. For example, in group 1 the mean coronal measurement of the CBD was 2.1 mm and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=music+AND+science&pg=2&id=EJ1012105','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=music+AND+science&pg=2&id=EJ1012105"><span>Simplifying the ELA <span class="hlt">Common</span> Core; Demystifying Curriculum</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Schmoker, Mike; Jago, Carol</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The English Language Arts (ELA) <span class="hlt">Common</span> Core State Standards ([CCSS], 2010) could have a transformational effect on American education. Though the <span class="hlt">process</span> seems daunting, one can begin immediately integrating the essence of the ELA <span class="hlt">Common</span> Core in every subject area. This article shows how one could implement the <span class="hlt">Common</span> Core and create coherent,…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29672266','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29672266"><span>Indirect methods for <span class="hlt">reference</span> interval determination - review and recommendations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Jones, Graham R D; Haeckel, Rainer; Loh, Tze Ping; Sikaris, Ken; Streichert, Thomas; Katayev, Alex; Barth, Julian H; Ozarda, Yesim</p> <p>2018-04-19</p> <p><span class="hlt">Reference</span> intervals are a vital part of the information supplied by clinical laboratories to support interpretation of numerical pathology results such as are produced in clinical chemistry and hematology laboratories. The traditional method for establishing <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals, known as the direct approach, is based on collecting samples from members of a preselected <span class="hlt">reference</span> population, making the measurements and then determining the intervals. An alternative approach is to perform analysis of results generated as part of routine pathology testing and using appropriate statistical techniques to determine <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals. This is known as the indirect approach. This paper from a working group of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) Committee on <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Intervals and Decision Limits (C-RIDL) aims to summarize current thinking on indirect approaches to <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals. The indirect approach has some major potential advantages compared with direct methods. The <span class="hlt">processes</span> are faster, cheaper and do not involve patient inconvenience, discomfort or the risks associated with generating new patient health information. Indirect methods also use the same preanalytical and analytical techniques used for patient management and can provide very large numbers for assessment. Limitations to the indirect methods include possible effects of diseased subpopulations on the derived interval. The IFCC C-RIDL aims to encourage the use of indirect methods to establish and verify <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals, to promote publication of such intervals with clear explanation of the <span class="hlt">process</span> used and also to support the development of improved statistical techniques for these studies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25721220','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25721220"><span><span class="hlt">Reference</span> Equations for Static Lung Volumes and TLCO from a Population Sample in Northern Greece.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Michailopoulos, Pavlos; Kontakiotis, Theodoros; Spyratos, Dionisios; Argyropoulou-Pataka, Paraskevi; Sichletidis, Lazaros</p> <p>2015-02-14</p> <p>Background: The most <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used <span class="hlt">reference</span> equations for the measurement of static lung volumes/capacities and transfer factor of the lung for CO (TL CO ) are based on studies around 30-40 years old with significant limitations. Objectives: Our aim was to (1) develop <span class="hlt">reference</span> equations for static lung volumes and TL CO using the current American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society guidelines, and (2) compare the equations derived with those most <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used. Methods: Healthy Caucasian subjects (234 males and 233 females) aged 18-91 years were recruited. All of them were healthy never smokers with a normal chest X-ray. Static lung volumes and TL CO were measured with a single-breath technique according to the latest guidelines. Results: Curvilinear regression prediction equations derived from the present study were compared with those that are most <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used. Our <span class="hlt">reference</span> equations in accordance with the latest studies show lower values for all static lung volume parameters and TL CO as well as a different way of deviation of those parameters (i.e. declining with age total lung capacity, TL CO age decline in both sex and functional residual capacity age rise in males). Conclusions: We suggest that old <span class="hlt">reference</span> values of static lung volumes and TL CO should be updated, and our perception of deviation of some spirometric parameters should be revised. Our new <span class="hlt">reference</span> curvilinear equations derived according to the latest guidelines could contribute to the updating by respiratory societies of old existing <span class="hlt">reference</span> values and result in a better estimation of the lung function of contemporary populations with similar Caucasian characteristics. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21133545','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21133545"><span>Structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Fourth Edition among a national sample of <span class="hlt">referred</span> students.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Watkins, Marley W</p> <p>2010-12-01</p> <p>The structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV; D. Wechsler, 2003a) was analyzed via confirmatory factor analysis among a national sample of 355 students <span class="hlt">referred</span> for psychoeducational evaluation by 93 school psychologists from 35 states. The structure of the WISC-IV core battery was best represented by four first-order factors as per D. Wechsler (2003b), plus a general intelligence factor in a direct hierarchical model. The general factor was the predominate source of variation among WISC-IV subtests, accounting for 48% of the total variance and 75% of the <span class="hlt">common</span> variance. The largest 1st-order factor, <span class="hlt">Processing</span> Speed, only accounted for 6.1% total and 9.5% <span class="hlt">common</span> variance. Given these explanatory contributions, recommendations favoring interpretation of the 1st-order factor scores over the general intelligence score appear to be misguided.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19960016647','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19960016647"><span>Space Station Biological Research Project: <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Experiment Book</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Johnson, Catherine (Editor); Wade, Charles (Editor)</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p>The Space Station Biological Research Project (SSBRP), which is the combined efforts of the Centrifuge Facility (CF) and the Gravitational Biology Facility (GBF), is responsible for the development of life sciences hardware to be used on the International Space Station to support cell, developmental, and plant biology research. The SSBRP <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Experiment Book was developed to use as a tool for guiding this development effort. The <span class="hlt">reference</span> experiments characterize the research interests of the international scientific community and serve to identify the hardware capabilities and support equipment needed to support such research. The <span class="hlt">reference</span> experiments also serve as a tool for understanding the operational aspects of conducting research on board the Space Station. This material was generated by the science community by way of their responses to <span class="hlt">reference</span> experiment solicitation packages sent to them by SSBRP scientists. The solicitation <span class="hlt">process</span> was executed in two phases. The first phase was completed in February of 1992 and the second phase completed in November of 1995. Representing these phases, the document is subdivided into a Section 1 and a Section 2. The <span class="hlt">reference</span> experiments contained in this document are only representative microgravity experiments. They are not intended to define actual flight experiments. Ground and flight experiments will be selected through the formal NASA Research Announcement (NRA) and Announcement of Opportunity (AO) experiment solicitation, review, and selection <span class="hlt">process</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9643E..0AD','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9643E..0AD"><span>Sentinel 2 global <span class="hlt">reference</span> image</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dechoz, C.; Poulain, V.; Massera, S.; Languille, F.; Greslou, D.; de Lussy, F.; Gaudel, A.; L'Helguen, C.; Picard, C.; Trémas, T.</p> <p>2015-10-01</p> <p>Sentinel-2 is a multispectral, high-resolution, optical imaging mission, developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) in the frame of the Copernicus program of the European Commission. In cooperation with ESA, the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) is responsible for the image quality of the project, and will ensure the CAL/VAL commissioning phase. Sentinel-2 mission is devoted the operational monitoring of land and coastal areas, and will provide a continuity of SPOT- and Landsat-type data. Sentinel-2 will also deliver information for emergency services. Launched in 2015 and 2016, there will be a constellation of 2 satellites on a polar sun-synchronous orbit, imaging systematically terrestrial surfaces with a revisit time of 5 days, in 13 spectral bands in visible and shortwave infra-red. Therefore, multi-temporal series of images, taken under the same viewing conditions, will be available. So as to ensure for the multi-temporal registration of the products, specified to be better than 0.3 pixels at 2σ, a Global <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Image (GRI) will be produced during the CAL/VAL period. This GRI is composed of a set of Sentinel-2 acquisitions, which geometry has been corrected by bundle block adjustment. During L1B <span class="hlt">processing</span>, Ground Control Points will be taken between this <span class="hlt">reference</span> image and the sentinel-2 acquisition <span class="hlt">processed</span> and the geometric model of the image corrected, so as to ensure the good multi-temporal registration. This paper first details the production of the <span class="hlt">reference</span> during the CALVAL period, and then details the qualification and geolocation performance assessment of the GRI. It finally presents its use in the Level-1 <span class="hlt">processing</span> chain and gives a first assessment of the multi-temporal registration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19271255','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19271255"><span>[Tasks and duties of veterinary <span class="hlt">reference</span> laboratories for food borne zoonoses].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ellerbroek, Lüppo; Alter, T; Johne, R; Nöckler, K; Beutin, L; Helmuth, R</p> <p>2009-02-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Reference</span> laboratories are of central importance for consumer protection. Field expertise and high scientific competence are basic requirements for the nomination of a national <span class="hlt">reference</span> laboratory. To ensure a <span class="hlt">common</span> approach in the analysis of zoonotic hazards, standards have been developed by the <span class="hlt">reference</span> laboratories together with national official laboratories on the basis of Art. 33 of Directive (EG) No. 882/2004. <span class="hlt">Reference</span> laboratories function as arbitrative boards in the case of ambivalent or debatable results. New methods for detection of zoonotic agents are developed and validated to provide tools for analysis, e. g., in legal cases, if results from different parties are disputed. Besides these tasks, national <span class="hlt">reference</span> laboratories offer capacity building and advanced training courses and control the performance of ring trials to ensure consistency in the quality of analyses in official laboratories. All <span class="hlt">reference</span> laboratories work according to the ISO standard 17025 which defines the grounds for strict laboratory quality rules and in cooperation with the respective Community <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Laboratories (CRL). From the group of veterinary <span class="hlt">reference</span> laboratories for food-borne zoonoses, the national <span class="hlt">reference</span> laboratories are responsible for Listeria monocytogenes, for Campylobacter, for the surveillance and control of viral and bacterial contamination of bivalve molluscs, for E. coli, for the performance of analysis and tests on zoonoses (Salmonella), and from the group of parasitological zoonotic agents, the national <span class="hlt">reference</span> laboratory for Trichinella.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=286755','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=286755"><span>Gaussian <span class="hlt">process</span> models for <span class="hlt">reference</span> ET estimation from alternative meteorological data sources</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Accurate estimates of daily crop evapotranspiration (ET) are needed for efficient irrigation management, especially in arid and semi-arid regions where crop water demand exceeds rainfall. Daily grass or alfalfa <span class="hlt">reference</span> ET values and crop coefficients are widely used to estimate crop water demand. ...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=ground&pg=5&id=EJ1070656','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=ground&pg=5&id=EJ1070656"><span>Young Children Use Shared Experience to Interpret Definite <span class="hlt">Reference</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Schmerse, Daniel; Lieven, Elena; Tomasello, Michael</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>We investigated whether children at the ages of two and three years understand that a speaker's use of the definite article specifies a <span class="hlt">referent</span> that is in <span class="hlt">common</span> ground between speaker and listener. An experimenter and a child engaged in joint actions in which the experimenter chose one of three similar objects of the same category to perform an…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950007862','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19950007862"><span>Global <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame: Intercomparison of results (SLR, VLBI and GPS)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ma, Chopo; Watkins, Michael M.; Heflin, M.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>The terrestrial <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame (TRF) is realized by a set of positions and velocities derived from a combination of the three space geodetic techniques, SLR, VLBI and GPS. The standard International TRF is constructed by the International Earth Rotation Service in such a way that it is stable with time and the addition of new data. An adopted model for overall plate motion, NUVEL-1 NNR, defines the conceptual <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame in which all the plates are moving. In addition to the measurements made between <span class="hlt">reference</span> points within the space geodetic instruments, it is essential to have accurate, documented eccentricity measurements from the instrument <span class="hlt">reference</span> points to ground monuments. Proper local surveys between the set of ground monuments at a site are also critical for the use of the space geodetic results. Eccentricities and local surveys are, in fact, the most <span class="hlt">common</span> and vexing sources of error in the use of the TRF for such activities as collocation and intercomparison.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160010179','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160010179"><span>A First Look at the Upcoming SISO Space <span class="hlt">Reference</span> FOM</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mueller, Bjorn; Crues, Edwin Z.; Dexter, Dan; Garro, Alfredo; Skuratovskiy, Anton; Vankov, Alexander</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Spaceflight is difficult, dangerous and expensive; human spaceflight even more so. In order to mitigate some of the danger and expense, professionals in the space domain have relied, and continue to rely, on computer simulation. Simulation is used at every level including concept, design, analysis, construction, testing, training and ultimately flight. As space systems have grown more complex, new simulation technologies have been developed, adopted and applied. Distributed simulation is one those technologies. Distributed simulation provides a base technology for segmenting these complex space systems into smaller, and usually simpler, component systems or subsystems. This segmentation also supports the separation of responsibilities between participating organizations. This segmentation is particularly useful for complex space systems like the International Space Station (ISS), which is composed of many elements from many nations along with visiting vehicles from many nations. This is likely to be the case for future human space exploration activities. Over the years, a number of distributed simulations have been built within the space domain. While many use the High Level Architecture (HLA) to provide the infrastructure for interoperability, HLA without a Federation Object Model (FOM) is insufficient by itself to insure interoperability. As a result, the Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO) is developing a Space <span class="hlt">Reference</span> FOM. The Space <span class="hlt">Reference</span> FOM Product Development Group is composed of members from several countries. They contribute experiences from projects within NASA, ESA and other organizations and represent government, academia and industry. The initial version of the Space <span class="hlt">Reference</span> FOM is focusing on time and space and will provide the following: (i) a flexible positioning system using <span class="hlt">reference</span> frames for arbitrary bodies in space, (ii) a naming conventions for well-known <span class="hlt">reference</span> frames, (iii) definitions of <span class="hlt">common</span> time scales</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21125990','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21125990"><span><span class="hlt">Common</span> themes in the literature on traditional medicine in Papua New Guinea.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Macfarlane, Joan</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>A review of the literature on traditional medical practices and beliefs in Papua New Guinea (PNG) was conducted in order to provide context and background information for the Department of Health's National Policy on Traditional Medicine for Papua New Guinea. The literature review examined accounts that <span class="hlt">refer</span> to all 19 provinces and 50 different cultural groups. PNG is renowned for its cultural diversity and it was evident in the literature review that many beliefs and practices are specific to particular cultural groups. Many cultural groups adopt unique practices based on their own specific explanations of illness. At the same time, the review identified a number of <span class="hlt">commonalities</span> in concepts of health and illness, treatment-seeking behaviour and reactions to the introduction of western medicine among Papua New Guineans from different geographic areas. Both the diversity and the <span class="hlt">commonalities</span> provide context and background for the National Policy that was approved by the National Executive Committee in March 2007 and officially launched in April 2009. The <span class="hlt">commonalities</span> are pertinent to the policy on a national level while the diversity must be considered when the policy is implemented at the local level. Summarizing the <span class="hlt">commonalities</span> between different cultural groups illuminates central belief and behaviour constructs relating to health and illness. Ideas and similarities in practice or perceptions relating to traditional medicine in PNG that are <span class="hlt">common</span> across a number of provinces are the subject of this paper. The most <span class="hlt">common</span> features include a belief in the power of sorcery, which is universal, the importance of adherence to customary law and the healing power of herbs and incantation. These findings are a working draft of the expected norms of traditional medicine in PNG, which can be tested and refined during the <span class="hlt">process</span> of implementing the National Policy, which, it should be noted, explicitly excludes the use of sorcery.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29487448','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29487448"><span>Elucidating potential utilization of Portuguese <span class="hlt">common</span> bean varieties in rice based <span class="hlt">processed</span> foods.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Carbas, Bruna; Pathania, Shivani; Castanho, Ana; Lourenço, Diana; Veiga, Isabel Mota; Patto, Maria Carlota Vaz; Brites, Carla</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The present study was aimed at studying the physico-chemical and functional properties of 31 Portuguese <span class="hlt">common</span> bean varieties. In addition, the whole bean flours (WBF) and starch isolates (SI) of three representative bean varieties and their rice: bean blends (70:30; 50:50) were assessed for amylose content, thermal and pasting properties in view of supplementation in rice based <span class="hlt">processed</span> foods. Bean varieties showed significant differences in protein content (20.78-27.10%), fat content (1.16-2.18%), hydration capacity (95.90-149.30%), unhydrated seeds (4.00-40.00%), γ tocopherol (3.20-98.05 mg/100 g fat), δ tocopherol (0.06-4.72 mg/100 g fat) and pasting behavior. Amylose content of WBF (11.4-20.2%) was significantly lower than rice flour (23.51%) whereas SI of beans (40.00-47.26%) had significantly higher amylose content than SI of rice (28.13%). DSC results showed that WBF (11.4-20.2 °C) had significantly broader and lower gelatinization temperature range (∆Tr) than corresponding SI (20.9-23.1 °C). WBF had significantly lower pasting viscosity due to low starch content and compositional matrix effect as compared to SI. Setback viscosities of WBF and rice: bean blends was lower than rice flour. Low setback viscosities of rice:bean blends may be used to prevent syneresis and stabilizing the quality of frozen foods in rice based <span class="hlt">processed</span> foods.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27386825','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27386825"><span>Identification of a <span class="hlt">reference</span> gene for the quantification of mRNA and miRNA expression during skin wound healing.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Etich, Julia; Bergmeier, Vera; Pitzler, Lena; Brachvogel, Bent</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>Wound healing is a coordinated <span class="hlt">process</span> to restore tissue homeostasis and reestablish the protective barrier of the skin. miRNAs may modulate the expression of target genes to contribute to repair <span class="hlt">processes</span>, but due to the complexity of the tissue it is challenging to quantify gene expression during the distinct phases of wound repair. Here, we aimed to identify a <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">reference</span> gene to quantify changes in miRNA and mRNA expression during skin wound healing. Quantitative real-time PCR and bioinformatic analysis tools were used to identify suitable <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes during skin repair and their reliability was tested by studying the expression of mRNAs and miRNAs. Morphological assessment of wounds showed that the injury model recapitulates the distinct phases of skin repair. Non-degraded RNA could be isolated from skin and wounds and used to study the expression of non-coding small nuclear RNAs during wound healing. Among those, RNU6B was most constantly expressed during skin repair. Using this <span class="hlt">reference</span> gene we could confirm the transient upregulation of IL-1β and PTPRC/CD45 during the early phase as well as the increased expression of collagen type I at later stages of repair and validate the differential expression of miR-204, miR-205, and miR-31 in skin wounds. In contrast to Gapdh the normalization to multiple <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes gave a similar outcome. RNU6B is an accurate alternative normalizer to quantify mRNA and miRNA expression during the distinct phases of skin wound healing when analysis of multiple <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes is not feasible.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6358226','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6358226"><span>The <span class="hlt">processing</span> and collaborative assay of a <span class="hlt">reference</span> endotoxin.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hochstein, H D; Mills, D F; Outschoorn, A S; Rastogi, S C</p> <p>1983-10-01</p> <p>A preparation of Escherichia coli bacterial endotoxin, the latest of successive lots drawn from bulk material which has been studied in laboratory tests and in animals and humans for suitability as a <span class="hlt">reference</span> endotoxin, has been filled and lyophilized in a large number of vials. Details of its characterization, including stability studies, are given. A collaborative assay was conducted by 14 laboratories using gelation end-points with Limulus amebocyte lysates. Approximate continuity of the unit of potency with the existing national unit was achieved. The lot was made from the single final bulk but had to be freeze-dried in five sublimators. An assessment was therefore made for possible heterogeneity. The results indicate that the lot can be used as a large homogeneous quantity. The advantages of using it widely as a standard for endotoxins are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17252063','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17252063"><span>Trends in <span class="hlt">reference</span> usage statistics in an academic health sciences library.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>De Groote, Sandra L; Hitchcock, Kristin; McGowan, Richard</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>To examine <span class="hlt">reference</span> questions asked through traditional means at an academic health sciences library and place this data within the context of larger trends in <span class="hlt">reference</span> services. Detailed data on the types of <span class="hlt">reference</span> questions asked were collected during two one-month periods in 2003 and 2004. General statistics documenting broad categories of questions were compiled over a fifteen-year period. Administrative data show a steady increase in questions from 1990 to 1997/98 (23,848 to 48,037, followed by a decline through 2004/05 to 10,031. The distribution of <span class="hlt">reference</span> questions asked over the years has changed-including a reduction in mediated searches 2,157 in 1990/91 to 18 in 2004/05, an increase in instruction 1,284 in 1993/94 to 1,897 in 2004/05 and an increase in digital <span class="hlt">reference</span> interactions 0 in 1999/2000 to 581 in 2004/05. The most <span class="hlt">commonly</span> asked questions at the current <span class="hlt">reference</span> desk are about journal holdings 19%, book holdings 12%, and directional issues 12%. This study provides a unique snapshot of <span class="hlt">reference</span> services in the contemporary library, where both online and offline services are commonplace. Changes in questions have impacted the way the library provides services, but traditional <span class="hlt">reference</span> remains the core of information services in this health sciences library.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28083826','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28083826"><span>Development of a <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Image Collection Library for Histopathology Image <span class="hlt">Processing</span>, Analysis and Decision Support Systems Research.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kostopoulos, Spiros; Ravazoula, Panagiota; Asvestas, Pantelis; Kalatzis, Ioannis; Xenogiannopoulos, George; Cavouras, Dionisis; Glotsos, Dimitris</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>Histopathology image <span class="hlt">processing</span>, analysis and computer-aided diagnosis have been shown as effective assisting tools towards reliable and intra-/inter-observer invariant decisions in traditional pathology. Especially for cancer patients, decisions need to be as accurate as possible in order to increase the probability of optimal treatment planning. In this study, we propose a new image collection library (HICL-Histology Image Collection Library) comprising 3831 histological images of three different diseases, for fostering research in histopathology image <span class="hlt">processing</span>, analysis and computer-aided diagnosis. Raw data comprised 93, 116 and 55 cases of brain, breast and laryngeal cancer respectively collected from the archives of the University Hospital of Patras, Greece. The 3831 images were generated from the most representative regions of the pathology, specified by an experienced histopathologist. The HICL Image Collection is free for access under an academic license at http://medisp.bme.teiath.gr/hicl/ . Potential exploitations of the proposed library may span over a board spectrum, such as in image <span class="hlt">processing</span> to improve visualization, in segmentation for nuclei detection, in decision support systems for second opinion consultations, in statistical analysis for investigation of potential correlations between clinical annotations and imaging findings and, generally, in fostering research on histopathology image <span class="hlt">processing</span> and analysis. To the best of our knowledge, the HICL constitutes the first attempt towards creation of a <span class="hlt">reference</span> image collection library in the field of traditional histopathology, publicly and freely available to the scientific community.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27875759','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27875759"><span>Round ligament leiomyoma: a rare manifestation of a <span class="hlt">common</span> entity.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Deol, Madhvi; Arleo, Elizabeth Kagan</p> <p></p> <p>A 68-year-old woman with a history of multifocal uterine leiomyomas presented with left groin pain and was <span class="hlt">referred</span> for cross-sectional imaging to assess for the presence of an inguinal hernia. In this patient, MRI demonstrated a round ligament leiomyoma encased in the proximal left inguinal canal. Leiomyomas are the most <span class="hlt">common</span> benign gynecologic tumors, however round ligament leiomyomas are very rare. The purpose of this case report is to highlight a rare manifestation of a <span class="hlt">common</span> entity. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29401059','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29401059"><span>Survey of Current Practice in the Fitting and Fine-Tuning of <span class="hlt">Common</span> Signal-<span class="hlt">Processing</span> Features in Hearing Aids for Adults.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Anderson, Melinda C; Arehart, Kathryn H; Souza, Pamela E</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Current guidelines for adult hearing aid fittings recommend the use of a prescriptive fitting rationale with real-ear verification that considers the audiogram for the determination of frequency-specific gain and ratios for wide dynamic range compression. However, the guidelines lack recommendations for how other <span class="hlt">common</span> signal-<span class="hlt">processing</span> features (e.g., noise reduction, frequency lowering, directional microphones) should be considered during the provision of hearing aid fittings and fine-tunings for adult patients. The purpose of this survey was to identify how audiologists make clinical decisions regarding <span class="hlt">common</span> signal-<span class="hlt">processing</span> features for hearing aid provision in adults. An online survey was sent to audiologists across the United States. The 22 survey questions addressed four primary topics including demographics of the responding audiologists, factors affecting selection of hearing aid devices, the approaches used in the fitting of signal-<span class="hlt">processing</span> features, and the strategies used in the fine-tuning of these features. A total of 251 audiologists who provide hearing aid fittings to adults completed the electronically distributed survey. The respondents worked in a variety of settings including private practice, physician offices, university clinics, and hospitals/medical centers. Data analysis was based on a qualitative analysis of the question responses. The survey results for each of the four topic areas (demographics, device selection, hearing aid fitting, and hearing aid fine-tuning) are summarized descriptively. Survey responses indicate that audiologists vary in the procedures they use in fitting and fine-tuning based on the specific feature, such that the approaches used for the fitting of frequency-specific gain differ from other types of features (i.e., compression time constants, frequency lowering parameters, noise reduction strength, directional microphones, feedback management). Audiologists <span class="hlt">commonly</span> rely on prescriptive fitting formulas and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26042643','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26042643"><span><span class="hlt">Reference</span> Materials: Significance, General Requirements, and Demand.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kiełbasa, Anna; Gadzała-Kopciuch, Renata; Buszewski, Bogusław</p> <p>2016-05-03</p> <p><span class="hlt">Reference</span> materials play an important part in the quality control of measurements. Rapid development of such new scientific disciplines as proteomics, metabolomics, and genomics also necessitates development of new <span class="hlt">reference</span> materials. This is a great challenge due to the complexity of the production of new <span class="hlt">reference</span> materials and difficulties associated with achieving their homogeneity and stability. CRMs of tissue are of particular importance. They can be counted among the matrices that are most complex and time consuming in preparation. Tissue is the place of transformation and accumulation of many substances (e.g., metabolites, which are intermediate or end products resulting from metabolic <span class="hlt">processes</span>). Trace amounts of many substances in tissues must be determined with adequate precision and accuracy. To meet the needs stemming from research and from problems and challenges faced by chemists, analysts, and toxicologists, the number of certified <span class="hlt">reference</span> materials should be continuously increased.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4310061','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4310061"><span>Harmonising Adult and Paediatric <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Intervals in Australia and New Zealand: An Evidence-Based Approach for Establishing a First Panel of Chemistry Analytes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Tate, Jillian R; Sikaris, Ken A; Jones, Graham RD; Yen, Tina; Koerbin, Gus; Ryan, Julie; Reed, Maxine; Gill, Janice; Koumantakis, George; Hickman, Peter; Graham, Peter</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Scientific evidence supports the use of <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals (RIs) for many general chemistry analytes, in particular those with sound calibration and traceability in place. Already the Nordic countries and United Kingdom have largely achieved harmonised RIs. Following a series of workshops organised by the Australasian Association of Clinical Biochemists (AACB) between 2012 and 2014 at which an evidence-based approach for determination of <span class="hlt">common</span> intervals was developed, pathology organisations in Australia and New Zealand have reached a scientific consensus on what adult and paediatric intervals we should use across Australasia. The aim of this report is to describe the <span class="hlt">processes</span> that the AACB and the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia have taken towards recommending the implementation of a first panel of <span class="hlt">common</span> RIs for use in Australasia. PMID:25678727</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26213506','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26213506"><span>Analysis of <span class="hlt">reference</span> sources used in drug-related Wikipedia articles.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Koppen, Laura; Phillips, Jennifer; Papageorgiou, Renee</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">References</span> from drug-related Wikipedia articles and a drug information database were compared. Drugs in Food and Drug Administration (FDA) MedWatch alerts from January-July 2013 were searched in Wikipedia and Lexicomp to compare <span class="hlt">reference</span> types and to assess the time for drug safety information to be incorporated into Wikipedia articles. Wikipedia most <span class="hlt">commonly</span> cited peer-reviewed journal articles (49.2%) and news articles (12.0%). MedWatch citations were incorporated into Wikipedia on average in 5.9 days. Wikipedia cited various sources but may not be a reliable, up-to-date resource for drug safety information.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050229951','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050229951"><span><span class="hlt">Common</span> Badging and Access Control System (CBACS)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Dischinger, Portia</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>This slide presentation presents NASA's <span class="hlt">Common</span> Badging and Access Control System. NASA began a Smart Card implementation in January 2004. Following site surveys, it was determined that NASA's badging and access control systems required upgrades to <span class="hlt">common</span> infrastructure in order to provide flexibly, usability, and return on investment prior to a smart card implantation. <span class="hlt">Common</span> Badging and Access Control System (CBACS) provides the <span class="hlt">common</span> infrastructure from which FIPS-201 compliant <span class="hlt">processes</span>, systems, and credentials can be developed and used.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SGeo...38..549I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SGeo...38..549I"><span>Definition and Proposed Realization of the International Height <span class="hlt">Reference</span> System (IHRS)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ihde, Johannes; Sánchez, Laura; Barzaghi, Riccardo; Drewes, Hermann; Foerste, Christoph; Gruber, Thomas; Liebsch, Gunter; Marti, Urs; Pail, Roland; Sideris, Michael</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Studying, understanding and modelling global change require geodetic <span class="hlt">reference</span> frames with an order of accuracy higher than the magnitude of the effects to be actually studied and with high consistency and reliability worldwide. The International Association of Geodesy, taking care of providing a precise geodetic infrastructure for monitoring the Earth system, promotes the implementation of an integrated global geodetic <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame that provides a reliable frame for consistent analysis and modelling of global phenomena and <span class="hlt">processes</span> affecting the Earth's gravity field, the Earth's surface geometry and the Earth's rotation. The definition, realization, maintenance and wide utilization of the International Terrestrial <span class="hlt">Reference</span> System guarantee a globally unified geometric <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame with an accuracy at the millimetre level. An equivalent high-precision global physical <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame that supports the reliable description of changes in the Earth's gravity field (such as sea level variations, mass displacements, <span class="hlt">processes</span> associated with geophysical fluids) is missing. This paper addresses the theoretical foundations supporting the implementation of such a physical <span class="hlt">reference</span> surface in terms of an International Height <span class="hlt">Reference</span> System and provides guidance for the coming activities required for the practical and sustainable realization of this system. Based on conceptual approaches of physical geodesy, the requirements for a unified global height <span class="hlt">reference</span> system are derived. In accordance with the practice, its realization as the International Height <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Frame is designed. Further steps for the implementation are also proposed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.soilcrust.org/refer.htm','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="http://www.soilcrust.org/refer.htm"><span>Soilcrust <span class="hlt">References</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p><em>Soil</em> Crust Home Crust 101 Advanced Gallery <span class="hlt">References</span> CCERS Site Links Updated: April 24, 2006 <span class="hlt">References</span> The complete biological <em>soil</em> crust <span class="hlt">reference</span> list is available in three formats: HTML Version</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9668E..4WH','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SPIE.9668E..4WH"><span>CMOS compatible fabrication <span class="hlt">process</span> of MEMS resonator for timing <span class="hlt">reference</span> and sensing application</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Huynh, Duc H.; Nguyen, Phuong D.; Nguyen, Thanh C.; Skafidas, Stan; Evans, Robin</p> <p>2015-12-01</p> <p>Frequency <span class="hlt">reference</span> and timing control devices are ubiquitous in electronic applications. There is at least one resonator required for each of this device. Currently electromechanical resonators such as crystal resonator, ceramic resonator are the ultimate choices. This tendency will probably keep going for many more years. However, current market demands for small size, low power consumption, cheap and reliable products, has divulged many limitations of this type of resonators. They cannot be integrated into standard CMOS (Complement metaloxide- semiconductor) IC (Integrated Circuit) due to material and fabrication <span class="hlt">process</span> incompatibility. Currently, these devices are off-chip and they require external circuitries to interface with the ICs. This configuration significantly increases the overall size and cost of the entire electronic system. In addition, extra external connection, especially at high frequency, will potentially create negative impacts on the performance of the entire system due to signal degradation and parasitic effects. Furthermore, due to off-chip packaging nature, these devices are quite expensive, particularly for high frequency and high quality factor devices. To address these issues, researchers have been intensively studying on an alternative for type of resonator by utilizing the new emerging MEMS (Micro-electro-mechanical systems) technology. Recent progress in this field has demonstrated a MEMS resonator with resonant frequency of 2.97 GHz and quality factor (measured in vacuum) of 42900. Despite this great achievement, this prototype is still far from being fully integrated into CMOS system due to incompatibility in fabrication <span class="hlt">process</span> and its high series motional impedance. On the other hand, fully integrated MEMS resonator had been demonstrated but at lower frequency and quality factor. We propose a design and fabrication <span class="hlt">process</span> for a low cost, high frequency and a high quality MEMS resonator, which can be integrated into a standard</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16226316','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16226316"><span>On two kinds of delusion of <span class="hlt">reference</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Startup, Mike; Startup, Sue</p> <p>2005-11-15</p> <p>Although delusions of <span class="hlt">reference</span> are one of the most <span class="hlt">common</span> psychotic symptoms, they have been the focus of little research. The aims of the present research were, first, to determine whether it is possible to identify different kinds of referential delusions reliably and, if so, to investigate associations among them and between these delusions and other positive psychotic symptoms. Participants with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (n=57) were recruited from a volunteer register (n=26) and from inpatient psychiatric wards (n=31). They were interviewed with the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) except that the questions about ideas and delusions of <span class="hlt">reference</span> were replaced with questions targeted at seven particular delusions and three content areas. Ratings were made independently by two assessors. Agreement between the assessors was high for all of the delusions of <span class="hlt">reference</span> and other psychotic symptoms. A factor analysis of these ratings revealed two factors that represent delusions of communication and delusions of observation. Only delusions of observation were associated with hallucinations and persecutory ideation. Delusions of communication showed few significant correlations with other symptoms and therefore appear to require different explanations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4539264','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4539264"><span>Production and Comprehension of Time <span class="hlt">Reference</span> in Korean Nonfluent Aphasia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lee, Jiyeon; Kwon, Miseon; Na, Hae Ri; Bastiaanse, Roelien; Thompson, Cynthia K.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Objectives Individuals with nonfluent agrammatic aphasia show impaired production and comprehension of time <span class="hlt">reference</span> via verbal morphology. However, cross-linguistic findings to date suggest inconsistent evidence as to whether tense <span class="hlt">processing</span> in general is impaired or time <span class="hlt">reference</span> to the past is selectively difficult in this population. This study examined production and comprehension of time <span class="hlt">reference</span> via verb morphology in Korean-speaking individuals with nonfluent aphasia. Methods A group of 9 healthy controls and 8 individuals with nonfluent aphasia (5 for the production task) participated in the study. Sentence priming production and auditory sentence to picture matching tasks were used, parallel with the previous cross-linguistic experiments in English, Chinese, Turkish, and others. Results The participants with nonfluent aphasia showed different patterns of impairment in production and comprehension. In production, they were impaired in all time <span class="hlt">references</span> with errors being dominated by substitution of incorrect time <span class="hlt">references</span> and other morpho-phonologically well-formed errors, indicating a largely intact morphological affixation <span class="hlt">process</span>. In comprehension, they showed selective impairment of the past, consistent with the cross-linguistic evidence from English, Chinese, Turkish, and others. Conclusion The findings suggest that interpretation of past time <span class="hlt">reference</span> poses particular difficulty in nonfluent aphasia irrespective of typological characteristics of languages; however, in production, language-specific morpho-semantic functions of verbal morphology may play a significant role in selective breakdowns of time <span class="hlt">reference</span>. PMID:26290861</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27012440','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27012440"><span>High pressure <span class="hlt">common</span> rail injection system modeling and control.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, H P; Zheng, D; Tian, Y</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>In this paper modeling and <span class="hlt">common</span>-rail pressure control of high pressure <span class="hlt">common</span> rail injection system (HPCRIS) is presented. The proposed mathematical model of high pressure <span class="hlt">common</span> rail injection system which contains three sub-systems: high pressure pump sub-model, <span class="hlt">common</span> rail sub-model and injector sub-model is a relative complicated nonlinear system. The mathematical model is validated by the software Matlab and a virtual detailed simulation environment. For the considered HPCRIS, an effective model free controller which is called Extended State Observer - based intelligent Proportional Integral (ESO-based iPI) controller is designed. And this proposed method is composed mainly of the <span class="hlt">referred</span> ESO observer, and a time delay estimation based iPI controller. Finally, to demonstrate the performances of the proposed controller, the proposed ESO-based iPI controller is compared with a conventional PID controller and ADRC. Copyright © 2016 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26834583','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26834583"><span>Assessing Granger Causality in Electrophysiological Data: Removing the Adverse Effects of <span class="hlt">Common</span> Signals via Bipolar Derivations.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Trongnetrpunya, Amy; Nandi, Bijurika; Kang, Daesung; Kocsis, Bernat; Schroeder, Charles E; Ding, Mingzhou</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Multielectrode voltage data are usually recorded against a <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">reference</span>. Such data are frequently used without further treatment to assess patterns of functional connectivity between neuronal populations and between brain areas. It is important to note from the outset that such an approach is valid only when the <span class="hlt">reference</span> electrode is nearly electrically silent. In practice, however, the <span class="hlt">reference</span> electrode is generally not electrically silent, thereby adding a <span class="hlt">common</span> signal to the recorded data. Volume conduction further complicates the problem. In this study we demonstrate the adverse effects of <span class="hlt">common</span> signals on the estimation of Granger causality, which is a statistical measure used to infer synaptic transmission and information flow in neural circuits from multielectrode data. We further test the hypothesis that the problem can be overcome by utilizing bipolar derivations where the difference between two nearby electrodes is taken and treated as a representation of local neural activity. Simulated data generated by a neuronal network model where the connectivity pattern is known were considered first. This was followed by analyzing data from three experimental preparations where a priori predictions regarding the patterns of causal interactions can be made: (1) laminar recordings from the hippocampus of an anesthetized rat during theta rhythm, (2) laminar recordings from V4 of an awake-behaving macaque monkey during alpha rhythm, and (3) ECoG recordings from electrode arrays implanted in the middle temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex of an epilepsy patient during fixation. For both simulation and experimental analysis the results show that bipolar derivations yield the expected connectivity patterns whereas the untreated data (<span class="hlt">referred</span> to as unipolar signals) do not. In addition, current source density signals, where applicable, yield results that are close to the expected connectivity patterns, whereas the <span class="hlt">commonly</span> practiced average re-<span class="hlt">reference</span> method</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22051575','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22051575"><span>snoU6 and 5S RNAs are not reliable miRNA <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes in neuronal differentiation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lim, Q E; Zhou, L; Ho, Y K; Wan, G; Too, H P</p> <p>2011-12-29</p> <p>Accurate profiling of microRNAs (miRNAs) is an essential step for understanding the functional significance of these small RNAs in both physiological and pathological <span class="hlt">processes</span>. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) has gained acceptance as a robust and reliable transcriptomic method to profile subtle changes in miRNA levels and requires <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for accurate normalization of gene expression. 5S and snoU6 RNAs are <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used as <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes in microRNA quantification. It is currently unknown if these small RNAs are stably expressed during neuronal differentiation. Panels of miRNAs have been suggested as alternative <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes to 5S and snoU6 in various physiological contexts. To test the hypothesis that miRNAs may serve as stable <span class="hlt">references</span> during neuronal differentiation, the expressions of eight miRNAs, 5S and snoU6 RNAs in five differentiating neuronal cell types were analyzed using qPCR. The stabilities of the expressions were evaluated using two complementary statistical approaches (geNorm and Normfinder). Expressions of 5S and snoU6 RNAs were stable under some but not all conditions of neuronal differentiation and thus are not suitable <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes. In contrast, a combination of three miRNAs (miR-103, miR-106b and miR-26b) allowed accurate expression normalization across different models of neuronal differentiation. Copyright © 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22197801','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22197801"><span><span class="hlt">Common</span> data model for natural language <span class="hlt">processing</span> based on two existing standard information models: CDA+GrAF.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Meystre, Stéphane M; Lee, Sanghoon; Jung, Chai Young; Chevrier, Raphaël D</p> <p>2012-08-01</p> <p>An increasing need for collaboration and resources sharing in the Natural Language <span class="hlt">Processing</span> (NLP) research and development community motivates efforts to create and share a <span class="hlt">common</span> data model and a <span class="hlt">common</span> terminology for all information annotated and extracted from clinical text. We have combined two existing standards: the HL7 Clinical Document Architecture (CDA), and the ISO Graph Annotation Format (GrAF; in development), to develop such a data model entitled "CDA+GrAF". We experimented with several methods to combine these existing standards, and eventually selected a method wrapping separate CDA and GrAF parts in a <span class="hlt">common</span> standoff annotation (i.e., separate from the annotated text) XML document. Two use cases, clinical document sections, and the 2010 i2b2/VA NLP Challenge (i.e., problems, tests, and treatments, with their assertions and relations), were used to create examples of such standoff annotation documents, and were successfully validated with the XML schemata provided with both standards. We developed a tool to automatically translate annotation documents from the 2010 i2b2/VA NLP Challenge format to GrAF, and automatically generated 50 annotation documents using this tool, all successfully validated. Finally, we adapted the XSL stylesheet provided with HL7 CDA to allow viewing annotation XML documents in a web browser, and plan to adapt existing tools for translating annotation documents between CDA+GrAF and the UIMA and GATE frameworks. This <span class="hlt">common</span> data model may ease directly comparing NLP tools and applications, combining their output, transforming and "translating" annotations between different NLP applications, and eventually "plug-and-play" of different modules in NLP applications. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5152102-praxis-language-reference-manual','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5152102-praxis-language-reference-manual"><span>Praxis language <span class="hlt">reference</span> manual</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Walker, J.H.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>This document is a language <span class="hlt">reference</span> manual for the programming language Praxis. The document contains the specifications that must be met by any compiler for the language. The Praxis language was designed for systems programming in real-time <span class="hlt">process</span> applications. Goals for the language and its implementations are: (1) highly efficient code generated by the compiler; (2) program portability; (3) completeness, that is, all programming requirements can be met by the language without needing an assembler; and (4) separate compilation to aid in design and management of large systems. The language does not provide any facilities for input/output, stack and queuemore » handling, string operations, parallel <span class="hlt">processing</span>, or coroutine <span class="hlt">processing</span>. These features can be implemented as routines in the language, using machine-dependent code to take advantage of facilities in the control environment on different machines.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22924713','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22924713"><span>Array-based comparative genomic hybridization-guided identification of <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for normalization of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay data for lymphomas, histiocytic sarcomas, and osteosarcomas of dogs.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Tsai, Pei-Chien; Breen, Matthew</p> <p>2012-09-01</p> <p>To identify suitable <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for normalization of real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay data for <span class="hlt">common</span> tumors of dogs. Malignant lymph node (n = 8), appendicular osteosarcoma (9), and histiocytic sarcoma (12) samples and control samples of various nonneoplastic canine tissues. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) data were used to guide selection of 9 candidate <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes. Expression stability of candidate <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes and 4 <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes was determined for tumor samples with RT-qPCR assays and 3 software programs. LOC611555 was the candidate <span class="hlt">reference</span> gene with the highest expression stability among the 3 tumor types. Of the <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes, expression stability of HPRT was high in histiocytic sarcoma samples, and expression stability of Ubi and RPL32 was high in osteosarcoma samples. Some of the candidate <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes had higher expression stability than did the <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes. Data for constitutively expressed genes with high expression stability are required for normalization of RT-qPCR assay results. Without such data, accurate quantification of gene expression in tumor tissue samples is difficult. Results of the present study indicated LOC611555 may be a useful RT-qPCR assay <span class="hlt">reference</span> gene for multiple tissue types. Some <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes may be suitable for normalization of gene expression data for tumors of dogs, such as lymphomas, osteosarcomas, or histiocytic sarcomas.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2886049','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2886049"><span>Validation of endogenous <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for qRT-PCR analysis of human visceral adipose samples</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Background Given the epidemic proportions of obesity worldwide and the concurrent prevalence of metabolic syndrome, there is an urgent need for better understanding the underlying mechanisms of metabolic syndrome, in particular, the gene expression differences which may participate in obesity, insulin resistance and the associated series of chronic liver conditions. Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is the standard method for studying changes in relative gene expression in different tissues and experimental conditions. However, variations in amount of starting material, enzymatic efficiency and presence of inhibitors can lead to quantification errors. Hence the need for accurate data normalization is vital. Among several known strategies for data normalization, the use of <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes as an internal control is the most <span class="hlt">common</span> approach. Recent studies have shown that both obesity and presence of insulin resistance influence an expression of <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes in omental fat. In this study we validated candidate <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes suitable for qRT-PCR profiling experiments using visceral adipose samples from obese and lean individuals. Results Cross-validation of expression stability of eight selected <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes using three popular algorithms, GeNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper found ACTB and RPII as most stable <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes. Conclusions We recommend ACTB and RPII as stable <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes most suitable for gene expression studies of human visceral adipose tissue. The use of these genes as a <span class="hlt">reference</span> pair may further enhance the robustness of qRT-PCR in this model system. PMID:20492695</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20492695','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20492695"><span>Validation of endogenous <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for qRT-PCR analysis of human visceral adipose samples.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mehta, Rohini; Birerdinc, Aybike; Hossain, Noreen; Afendy, Arian; Chandhoke, Vikas; Younossi, Zobair; Baranova, Ancha</p> <p>2010-05-21</p> <p>Given the epidemic proportions of obesity worldwide and the concurrent prevalence of metabolic syndrome, there is an urgent need for better understanding the underlying mechanisms of metabolic syndrome, in particular, the gene expression differences which may participate in obesity, insulin resistance and the associated series of chronic liver conditions. Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is the standard method for studying changes in relative gene expression in different tissues and experimental conditions. However, variations in amount of starting material, enzymatic efficiency and presence of inhibitors can lead to quantification errors. Hence the need for accurate data normalization is vital. Among several known strategies for data normalization, the use of <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes as an internal control is the most <span class="hlt">common</span> approach. Recent studies have shown that both obesity and presence of insulin resistance influence an expression of <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes in omental fat. In this study we validated candidate <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes suitable for qRT-PCR profiling experiments using visceral adipose samples from obese and lean individuals. Cross-validation of expression stability of eight selected <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes using three popular algorithms, GeNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper found ACTB and RPII as most stable <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes. We recommend ACTB and RPII as stable <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes most suitable for gene expression studies of human visceral adipose tissue. The use of these genes as a <span class="hlt">reference</span> pair may further enhance the robustness of qRT-PCR in this model system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3880027','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3880027"><span>Biological nitrate removal <span class="hlt">processes</span> from drinking water supply-a review</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>This paper reviews both heterotrophic and autotrophic <span class="hlt">processes</span> for the removal of nitrate from water supplies. The most <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used carbon sources in heterotrophic denitrification are methanol, ethanol and acetic acid. <span class="hlt">Process</span> performance for each feed stock is compared with particular <span class="hlt">reference</span> nitrate and nitrite residual and to toxicity potential. Autotrophic nitrate removal has the advantages of not requiring an organic carbon source; however the slow growth rate of autotrophic bacteria and low nitrate removal rate have contributed to the fact that relatively few full scale plants are in operation at the present time. PMID:24355262</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23389487','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23389487"><span>The impact of therapeutic <span class="hlt">reference</span> pricing on innovation in cardiovascular medicine.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Sheridan, Desmond; Attridge, Jim</p> <p>2006-12-01</p> <p>Therapeutic <span class="hlt">reference</span> pricing (TRP) places medicines to treat the same medical condition into groups or 'clusters' with a single <span class="hlt">common</span> reimbursed price. Underpinning this economic measure is an implicit assumption that the products included in the cluster have an equivalent effect on a typical patient with this disease. 'Truly innovative' products can be exempt from inclusion in the cluster. This increasingly <span class="hlt">common</span> approach to cost containment allocates products into one of two categories - truly innovative or therapeutically equivalent. This study examines the implications of TRP against the step-wise evolution of drugs for cardiovascular conditions over the past 50 years. It illustrates the complex interactions between advances in understanding of cellular and molecular disease mechanisms, diagnostic techniques, treatment concepts, and the synthesis, testing and commercialisation of products. It confirms the highly unpredictable and incremental nature of the innovation <span class="hlt">process</span>. Medical progress in terms of improvement in patient outcomes over the long-term depends on the cumulative effect of year after year of painstaking incremental advances. It shows that the parallel <span class="hlt">processes</span> of advances in scientific knowledge and the industrial 'investment-innovative cycle' involve highly developed sets of complementary capabilities and resources. A framework is developed to assess the impact of TRP upon research and development investment decisions and the development of therapeutic classes. We conclude that a simple categorisation of products as either 'truly innovative' or 'therapeutically equivalent' is inconsistent with the incremental <span class="hlt">processes</span> of innovation and the resulting differentiated product streams revealed by our analysis. Widespread introduction of TRP would probably have prematurely curtailed development of many incremental innovations that became the preferred 'product of choice' by physicians for some indications and patients in managing the incidence</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24366146','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24366146"><span>Functional correlates of the lateral and medial entorhinal cortex: objects, path integration and local-global <span class="hlt">reference</span> frames.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Knierim, James J; Neunuebel, Joshua P; Deshmukh, Sachin S</p> <p>2014-02-05</p> <p>The hippocampus receives its major cortical input from the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) and the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC). It is <span class="hlt">commonly</span> believed that the MEC provides spatial input to the hippocampus, whereas the LEC provides non-spatial input. We review new data which suggest that this simple dichotomy between 'where' versus 'what' needs revision. We propose a refinement of this model, which is more complex than the simple spatial-non-spatial dichotomy. MEC is proposed to be involved in path integration computations based on a global frame of <span class="hlt">reference</span>, primarily using internally generated, self-motion cues and external input about environmental boundaries and scenes; it provides the hippocampus with a coordinate system that underlies the spatial context of an experience. LEC is proposed to <span class="hlt">process</span> information about individual items and locations based on a local frame of <span class="hlt">reference</span>, primarily using external sensory input; it provides the hippocampus with information about the content of an experience.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3866456','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3866456"><span>Functional correlates of the lateral and medial entorhinal cortex: objects, path integration and local–global <span class="hlt">reference</span> frames</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Knierim, James J.; Neunuebel, Joshua P.; Deshmukh, Sachin S.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The hippocampus receives its major cortical input from the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) and the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC). It is <span class="hlt">commonly</span> believed that the MEC provides spatial input to the hippocampus, whereas the LEC provides non-spatial input. We review new data which suggest that this simple dichotomy between ‘where’ versus ‘what’ needs revision. We propose a refinement of this model, which is more complex than the simple spatial–non-spatial dichotomy. MEC is proposed to be involved in path integration computations based on a global frame of <span class="hlt">reference</span>, primarily using internally generated, self-motion cues and external input about environmental boundaries and scenes; it provides the hippocampus with a coordinate system that underlies the spatial context of an experience. LEC is proposed to <span class="hlt">process</span> information about individual items and locations based on a local frame of <span class="hlt">reference</span>, primarily using external sensory input; it provides the hippocampus with information about the content of an experience. PMID:24366146</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19840008604&hterms=Polyhedron&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DPolyhedron','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19840008604&hterms=Polyhedron&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3DPolyhedron"><span>On the establishment and maintenance of a modern conventional terrestrial <span class="hlt">reference</span> system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Bock, Y.; Zhu, S. Y.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>The frame of the Conventional Terrestrial <span class="hlt">Reference</span> System (CTS) is defined by an adopted set of coordinates, at a fundamental epoxh, of a global network of stations which contribute the vertices of a fundamental polyhedron. A method to estimate this set of coordinates using a combination of modern three dimensional geodetic systems is presented. Once established, the function of the CTS is twofold. The first is to monitor the external (or global) motions of the polyhedron with respect to the frame of a Conventional Inertial <span class="hlt">Reference</span> System, i.e., those motions <span class="hlt">common</span> to all stations. The second is to monitor the internal motions (or deformations) of the polyhedron, i.e., those motions that are not <span class="hlt">common</span> to all stations. Two possible estimators for use in earth deformation analysis are given and their statistical and physical properties are described.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/956960','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/956960"><span>HYBRID SULFUR <span class="hlt">PROCESS</span> <span class="hlt">REFERENCE</span> DESIGN AND COST ANALYSIS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Gorensek, M.; Summers, W.; Boltrunis, C.</p> <p>2009-05-12</p> <p>This report documents a detailed study to determine the expected efficiency and product costs for producing hydrogen via water-splitting using energy from an advanced nuclear reactor. It was determined that the overall efficiency from nuclear heat to hydrogen is high, and the cost of hydrogen is competitive under a high energy cost scenario. It would require over 40% more nuclear energy to generate an equivalent amount of hydrogen using conventional water-cooled nuclear reactors combined with water electrolysis compared to the proposed plant design described herein. There is a great deal of interest worldwide in reducing dependence on fossil fuels, whilemore » also minimizing the impact of the energy sector on global climate change. One potential opportunity to contribute to this effort is to replace the use of fossil fuels for hydrogen production by the use of water-splitting powered by nuclear energy. Hydrogen production is required for fertilizer (e.g. ammonia) production, oil refining, synfuels production, and other important industrial applications. It is typically produced by reacting natural gas, naphtha or coal with steam, which consumes significant amounts of energy and produces carbon dioxide as a byproduct. In the future, hydrogen could also be used as a transportation fuel, replacing petroleum. New <span class="hlt">processes</span> are being developed that would permit hydrogen to be produced from water using only heat or a combination of heat and electricity produced by advanced, high temperature nuclear reactors. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is developing these <span class="hlt">processes</span> under a program known as the Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative (NHI). The Republic of South Africa (RSA) also is interested in developing advanced high temperature nuclear reactors and related chemical <span class="hlt">processes</span> that could produce hydrogen fuel via water-splitting. This report focuses on the analysis of a nuclear hydrogen production system that combines the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR), under</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=346915','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=346915"><span>Uneven recombination and linkage disequilibrium across a <span class="hlt">reference</span> SNP map for <span class="hlt">common</span> bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Linkage disequilibrium (LD) and recombination (R) analyses are the basis for plant breeding. LD and R vary by breeding system, by generation of inbreeding or outcrossing and by region of the chromosome. <span class="hlt">Common</span> bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a favored food legume with a small sequenced genome and n=...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19018728','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19018728"><span>Use of diagnostic accuracy as a metric for evaluating laboratory proficiency with microarray assays using mixed-tissue RNA <span class="hlt">reference</span> samples.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pine, P S; Boedigheimer, M; Rosenzweig, B A; Turpaz, Y; He, Y D; Delenstarr, G; Ganter, B; Jarnagin, K; Jones, W D; Reid, L H; Thompson, K L</p> <p>2008-11-01</p> <p>Effective use of microarray technology in clinical and regulatory settings is contingent on the adoption of standard methods for assessing performance. The MicroArray Quality Control project evaluated the repeatability and comparability of microarray data on the major commercial platforms and laid the groundwork for the application of microarray technology to regulatory assessments. However, methods for assessing performance that are <span class="hlt">commonly</span> applied to diagnostic assays used in laboratory medicine remain to be developed for microarray assays. A <span class="hlt">reference</span> system for microarray performance evaluation and <span class="hlt">process</span> improvement was developed that includes <span class="hlt">reference</span> samples, metrics and <span class="hlt">reference</span> datasets. The <span class="hlt">reference</span> material is composed of two mixes of four different rat tissue RNAs that allow defined target ratios to be assayed using a set of tissue-selective analytes that are distributed along the dynamic range of measurement. The diagnostic accuracy of detected changes in expression ratios, measured as the area under the curve from receiver operating characteristic plots, provides a single commutable value for comparing assay specificity and sensitivity. The utility of this system for assessing overall performance was evaluated for relevant applications like multi-laboratory proficiency testing programs and single-laboratory <span class="hlt">process</span> drift monitoring. The diagnostic accuracy of detection of a 1.5-fold change in signal level was found to be a sensitive metric for comparing overall performance. This test approaches the technical limit for reliable discrimination of differences between two samples using this technology. We describe a <span class="hlt">reference</span> system that provides a mechanism for internal and external assessment of laboratory proficiency with microarray technology and is translatable to performance assessments on other whole-genome expression arrays used for basic and clinical research.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26497487','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26497487"><span>Assessment of <span class="hlt">reference</span> gene stability in Rice stripe virus and Rice black streaked dwarf virus infection rice by quantitative Real-time PCR.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Fang, Peng; Lu, Rongfei; Sun, Feng; Lan, Ying; Shen, Wenbiao; Du, Linlin; Zhou, Yijun; Zhou, Tong</p> <p>2015-10-24</p> <p>Stably expressed <span class="hlt">reference</span> gene(s) normalization is important for the understanding of gene expression patterns by quantitative Real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), particularly for Rice stripe virus (RSV) and Rice black streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) that caused seriously damage on rice plants in China and Southeast Asia. The expression of fourteen <span class="hlt">common</span> used <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes of Oryza sativa L. were evaluated by RT-qPCR in RSV and RBSDV infected rice plants. Suitable normalization <span class="hlt">reference</span> gene(s) were identified by geNorm and NormFinder algorithms. UBQ 10 + GAPDH and UBC + Actin1 were identified as suitable <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for RT-qPCR normalization under RSV and RBSDV infection, respectively. When using multiple <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes, the expression patterns of OsPRIb and OsWRKY, two virus resistance genes, were approximately similar with that reported previously. Comparatively, by using single <span class="hlt">reference</span> gene (TIP41-Like), a weaker inducible response was observed. We proposed that the combination of two <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes could obtain more accurate and reliable normalization of RT-qPCR results in RSV- and RBSDV-infected plants. This work therefore sheds light on establishing a standardized RT-qPCR procedure in RSV- and RBSDV-infected rice plants, and might serve as an important point for discovering complex regulatory networks and identifying genes relevant to biological <span class="hlt">processes</span> or implicated in virus.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29327989','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29327989"><span>Making It Work for Everyone: An Evolving <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Service.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Feldman, Jonquil D; Lopez, Emme; Gaspard, Christine S; Barton, Karen D; Barcenes, Luis F</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>At an academic health science center, librarians identified problems, weaknesses, and strengths in <span class="hlt">reference</span> services. The on-call <span class="hlt">reference</span> schedule was discontinued and a question flowchart was developed for circulation staff. Only research questions were <span class="hlt">referred</span> to librarians, who would respond if available. Circulation staff perceived the unscheduled, voluntary model was not working well for the patrons or the staff. After two months, the schedule was reinstated with a hybrid version of the previous on-call format. In the <span class="hlt">process</span> of changing the service model, the library staff also underwent a cultural change.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29561431','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29561431"><span>Estimation of ultrasound <span class="hlt">reference</span> values for the lower limb peripheral nerves in adults: A cross-sectional study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Bedewi, Mohamed Abdelmohsen; Abodonya, Ahmed; Kotb, Mamdouh; Kamal, Sanaa; Mahmoud, Gehan; Aldossari, Khaled; Alqabbani, Abdullah; Swify, Sherine</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The objective of this study is to estimate the <span class="hlt">reference</span> values for the lower limb peripheral nerves in adults.The demographics and physical characteristics of 69 adult healthy volunteers were evaluated and recorded. The estimated <span class="hlt">reference</span> values and their correlations with the age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI) were evaluated.The cross sectional area <span class="hlt">reference</span> values were obtained at 5 predetermined sites for 3 important lower limb peripheral nerves. Our CSA values correlated significantly with age, weight, and BMI. The normal <span class="hlt">reference</span> values for each nerve were as follows: Tibial nerve at the popliteal fossa 19 mm ± 6.9, tibial nerve at the level of the medial malleolus 12.7 mm ± 4.5, <span class="hlt">common</span> peroneal nerve at the popliteal fossa 9.5 mm ± 4, <span class="hlt">common</span> peroneal nerve fibular head 8.9 mm ± 3.2, sural nerve 3.5 mm ± 1.4.The <span class="hlt">reference</span> values for the lower limb peripheral nerves were identified. These values could be used for future management of peripheral nerve disorders.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27317508','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27317508"><span>What kinds of cases do paediatricians <span class="hlt">refer</span> to clinical ethics? Insights from 184 case referrals at an Australian paediatric hospital.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>McDougall, Rosalind J; Notini, Lauren</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>Clinical ethics has been developing in paediatric healthcare for several decades. However, information about how paediatricians use clinical ethics case consultation services is extremely limited. In this project, we analysed a large set of case records from the clinical ethics service of one paediatric hospital in Australia. We applied a paediatric-specific typology to the case referrals, based on the triadic doctor-patient-parent relationship. We reviewed the 184 cases <span class="hlt">referred</span> to the service in the period 2005-2014, noting features including the type of case, the <span class="hlt">referring</span> department(s) and the patient's age at referral. The two most <span class="hlt">common</span> types of referral involved clinician uncertainty about the appropriate care pathway for the child (26% of total referrals) and situations where the child's parents disagreed with the doctors' recommendations for the child's care (22% of total referrals). Referrals came from 28 different departments. Cancer, cardiology/cardiac surgery and general medicine <span class="hlt">referred</span> the highest numbers of cases. The most <span class="hlt">common</span> patient age groups were children under 1, and 14-15 years old. For three controversial areas of paediatric healthcare, clinicians had initiated <span class="hlt">processes</span> of routine review of cases by the clinical ethics service. These insights into the way in which one very active paediatric clinical ethics service is used further our understanding of the work of paediatric clinical ethics, particularly the kinds of ethically challenging cases that paediatricians view as appropriate to <span class="hlt">refer</span> for clinical ethics support. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1149531','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1149531"><span>Generic Argillite/Shale Disposal <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Case</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Zheng, Liange; Colon, Carlos Jové; Bianchi, Marco</p> <p></p> <p> properties (parameters) used in these models are different, which not only make inter-model comparisons difficult, but also compromise the applicability of the lessons learned from one model to another model. The establishment of a <span class="hlt">reference</span> case would therefore be helpful to set up a baseline for model development. A generic salt repository <span class="hlt">reference</span> case was developed in Freeze et al. (2013) and the generic argillite repository <span class="hlt">reference</span> case is presented in this report. The definition of a <span class="hlt">reference</span> case requires the characterization of the waste inventory, waste form, waste package, repository layout, EBS backfill, host rock, and biosphere. This report mainly documents the <span class="hlt">processes</span> in EBS bentonite and host rock that are potentially important for performance assessment and properties that are needed to describe these <span class="hlt">processes</span>, with brief description other components such as waste inventory, waste form, waste package, repository layout, aquifer, and biosphere. A thorough description of the generic argillite repository <span class="hlt">reference</span> case will be given in Jové Colon et al. (2014).« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=zink&pg=4&id=EJ232595','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=zink&pg=4&id=EJ232595"><span>Putting "<span class="hlt">Reference</span>" in the Publications <span class="hlt">Reference</span> File.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Zink, Steven D.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>Argues for more widespread utilization of the U.S. Government Printing Office's Publications <span class="hlt">Reference</span> File, a <span class="hlt">reference</span> tool in microfiche format used to answer questions about current U.S. government documents and their availability. Ways to accomplish this task are suggested. (Author/JD)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940026143','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940026143"><span>GPS <span class="hlt">common</span>-view time transfer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lewandowski, W.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>The introduction of the GPS <span class="hlt">common</span>-view method at the beginning of the 1980's led to an immediate and dramatic improvement of international time comparisons. Since then, further progress brought the precision and accuracy of GPS <span class="hlt">common</span>-view intercontinental time transfer from tens of nanoseconds to a few nanoseconds, even with SA activated. This achievement was made possible by the use of the following: ultra-precise ground antenna coordinates, post-<span class="hlt">processed</span> precise ephemerides, double-frequency measurements of ionosphere, and appropriate international coordination and standardization. This paper reviews developments and applications of the GPS <span class="hlt">common</span>-view method during the last decade and comments on possible future improvements whose objective is to attain sub-nanosecond uncertainty.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Measurement+AND+Evaluation+AND+Counseling+AND+Development%2c&pg=5&id=EJ667564','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Measurement+AND+Evaluation+AND+Counseling+AND+Development%2c&pg=5&id=EJ667564"><span>Hierarchical Multiple Regression in Counseling Research: <span class="hlt">Common</span> Problems and Possible Remedies.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Petrocelli, John V.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>A brief content analysis was conducted on the use of hierarchical regression in counseling research published in the "Journal of Counseling Psychology" and the "Journal of Counseling & Development" during the years 1997-2001. <span class="hlt">Common</span> problems are cited and possible remedies are described. (Contains 43 <span class="hlt">references</span> and 3 tables.) (Author)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..327b2053K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MS%26E..327b2053K"><span>Determining Parameters of Double-Wiebe Function for Simulation of Combustion <span class="hlt">Process</span> in Overload Diesel Engine with <span class="hlt">Common</span> Rail Fuel Feed System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kamaltdinov, V. G.; Markov, V. A.; Lysov, I. O.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>To analyze the peculiarities of the combustion <span class="hlt">process</span> in an overload diesel engine with the system of <span class="hlt">Common</span> Rail type with one-stage injection, the indicator diagram was registered. The parameters of the combustion <span class="hlt">process</span> simulated by the double-Wiebe function were calculated as satisfactorily reconstructing the law of burning rate variation. The main parameters of the operating cycle obtained through the indicator diagram <span class="hlt">processing</span> and the double-Wiebe function calculation differed insignificantly. And the calculated curve of the cylinder pressure differed notably only in the end of the expansion stroke. To improve the performance of the diesel engine, a two-stage fuel injection was recommended.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=258889','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=258889"><span>Systematic review to support the development of nutrient <span class="hlt">reference</span> intake values: challenges and solutions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Workshops sponsored by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and the World Health Organization (WHO) suggested that incorporating systematic reviews into the <span class="hlt">process</span> of updating nutrient <span class="hlt">reference</span> values would enhance the transparency of the <span class="hlt">process</span>. The IOM issues the Dietary <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Intake values (DR...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21808301','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21808301"><span><span class="hlt">Reference</span>-free Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhao, Liping; Guo, Wenjiang; Li, Xiang; Chen, I-Ming</p> <p>2011-08-01</p> <p>The traditional Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensing (SHWS) system measures the wavefront slope by calculating the centroid shift between the sample and a <span class="hlt">reference</span> piece, and then the wavefront is reconstructed by a suitable iterative reconstruction method. Because of the necessity of a <span class="hlt">reference</span>, many issues are brought up, which limit the system in most applications. This Letter proposes a <span class="hlt">reference</span>-free wavefront sensing (RFWS) methodology, and an RFWS system is built up where wavefront slope changes are measured by introducing a lateral disturbance to the sampling aperture. By using Southwell reconstruction two times to <span class="hlt">process</span> the measured data, the form of the wavefront at the sampling plane can be well reconstructed. A theoretical simulation platform of RFWS is established, and various surface forms are investigated. Practical measurements with two measurement systems-SHWS and our RFWS-are conducted, analyzed, and compared. All the simulation and measurement results prove and demonstrate the correctness and effectiveness of the method. © 2011 Optical Society of America</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29474985','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29474985"><span>Optimal <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Gene Selection for Expression Studies in Human Reticulocytes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Aggarwal, Anu; Jamwal, Manu; Viswanathan, Ganesh K; Sharma, Prashant; Sachdeva, ManUpdesh S; Bansal, Deepak; Malhotra, Pankaj; Das, Reena</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Reference</span> genes are indispensable for normalizing mRNA levels across samples in real-time quantitative PCR. Their expression levels vary under different experimental conditions and because of several inherent characteristics. Appropriate <span class="hlt">reference</span> gene selection is thus critical for gene-expression studies. This study aimed at selecting optimal <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for gene-expression analysis of reticulocytes and at validating them in hereditary spherocytosis (HS) and β-thalassemia intermedia (βTI) patients. Seven <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes (PGK1, MPP1, HPRT1, ACTB, GAPDH, RN18S1, and SDHA) were selected because of published reports. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed on reticulocytes in 20 healthy volunteers, 15 HS patients, and 10 βTI patients. Threshold cycle values were compared with fold-change method and RefFinder software. The stable <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes recommended by RefFinder were validated with SLC4A1 and flow cytometric eosin-5'-maleimide binding assay values in HS patients and HBG2 and high performance liquid chromatography-derived percentage of hemoglobin F in βTI. Comprehensive ranking predicted MPP1 and GAPDH as optimal <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for reticulocytes that were not affected in HS and βTI. This was further confirmed on validation with eosin-5'-maleimide results and percentage of hemoglobin F in HS and βTI patients, respectively. Hence, MPP1 and GAPDH are good <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for reticulocyte expression studies compared with ACTB and RN18S1, the two most <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes. Copyright © 2018 American Society for Investigative Pathology and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=climatology&id=EJ720668','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=climatology&id=EJ720668"><span>Reach for <span class="hlt">Reference</span>. Four Recent <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Books</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Safford, Barbara Ripp</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>This article provides descriptions of four new science and technology encyclopedias that are appropriate for inclusion in upper elementary and/or middle school <span class="hlt">reference</span> collections. "The Macmillan Encyclopedia of Weather" (Stern, Macmillan <span class="hlt">Reference</span>/Gale), a one-volume encyclopedia for upper elementary and middle level students, is a…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21436681','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21436681"><span>Prevalence of stress <span class="hlt">references</span> on college freshmen Facebook profiles.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Egan, Katie G; Moreno, Megan A</p> <p>2011-10-01</p> <p>Stress is <span class="hlt">common</span> among college students and associated with adverse health outcomes. This study used the social networking Web site Facebook to identify self-reported stress and associated conditions among college students. Public Facebook profiles of undergraduate freshman at a large Midwestern State University (n = 300) were identified using a Facebook search. Content analysis of Facebook profiles included demographic information and displayed <span class="hlt">references</span> to stress, weight concerns, depressive symptoms, and alcohol. The mean reported age was 18.4 years, and the majority of profile owners were female (62%). Stress <span class="hlt">references</span> were displayed on 37% of the profiles, weight concerns on 6%, depressive symptoms on 24%, and alcohol on 73%. The display of stress <span class="hlt">references</span> was associated with female sex (odds ratio [OR], 2.81; confidence interval [CI], 1.7-4.7), weight concerns (OR, 5.36; CI, 1.87-15.34), and depressive symptoms (OR, 2.7; CI, 1.57-4.63). No associations were found between stress and alcohol <span class="hlt">references</span>. College freshmen frequently display <span class="hlt">references</span> to stress on Facebook profiles with prevalence rates similar to self-reported national survey data. Findings suggest a positive association between referencing stress and both weight concerns and depressive symptoms. Facebook may be a useful venue to identify students at risk for stress-related conditions and to disseminate information about campus resources to these students.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3205256','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3205256"><span>Prevalence of Stress <span class="hlt">References</span> on College Freshmen Facebook Profiles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>EGAN, KATIE G.; MORENO, MEGAN A.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Stress is <span class="hlt">common</span> among college students and associated with adverse health outcomes. This study used the social networking Web site Facebook to identify self-reported stress and associated conditions among college students. Public Facebook profiles of undergraduate freshman at a large Midwestern State University (n = 300) were identified using a Facebook search. Content analysis of Facebook profiles included demographic information and displayed <span class="hlt">references</span> to stress, weight concerns, depressive symptoms, and alcohol. The mean reported age was 18.4 years, and the majority of profile owners were female (62%). Stress <span class="hlt">references</span> were displayed on 37% of the profiles, weight concerns on 6%, depressive symptoms on 24%, and alcohol on 73%. The display of stress <span class="hlt">references</span> was associated with female sex (odds ratio [OR], 2.81; confidence interval [CI], 1.7–4.7), weight concerns (OR, 5.36; CI, 1.87–15.34), and depressive symptoms (OR, 2.7; CI, 1.57–4.63). No associations were found between stress and alcohol <span class="hlt">references</span>. College freshmen frequently display <span class="hlt">references</span> to stress on Facebook profiles with prevalence rates similar to self-reported national survey data. Findings suggest a positive association between referencing stress and both weight concerns and depressive symptoms. Facebook may be a useful venue to identify students at risk for stress-related conditions and to disseminate information about campus resources to these students. PMID:21436681</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666761','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27666761"><span>A global multicenter study on <span class="hlt">reference</span> values: 1. Assessment of methods for derivation and comparison of <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ichihara, Kiyoshi; Ozarda, Yesim; Barth, Julian H; Klee, George; Qiu, Ling; Erasmus, Rajiv; Borai, Anwar; Evgina, Svetlana; Ashavaid, Tester; Khan, Dilshad; Schreier, Laura; Rolle, Reynan; Shimizu, Yoshihisa; Kimura, Shogo; Kawano, Reo; Armbruster, David; Mori, Kazuo; Yadav, Binod K</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The IFCC Committee on <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Intervals and Decision Limits coordinated a global multicenter study on <span class="hlt">reference</span> values (RVs) to explore rational and harmonizable procedures for derivation of <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals (RIs) and investigate the feasibility of sharing RIs through evaluation of sources of variation of RVs on a global scale. For the <span class="hlt">common</span> protocol, rather lenient criteria for <span class="hlt">reference</span> individuals were adopted to facilitate harmonized recruitment with planned use of the latent abnormal values exclusion (LAVE) method. As of July 2015, 12 countries had completed their study with total recruitment of 13,386 healthy adults. 25 analytes were measured chemically and 25 immunologically. A serum panel with assigned values was measured by all laboratories. RIs were derived by parametric and nonparametric methods. The effect of LAVE methods is prominent in analytes which reflect nutritional status, inflammation and muscular exertion, indicating that inappropriate results are frequent in any country. The validity of the parametric method was confirmed by the presence of analyte-specific distribution patterns and successful Gaussian transformation using the modified Box-Cox formula in all countries. After successful alignment of RVs based on the panel test results, nearly half the analytes showed variable degrees of between-country differences. This finding, however, requires confirmation after adjusting for BMI and other sources of variation. The results are reported in the second part of this paper. The collaborative study enabled us to evaluate rational methods for deriving RIs and comparing the RVs based on real-world datasets obtained in a harmonized manner. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ESASP.701E..32H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ESASP.701E..32H"><span><span class="hlt">Reference</span> Specifications for SAVOIR Avionics Elements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hult, Torbjorn; Lindskog, Martin; Roques, Remi; Planche, Luc; Brunjes, Bernhard; Dellandrea, Brice; Terraillon, Jean-Loup</p> <p>2012-08-01</p> <p>Space industry and Agencies have been recognizing already for quite some time the need to raise the level of standardisation in the spacecraft avionics systems in order to increase efficiency and reduce development cost and schedule. This also includes the aspect of increasing competition in global space business, which is a challenge that European space companies are facing at all stages of involvement in the international markets.A number of initiatives towards this vision are driven both by the industry and ESA’s R&D programmes. However, today an intensified coordination of these activities is required in order to achieve the necessary synergy and to ensure they converge towards the shared vision. It has been proposed to federate these initiatives under the <span class="hlt">common</span> Space Avionics Open Interface Architecture (SAVOIR) initiative. Within this initiative, the approach based on <span class="hlt">reference</span> architectures and building blocks plays a key role.Following the principles outlined above, the overall goal of the SAVOIR is to establish a streamlined onboard architecture in order to standardize the development of avionics systems for space programmes. This reflects the need to increase efficiency and cost-effectiveness in the development <span class="hlt">process</span> as well as account the trend towards more functionality implemented by the onboard building blocks, i.e. HW and SW components, and more complexity for the overall space mission objectives.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=medical+AND+dictionary&pg=3&id=ED272197','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=medical+AND+dictionary&pg=3&id=ED272197"><span><span class="hlt">Reference</span> Materials and Services for a Small Hospital Library. 5th Revised Edition.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Kesti, Julie, Comp.; Graham, Elaine, Comp.</p> <p></p> <p>This manual suggests and describes recommended <span class="hlt">reference</span> services and sources for a small hospital library. Focusing on <span class="hlt">reference</span> services, the first section includes information on ready-<span class="hlt">reference</span> services; bibliographic search services, including taking and <span class="hlt">processing</span> a request for a bibliography, National Library of Medicine literature…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=diligence&pg=7&id=EJ668307','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=diligence&pg=7&id=EJ668307"><span>Factors Influencing Competence and Performance of <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Librarians in Academic Libraries in Nigeria.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Omoniyi, Joseph O.</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>Reports on research that focused on competence and performance of <span class="hlt">reference</span> libraries in academic libraries in Nigeria. Includes recommendations for improving competence and performance, including the <span class="hlt">reference</span> <span class="hlt">process</span>; staffing and other resources; education for <span class="hlt">reference</span> librarians; knowledge of modern technology; and emotional stability and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9778E..1WK','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9778E..1WK"><span>Scatterometry-based metrology for SAQP pitch walking using virtual <span class="hlt">reference</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kagalwala, Taher; Vaid, Alok; Mahendrakar, Sridhar; Lenahan, Michael; Fang, Fang; Isbester, Paul; Shifrin, Michael; Etzioni, Yoav; Cepler, Aron; Yellai, Naren; Dasari, Prasad; Bozdog, Cornel</p> <p>2016-03-01</p> <p>Advanced technology nodes, 10nm and beyond, employing multi-patterning techniques for pitch reduction pose new <span class="hlt">process</span> and metrology challenges in maintaining consistent positioning of structural features. Self-Aligned Quadruple Patterning (SAQP) <span class="hlt">process</span> is used to create the Fins in FinFET devices with pitch values well below optical lithography limits. The SAQP <span class="hlt">process</span> bares compounding effects from successive Reactive Ion Etch (RIE) and spacer depositions. These <span class="hlt">processes</span> induce a shift in the pitch value from one fin compared to another neighboring fin. This is known as pitch walking. Pitch walking affects device performance as well as later <span class="hlt">processes</span> which work on an assumption that there is consistent spacing between fins. In SAQP there are 3 pitch walking parameters of interest, each linked to specific <span class="hlt">process</span> steps in the flow. These pitch walking parameters are difficult to discriminate at a specific <span class="hlt">process</span> step by singular evaluation technique or even with <span class="hlt">reference</span> metrology such as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). In this paper we will utilize a virtual <span class="hlt">reference</span> to generate a scatterometry model to measure pitch walk for SAQP <span class="hlt">process</span> flow.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25306104','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25306104"><span>A comparison between the example <span class="hlt">reference</span> biosphere model ERB 2B and a <span class="hlt">process</span>-based model: simulation of a natural release scenario.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Almahayni, T</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>The BIOMASS methodology was developed with the objective of constructing defensible assessment biospheres for assessing potential radiological impacts of radioactive waste repositories. To this end, a set of Example <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Biospheres were developed to demonstrate the use of the methodology and to provide an international point of <span class="hlt">reference</span>. In this paper, the performance of the Example <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Biosphere model ERB 2B associated with the natural release scenario, discharge of contaminated groundwater to the surface environment, was evaluated by comparing its long-term projections of radionuclide dynamics and distribution in a soil-plant system to those of a <span class="hlt">process</span>-based, transient advection-dispersion model (AD). The models were parametrised with data characteristic of a typical rainfed winter wheat crop grown on a sandy loam soil under temperate climate conditions. Three safety-relevant radionuclides, (99)Tc, (129)I and (237)Np with different degree of sorption were selected for the study. Although the models were driven by the same hydraulic (soil moisture content and water fluxes) and radiological (Kds) input data, their projections were remarkably different. On one hand, both models were able to capture short and long-term variation in activity concentration in the subsoil compartment. On the other hand, the <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Biosphere model did not project any radionuclide accumulation in the topsoil and crop compartments. This behaviour would underestimate the radiological exposure under natural release scenarios. The results highlight the potential role deep roots play in soil-to-plant transfer under a natural release scenario where radionuclides are released into the subsoil. When considering the relative activity and root depth profiles within the soil column, much of the radioactivity was taken up into the crop from the subsoil compartment. Further improvements were suggested to address the limitations of the <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Biosphere model presented in this paper</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27060180','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27060180"><span>A Pursuit Theory Account for the Perception of <span class="hlt">Common</span> Motion in Motion Parallax.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ratzlaff, Michael; Nawrot, Mark</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>The visual system uses an extraretinal pursuit eye movement signal to disambiguate the perception of depth from motion parallax. Visual motion in the same direction as the pursuit is perceived nearer in depth while visual motion in the opposite direction as pursuit is perceived farther in depth. This explanation of depth sign applies to either an allocentric frame of <span class="hlt">reference</span> centered on the fixation point or an egocentric frame of <span class="hlt">reference</span> centered on the observer. A related problem is that of depth order when two stimuli have a <span class="hlt">common</span> direction of motion. The first psychophysical study determined whether perception of egocentric depth order is adequately explained by a model employing an allocentric framework, especially when the motion parallax stimuli have <span class="hlt">common</span> rather than divergent motion. A second study determined whether a reversal in perceived depth order, produced by a reduction in pursuit velocity, is also explained by this model employing this allocentric framework. The results show than an allocentric model can explain both the egocentric perception of depth order with <span class="hlt">common</span> motion and the perceptual depth order reversal created by a reduction in pursuit velocity. We conclude that an egocentric model is not the only explanation for perceived depth order in these <span class="hlt">common</span> motion conditions. © The Author(s) 2016.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22089983','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22089983"><span>Is ICRP guidance on the use of <span class="hlt">reference</span> levels consistent?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hedemann-Jensen, Per; McEwan, Andrew C</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>In ICRP 103, which has replaced ICRP 60, it is stated that no fundamental changes have been introduced compared with ICRP 60. This is true except that the application of <span class="hlt">reference</span> levels in emergency and existing exposure situations seems to be applied inconsistently, and also in the related publications ICRP 109 and ICRP 111. ICRP 103 emphasises that focus should be on the residual doses after the implementation of protection strategies in emergency and existing exposure situations. If possible, the result of an optimised protection strategy should bring the residual dose below the <span class="hlt">reference</span> level. Thus the <span class="hlt">reference</span> level represents the maximum acceptable residual dose after an optimised protection strategy has been implemented. It is not an 'off-the-shelf item' that can be set free of the prevailing situation. It should be determined as part of the <span class="hlt">process</span> of optimising the protection strategy. If not, protection would be sub-optimised. However, in ICRP 103 some inconsistent concepts have been introduced, e.g. in paragraph 279 which states: 'All exposures above or below the <span class="hlt">reference</span> level should be subject to optimisation of protection, and particular attention should be given to exposures above the <span class="hlt">reference</span> level'. If, in fact, all exposures above and below <span class="hlt">reference</span> levels are subject to the <span class="hlt">process</span> of optimisation, <span class="hlt">reference</span> levels appear superfluous. It could be considered that if optimisation of protection below a fixed <span class="hlt">reference</span> level is necessary, then the <span class="hlt">reference</span> level has been set too high at the outset. Up until the last phase of the preparation of ICRP 103 the concept of a dose constraint was recommended to constrain the optimisation of protection in all types of exposure situations. In the final phase, the term 'dose constraint' was changed to '<span class="hlt">reference</span> level' for emergency and existing exposure situations. However, it seems as if in ICRP 103 it was not fully recognised that dose constraints and <span class="hlt">reference</span> levels are conceptually different. The</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26420409','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26420409"><span>[Contention on the theory of <span class="hlt">processing</span> techniques of Chinese materia medica in the Ming-Qing period].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chen, Bin; Jia, Tianzhu</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>On the basis of the golden stage of development of <span class="hlt">processing</span> techniques of medicinals in the Song dynasty, the theory and techniques of <span class="hlt">processing</span> in the Ming-Qing dynasties developed and accomplished further. The knowledge of some physicians on the <span class="hlt">processing</span> of <span class="hlt">common</span> medicinal, such as Radix rehmannia and Radixophiopogonis, was questioned, with new idea of <span class="hlt">processing</span> methods put forward and argued against those insisting traditional ones, marking the progress of the art of <span class="hlt">processing</span>. By reviewing the contention of technical theory of medicinal <span class="hlt">processing</span> in the Ming-Qing period, useful <span class="hlt">references</span> can be provided for the inheritance and development of the traditional art of <span class="hlt">processing</span> medicinals.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25794179','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25794179"><span>Selection of <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for gene expression studies related to intramuscular fat deposition in Capra hircus skeletal muscle.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhu, Wuzheng; Lin, Yaqiu; Liao, Honghai; Wang, Yong</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The identification of suitable <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes is critical for obtaining reliable results from gene expression studies using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) because the expression of <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes may vary considerably under different experimental conditions. In most cases, however, <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes are employed in data normalization without proper validation, which may lead to incorrect data interpretation. Here, we aim to select a set of optimal <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for the accurate normalization of gene expression associated with intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition during development. In the present study, eight <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes (PPIB, HMBS, RPLP0, B2M, YWHAZ, 18S, GAPDH and ACTB) were evaluated by three different algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper) in two types of muscle tissues (longissimus dorsi muscle and biceps femoris muscle) across different developmental stages. All three algorithms gave similar results. PPIB and HMBS were identified as the most stable <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes, while the <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes 18S and GAPDH were the most variably expressed, with expression varying dramatically across different developmental stages. Furthermore, to reveal the crucial role of appropriate <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes in obtaining a reliable result, analysis of PPARG expression was performed by normalization to the most and the least stable <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes. The relative expression levels of PPARG normalized to the most stable <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes greatly differed from those normalized to the least stable one. Therefore, evaluation of <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes must be performed for a given experimental condition before the <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes are used. PPIB and HMBS are the optimal <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for analysis of gene expression associated with IMF deposition in skeletal muscle during development.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890006836','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890006836"><span><span class="hlt">Reference</span> coordinate systems: An update. Supplement 11</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mueller, Ivan I.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">common</span> requirement for all geodetic investigations is a well-defined coordinate system attached to the earth in some prescribed way, as well as a well-defined inertial coordinate system in which the motions of the terrestrial frame can be monitored. The paper deals with the problems encountered when establishing such coordinate systems and the transformations between them. In addition, problems related to the modeling of the deformable earth are discussed. This paper is an updated version of the earlier work, <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Coordinate Systems for Earth Dynamics: A Preview, by the author.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/984559','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/984559"><span><span class="hlt">Common</span>-Cause Failure Treatment in Event Assessment: Basis for a Proposed New Model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Dana Kelly; Song-Hua Shen; Gary DeMoss</p> <p>2010-06-01</p> <p>Event assessment is an application of probabilistic risk assessment in which observed equipment failures and outages are mapped into the risk model to obtain a numerical estimate of the event’s risk significance. In this paper, we focus on retrospective assessments to estimate the risk significance of degraded conditions such as equipment failure accompanied by a deficiency in a <span class="hlt">process</span> such as maintenance practices. In modeling such events, the basic events in the risk model that are associated with observed failures and other off-normal situations are typically configured to be failed, while those associated with observed successes and unchallenged components aremore » assumed capable of failing, typically with their baseline probabilities. This is <span class="hlt">referred</span> to as the failure memory approach to event assessment. The conditioning of <span class="hlt">common</span>-cause failure probabilities for the <span class="hlt">common</span> cause component group associated with the observed component failure is particularly important, as it is insufficient to simply leave these probabilities at their baseline values, and doing so may result in a significant underestimate of risk significance for the event. Past work in this area has focused on the mathematics of the adjustment. In this paper, we review the Basic Parameter Model for <span class="hlt">common</span>-cause failure, which underlies most current risk modelling, discuss the limitations of this model with respect to event assessment, and introduce a proposed new framework for <span class="hlt">common</span>-cause failure, which uses a Bayesian network to model underlying causes of failure, and which has the potential to overcome the limitations of the Basic Parameter Model with respect to event assessment.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JOM....70c.431L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JOM....70c.431L"><span>Techno-Economic Analysis of Magnesium Extraction from Seawater via a Catalyzed Organo-Metathetical <span class="hlt">Process</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Jian; Bearden, Mark D.; Fernandez, Carlos A.; Fifield, Leonard S.; Nune, Satish K.; Motkuri, Radha K.; Koech, Philip K.; McGrail, B. Pete</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Magnesium (Mg) has many useful applications especially in the form of various Mg alloys that can decrease weight while increasing strength compared with <span class="hlt">common</span> steels. To increase the affordability and minimize environment consequence, a novel catalyzed organo-metathetical (COMET) <span class="hlt">process</span> was proposed to extract Mg from seawater aiming to achieve a significant reduction in total energy and production cost compared with the melting salt electrolysis method currently adapted by US Mg LLC. A <span class="hlt">process</span> flow sheet for a <span class="hlt">reference</span> COMET <span class="hlt">process</span> was set up using Aspen Plus. The energy consumption, production cost, and CO2 emissions were estimated using the Aspen economic analyzer. Our results showed that it is possible to produce Mg from seawater with a production cost of 2.0/kg-Mg while consuming about 35.6 kWh/kg-Mg and releasing 7.7 kg CO2/kg-Mg. Under the simulated conditions, the <span class="hlt">reference</span> COMET <span class="hlt">process</span> maintains a comparable CO2 emission rate, saves about 40% in production cost, and saves about 15% in energy consumption compared with a simplified US Mg <span class="hlt">process</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24181985','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24181985"><span>On the suitability of ISO 16717-1 <span class="hlt">reference</span> spectra for rating airborne sound insulation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mašović, Draško B; Pavlović, Dragana S Šumarac; Mijić, Miomir M</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>A standard proposal for rating airborne sound insulation in buildings [ISO 16717-1 (2012)] defines the <span class="hlt">reference</span> noise spectra. Since their shapes influence the calculated values of single-number descriptors, <span class="hlt">reference</span> spectra should approximate well typical noise spectra in buildings. There is, however, very little data in the existing literature on a typical noise spectrum in dwellings. A spectral analysis of <span class="hlt">common</span> noise sources in dwellings is presented in this paper, as a result of an extensive monitoring of various noisy household activities. Apart from music with strong bass content, the proposed "living" <span class="hlt">reference</span> spectrum overestimates noise levels at low frequencies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=application+AND+spaces&pg=6&id=EJ1119257','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=application+AND+spaces&pg=6&id=EJ1119257"><span>Does <span class="hlt">Common</span> Enrollment Work?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Carpenter, Dick M., II; Clayton, Grant</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>In this article, researchers Dick M. Carpenter II and Grant Clayton explore <span class="hlt">common</span> enrollment systems (CESs)--how they work and what school leaders can learn from districts that have implemented CESs. Denver, New Orleans, and Newark (New Jersey) have rolled out this centralized enrollment <span class="hlt">process</span> for all district-run and charter schools in their…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/15001917-web-based-common-framework-support-test-evaluation-process-any-time-anywhere-anyhow','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/15001917-web-based-common-framework-support-test-evaluation-process-any-time-anywhere-anyhow"><span>A Web-Based <span class="hlt">Common</span> Framework to Support the Test and Evaluation <span class="hlt">Process</span> Any Time, Anywhere, and Anyhow</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Schur, Anne; Brown, James C.; Eaton, Sharon L.</p> <p></p> <p>Test and evaluation (T and E) is an enterprise. For any product, large or small, performance data is desired on many aspects to evaluate the product?s effectiveness for the intended users. Representing the many T and E facets without bewildering the user is challenging when there is a range of people, from the system developers to the manager of the organization, that want specific feedback. A web-based One-Stop Evaluation Center was created to meet these needs for a particular project. The evaluation center is usable at any time in the systems development lifecycle and streamlines the T and E enterprise.more » This paper discusses a <span class="hlt">common</span> framework that unifies the T and E <span class="hlt">process</span> with many stakeholders involved and is flexible to accommodate each stakeholders?specific evaluative <span class="hlt">processes</span> and content. Our success has translated to many cost savings by enabling quick responses to change and a better line of communication between the users, developers, and managers.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12952681','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12952681"><span>The advance of technology and the scientific <span class="hlt">commons</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nelson, Richard R</p> <p>2003-08-15</p> <p>The advance of technology proceeds through an evolutionary <span class="hlt">process</span>, with many different new departures in competition with each other and with prevailing practice, and with ex-post selection determining the winners and losers. In modern times what gives power to the <span class="hlt">process</span> is the strong base of scientific and technological understanding and technique that guides the efforts of those seeking to advance the technology. Most of that base is part of a <span class="hlt">commons</span> open to all who have expertise in a field. The proprietary aspects of technology traditionally have comprised a small topping on the <span class="hlt">commons</span>. But recently parts of the <span class="hlt">commons</span> have become privatized. While the justification for the policies and actions that have spurred privatization of the <span class="hlt">commons</span> is that this will spur technological progress, the argument here is that the result can be just the opposite.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EPJB...89...13P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EPJB...89...13P"><span>Dynamical prediction of flu seasonality driven by ambient temperature: influenza vs. <span class="hlt">common</span> cold</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Postnikov, Eugene B.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>This work presents a comparative analysis of Influenzanet data for influenza itself and <span class="hlt">common</span> cold in the Netherlands during the last 5 years, from the point of view of modelling by linearised SIRS equations parametrically driven by the ambient temperature. It is argued that this approach allows for the forecast of <span class="hlt">common</span> cold, but not of influenza in a strict sense. The difference in their kinetic models is discussed with <span class="hlt">reference</span> to the clinical background.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29878818','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29878818"><span>Determining optimal parameters of the self-<span class="hlt">referent</span> encoding task: A large-scale examination of self-<span class="hlt">referent</span> cognition and depression.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dainer-Best, Justin; Lee, Hae Yeon; Shumake, Jason D; Yeager, David S; Beevers, Christopher G</p> <p>2018-06-07</p> <p>Although the self-<span class="hlt">referent</span> encoding task (SRET) is <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used to measure self-<span class="hlt">referent</span> cognition in depression, many different SRET metrics can be obtained. The current study used best subsets regression with cross-validation and independent test samples to identify the SRET metrics most reliably associated with depression symptoms in three large samples: a college student sample (n = 572), a sample of adults from Amazon Mechanical Turk (n = 293), and an adolescent sample from a school field study (n = 408). Across all 3 samples, SRET metrics associated most strongly with depression severity included number of words endorsed as self-descriptive and rate of accumulation of information required to decide whether adjectives were self-descriptive (i.e., drift rate). These metrics had strong intratask and split-half reliability and high test-retest reliability across a 1-week period. Recall of SRET stimuli and traditional reaction time (RT) metrics were not robustly associated with depression severity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10605E..1CZ','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SPIE10605E..1CZ"><span>A method of camera calibration in the measurement <span class="hlt">process</span> with <span class="hlt">reference</span> mark for approaching observation space target</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Hua; Zeng, Luan</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Binocular stereoscopic vision can be used for space-based space targets near observation. In order to solve the problem that the traditional binocular vision system cannot work normally after interference, an online calibration method of binocular stereo measuring camera with self-<span class="hlt">reference</span> is proposed. The method uses an auxiliary optical imaging device to insert the image of the standard <span class="hlt">reference</span> object into the edge of the main optical path and image with the target on the same focal plane, which is equivalent to a standard <span class="hlt">reference</span> in the binocular imaging optical system; When the position of the system and the imaging device parameters are disturbed, the image of the standard <span class="hlt">reference</span> will change accordingly in the imaging plane, and the position of the standard <span class="hlt">reference</span> object does not change. The camera's external parameters can be re-calibrated by the visual relationship of the standard <span class="hlt">reference</span> object. The experimental results show that the maximum mean square error of the same object can be reduced from the original 72.88mm to 1.65mm when the right camera is deflected by 0.4 degrees and the left camera is high and low with 0.2° rotation. This method can realize the online calibration of binocular stereoscopic vision measurement system, which can effectively improve the anti - jamming ability of the system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGeod.tmp...28K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGeod.tmp...28K"><span>Consistent realization of Celestial and Terrestrial <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Frames</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kwak, Younghee; Bloßfeld, Mathis; Schmid, Ralf; Angermann, Detlef; Gerstl, Michael; Seitz, Manuela</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The Celestial <span class="hlt">Reference</span> System (CRS) is currently realized only by Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) because it is the space geodetic technique that enables observations in that frame. In contrast, the Terrestrial <span class="hlt">Reference</span> System (TRS) is realized by means of the combination of four space geodetic techniques: Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), VLBI, Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR), and Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite. The Earth orientation parameters (EOP) are the link between the two types of systems, CRS and TRS. The EOP series of the International Earth Rotation and <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Systems Service were combined of specifically selected series from various analysis centers. Other EOP series were generated by a simultaneous estimation together with the TRF while the CRF was fixed. Those computation approaches entail inherent inconsistencies between TRF, EOP, and CRF, also because the input data sets are different. A combined normal equation (NEQ) system, which consists of all the parameters, i.e., TRF, EOP, and CRF, would overcome such an inconsistency. In this paper, we simultaneously estimate TRF, EOP, and CRF from an inter-technique combined NEQ using the latest GNSS, VLBI, and SLR data (2005-2015). The results show that the selection of local ties is most critical to the TRF. The combination of pole coordinates is beneficial for the CRF, whereas the combination of Δ UT1 results in clear rotations of the estimated CRF. However, the standard deviations of the EOP and the CRF improve by the inter-technique combination which indicates the benefits of a <span class="hlt">common</span> estimation of all parameters. It became evident that the <span class="hlt">common</span> determination of TRF, EOP, and CRF systematically influences future ICRF computations at the level of several μas. Moreover, the CRF is influenced by up to 50 μas if the station coordinates and EOP are dominated by the satellite techniques.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23745357','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23745357"><span>[<span class="hlt">Reference</span> citation].</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Brkić, Silvija</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Scientific and professional papers represent the information basis for scientific research and professional work. <span class="hlt">References</span> important for the paper should be cited within the text, and listed at the end of the paper. This paper deals with different styles of <span class="hlt">reference</span> citation. Special emphasis was placed on the Vancouver Style for <span class="hlt">reference</span> citation in biomedical journals established by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. It includes original samples for citing various types of articles, both printed and electronic, as well as recommendations related to <span class="hlt">reference</span> citation in accordance with the methodology and ethics of scientific research and guidelines for preparing manuscripts for publication.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870000744','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870000744"><span>Black-and-white photographic chemistry: A <span class="hlt">reference</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Walker, E. D. (Compiler)</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>This work is intended as a <span class="hlt">reference</span> of black-and-white photographic chemistry. Included is a basic history of the photographic <span class="hlt">processes</span> and a complete description of all chemicals used, formulas for the development and fixation <span class="hlt">process</span>, and associated formulas such as cleaners, hardeners, and toners. The work contains a complete glossary of photographic terms, a trouble-shooting section listing causes and effects regarding photographic film and papers, and various conversion charts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27496795','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27496795"><span>Bone turnover marker <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals in young females.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Callegari, Emma T; Gorelik, Alexandra; Garland, Suzanne M; Chiang, Cherie Y; Wark, John D</p> <p>2017-07-01</p> <p>Background The use of bone turnover markers in clinical practice and research in younger people is limited by the lack of normative data and understanding of <span class="hlt">common</span> causes of variation in bone turnover marker values in this demographic. To appropriately interpret bone turnover markers, robust <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals specific to age, development and sex are necessary. This study aimed to determine <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals of bone turnover markers in females aged 16-25 years participating in the Safe-D study. Methods Participants were recruited through social networking site Facebook and were asked to complete an extensive, online questionnaire and attend a site visit. Participants were tested for serum carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type 1 collagen and total procollagen type 1 N-propeptide using the Roche Elecsys automated analyser. <span class="hlt">Reference</span> intervals were determined using the 2.5th to 97.5th percentiles of normalized bone turnover marker values. Results Of 406 participants, 149 were excluded due to medical conditions or medication use (except hormonal contraception) which may affect bone metabolism. In the remaining 257 participants, the <span class="hlt">reference</span> interval was 230-1000 ng/L for serum carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type 1 collagen and 27-131 µg/L for procollagen type 1 N-propeptide. Both marker concentrations were inversely correlated with age and oral contraceptive pill use. Therefore, intervals specific to these variables were calculated. Conclusions We defined robust <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals for cross-linking telopeptide of type 1 collagen and procollagen type 1 N-propeptide in young females grouped by age and contraceptive pill use. We examined bone turnover markers' relationship with several lifestyle, clinical and demographic factors. Our normative intervals should aid interpretation of bone turnover markers in young females particularly in those aged 16 to 19 years where <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals are currently provisional.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28526943','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28526943"><span>A 'Global <span class="hlt">Reference</span>' Comparator for Biosimilar Development.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Webster, Christopher J; Woollett, Gillian R</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Major drug regulators have indicated in guidance their flexibility to accept some development data for biosimilars generated with <span class="hlt">reference</span> product versions licensed outside their own jurisdictions, but most authorities require new bridging studies between these versions and the versions of them licensed locally. The costs of these studies are not trivial in absolute terms and, due to the multiplier effect of required repetition by each biosimilar sponsor, their collective costs are substantial. Yet versions of biologics licensed in different jurisdictions usually share the same development data, and any manufacturing changes between versions have been justified by a rigorous comparability <span class="hlt">process</span>. The fact that a biosimilar is usually expected to be licensed in multiple jurisdictions, in each case as similar to the local <span class="hlt">reference</span> product, confirms that minor analytical differences between versions of <span class="hlt">reference</span> biologics are typically inconsequential for clinical outcomes and licensing. A greatly simplified basis for selecting a <span class="hlt">reference</span> comparator, that does not require conducting new bridging studies, is proposed and justified based on the shared data of the <span class="hlt">reference</span> product versions as well as the proof offered where biosimilars have already been approved. The relevance of this proposal to the interchangeability designation available in the US is discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=vr&pg=2&id=EJ1006651','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=vr&pg=2&id=EJ1006651"><span>Now It's Necessary: Virtual <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Services at Washington State University, Pullman</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Nicol, Erica Carlson; Crook, Linda</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>While virtual <span class="hlt">reference</span> services (VRS) are becoming more and more <span class="hlt">common</span> in academic libraries, implementing and maintaining well-used and effective VRS can be a challenge in the face of competing demands on time, staffing, and funding. Between 2011 and 2012, librarians at Washington State University, Pullman (WSU) have overhauled and reorganized…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Service+AND+reference&pg=3&id=EJ929696','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Service+AND+reference&pg=3&id=EJ929696"><span>Ending the Turf War: Circulation, <span class="hlt">Reference</span>, and Instruction on One Team</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Johnson, Ken; Jennings, Susan; Hisle, Sue</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>In January 2008, the Belk Library & Information <span class="hlt">Commons</span> at Appalachian State University combined the Access Services staff members of the Circulation and Lower Level Service Desks with the <span class="hlt">Reference</span> and Instruction team as part of a library-wide reorganization effort. The new team balanced what had been a staff-dominated Access Services team…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5749753','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5749753"><span>Identification and evaluation of <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for qRT-PCR studies in Lentinula edodes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Qin, Peng; He, Maolan; Yu, Xiumei; Zhao, Ke; Zhang, Xiaoping; Ma, Menggen; Chen, Qiang; Chen, Xiaoqiong; Zeng, Xianfu; Gu, Yunfu</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom) is a <span class="hlt">common</span> edible mushroom with a number of potential therapeutic and nutritional applications. It contains various medically important molecules, such as polysaccharides, terpenoids, sterols, and lipids, were contained in this mushroom. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a powerful tool to analyze the mechanisms underlying the biosynthetic pathways of these substances. qRT-PCR is used for accurate analyses of transcript levels owing to its rapidity, sensitivity, and reliability. However, its accuracy and reliability for the quantification of transcripts rely on the expression stability of the <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes used for data normalization. To ensure the reliability of gene expression analyses using qRT-PCR in L. edodes molecular biology research, it is necessary to systematically evaluate <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes. In the current study, ten potential <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes were selected from L. edodes genomic data and their expression levels were measured by qRT-PCR using various samples. The expression stability of each candidate gene was analyzed by three <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used software packages: geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper. Base on the results, Rpl4 was the most stable <span class="hlt">reference</span> gene across all experimental conditions, and Atu was the most stable gene among strains. 18S was found to be the best <span class="hlt">reference</span> gene for different development stages, and Rpl4 was the most stably expressed gene under various nutrient conditions. The present work will contribute to qRT-PCR studies in L. edodes. PMID:29293626</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29293626','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29293626"><span>Identification and evaluation of <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for qRT-PCR studies in Lentinula edodes.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xiang, Quanju; Li, Jin; Qin, Peng; He, Maolan; Yu, Xiumei; Zhao, Ke; Zhang, Xiaoping; Ma, Menggen; Chen, Qiang; Chen, Xiaoqiong; Zeng, Xianfu; Gu, Yunfu</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom) is a <span class="hlt">common</span> edible mushroom with a number of potential therapeutic and nutritional applications. It contains various medically important molecules, such as polysaccharides, terpenoids, sterols, and lipids, were contained in this mushroom. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a powerful tool to analyze the mechanisms underlying the biosynthetic pathways of these substances. qRT-PCR is used for accurate analyses of transcript levels owing to its rapidity, sensitivity, and reliability. However, its accuracy and reliability for the quantification of transcripts rely on the expression stability of the <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes used for data normalization. To ensure the reliability of gene expression analyses using qRT-PCR in L. edodes molecular biology research, it is necessary to systematically evaluate <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes. In the current study, ten potential <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes were selected from L. edodes genomic data and their expression levels were measured by qRT-PCR using various samples. The expression stability of each candidate gene was analyzed by three <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used software packages: geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper. Base on the results, Rpl4 was the most stable <span class="hlt">reference</span> gene across all experimental conditions, and Atu was the most stable gene among strains. 18S was found to be the best <span class="hlt">reference</span> gene for different development stages, and Rpl4 was the most stably expressed gene under various nutrient conditions. The present work will contribute to qRT-PCR studies in L. edodes.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/strd/index.html','NISTDBS'); return false;" href="http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/strd/index.html"><span>Statistical <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Datasets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://srdata.nist.gov/gateway/gateway?search=keyword">National Institute of Standards and Technology Data Gateway</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Statistical <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Datasets (Web, free access) The Statistical <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Datasets is also supported by the Standard <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Data Program. The purpose of this project is to improve the accuracy of statistical software by providing <span class="hlt">reference</span> datasets with certified computational results that enable the objective evaluation of statistical software.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3309154','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3309154"><span>fMRI evidence for strategic decision-making during resolution of pronoun <span class="hlt">reference</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>McMillan, Corey T.; Clark, Robin; Gunawardena, Delani; Ryant, Neville; Grossman, Murray</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Pronouns are extraordinarily <span class="hlt">common</span> in daily language yet little is known about the neural mechanisms that support decisions about pronoun <span class="hlt">reference</span>. We propose a large-scale neural network for resolving pronoun <span class="hlt">reference</span> that consists of two components. First, a core language network in peri-Sylvian cortex supports syntactic and semantic resources for interpreting pronoun meaning in sentences. Second, a frontal-parietal network that supports strategic decision-making is recruited to support probabilistic and risk-related components of resolving a pronoun’s <span class="hlt">referent</span>. In an fMRI study of healthy young adults, we observed activation of left inferior frontal and superior temporal cortex, consistent with a language network. We also observed activation of brain regions not associated with traditional language areas. By manipulating the context of the pronoun, we were able to demonstrate recruitment of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during probabilistic evaluation of a pronoun’s <span class="hlt">reference</span>, and orbital frontal activation when a pronoun must adopt a risky <span class="hlt">referent</span>. Together, these findings are consistent with a two-component model for resolving a pronoun’s <span class="hlt">reference</span> that includes neuroanatomic regions supporting core linguistic and decision-making mechanisms. PMID:22245014</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22245014','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22245014"><span>fMRI evidence for strategic decision-making during resolution of pronoun <span class="hlt">reference</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>McMillan, Corey T; Clark, Robin; Gunawardena, Delani; Ryant, Neville; Grossman, Murray</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>Pronouns are extraordinarily <span class="hlt">common</span> in daily language yet little is known about the neural mechanisms that support decisions about pronoun <span class="hlt">reference</span>. We propose a large-scale neural network for resolving pronoun <span class="hlt">reference</span> that consists of two components. First, a core language network in peri-Sylvian cortex supports syntactic and semantic resources for interpreting pronoun meaning in sentences. Second, a frontal-parietal network that supports strategic decision-making is recruited to support probabilistic and risk-related components of resolving a pronoun's <span class="hlt">referent</span>. In an fMRI study of healthy young adults, we observed activation of left inferior frontal and superior temporal cortex, consistent with a language network. We also observed activation of brain regions not associated with traditional language areas. By manipulating the context of the pronoun, we were able to demonstrate recruitment of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during probabilistic evaluation of a pronoun's <span class="hlt">reference</span>, and orbital frontal activation when a pronoun must adopt a risky <span class="hlt">referent</span>. Together, these findings are consistent with a two-component model for resolving a pronoun's <span class="hlt">reference</span> that includes neuroanatomic regions supporting core linguistic and decision-making mechanisms. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001A%26A...367.1070B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001A%26A...367.1070B"><span>IAU resolutions on <span class="hlt">reference</span> systems and time scales in practice</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Brumberg, V. A.; Groten, E.</p> <p>2001-03-01</p> <p>To be consistent with IAU/IUGG (1991) resolutions ICRS and ITRS should be treated as four-dimensional <span class="hlt">reference</span> systems with TCB and TCG time scales, respectively, interrelated by a four-dimensional general relativistic transformation. This two-way transformation is given in the form adapted for actual application. The use of TB and TT instead of TCB and TCG, respectively, involves scaling factors complicating the use of this transformation in practice. New IAU B1 (2000) resolution is commented taking in mind some points of possible confusion in its practical application. The problem of the relationship of the theory of <span class="hlt">reference</span> systems with the parameters of <span class="hlt">common</span> relevance to astronomy, geodesy and geodynamics is briefly outlined.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28328026','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28328026"><span>Alternative mass <span class="hlt">reference</span> standards for direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Cody, Robert B; Dane, A John</p> <p>2016-05-30</p> <p>Mass spectra were acquired with the Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART®) ion source for an amine-terminated polyether used as positive-ion mass <span class="hlt">reference</span> standards and for several fluorinated materials <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used as negative-ion <span class="hlt">reference</span> standards for mass spectrometry. A commercial time-of-flight mass spectrometer equipped with a DART ion source was used for all measurements. Mass <span class="hlt">reference</span> standards deposited onto the sealed end of a glass melting point tube were suspended in the DART gas stream for analysis. A polyetheramine (Jeffamine® M-600) produced intense peaks corresponding to protonated molecules. Perfluorotributylamine (PFTBA), and perfluorotripentylamine, gave useful <span class="hlt">reference</span> spectra for different m/z ranges. DART mass spectra of Ultramark 1621® resembled those previously reported for Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB) and Electrospray Ionization (ESI). Fomblin®Y, a fluorinated ether, was the most useful negative-ion <span class="hlt">reference</span> standard of the materials tested. The material is commercially available, inexpensive, and provides <span class="hlt">reference</span> peaks covering the m/z range 85 to >3000. Jeffamine-M600 was found to be a convenient alternative to polyethers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) for DART positive-ion mass calibration. Fomblin Y was suitable for use as a negative-ion <span class="hlt">reference</span> standard. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26290738','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26290738"><span>GAPDH, β-actin and β2-microglobulin, as three <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes, are not reliable for gene expression studies in equine adipose- and marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Nazari, Fatemeh; Parham, Abbas; Maleki, Adham Fani</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Quantitative real time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) is one of the most important techniques for gene-expression analysis in molecular based studies. Selecting a proper internal control gene for normalizing data is a crucial step in gene expression analysis via this method. The expression levels of <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes should be remained constant among cells in different tissues. However, it seems that the location of cells in different tissues might influence their expression. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has any effect on expression level of three <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes (GAPDH, β-actin and β2-microglobulin) in equine marrow- and adipose- derived undifferentiated MSCs and consequently their reliability for comparative qRT-PCR. Adipose tissue (AT) and bone marrow (BM) samples were harvested from 3 mares. MSCs were isolated and cultured until passage 3 (P3). Total RNA of P3 cells was extracted for cDNA synthesis. The generated cDNAs were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. The PCR reactions were ended with a melting curve analysis to verify the specificity of amplicon. The expression levels of GAPDH were significantly different between AT- and BM- derived MSCs (p < 0.05). Differences in expression level of β-actin (P < 0.001) and B2M (P < 0.006.) between MSCs derived from AT and BM were substantially higher than GAPDH. In addition, the fold change in expression levels of GAPDH, β-actin and B2M in AT-derived MSCs compared to BM-derived MSCs were 2.38, 6.76 and 7.76, respectively. This study demonstrated that GAPDH and especially β-actin and B2M express in different levels in equine AT- and BM- derived MSCs. Thus they cannot be considered as reliable <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for comparative quantitative gene expression analysis in MSCs derived from equine bone marrow and adipose tissue.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25734757','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25734757"><span>Memory systems interaction in the pigeon: working and <span class="hlt">reference</span> memory.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Roberts, William A; Strang, Caroline; Macpherson, Krista</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>Pigeons' performance on a working memory task, symbolic delayed matching-to-sample, was used to examine the interaction between working memory and <span class="hlt">reference</span> memory. <span class="hlt">Reference</span> memory was established by training pigeons to discriminate between the comparison cues used in delayed matching as S+ and S- stimuli. Delayed matching retention tests then measured accuracy when working and <span class="hlt">reference</span> memory were congruent and incongruent. In 4 experiments, it was shown that the interaction between working and <span class="hlt">reference</span> memory is reciprocal: Strengthening either type of memory leads to a decrease in the influence of the other type of memory. A <span class="hlt">process</span> dissociation procedure analysis of the data from Experiment 4 showed independence of working and <span class="hlt">reference</span> memory, and a model of working memory and <span class="hlt">reference</span> memory interaction was shown to predict the findings reported in the 4 experiments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3410285','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3410285"><span><span class="hlt">Reference</span> values of thirty-one frequently used laboratory markers for 75-year-old males and females</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Ryden, Ingvar; Lind, Lars</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Background We have previously reported <span class="hlt">reference</span> values for <span class="hlt">common</span> clinical chemistry tests in healthy 70-year-old males and females. We have now repeated this study 5 years later to establish <span class="hlt">reference</span> values also at the age of 75. It is important to have adequate <span class="hlt">reference</span> values for elderly patients as biological markers may change over time, and adequate <span class="hlt">reference</span> values are essential for correct clinical decisions. Methods We have investigated 31 frequently used laboratory markers in 75-year-old males (n = 354) and females (n = 373) without diabetes. The 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles for these markers were calculated according to the recommendations of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry. Results <span class="hlt">Reference</span> values are reported for 75-year-old males and females for 31 frequently used laboratory markers. Conclusion There were minor differences between <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals calculated with and without individuals with cardiovascular diseases. Several of the <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals differed from Scandinavian <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals based on younger individuals (Nordic <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Interval Project). PMID:22300333</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28178074','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28178074"><span>A <span class="hlt">common</span> pronociceptive pain modulation profile typifying subgroups of chronic pelvic pain syndromes is interrelated with enhanced clinical pain.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Grinberg, Keren; Granot, Michal; Lowenstein, Lior; Abramov, Liora; Weissman-Fogel, Irit</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) and painful bladder syndrome (PBS), subgroups of chronic pelvic pain syndromes (CPPS), are considered to share <span class="hlt">common</span> biophysiological peripheral mechanisms. In addition, indications of a pronociceptive pain profile coexisting with psychological vulnerability suggest <span class="hlt">common</span> dysfunctional pain <span class="hlt">processing</span> and pain modulation in these 2 subgroups of CPPS. We therefore aimed at comparing the pain profile and psychological traits of patients with PVD and PBS to see whether the pain profile contributes to intersubject variability of clinical pain symptoms. Patients with PVD (n = 18) and PBS (n = 21) were compared with healthy controls (n = 20) in their responses to (1) pain psychophysical tests applied to both <span class="hlt">referred</span> (suprapubis) and remote (hand) body areas and (2) pain-related psychological factors (pain catastrophizing, depression, anxiety, and somatization). We found a similar pronociceptive pain profile in the 2 subgroups of CPPS-enhanced facilitation (ie, hyperalgesia in the <span class="hlt">referred</span> body area [P < 0.001]) and inefficient inhibition (ie, reduced conditioned pain modulation [P < 0.001] that were associated with both enhanced pain ratings evoked during trigger point examination [P < 0.037]) and higher Brief Pain Inventory ratings (P = 0.002). The latter was also correlated with pain catastrophizing (r = 0.504, P = 0.001) and depression symptoms (r = 0.361, P = 0.024). The findings suggest <span class="hlt">common</span> mechanisms underlying a dysfunctional nociceptive system in both PVD and PBS. The intersubject variability in the level of dysfunction and its association with disease severity recommends a personalized pain treatment that may alleviate daily pain and dysfunction in patients with CPPS.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMIN41D..02M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMIN41D..02M"><span>DSA-WDS <span class="hlt">Common</span> Requirements: Developing a New Core Data Repository Certification</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Minster, J. B. H.; Edmunds, R.; L'Hours, H.; Mokrane, M.; Rickards, L.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>The Data Seal of Approval (DSA) and the International Council for Science - World Data System (ICSU-WDS) have both developed minimally intensive core certification standards whereby digital repositories supply evidence that they are trustworthy and have a long-term outlook. Both DSA and WDS applicants have found core certification to be beneficial: building stakeholder confidence, enhancing the repository's reputation, and demonstrating that it is following good practices; as well as stimulating the repository to focus on <span class="hlt">processes</span> and procedures, thereby achieving ever higher levels of professionalism over time.The DSA and WDS core certifications evolved independently serving initially different communities but both initiatives are multidisciplinary with catalogues of criteria and review procedures based on the same principles. Hence, to realize efficiencies, simplify assessment options, stimulate more certifications, and increase impact on the community, the Repository Audit and Certification DSA-WDS Partnership Working Group (WG) was established under the umbrella of the Research Data Alliance (RDA). The WG conducted a side-by-side analysis of both frameworks to unify the wording and criteria, ultimately leading to a harmonized Catalogue of <span class="hlt">Common</span> Requirements for core certification of repositories—as well as a set of <span class="hlt">Common</span> Procedures for their assessment.This presentation will focus on the collaborative effort by DSA and WDS to establish (1) a testbed comprising DSA and WDS certified data repositories to validate both the new Catalogue and Procedures, and (2) a joint Certification Board towards their practical implementation. We will describe:• The purpose and methodology of the testbed, including selection of repositories to be assessed against the <span class="hlt">common</span> standard.• The results of the testbed, with an in-depth look at some of the comments received and issues highlighted.• General insights gained from evaluating the testbed results, the subsequent</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED557593.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED557593.pdf"><span>States' Implementation of the <span class="hlt">Common</span> Core State Standards and the Australian Curriculum: A Comparison of the Change <span class="hlt">Process</span> in Two Countries</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Watt, Michael</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of this study was to examine and compare key elements of the actions that states in the USA and Australia took to implement the <span class="hlt">Common</span> Core State Standards or Phase One of the Australian Curriculum, and what <span class="hlt">processes</span> and products they used to facilitate implementation of these innovations. A rubric adapted from a diagnostic tool,…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26393928','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26393928"><span>Optimal <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Genes for Gene Expression Normalization in Trichomonas vaginalis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>dos Santos, Odelta; de Vargas Rigo, Graziela; Frasson, Amanda Piccoli; Macedo, Alexandre José; Tasca, Tiana</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Trichomonas vaginalis is the etiologic agent of trichomonosis, the most <span class="hlt">common</span> non-viral sexually transmitted disease worldwide. This infection is associated with several health consequences, including cervical and prostate cancers and HIV acquisition. Gene expression analysis has been facilitated because of available genome sequences and large-scale transcriptomes in T. vaginalis, particularly using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), one of the most used methods for molecular studies. <span class="hlt">Reference</span> genes for normalization are crucial to ensure the accuracy of this method. However, to the best of our knowledge, a systematic validation of <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes has not been performed for T. vaginalis. In this study, the transcripts of nine candidate <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes were quantified using qRT-PCR under different cultivation conditions, and the stability of these genes was compared using the geNorm and NormFinder algorithms. The most stable <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes were α-tubulin, actin and DNATopII, and, conversely, the widely used T. vaginalis <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes GAPDH and β-tubulin were less stable. The PFOR gene was used to validate the reliability of the use of these candidate <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes. As expected, the PFOR gene was upregulated when the trophozoites were cultivated with ferrous ammonium sulfate when the DNATopII, α-tubulin and actin genes were used as normalizing gene. By contrast, the PFOR gene was downregulated when the GAPDH gene was used as an internal control, leading to misinterpretation of the data. These results provide an important starting point for <span class="hlt">reference</span> gene selection and gene expression analysis with qRT-PCR studies of T. vaginalis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4579074','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4579074"><span>Optimal <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Genes for Gene Expression Normalization in Trichomonas vaginalis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>dos Santos, Odelta; de Vargas Rigo, Graziela; Frasson, Amanda Piccoli; Macedo, Alexandre José; Tasca, Tiana</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Trichomonas vaginalis is the etiologic agent of trichomonosis, the most <span class="hlt">common</span> non-viral sexually transmitted disease worldwide. This infection is associated with several health consequences, including cervical and prostate cancers and HIV acquisition. Gene expression analysis has been facilitated because of available genome sequences and large-scale transcriptomes in T. vaginalis, particularly using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), one of the most used methods for molecular studies. <span class="hlt">Reference</span> genes for normalization are crucial to ensure the accuracy of this method. However, to the best of our knowledge, a systematic validation of <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes has not been performed for T. vaginalis. In this study, the transcripts of nine candidate <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes were quantified using qRT-PCR under different cultivation conditions, and the stability of these genes was compared using the geNorm and NormFinder algorithms. The most stable <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes were α-tubulin, actin and DNATopII, and, conversely, the widely used T. vaginalis <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes GAPDH and β-tubulin were less stable. The PFOR gene was used to validate the reliability of the use of these candidate <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes. As expected, the PFOR gene was upregulated when the trophozoites were cultivated with ferrous ammonium sulfate when the DNATopII, α-tubulin and actin genes were used as normalizing gene. By contrast, the PFOR gene was downregulated when the GAPDH gene was used as an internal control, leading to misinterpretation of the data. These results provide an important starting point for <span class="hlt">reference</span> gene selection and gene expression analysis with qRT-PCR studies of T. vaginalis. PMID:26393928</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Service+AND+reference&pg=2&id=ED534861','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=Service+AND+reference&pg=2&id=ED534861"><span>Fundamentals of <span class="hlt">Reference</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Mulac, Carolyn M.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The all-in-one "<span class="hlt">Reference</span> <span class="hlt">reference</span>" you've been waiting for, this invaluable book offers a concise introduction to <span class="hlt">reference</span> sources and services for a variety of readers, from library staff members who are asked to work in the <span class="hlt">reference</span> department to managers and others who wish to familiarize themselves with this important area of…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23523719','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23523719"><span>Fast and accurate <span class="hlt">reference</span>-free alignment of subtomograms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chen, Yuxiang; Pfeffer, Stefan; Hrabe, Thomas; Schuller, Jan Michael; Förster, Friedrich</p> <p>2013-06-01</p> <p>In cryoelectron tomography alignment and averaging of subtomograms, each dnepicting the same macromolecule, improves the resolution compared to the individual subtomogram. Major challenges of subtomogram alignment are noise enhancement due to overfitting, the bias of an initial <span class="hlt">reference</span> in the iterative alignment <span class="hlt">process</span>, and the computational cost of <span class="hlt">processing</span> increasingly large amounts of data. Here, we propose an efficient and accurate alignment algorithm via a generalized convolution theorem, which allows computation of a constrained correlation function using spherical harmonics. This formulation increases computational speed of rotational matching dramatically compared to rotation search in Cartesian space without sacrificing accuracy in contrast to other spherical harmonic based approaches. Using this sampling method, a <span class="hlt">reference</span>-free alignment procedure is proposed to tackle <span class="hlt">reference</span> bias and overfitting, which also includes contrast transfer function correction by Wiener filtering. Application of the method to simulated data allowed us to obtain resolutions near the ground truth. For two experimental datasets, ribosomes from yeast lysate and purified 20S proteasomes, we achieved reconstructions of approximately 20Å and 16Å, respectively. The software is ready-to-use and made public to the community. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=334120','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=334120"><span>Improved maize <span class="hlt">reference</span> genome with single-molecule technologies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Complete and accurate <span class="hlt">reference</span> genomes and annotations provide fundamental tools for characterization of genetic and functional variation. These resources facilitate elucidation of biological <span class="hlt">processes</span> and support translation of research findings into improved and sustainable agricultural technolog...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25352985','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25352985"><span>The EPIRARE proposal of a set of indicators and <span class="hlt">common</span> data elements for the European platform for rare disease registration.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Taruscio, Domenica; Mollo, Emanuela; Gainotti, Sabina; Posada de la Paz, Manuel; Bianchi, Fabrizio; Vittozzi, Luciano</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>The European Union acknowledges the relevance of registries as key instruments for developing rare disease (RD) clinical research, improving patient care and health service (HS) planning and funded the EPIRARE project to improve standardization and data comparability among patient registries and to support new registries and data collections. A <span class="hlt">reference</span> list of patient registry-based indicators has been prepared building on the work of previous EU projects and on the platform stakeholders' information needs resulting from the EPIRARE surveys and consultations. The variables necessary to compute these indicators have been analysed for their scope and use and then organized in data domains. The <span class="hlt">reference</span> indicators span from disease surveillance, to socio-economic burden, HS monitoring, research and product development, policy equity and effectiveness. The variables necessary to compute these <span class="hlt">reference</span> indicators have been selected and, with the exception of more sophisticated indicators for research and clinical care quality, they can be collected as data elements <span class="hlt">common</span> (CDE) to all rare diseases. They have been organized in data domains characterized by their contents and main goal and a limited set of mandatory data elements has been defined, which allows case notification independently of the physician or the health service. The definition of a set of CDE for the European platform for RD patient registration is the first step in the promotion of the use of <span class="hlt">common</span> tools for the collection of comparable data. The proposed organization of the CDE contributes to the completeness of case ascertainment, with the possible involvement of patients and patient associations in the registration <span class="hlt">process</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26107788','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26107788"><span>An evidence-based review of <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used dietary supplements.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Laird, John</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>Use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is increasing in the United States. Physician assistants need to know about the efficacy of CAM therapies if they practice integrative medicine (which combines CAM and traditional therapies), recommend a CAM therapy occasionally as part of their treatment plan, <span class="hlt">refer</span> patients to CAM providers, or have patients who self-select CAM therapies. This article describes integrative medicine and reviews the most <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used dietary supplements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21079258','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21079258"><span>Jane Austen's (1775-1817) <span class="hlt">references</span> to headache: fact and fiction.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Larner, A J</p> <p>2010-11-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">References</span> to headache in Jane Austen's works, both fictional and non-fictional, and in biographical works undertaken by Austen family members have been collated. These multiple <span class="hlt">references</span> suggest that Jane Austen used headache as a narrative device to reflect not only physiological bodily <span class="hlt">processes</span> but also psychological states, possibly based on her own experience of headache and that of female relations and acquaintances.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22102912','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22102912"><span>Selection of stable <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for quantitative rt-PCR comparisons of mouse embryonic and extra-embryonic stem cells.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Veazey, Kylee J; Golding, Michael C</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>Isolation and culture of both embryonic and tissue specific stem cells provide an enormous opportunity to study the molecular <span class="hlt">processes</span> driving development. To gain insight into the initial events underpinning mammalian embryogenesis, pluripotent stem cells from each of the three distinct lineages present within the preimplantation blastocyst have been derived. Embryonic (ES), trophectoderm (TS) and extraembryonic endoderm (XEN) stem cells possess the developmental potential of their founding lineages and seemingly utilize distinct epigenetic modalities to program gene expression. However, the basis for these differing cellular identities and epigenetic properties remain poorly defined.Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a powerful and efficient means of rapidly comparing patterns of gene expression between different developmental stages and experimental conditions. However, careful, empirical selection of appropriate <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes is essential to accurately measuring transcriptional differences. Here we report the quantitation and evaluation of fourteen <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used <span class="hlt">references</span> genes between ES, TS and XEN stem cells. These included: Actb, B2m, Hsp70, Gapdh, Gusb, H2afz, Hk2, Hprt, Pgk1, Ppia, Rn7sk, Sdha, Tbp and Ywhaz. Utilizing three independent statistical analysis, we identify Pgk1, Sdha and Tbp as the most stable <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes between each of these stem cell types. Furthermore, we identify Sdha, Tbp and Ywhaz as well as Ywhaz, Pgk1 and Hk2 as the three most stable <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes through the in vitro differentiation of embryonic and trophectoderm stem cells respectively.Understanding the transcriptional and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms controlling cellular identity within these distinct stem cell types provides essential insight into cellular <span class="hlt">processes</span> controlling both embryogenesis and stem cell biology. Normalizing quantitative RT-PCR measurements using the geometric mean CT values obtained for the identified m</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=plate+AND+tectonics&pg=2&id=EJ995716','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=plate+AND+tectonics&pg=2&id=EJ995716"><span><span class="hlt">Common</span> Earth Science Misconceptions in Science Teaching</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>King, Chris</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>A survey of the Earth science content of science textbooks found a wide range of misconceptions. These are discussed in this article with <span class="hlt">reference</span> to the published literature on Earth science misconceptions. Most misconceptions occurred in the "sedimentary rocks and <span class="hlt">processes</span>" and "Earth's structure and plate tectonics"…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17923469','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17923469"><span>Food <span class="hlt">references</span> and marketing to children in Australian magazines: a content analysis.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kelly, Bridget; Chapman, Kathy</p> <p>2007-12-01</p> <p>The aim of this study was to assess the content and extent of food <span class="hlt">references</span> and marketing within popular children's magazines in Australia. Sixteen popular Australian children's magazines were selected, as determined by readership and circulation data. Back copies of each magazine were purchased for publications released between January and December 2006 (n = 76). Each magazine was assessed for food <span class="hlt">references</span> on the basis of 23 food categories and 7 food-referencing types and as either branded or non-branded food <span class="hlt">references</span>. There were a high number of overall food <span class="hlt">references</span> within the children's magazines, with the majority of these being for unhealthy food products (63.7% unhealthy versus 36.3% healthy foods, p < 0.001). The food groups with the highest proportion of branded food <span class="hlt">references</span>, and therefore paid marketing, were ice cream and iced confection (85.6% branded <span class="hlt">references</span>), fast food restaurant meals (83.4%), high-sugar drinks (78.9%) and snack foods (73.4%). Of all magazines, those targeting males and children aged 7-12 years had the highest proportion of unhealthy food <span class="hlt">references</span> (78.1 and 69.8% unhealthy food <span class="hlt">references</span>, respectively). Food <span class="hlt">references</span> within children's magazines are <span class="hlt">common</span> and skewed towards unhealthy foods. Children's high magazine readership rates and a lack of advertising and product placement regulations for magazines in Australia make this media an attractive target for food marketers. The timely establishment of food marketing regulations within magazines are recommended to prevent further expansion of food marketing in this area.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26120908','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26120908"><span><span class="hlt">Reference</span>-dependent risk sensitivity as rational inference.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Denrell, Jerker C</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>Existing explanations of <span class="hlt">reference</span>-dependent risk sensitivity attribute it to cognitive imperfections and heuristic choice <span class="hlt">processes</span>. This article shows that behavior consistent with an S-shaped value function could be an implication of rational inferences about the expected values of alternatives. Theoretically, I demonstrate that even a risk-neutral Bayesian decision maker, who is uncertain about the reliability of observations, should use variability in observed outcomes as a predictor of low expected value for outcomes above a <span class="hlt">reference</span> level, and as a predictor of high expected value for outcomes below a <span class="hlt">reference</span> level. Empirically, I show that combining past outcomes using an S-shaped value function leads to accurate predictions about future values. The theory also offers a rationale for why risk sensitivity consistent with an inverse S-shaped value function should occur in experiments on decisions from experience with binary payoff distributions. (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009mpme.book...17M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009mpme.book...17M"><span>Event-Driven <span class="hlt">Process</span> Chains (EPC)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mendling, Jan</p> <p></p> <p>This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of Event-driven <span class="hlt">Process</span> Chains (EPCs) and introduces a novel definition of EPC semantics. EPCs became popular in the 1990s as a conceptual business <span class="hlt">process</span> modeling language in the context of <span class="hlt">reference</span> modeling. <span class="hlt">Reference</span> modeling <span class="hlt">refers</span> to the documentation of generic business operations in a model such as service <span class="hlt">processes</span> in the telecommunications sector, for example. It is claimed that <span class="hlt">reference</span> models can be reused and adapted as best-practice recommendations in individual companies (see [230, 168, 229, 131, 400, 401, 446, 127, 362, 126]). The roots of <span class="hlt">reference</span> modeling can be traced back to the Kölner Integrationsmodell (KIM) [146, 147] that was developed in the 1960s and 1970s. In the 1990s, the Institute of Information Systems (IWi) in Saarbrücken worked on a project with SAP to define a suitable business <span class="hlt">process</span> modeling language to document the <span class="hlt">processes</span> of the SAP R/3 enterprise resource planning system. There were two results from this joint effort: the definition of EPCs [210] and the documentation of the SAP system in the SAP <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Model (see [92, 211]). The extensive database of this <span class="hlt">reference</span> model contains almost 10,000 sub-models: 604 of them non-trivial EPC business <span class="hlt">process</span> models. The SAP <span class="hlt">Reference</span> model had a huge impact with several researchers <span class="hlt">referring</span> to it in their publications (see [473, 235, 127, 362, 281, 427, 415]) as well as motivating the creation of EPC <span class="hlt">reference</span> models in further domains including computer integrated manufacturing [377, 379], logistics [229] or retail [52]. The wide-spread application of EPCs in business <span class="hlt">process</span> modeling theory and practice is supported by their coverage in seminal text books for business <span class="hlt">process</span> management and information systems in general (see [378, 380, 49, 384, 167, 240]). EPCs are frequently used in practice due to a high user acceptance [376] and extensive tool support. Some examples of tools that support EPCs are ARIS Toolset by IDS</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150013827','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150013827"><span>Mars Surface System <span class="hlt">Common</span> Capabilities and Challenges for Human Missions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hoffman, Stephen J.; Toups, Larry</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>NASA has begun a <span class="hlt">process</span> to identify and evaluate candidate locations where humans could land, live and work on the martian surface. These locations are <span class="hlt">referred</span> to as Exploration Zones (EZs). Given current mission concepts, an EZ is a collection of Regions of Interest (ROIs) that are located within approximately 100 kilometers of a centralized landing site. ROIs are areas that are relevant for scientific investigation and/or development/maturation of capabilities and resources necessary for a sustainable human presence. The EZ also contains a landing site and a habitation site that will be used by multiple human crews during missions to explore and utilize the ROIs within the EZ. In parallel with this <span class="hlt">process</span>, NASA continues to make progress on the Evolvable Mars Campaign examining alternatives that can pioneer an extended human presence on Mars that is Earth independent. This involves ongoing assessments of surface systems and operations to enable a permanent, sustainable human presence. Because of the difficulty in getting equipment and supplies to the surface of Mars, part of these assessments involve identifying those systems and <span class="hlt">processes</span> that can perform in multiple, sometimes completely unrelated, situations. These assessments have been performed in a very generic surface mission carried out at a very generic surface location. As specific candidate EZs are identified it becomes important to evaluate the current suite of surface systems and operations as they are likely to perform for the specific locations and for the types of operations - both scientific and development - that are proposed for these EZs. It is also important to evaluate the proposed EZs for their suitability to be explored or developed given the range of capabilities and constraints for the types of surface systems and operations being considered within the EMC. This means looking at setting up and operating a field station at a central location within the EZ as well as traversing to and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=seed+AND+processing&id=ED133437','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=seed+AND+processing&id=ED133437"><span>A <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Unit on Home Vegetable Gardening.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>McCully, James S., Comp.; And Others</p> <p></p> <p>Designed to provide practical, up-to-date, basic information on home gardening for vocational agriculture students with only a limited knowledge of vegetable gardening, this <span class="hlt">reference</span> unit includes step-by-step procedures for planning, planting, cultivating, harvesting, and <span class="hlt">processing</span> vegetables in a small plot. Topics covered include plot…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title37-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title37-vol1-sec1-74.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title37-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title37-vol1-sec1-74.pdf"><span>37 CFR 1.74 - <span class="hlt">Reference</span> to drawings.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false <span class="hlt">Reference</span> to drawings. 1.74 Section 1.74 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE GENERAL RULES OF PRACTICE IN PATENT CASES National <span class="hlt">Processing</span> Provisions Specification § 1.74...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title37-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title37-vol1-sec1-74.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title37-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title37-vol1-sec1-74.pdf"><span>37 CFR 1.74 - <span class="hlt">Reference</span> to drawings.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-07-01</p> <p>... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false <span class="hlt">Reference</span> to drawings. 1.74 Section 1.74 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE GENERAL RULES OF PRACTICE IN PATENT CASES National <span class="hlt">Processing</span> Provisions Specification § 1.74...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2079/report.pdf','USGSPUBS'); return false;" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2079/report.pdf"><span>An annotated key to the identification of <span class="hlt">commonly</span> occurring and dominant genera of algae observed in the phytoplankton of the United States</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/index.jsp?view=adv">USGS Publications Warehouse</a></p> <p>Greeson, Phillip E.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>In early 1979, a retrieval was made for all phytoplankton data contained in the computerized data file of the U. S. Geological Survey. The retrieval revealed the analytical results of 17,959 samples collected and <span class="hlt">processed</span> between October 1973 and October 1978. Of the approximately 500 genera of freshwater algae reported in the United States, the U.S. Geological Survey observed 321 genera in the phytoplankton. Fifty-two genera were considered to be <span class="hlt">commonly</span> occurring and 42 genera were considered to be community dominants. The report lists, describes, and provides a detailed taxonomic key to the identification of 58 genera of algae considered either <span class="hlt">commonly</span> occurring or dominant. Also included is a summary of environmental conditions under which each algal genus was observed, as well as a glossary and an extensive list of selected <span class="hlt">references</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010isd..book..197N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010isd..book..197N"><span>Mapping SOA Artefacts onto an Enterprise <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Architecture Framework</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Noran, Ovidiu</p> <p></p> <p>Currently, there is still no <span class="hlt">common</span> agreement on the service-Oriented architecture (SOA) definition, or the types and meaning of the artefacts involved in the creation and maintenance of an SOA. Furthermore, the SOA image shift from an infrastructure solution to a business-wide change project may have promoted a perception that SOA is a parallel initiative, a competitor and perhaps a successor of enterprise architecture (EA). This chapter attempts to map several typical SOA artefacts onto an enterprise <span class="hlt">reference</span> framework <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used in EA. This is done in order to show that the EA framework can express and structure most of the SOA artefacts and therefore, a framework for SOA could in fact be derived from an EA framework with the ensuing SOA-EA integration benefits.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.6030L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15.6030L"><span>Data discovery and data <span class="hlt">processing</span> for environmental research infrastructures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Los, Wouter; Beranzoli, Laura; Corriero, Giuseppe; Cossu, Roberto; Fiore, Nicola; Hardisty, Alex; Legré, Yannick; Pagano, Pasquale; Puglisi, Giuseppe; Sorvari, Sanna; Turunen, Esa</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>The European ENVRI project (<span class="hlt">Common</span> operations of Environmental Research Infrastructures) is addressing <span class="hlt">common</span> ICT solutions for the research infrastructures as selected in the ESFRI Roadmap. More specifically, the project is looking for solutions that will assist interdisciplinary users who want to benefit from the data and other services of more than a single research infrastructure. However, the infrastructure architectures, the data, data formats, scales and granularity are very different. Indeed, they deal with diverse scientific disciplines, from plate tectonics, the deep sea, sea and land surface up to atmosphere and troposphere, from the dead to the living environment, and with a variety of instruments producing increasingly larger amounts of data. One of the approaches in the ENVRI project is to design a <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Model that will serve to promote infrastructure interoperability at the data, technical and service levels. The analysis of the characteristics of the environmental research infrastructures assisted in developing the <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Model, and which is also an example for comparable infrastructures worldwide. Still, it is for users already now important to have the facilities available for multi-disciplinary data discovery and data <span class="hlt">processing</span>. The rise of systems research, addressing Earth as a single complex and coupled system is requiring such capabilities. So, another approach in the project is to adapt existing ICT solutions to short term applications. This is being tested for a few study cases. One of these is looking for possible coupled <span class="hlt">processes</span> following a volcano eruption in the vertical column from deep sea to troposphere. Another one deals with volcano either human impacts on atmospheric and sea CO2 pressure and the implications for sea acidification and marine biodiversity and their ecosystems. And a third one deals with the variety of sensor and satellites data sensing the area around a volcano cone. Preliminary results on these</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3261371','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3261371"><span>Ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage does not impair the development and use of <span class="hlt">common</span> ground in social interaction: Implications for cognitive theory of mind</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gupta, Rupa; Tranel, Daniel; Duff, Melissa C.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>During conversation, interactants draw on their shared communicative context and history (“<span class="hlt">common</span> ground”) to help decide what to say next, tailoring utterances based on their knowledge of what the listener knows. The use of <span class="hlt">common</span> ground draws on an understanding of the thoughts and feelings of others to create and update a model of what is known by the other person, employing cognitive <span class="hlt">processes</span> such as theory of mind. We tested the hypothesis that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), a neural region involved in <span class="hlt">processing</span> and interpreting social and emotional information, would be critical for the development and use of <span class="hlt">common</span> ground. We studied seven patients with bilateral vmPFC damage and seven age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy comparison participants, each interacting with a familiar partner. Across 24 trials, participants verbally directed their partners how to arrange a set of 12 abstract tangram cards. Our hypothesis was not supported: the vmPFC and healthy comparison groups showed similar development and use of <span class="hlt">common</span> ground, evident in reduction in time and words used to describe the cards, similar increases in the use of definite <span class="hlt">references</span> (e.g., the horse), and comparable use of verbal play (playful language) in their interactions. These results argue against the idea that the vmPFC is critical for the development and use of <span class="hlt">common</span> ground in social interaction. We propose that a cognitive and neuroanatomical bifurcation in theory of mind <span class="hlt">processes</span> may explain this outcome. The vmPFC may be important for affective theory of mind (the ability to understand another’s feelings); however, the development and use of <span class="hlt">common</span> ground in social interaction may place higher demands on the ability to understand another’s knowledge, or cognitive theory of mind, which may not require the vmPFC. PMID:22120006</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012OptEn..51h1512W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012OptEn..51h1512W"><span>Dynamic tracking down-conversion signal <span class="hlt">processing</span> method based on <span class="hlt">reference</span> signal for grating heterodyne interferometer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Guochao; Yan, Shuhua; Zhou, Weihong; Gu, Chenhui</p> <p>2012-08-01</p> <p>Traditional displacement measurement systems by grating, which purely make use of fringe intensity to implement fringe count and subdivision, have rigid demands for signal quality and measurement condition, so they are not easy to realize measurement with nanometer precision. Displacement measurement with the dual-wavelength and single-grating design takes advantage of the single grating diffraction theory and the heterodyne interference theory, solving quite well the contradiction between large range and high precision in grating displacement measurement. To obtain nanometer resolution and nanometer precision, high-power subdivision of interference fringes must be realized accurately. A dynamic tracking down-conversion signal <span class="hlt">processing</span> method based on the <span class="hlt">reference</span> signal is proposed. Accordingly, a digital phase measurement module to realize high-power subdivision on field programmable gate array (FPGA) was designed, as well as a dynamic tracking down-conversion module using phase-locked loop (PLL). Experiments validated that a carrier signal after down-conversion can constantly maintain close to 100 kHz, and the phase-measurement resolution and phase precision are more than 0.05 and 0.2 deg, respectively. The displacement resolution and the displacement precision, corresponding to the phase results, are 0.139 and 0.556 nm, respectively.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28017728','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28017728"><span>The value of new genome <span class="hlt">references</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Worley, Kim C; Richards, Stephen; Rogers, Jeffrey</p> <p>2017-09-15</p> <p>Genomic information has become a ubiquitous and almost essential aspect of biological research. Over the last 10-15 years, the cost of generating sequence data from DNA or RNA samples has dramatically declined and our ability to interpret those data increased just as remarkably. Although it is still possible for biologists to conduct interesting and valuable research on species for which genomic data are not available, the impact of having access to a high quality whole genome <span class="hlt">reference</span> assembly for a given species is nothing short of transformational. Research on a species for which we have no DNA or RNA sequence data is restricted in fundamental ways. In contrast, even access to an initial draft quality genome (see below for definitions) opens a wide range of opportunities that are simply not available without that <span class="hlt">reference</span> genome assembly. Although a complete discussion of the impact of genome sequencing and assembly is beyond the scope of this short paper, the goal of this review is to summarize the most <span class="hlt">common</span> and highest impact contributions that whole genome sequencing and assembly has had on comparative and evolutionary biology. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Inc.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4823268','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4823268"><span>Cognitive Modeling of Individual Variation in <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Production and Comprehension</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hendriks, Petra</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>A challenge for most theoretical and computational accounts of linguistic <span class="hlt">reference</span> is the observation that language users vary considerably in their referential choices. Part of the variation observed among and within language users and across tasks may be explained from variation in the cognitive resources available to speakers and listeners. This paper presents a computational model of <span class="hlt">reference</span> production and comprehension developed within the cognitive architecture ACT-R. Through simulations with this ACT-R model, it is investigated how cognitive constraints interact with linguistic constraints and features of the linguistic discourse in speakers’ production and listeners’ comprehension of <span class="hlt">referring</span> expressions in specific tasks, and how this interaction may give rise to variation in referential choice. The ACT-R model of <span class="hlt">reference</span> explains and predicts variation among language users in their referential choices as a result of individual and task-related differences in <span class="hlt">processing</span> speed and working memory capacity. Because of limitations in their cognitive capacities, speakers sometimes underspecify or overspecify their <span class="hlt">referring</span> expressions, and listeners sometimes choose incorrect <span class="hlt">referents</span> or are overly liberal in their interpretation of <span class="hlt">referring</span> expressions. PMID:27092101</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25179824','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25179824"><span>Identification of appropriate <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for human mesenchymal stem cell analysis by quantitative real-time PCR.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Li, Xiuying; Yang, Qiwei; Bai, Jinping; Xuan, Yali; Wang, Yimin</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Normalization to a <span class="hlt">reference</span> gene is the method of choice for quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis. The stability of <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes is critical for accurate experimental results and conclusions. We have evaluated the expression stability of eight <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes found in four different human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Using geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper algorithms, we show that beta-2-microglobulin and peptidyl-prolylisomerase A were the optimal <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for normalizing RT-qPCR data obtained from MSC, whereas the TATA box binding protein was not suitable due to its extensive variability in expression. Our findings emphasize the significance of validating <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes for qPCR analyses. We offer a short list of <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes to use for normalization and recommend some commercially-available software programs as a rapid approach to validate <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes. We also demonstrate that the two <span class="hlt">reference</span> genes, β-actin and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, are frequently used are not always successful in many cases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4160811','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4160811"><span>A statistically robust EEG re-referencing procedure to mitigate <span class="hlt">reference</span> effect</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lepage, Kyle Q.; Kramer, Mark A.; Chu, Catherine J.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Background The electroencephalogram (EEG) remains the primary tool for diagnosis of abnormal brain activity in clinical neurology and for in vivo recordings of human neurophysiology in neuroscience research. In EEG data acquisition, voltage is measured at positions on the scalp with respect to a <span class="hlt">reference</span> electrode. When this <span class="hlt">reference</span> electrode responds to electrical activity or artifact all electrodes are affected. Successful analysis of EEG data often involves re-referencing procedures that modify the recorded traces and seek to minimize the impact of <span class="hlt">reference</span> electrode activity upon functions of the original EEG recordings. New method We provide a novel, statistically robust procedure that adapts a robust maximum-likelihood type estimator to the problem of <span class="hlt">reference</span> estimation, reduces the influence of neural activity from the re-referencing operation, and maintains good performance in a wide variety of empirical scenarios. Results The performance of the proposed and existing re-referencing procedures are validated in simulation and with examples of EEG recordings. To facilitate this comparison, channel-to-channel correlations are investigated theoretically and in simulation. Comparison with existing methods The proposed procedure avoids using data contaminated by neural signal and remains unbiased in recording scenarios where physical <span class="hlt">references</span>, the <span class="hlt">common</span> average <span class="hlt">reference</span> (CAR) and the <span class="hlt">reference</span> estimation standardization technique (REST) are not optimal. Conclusion The proposed procedure is simple, fast, and avoids the potential for substantial bias when analyzing low-density EEG data. PMID:24975291</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title7-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title7-vol1-sec1-626.pdf','CFR2014'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2014-title7-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title7-vol1-sec1-626.pdf"><span>7 CFR 1.626 - What regulations apply to a case <span class="hlt">referred</span> for a hearing?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2014&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">referred</span> for a hearing? (a) If NFS <span class="hlt">refers</span> the case to OALJ, these regulations will continue to apply to the hearing <span class="hlt">process</span>. (b) If NFS <span class="hlt">refers</span> the case to the Department of the Interior's Office of Hearing and Appeals, the regulations at 43 CFR 45.1 et seq. will apply from that point. (c) If NFS <span class="hlt">refers</span> the case to...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title7-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title7-vol1-sec1-626.pdf','CFR2013'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title7-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title7-vol1-sec1-626.pdf"><span>7 CFR 1.626 - What regulations apply to a case <span class="hlt">referred</span> for a hearing?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2013&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">referred</span> for a hearing? (a) If NFS <span class="hlt">refers</span> the case to OALJ, these regulations will continue to apply to the hearing <span class="hlt">process</span>. (b) If NFS <span class="hlt">refers</span> the case to the Department of the Interior's Office of Hearing and Appeals, the regulations at 43 CFR 45.1 et seq. will apply from that point. (c) If NFS <span class="hlt">refers</span> the case to...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title7-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title7-vol1-sec1-626.pdf','CFR2012'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title7-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title7-vol1-sec1-626.pdf"><span>7 CFR 1.626 - What regulations apply to a case <span class="hlt">referred</span> for a hearing?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2012&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">referred</span> for a hearing? (a) If NFS <span class="hlt">refers</span> the case to OALJ, these regulations will continue to apply to the hearing <span class="hlt">process</span>. (b) If NFS <span class="hlt">refers</span> the case to the Department of the Interior's Office of Hearing and Appeals, the regulations at 43 CFR 45.1 et seq. will apply from that point. (c) If NFS <span class="hlt">refers</span> the case to...</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title7-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title7-vol1-sec1-626.pdf','CFR2011'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title7-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title7-vol1-sec1-626.pdf"><span>7 CFR 1.626 - What regulations apply to a case <span class="hlt">referred</span> for a hearing?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2011&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">referred</span> for a hearing? (a) If NFS <span class="hlt">refers</span> the case to OALJ, these regulations will continue to apply to the hearing <span class="hlt">process</span>. (b) If NFS <span class="hlt">refers</span> the case to the Department of the Interior's Office of Hearing and Appeals, the regulations at 43 CFR 45.1 et seq. will apply from that point. (c) If NFS <span class="hlt">refers</span> the case to...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title7-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title7-vol1-sec1-626.pdf','CFR'); return false;" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title7-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title7-vol1-sec1-626.pdf"><span>7 CFR 1.626 - What regulations apply to a case <span class="hlt">referred</span> for a hearing?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?selectedYearFrom=2010&page.go=Go">Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR</a></p> <p></p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>... <span class="hlt">referred</span> for a hearing? (a) If NFS <span class="hlt">refers</span> the case to OALJ, these regulations will continue to apply to the hearing <span class="hlt">process</span>. (b) If NFS <span class="hlt">refers</span> the case to the Department of the Interior's Office of Hearing and Appeals, the regulations at 43 CFR 45.1 et seq. will apply from that point. (c) If NFS <span class="hlt">refers</span> the case to...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4466779','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4466779"><span>Cultural background shapes spatial <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame proclivity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Goeke, Caspar; Kornpetpanee, Suchada; Köster, Moritz; Fernández-Revelles, Andrés B.; Gramann, Klaus; König, Peter</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Spatial navigation is an essential human skill that is influenced by several factors. The present study investigates how gender, age, and cultural background account for differences in <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame proclivity and performance in a virtual navigation task. Using an online navigation study, we recorded reaction times, error rates (confusion of turning axis), and <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame proclivity (egocentric vs. allocentric <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame) of 1823 participants. Reaction times significantly varied with gender and age, but were only marginally influenced by the cultural background of participants. Error rates were in line with these results and exhibited a significant influence of gender and culture, but not age. Participants’ cultural background significantly influenced <span class="hlt">reference</span> frame selection; the majority of North-Americans preferred an allocentric strategy, while Latin-Americans preferred an egocentric navigation strategy. European and Asian groups were in between these two extremes. Neither the factor of age nor the factor of gender had a direct impact on participants’ navigation strategies. The strong effects of cultural background on navigation strategies without the influence of gender or age underlines the importance of socialized spatial cognitive <span class="hlt">processes</span> and argues for socio-economic analysis in studies investigating human navigation. PMID:26073656</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/common-variable-immune-deficiency','NIH-MEDLINEPLUS'); return false;" href="https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/common-variable-immune-deficiency"><span>Genetics Home <span class="hlt">Reference</span>: <span class="hlt">common</span> variable immune deficiency</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://medlineplus.gov/">MedlinePlus</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>... CVID. Immune cells can accumulate in other organs, forming small lumps called granulomas. Approximately 25 percent of ... N, Enright V, Du L, Salzer U, Eibel H, Pfeifer D, Veelken H, Stauss H, Lougaris V, ...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED243490.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED243490.pdf"><span><span class="hlt">Reference</span> Books in Special Media. <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Circular No. 82-4.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Library of Congress, Washington, DC. National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped.</p> <p></p> <p>Based on information contained in producers' catalogs and on responses to a survey conducted by the <span class="hlt">Reference</span> Section of the Library of Congress National Library Service (NLS) for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, this publication lists <span class="hlt">reference</span> materials produced in braille or in large type, and sound recordings of <span class="hlt">reference</span> works available…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080004613','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080004613"><span><span class="hlt">Common</span> path point diffraction interferometer using liquid crystal phase shifting</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mercer, Carolyn R. (Inventor)</p> <p>1997-01-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">common</span> path point diffraction interferometer uses dyed, parallel nematic liquid crystals which surround an optically transparent microsphere. Coherent, collimated and polarized light is focused on the microsphere at a diameter larger than that of the microsphere. A portion of the focused light passes through the microsphere to form a spherical wavefront <span class="hlt">reference</span> beam and the rest of the light is attenuated by the dyed liquid crystals to form an object beam. The two beams form an interferogram which is imaged by a lens onto an electronic array sensor and into a computer which determines the wavefront of the object beam. The computer phase shifts the interferogram by stepping up an AC voltage applied across the liquid crystals without affecting the <span class="hlt">reference</span> beam.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890004880','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890004880"><span>Space station <span class="hlt">commonality</span> analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>This study was conducted on the basis of a modification to Contract NAS8-36413, Space Station <span class="hlt">Commonality</span> Analysis, which was initiated in December, 1987 and completed in July, 1988. The objective was to investigate the <span class="hlt">commonality</span> aspects of subsystems and mission support hardware while technology experiments are accommodated on board the Space Station in the mid-to-late 1990s. Two types of mission are considered: (1) Advanced solar arrays and their storage; and (2) Satellite servicing. The point of departure for definition of the technology development missions was a set of missions described in the Space Station Mission Requirements Data Base. (MRDB): TDMX 2151 Solar Array/Energy Storage Technology; TDMX 2561 Satellite Servicing and Refurbishment; TDMX 2562 Satellite Maintenance and Repair; TDMX 2563 Materials Resupply (to a free-flyer materials <span class="hlt">processing</span> platform); TDMX 2564 Coatings Maintenance Technology; and TDMX 2565 Thermal Interface Technology. Issues to be addressed according to the Statement of Work included modularity of programs, data base analysis interactions, user interfaces, and <span class="hlt">commonality</span>. The study was to consider State-of-the-art advances through the 1990s and to select an appropriate scale for the technology experiments, considering hardware <span class="hlt">commonality</span>, user interfaces, and mission support requirements. The study was to develop evolutionary plans for the technology advancement missions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2497334','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2497334"><span>Divided versus selective attention: evidence for <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">processing</span> mechanisms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Hahn, Britta; Wolkenberg, Frank A.; Ross, Thomas J.; Myers, Carol S.; Heishman, Stephen J.; Stein, Dan J.; Kurup, Pradeep K.; Stein, Elliot A.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>The current study revisited the question of whether there are brain mechanisms specific to divided attention that differ from those used in selective attention. Increased neuronal activity required to simultaneously <span class="hlt">process</span> two stimulus dimensions as compared with each separate dimension has often been observed, but rarely has activity induced by a divided attention condition exceeded the sum of activity induced by the component tasks. Healthy participants performed a selective-divided attention paradigm while undergoing functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). The task required participants to make a same-different judgment about either one of two simultaneously presented stimulus dimensions, or about both dimensions. Performance accuracy was equated between tasks by dynamically adjusting the stimulus display time. Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) signal differences between tasks were identified by whole-brain voxel-wise comparisons and by region-specific analyses of all areas modulated by the divided attention task (DIV). No region displayed greater activation or deactivation by DIV than the sum of signal change by the two selective attention tasks. Instead, regional activity followed the tasks’ <span class="hlt">processing</span> demands as reflected by reaction time. Only a left cerebellar region displayed a correlation between participants’ BOLD signal intensity and reaction time that was selective for DIV. The correlation was positive, reflecting slower responding with greater activation. Overall, the findings do not support the existence of functional brain activity specific to DIV. Increased activity appears to reflect additional <span class="hlt">processing</span> demands by introducing a secondary task, but those demands do not appear to qualitatively differ from <span class="hlt">processes</span> of selective attention. PMID:18479670</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18479670','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18479670"><span>Divided versus selective attention: evidence for <span class="hlt">common</span> <span class="hlt">processing</span> mechanisms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hahn, Britta; Wolkenberg, Frank A; Ross, Thomas J; Myers, Carol S; Heishman, Stephen J; Stein, Dan J; Kurup, Pradeep K; Stein, Elliot A</p> <p>2008-06-18</p> <p>The current study revisited the question of whether there are brain mechanisms specific to divided attention that differ from those used in selective attention. Increased neuronal activity required to simultaneously <span class="hlt">process</span> two stimulus dimensions as compared with each separate dimension has often been observed, but rarely has activity induced by a divided attention condition exceeded the sum of activity induced by the component tasks. Healthy participants performed a selective-divided attention paradigm while undergoing functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). The task required participants to make a same-different judgment about either one of two simultaneously presented stimulus dimensions, or about both dimensions. Performance accuracy was equated between tasks by dynamically adjusting the stimulus display time. Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) signal differences between tasks were identified by whole-brain voxel-wise comparisons and by region-specific analyses of all areas modulated by the divided attention task (DIV). No region displayed greater activation or deactivation by DIV than the sum of signal change by the two selective attention tasks. Instead, regional activity followed the tasks' <span class="hlt">processing</span> demands as reflected by reaction time. Only a left cerebellar region displayed a correlation between participants' BOLD signal intensity and reaction time that was selective for DIV. The correlation was positive, reflecting slower responding with greater activation. Overall, the findings do not support the existence of functional brain activity specific to DIV. Increased activity appears to reflect additional <span class="hlt">processing</span> demands by introducing a secondary task, but those demands do not appear to qualitatively differ from <span class="hlt">processes</span> of selective attention.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3632668','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3632668"><span>Word learning emerges from the interaction of online <span class="hlt">referent</span> selection and slow associative learning</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>McMurray, Bob; Horst, Jessica S.; Samuelson, Larissa K.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Classic approaches to word learning emphasize the problem of referential ambiguity: in any naming situation the <span class="hlt">referent</span> of a novel word must be selected from many possible objects, properties, actions, etc. To solve this problem, researchers have posited numerous constraints, and inference strategies, but assume that determining the <span class="hlt">referent</span> of a novel word is isomorphic to learning. We present an alternative model in which <span class="hlt">referent</span> selection is an online <span class="hlt">process</span> that is independent of long-term learning. This two timescale approach creates significant power in the developing system. We illustrate this with a dynamic associative model in which <span class="hlt">referent</span> selection is simulated as dynamic competition between competing <span class="hlt">referents</span>, and learning is simulated using associative (Hebbian) learning. This model can account for a range of findings including the delay in expressive vocabulary relative to receptive vocabulary, learning under high degrees of referential ambiguity using cross-situational statistics, accelerating (vocabulary explosion) and decelerating (power-law) learning rates, fast-mapping by mutual exclusivity (and differences in bilinguals), improvements in familiar word recognition with development, and correlations between individual differences in speed of <span class="hlt">processing</span> and learning. Five theoretical points are illustrated. 1) Word learning does not require specialized <span class="hlt">processes</span> – general association learning buttressed by dynamic competition can account for much of the literature. 2) The <span class="hlt">processes</span> of recognizing familiar words are not different than those that support novel words (e.g., fast-mapping). 3) Online competition may allow the network (or child) to leverage information available in the task to augment performance or behavior despite what might be relatively slow learning or poor representations. 4) Even associative learning is more complex than previously thought – a major contributor to performance is the pruning of incorrect associations</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4257842','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4257842"><span>Primary age-related tauopathy (PART): a <span class="hlt">common</span> pathology associated with human aging</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Crary, John F.; Trojanowski, John Q.; Schneider, Julie A.; Abisambra, Jose F.; Abner, Erin L.; Alafuzoff, Irina; Arnold, Steven E.; Attems, Johannes; Beach, Thomas G.; Bigio, Eileen H.; Cairns, Nigel J.; Dickson, Dennis W.; Gearing, Marla; Grinberg, Lea T.; Hof, Patrick R.; Hyman, Bradley T.; Jellinger, Kurt; Jicha, Gregory A.; Kovacs, Gabor G.; Knopman, David S.; Kofler, Julia; Kukull, Walter A.; Mackenzie, Ian R.; Masliah, Eliezer; McKee, Ann; Montine, Thomas J.; Murray, Melissa E.; Neltner, Janna H.; Santa-Maria, Ismael; Seeley, William W.; Serrano-Pozo, Alberto; Shelanski, Michael L.; Stein, Thor; Takao, Masaki; Thal, Dietmar R.; Toledo, Jonathan B.; Troncoso, Juan C.; Vonsattel, Jean Paul; White, Charles L.; Wisniewski, Thomas; Woltjer, Randall L.; Yamada, Masahito; Nelson, Peter T.</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>We recommend a new term, “primary age-related tauopathy” (PART), to describe a pathology that is <span class="hlt">commonly</span> observed in the brains of aged individuals. Many autopsy studies have reported brains with neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) that are indistinguishable from those of Alzheimer's disease (AD), in the absence of amyloid (Aβ) plaques. For these “NFT+/Aβ−” brains, for which formal criteria for AD neuropathologic changes are not met, the NFT are mostly restricted to structures in the medial temporal lobe, basal forebrain, brainstem, and olfactory areas (bulb and cortex). Symptoms in persons with PART usually range from normal to amnestic cognitive changes, with only a minority exhibiting profound impairment. Because cognitive impairment is often mild, existing clinicopathologic designations, such as “tangle-only dementia” and “tangle-predominant senile dementia”, are imprecise and not appropriate for most subjects. PART is almost universally detectable at autopsy among elderly individuals, yet this pathological <span class="hlt">process</span> cannot be specifically identified pre-mortem at the present time. Improved biomarkers and tau imaging may enable diagnosis of PART in clinical settings in the future. Indeed, recent studies have identified a <span class="hlt">common</span> biomarker profile consisting of temporal lobe atrophy and tauopathy without evidence of Aβ accumulation. For both researchers and clinicians, a revised nomenclature will raise awareness of this extremely <span class="hlt">common</span> pathologic change while providing a conceptual foundation for future studies. Prior reports that have elucidated features of the pathologic entity we <span class="hlt">refer</span> to as PART are discussed, and working neuropathological diagnostic criteria are proposed. PMID:25348064</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910006303','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910006303"><span>Refinement of ground <span class="hlt">reference</span> data with segmented image data</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Robinson, Jon W.; Tilton, James C.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>One of the ways to determine ground <span class="hlt">reference</span> data (GRD) for satellite remote sensing data is to photo-interpret low altitude aerial photographs and then digitize the cover types on a digitized tablet and register them to 7.5 minute U.S.G.S. maps (that were themselves digitized). The resulting GRD can be registered to the satellite image or, vice versa. Unfortunately, there are many opportunities for error when using digitizing tablet and the resolution of the edges for the GRD depends on the spacing of the points selected on the digitizing tablet. One of the consequences of this is that when overlaid on the image, errors and missed detail in the GRD become evident. An approach is discussed for correcting these errors and adding detail to the GRD through the use of a highly interactive, visually oriented <span class="hlt">process</span>. This <span class="hlt">process</span> involves the use of overlaid visual displays of the satellite image data, the GRD, and a segmentation of the satellite image data. Several prototype programs were implemented which provide means of taking a segmented image and using the edges from the <span class="hlt">reference</span> data to mask out these segment edges that are beyond a certain distance from the <span class="hlt">reference</span> data edges. Then using the <span class="hlt">reference</span> data edges as a guide, those segment edges that remain and that are judged not to be image versions of the <span class="hlt">reference</span> edges are manually marked and removed. The prototype programs that were developed and the algorithmic refinements that facilitate execution of this task are described.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12070816','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12070816"><span>Hematology and plasma chemistry <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals for cultured tilapia (Oreochromis hybrid).</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hrubec, Terry C.; Cardinale, Jenifer L.; Smith, Stephen A.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>Tilapia are a <span class="hlt">commonly</span> aquacultured fish yet little is known about their normal physiology and response to disease. In this study we determined the results of complete hematologic (n=40) and plasma biochemical profiles (n=63) in production tilapia (Oreochromis hybrids). The fish were raised in recirculating systems with a high stocking density (120 g/L), and were in the middle of a 15-month production cycle. Blood was analyzed using standard techniques, and <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals were determined using nonparametric methods. Non-production tilapia (n=15) from low-density tanks (4 g/L) also were sampled; the clinical chemistry results were compared to <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals from the fish raised in high-density tanks. Differences were noted in plasma protein, calcium and phosphorus concentrations, such that <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals for high-density production tilapia were not applicable to fish raised under different environmental and management conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1948895','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1948895"><span>OLDER ADULTS’ COPING WITH NEGATIVE LIFE EVENTS: <span class="hlt">COMMON</span> <span class="hlt">PROCESSES</span> OF MANAGING HEALTH, INTERPERSONAL, AND FINANCIAL/WORK STRESSORS*</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>MOOS, RUDOLF H.; BRENNAN, PENNY L.; SCHUTTE, KATHLEEN K.; MOOS, BERNICE S.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>This study examined how older adults cope with negative life events in health, interpersonal, and financial/work domains and whether <span class="hlt">common</span> stress and coping <span class="hlt">processes</span> hold across these three domains. On three occasions, older adults identified the most severe negative event they faced in the last year and described how they appraised and coped with that event, their ambient chronic stressors, and event and functioning outcomes. The stress and coping <span class="hlt">process</span> was largely consistent across the three life domains. Individuals who appraised events as challenging and relied more on approach coping were more likely to report some benefit from those events. Individuals who experienced more chronic stressors and favored avoidance coping were more likely to be depressed and to have late-life drinking problems. Chronic stressors, as well as approach and avoidance coping, were predictably associated with overall outcomes in all three event domains. These findings provide a basis for preventive interventions that may help older adults’ address the most prevalent stressors of aging more effectively. PMID:16454482</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9282E..1ZL','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9282E..1ZL"><span>Simultaneous phase-shifting interferometry study based on the <span class="hlt">common</span>-path Fizeau interferometer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Liu, Feng-wei; Wu, Yong-qian</p> <p>2014-09-01</p> <p>A simultaneous phase-shifting interferometry(SPSI) based on the <span class="hlt">common</span>-path Fizeau interferometer has been discussed.In this system,two orthogonal polarized beams, using as the <span class="hlt">reference</span> beam and test beam ,are detached by a particular Wollaston prism at a very small angle,then four equal sub-beams are achieved by a combination of three non-polarizing beam splitters(NPBS),and the phase shifts are introduced by four polarizers whose polarization azimuths are 0°, 45°, 90°, 135° with the horizontal direction respectively,the four phase shift interferograms are collected simultaneously by controlling the CCDs working at the same time .The SPSI principle is studied at first,then is the error analysis, finally we emulate the <span class="hlt">process</span> of surface recovery by four steps phase shifts algorithm,the results indicate that, to ensure the feasibility of the SPSI system, we have to control the polarization azimuth error of the polarizer in +/- 0.5°.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880012110','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880012110"><span>Orbiter <span class="hlt">processing</span> facility service platform failure and redesign</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Harris, Jesse L.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>In a high bay of the Orbiter <span class="hlt">Processing</span> Facility (OPF) at the Kennedy Space Center, technicians were preparing the space shuttle orbiter Discovery for rollout to the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB). A service platform, <span class="hlt">commonly</span> <span class="hlt">referred</span> to as an OPF Bucket, was being retracted when it suddenly fell, striking a technician and impacting Discovery's payload bay door. A critical component in the OPF Bucket hoist system had failed, allowing the platform to fall. The incident was thoroughly investigated by both NASA and Lockheed, revealing many design deficiencies within the system. The deficiencies and the design changes made to correct them are reviewed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28685249','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28685249"><span>Memory for conversation and the development of <span class="hlt">common</span> ground.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>McKinley, Geoffrey L; Brown-Schmidt, Sarah; Benjamin, Aaron S</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Efficient conversation is guided by the mutual knowledge, or <span class="hlt">common</span> ground, that interlocutors form as a conversation progresses. Characterized from the perspective of <span class="hlt">commonly</span> used measures of memory, efficient conversation should be closely associated with item memory-what was said-and context memory-who said what to whom. However, few studies have explicitly probed memory to evaluate what type of information is maintained following a communicative exchange. The current study examined how item and context memory relate to the development of <span class="hlt">common</span> ground over the course of a conversation, and how these forms of memory vary as a function of one's role in a conversation as speaker or listener. The <span class="hlt">process</span> of developing <span class="hlt">common</span> ground was positively related to both item and context memory. In addition, content that was spoken was remembered better than content that was heard. Our findings illustrate how memory assessments can complement language measures by revealing the impact that basic conversational <span class="hlt">processes</span> have on memory for what has been discussed. By taking this approach, we show that not only does the <span class="hlt">process</span> of forming <span class="hlt">common</span> ground facilitate communication in the present, but it also promotes an enduring record of that event, facilitating conversation into the future.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23088341','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23088341"><span>Word learning emerges from the interaction of online <span class="hlt">referent</span> selection and slow associative learning.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>McMurray, Bob; Horst, Jessica S; Samuelson, Larissa K</p> <p>2012-10-01</p> <p>Classic approaches to word learning emphasize referential ambiguity: In naming situations, a novel word could <span class="hlt">refer</span> to many possible objects, properties, actions, and so forth. To solve this, researchers have posited constraints, and inference strategies, but assume that determining the <span class="hlt">referent</span> of a novel word is isomorphic to learning. We present an alternative in which <span class="hlt">referent</span> selection is an online <span class="hlt">process</span> and independent of long-term learning. We illustrate this theoretical approach with a dynamic associative model in which <span class="hlt">referent</span> selection emerges from real-time competition between <span class="hlt">referents</span> and learning is associative (Hebbian). This model accounts for a range of findings including the differences in expressive and receptive vocabulary, cross-situational learning under high degrees of ambiguity, accelerating (vocabulary explosion) and decelerating (power law) learning, fast mapping by mutual exclusivity (and differences in bilinguals), improvements in familiar word recognition with development, and correlations between speed of <span class="hlt">processing</span> and learning. Together it suggests that (a) association learning buttressed by dynamic competition can account for much of the literature; (b) familiar word recognition is subserved by the same <span class="hlt">processes</span> that identify the <span class="hlt">referents</span> of novel words (fast mapping); (c) online competition may allow the children to leverage information available in the task to augment performance despite slow learning; (d) in complex systems, associative learning is highly multifaceted; and (e) learning and <span class="hlt">referent</span> selection, though logically distinct, can be subtly related. It suggests more sophisticated ways of describing the interaction between situation- and developmental-time <span class="hlt">processes</span> and points to the need for considering such interactions as a primary determinant of development. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22350490','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22350490"><span>A national patient dose survey and setting of <span class="hlt">reference</span> levels for interventional radiology in Bulgaria.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zotova, R; Vassileva, J; Hristova, J; Pirinen, M; Järvinen, H</p> <p>2012-06-01</p> <p>A national study on patient dose values in interventional radiology and cardiology was performed in order to assess current practice in Bulgaria, to estimate the typical patient doses and to propose <span class="hlt">reference</span> levels for the most <span class="hlt">common</span> procedures. Fifteen units and more than 1,000 cases were included. Average values of the measured parameters for three procedures-coronary angiography (CA), combined procedure (CA + PCI) and lower limb arteriography (LLA)--were compared with data published in the literature. Substantial variations were observed in equipment and procedure protocols used. This resulted in variations in patient dose: air-kerma area product ranges were 4-339, 6-1,003 and 0.2-288 Gy cm(2) for CA, CA + PCI and LLA respectively. <span class="hlt">Reference</span> levels for air kerma-area product were proposed: 40 Gy cm(2) for CA, 140 Gy cm(2) for CA + PCI and 45 Gy cm(2) for LLA. Auxiliary <span class="hlt">reference</span> intervals were proposed for other dose-related parameters: fluoroscopy time, number of images and entrance surface air kerma rate in fluoroscopy and cine mode. There is an apparent necessity for improvement in the classification of peripheral procedures and for standardisation of the protocols applied. It is important that patient doses are routinely recorded and compared with <span class="hlt">reference</span> levels. • Patient doses in interventional radiology are high and vary greatly • Better standardisation of procedures and techniques is needed to improve practice • Dose <span class="hlt">reference</span> levels for most <span class="hlt">common</span> procedures are proposed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3668432','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3668432"><span><span class="hlt">Reference</span> Production in Young Speakers with and without Autism: Effects of Discourse Status and <span class="hlt">Processing</span> Constraints</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Arnold, Jennifer E.; Bennetto, Loisa; Diehl, Joshua J.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>We examine the referential choices (pronouns/zeros vs. names/descriptions) made during a narrative by high-functioning children and adolescents with autism and a well-matched typically developing control group. The <span class="hlt">process</span> of choosing appropriate <span class="hlt">referring</span> expressions has been proposed to depend on two areas of cognitive functioning: a) judging the attention and knowledge of one’s interlocutor, and b) the use of memory and attention mechanisms to represent the discourse situation. We predicted possible group differences, since autism is often associated with deficits in a) mentalizing and b) memory and attention, as well as a more general tendency to have difficulty with the pragmatic aspects of language use. Results revealed that some of the participants with autism were significantly less likely to produce pronouns or zeros in some discourse contexts. However, the difference was only one of degree. Overall, all participants in our analysis exhibited fine-grained sensitivity to the discourse context. Furthermore, referential choices for all participants were modulated by factors related to the cognitive effort of language production. PMID:19111285</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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