Marine Corps Forces South

Science.gov Websites

Survival Training Course U.S. Marine Corps Capt. Joseph with Security Cooperation Training Team 18, U.S . Marine Corps Forces, South, supervises a water survival training course at Soto Cano Air Base, Honduras . The course consisted of five training days dedicated to strengthening swimmers' skill sets and

Volcanic Forcing of Global Warming during the Pleistocene?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ericson, J. E.

2002-12-01

The volcanic forcing hypothesis is a new model of global climatic change that may have significance for the history of the Earth and palaeoclimate. The rapid injection of CO2 into the atmosphere during volcanic eruption through underlying massive carbonate appears to trigger global warming through the emission of this greenhouse gas. The record of eruptions (10-20 Kya) of 6 volcanoes overlying 900-10,000 meters of carbonate of the Cordillerian geosyncline in the American Southwest is synchronous with the Late Pleistocene marine transgression record. The record of volcanic eruptions through massive carbonates (20-71 Kya) in Italy, Indonesia and the American Southwest appears to be synchronous with the Wisconsin interstadial events. The extension of the volcanic eruption and climatic records to 71 Kya and inclusion of other volcanic regions represents additional supporting of evidence of the volcanic forcing hypothesis. As an example of these processes, the thermal dissociation of carbonate by magma forming a volcanic conduit (0.4 km high, 0.5 km radius) and subsequent release of carbon dioxide would increase the atmospheric carbon dioxide by 25%. The emitted CO2 would trigger a series of other processes, ocean-atmospheric CO2 exchange, increased photosynthesis and changes with terrestrial biome and global warming. [Recent field reconnaissance of Sunset Crater (erupted 1064-65 AD) indicates the evidence for thermal dissolution of limestone during basaltic extrusion.] Carbon dioxide emitted from volcanic-carbonate sources meets several observed conditions: a rapid increase (<20 years) in atmospheric carbon dioxide, abrupt increases of marine (isotopic) carbon, dilution of atmospheric radiocarbon activity independent of fluctuations of the geomagnetic field and cosmic ray fluxes, temporal covariation of sulfate, Ca+2, and CO2 in ice core records and random, interstadial events during glaciation. Volcanic forcing hypothesis represents a new model and synthesis of natural processes involving recycling of marine carbonate through volcanic eruption leading to global warming.

Self-assembly of polysaccharides gives rise to distinct mechanical signatures in marine gels.

PubMed

Pletikapić, G; Lannon, H; Murvai, Ü; Kellermayer, M S Z; Svetličić, V; Brujic, J

2014-07-15

Marine-gel biopolymers were recently visualized at the molecular level using atomic force microscopy (AFM) to reveal fine fibril-forming networks with low to high degrees of cross-linking. In this work, we use force spectroscopy to quantify the intra- and intermolecular forces within the marine-gel network. Combining force measurements, AFM imaging, and the known chemical composition of marine gels allows us to identify the microscopic origins of distinct mechanical responses. At the single-fibril level, we uncover force-extension curves that resemble those of individual polysaccharide fibrils. They exhibit entropic elasticity followed by extensions associated with chair-to-boat transitions specific to the type of polysaccharide at high forces. Surprisingly, a low degree of cross-linking leads to sawtooth patterns that we attribute to the unraveling of polysaccharide entanglements. At a high degree of cross-linking, we observe force plateaus that arise from unzipping, as well as unwinding, of helical bundles. Finally, the complex 3D network structure gives rise to force staircases of increasing height that correspond to the hierarchical peeling of fibrils away from the junction zones. In addition, we show that these diverse mechanical responses also arise in reconstituted polysaccharide gels, which highlights their dominant role in the mechanical architecture of marine gels. Copyright © 2014 Biophysical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Effectiveness of the United States Marine Corps Tiered Evaluation System

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-03-01

RA Manpower and Reserve Affairs MCMAP Marine Corps Martial Arts Program MMPR Marine Corps Promotions Branch MOS military occupational specialty...STAP subsequent term alignment program TFDW Total Force Data Warehouse USMC United States Marine Corps xv THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK...Furthermore, I would like to thank Mr. Tim Johnson at the Total Force Data Warehouse and Ms. Doreen Marucci at the Performance Evaluation Section for

Somalia ... From the Sea

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-07-01

Arthur tasked LaPlante with planning the NEO and proposing a contingency task force to execute the mission. LaPlante sum- moned Moser to a meeting on...evacuations, although the shortage of staff to operate the ECC severely hindered the process. Security remained marginal , despite arrival of the Navy and...augmentation of the evacuation force had been denied, Oates utilized not only some of McAleer’s Marines but members of the embassy staff to provide

Defense.gov - Special Report: Travels with Lynn

Science.gov Websites

social media. Story Simulation Center Provides Taste of Combat MARINE CORPS BASE CAMP PENDELTON, Calif Force's battle simulation center at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, Calif. Story 'Adaptable' U.S. Troops Visits Vandenberg Air Force Base and Los Angeles Lynn Visits Navy and Marine Bases About This Site DoD

Marine Layer Stratus Study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wells, Leonard A.

2007-06-01

The intent of this study is to develop a better understanding of the behavior of late spring through early fall marine layer stratus and fog at Vandenberg Air Force Base, which accounts for a majority of aviation forecasting difficulties. The main objective was to use Leipper (1995) study as a starting point to evaluate synoptic and mesoscale processes involved, and identify specific meteorological parameters that affected the behavior of marine layer stratus and fog. After identifying those parameters, the study evaluates how well the various weather models forecast them. The main conclusion of this study is that weak upper-air dynamic features work with boundary layer motions to influence marine layer behavior. It highlights the importance of correctly forecasting the surface temperature by showing how it ties directly to the wind field. That wind field, modified by the local terrain, establishes the low-level convergence and divergence pattern and the resulting marine layer cloud thicknesses and visibilities.

Predicting climate effects on Pacific sardine

PubMed Central

Deyle, Ethan R.; Fogarty, Michael; Hsieh, Chih-hao; Kaufman, Les; MacCall, Alec D.; Munch, Stephan B.; Perretti, Charles T.; Ye, Hao; Sugihara, George

2013-01-01

For many marine species and habitats, climate change and overfishing present a double threat. To manage marine resources effectively, it is necessary to adapt management to changes in the physical environment. Simple relationships between environmental conditions and fish abundance have long been used in both fisheries and fishery management. In many cases, however, physical, biological, and human variables feed back on each other. For these systems, associations between variables can change as the system evolves in time. This can obscure relationships between population dynamics and environmental variability, undermining our ability to forecast changes in populations tied to physical processes. Here we present a methodology for identifying physical forcing variables based on nonlinear forecasting and show how the method provides a predictive understanding of the influence of physical forcing on Pacific sardine. PMID:23536299

14 CFR 1261.101 - Claimants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Aeronautics and Space Administration; (2) A member of the uniformed services (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2011-01-01 2010-01-01 true Claimants. 1261.101 Section 1261.101 Aeronautics and Space NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION PROCESSING OF MONETARY CLAIMS (GENERAL...

14 CFR 1261.101 - Claimants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... Aeronautics and Space Administration; (2) A member of the uniformed services (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Claimants. 1261.101 Section 1261.101 Aeronautics and Space NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION PROCESSING OF MONETARY CLAIMS (GENERAL...

14 CFR 1261.101 - Claimants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... Aeronautics and Space Administration; (2) A member of the uniformed services (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Claimants. 1261.101 Section 1261.101 Aeronautics and Space NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION PROCESSING OF MONETARY CLAIMS (GENERAL...

14 CFR 1261.101 - Claimants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Aeronautics and Space Administration; (2) A member of the uniformed services (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Claimants. 1261.101 Section 1261.101 Aeronautics and Space NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION PROCESSING OF MONETARY CLAIMS (GENERAL...

Modeling dynamic interactions and coherence between marine zooplankton and fishes linked to environmental variability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Hui; Fogarty, Michael J.; Hare, Jonathan A.; Hsieh, Chih-hao; Glaser, Sarah M.; Ye, Hao; Deyle, Ethan; Sugihara, George

2014-03-01

The dynamics of marine fishes are closely related to lower trophic levels and the environment. Quantitatively understanding ecosystem dynamics linking environmental variability and prey resources to exploited fishes is crucial for ecosystem-based management of marine living resources. However, standard statistical models typically grounded in the concept of linear system may fail to capture the complexity of ecological processes. We have attempted to model ecosystem dynamics using a flexible, nonparametric class of nonlinear forecasting models. We analyzed annual time series of four environmental indices, 22 marine copepod taxa, and four ecologically and commercially important fish species during 1977 to 2009 on Georges Bank, a highly productive and intensively studied area of the northeast U.S. continental shelf ecosystem. We examined the underlying dynamic features of environmental indices and copepods, quantified the dynamic interactions and coherence with fishes, and explored the potential control mechanisms of ecosystem dynamics from a nonlinear perspective. We found: (1) the dynamics of marine copepods and environmental indices exhibiting clear nonlinearity; (2) little evidence of complex dynamics across taxonomic levels of copepods; (3) strong dynamic interactions and coherence between copepods and fishes; and (4) the bottom-up forcing of fishes and top-down control of copepods coexisting as target trophic levels vary. These findings highlight the nonlinear interactions among ecosystem components and the importance of marine zooplankton to fish populations which point to two forcing mechanisms likely interactively regulating the ecosystem dynamics on Georges Bank under a changing environment.

Marine Corps Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV) and Marine Personnel Carrier (MPC): Background and Issues for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-02-28

teams might now have the ability to generate effects once associated with larger forces, the Marines propose that company landing teams ( CLTs ...might now be a more appropriately sized force for most amphibious operations.14 CLTs are viewed as being small enough to be inserted in a single wave but

National Centers for Environmental Prediction

Science.gov Websites

Modeling Mesoscale Modeling Marine Modeling and Analysis Teams Climate Data Assimilation Ensembles and Post streamline the interaction of analysis, forecast, and post-processing systems within NCEP. The NEMS Force, and will eventually provide support to the community through the Developmental Test Center (DTC

Planning the Next Decade of Coordinated Research to Better Understand and Simulate Marine Low Clouds

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wood, Robert; Jensen, Michael P.; Wang, Jian; Bretherton, Christopher S.; Burrows, Susannah M.; Del Genio, Anthony; Fridlind, Ann M.; Ghan, Steven J.; Ghate, Virendra P.; Kollias, Pavlos;

Planning the Next Decade of Coordinated Research to Better Understand and Simulate Marine Low Clouds

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wood, Robert; Jensen, Michael P.; Wang, Jian

Marine low clouds have a large impact on the Earth’s energy and hydrologic cycle. They strongly reflect incoming solar radiation, with little compensating impact on outgoing longwave radiation resulting in a net cooling of the climate. The representation of marine low clouds in climate models is one of the largest uncertainties in the estimation of climate sensitivity (e.g. Bony and Dufresne 2005), and marine low clouds are critical mediators of global aerosol radiative forcing (Zelinka et al. 2014). Despite the importance of these cloud systems to the Earth’s climate, their parameterization continues to be challenging, due to an incomplete understandingmore » of key processes that regulate them and insufficient resolution of these processes in models. To help define research pathways to address outstanding issues related to our understanding of marine low clouds, a workshop was held January 27-29, 2016 at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The overarching goal was to identify current gaps in knowledge or simulation capabilities and promising strategies for addressing them, with a particular emphasis on improving the representation of marine low clouds in climate models and contributions that could be made with U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric System Research support using Atmospheric Radiation Measurement facility measurements.« less

Combined Action Platoons in the Vietnam War: A Unique Counterinsurgency Capability for the Contemporary Operating Environment

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-05-23

Westmoreland, A Soldier Reports ( Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976), 125. III Marine Expeditionary Force became the III Marine Amphibious Force (III...the Marine Corps, but rather in the British concept of brigading one of her units with several native units.” 85Blanchard, 94; T.B. Savage , "The...Today. New York: Penguin Press, 2012. Robichaud Jr., Clifford J. "Silver Lance." Marine Corps Gazette 49, no. 7 (1965). Savage , T.B. "The

14 CFR § 1261.101 - Claimants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... Aeronautics and Space Administration; (2) A member of the uniformed services (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Claimants. § 1261.101 Section § 1261.101 Aeronautics and Space NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION PROCESSING OF MONETARY CLAIMS (GENERAL...

Argument for a Joint Safety Reporting System

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-02-13

Process Manager for the HQ AF Safety Center (AFSEC) at Kirtland AFB, New Mexico . His primary duties included leadership and oversight of the day-to...Military Mishaps Functional Lead and Navy-Marine Corps Subject Matter Expert ( SME ) for the SIMWG, the DOD Force Risk Reduction system rolls up the service

The Emperor’s New Clothes -- SF Force Structure and EAF Force Protection

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-07-01

Competencies.129 USAF Major Commands and Wings should develop supporting Mission Essential Task Lists tailored to their specific situation. Outsourcing ...United States Marine Corps Command and Staff College Marine Corps University 2076 South Street Marine Corps Combat Development Command Quantico...Within current resource constraints, some present SF functions must be outsourced or reassigned, other present functions must be expanded, and some

Geologic constraints on the macroevolutionary history of marine animals

PubMed Central

Peters, Shanan E.

2005-01-01

The causes of mass extinctions and the nature of taxonomic radiations are central questions in paleobiology. Several episodes of taxonomic turnover in the fossil record, particularly the major mass extinctions, are generally thought to transcend known biases in the geologic record and are widely interpreted as distinct macroevolutionary phenomena that require unique forcing mechanisms. Here, by using a previously undescribed compilation of the durations of sedimentary rock sequences, I compare the rates of expansion and truncation of preserved marine sedimentary basins to rates of origination and extinction among Phanerozoic marine animal genera. Many features of the highly variable record of taxonomic first and last occurrences in the marine animal fossil record, including the major mass extinctions, the frequency distribution of genus longevities, and short- and long-term patterns of genus diversity, can be predicted on the basis of the temporal continuity and quantity of preserved sedimentary rock. Although these results suggest that geologically mediated sampling biases have distorted macroevolutionary patterns in the fossil record, preservation biases alone cannot easily explain the extent to which the sedimentary record duplicates paleobiological patterns. Instead, these results suggest that the processes responsible for producing variability in the sedimentary rock record, such as plate tectonics and sea-level change, may have been dominant and consistent macroevolutionary forces throughout the Phanerozoic. PMID:16105949

Marine Corps Vision & Strategy 2025

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

integral part of our history as a Corps. In the South Pacific after Pearl Harbor, in Korea after the communist invasion in 1950, in the jungle outposts...we have experience integrating many organizations with different levels of capability into an effective team. In the future, Marine Corps forces may...and foremost a disciplined warrior. Expeditionary Naval Force. Marines are “soldiers of the sea,” an integral part of the naval Services — lean

A plan for structured management of the Systems Approach to Training (SAT) process

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schurman, D.L.

1987-01-01

This paper describes the plan and accomplishments for development of a Systematic Management Plan for the Systems Approach to Training (SMPSAT). This project is sponsored by the United States Marine Corps Headquarters training policy branch (HQMC(TAP)). Purpose of this effort is to develop a comprehensive plan for management of the Systems Approach to Training (SAT) system in the USMC. This management plan will allow HQMC to monitor the SAT system in order to provide maximum support to the SAT system in both the formal schools and the Fleet Marine Force.

Female Air Force officer looks to take on Marine martial arts course > U.S.

Science.gov Websites

...over... Twitter Logo Bye, bye! An #Airman exits the back of a C-130J Super Hercules during a training Malmstrom Air Force Base, Mont., Dec. 19, 2015. Guidara is taking Marine Corps martial arts training to martial arts training to become a certified martial arts instructor. (U.S. Air Force photo/Kirk Clark

Development and Evaluation of Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory Scales to Measure Interests of Military Occupational Specialties of the Marine Corps.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-08-01

though the two groups were different in terms of SC!I scientific interests and academic orientation scores (the aviation supply sample scored higher on...51 Chemists/Physicists 50 MARINE OFFICERS- COMUNICATION 49 MARINE OFFICERS-DATA SYSTEMS 48 Engineers 47 Biologists 46 Systems Analysts/Computer...Base ( Scientific and Technical Information Office) Commander, Air Force Human Resources Laboratory, Lowry Air Force Base (Technical Training Branch

Report of the Interagency Task Force on Persistent Marine Debris, May 1988.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Keeny, Timothy R. E.; Cottingham, David

1989-01-01

Provides a definition of the marine debris problem and a charge to the task force. Presents five general recommendations concerning: federal leadership, public awareness and education program, implementation of laws, research and monitoring, and beach clean-up and monitoring. (RT)

High-resolution modeling of a marine ecosystem using the FRESCO hydroecological model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zalesny, V. B.; Tamsalu, R.

2009-02-01

The FRESCO (Finnish Russian Estonian Cooperation) mathematical model describing a marine hydroecosystem is presented. The methodology of the numerical solution is based on the method of multicomponent splitting into physical and biological processes, spatial coordinates, etc. The model is used for the reproduction of physical and biological processes proceeding in the Baltic Sea. Numerical experiments are performed with different spatial resolutions for four marine basins that are enclosed into one another: the Baltic Sea, the Gulf of Finland, the Tallinn-Helsinki water area, and Tallinn Bay. Physical processes are described by the equations of nonhydrostatic dynamics, including the k-ω parametrization of turbulence. Biological processes are described by the three-dimensional equations of an aquatic ecosystem with the use of a size-dependent parametrization of biochemical reactions. The main goal of this study is to illustrate the efficiency of the developed numerical technique and to demonstrate the importance of a high spatial resolution for water basins that have complex bottom topography, such as the Baltic Sea. Detailed information about the atmospheric forcing, bottom topography, and coastline is very important for the description of coastal dynamics and specific features of a marine ecosystem. Experiments show that the spatial inhomogeneity of hydroecosystem fields is caused by the combined effect of upwelling, turbulent mixing, surface-wave breaking, and temperature variations, which affect biochemical reactions.

Navy LPD-17 Amphibious Ship Procurement: Background, Issues, and Options for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-05-06

planned 313-ship fleet calls for a 31-ship amphibious force that includes 10 LPD-17s, and the Marine Corps states that a 33-ship amphibious force that...reflects responsibilities assigned to Marine Corps forces in U.S. regional war plans . The Navy’s FY2009 30-year (FY2009-FY2038) shipbuilding plan , if...extensions for existing amphibious ships, whether all the ships in the planned complementary Maritime Prepositionning Force of the Future (MPF[F

Marine Tactical Command and Control System (MTACCS) Field Development System-1 (FDS-1) assessment: Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Avery, L.W.; Hunt, S.T.; Savage, S.F.

1992-04-01

The United State Marine Corps (USMC) is continuing the development and fielding of the Marine Corps Tactical Command and Control System (MTACCS), a system which exists in varying states of development, fielding, or modernization. MTACCS is currently composed of the following components: Tactical Combat Operations System (TCO) for ground command and control (C2), Intelligence Analysis System (IAS) with a Genser terminal connected to a TCO workstation for intelligence C2, Marine Integrated Personnel System (MIPS) and a TCO workstation using the Marine Combat Personnel System (MCPERS) software for personnel C2, Marine Integrated Logistics System (MILOGS) which is composed of the Landingmore » Force Asset Distribution System (LFADS), the Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) II, and a TCO terminal using the Marine Combat Logistics System (MCLOG) for logistics C2, Marine Corps Fire Support System (MCFSS) for fire support C2, and Advanced Tactical Air Command Central (ATACC) and the Improved Direct Air Support Central for aviation C2.« less

Pleistocene reduction of polar ice caps: Evidence from Cariaco Basin marine sediments

USGS Publications Warehouse

Poore, R.Z.; Dowsett, H.J.

2001-01-01

Sea level is projected to rise between 13 and 94 cm over the next 100 yr due to continued climate warming. The sea-level projections assume that polar ice sheets will remain stable or even increase on time scales of centuries, but controversial geologic evidence suggests that current polar ice sheets have been eliminated or greatly reduced during previous Pleistocene interglacials indicating that modern polar ice sheets have become unstable within the natural range of interglacial climates. Sea level may have been more than 20 m higher than today during a presumably very warm interglacial about 400 ka during marine isotope stage 11. Because of the implications for future sea level rise, additional study of the conflicting evidence for warmer conditions and higher sea level during marine isotope stage 11 is needed. Here we present microfossil and isotopic data from marine sediments of the Cariaco Basin supporting the interpretation that global sea level was 10-20 m higher than today during marine isotope stage 11. The increased sea level requires reduction in modern polar ice sheets and is consistent with the interpretation that the West Antarctic ice sheet and the Greenland ice sheet were absent or greatly reduced during marine isotope stage 11. Our results show a warm marine isotope stage 11 interglacial climate with sea level as high as or above modern sea level that lasted for 25 to 30 k.y. Variations in Earth's orbit around the sun (Milankovitch cycles) are considered to be a primary external force driving glacial-interglacial cycles. Current and marine isotope stage 11 Milankovitch forcing are very similar, suggesting that the present interglacial (Holocene) that began ca. 10 ka will continue for another 15 to 20 k.y. Therefore any anthropogenic climate warming will accelerate the natural process toward reduction in polar ice sheets. The potential for increased rates of sea level rise related to polar ice sheet decay should be considered as a potential natural hazard on centennial time scales.

32 CFR 112.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... urgency, importance, duration, location, or isolation, necessitates the absence of a member of the... Regular Army, Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard, and any member of a Reserve component of the Army, Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard (including the Army National Guard of the United...

Marine Corps Forces, Pacific

Science.gov Websites

Foreign Travel Mission Statement Marine Rotational Force - Darwin About MRF-Darwin Leadership Mailing participated in the Amphibious Leadership Symposium, or PALS, along with 22 militaries from around the Indo military leadership participated in the Pacific Amphibious Leadership Symposium, or PALS, in Honolulu

Climate-mediated changes in marine ecosystem regulation during El Niño.

PubMed

Lindegren, Martin; Checkley, David M; Koslow, Julian A; Goericke, Ralf; Ohman, Mark D

2018-02-01

The degree to which ecosystems are regulated through bottom-up, top-down, or direct physical processes represents a long-standing issue in ecology, with important consequences for resource management and conservation. In marine ecosystems, the role of bottom-up and top-down forcing has been shown to vary over spatio-temporal scales, often linked to highly variable and heterogeneously distributed environmental conditions. Ecosystem dynamics in the Northeast Pacific have been suggested to be predominately bottom-up regulated. However, it remains unknown to what extent top-down regulation occurs, or whether the relative importance of bottom-up and top-down forcing may shift in response to climate change. In this study, we investigate the effects and relative importance of bottom-up, top-down, and physical forcing during changing climate conditions on ecosystem regulation in the Southern California Current System (SCCS) using a generalized food web model. This statistical approach is based on nonlinear threshold models and a long-term data set (~60 years) covering multiple trophic levels from phytoplankton to predatory fish. We found bottom-up control to be the primary mode of ecosystem regulation. However, our results also demonstrate an alternative mode of regulation represented by interacting bottom-up and top-down forcing, analogous to wasp-waist dynamics, but occurring across multiple trophic levels and only during periods of reduced bottom-up forcing (i.e., weak upwelling, low nutrient concentrations, and primary production). The shifts in ecosystem regulation are caused by changes in ocean-atmosphere forcing and triggered by highly variable climate conditions associated with El Niño. Furthermore, we show that biota respond differently to major El Niño events during positive or negative phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), as well as highlight potential concerns for marine and fisheries management by demonstrating increased sensitivity of pelagic fish to exploitation during El Niño. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

78 FR 73794 - Taking and Importing Marine Mammals; Taking Marine Mammals Incidental to U.S. Air Force Launches...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-09

... operations from VAFB launch complexes and Delta Mariner operations, cargo unloading activities, and harbor maintenance dredging in support of the Delta IV/Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) launch activity on... Delta Mariner operations, cargo unloading activities, and harbor maintenance dredging. The Delta Mariner...

32 CFR 700.202 - Mission of the Department of the Navy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... of the Navy, shall be organized, trained, and equipped primarily for prompt and sustained combat... organized, trained, and equipped to provide fleet marine forces of combined arms, together with supporting... organized. (d) The Marine Corps shall develop, in coordination with the Army and the Air Force, those phases...

Coupled Loads Analysis of the Modified NASA Barge Pegasus and Space Launch System Hardware

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Knight, J. Brent

2015-01-01

A Coupled Loads Analysis (CLA) has been performed for barge transport of Space Launch System hardware on the recently modified NASA barge Pegasus. The barge re-design was facilitated with detailed finite element analyses by the ARMY Corps of Engineers - Marine Design Center. The Finite Element Model (FEM) utilized in the design was also used in the subject CLA. The Pegasus FEM and CLA results are presented as well as a comparison of the analysis process to that of a payload being transported to space via the Space Shuttle. Discussion of the dynamic forcing functions is included as well. The process of performing a dynamic CLA of NASA hardware during marine transport is thought to be a first and can likely support minimization of undue conservatism.

Navy LPD-17 Amphibious Ship Procurement: Background, Issues, and Options for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-10-01

planned 313-ship fleet calls for a 31-ship amphibious force that includes 10 LPD-17s, and the Marine Corps states that a 33-ship amphibious force that...state, reflects responsibilities assigned to Marine Corps forces in U.S. regional war plans . The Navy’s FY2009 30-year (FY2009-FY2038) shipbuilding plan ...13 Service Life Extensions for Amphibious Ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Planned MPF(F) Squadron

Proceedings of the Conference on Fleet Marine Force Combat Casualty Information System Held at San Diego, California on 2-4 April 1984

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-10-01

Ryack Sub~marine Medlical Researchl ILahOratorv tiehlavioral Scxences C De ~partment Naval Submarinte base New London Groton, CT 06349 Dr. William J. Sacco...Computer- Based Patient Management System 1 to Fleet Marine Force Medical Care George Moeller, Ph.D., Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory, Groton...combat casualty1 medical record, develop soitware tailor-ed aor cach echelon at casualty care, and ] identity applopridate hardware based on the most

Which of these people is your future CEO?

PubMed

Groysberg, Boris; Hill, Andrew; Johnson, Toby

2010-11-01

Americans have long believed that U.S. military officers--trained for high-stakes positions, resilience, and mental agility--make excellent CEOs. That belief is sound, but the authors' analysis of the performance of 45 companies led by CEOs with military experience revealed differences in how the branches (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps) prepare leaders for business. Those differences reflect the trade-off between flexibility and process that each branch of the armed services must make. Army and Marine Corps officers operate in an inherently uncertain environment. They define the mission but then give subordinates the flexibility to adjust to realities on the ground. This leadership experience tends to turn out business executives who excel in small firms, where they can set a goal and then empower others to work toward it. Navy and Air Force officers, who operate expensive, complex systems such as submarines and aircraft carriers, are trained to follow processes to the letter, because even small deviations can have large consequences. In corporations, these leaders excel in regulated industries and in firms that take a process approach to innovation. The larger lesson that the military can offer the business world is that fit matters. Different circumstances demand different leadership skills. Hire the person who fits the job.

Tanks Within The Marine Air Ground Task Force: A N/A Versatile Combat Multiplier Throughout the Full Spectrum of Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-26

Estes, Marines Under Armor : The Marine Corps and the Armored Fighting Vehicle, 1916- 2000. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis MD, 2000. Prior to WWIT...Marines Under Armor : The Marine Corps and the Armored Fighting Vehicle, 1916-2000. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, MA: 2000 Gilbert, Oscar E

76 FR 42121 - Final Notice of a Finding of No Significant Impact for a Programmatic Environmental Assessment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-18

... for a Programmatic Environmental Assessment Implementing a Wind Energy Program at Marine Forces... Wind Energy Program at Marine Forces Reserve (MARFORRES) Facilities Located Across the United States... final notice that the FONSI for the PEA implementing the MARFORRES Wind Energy Program will not have a...

Climate-driven regime shift of a temperate marine ecosystem.

PubMed

Wernberg, Thomas; Bennett, Scott; Babcock, Russell C; de Bettignies, Thibaut; Cure, Katherine; Depczynski, Martial; Dufois, Francois; Fromont, Jane; Fulton, Christopher J; Hovey, Renae K; Harvey, Euan S; Holmes, Thomas H; Kendrick, Gary A; Radford, Ben; Santana-Garcon, Julia; Saunders, Benjamin J; Smale, Dan A; Thomsen, Mads S; Tuckett, Chenae A; Tuya, Fernando; Vanderklift, Mathew A; Wilson, Shaun

2016-07-08

Ecosystem reconfigurations arising from climate-driven changes in species distributions are expected to have profound ecological, social, and economic implications. Here we reveal a rapid climate-driven regime shift of Australian temperate reef communities, which lost their defining kelp forests and became dominated by persistent seaweed turfs. After decades of ocean warming, extreme marine heat waves forced a 100-kilometer range contraction of extensive kelp forests and saw temperate species replaced by seaweeds, invertebrates, corals, and fishes characteristic of subtropical and tropical waters. This community-wide tropicalization fundamentally altered key ecological processes, suppressing the recovery of kelp forests. Copyright © 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

The Marine Corps Challenges in Creating a Diverse Force

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-22

demographics, young adult’s perception of the Marines, etc.  The majority of Marine Corps Officer Selection Offices ( OSO ) has a majority of Caucasian...officers in senior the billets at the OSO . This makes potential candidates view of the Marine Corps unappealing because they feel as if leadership

40 CFR 1700.14 - Marine Pollution Control Device (MPCD) Performance Standards. [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Marine Pollution Control Device (MPCD... UNIFORM NATIONAL DISCHARGE STANDARDS FOR VESSELS OF THE ARMED FORCES Marine Pollution Control Device (MPCD) Performance Standards § 1700.14 Marine Pollution Control Device (MPCD) Performance Standards. [Reserved] ...

40 CFR 1700.14 - Marine Pollution Control Device (MPCD) Performance Standards. [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Marine Pollution Control Device (MPCD... UNIFORM NATIONAL DISCHARGE STANDARDS FOR VESSELS OF THE ARMED FORCES Marine Pollution Control Device (MPCD) Performance Standards § 1700.14 Marine Pollution Control Device (MPCD) Performance Standards. [Reserved] ...

40 CFR 1700.14 - Marine Pollution Control Device (MPCD) Performance Standards. [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Marine Pollution Control Device (MPCD... UNIFORM NATIONAL DISCHARGE STANDARDS FOR VESSELS OF THE ARMED FORCES Marine Pollution Control Device (MPCD) Performance Standards § 1700.14 Marine Pollution Control Device (MPCD) Performance Standards. [Reserved] ...

40 CFR 1700.14 - Marine Pollution Control Device (MPCD) Performance Standards. [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Marine Pollution Control Device (MPCD... UNIFORM NATIONAL DISCHARGE STANDARDS FOR VESSELS OF THE ARMED FORCES Marine Pollution Control Device (MPCD) Performance Standards § 1700.14 Marine Pollution Control Device (MPCD) Performance Standards. [Reserved] ...

40 CFR 1700.14 - Marine Pollution Control Device (MPCD) Performance Standards. [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Marine Pollution Control Device (MPCD... UNIFORM NATIONAL DISCHARGE STANDARDS FOR VESSELS OF THE ARMED FORCES Marine Pollution Control Device (MPCD) Performance Standards § 1700.14 Marine Pollution Control Device (MPCD) Performance Standards. [Reserved] ...

U.S. Northern Command > Newsroom > Fact Sheets

Science.gov Websites

Operations Command, North U.S. Marine Forces Northern Command U.S. Fleet Forces Command Air Forces Northern U.S. Army North Joint Task Force North Joint Task Force Civil Support Joint Task Force Alaska Joint

American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-29

DesertShield/Desert Storm (as of June 15, 2004) Casualty Type Total Army Air Force Marines Navya ,b Killed in Action 143 96 20 22 5 Died of Wounds 4 2 2...Operation Iraqi Freedom — Military Deaths, May 1, 2003, Through June 2, 2007 (As of June 2, 2007) Casualty Type Totals Army Navya Marines Air Force

Can You Be All That You Can Be in the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alexander, Clifford L., Jr.; Korb, Lawrence J.

1983-01-01

Alexander, the first Black Secretary of the Army, discusses fair employment practices for minorities in the U.S. armed services and holds that the Army and the Air Force provide far more opportunities at the leadership levels than do the Navy and the Marine Corps. Korb, of the Defense Department, responds. (GC)

Report to Congress on the Review of Laws, Policies and Regulations Restricting the Service of Female Members in the U.S. Armed Forces

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-02-01

of vessels on which enlisted women can serve are more limited than those of their male counterparts. Women in occupations such as yeoman, culinary ...Marine Corps training in skills necessary for managing combat trauma casualties and operating with Marine forces in a combat environment. After this...commanders in dealing [with] the management of military forces and the requirements of military discipline.” Id. at 69. In Rostker, the Court

General Roy S. Geiger, USMC: Marine Aviator, Joint Force Commander

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-01

in a destroyed N-9 trainer.50 Geiger was attempting to land on Pensacola Bay , when a submarine surfaced at his intended point of landing... Corsairs , Hawks, Falcons, and SeaHawks, which replaced the WW I-vintage DH-4’s, out of which the Marine Corps had wrung every ounce of utility. Brown...CACTUS Air Force possessed a force of over 200 aircraft, including the formidable F4U Corsair , and the Japanese military had adopted a defensive

American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-05-14

War — Casualty Summary Desert Shield/Desert Storm (as of June 15, 2004) Casualty Type Total Army Air Force Marines Navya ,b Killed in Action 143 96 20...Through April 5, 2008 Casualty Type Totals Army Navya Marines Air Force Hostile 3,158 2,304 60 770 24 Nonhostile 708 521 29 141 17 Total 3,866 2,825 89

Denitrification likely catalyzed by endobionts in an allogromiid foraminifer

PubMed Central

Bernhard, Joan M; Edgcomb, Virginia P; Casciotti, Karen L; McIlvin, Matthew R; Beaudoin, David J

2012-01-01

Nitrogen can be a limiting macronutrient for carbon uptake by the marine biosphere. The process of denitrification (conversion of nitrate to gaseous compounds, including N2 (nitrogen gas)) removes bioavailable nitrogen, particularly in marine sediments, making it a key factor in the marine nitrogen budget. Benthic foraminifera reportedly perform complete denitrification, a process previously considered nearly exclusively performed by bacteria and archaea. If the ability to denitrify is widespread among these diverse and abundant protists, a paradigm shift is required for biogeochemistry and marine microbial ecology. However, to date, the mechanisms of foraminiferal denitrification are unclear, and it is possible that the ability to perform complete denitrification is because of the symbiont metabolism in some foraminiferal species. Using sequence analysis and GeneFISH, we show that for a symbiont-bearing foraminifer, the potential for denitrification resides in the endobionts. Results also identify the endobionts as denitrifying pseudomonads and show that the allogromiid accumulates nitrate intracellularly, presumably for use in denitrification. Endobionts have been observed within many foraminiferal species, and in the case of associations with denitrifying bacteria, may provide fitness for survival in anoxic conditions. These associations may have been a driving force for early foraminiferal diversification, which is thought to have occurred in the Neoproterozoic era when anoxia was widespread. PMID:22134648

A Methodology to Assess the Benefit of Operational or Tactic Adjustments to Reduce Marine Corps Fuel Consumption

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

simulation M777A2 howitzer MAGTF Marine Air-Ground Task Force MANA Map Aware Non-Uniform Automata MCWL Marine Corps Warfighting Lab MEB Marine...met. The project developed a Map Aware Non-Uniform Automata (MANA) model for each SPMAGTF size. The MANA models simulated the maneuver and direct

76 FR 7548 - Taking and Importing Marine Mammals; Taking of Marine Mammals Incidental to Conducting Precision...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-10

... and Training by Eglin Air Force Base in the Gulf of Mexico AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service... species of marine mammals incidental to testing and training during Precision Strike Weapons (PSW) testing and training in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), a military readiness activity, has been issued to Eglin Air...

Shelfal sediment transport by undercurrents forces turbidity current activity during high sea level, Chile continental margin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bernhardt, Anne; Hebbeln, Dierk; Regenberg, Marcus; Lückge, Andreas; Strecker, Manfred. R.

2016-04-01

Understanding the links between terrigenous sediment supply and marine transport and depositional processes along tectonically active margins is essential to decipher turbidite successions as potential archives of climatic and seismic forcings and to comprehend timing and quantity of marine clastic deposition. Sequence stratigraphic models predict coarse-grained terrigenous sediment delivery to deep-marine sites mainly during sea-level fall and lowstand. Marine clastic deposition during periods of transgression and highstand has been attributed to the continued geomorphic connectivity between terrestrial sediment sources and marine sinks (e.g., rivers connected to submarine canyons) often facilitated by narrow shelves, high sediment supply causing delta migration to the shelf edge, and/or abrupt increases in sediment supply due to climatic variability or catastrophic events. To decipher the controls on Holocene highstand turbidite deposition, we analyzed twelve sediment cores of spatially disparate, coeval Holocene turbidite systems along the Chile margin (29-40°S) with changing climatic and geomorphic characteristics but uniform changes of sea level. Intraslope basins in north-central Chile (29-33°S) offshore a narrow to absent shelf record a shut-off of turbidite activity during the Holocene. In contrast, core sites in south-central Chile (36-40°S) offshore a wide continental shelf have repeatedly experienced turbidite deposition during sea-level highstand conditions, even though most of the depocenters are not connected via canyons to sediment sources. The interplay of stable high sediment supply related to strong onshore precipitation in combination with a wide shelf, over which undercurrents move sediment towards the shelf edge, appears to control Holocene turbidite sedimentation and sediment export to the deep sea.

Marine Air Ground Task Force Distribution In The Battlespace

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-01

benefit of this research is a proposed systemic structure with an associated web application that provides the MAGTF commander with critical...associated web application that provides the MAGTF commander with critical information for supporting operations. vi THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK... web analytics in order to support the decision making process. The potential benefit of this research is a methodology with associated application

From the ocean to a salt marsh: towards understanding iron reduction processes with FORC-PCA.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Muraszko, J. R.; Lascu, I.; Collins, S. M.; Harrison, R. J.

2017-12-01

Biogenic magnetic minerals are a high fidelity recorder of climate change. Their sensitivity to sedimentary redox conditions and bottom water ventilation have the potential to provide useful insights into past diagenetic conditions. However, the mechanisms controlling preservation and dissolution of magnetosomes are not fully understood, thus undermining the reliability of the paleomagnetic records in marine environments. Recovering information about the diagenetic past of the sediment is a crucial challenge; specifically, the biogenic components need to be identified and unmixed from the bulk magnetic signal. We address the issue in this study by applying Principal Component Analysis on First Order Reversal Curve diagrams (FORC-PCA) in case studies of cores obtained from the Iberian Margin and the sedimentologically active coastal salt marshes of Norfolk. We demonstrate the applicability of FORC-PCA as a new environmental proxy, yielding a high resolution temporal marine record of environmental changes reflected in magnetic composition over the last 194 kyr. The strongest variations are observed in the microbially derived components, the bulk properties of the sediment being controlled by a low coercivity SP-SD component which is generally anticorrelated with the magnetosome signal. Supported by TEM studies, we suggest the prevalence of clusters of nano-particles of magnetite associated with iron reduction. To further investigate the mechanisms controlling these processes, the active sedimentary environment of Norfolk was chosen as a case study of early diagenesis controlled by strong vertical geochemical gradients.

Guidelines for the Development and Implementation of a Logistic Resource Annex to the Five Year Defense Program. Volume 2. A Logistic Resource Annex for the Navy DNFYP

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-10-01

Force , Navy and Marine Corps. Coverage is less comprehensive on the Army because of work on this topic by the General Research Corporation. Volume I...presents recommendations on an OSD-level LRA data system. Volumes II, III, and IV cQver the Navy, Air Force , and Marine Corps respectively. Each of these...Resource Model/ Force Level Analysis Interactive Language System NAVAIR Naval Air Systems Command NAVCOMPT Navy Comptroller NAVFAC Naval Facilities

Uncertainty in Earth System Models: Benchmarks for Ocean Model Performance and Validation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ogunro, O. O.; Elliott, S.; Collier, N.; Wingenter, O. W.; Deal, C.; Fu, W.; Hoffman, F. M.

2017-12-01

The mean ocean CO2 sink is a major component of the global carbon budget, with marine reservoirs holding about fifty times more carbon than the atmosphere. Phytoplankton play a significant role in the net carbon sink through photosynthesis and drawdown, such that about a quarter of anthropogenic CO2 emissions end up in the ocean. Biology greatly increases the efficiency of marine environments in CO2 uptake and ultimately reduces the impact of the persistent rise in atmospheric concentrations. However, a number of challenges remain in appropriate representation of marine biogeochemical processes in Earth System Models (ESM). These threaten to undermine the community effort to quantify seasonal to multidecadal variability in ocean uptake of atmospheric CO2. In a bid to improve analyses of marine contributions to climate-carbon cycle feedbacks, we have developed new analysis methods and biogeochemistry metrics as part of the International Ocean Model Benchmarking (IOMB) effort. Our intent is to meet the growing diagnostic and benchmarking needs of ocean biogeochemistry models. The resulting software package has been employed to validate DOE ocean biogeochemistry results by comparison with observational datasets. Several other international ocean models contributing results to the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) were analyzed simultaneously. Our comparisons suggest that the biogeochemical processes determining CO2 entry into the global ocean are not well represented in most ESMs. Polar regions continue to show notable biases in many critical biogeochemical and physical oceanographic variables. Some of these disparities could have first order impacts on the conversion of atmospheric CO2 to organic carbon. In addition, single forcing simulations show that the current ocean state can be partly explained by the uptake of anthropogenic emissions. Combined effects of two or more of these forcings on ocean biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems are challenging to predict since additive or antagonistic effects may occur. A benchmarking tool for accurate assessment and validation of marine biogeochemical outputs will be indispensable as the model community continues to improve ESM developments. It will provide a first order tool in understanding climate-carbon cycle feedbacks.

Performance Evaluation System Update: Choosing the Right Force for an Austere Future

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-04-23

decided to grow from 192,000 active duty Marines to 202,000 due to increased operational demands of the wars.1 Then last year, the Marine Corps...involved with off duty activities as long as it helps them get promoted. Ideally, encouraging more positive interactions between Marines and civilians...situations. However, the Marine Corps has not traditionally done as good a job encouraging its Marines to pursue relevant extracurricular education. Like

Random mechanics: Nonlinear vibrations, turbulences, seisms, swells, fatigue

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kree, P.; Soize, C.

The random modeling of physical phenomena, together with probabilistic methods for the numerical calculation of random mechanical forces, are analytically explored. Attention is given to theoretical examinations such as probabilistic concepts, linear filtering techniques, and trajectory statistics. Applications of the methods to structures experiencing atmospheric turbulence, the quantification of turbulence, and the dynamic responses of the structures are considered. A probabilistic approach is taken to study the effects of earthquakes on structures and to the forces exerted by ocean waves on marine structures. Theoretical analyses by means of vector spaces and stochastic modeling are reviewed, as are Markovian formulations of Gaussian processes and the definition of stochastic differential equations. Finally, random vibrations with a variable number of links and linear oscillators undergoing the square of Gaussian processes are investigated.

Norwegian fjord sediments reveal NAO related winter temperature and precipitation changes of the past 2800 years

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Faust, Johan; Fabian, Karl; Giraudeau, Jacques; Knies, Jochen

2016-04-01

The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is the leading mode of atmospheric circulation variability in the North Atlantic region. Associated shifts of storm tracks, precipitation and temperature patterns affect energy supply and demand, fisheries and agricultural, as well as marine and terrestrial ecological dynamics. Long-term NAO reconstructions are crucial to better understand NAO variability in its response to climate forcing factors, and assess predictability and possible shifts associated with ongoing climate change. Fjord deposits have a great potential for providing high-resolution sedimentary records that reflect local terrestrial and marine processes and, therefore, offer unique opportunities for the investigation of sedimentological and geochemical climatically induced processes. A recent study of instrumental time series revealed NAO as main factor for a strong relation between winter temperature, precipitation and river discharge in central Norway over the past 50 years. Here we use the gained knowledge to establish the first high resolution NAO proxy record from marine sediments. By comparing geochemical measurements from a short sediment core with instrumental data we show that marine primary productivity proxies are sensitive to NAO changes. Conditioned on a stationary relation between our climate proxy and the NAO we establish the first high resolution NAO proxy record (NAO-TFJ) from marine sediments covering the past 2,800 years. The NAO-TFJ shows distinct co-variability with climate changes over Greenland, solar activity and Northern Hemisphere glacier dynamics as well as climatically associated paleo-demographic trends.

Magnetic Domain State Diagnosis in Soils, Loess, and Marine Sediments From Multiple First-Order Reversal Curve-Type Diagrams

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hu, P. X.; Zhao, X.; Roberts, A. P.; Heslop, D.; Viscarra Rossel, R. A.

2018-02-01

First-order reversal curve (FORC) diagrams provide information about domain states and magnetostatic interactions that underpin paleomagnetic interpretations. FORC diagrams are a complex representation of remanent, induced, and transient magnetizations that can be assessed individually using additional FORC-type measurements along with conventional measurements. We provide the first extensive assessment of the information provided by remanent, transient, and induced FORC diagrams for a diverse range of soil, loess/paleosol, and marine sediment samples. These new diagrams provide substantial information in addition to that provided by conventional FORC diagrams that aids comprehensive domain state diagnosis for mixed magnetic particle assemblages. In particular, we demonstrate from transient FORC diagrams that particles occur routinely in the magnetic vortex state. Likewise, remanent FORC diagrams provide information about the remanence-bearing magnetic particles that are of greatest interest in paleomagnetic studies.

77 FR 25435 - Taking and Importing Marine Mammals; Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal School Training Operations...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-30

... B harassment, incidental to Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal School (NEODS) training operations at... Importing Marine Mammals; Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal School Training Operations at Eglin Air Force... and the Issuance of Letters of Authorization to Take Marine Mammals, by Level B Harassment, Incidental...

50 CFR 216.126 - Applications for Letters of Authorization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE MARINE MAMMALS REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE TAKING AND IMPORTING OF MARINE MAMMALS Taking Of Marine Mammals Incidental To Space Vehicle And Test Flight Activities... identified in § 216.120(a) (30th Space Wing, U.S. Air Force) must apply for and obtain either an initial...

50 CFR 216.126 - Applications for Letters of Authorization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE MARINE MAMMALS REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE TAKING AND IMPORTING OF MARINE MAMMALS Taking Of Marine Mammals Incidental To Space Vehicle And Test Flight Activities... identified in § 216.120(a) (30th Space Wing, U.S. Air Force) must apply for and obtain either an initial...

On the impact of fjord geometry on grounding line stability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Åkesson, H.; Nick, F. M.; Morlighem, M.; Nisancioglu, K. H.

2016-12-01

Observations and reconstructions of Antarctic and Greenland marine-terminating glaciers and their grounding lines show that their response to external forcings is highly dependent on the geometry of individual glaciers, such as fjord geometry. While recent retreat of these glaciers is broadly consistent with warmer atmospheric and oceanic conditions, we observe considerable spatial and temporal variability, with diverse glacier behavior within the same regions. The relatively short observational record of marine-terminating glaciers also needs to be placed in a long-term context. Reconstructions of marine-terminating glaciers, however, indicate highly asynchronous retreat histories despite being subject to similar climatic forcings. These lines of evidence suggest that regional climate forcing alone cannot explain marine-terminating glacier behavior, and that these glaciers cannot be used uncritically as indicators of past climates because of their heterogeneous response to climate change. Here we use a dynamic flowline model with a physical treatment of iceberg calving to assess the effect of fjord geometry on grounding line stability on decadal and longer time scales. The model includes driving and resistive stresses of ice flow and is applied to idealized fjord geometries representing different real-world glaciers. We find that the geometry can override the signal from the ambient forcing over multiple centuries, resulting in non-linear, rapid grounding line migration. In particular we highlight the importance of fjord width, which has received relatively little attention in terms of marine ice sheet instability. Our findings provide new insights into grounding line behavior and may explain some of the documented heterogeneous, asynchronous patterns of marine-terminating glaciers in Greenland, Antarctica, Alaska and elsewhere. Further, we investigate the geometric influence on the reversibility and hysteresis of grounding line migration, relevant for oscillatory glacier behavior, marine-terminating glacier retreat-advance cycles and Heinrich events. Finally, we present comparative, preliminary results using the 3-dimensional ice sheet model ISSM and discuss our findings in terms of ice shelf stability and buttressing.

Time for a Change? Composite Field Artillery Battalions

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-13

Michael F. Morris , uses the battle as a case study on future employment of Marine Forces. Significantly, Major Morris ’ analysis reveals the importance...that the South African artillery played in the fighting. Calling it, “the star of the campaign.”6 Major Morris also believes that the Marine Corps...Force 1991-2005 relates the history behind the modular brigade. In “The 6Michael F. Morris

The United States Marine Corps Reserve: Reorganization for an Integrated Force

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-04-28

ForceHeadquartersGroup/MarineCorpsI ndividualReserveSupportActivity/Definitions.aspx 23 MCRAMM,1-3 24 Edgar H . Schein , Organizational Culture and...COMMAND AND STAFF COLL QUANTICO VA, 2012. Schein , Edgar H . Organizational Culture and Leadership. The Jossey-Bass Business & Management Series. 3rd...Significant differences exist in culture among the reservists and the active duty members. Schein defines culture as “A pattern of shared basic

22 CFR 130.3 - Armed forces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Armed forces. 130.3 Section 130.3 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN ARMS REGULATIONS POLITICAL CONTRIBUTIONS, FEES AND COMMISSIONS § 130.3 Armed forces. Armed forces means the army, navy, marine, air force, or coast guard, as...

Marine Special Operations Helicopter Unit: Viability in the Joint Force of 2020

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-04-18

competitive globalized environment will increase the requirements for aviation support. With a dedicated Marine Special Operations Helicopter Squadron...efficiency in planning, training, and execution will provide for precise timely and accurate organic fires, direct mobility support, and reduce the...Fulfilling the gap in Marine Special Operations Command with a dedicated Marine special operations helicopter unit is necessary. Concisely, this will

The Management of New Ideas: An Entrepreneur’s Perspective

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-01

MARCIMS Marine Civil Information Management System MARCORSYSCOM Marine Corps Systems Command MARFORPAC Marine Forces Pacific Command MCCDC Marine Corp...any personally identifying information . While this work aims to generate theory related to the management of new ideas and their meanings during the...currently deployed civil information management system as the current system in use was antiquated and frustrating to use. While we were enthusiastic

Evaluating trophic cascades as drivers of regime shifts in different ocean ecosystems

PubMed Central

Pershing, Andrew J.; Mills, Katherine E.; Record, Nicholas R.; Stamieszkin, Karen; Wurtzell, Katharine V.; Byron, Carrie J.; Fitzpatrick, Dominic; Golet, Walter J.; Koob, Elise

2015-01-01

In ecosystems that are strongly structured by predation, reducing top predator abundance can alter several lower trophic levels—a process known as a trophic cascade. A persistent trophic cascade also fits the definition of a regime shift. Such ‘trophic cascade regime shifts' have been reported in a few pelagic marine systems—notably the Black Sea, Baltic Sea and eastern Scotian Shelf—raising the question of how common this phenomenon is in the marine environment. We provide a general methodology for distinguishing top-down and bottom-up effects and apply this methodology to time series from these three ecosystems. We found evidence for top-down forcing in the Black Sea due primarily to gelatinous zooplankton. Changes in the Baltic Sea are primarily bottom-up, strongly structured by salinity, but top-down forcing related to changes in cod abundance also shapes the ecosystem. Changes in the eastern Scotian Shelf that were originally attributed to declines in groundfish are better explained by changes in stratification. Our review suggests that trophic cascade regime shifts are rare in open ocean ecosystems and that their likelihood increases as the residence time of water in the system increases. Our work challenges the assumption that negative correlation between consecutive trophic levels implies top-down forcing.

Advance Force Operations: The Middleweight Force’s Essential Role in the Joint Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-04-18

solution selected, the Marine Corps will have to invest in increasing the training and readiness standards of its expeditionary forces. If the Marine Corps...28 Limited common AFO training ………………………………………… 31 Inadequate resourcing…………………………………………………… 32 SOF is the solution...delta while the newly formed SEALs began in Vietnam as advisors training the South Vietnamese in combat diving, demolitions, and guerrilla/anti

United States Marine Corps Post-Cold War Evolutionary Efforts: Implications for a Post-Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom Force

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-05-25

Research Question What lessons can the contemporary Marine Corps learn from its transition from the post - Cold War and Operation Desert Shield and...United States Marine Corps Post -Cold War Evolutionary Efforts: Implications for a Post -Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom...

Long-Term Climate Forcing in Loggerhead Sea Turtle Nesting

PubMed Central

Van Houtan, Kyle S.; Halley, John M.

2011-01-01

The long-term variability of marine turtle populations remains poorly understood, limiting science and management. Here we use basin-scale climate indices and regional surface temperatures to estimate loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) nesting at a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Borrowing from fisheries research, our models investigate how oceanographic processes influence juvenile recruitment and regulate population dynamics. This novel approach finds local populations in the North Pacific and Northwest Atlantic are regionally synchronized and strongly correlated to ocean conditions—such that climate models alone explain up to 88% of the observed changes over the past several decades. In addition to its performance, climate-based modeling also provides mechanistic forecasts of historical and future population changes. Hindcasts in both regions indicate climatic conditions may have been a factor in recent declines, but future forecasts are mixed. Available climatic data suggests the Pacific population will be significantly reduced by 2040, but indicates the Atlantic population may increase substantially. These results do not exonerate anthropogenic impacts, but highlight the significance of bottom-up oceanographic processes to marine organisms. Future studies should consider environmental baselines in assessments of marine turtle population variability and persistence. PMID:21589639

Long-term climate forcing in loggerhead sea turtle nesting.

PubMed

Van Houtan, Kyle S; Halley, John M

2011-04-27

The long-term variability of marine turtle populations remains poorly understood, limiting science and management. Here we use basin-scale climate indices and regional surface temperatures to estimate loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) nesting at a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Borrowing from fisheries research, our models investigate how oceanographic processes influence juvenile recruitment and regulate population dynamics. This novel approach finds local populations in the North Pacific and Northwest Atlantic are regionally synchronized and strongly correlated to ocean conditions--such that climate models alone explain up to 88% of the observed changes over the past several decades. In addition to its performance, climate-based modeling also provides mechanistic forecasts of historical and future population changes. Hindcasts in both regions indicate climatic conditions may have been a factor in recent declines, but future forecasts are mixed. Available climatic data suggests the Pacific population will be significantly reduced by 2040, but indicates the Atlantic population may increase substantially. These results do not exonerate anthropogenic impacts, but highlight the significance of bottom-up oceanographic processes to marine organisms. Future studies should consider environmental baselines in assessments of marine turtle population variability and persistence.

An Analysis of the Twenty-One Missions of the Marine Corps Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable)

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-06-03

unconventional warfare capability, consist of Army Special Forces and certain Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps units as assigned. 4. Foreign ;ntgnal Pef~nse (JCS...7. Psychological Operations (JC5 Pub J-Q2): Planned operations to convey selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their...emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately, the behavior of foreign governments, organizations groups, and individuals. The purpose of

Large contribution of natural aerosols to uncertainty in indirect forcing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carslaw, K. S.; Lee, L. A.; Reddington, C. L.; Pringle, K. J.; Rap, A.; Forster, P. M.; Mann, G. W.; Spracklen, D. V.; Woodhouse, M. T.; Regayre, L. A.; Pierce, J. R.

2013-11-01

The effect of anthropogenic aerosols on cloud droplet concentrations and radiative properties is the source of one of the largest uncertainties in the radiative forcing of climate over the industrial period. This uncertainty affects our ability to estimate how sensitive the climate is to greenhouse gas emissions. Here we perform a sensitivity analysis on a global model to quantify the uncertainty in cloud radiative forcing over the industrial period caused by uncertainties in aerosol emissions and processes. Our results show that 45 per cent of the variance of aerosol forcing since about 1750 arises from uncertainties in natural emissions of volcanic sulphur dioxide, marine dimethylsulphide, biogenic volatile organic carbon, biomass burning and sea spray. Only 34 per cent of the variance is associated with anthropogenic emissions. The results point to the importance of understanding pristine pre-industrial-like environments, with natural aerosols only, and suggest that improved measurements and evaluation of simulated aerosols in polluted present-day conditions will not necessarily result in commensurate reductions in the uncertainty of forcing estimates.

A protocol for the intercomparison of marine fishery and ecosystem models: Fish-MIP v1.0

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tittensor, Derek P.; Eddy, Tyler D.; Lotze, Heike K.; Galbraith, Eric D.; Cheung, William; Barange, Manuel; Blanchard, Julia L.; Bopp, Laurent; Bryndum-Buchholz, Andrea; Büchner, Matthias; Bulman, Catherine; Carozza, David A.; Christensen, Villy; Coll, Marta; Dunne, John P.; Fernandes, Jose A.; Fulton, Elizabeth A.; Hobday, Alistair J.; Huber, Veronika; Jennings, Simon; Jones, Miranda; Lehodey, Patrick; Link, Jason S.; Mackinson, Steve; Maury, Olivier; Niiranen, Susa; Oliveros-Ramos, Ricardo; Roy, Tilla; Schewe, Jacob; Shin, Yunne-Jai; Silva, Tiago; Stock, Charles A.; Steenbeek, Jeroen; Underwood, Philip J.; Volkholz, Jan; Watson, James R.; Walker, Nicola D.

2018-04-01

Model intercomparison studies in the climate and Earth sciences communities have been crucial to building credibility and coherence for future projections. They have quantified variability among models, spurred model development, contrasted within- and among-model uncertainty, assessed model fits to historical data, and provided ensemble projections of future change under specified scenarios. Given the speed and magnitude of anthropogenic change in the marine environment and the consequent effects on food security, biodiversity, marine industries, and society, the time is ripe for similar comparisons among models of fisheries and marine ecosystems. Here, we describe the Fisheries and Marine Ecosystem Model Intercomparison Project protocol version 1.0 (Fish-MIP v1.0), part of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP), which is a cross-sectoral network of climate impact modellers. Given the complexity of the marine ecosystem, this class of models has substantial heterogeneity of purpose, scope, theoretical underpinning, processes considered, parameterizations, resolution (grain size), and spatial extent. This heterogeneity reflects the lack of a unified understanding of the marine ecosystem and implies that the assemblage of all models is more likely to include a greater number of relevant processes than any single model. The current Fish-MIP protocol is designed to allow these heterogeneous models to be forced with common Earth System Model (ESM) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) outputs under prescribed scenarios for historic (from the 1950s) and future (to 2100) time periods; it will be adapted to CMIP phase 6 (CMIP6) in future iterations. It also describes a standardized set of outputs for each participating Fish-MIP model to produce. This enables the broad characterization of differences between and uncertainties within models and projections when assessing climate and fisheries impacts on marine ecosystems and the services they provide. The systematic generation, collation, and comparison of results from Fish-MIP will inform an understanding of the range of plausible changes in marine ecosystems and improve our capacity to define and convey the strengths and weaknesses of model-based advice on future states of marine ecosystems and fisheries. Ultimately, Fish-MIP represents a step towards bringing together the marine ecosystem modelling community to produce consistent ensemble medium- and long-term projections of marine ecosystems.

Improving Command and Control in the Mexican Army and Air Force to Support Land Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-09

of operations is supported by a robust structure of personnel and equipment ready to deploy anywhere in the world. Marine elements are properly...would grow based on the achieved results and availability of economic resources. The organizational solution described the possible organization of...current capabilities based on the available options in the U.S Doctrine. The analysis process of the study is guided by the Capability Based

The Vorticity Budgets of North Atlantic Winter Marine Extratropical Cyclones Development

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Azad, R.; Sorteberg, A.

2012-12-01

A partitioned form of the Zwack-Okossi (Z-O) tendency equation is employed to examine the composite role of dynamic and thermodynamic forcing mechanisms to the development of North Atlantic winter marine extratropical cyclones. The results provide a further insight into the budgets of near surface cyclonic geostrophic vorticity (CGV) and their evolution during the life cycle of mid-latitude low pressure systems. Of interest are the direct, indirect and net effects of the Z-O forcing mechanisms. The direct effect shows the contribution of each process to the near surface geostrophic vorticity tendency, while the indirect effect implies the contribution from the associated vertical motion and resulting adiabatic cooling or warming. The net effect is the sum of the direct and indirect effects.We found that the vorticity advection term is the largest net contributor to the development of the marine cyclones. The net positive effect of both the temperature advection and latent heating terms is smaller owing to the induced adiabatic cooling which reduces the positive direct contributions. The direct and indirect parts of ageostrophic tendency and friction terms support each other, resulting in significant net contributions at the low center.Comparisons of the composite contributions by the Z-O forcing terms at different pressure levels over the low center indicate that, in agreement with previous studies, the commencement of significant development is accompanied with the upper level cyclonic absolute vorticity advection, upper level warm advection and mid-to low level latent heating. However, during the end of the development, mid-tropospheric net contribution by vorticity advection term and low level warm advection controls the production of CGV. The former is due to both the presence of mid-level cyclonic vorticity advection and induced adiabatic warming over the composite low center.

Integrating parasitology and marine ecology: Seven challenges towards greater synergy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Poulin, Robert; Blasco-Costa, Isabel; Randhawa, Haseeb S.

2016-07-01

Despite their very different historical origins as scientific disciplines, parasitology and marine ecology have already combined successfully to make important contributions to our understanding of the functioning of natural ecosystems. For example, robust assessments of the contribution of parasites to ecosystem biomass and energetics, and of their impact on community-wide biodiversity and food web structure, have all been made for the first time in marine systems. Nevertheless, for the marriage between parasitology and marine ecology to remain fruitful, several challenges must first be overcome. We discuss seven such challenges on the road to a greater synergy between these disciplines: (1) Raising awareness of parasitism as an ecological force by increasing the proportion of articles about parasites and diseases in marine ecology journals; (2) Making greater use of theory and conceptual frameworks from marine ecology to guide parasitological research; (3) Speeding up or at least maintaining the current rate at which marine parasites are found and described; (4) Elucidating a greater proportion of life cycles in all major groups of marine parasites; (5) Increasing the number of host-parasite model systems on which our knowledge is based; (6) Extending parasitological research offshore and into ocean depths; and (7) Developing, as needed, new epidemiological theory and transmission models for the marine environment. None of these challenges is insurmountable, and addressing just a few of them should guarantee that parasitology and marine ecology will continue to join forces and make further substantial contributions.

Process evaluation of sea salt aerosol concentrations at remote marine locations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Struthers, H.; Ekman, A. M.; Nilsson, E. D.

2011-12-01

Sea salt, an important natural aerosol, is generated by bubbles bursting at the surface of the ocean. Sea salt aerosol contributes significantly to the global aerosol burden and radiative budget and are a significant source of cloud condensation nuclei in remote marine areas (Monahan et al., 1986). Consequently, changes in marine aerosol abundance is expected to impact on climate forcing. Estimates of the atmospheric burden of sea salt aerosol mass derived from chemical transport and global climate models vary greatly both in the global total and the spatial distribution (Texor et al. 2006). This large uncertainty in the sea salt aerosol distribution in turn contributes to the large uncertainty in the current estimates of anthropogenic aerosol climate forcing (IPCC, 2007). To correctly attribute anthropogenic climate change and to veraciously project future climate, natural aerosols including sea salt must be understood and accurately modelled. In addition, the physical processes that determine the sea salt aerosol concentration are susceptible to modification due to climate change (Carslaw et al., 2010) which means there is the potential for feedbacks within the climate/aerosol system. Given the large uncertainties in sea salt aerosol modelling, there is an urgent need to evaluate the process description of sea salt aerosols in global models. An extremely valuable source of data for model evaluation is the long term measurements of PM10 sea salt aerosol mass available from a number of remote marine observation sites around the globe (including the GAW network). Sea salt aerosol concentrations at remote marine locations depend strongly on the surface exchange (emission and deposition) as well as entrainment or detrainment to the free troposphere. This suggests that the key parameters to consider in any analysis include the sea surface water temperature, wind speed, precipitation rate and the atmospheric stability. In this study, the sea salt aerosol observations are analysed to quantify the key sensitivities of the processes connecting the physical drivers of sea salt aerosol to the mass tendency. The analysis employs a semi-empirical model based on the time-tendency of the aerosol mass. This approach of focusing on the time-tendency of the sea salt aerosol concentration provides a framework for the process evaluation of sea salt aerosol concentrations in global models. The same analysis methodology can be applied to output from global models. A process of comparing the sensitivity parameters derived from observations and models will reveal model inadequacies and thus guide model improvements. Carslaw, K. S., Boucher, O., Spracklen, D. V., Mann G. W., Rae, J. G. L, Woodward, S., Kulmala, M. (2010). Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1701-1737 IPCC (2007). Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Solomon, S., D. Monahan, E. C., Spiel, D. E., Davidson, K. L. (1986) Oceanic Whitecaps ed. Monahan E. C. & MacNiochaill, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass. Texor, C., et al. (2006) Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1777-1813.

76 FR 30497 - Armed Forces Day, 2011

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-25

... Forces Day, 2011 By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation The Armed Forces of the... its people. From our earliest days as a fledgling republic, the United States has relied on the.... On Armed Forces Day, let us salute the Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, Marines, and Coast Guardsmen who...

Collaborative Research on and Successful Implementation of Factory-Level Repellent-Treated Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniforms from 2004-2007

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

In August, 2003, a mission to protect an airfield in Monrovia, Liberia failed after 80 of 150 multi-force personnel were infected with the malaria parasite. Over 70 of these personnel were United States Marines. In October, 2003, the representatives from the U.S. Marine Corps requested assistance ...

Research and Application of Marine Microbial Enzymes: Status and Prospects

PubMed Central

Zhang, Chen; Kim, Se-Kwon

2010-01-01

Over billions of years, the ocean has been regarded as the origin of life on Earth. The ocean includes the largest range of habitats, hosting the most life-forms. Competition amongst microorganisms for space and nutrients in the marine environment is a powerful selective force, which has led to evolution. The evolution prompted the marine microorganisms to generate multifarious enzyme systems to adapt to the complicated marine environments. Therefore, marine microbial enzymes can offer novel biocatalysts with extraordinary properties. This review deals with the research and development work investigating the occurrence and bioprocessing of marine microbial enzymes. PMID:20631875

American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-01-02

Service 10 Table 7. Vietnam Conflict: Casualty Summary (as of December 22, 2014) Casualty Type Total Army Air Force Marines Navya Killed in Action...December 22, 2014) Casualty Type Total Army Air Force Marines Navya Killed in Action 144 96 20 22 6 Died of Wounds 4 2 0 2 0 Missing in Action—Declared...Service 17 Table 12. Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF): Casualty Summary by Casualty Category (as of December 22, 2014) Casualty Type Total Army Navya

Is climate change an unforeseen, irresistible and external factor - A force majeure in marine environmental law?

PubMed

Saul, Roxanne; Barnes, Richard; Elliott, Michael

2016-12-15

Several environmental laws include provisions on natural causes or force majeure, which except States from their commitments if it can be proven that the failure to meet the commitment is due to factors outside their control. The European Union Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) has a pivotal role in managing EU marine waters. This paper analyses natural causes and force majeure provisions of the MFSD and other marine legislation, and addresses their interaction with climate change and its consequences, especially the effect on the obligation of ensuring seas are in Good Environmental Status. Climate change is an exogenic unmanaged pressure in that it emanates from outside the area being managed but in which the management authority has to respond to the consequences of climate change, such as sea level rise and temperature elevation, rather than its causes. It is suggested that a defence by a Member State of force majeure may be accepted if an event was proven to be due to an externality of control, irresistible and unforeseeable. The analysis contends that countering such a legal defence would centre on the fact that climate change is a well-accepted phenomenon, is foreseen with an accepted level of confidence and probability and is due to human actions. However, as yet, this has not been legally tested. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Quality Characteristics of Marinated Chicken Breast as Influenced by the Methods of Mechanical Processing

PubMed Central

Kim, Hack-Youn; Kim, Kon-Joong; Lee, Jong-Wan; Kim, Gye-Woong; Choe, Ju-Hui; Kim, Hyun-Wook; Yoon, Yohan; Kim, Cheon-Jei

2015-01-01

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of various marination processes on the quality characteristics of chicken breast prepared with chicken feet gelatin and wheat fiber. The chicken feet gelatin was swollen with hydrochloric solution (0.1 N HCl, pH 1.31±0.02) and dehydrated by freeze-drying. The composition (w/w) of the marinade was water (10%), soy sauce (12%), phosphate (0.3%), wheat fiber (1.5%), and chicken feet gelatin (1.5%). Three samples of chicken breast were manufactured with Tumbler (only tumbler), Tenderizer (tenderizer and tumbler), and Injector (injector and tumbler). The water content of the Injector sample was significantly higher than those of the Tumbler and Tenderizer samples (p<0.05). During heating, the lightness of all chicken breasts increased and the redness decreased. The tumbling and cooking yield of the Injector sample were significantly higher than those of the Tumbler and Tenderizer samples (p<0.05). The shear force of the Tenderizer sample was significantly lower than that of the Tumbler and Injector samples (p<0.05). No significant differences, except for color, were observed in the sensory analysis of the samples. Thus, the proper selection of mechanical processing is important to improve the quality characteristics of marinated chicken breast, considering the types of final products. PMID:26761806

50 CFR 404.9 - Armed Forces actions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Armed Forces actions. 404.9 Section 404.9... MARINE NATIONAL MONUMENT § 404.9 Armed Forces actions. (a) The prohibitions in this part do not apply to activities and exercises of the Armed Forces (including those carried out by the United States Coast Guard...

26 CFR 49.4263-4 - Members of the armed forces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 16 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Members of the armed forces. 49.4263-4 Section... the armed forces. The tax imposed by section 4261 does not apply to amounts paid for transportation or..., Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, including authorized cadets and midshipmen, traveling...

26 CFR 49.4263-4 - Members of the armed forces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 16 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Members of the armed forces. 49.4263-4 Section... the armed forces. The tax imposed by section 4261 does not apply to amounts paid for transportation or..., Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, including authorized cadets and midshipmen, traveling...

The Evolution and Future of Marine Corps Medical Evacuation and Casualty Evacuation Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-16

PERSON Marine Corps University I Comm~nd and Staff College 19b. TELEPONE NUMBER (Include area code) (703) 784-3330 (Admin Office) Standard Form...they appear in the report, e.g. 001; AFAPL304801 05. 6. AUTHOR(S). Enter name(s) of person (s) responsible for writing the report, performing the...commanders assigned-three squ~ drons (HMM- · 161, HMM -286, and HtviM-364) to a rotation to cover CASEY AC and MEDEY AC operations for all forc~s serving

The Influence of International Law Upon Military Operation on Urbanized Terrain (MOUT) During Romanian Revolution, December 1989

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-01-01

The Use of Military Force in Combating Urban Crime Using British Royal Marines in Northern Ireland as a Model .” MMS Thesis. Quantico, VA: USMC...to capture armaments and to destabilize command and control functions. Solid intelligence networks were required to operate efficiently in the urban ...Force in Combating Urban Crime Using British Royal Marines in Northern Ireland as a Model .” MMS Thesis. Quantico, VA: USMC Command and Staff College

Navy LPD-17 Amphibious Ship Procurement: Background, Issues, and Options for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-04-23

by Reuters, “but we are incorporating the lessons from this experience into our operational plans going forward for new ships in the design, planning ...Navy’s planned 313-ship fleet calls for a 31-ship amphibious force that includes 10 LPD-17s, and the Marine Corps states that a 33-ship amphibious...officials state, reflects responsibilities assigned to Marine Corps forces in U.S. regional war plans . The Navy’s FY2009 30-year (FY2009-FY2038) shipbuilding

Mexican Marine Corps in the Struggle for Scalable Security and Its Potential as a Guarantor of the Mexican Safety

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-20

drugs and therefore should be counted in addition to the ground forces with air and surface units that allow the effective materialization fence...burden of services not related to their main mission and functions. The percentage of organic effectively covered causes exhaustion of the force - men...job if and when it reorganizes more efficiently and effectively . With the means and resources currently available to the Marines Corps of the

USMC’s Environmental Management Portal for EMS Implementation Service-wide Rollout and Future Plans

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-06-16

Si:e m Edit Page EM flortal HOMC Fnwnnm1~nt. Welcome to the E~l : xecJtive Order (:O) 13148, m~lemented at all aplicable Le9dership h Ewironmnt91...Buttalion Reserve Marine lntelliQence Support Mobile Forces Buttalion Reserve Marine Intelligence Support San Diego Forces Buttalion Reserve...washington, De CA LonQ Beach, Ca FL West Palm Beach, Fl LA New Orleans, La LA New Orleans, La AL Mobile , AI CA San Diego, Ca CA San Diego

C3 in Maneuver Warfare: The Expanding Role of the Communications Officer

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-04-01

command, control, and communications (C3 ) process employed within the Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF). Over the past two decades, the rapid...information to the right people at the right time. This paper presents a philosophical understanding of maneuver C3 and the communication officer’s...necessary to support maneuver warfare. Figure 1 depicts; thi:; dual role of C3 and serves as an outline for our paper . Maneuver C3 Architecture

Army Logistician. Volume 38, Issue 3, May-June 2006

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-01

that are deployed or preparing to deploy and those in the process of transforming to a modular design find it difficult to keep abreast of emerging...The Air Force and the Marine Corps have well-defined and -established career fields in con- tracting for their NCOs. Now the Army is developing ...How will field -grade officers in a BCT be developed as logistics officers? How will CSS company commanders be developed ? Will there be a female

Marine Corps Budgetary Reprogramming Effectiveness

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-03-01

infrastructure (Appropriations Act of Congress, 2008). The environmental restoration is a transfer account controlled by the DOD. Usually in the case of...at an average just over 11 percent and the Marine Corps encircle the backend of the DOD portion of reprogramming with the Marine Corps reprogramming...blue force tracker (BFT), radio systems, high mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle (HMMWV), medium tactical vehicle replacement (MTVR), and

U.S. Pacific Command > About USPACOM > History

Science.gov Websites

H.M. Smith, which is also the headquarters of Commander, Marine Forces Pacific. CINCPAC also served Unit Awards. History of Camp H.M. Smith Camp H.M. Smith, home of the headquarters of Commander, U.S highly regarded Marine leader during World War II, General Holland McTyeire Smith. The Marines took up

Environmental forcing on life history strategies: Evidence for multi-trophic level responses at ocean basin scales

USGS Publications Warehouse

Suryan, Robert M.; Saba, Vincent S.; Wallace, Bryan P.; Hatch, Scott A.; Frederiksen, Morten; Wanless, Sarah

2009-01-01

Variation in life history traits of organisms is thought to reflect adaptations to environmental forcing occurring from bottom-up and top-down processes. Such variation occurs not only among, but also within species, indicating demographic plasticity in response to environmental conditions. From a broad literature review, we present evidence for ocean basin- and large marine ecosystem-scale variation in intra-specific life history traits, with similar responses occurring among trophic levels from relatively short-lived secondary producers to very long-lived apex predators. Between North Atlantic and North Pacific Ocean basins, for example, species in the Eastern Pacific exhibited either later maturation, lower fecundity, and/or greater annual survival than conspecifics in the Western Atlantic. Parallel variations in life histories among trophic levels also occur in adjacent seas and between eastern vs. western ocean boundaries. For example, zooplankton and seabird species in cooler Barents Sea waters exhibit lower fecundity or greater annual survival than conspecifics in the Northeast Atlantic. Sea turtles exhibit a larger size and a greater reproductive output in the Western Pacific vs. Eastern Pacific. These examples provide evidence for food-web-wide modifications in life history strategies in response to environmental forcing. We hypothesize that such dichotomies result from frequency and amplitude shifts in resource availability over varying temporal and spatial scales. We review data that supports three primary mechanisms by which environmental forcing affects life history strategies: (1) food-web structure; (2) climate variability affecting the quantity and seasonality of primary productivity; (3) bottom-up vs. top-down forcing. These proposed mechanisms provide a framework for comparisons of ecosystem function among oceanic regions (or regimes) and are essential in modeling ecosystem response to climate change, as well as for creating dynamic ecosystem-based marine conservation strategies.

Identifying Meteorological Controls on Open and Closed Mesoscale Cellular Convection as Associated with Marine Cold Air Outbreaks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McCoy, Isabel; Wood, Robert; Fletcher, Jennifer

Marine low clouds are key influencers of the climate and contribute significantly to uncertainty in model climate sensitivity due to their small scale and complex processes. Many low clouds occur in large-scale cellular patterns, known as open and closed mesoscale cellular convection (MCC), which have significantly different radiative and microphysical properties. Investigating MCC development and meteorological controls will improve our understanding of their impacts on the climate. We conducted an examination of time-varying meteorological conditions associated with satellite-determined open and closed MCC. The spatial and temporal patterns of MCC clouds were compared with key meteorological control variables calculated from ERA-Interim Reanalysis to highlight dependencies and major differences. This illustrated the influence of environmental stability and surface forcing as well as the role of marine cold air outbreaks (MCAO, the movement of cold air from polar-regions across warmer waters) in MCC cloud formation. Such outbreaks are important to open MCC development and may also influence the transition from open to closed MCC. Our results may lead to improvements in the parameterization of cloudiness and advance the simulation of marine low clouds. National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Grant (DGE-1256082).

45 CFR 506.13 - “Armed Forces of the United States” defined.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false âArmed Forces of the United Statesâ defined. 506... Prisoners of War § 506.13 “Armed Forces of the United States” defined. Armed Forces of the United States means the United States Air Force, Army, Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard, and commissioned officers...

50 CFR 216.126 - Applications for Letters of Authorization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... identified in § 216.120(a) (30th Space Wing, U.S. Air Force) must apply for and obtain either an initial... IMPORTING OF MARINE MAMMALS Taking Of Marine Mammals Incidental To Space Vehicle And Test Flight Activities...

50 CFR 216.126 - Applications for Letters of Authorization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... identified in § 216.120(a) (30th Space Wing, U.S. Air Force) must apply for and obtain either an initial... IMPORTING OF MARINE MAMMALS Taking Of Marine Mammals Incidental To Space Vehicle And Test Flight Activities...

Identifying U.S. Marine Corps Recruit Characteristics That Correspond to Success in Specific Occupational Fields

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-01

Reserve Affairs MAGTF Marine Air Ground Task Force MC Mechanical Comprehension MCMAP Marine Corps Martial Arts Program MCO Marine Corps Order MCRC... Martial Arts Program (MCMAP) belt level. Setting the MCMCAP belt level to “NOT TRAINED” is required to maintain the MCMAP records for future analysis...BELT MARTIAL ARTS INSTRUCTOR 60 MMG BROWN BELT MARTIAL ARTS INSTRUCTOR 70 MMJ BLACK BELT, 1ST DEGREE MARTIAL ARTS INSTRUCTOR 80 MMK BLACK BELT, 1ST

50 CFR 217.64 - Mitigation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE MARINE MAMMALS REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE TAKE OF MARINE MAMMALS INCIDENTAL TO... Operations, and Harbor Activities Related to Launch Vehicles From Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB... security, or for space vehicle launch trajectory necessary to meet mission objectives. (3) Vandenberg Air...

Nonlinear Acoustic Propagation into the Seafloor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McDonald, B. Edward

2006-05-01

Explosions near the seafloor result in shock waves entering a much more complicated medium than water or air. Nonlinearities may be increased by two processes inherent to granular media: (1) a poroelastic nonlinearity comparable to the addition of bubbles to water, and (2) the Hertz force resulting from elastic deformation of grains, proportional to the Youngs modulus of the grains times the strain rate to the power 3/2. These two types of nonlinearity for shock propagation into the seafloor are investigated using a variant of the NPE model. The traditional Taylor series expansion of the equation of state (pressure as a function of density) is not appropriate to the Hertz force in the limit of small strain. We present a simple nonlinear wave equation model for compressional waves in marine sediments that retains the Hertz force explicitly with overdensity to the power 3/2. Numerical results for shock propagation are compared with similarity solutions for quadratic nonlinearity and for the fractional nonlinearity of the Hertz force.

Operation Watchtower: The Battle for Guadalcanal -- A Foundation for Future USAF Expeditionary Aerospace Force (EAF) Logistics Transformation

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-01-01

1 Colonel Dave Gillett , “Operation Allied Force After-Action,” lecture presented at...Force Commander, Rear Admiral Leigh Noyes, Carrier Forces Commander, and Rear Admiral John McCain, Shore-Based Aircraft Commander. The sole Marine...17 John Miller Jr. Guadalcanal: The First Offensive (Washington D.C.: Center of

Hypoxia in the changing marine environment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, J.; Cowie, G.; Naqvi, S. W. A.

2013-03-01

The predicted future of the global marine environment, as a combined result of forcing due to climate change (e.g. warming and acidification) and other anthropogenic perturbation (e.g. eutrophication), presents a challenge to the sustainability of ecosystems from tropics to high latitudes. Among the various associated phenomena of ecosystem deterioration, hypoxia can cause serious problems in coastal areas as well as oxygen minimum zones in the open ocean (Diaz and Rosenberg 2008 Science 321 926-9, Stramma et al 2008 Science 320 655-8). The negative impacts of hypoxia include changes in populations of marine organisms, such as large-scale mortality and behavioral responses, as well as variations of species distributions, biodiversity, physiological stress, and other sub-lethal effects (e.g. growth and reproduction). Social and economic activities that are related to services provided by the marine ecosystems, such as tourism and fisheries, can be negatively affected by the aesthetic outcomes as well as perceived or real impacts on seafood quality (STAP 2011 (Washington, DC: Global Environment Facility) p 88). Moreover, low oxygen concentration in marine waters can have considerable feedbacks to other compartments of the Earth system, like the emission of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, and can affect the global biogeochemical cycles of nutrients and trace elements. It is of critical importance to prediction and adaptation strategies that the key processes of hypoxia in marine environments be precisely determined and understood (cf Zhang et al 2010 Biogeosciences 7 1-24).

Air Support Control Officer Individual Position Training Simulation

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-01

Analysis design development implementation evaluation ASCO Air support control officer ASLT Air support liaison team ASNO Air support net operator...Instructional system design LSTM Long-short term memory MACCS Marine Air Command and Control System MAGTF Marine Air Ground Task Force MASS Marine Air...information to designated MACCS agencies. ASCOs play an important part in facilitating the safe and successful conduct of air operations in DASC- controlled

Improved Distance Learning Environment For Marine Forces Reserve

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-01

keyboard, to 20 form a desktop computer . Laptop computers share similar components but add mobility to the user. If additional desktop computers ...for stationary computing devices such as desktop PCs and laptops include the Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, and Linux families of OSs 44 (Hopkins...opportunities to all Marines. For active duty Marines, government-provided desktops and laptops (GPDLs) typically support DL T&E or learning resource

Distributed Operations: The Way Forward

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

those recruits who participated in physical-type sports – boxing, football, rugby , and wrestling – and have a desire for aggressive competition and...Operating Forces, Marines would be imbued with a thorough knowledge of basic infantry skills. Today’s infantry Marine is motivated , willing, and

Jamaican Maritime Security. What are the Capability Gaps that Limit the Jamaica Defence Force in the Execution of its Roles in Maritime Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-09

revenue was generated from living resources such as fish, non-living resources such as oil, and ecosystems and ecosystem processes such as tourism ...however, based on the size of Jamaica’s tourism industry and other ocean economy related industries it is reasonable to conclude that it is a...and other marine resources eventually leads to damaged beaches and coastlines, and ultimately damages tourism and other industries. Though Jamaicans

Evaluating the feasibility of global climate models to simulate cloud cover effect controlled by Marine Stratocumulus regime transitions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goren, Tom; Muelmenstaedt, Johannes; Rosenfeld, Daniel; Quaas, Johannes

2017-04-01

Marine stratocumulus clouds (MSC) occur in two main cloud regimes of open and closed cells that differ significantly by their cloud cover. Closed cells gradually get cleansed of high CCN concentrations in a process that involves initiation of drizzle that breaks the full cloud cover into open cells. The drizzle creates downdrafts that organize the convection along converging gust fronts, which in turn produce stronger updrafts that can sustain more cloud water that compensates the depletion of the cloud water by the rain. In addition, having stronger updrafts allow the clouds to grow relatively deep before rain starts to deplete its cloud water. Therefore, lower droplet concentrations and stronger rain would lead to lower cloud fraction, but not necessary also to lower liquid water path (LWP). The fundamental relationships between these key variables derived from global climate model (GCM) simulations are analyzed with respect to observations in order to determine whether the GCM parameterizations can represent well the governing physical mechanisms upon MSC regime transitions. The results are used to evaluate the feasibility of GCM's for estimating aerosol cloud-mediated radiative forcing upon MSC regime transitions, which are responsible for the largest aerosol cloud-mediated radiative forcing.

Effect of phosphate treatments on microbiological, physicochemical changes of spent hen muscle marinated with Tom Yum paste during chilled storage.

PubMed

Wongwiwat, Pirinya; Wattanachant, Saowakon; Siripongvutikorn, Sunisa

2010-06-01

This research aimed to study the effect of phosphate on quality of ready-to-cook spent hen muscle marinated with Tom Yum paste, a famous Thai food made from chilli, lime leaves and garcinia (pH 2.5-2.9). The effects of phosphate treatments (phosphate types, soaking time, and phosphate concentration) on physical characteristics of spent hen muscle in high acid condition were investigated. Quality changes of muscles pretreated with or without phosphate and marinated with Tom Yum paste were determined during storage at 4 degrees C for 30 days. The acidified muscle pretreated with 40 g L(-1) sodium tripolyphosphate for 10 h had the highest marinade absorption, and the lowest cooking loss and shear force among all treatment samples. Microstructures of acidified muscle pretreated with and without sodium tripolyphosphate showed significant swelling with larger fibre diameter. Phosphate pretreatment had no influence on cooking loss, shear force and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance values of Tom Yum marinated muscle during storage. Tom Yum marination with phosphate pretreatment caused a higher increase in psychrophilic bacteria compared to that of marinating without phosphate. Phosphate pretreatment could not improve the physical quality of Tom-Yum marinated spent hen muscle and affected the antimicrobial property of Tom-Yum marinade, resulting in a reduction of shelf-life of the marinated muscle from 30 days to 20 days. Copyright (c) 2010 Society of Chemical Industry.

The Radiative Role of Free Tropospheric Aerosols and Marine Clouds over the Central North Atlantic

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mazzoleni, Claudio; Kumar, Sumit; Wright, Kendra

The scientific scope of the project was to exploit the unique location of the Pico Mountain Observatory (PMO) located in the summit caldera of the Pico Volcano in Pico Island in the Azores, for atmospheric studies. The observatory, located at 2225m a.s.l., typically samples free tropospheric aerosols laying above the marine low-level clouds and long-range transported from North America. The broad purpose of this research was to provide the scientific community with a better understanding of fundamental physical processes governing the effects of aerosols on radiative forcing and climate; with the ultimate goal of improving our abilities to understand pastmore » climate and to predict future changes through numerical models. The project was 'exploratory' in nature, with the plan to demonstrate the feasibility of deploying for the first time, an extensive aerosol research package at PMO. One of the primary activities was to test the deployment of these instruments at the site, to collect data during the 2012 summer season, and to further develop the infrastructure and the knowledge for performing novel research at PMO in follow-up longer-term aerosol-cloud studies. In the future, PMO could provide an elevated research outpost to support the renewed DOE effort in the Azores that was intensified in 2013 with the opening of the new sea-level ARM-DOE Eastern North Atlantic permanent facility at Graciosa Island. During the project period, extensive new data sets were collected for the planned 2012 season. Thanks to other synergistic activities and opportunities, data collection was then successfully extended to 2013 and 2014. Highlights of the scientific findings during this project include: a) biomass burning contribute significantly to the aerosol loading in the North Atlantic free troposphere; however, long-range transported black carbon concentrations decreased substantially in the last decade. b) Single black carbon particles – analyzed off-line at the electron microscope – were often very compacted, suggesting cloud processing and exhibiting different optical properties from fresh emissions. In addition, black carbon was found to be sometimes mixed with mineral dust, affecting its optical properties and potential forcing. c) Some aerosols collected at PMO acted as ice nuclei, potentially contributing to cirrus cloud formation during their transport in the upper free troposphere. Identified good ice nuclei were often mineral dust particles. d) The free tropospheric aerosols studied at PMO have relevance to low level marine clouds due, for example, to synoptic subsidence entraining free tropospheric aerosols into the marine boundary layer. This has potentially large consequences on cloud condensation nuclei concentrations and compositions in the marine boundary layer; therefore, having an effect on the marine stratus clouds, with potentially important repercussions on the radiative forcing. The scientific products of this project currently include contributions to two papers published in the Nature Publishing group (Nature Communications and Scientific Reports), one paper under revision for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, one in review in Geophysical Research Letters and one recently submitted to Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussion. In addition, four manuscripts are in advanced state of preparation. Finally, twenty-eight presentations were given at international conferences, workshops and seminars.« less

76 FR 82317 - Federal Property Suitable as Facilities To Assist the Homeless

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-30

..., Contamination 22 Bldgs. Military Family Housing Little Rock AR 72099 Landholding Agency: Air Force Property... landholding agencies at the following addresses: Air Force: Mr. Robert Moore, Air Force Real Property Agency... Carolina Marine Corps Air Station 3481 TRASK Parkway Beaufort SC 29904 Landholding Agency: GSA Property...

Vision, Education and Experimentation: Marine Corps Organizational Behavior and Innovation during the Interwar Period

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-13

Hepburn Attack Force, commanded by Rear Admiral A. W. Johnson. The Navy force included the New York, Arkansas, Wyoming, Atares , Destroyer Squadron...force included the New York, Arkansas, Wyoming, Atares , Destroyer Squadron Ten (8 destroyers), Cruiser Division Eight, Destroyer Division Four, five

Improving the Utility of the CATs Video Cam and Tri-axial Accelerometer for Examining Foraging in Top Marine Predators

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-09-30

measurements of foraging and swimming performance in marine vertebrates. The CATS units are capable of recording motion with 9-degrees of freedom at high...1. Designing of a novel tag holder for tuna telemetry The idea of this novel tag design is to use the hydrodynamic forces appearing when tuna swim ...drag. Increment of the drag force associated with the attached tag was 16% for the simulated speed of swimming 8 m/s. The data obtained are

Interwar-Period Gaming Today for Conflicts Tomorrow: Press Start to Play

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-04-11

thanks to his experiences as a student in the game rooms of the Naval War College . So had Ernest King , William Halsey, and Raymond Spruance... College , 1961. Meilinger, Phillip S . The Paths of Heaven: The Evolution of Airpower Theory. Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: School of Advanced Airpower...United States Marine Corps Command and Staff College Marine Corps University 2076 South Street Marine Corps Combat Development Command

U.S. Marine Corps S&T Strategic Plan: Leading Edge Technology for the Marines of Tomorrow

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-07-29

in monitoring exercise intensity, frequency, duration, recovery, and/or specific physiological indicators of aerobic training to prevent over-or...plan that focus specifically on Escalation of Force and Irregular Wa, fa",. III aoJditiuII, we have muvcd Training & Education from an Annex into...vision by developing Marine Corps warfighting concepts and determines required capabilities through Doctrine, Organization, Training , Materiel

United States Marine Corps Personal Discount Rates: As Evidenced from Voluntary Separation Payment Programs

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-03-01

1995. The Personal Discount Rate: Evidence from Air Force Loss Programs. Mankiw , N.G. 2004. Principles of Economics : Third Edition. Mason, OH...study also determined those personal, professional, and economic traits that had a significant influence on Marines during their separation payment...study also determined those personal, professional, and economic traits that had a significant influence on Marines during their separation payment

Predicting Significant Factors of Selective Marine Corps Reserve Marines’ Career Decisions in Response to the Force Structure Review

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-03-01

1st class and Not CFT 1st class in the final model, as shown in Table 16. A Marine is required to qualify annually with the M16 -A2 service rifle... M16 -A4 service rifle, or the M4 carbine. MCO 3574.2K identifies the requirements for qualification, scoring, and administrative matters pertaining to

Defense Management: More Reliable Cost Estimates and Further Planning Needed to Inform the Marine Corps Realignment Initiatives in the Pacific

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-01

8The Unified Command Plan establishes combatant commanders’ missions and geographic responsibilities. Combatant...military power through the combatant commands. 9The III Marine Expeditionary Force is a formation of multiple Marine units forward- deployed in Japan...Decision for Guam and Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Military Relocation (September 2010). dThe $9 billion and $12.1 billion figures

Recruiting Implications of the Long War for the Marine Corps

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

forecast future demographic complexion. Thus today’s marketing and advertising efforts can be tailored to shape tomorrow’s desired force diversity... marketing and advertising campaign. Continue to place Hispanic recruiters in urban centers with dense Hispanic population. Lastly, the Marine Corps

Update: Exertional rhabdomyolysis, active component, U.S. Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps, 2011-2015.

PubMed

Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch

2016-03-01

Among active component members of the U.S. Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps in 2015, there were 456 incident episodes of rhabdomyolysis likely due to physical exertion or heat stress ("exertional rhabdomyolysis"). Annual rates of incident diagnoses of exertional rhabdomyolysis increased 17% between 2014 and 2015. In 2015, the highest incidence rates occurred in service members who were male; younger than 20 years of age; black, non-Hispanic; members of the Marine Corps and Army; recruit trainees; and in combat-specific occupations. Most cases of exertional rhabdomyolysis were diagnosed at installations that support basic combat/recruit training or major ground combat units of the Army or Marine Corps. Medical care providers should consider exertional rhabdomyolysis in the differential diagnosis when service members (particularly recruits) present with muscular pain and swelling, limited range of motion, or the excretion of dark urine (e.g., myoglobinuria) after strenuous physical activity, particularly in hot, humid weather.

Force majeure: Will climate change affect our ability to attain Good Environmental Status for marine biodiversity?

PubMed

Elliott, Michael; Borja, Ángel; McQuatters-Gollop, Abigail; Mazik, Krysia; Birchenough, Silvana; Andersen, Jesper H; Painting, Suzanne; Peck, Myron

2015-06-15

The EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) requires that Good Environmental Status (GEnS), is achieved for European seas by 2020. These may deviate from GEnS, its 11 Descriptors, targets and baselines, due to endogenic managed pressures (from activities within an area) and externally due to exogenic unmanaged pressures (e.g. climate change). Conceptual models detail the likely or perceived changes expected on marine biodiversity and GEnS Descriptors in the light of climate change. We emphasise that marine management has to accommodate 'shifting baselines' caused by climate change particularly during GEnS monitoring, assessment and management and 'unbounded boundaries' given the migration and dispersal of highly-mobile species. We suggest climate change may prevent GEnS being met, but Member States may rebut legal challenges by claiming that this is outside its control, force majeure or due to 'natural causes' (Article 14 of the MSFD). The analysis is relevant to management of other global seas. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sea-level response to melting of Antarctic ice shelves on multi-centennial timescales with the fast Elementary Thermomechanical Ice Sheet model (f.ETISh v1.0)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pattyn, Frank

2017-08-01

The magnitude of the Antarctic ice sheet's contribution to global sea-level rise is dominated by the potential of its marine sectors to become unstable and collapse as a response to ocean (and atmospheric) forcing. This paper presents Antarctic sea-level response to sudden atmospheric and oceanic forcings on multi-centennial timescales with the newly developed fast Elementary Thermomechanical Ice Sheet (f.ETISh) model. The f.ETISh model is a vertically integrated hybrid ice sheet-ice shelf model with vertically integrated thermomechanical coupling, making the model two-dimensional. Its marine boundary is represented by two different flux conditions, coherent with power-law basal sliding and Coulomb basal friction. The model has been compared to existing benchmarks. Modelled Antarctic ice sheet response to forcing is dominated by sub-ice shelf melt and the sensitivity is highly dependent on basal conditions at the grounding line. Coulomb friction in the grounding-line transition zone leads to significantly higher mass loss in both West and East Antarctica on centennial timescales, leading to 1.5 m sea-level rise after 500 years for a limited melt scenario of 10 m a-1 under freely floating ice shelves, up to 6 m for a 50 m a-1 scenario. The higher sensitivity is attributed to higher ice fluxes at the grounding line due to vanishing effective pressure. Removing the ice shelves altogether results in a disintegration of the West Antarctic ice sheet and (partially) marine basins in East Antarctica. After 500 years, this leads to a 5 m and a 16 m sea-level rise for the power-law basal sliding and Coulomb friction conditions at the grounding line, respectively. The latter value agrees with simulations by DeConto and Pollard (2016) over a similar period (but with different forcing and including processes of hydrofracturing and cliff failure). The chosen parametrizations make model results largely independent of spatial resolution so that f.ETISh can potentially be integrated in large-scale Earth system models.

Law and Marine Science

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bockrath, Joseph

1976-01-01

The University of Delaware Marine Studies has implemented courses in coastal zone law and policy and maritime law. The courses attempt to integrate the scientist's or engineer's work with public policy formation. The program emphasizes historical and current issues and the economic, cultural, and political forces operating in decision-making…

About Us

Science.gov Websites

Army Navy Marine Corps Coast Guard Department of Defense Joint Chiefs of Staff F-15 Eagle AFLINK MOBILE APP AFLINK MOBILE APP AFLINK MOBILE APP Connect to everything Air Force U.S. Air Force Bedrock of

Phosphate rock formation and marine phosphorus geochemistry: the deep time perspective.

PubMed

Filippelli, Gabriel M

2011-08-01

The role that phosphorite formation, the ultimate source rock for fertilizer phosphate reserves, plays in the marine phosphorus (P) cycle has long been debated. A shift has occurred from early models that evoked strikingly different oceanic P cycling during times of widespread phosphorite deposition to current thinking that phosphorite deposits may be lucky survivors of a series of inter-related tectonic, geochemical, sedimentological, and oceanic conditions. This paradigm shift has been facilitated by an awareness of the widespread nature of phosphogenesis-the formation of authigenic P-bearing minerals in marine sediments that contributes to phosphorite formation. This process occurs not just in continental margin sediments, but in deep sea oozes as well, and helps to clarify the driving forces behind phosphorite formation and links to marine P geochemistry. Two processes come into play to make phosphorite deposits: chemical dynamism and physical dynamism. Chemical dynamism involves the diagenetic release and subsequent concentration of P-bearing minerals particularly in horizons, controlled by a number of sedimentological and biogeochemical factors. Physical dynamism involves the reworking and sedimentary capping of P-rich sediments, which can either concentrate the relatively heavy and insoluble disseminated P-bearing minerals or provide an episodic change in sedimentology to concentrate chemically mobilized P. Both processes can result from along-margin current dynamics and/or sea level variations. Interestingly, net P accumulation rates are highest (i.e., the P removal pump is most efficient) when phosphorites are not forming. Both physical and chemical pathways involve processes not dominant in deep sea environments and in fact not often coincide in space and time even on continental margins, contributing to the rarity of high-quality phosphorite deposits and the limitation of phosphate rock reserves. This limitation is becoming critical, as the human demand for P far outstrips the geologic replacement for P and few prospects exist for new discoveries of phosphate rock. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DefenseLink.mil - Special Report - JCOC 76

Science.gov Websites

members from the 10th Special Forces Group demonstrate to the participants of the 76th Joint Civilian Orientation Conference receive a non-lethal force demonstration from U.S. Marine Staff Sgt. Deines in the 76th Joint Civilian Orientation Conference receive a non-lethal force demonstration from U.S

Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2010

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-10

marines and sailors) to discourage piracy and the slave trade along the Ivory coast, and to punish attacks by the natives on American seamen and...Naval forces sought to stop seal poaching . 1891 Chile. August 28 to 30. U.S. forces protected the American consulate and the women and children who

Rules - In a Knife Fight? A Study of Rules of Engagement

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-02-03

non-lethal force. One of the tools used to bridge the gap between verbal warnings and deadly force was the eventual use of cayenne pepper spray as a...result of poor ROE. Cayenne pepper spray had become a substitute for deadly force instead of complement to it. Soldiers and Marines gradually

Hydrodynamic observations in support of Moored Autonomous pCO2 buoy efforts at La Parguera Marine Reserve

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rodriguez-Abudo, S.; Melendez, M.; Morell, J. M.; Padilla, A.; Salisbury, J.

2016-02-01

Time series of near-reef carbonate chemistry obtained through the National Coral Reef Monitoring Program (NCRMP) at La Parguera Marine Reserve, Puerto Rico exhibit seasonal and diurnal variations modulated by diverse processes including coral community metabolism, thermodynamics and hydrodynamics. While surface CO2 dynamics have been fairly well characterized with moored pCO2 efforts, detailed hydrodynamic information resulting from La Parguera's complex morphological, meteorological, and oceanographic processes is currently lacking. This project focuses on a one-month-long hydrodynamic assessment near a fore reef site located within 100 m of the NCRMP pCO2 buoy. Current profiles spanning 12 m of depth were resolved with a bottom-mounted ADCP. Preliminary results show that under no wind conditions, dominant currents are tidally driven and aligned with the reef channel. Depth-averaged currents exhibit diurnal and semidiurnal peaks, not inconsistent with tidal and wind forcing. The analysis also shows that at times surface current direction can differ from near-reef currents by as much as 200 degrees, suggesting a possible mismatch between carbonate chemistry resolved at the surface and that felt by the reef structure. Moreover, buoy measurements are potentially resolving carbonate chemistry from both, oceanic and inshore water masses. Our findings suggest that monitoring and potentially predicting near-reef CO2 dynamics require interdisciplinary expertise and integrated approaches. This project provides new insights into the effects of tidal and meteorological forcing on the carbonate chemistry of near-reef coral ecosystems.

The Evolution of Marine Artillery: A History of Versatility and Relevance

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-28

Colonel Robert W. Huntington who commanded it, was formed. This included one artillery company manning four 3-inch rapid fire guns.7 The Marine...Major Robert H. Dunlap. That same battalion, which would soon be the foundation for the 10th Marine Regiment, distinguished itself in combat at La...force capable of counter-guerilla operations. Of note, Colonel Robert H. Dunlap commanded the regiment. 19 Officers during this period were versatile

The Need to Increase Marine Corps Special Operations Command

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

Operations University presentation by Major Mark Raney for USSOCOM elective (lecture, MCU, Quantico VA, 17 Feb 20Q9). 5 Stew Magnuson, "Marine Special...2008 Posture Statement.doc (Accessed 23 December, 2008) 20 David Tucker and Christopher J. Lamb , United States Special Operations Forces (New York...invasion of Afghanistan encroached on the Marine Corps historical role of being "soldiers from the sea." 38 David Tucker and Christopher J. lamb , 182

Defence force activities in marine protected areas: environmental management of Shoalwater Bay Training Area, Queensland, Australia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Wen; Wang, Xiaohua; Paull, David; Kesby, Julie

2010-05-01

Environmental management of military activities is of growing global concern by defence forces. As one of the largest landholders in Australia, the Australian Defence Force (ADF) is increasingly concerned with sustainable environmental management. This paper focuses on how the ADF is maintaining effective environmental management, especially in environmentally sensitive marine protected areas. It uses Shoalwater Bay Training Area (SWBTA) as a research example to examine environmental management strategies conducted by the ADF. SWBTA is one of the most significant Defence training areas in Australia, with a large number of single, joint and combined military exercises conducted in the area. With its maritime component contained in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP), the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area (GBRWHA), and abutting Queensland’s State Marine Parks, it has high protection values. It is therefore vital for the ADF to adopt environmentally responsible management while they are conducting military activities. As to various tools employed to manage environmental performance, the ISO 14001 Environmental Management System (EMS) is widely used by the ADF. This paper examines military activities and marine environmental management within SWBTA, using the Talisman Saber (TS) exercise series as an example. These are extensive joint exercises conducted by the ADF and the United States defence forces. The paper outlines relevant legislative framework and environmental policies, analyses how the EMS operates in environmental management of military activities, and how military activities comply with these regulations. It discusses the implementation of the ADF EMS, including risk reduction measures, environmental awareness training, consultation and communication with stakeholders. A number of environmental management actions used in the TS exercises are presented to demonstrate the EMS application. Our investigations to this point indicate that the ADF is complying with all relevant legislation and policies. Further research is required to confirm compliance and conclude that military activities have good accord with environmental management objectives.

Swarming Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVS): Extending Marine Aviation Ground Task Force Communications Using UAVS

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-03-02

balloons , large UAVs, and satellite communications are all employed to mitigate LOS and OTH communication on the battlefield. The Marine Corps’ fleets...Phang, N. S. (2006). Tethered operation of autonomous aerial vehicles to provide extended fields of view for autonomous ground vehicles (Master’s

Are Marines a Better Fit for Afghanistan

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-03-01

FOR AFGHANISTAN? by Lieutenant Colonel William M. Tart Unites States Air Force Colonel John A. Terrell Project Adviser This SRP is submitted in...December 2007. 7 Telephone interview with Lt Col James Kendall, USMC, USMC PP&O, 11 Jan 08. 8 Anne Flaherty, “Marine Commandant Says He Is Concerned Iraq

Pace Speaks Across America - February 21 2007 - U.S. Department of Defense

Science.gov Websites

Washington State, Oregon, Alaska and Florida. Pace Discusses Force Levels, Military Challenges WASHINGTON Iraq, force levels or tour lengths, Marine Gen. Peter Pace is eager to answer frankly and completely

The Leadership Evaluation and Analysis Program (LEAP). Contemporary Marine Corps Leadership Issues

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-08-01

trained and treated as the best. All grunts resent the fact that we always seem to get the short end of the stick. It’s depressing when base and office...anything with them in the first place? I feel they should be home with Mama . I also think it’s bad when a Marine requests leave and is turned down for...and patriotic force into a force that I wouldn’t rest the defense of the nation on. It has a cancer that must be cut out or the entire bodywill rotl

Modelled interglacial carbon cycle dynamics during the Holocene, the Eemian and Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kleinen, Thomas; Brovkin, Victor; Munhoven, Guy

2016-11-01

Trends in the atmospheric concentration of CO2 during three recent interglacials - the Holocene, the Eemian and Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11 - are investigated using an earth system model of intermediate complexity, which we extended with process-based modules to consider two slow carbon cycle processes - peat accumulation and shallow-water CaCO3 sedimentation (coral reef formation). For all three interglacials, model simulations considering peat accumulation and shallow-water CaCO3 sedimentation substantially improve the agreement between model results and ice core CO2 reconstructions in comparison to a carbon cycle set-up neglecting these processes. This enables us to model the trends in atmospheric CO2, with modelled trends similar to the ice core data, forcing the model only with orbital and sea level changes. During the Holocene, anthropogenic CO2 emissions are required to match the observed rise in atmospheric CO2 after 3 ka BP but are not relevant before this time. Our model experiments show a considerable improvement in the modelled CO2 trends by the inclusion of the slow carbon cycle processes, allowing us to explain the CO2 evolution during the Holocene and two recent interglacials consistently using an identical model set-up.

Marine defaunation: animal loss in the global ocean.

PubMed

McCauley, Douglas J; Pinsky, Malin L; Palumbi, Stephen R; Estes, James A; Joyce, Francis H; Warner, Robert R

2015-01-16

Marine defaunation, or human-caused animal loss in the oceans, emerged forcefully only hundreds of years ago, whereas terrestrial defaunation has been occurring far longer. Though humans have caused few global marine extinctions, we have profoundly affected marine wildlife, altering the functioning and provisioning of services in every ocean. Current ocean trends, coupled with terrestrial defaunation lessons, suggest that marine defaunation rates will rapidly intensify as human use of the oceans industrializes. Though protected areas are a powerful tool to harness ocean productivity, especially when designed with future climate in mind, additional management strategies will be required. Overall, habitat degradation is likely to intensify as a major driver of marine wildlife loss. Proactive intervention can avert a marine defaunation disaster of the magnitude observed on land. Copyright © 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Expeditionary Force 21. Forward and Ready: Now and in the Future

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-03-04

single commander. Each MAGTF is composed of a command element (CE), a ground combat element ( GCE ), an aviation combat element (ACE), and logistics...headquarters group, a ground combat element ( GCE ) with one Marine Division, an aviation combat element (ACE) with one Marine Aircraft Wing, and a...remain the Marine Corps’ standard unit of deployment; however, company landing teams may take on a larger role in crisis response and may form the GCE

DefenseLink Feature: Navy Adm. Mike Mullen, New Chairman Lays Out Top

Science.gov Websites

forces, especially the soldiers and Marines comprising our ground forces who have been pushed very hard Troops * Chairman Asks Straight Questions, Gets Hard Answers * Chairman Starts Two-Day Trip to Visit Army

Temporal variability of marine debris deposition at Tern Island in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.

PubMed

Agustin, Alyssa E; Merrifield, Mark A; Potemra, James T; Morishige, Carey

2015-12-15

A twenty-two year record of marine debris collected on Tern Island is used to characterize the temporal variability of debris deposition at a coral atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Debris deposition tends to be episodic, without a significant relationship to local forcing processes associated with winds, sea level, waves, and proximity to the Subtropical Convergence Zone. The General NOAA Operational Modeling Environment is used to estimate likely debris pathways for Tern Island. The majority of modeled arrivals come from the northeast following prevailing trade winds and surface currents, with trajectories indicating the importance of the convergence zone, or garbage patch, in the North Pacific High region. Although debris deposition does not generally exhibit a significant seasonal cycle, some debris types contain considerable 3 cycle/yr variability that is coherent with wind and surface pressure over a broad region north of Tern. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Flaw growth of 7075, 7475, 7050 and 7049 aluminum alloy plate in stress corrosion environments: 4-year marine atmosphere results

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hasse, K. R.; Dorward, R. C.

1981-01-01

After nearly 53 months of exposure to marine atmosphere, crack growth in SL DCB specimens from 7075, 7475, 7050, and 7049-T7X plate has slowed to the arbitrary 10 to the -10 power m/sec used to define threshold stress intensity. Because some specimens appear to be approaching crack arrest, the importance of self-loading from corrosion product wedging as a significant driving force for crack propagation in overaged materials is questioned. Crack length-time data were analyzed using a computer curve fitting program which minimized the effects of normal data scatter, and provided a clearer picture of material performance. Precracked specimen data are supported by the results of smooth specimen tests. Transgranular stress corrosion cracking was observed in TL DCB specimens from all four alloys. This process is extremely slow and is characterized by a striated surface morphology.

Theoretical Studies of Microphysics of Marine Boundary-Layer Clouds

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Toon, Owen B.

2002-01-01

This project is aimed at better understanding the role that aerosols play in altering the properties of stratus clouds. This interaction, termed the indirect effect of aerosols on climate, is a major subject a of study since the radiative forcing involved may rival that of greenhouse gases, but may be of the opposite sign. Our goal was to create numerical models of the phenomena, test them with data, and thereby gain insight into the physical processes occurring. Below we list the papers that we have produced during this grant. We then discuss these papers.

Resolution enhancement of multichannel microwave imagery from the Nimbus-7 SMMR for maritime rainfall analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Olson, W. S.; Yeh, C. L.; Weinman, J. A.; Chin, R. T.

1985-01-01

A restoration of the 37, 21, 18, 10.7, and 6.6 GHz satellite imagery from the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) aboard Nimbus-7 to 22.2 km resolution is attempted using a deconvolution method based upon nonlinear programming. The images are deconvolved with and without the aid of prescribed constraints, which force the processed image to abide by partial a priori knowledge of the high-resolution result. The restored microwave imagery may be utilized to examined the distribution of precipitating liquid water in marine rain systems.

Effect of postmortem aging on marination performance of broiler breast pectoralis major categorized by color lightness

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The objective was to evaluate the effect of postmortem aging on marinade uptake and retention by early-deboned chicken breast fillets with different color lightness. Effects of marination on product yield and muscle shear force were also determined. Early deboned (2 h postmortem) broiler butterflies...

Developing a Knowledge Management Framework to Assist With Current USMC Information Management Practices

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-09-01

OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................1 II. LITERATURE...LEFT BLANK 1 I. INTRODUCTION Marine Corps Information Management is performed in accordance with Marine Corps Warfighting Publication (MCWP) 3...November 13). Air Force Center of Excellence for Knowledge Mangement Briefing. Washington, D.C. Alavi, M., & Leidner, D. E. (2001). Review: Knowledge

The Future of Amphibious Operations: Shaping the Expeditionary Strike Group to Fight in the Joint Task Force

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-02-01

1 Charles E. Wilhelm, Expeditionary Warfare.marine corps gazette, 79(6), 28-30. Retrieved October 15, 2009, from Career and Technical Education . (Document...Expeditionary warfare.marine corps gazette, 79(6), 28- 30. Retrieved October 15, 2009, from Career and Technical Education . (Document ID: 4455650

Vector form Intrinsic Finite Element Method for the Two-Dimensional Analysis of Marine Risers with Large Deformations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Xiaomin; Guo, Xueli; Guo, Haiyan

2018-06-01

Robust numerical models that describe the complex behaviors of risers are needed because these constitute dynamically sensitive systems. This paper presents a simple and efficient algorithm for the nonlinear static and dynamic analyses of marine risers. The proposed approach uses the vector form intrinsic finite element (VFIFE) method, which is based on vector mechanics theory and numerical calculation. In this method, the risers are described by a set of particles directly governed by Newton's second law and are connected by weightless elements that can only resist internal forces. The method does not require the integration of the stiffness matrix, nor does it need iterations to solve the governing equations. Due to these advantages, the method can easily increase or decrease the element and change the boundary conditions, thus representing an innovative concept of solving nonlinear behaviors, such as large deformation and large displacement. To prove the feasibility of the VFIFE method in the analysis of the risers, rigid and flexible risers belonging to two different categories of marine risers, which usually have differences in modeling and solving methods, are employed in the present study. In the analysis, the plane beam element is adopted in the simulation of interaction forces between the particles and the axial force, shear force, and bending moment are also considered. The results are compared with the conventional finite element method (FEM) and those reported in the related literature. The findings revealed that both the rigid and flexible risers could be modeled in a similar unified analysis model and that the VFIFE method is feasible for solving problems related to the complex behaviors of marine risers.

Variation of Marine Geoid Due to Ocean Circulation and Sea Level Change

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chu, P. C.

2017-12-01

Sea level (S) change and ocean circulation largely affect the gravity field and in turns the marine geoid (N). Difference between the two, D = S - N, is the dynamic ocean topography (DOT), whose gradient represents the large-scale surface geostrophic circulations. Thus, temporal variability of marine geoid (δN) is caused by the sea level change (δS) and the DOT variation (δD), δN = δS - δD. Here, δS is identified from temporally varying satellite altimeter measures; δD is calculated from the change of DOT. For large-scale processes with conservation of potential vorticity, the geostrophic flows take minimum energy state. Based on that, a new elliptic equation is derived in this study to determine D. Here, H is the water depth; and (X, Y) are forcing functions calculated from the in-situ density. The well-posed elliptic equation is integrated numerically on 1o grids for the world oceans with the boundary values taken from the mean DOT (1993-2006) field at the NASA/JPL website: https://grace.jpl.nasa.gov/data/get-data/dynamic-ocean-typography/, the forcing function F calculated from the three-dimensional temperature and salinity of the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) World Ocean Atlas 2013 version 2, and sea-floor topography (H) from the NOAA ETOPO5. The numerical solution compares reasonably well (relative root mean square difference of 0.09) with the NASA/JPL satellite observation of the difference between the time-averaged sea surface height and the geoid. In-situ ocean measurements of temperature, salinity, and velocity have also rapidly advanced such that the global ocean is now continuously monitored by near 4,000 free-drifting profiling floats (called Argo) from the surface to 2000 m depth with all data being relayed and made publicly available within hours after collection (http://www.argo.ucsd.edu/). This provides a huge database of temperature and salinity and in turns the forcing function F for the governing elliptic equation of DOT. Along with satellite altimetry data, the marine geoid (N) can be updated in a short time period. Further application of this elliptic equation method on the high-precision altimetry measurements of SSH such as the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) is also presented.

The ups and downs of trophic control in continental shelf ecosystems.

PubMed

Frank, Kenneth T; Petrie, Brian; Shackell, Nancy L

2007-05-01

Traditionally, marine ecosystem structure was thought to be determined by phytoplankton dynamics. However, an integrated view on the relative roles of top-down (consumer-driven) and bottom-up (resource-driven) forcing in large-scale, exploited marine ecosystems is emerging. Long time series of scientific survey data, underpinning the management of commercially exploited species such as cod, are being used to diagnose mechanisms that could affect the composition and relative abundance of species in marine food webs. By assembling published data from studies in exploited North Atlantic ecosystems, we found pronounced geographical variation in top-down and bottom-up trophic forcing. The data suggest that ecosystem susceptibility to top-down control and their resiliency to exploitation are related to species richness and oceanic temperature conditions. Such knowledge could be used to produce ecosystem guidelines to regulate and manage fisheries in a sustainable fashion.

Observations of Near-Surface Current Shear Help Describe Oceanic Oil and Plastic Transport

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Laxague, Nathan J. M.; Ö-zgökmen, Tamay M.; Haus, Brian K.; Novelli, Guillaume; Shcherbina, Andrey; Sutherland, Peter; Guigand, Cédric M.; Lund, Björn; Mehta, Sanchit; Alday, Matias; Molemaker, Jeroen

2018-01-01

Plastics and spilled oil pose a critical threat to marine life and human health. As a result of wind forcing and wave motions, theoretical and laboratory studies predict very strong velocity variation with depth over the upper few centimeters of the water column, an observational blind spot in the real ocean. Here we present the first-ever ocean measurements of the current vector profile defined to within 1 cm of the free surface. In our illustrative example, the current magnitude averaged over the upper 1 cm of the ocean is shown to be nearly four times the average over the upper 10 m, even for mild forcing. Our findings indicate that this shear will rapidly separate pieces of marine debris which vary in size or buoyancy, making consideration of these dynamics essential to an improved understanding of the pathways along which marine plastics and oil are transported.

Impact of Ocean Acidification on Fluxes of non-CO2 Climate-Active Species: Report from the GESAMP WG38 workshop

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Suntharalingam, Parvadha; Gehlen, Marion; Hopkins, Frances; Duce, Robert; Jickells, Tim; Gesamp WG38 Workshop, Participants

2017-04-01

Most investigations of the impact of ocean acidification (OA) have focused on changes in oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2, the resulting shifts in carbonate chemical equilibria, and the consequences for marine calcifying organisms. Little attention has been paid to the direct impacts of OA on the ocean sources of a range of other gaseous and aerosol species that are influential in regulating radiative forcing, atmospheric oxidising capacity and atmospheric chemistry. The oceanic processes governing emissions of these species are frequently sensitive to the changes in pH and ocean pCO2 accompanying ocean acidification. Such processes include, for example, metabolic rates of microbial activity, levels of surface primary production, ecosystem composition, and photo-chemical and microbially mediated production/loss pathways for individual species. The direct and indirect influences of these factors on oceanic fluxes of non-CO2 trace-gases and aerosols, and the subsequent feedbacks to climate remain highly uncertain. To address these issues UN/GESAMP Working Group 38, The Atmospheric Input of Chemicals to the Ocean, convened a workshop on this topic at the University of East Anglia in February, 2017. The goals of this workshop are to review and synthesize the current science on the direct impacts of ocean acidification on marine emissions to the atmosphere of key species important for climate, and atmospheric chemistry; and to identify the primary needs for new research to improve process understanding and to quantify the impact of ocean acidification on these marine fluxes (i.e., provide recommendations on the specific laboratory process studies, field measurements and model analyses needed to support targeted research activities on this topic). The results, conclusions, and recommendations of this workshop will be presented.

Freezing and calcium chloride marination effects on beef tenderness and calpastatin activity.

PubMed

Whipple, G; Koohmaraie, M

1992-10-01

Because freezing samples decreases calpastatin activity and the application of exogenous calcium activates the calpain proteolytic system, thereby improving tenderness, the objective of this study was to determine whether freezing would enhance the effects of CaCl2 marination on the tenderness of beef steaks. Longissimus steaks were obtained from 10 beef steers 6 d postmortem. One-half of the steaks were frozen at -30 degrees C for 6 wk. The remaining steaks were treated fresh; one-half were subjected to a 150 mM CaCl2 marinade for 48 h. Frozen steaks were thawed and subjected to the same treatment. Treatments consisted of 1) fresh control, 2) fresh marinated, 3) frozen control, and 4) frozen marinated. Samples were taken before and after treatment (6 and 8 d) for calpastatin activity determination and d 8 for SDS-PAGE. Warner-Bratzler shear force values were measured 8 d postmortem. Data were analyzed using a paired comparison t-test procedure. Results showed that freezing and marination significantly decreased calpastatin activity. A .35-kg improvement (P = .07) in Warner-Bratzler shear force was observed with freezing, whereas a .78-kg improvement (P less than .01) in tenderness was observed with marination. However, prior freezing enhanced the effects of marination. Therefore, the decrease in calpastatin activity seemed to allow greater proteolysis by the calpains with the application of Ca2+. The SDS-PAGE of myofibril preparations indicated that more small polypeptide fragments (28 to 32 kDa) appeared and a 95-kDa fragment was more intense in the marinated samples than in control samples, indicating that proteolysis was enhanced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Common Aviation Command and Control System Increment 1 (CAC2S Inc 1)

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-03-01

Command and Control System Increment 1 ( CAC2S Inc 1) DoD Component Navy United States Marine Corps Responsible Office Program Manager References MAIS ...facilities for planning and execution of Marine Aviation missions within the Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF). CAC2S Increment I will eliminate...approved by ASN (RDA), the MDA, in a Program Decision Memorandum (PDM), “ CAC2S Increment I,” May 05, 2009. As the result of the PDM, the independent

Right Sizing the Force: Restructuring the Marine Light Attack Helicopter (HML/A) Squadron to Better Meet the Emerging Threat

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-04-29

visual coverage armed with responsive, high volume offensive or defensive door mounted machine guns and nearly 3600 weapons coverage. In addition, a fixed...forward gun option and forward firing rocket capacity substantially expand firepower options. Team this crew and machine with the world’s premiere...escort. 1 Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps, Vision & Strategy 2025, (Washington, DC: Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, June 18, 2008), 9. 2 Scott Atwood

Effect of fjord geometry on tidewater glacier stability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Åkesson, Henning; Nisancioglu, Kerim H.; Nick, Faezeh M.

2016-04-01

Many marine-terminating glaciers have thinned, accelerated and retreated during the last two decades, broadly consistent with warmer atmospheric and oceanic conditions. However, these patterns involve considerable spatial and temporal variability, with diverse glacier behavior within the same regions. Similarly, reconstructions of marine-terminating glaciers indicate highly asynchronous retreat histories. While it is well known that retrograde slopes can cause marine ice sheet instabilities, the effect of lateral drag and fjord width has received less attention. Here, we test the hypothesis that marine outlet glacier stability is largely controlled by fjord width, and to a less extent by regional climate forcing. We employ a dynamic flowline model on idealized glacier geometries (representative of different outlet glaciers) to investigate geometric controls on decadal and longer times scales. The model accounts for driving and resistive stresses of glacier flow as well as along-flow stress transfer. It has a physical treatment of iceberg calving and a time-adaptive grid allowing for continuous tracking of grounding-line migration. We apply changes in atmospheric and oceanic forcing and show how wide and narrow fjord sections foster glacier (in)stabilities. We also evaluate the effect of including a surface mass balance - elevation feedback in such a setting. Finally, the relevance of these results to past and future marine-terminating glacier stability is discussed.

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liberation of its population from Daesh last December. Syrian Democratic Forces fire in self-defense May 11 , 2018 - SOUTHWEST ASIA - Syrian Democratic Forces returned fire at an unidentified aggressor near Dayr : The 🇫🇷 French Task Force Wagram and 🇺🇸 U. S. #Marines fire French artillery in support of

Numerical and experimental hydrodynamic analysis of suction cup bio-logging tag designs for marine mammals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Murray, Mark; Shorter, Alex; Howle, Laurens; Johnson, Mark; Moore, Michael

2012-11-01

The improvement and miniaturization of sensing technologies has made bio-logging tags, utilized for the study of marine mammal behavior, more practical. These sophisticated sensing packages require a housing which protects the electronics from the environment and provides a means of attachment to the animal. The hydrodynamic forces on these housings can inadvertently remove the tag or adversely affect the behavior or energetics of the animal. A modification to the original design of a suction cup bio-logging tag housing was desired to minimize the adverse forces. In this work, hydrodynamic loading of two suction cup tag designs, original and modified designs, were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models and validated experimentally. Overall, the simulation and experimental results demonstrated that a tag housing that minimized geometric disruptions to the flow reduced drag forces, and that a tag housing with a small frontal cross-sectional area close to the attachment surface reduced lift forces. Preliminary results from experimental work with a common dolphin cadaver indicates that the suction cups used to attach the tags to the animal provide sufficient attachment force to resist failure at predicted drag and lift forces in 10 m/s flow.

Institutional Mapping Towards Developing a Framework for Sustainable Marine Spatial Planning

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yatim, M. H. M.; Omar, A. H.; Abdullah, N. M.; Hashim, N. M.

2016-09-01

Within few years before, the urge to implement the marine spatial planning is due to increasing numbers of marine activities that will lead into uncertainties of rights, restrictions and responsibilities of the maritime nations. Marine authorities in this situation that deal with national rights and legislations are the government institutions that engage with marine spatial information. There are several elements to be considered when dealing with the marine spatial planning; which is institutional sustainability governance. Providing the importance of marine spatial planning towards sustainable marine spatial governance, the focus should highlight the role marine institutions towards sustainable marine plan. The iterative process of marine spatial planning among marine institutions is important as the spatial information governance is scattered from reflected rights, restrictions and responsibilities of marine government institutions. Malaysia is one of the maritime nations that conjures the initial step towards establishing the sustainable marine spatial planning. In order to have sustainable institutions in marine spatial planning process, it involves four main stages; planning phase, plan evaluation phase, implementation phase and post implementation phase. Current situation has witnessed the unclear direction and role of marine government institutions to manage the marine spatial information. This review paper is focusing on the institutional sustainability upon interaction of marine government institutions in the marine spatial planning process based on Institutional Analysis Framework. The outcome of the integration of institutional sustainability and marine spatial planning process will propose a framework of marine institutional sustainable plan.

Quantifying the degradation of organic matter in marine sediments: A review and synthesis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arndt, Sandra; Jørgensen, B. B.; LaRowe, D. E.; Middelburg, J. J.; Pancost, R. D.; Regnier, P.

2013-08-01

Quantifying the rates of biogeochemical processes in marine sediments is essential for understanding global element cycles and climate change. Because organic matter degradation is the engine behind benthic dynamics, deciphering the impact that various forces have on this process is central to determining the evolution of the Earth system. Therefore, recent developments in the quantitative modeling of organic matter degradation in marine sediments are critically reviewed. The first part of the review synthesizes the main chemical, biological and physical factors that control organic matter degradation in sediments while the second part provides a general review of the mathematical formulations used to model these processes and the third part evaluates their application over different spatial and temporal scales. Key transport mechanisms in sedimentary environments are summarized and the mathematical formulation of the organic matter degradation rate law is described in detail. The roles of enzyme kinetics, bioenergetics, temperature and biomass growth in particular are highlighted. Alternative model approaches that quantify the degradation rate constant are also critically compared. In the third part of the review, the capability of different model approaches to extrapolate organic matter degradation rates over a broad range of temporal and spatial scales is assessed. In addition, the structure, functions and parameterization of more than 250 published models of organic matter degradation in marine sediments are analyzed. The large range of published model parameters illustrates the complex nature of organic matter dynamics, and, thus, the limited transferability of these parameters from one site to another. Compiled model parameters do not reveal a statistically significant correlation with single environmental characteristics such as water depth, deposition rate or organic matter flux. The lack of a generic framework that allows for model parameters to be constrained in data-poor areas seriously limits the quantification of organic matter degradation on a global scale. Therefore, we explore regional patterns that emerge from the compiled more than 250 organic matter rate constants and critically discuss them in their environmental context. This review provides an interdisciplinary view on organic matter degradation in marine sediments. It contributes to an improved understanding of global patterns in benthic organic matter degradation, and helps identify outstanding questions and future directions in the modeling of organic matter degradation in marine sediments.

Marine infectious disease ecology

USGS Publications Warehouse

Lafferty, Kevin D.

2017-01-01

To put marine disease impacts in context requires a broad perspective on the roles infectious agents have in the ocean. Parasites infect most marine vertebrate and invertebrate species, and parasites and predators can have comparable biomass density, suggesting they play comparable parts as consumers in marine food webs. Although some parasites might increase with disturbance, most probably decline as food webs unravel. There are several ways to adapt epidemiological theory to the marine environment. In particular, because the ocean represents a three-dimensional moving habitat for hosts and parasites, models should open up the spatial scales at which infective stages and host larvae travel. In addition to open recruitment and dimensionality, marine parasites are subject to fishing, filter feeders, dosedependent infection, environmental forcing, and death-based transmission. Adding such considerations to marine disease models will make it easier to predict which infectious diseases will increase or decrease in a changing ocean.

The Potential of Biodiesel Production derived from Fish Waste

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Farzana Samat, Amira; Amirah Safiah Muhamad, Nor; Rasib, Nur Aziera Abd; Hassan, Siti Aminah Mohd; Sohaimi, Khairunissa Syairah Ahmad; Izzati Iberahim, Nur

2018-03-01

Petroleum based diesel is one of the largest greenhouse emitters in the worlds based on its contribution to more likely of all carbon, methane and other greenhouse emissions. Besides, the depletion of fossil fuel that indirectly increased its price has force the global oil industry not to be so dependent on the fossil fuel but instead start focusing on alternative sources. Biodiesel is recognized as a clean alternative fuel or as a fuel additive to reduce pollutant from combustion equipment. In this study, the discarded parts of mixed marine fish species were used as the raw material to produce biodiesel. Marine fish oil was extracted from the discarded part of fish and if refined through a series of pretreatment process. The refined marine fish oil undergoes esterification process to reduce the amount of free fatty acid. The oil was then transesterified with methanol and sodium hydroxide as an alkaline catalyst that will speed up the conversion of oil to methyl ester. The three process parameters considered for this study were reaction time, reaction temperature and methanol to oil molar ratio. Biodiesel obtained was then analyzed using gas chromatography (GC). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software. The data obtained was analyzed by using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) repeated measure. The results obtained showed that the conversion of FAME yield is the highest at reaction time 180 minutes, reaction temperature 60°C and methanol to oil molar ratio at 15:1 with FAME yield 80.16%, 80.03% and 80.39%. Thus, it can be concluded that the conversion of biodiesel increased as the reaction time, temperature and

Development of interdisciplinary model of microplastics transport and transformation in the Baltic sea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bagaev, Andrei; Chubarenko, Irina; Mizyuk, Artem; Zobkov, Mikhail; Esiukova, Elena; Isachenko, Igor; Stepanova, Natalya

2016-04-01

Nowadays, anthropogenic pressure from the coastal areas comes up in many aspects of marine environment changes, decreasing the aesthetics of the underwater world, threatening the sustainability of marine ecosystems and influencing the quality of human life. Microplastics are pervasive throughout the marine environment, are ingested by many marine organisms, and enter a food chain that includes humans. A certain fraction of microplastics in marine environment results from breakdown of larger items in numerous tiny fragments due to mechanical forces and photochemical processes, as well as from other degradation sources. Microplastics can absorb high levels of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and other toxins. Deep-sea sediments are a likely, but yet unquantified, sink for microplastics (Cole et al., 2011). Since the MARBLE ('MicroplAstics Research in the BaLtic Environment') project started, three expeditions and multiple on-shore field experiments have been conducted in the South-Eastern Baltic. The samples were collected from the surface, deep water layers and bottom sediments. The samples were processed and physical parameters of the microparticles were established. In parallel, laboratory experiments under controllable conditions over the particles of regular shapes were conducted in order to test the empirical formulas for the sinking velocity. PLEX ('PLastics EXplorer') -- a device for efficiently collecting microparticles in marine environment -- was developed, built and tested. An attempt was made to quantify some geometrical properties of particles, to compare their surface areas, fouling rates, sinking velocities, and finally provide some estimates for the main spatial and temporal scales, describing the behaviour of the particles of different densities and shapes in the Baltic Sea (Chubarenko et al., 2016). An original 3D model of Microplastics dynamics is under development now. Its aim is to provide a robust numerical predictive tool to study pathways and lifecycle of plastic pollution in the enclosed basins such as the Baltic Sea. The model consists of the TRACMASS lagrangian numerical module written in FORTRAN programming language, while the TRACPY shell (written in Python) provides input-output interface (Döös et al., 2013). The data on the Baltic Sea circulation was provided by Copernicus project (marine.copernicus.eu) based on HIROMB model for 1998-2015. The MARBLE project is supported by Russian Science Foundation grant #15-17-10020. References: Chubarenko I., Bagaiev A., Zobkov M., Esiukova E. On some physical and dynamical properties of microplastic particles in marine environment. Submitted to Marine Pollution Bulletin. Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Halsband, C., & Galloway, T. S. (2011). Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62, 2588-2597. Döös, K., Kjellsson, J., & Jönsson, B. (2013). TRACMASS - A Lagrangian Trajectory Model. In Preventive Methods for Coastal Protection (pp. 225-249). Springer International Publishing.

From Discovery to Production: Biotechnology of Marine Fungi for the Production of New Antibiotics.

PubMed

Silber, Johanna; Kramer, Annemarie; Labes, Antje; Tasdemir, Deniz

2016-07-21

Filamentous fungi are well known for their capability of producing antibiotic natural products. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of antimicrobials with vast chemodiversity from marine fungi. Development of such natural products into lead compounds requires sustainable supply. Marine biotechnology can significantly contribute to the production of new antibiotics at various levels of the process chain including discovery, production, downstream processing, and lead development. However, the number of biotechnological processes described for large-scale production from marine fungi is far from the sum of the newly-discovered natural antibiotics. Methods and technologies applied in marine fungal biotechnology largely derive from analogous terrestrial processes and rarely reflect the specific demands of the marine fungi. The current developments in metabolic engineering and marine microbiology are not yet transferred into processes, but offer numerous options for improvement of production processes and establishment of new process chains. This review summarises the current state in biotechnological production of marine fungal antibiotics and points out the enormous potential of biotechnology in all stages of the discovery-to-development pipeline. At the same time, the literature survey reveals that more biotechnology transfer and method developments are needed for a sustainable and innovative production of marine fungal antibiotics.

Eastern North Carolina Marine Corps Forces and Installations High Intensity Hurricane Evacuation Decision Support

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-01

1,181,308 0.00001270 3,192,725 0.634 155 2004 Charley 4 464,500 0.00001722 725,782 0.366 87 Average: 0.000049 Table 2. Recent major storm...Monterey, California 4. Director, Training and Education , MCCDC, Code C46 Quantico, Virginia 5. Director, Marine Corps Research Center

The Mar Piccolo of Taranto: an interesting marine ecosystem for the environmental problems studies.

PubMed

Cardellicchio, Nicola; Annicchiarico, Cristina; Di Leo, Antonella; Giandomenico, Santina; Spada, Lucia

2016-07-01

The National Project RITMARE (la Ricerca ITaliana per il MARE-Italian Research for the sea) started from 1 January 2012. It is one of the national research programs funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research. RITMARE is coordinated by the National Research Council (CNR) and involves an integrated effort of most of the scientific community working on marine and maritime issues. Within the project, different marine study areas of strategic importance for the Mediterranean have been identified: Among these, the coastal area of Taranto (Ionian Sea, Southern Italy) was chosen for its different industry settlements and the relative impact on the marine environment. In particular, the research has been concentrated on the Mar Piccolo of Taranto, a complex marine ecosystem model important in terms of ecological, social, and economic activities for the presence also of extensive mussel farms. The site has been selected also because the Mar Piccolo area is a characteristic "on field" laboratory suitable to investigate release and diffusion mechanisms of contaminants, evaluate chemical-ecological risks towards the marine ecosystem and human health, and suggest and test potential remediation strategies for contaminated sediments. In this context, within the project RITMARE, a task force of researchers has contributed to elaboration a functioning conceptual model with a multidisciplinary approach useful to identify anthropogenic forcings, its impacts, and solutions of environmental remediation. This paper describes in brief some of the environmental issues related to the Mar Piccolo basin.

A Hierarchical and Dynamic Seascape Framework for Scaling and Comparing Ocean Biodiversity Observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kavanaugh, M.; Muller-Karger, F. E.; Montes, E.; Santora, J. A.; Chavez, F.; Messié, M.; Doney, S. C.

2016-02-01

The pelagic ocean is a complex system in which physical, chemical and biological processes interact to shape patterns on multiple spatial and temporal scales and levels of ecological organization. Monitoring and management of marine seascapes must consider a hierarchical and dynamic mosaic, where the boundaries, extent, and location of features change with time. As part of a Marine Biodiversity Observing Network demonstration project, we conducted a multiscale classification of dynamic coastal seascapes in the northeastern Pacific and Gulf of Mexico using multivariate satellite and modeled data. Synoptic patterns were validated using mooring and ship-based observations that spanned multiple trophic levels and were collected as part of several long-term monitoring programs, including the Monterey Bay and Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuaries. Seascape extent and habitat diversity varied as a function of both seasonal and interannual forcing. We discuss the patterns of in situ observations in the context of seascape dynamics and the effect on rarefaction, spatial patchiness, and tracking and comparing ecosystems through time. A seascape framework presents an effective means to translate local biodiversity measurements to broader spatiotemporal scales, scales relevant for modeling the effects of global change and enabling whole-ecosystem management in the dynamic ocean.

Current and potential uses of bioactive molecules from marine processing waste.

PubMed

Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul; Masci, Paul; Gobe, Glenda; Osborne, Simone

2016-03-15

Food industries produce huge amounts of processing waste that are often disposed of incurring expenses and impacting upon the environment. For these and other reasons, food processing waste streams, in particular marine processing waste streams, are gaining popularity amongst pharmaceutical, cosmetic and nutraceutical industries as sources of bioactive molecules. In the last 30 years, there has been a gradual increase in processed marine products with a concomitant increase in waste streams that include viscera, heads, skins, fins, bones, trimmings and shellfish waste. In 2010, these waste streams equated to approximately 24 million tonnes of mostly unused resources. Marine processing waste streams not only represent an abundant resource, they are also enriched with structurally diverse molecules that possess a broad panel of bioactivities including anti-oxidant, anti-coagulant, anti-thrombotic, anti-cancer and immune-stimulatory activities. Retrieval and characterisation of bioactive molecules from marine processing waste also contributes valuable information to the vast field of marine natural product discovery. This review summarises the current use of bioactive molecules from marine processing waste in different products and industries. Moreover, this review summarises new research into processing waste streams and the potential for adoption by industries in the creation of new products containing marine processing waste bioactives. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.

How Rapid Change Affects Deltas in the Arctic Region

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Overeem, I.; Bendixen, M.

2017-12-01

Deltas form where the river drains into the ocean. Consequently, delta depositional processes are impacted by either changes in the respective river drainage basin or by changes in the regional marine environment. In a warming Arctic region rapid change has occurred over the last few decades in both the terrestrial domain as well as in the marine domain. Important terrestrial controls include 1) change in permafrost possibly destabilizing river banks, 2) strong seasonality of river discharge due to a short melting season, 3) high sediment supply if basins are extensively glaciated, 4) lake outbursts and ice jams favoring river flooding. Whereas in the Arctic marine domain sea ice loss promotes wave and storm surge impact, and increased longshore transport. We here ask which of these factors dominate any morphological change in Arctic deltas. First, we analyze hydrological data to assess change in Arctic-wide river discharge characteristics and timing, and sea ice concentration data to map changes in sea ice regime. Based on this observational analysis we set up a number of scenarios of change. We then model hypothetical small-scale delta formation considering change in these primary controls by setting up a numerical delta model, and combining it dynamically with a permafrost model. We find that for typical Greenlandic deltas changes in river forcing due to ice sheet melt dominate the morphological change, which is corroborated by mapping of delta progradation from aerial photos and satellite imagery. Whereas in other areas, along the North Slope and the Canadian Arctic small deltas are more stable or experienced retreat. Our preliminary coupled model allows us to further disentangle the impact of major forcing factors on delta evolution in high-latitude systems.

From Discovery to Production: Biotechnology of Marine Fungi for the Production of New Antibiotics

PubMed Central

Silber, Johanna; Kramer, Annemarie; Labes, Antje; Tasdemir, Deniz

2016-01-01

Filamentous fungi are well known for their capability of producing antibiotic natural products. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of antimicrobials with vast chemodiversity from marine fungi. Development of such natural products into lead compounds requires sustainable supply. Marine biotechnology can significantly contribute to the production of new antibiotics at various levels of the process chain including discovery, production, downstream processing, and lead development. However, the number of biotechnological processes described for large-scale production from marine fungi is far from the sum of the newly-discovered natural antibiotics. Methods and technologies applied in marine fungal biotechnology largely derive from analogous terrestrial processes and rarely reflect the specific demands of the marine fungi. The current developments in metabolic engineering and marine microbiology are not yet transferred into processes, but offer numerous options for improvement of production processes and establishment of new process chains. This review summarises the current state in biotechnological production of marine fungal antibiotics and points out the enormous potential of biotechnology in all stages of the discovery-to-development pipeline. At the same time, the literature survey reveals that more biotechnology transfer and method developments are needed for a sustainable and innovative production of marine fungal antibiotics. PMID:27455283

A Media Mix Test of Paid Radio Advertising for Armed Services Recruitment. Volume II.

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-05-01

This was a test of the effectiveness of paid radio recruiting advertising . The four active military services (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps...service, awareness and knowledge of specific programs and benefits offered by individual services and awareness of armed forces advertising . (Author)

A Media MIX Test of Paid Radio Advertising for Armed Services Recruitment. Volume 3. Addendum.

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-07-01

This was a test of the effectiveness of paid radio recruiting advertising . The four active military services (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps...service, awareness and knowledge of specific programs and benefits offered by individual services and awareness of armed forces advertising . (Author)

32 CFR 282.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 32 National Defense 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Definitions. 282.3 Section 282.3 National... Definitions. (a) Armed Forces. The Army, the Navy, the Air Force, the Marine Corps, and the Coast Guard. (b... the Army, addressing matters concerning the Army. The Secretary of the Navy, addressing matters...

32 CFR 282.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 32 National Defense 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Definitions. 282.3 Section 282.3 National... Definitions. (a) Armed Forces. The Army, the Navy, the Air Force, the Marine Corps, and the Coast Guard. (b... the Army, addressing matters concerning the Army. The Secretary of the Navy, addressing matters...

The Operational Impacts of Joint Seabasing

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-05-08

carry the equivalent of 200 C-17 Globemaster IIIs or 220 C-5A Galaxies . 59 The benefits of increasing the nations capacity to transport more cargo...already possesses a forced entry capability in the Marine Corps, Army Rangers , and Army Airborne forces which can seize APODs and SPODs for follow-on

Meeting Peace Operations’ Requirements While Maintaining MTW Readiness

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-01-01

in Somalia were issued cayenne pepper spray as an effective means of proportionate force against low-level threats... In one instance, a Somali...called for, but the Marines saw cayenne pepper spray as a substitute for deadly force, instead of as a complement.26 To better train his junior

Should the United States Marine Corps Refine Its System of Active Component Enlisted Recruitment in Order to Target the Needs of Select Marine Corps Reserve Units?

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-23

1K.pdf ( accessed January 3, 2012). 6 Charts built by the author using data extracted the Marine Corps Total Force System database. Information...Washington D.C., February 2012. http://www.defense.gov/news/Fact_Sheet_Budget.pdf ( accessed February 17, 2012). 10 Department of Defense. 11...www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=66698 ( accessed January 8, 2012) 12 Amos. 13 David Cloud, and Christi Parsons. "President Obama Calls for

Defense Logistics: Enhanced Policy and Procedures Needed to Improve Management of Sensitive Conventional Ammunition

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-02-01

Information System-Retail OIS-MC Ordnance Information System-Marine Corps SAAS -MOD Standard Army Ammunition System-Modernization SRC Security Risk...automated information systems. For the Army we used LMP, SAAS , and WARS-NT; for the Navy and Marine Corps we used OIS-W, OIS-R, and OIS-MC; and for the Air...Army we used LMP, SAAS , and WARS-NT; for the Navy and Marine Corps we used OIS-W, OIS-R, and OIS-MC; and for the Air Force we used CAS. Military

Proteorhodopsins: an array of physiological roles?

PubMed

Fuhrman, Jed A; Schwalbach, Michael S; Stingl, Ulrich

2008-06-01

Metagenomic analyses have revealed widespread and diverse retinal-binding rhodopsin proteins (named proteorhodopsins) among numerous marine bacteria and archaea, which has challenged the notion that solar energy can only enter marine ecosystems by chlorophyll-based photosynthesis. Most marine proteorhodopsins share structural and functional similarities with archaeal bacteriorhodopsins, which generate proton motive force via light-activated proton pumping, thereby ultimately powering ATP production. This suggests an energetic role for proteorhodopsins. However, results from a growing number of investigations do not readily fit this model, which indicates that proteorhodopsins could have a range of physiological functions.

Sedimentary noise and sea levels linked to land-ocean water exchange and obliquity forcing.

PubMed

Li, Mingsong; Hinnov, Linda A; Huang, Chunju; Ogg, James G

2018-03-08

In ancient hothouses lacking ice sheets, the origins of large, million-year (myr)-scale sea-level oscillations remain a mystery, challenging current models of sea-level change. To address this mystery, we develop a sedimentary noise model for sea-level changes that simultaneously estimates geologic time and sea level from astronomically forced marginal marine stratigraphy. The noise model involves two complementary approaches: dynamic noise after orbital tuning (DYNOT) and lag-1 autocorrelation coefficient (ρ 1 ). Noise modeling of Lower Triassic marine slope stratigraphy in South China reveal evidence for global sea-level variations in the Early Triassic hothouse that are anti-phased with continental water storage variations in the Germanic Basin. This supports the hypothesis that long-period (1-2 myr) astronomically forced water mass exchange between land and ocean reservoirs is a missing link for reconciling geological records and models for sea-level change during non-glacial periods.

Rapid Network Design

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-09-01

control GCE ground combat element LCE logistics combat element MAGTF Marine Air Ground Task Force MWCS Marine Wing Communications Squadron NPS Naval...elements: command element (CE), ground combat el- ement ( GCE ), aviation combat element (ACE), and logistics combat element (LCE). Each ele- ment...This layer provides unimpeded high-speed connectivity between remote sites and the Internet. Limited security policies are applied at this level to

The Marine Corps Martial Arts Program: Sustaining the Transformation

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-04-01

Approved: _______________ Date: _______________ Mentor: Colonel Robert P. Wagner, USMC Approved: _______________ Date: _______________ REPORT... Robert Debs Heinl Jr., USMC (Ret.), Soldiers of the Sea (Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute, 1962), 603. 7 constituency of the force, as well...changes over decades, the Marine Corps has shown the ability to adapt its training to meet those conditions. As Colonel Robert Wagner noted, over time

DefenseLink Special: Chairman Strives to be a 'Straight Shooter'

Science.gov Websites

from Vietnam, why, "when people were getting wounded and killed all around me, I never got a ." Marine Gen. Peter Pace, June 9, 2006 By Donna Miles / American Forces Press Service Marine Gen leader. "If you think you're a good leader, then you're probably not," Pace told American

75 FR 5056 - Taking and Importing Marine Mammals; Taking Marine Mammals Incidental to Space Vehicle and Test...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-01

... hereby given that a letter of authorization (LOA) has been issued to the 30th Space Wing, U.S. Air Force... vehicle programs use VAFB to launch satellites into polar orbit: Delta II, Taurus, Atlas V, Delta IV..., and fixed-wing aircrafts are launched from VAFB. The activities under these regulations create two...

78 FR 8111 - Taking and Importing Marine Mammals; Taking Marine Mammals Incidental to Space Vehicle and Test...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-05

... hereby given that a letter of authorization (LOA) has been issued to the 30th Space Wing, U.S. Air Force...). Currently, six space launch vehicle programs use VAFB to launch satellites into polar orbit: Delta II; Taurus; Atlas V; Delta IV; Falcon; and Minotaur. Also a variety of small missiles, several types of...

77 FR 6086 - Taking and Importing Marine Mammals; Taking Marine Mammals Incidental to Space Vehicle and Test...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-07

... hereby given that a letter of authorization (LOA) has been issued to the 30th Space Wing, U.S. Air Force...). Currently, six space launch vehicle programs use VAFB to launch satellites into polar orbit: Delta II; Taurus; Atlas V; Delta IV; Falcon; and Minotaur. Also a variety of small missiles, several types of...

75 FR 5290 - Notice of the Record of Decision for the United States Marine Corps Grow the Force at Marine...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-02

...) of 1969, 42 United States Code (U.S.C.) Section 4332(2)(c), the regulations of the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) for Implementing the Procedural Provisions of NEPA (40 Code of Federal Regulations... infrastructure construction (e.g. buildings, roads, utility lines); (2) demolition and/or upgrades to existing...

DefenseLink Special: Travels with Pace, March 2006

Science.gov Websites

Us Travels with Pace Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Marine Gen. Peter Pace U.S. Marine Gen . Peter Pace, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, speaks to students attending the Turkish War College U.S. Air Force Staff Sgt. D. Myles Cullen Hi-Res Pace Wraps Up Visit to Allied Nations WASHINGTON

The American Armies: 1993

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-01-01

inspection. Argentina has yet to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Table A.1 Arg tinean Armed Forces 1991 1987 Army 35,000 5,000 Navya 23,000 30,0 Air... Navya 29,000 34,0 Air Force 12,800 15,000 SOURCE: The Military Balance. alnduding 5200 Marines in 1987 and 4000 in 1991. Colombia Drug trafficking...use of army troops for riot control. See Table A.5. Table A.5 Colombian Armed Forces 1991 1987 Army 120,000 111,400 Navya 12,000 12,000 Air Force 7,000

[Evaluation of ecosystem service and emergy of Wanshan Waters in Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China].

PubMed

Qin, Chuan-xin; Chen, Pi-mao; Zhang, An-kai; Yuan, Hua; Li, Guo-ying; Shu, Li-ming; Zhou, Yan-bo; Li, Xiao-guo

2015-06-01

The method for monetary value and emergy value analysis of ecosystem service was used in this paper to analyze the change in value of marine ecosystem service of Wanshan District, Zhuhai from 2007 to 2012. The result showed that the monetary value and emergy value of marine ecosystem service of Wanshan District, Zhuhai rose to 11512840000 yuan and 1.97 x 10(22) sej from 7721630000 yuan and 1.04 x 10(22) sej, respectively. Both monetary value and emergy value could forecast the change in the value of marine ecosystem service, but they reflected different value structures and ecological energy, which could be used to more objectively evaluate the ecosystem service. Ecological civilization development, as an inherent driving force to impel the development of marine ecosystem service structure, was important for rational exploitation of marine resources and optimization of marine ecosystem service.

Coastal oceanography sets the pace of rocky intertidal community dynamics.

PubMed

Menge, B A; Lubchenco, J; Bracken, M E S; Chan, F; Foley, M M; Freidenburg, T L; Gaines, S D; Hudson, G; Krenz, C; Leslie, H; Menge, D N L; Russell, R; Webster, M S

2003-10-14

The structure of ecological communities reflects a tension among forces that alter populations. Marine ecologists previously emphasized control by locally operating forces (predation, competition, and disturbance), but newer studies suggest that inputs from large-scale oceanographically modulated subsidies (nutrients, particulates, and propagules) can strongly influence community structure and dynamics. On New Zealand rocky shores, the magnitude of such subsidies differs profoundly between contrasting oceanographic regimes. Community structure, and particularly the pace of community dynamics, differ dramatically between intermittent upwelling regimes compared with relatively persistent down-welling regimes. We suggest that subsidy rates are a key determinant of the intensity of species interactions, and thus of structure in marine systems, and perhaps also nonmarine communities.

An Analysis of the Defense Logistics Agency’s Forward Stocking Initiatives at Albany and Barstow Distribution Depots and the Impact on Logistics Response Time

DTIC Science & Technology

placement of 6,255 line items at these respective locations . Data was able available through DLAs Data Warehouse for both the wholesale and retail mission due...to the Base Realignment and Closure Act of 2005 that forced services with co- located DLA Distribution Centers to transfer the retail mission to DLA...Furthermore, an examination of processes at each of the two Marine Corps Logistics Base locations demonstrates areas where further research and possible benchmarking would be beneficial to the supply chain.

The Marine Corps Enlisted Assignment Process: The Customer’s Perspective

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-03-01

continue service in the Marine Corps or to leave. Additionally, this process affects career development, quality of life , and ultimately their lives...retention goals. If not, the Marine Corps may increase quality of life by introducing new assignment processes or systems. These changes could also increase enlisted Marines’ retention rate, and ultimately personnel readiness.

Trophic downgrading of planet Earth.

PubMed

Estes, James A; Terborgh, John; Brashares, Justin S; Power, Mary E; Berger, Joel; Bond, William J; Carpenter, Stephen R; Essington, Timothy E; Holt, Robert D; Jackson, Jeremy B C; Marquis, Robert J; Oksanen, Lauri; Oksanen, Tarja; Paine, Robert T; Pikitch, Ellen K; Ripple, William J; Sandin, Stuart A; Scheffer, Marten; Schoener, Thomas W; Shurin, Jonathan B; Sinclair, Anthony R E; Soulé, Michael E; Virtanen, Risto; Wardle, David A

2011-07-15

Until recently, large apex consumers were ubiquitous across the globe and had been for millions of years. The loss of these animals may be humankind's most pervasive influence on nature. Although such losses are widely viewed as an ethical and aesthetic problem, recent research reveals extensive cascading effects of their disappearance in marine, terrestrial, and freshwater ecosystems worldwide. This empirical work supports long-standing theory about the role of top-down forcing in ecosystems but also highlights the unanticipated impacts of trophic cascades on processes as diverse as the dynamics of disease, wildfire, carbon sequestration, invasive species, and biogeochemical cycles. These findings emphasize the urgent need for interdisciplinary research to forecast the effects of trophic downgrading on process, function, and resilience in global ecosystems.

Dynamics of particulate organic matter composition in coastal systems: Forcing of spatio-temporal variability at multi-systems scale

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liénart, Camilla; Savoye, Nicolas; David, Valérie; Ramond, Pierre; Rodriguez Tress, Paco; Hanquiez, Vincent; Marieu, Vincent; Aubert, Fabien; Aubin, Sébastien; Bichon, Sabrina; Boinet, Christophe; Bourasseau, Line; Bozec, Yann; Bréret, Martine; Breton, Elsa; Caparros, Jocelyne; Cariou, Thierry; Claquin, Pascal; Conan, Pascal; Corre, Anne-Marie; Costes, Laurence; Crouvoisier, Muriel; Del Amo, Yolanda; Derriennic, Hervé; Dindinaud, François; Duran, Robert; Durozier, Maïa; Devesa, Jérémy; Ferreira, Sophie; Feunteun, Eric; Garcia, Nicole; Geslin, Sandrine; Grossteffan, Emilie; Gueux, Aurore; Guillaudeau, Julien; Guillou, Gaël; Jolly, Orianne; Lachaussée, Nicolas; Lafont, Michel; Lagadec, Véronique; Lamoureux, Jézabel; Lauga, Béatrice; Lebreton, Benoît; Lecuyer, Eric; Lehodey, Jean-Paul; Leroux, Cédric; L'Helguen, Stéphane; Macé, Eric; Maria, Eric; Mousseau, Laure; Nowaczyk, Antoine; Pineau, Philippe; Petit, Franck; Pujo-Pay, Mireille; Raimbault, Patrick; Rimmelin-Maury, Peggy; Rouaud, Vanessa; Sauriau, Pierre-Guy; Sultan, Emmanuelle; Susperregui, Nicolas

2018-03-01

In costal systems, particulate organic matter (POM) results from a multiplicity of sources having their respective dynamics in terms of production, decomposition, transport and burial. The POM pool experiences thus considerable spatial and temporal variability. In order to better understand this variability, the present study employs statistical multivariate analyses to investigate links between POM composition and environmental forcings for a panel of twelve coastal systems distributed along the three maritime regions of France and monitored weekly to monthly for 1 to 8 years. At multi-system scale, two main gradients of POC composition have been identified: a 'Continent-Ocean' gradient associated with hydrodynamics, sedimentary dynamics and depth of the water column, and a gradient of trophic status related to nutrient availability. At local scale, seasonality of POC composition appears to be station-specific but still related to part of the above-mentioned forcings. A typology of systems was established by coupling spatial and temporal variability of POC composition. Four groups were highlighted: (1) the estuarine stations where POC composition is dominated by terrestrial POM and driven by hydrodynamics and sedimentary processes, (2) the oligotrophic systems, characterized by the contribution of diazotrophs due to low nutrient availability, and the marine meso/eutroph systems whose POC composition is (3) either deeply dominated by phytoplankton or (4) dominated by phytoplankton but where the contribution of continental and benthic POC is not negligible and is driven by hydrodynamics, sedimentary processes and the height of the water column. Finally, the present study provides several insights into the different forcings to POM composition and dynamics in temperate coastal systems at local and multi-system scales. This work also presents a methodological approach that establishes statistical links between forcings and POM composition, helping to gain more objectively insight of forcings.

Precession and atmospheric CO2 modulated variability of sea ice in the central Okhotsk Sea since 130,000 years ago

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lo, Li; Belt, Simon T.; Lattaud, Julie; Friedrich, Tobias; Zeeden, Christian; Schouten, Stefan; Smik, Lukas; Timmermann, Axel; Cabedo-Sanz, Patricia; Huang, Jyh-Jaan; Zhou, Liping; Ou, Tsong-Hua; Chang, Yuan-Pin; Wang, Liang-Chi; Chou, Yu-Min; Shen, Chuan-Chou; Chen, Min-Te; Wei, Kuo-Yen; Song, Sheng-Rong; Fang, Tien-Hsi; Gorbarenko, Sergey A.; Wang, Wei-Lung; Lee, Teh-Quei; Elderfield, Henry; Hodell, David A.

2018-04-01

Recent reduction in high-latitude sea ice extent demonstrates that sea ice is highly sensitive to external and internal radiative forcings. In order to better understand sea ice system responses to external orbital forcing and internal oscillations on orbital timescales, here we reconstruct changes in sea ice extent and summer sea surface temperature (SSST) over the past 130,000 yrs in the central Okhotsk Sea. We applied novel organic geochemical proxies of sea ice (IP25), SSST (TEX86L) and open water marine productivity (a tri-unsaturated highly branched isoprenoid and biogenic opal) to marine sediment core MD01-2414 (53°11.77‧N, 149°34.80‧E, water depth 1123 m). To complement the proxy data, we also carried out transient Earth system model simulations and sensitivity tests to identify contributions of different climatic forcing factors. Our results show that the central Okhotsk Sea was ice-free during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e and the early-mid Holocene, but experienced variable sea ice cover during MIS 2-4, consistent with intervals of relatively high and low SSST, respectively. Our data also show that the sea ice extent was governed by precession-dominated insolation changes during intervals of atmospheric CO2 concentrations ranging from 190 to 260 ppm. However, the proxy record and the model simulation data show that the central Okhotsk Sea was near ice-free regardless of insolation forcing throughout the penultimate interglacial, and during the Holocene, when atmospheric CO2 was above ∼260 ppm. Past sea ice conditions in the central Okhotsk Sea were therefore strongly modulated by both orbital-driven insolation and CO2-induced radiative forcing during the past glacial/interglacial cycle.

Annually resolved North Atlantic marine climate over the last millennium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reynolds, D. J.; Scourse, J. D.; Halloran, P. R.; Nederbragt, A. J.; Wanamaker, A. D.; Butler, P. G.; Richardson, C. A.; Heinemeier, J.; Eiríksson, J.; Knudsen, K. L.; Hall, I. R.

2016-12-01

Owing to the lack of absolutely dated oceanographic information before the modern instrumental period, there is currently significant debate as to the role played by North Atlantic Ocean dynamics in previous climate transitions (for example, Medieval Climate Anomaly-Little Ice Age, MCA-LIA). Here we present analyses of a millennial-length, annually resolved and absolutely dated marine δ18O archive. We interpret our record of oxygen isotope ratios from the shells of the long-lived marine bivalve Arctica islandica (δ18O-shell), from the North Icelandic shelf, in relation to seawater density variability and demonstrate that solar and volcanic forcing coupled with ocean circulation dynamics are key drivers of climate variability over the last millennium. During the pre-industrial period (AD 1000-1800) variability in the sub-polar North Atlantic leads changes in Northern Hemisphere surface air temperatures at multi-decadal timescales, indicating that North Atlantic Ocean dynamics played an active role in modulating the response of the atmosphere to solar and volcanic forcing.

Dynamic Positioning Capability Analysis for Marine Vessels Based on A DPCap Polar Plot Program

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Lei; Yang, Jian-min; Xu, Sheng-wen

2018-03-01

Dynamic positioning capability (DPCap) analysis is essential in the selection of thrusters, in their configuration, and during preliminary investigation of the positioning ability of a newly designed vessel dynamic positioning system. DPCap analysis can help determine the maximum environmental forces, in which the DP system can counteract in given headings. The accuracy of the DPCap analysis is determined by the precise estimation of the environmental forces as well as the effectiveness of the thrust allocation logic. This paper is dedicated to developing an effective and efficient software program for the DPCap analysis for marine vessels. Estimation of the environmental forces can be obtained by model tests, hydrodynamic computation and empirical formulas. A quadratic programming method is adopted to allocate the total thrust on every thruster of the vessel. A detailed description of the thrust allocation logic of the software program is given. The effectiveness of the new program DPCap Polar Plot (DPCPP) was validated by a DPCap analysis for a supply vessel. The present study indicates that the developed program can be used in the DPCap analysis for marine vessels. Moreover, DPCap analysis considering the thruster failure mode might give guidance to the designers of vessels whose thrusters need to be safer.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Robison, W L; Hamilton, T F; Martinelli, R E

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) personnel have supported US Air Force (USAF) ballistic missile flight tests for about 15 years for Peacekeeper and Minuteman missiles launched at Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB). Associated re-entry vehicles (RV's) re-enter at Regan Test Site (RTS) at the US Army base at Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) where LLNL has supported scoring, recovery operations for RV materials, and environmental assessments. As part of ongoing USAF ballistic missile flight test programs, LLNL is participating in an updated EA being written for flights originating at VFAB. Marine fauna and sediments (beach-sand samples) were collected by US Fish andmore » Wildlife Service (USFWS), National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), and LLNL at Illeginni Island and Boggerik Island (serving as a control site) at Kwajalein Atoll. Data on the concentration of DU (hereafter, U) and Be in collected samples was requested by USFWS and NMFS to determine whether or not U and Be in RV's entering the Illeginni area are increasing U and Be concentrations in marine fauna and sediments. LLNL agreed to do the analyses for U and Be in support of the EA process and provide a report of the results. There is no statistically significant difference in the concentration of U and Be in six species of marine fauna from Illeginni and Boggerik Islands (p - 0.14 for U and p = 0.34 for Be). Thus, there is no evidence that there has been any increase in U and Be concentrations in marine fauna as a result of the missile flight test program. Concentration of U in beach sand at Illeginni is the same as soil and beach sand in the rest of the Marshall Islands and again reflects an insignificant impact from the flight test program. Beach sand from Illeginni has a mean concentration of Be higher than that from the control site, Boggeik Island. Seven of 21 samples from Ileginni had detectable Be. Four samples had a concentration of Be ranging from 4 to 7 ng g {sup -1} (4 to 7 parts per billion (ppb)), one was 17 ppb, one was 0.14 parts per million (ppm), and one was 0.48 ppm. These extremely low concentrations of an insoluble form of Be again indicate no impact on marine life or human health at Illeginni as a result of the missile flight test program. Concentration of Fe in marine fauna muscle tissue is much higher at Illeginni Island than at Boggerik Island (control site) as a result of legacy iron piers, dump sites for iron metal along the island, and scrap iron randomly distributed along extensive portions of the reef line as part of programs conducted in the 1960's through 1980's that were not part of the recent flight test program.« less

Marine and freshwater toxins.

PubMed

Hungerford, James M

2006-01-01

In a very busy and exciting year, 2005 included First Action approval of a much needed official method for paralytic shellfish toxins and multiple international toxin symposia highlighted by groundbreaking research. These are the first-year milestones and activities of the Marine and Freshwater Toxins Task Force and Analytical Community. Inaugurated in 2004 and described in detail in last year's General Referee Report (1) this international toxins group has grown to 150 members from many regions and countries. Perhaps most important they are now making important and global contributions to food safety and to providing alternatives to animal-based assays. Official Method 2005.06 was first approved in late 2004 by the Task Force and subsequently Official First Action in 2005 (2) by the Methods Committee on Natural Toxins and Food Allergens and the Official Methods Board. This nonproprietary method (3) is a precolumn oxidation, liquid chromatographic method that makes good use of fluorescence detection to provide high sensitivity detection of the saxitoxins. It has also proven to be rugged enough for regulatory use and the highest level of validation. As pointed out in the report of method principle investigator and Study Director James Lawrence, approval of 2005.06 now provides the first official alternative to the mouse bioassay after many decades of shellfish monitoring. This past year in April 2005 the group also held their first international conference, "Marine and Freshwater Toxins Analysis: Ist Joint Symposium and AOAC Task Force Meeting," in Baiona, Spain. The 4-day conference consisted of research and stakeholder presentations and symposium-integrated subgroup sessions on ciguatoxins, saxitoxin assays and liquid chromatography (LC) methods for saxitoxins and domoic acids, okadaiates and azaspiracids, and yessotoxins. Many of these subgroups were recently formed in 2005 and are working towards their goals of producing officially validated analytical methods. (Abstracts from the Baiona 2005 meeting cited in this report can be found in the online version of the conference abstract book in the Files and Folders section of the Marine and Freshwater Toxins online community at www.aoac.org.) An active topic for discussion in Baiona and subsequent Task Force activities was the expert consultation for Codex which met in Oslo, Norway in 2004 (previously described and cited in last year's GR report, ref 1). The consultation group's executive summary report (http://www.fao.org/es/ESN/food/risk_biotoxin en.stm) describes suggested changes in action levels as well as methods, method validation, and other issues. September 2005 saw the AOAC Task Force efforts further supported by another symposium, "Marine and Freshwater Toxins: Quality Methods for Food Safety and International Trade," at the AOAC INTERNATIONAL Annual Conference in Orlando, Florida. The multidisciplinary talks at this full day symposium ranged from ciguatoxins to cyanobacterial toxins, and spanned toxicology, biochemistry, molecular biology and analytical chemistry. Again, the symposium preceded Task Force meetings. Toxin subgroups, including a new group on cyanobacterial toxins, met for engaging and productive subgroup discussions. All of these activities were preceded by a Wiley Award symposium for Task Force member Mike Quilliam of NRC Canada. These talks, presented at a half-day symposium on the first day of the Annual Meeting, focused on Quilliam's work with LC tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and certified reference standards and materials, and included related presentations by some of his many research collaborators. To maintain flow and continuity between symposia and between Task Force meetings, the group now uses new electronic discussion forums. Individual subgroup areas, under the Marine and Freshwater Toxins Task Force, comprise this online community. First introduced by AOAC INTERNATIONAL in early 2005, these new resources are being used to distribute information and to supplement the in-person subgroup meetings and electronic mail in the group's validation efforts.

Collaborative Research: Cloudiness transitions within shallow marine clouds near the Azores

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mechem, David B.; de Szoeke, Simon P.; Yuter, Sandra E.

Marine stratocumulus clouds are low, persistent, liquid phase clouds that cover large areas and play a significant role in moderating the climate by reflecting large quantities of incoming solar radiation. The deficiencies in simulating these clouds in global climate models are widely recognized. Much of the uncertainty arises from sub-grid scale variability in the cloud albedo that is not accurately parameterized in climate models. The Clouds, Aerosol and Precipitation in the Marine Boundary Layer (CAP–MBL) observational campaign and the ongoing ARM site measurements on Graciosa Island in the Azores aim to sample the Northeast Atlantic low cloud regime. These datamore » represent, the longest continuous research quality cloud radar/lidar/radiometer/aerosol data set of open-ocean shallow marine clouds in existence. Data coverage from CAP–MBL and the series of cruises to the southeast Pacific culminating in VOCALS will both be of sufficient length to contrast the two low cloud regimes and explore the joint variability of clouds in response to several environmental factors implicated in cloudiness transitions. Our research seeks to better understand cloud system processes in an underexplored but climatologically important maritime region. Our primary goal is an improved physical understanding of low marine clouds on temporal scales of hours to days. It is well understood that aerosols, synoptic-scale forcing, surface fluxes, mesoscale dynamics, and cloud microphysics all play a role in cloudiness transitions. However, the relative importance of each mechanism as a function of different environmental conditions is unknown. To better understand cloud forcing and response, we are documenting the joint variability of observed environmental factors and associated cloud characteristics. In order to narrow the realm of likely parameter ranges, we assess the relative importance of parameter conditions based primarily on two criteria: how often the condition occurs (frequency) and to what degree varying that condition within its typically observed range affects cloud characteristics (magnitude of impact given the condition). In this manner we will be able to address the relative importance of individual factors within a multivariate range of environmental conditions. We will determine the relative roles of the thermodynamic, aerosol, and synoptic environmental factors on low cloud and drizzle formation and lifetime.« less

Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2001

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-02-05

various parties (one of 200 marines and sailors) to discourage piracy and the slave trade along the Ivory coast, and to punish attacks by the natives...sought to protect American lives and property on Navassa Island. 1891— Bering Strait. July 2 to October 5. Naval forces sought to stop seal poaching

Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2007

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-14

parties (one of 200 marines and sailors) to discourage piracy and the slave trade along the Ivory coast, and to punish attacks by the natives on...seal poaching . 1891 Chile. August 28 to 30. U.S. forces protected the American consulate and the women and children who had taken refuge in it

32 CFR 776.2 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) All active-duty judge advocates of other U.S. armed forces who practice law or provide legal services...) All Reserve or Retired judge advocates of the Navy or Marine Corps (and any other U.S. armed force... 32 National Defense 5 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Applicability. 776.2 Section 776.2 National...

32 CFR 776.2 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) All active-duty judge advocates of other U.S. armed forces who practice law or provide legal services...) All Reserve or Retired judge advocates of the Navy or Marine Corps (and any other U.S. armed force... 32 National Defense 5 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Applicability. 776.2 Section 776.2 National...

The United States Marine Corps: The 911 Force in the Post-9/11 World

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-02-23

increased efforts to engage narco-crime syndicate threats such as the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia (FARC), which is largely responsible for...discord. The United States should view this as an opportunity. As New York Times columnist James Traub notes, If we believe that a model of development

Identity Crisis between the Wars: How Doctrine Shaped the Marine Corps after World War I and Vietnam

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-21

in search of a new role, after decades as a constabulary force in the so-called Banana Wars and then its experience in World War I as very nearly...Officer (thesis, Marine Corps University, 2008), http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a492168.pdf; and Maj Collin A. Agee (USA), Peeling The Onion

Adaptive Command and Control of Theater Air Power

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-06-01

Industries, Citicorp, Coca-Cola, Honda, and Intel corporations practice similar techniques 19 Notes as cited in Thomas Petzinger, Jr., “The Front Lines...before the leap to personal computers and word processors occurred. Finally, anticipation takes place as the stock market adjusts current prices...Leading Marines. January 1995. Fleet Marine Force Manual 1-1. Campaigning. January 1990. Gell-Mann, Murray, The Quark and the Jaguar: Adventures

75 FR 80773 - Takes of Marine Mammals Incidental to Specified Activities; Taking Marine Mammals Incidental to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-23

... Delta II, which is being withdrawn from service. The U.S. Air Force reports that sound pressures of the Delta II were slightly less than those from the Taurus I (Castor 120) as measured from the same point... conducted after one Delta IV launch in 2006. During this launch the digital audio tape (DAT) recorder was...

Risk and Reward of an Operational Marine Corps Reserve

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-21

Corps needs to be preserved.”  “. . . challenge is finding the right balance between preserving what is unique and valuable while making changes...and eliminating the Mobilization Command headquarters by assimilating associated functions into Marine Forces Reserve ( MFR ) headquarters.22 As the...master in order to make decisions and effectively align the organization of MFR within a constantly changing environment. This changing environment

76 FR 70695 - Taking and Importing Marine Mammals: U.S. Navy Training in 12 Range Complexes and U.S. Air Force...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-15

... regarding the types and amounts of missile and rocket launches that the USAF conducts. DATES: Comments and... missiles and rockets that could be launched over the course of the 5-year rule and indicated that marine... flexibility in the types and amounts of missile and rocket launches that they conduct. NMFS now proposes to...

77 FR 4917 - Taking and Importing Marine Mammals: U.S. Navy Training in 12 Range Complexes and U.S. Air Force...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-01

... missile and rocket launches that the USAF conducts. DATES: Effective on February 1, 2012. ADDRESSES... rockets that could be launched over the course of the 5-year rule and indicated that marine mammal take... flexibility in the types and amounts of missile and rocket launches that they conduct. NMFS now amends the...

Predator decline leads to decreased stability in a coastal fish community.

PubMed

Britten, Gregory L; Dowd, Michael; Minto, Cóilín; Ferretti, Francesco; Boero, Ferdinando; Lotze, Heike K

2014-12-01

Fisheries exploitation has caused widespread declines in marine predators. Theory predicts that predator depletion will destabilise lower trophic levels, making natural communities more vulnerable to environmental perturbations. However, empirical evidence has been limited. Using a community matrix model, we empirically assessed trends in the stability of a multispecies coastal fish community over the course of predator depletion. Three indices of community stability (resistance, resilience and reactivity) revealed significantly decreasing stability concurrent with declining predator abundance. The trophically downgraded community exhibited weaker top-down control, leading to predator-release processes in lower trophic levels and increased susceptibility to perturbation. At the community level, our results suggest that high predator abundance acts as a stabilising force to the naturally stochastic and highly autocorrelated dynamics in low trophic species. These findings have important implications for the conservation and management of predators in marine ecosystems and provide empirical support for the theory of predatory control. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd/CNRS.

Factors influencing dental utilization by U.S. military recruits.

PubMed

Chisick, M C; Poindexter, F R; York, A K

1996-12-01

This study identifies factors that influence dental utilization by U.S. military recruits prior to entering military service. Data were collected between February and June 1994 at one recruit in-processing site per service using self-administered questionnaires. A prestratified, systematic, random sample of 2,711 Army, Air Force, Navy, and Marine recruits was drawn. Women and minorities were oversampled. Using logistic regression to determine what factors contribute to the likelihood of recruits having seen a dentist over the past year reveals that the likelihood is greater for females, singles, Air Force personnel, Native Americans, and the better educated; the likelihood is less for recruits who are black, above 19 years old, from the Midwest, Southwest, or Pacific regions of the U.S., and who perceive a need for dental care. Education is the strongest predictor of dental utilization prior to entering military service.

The Sponge Hologenome

PubMed Central

Thomas, Torsten

2016-01-01

ABSTRACT A paradigm shift has recently transformed the field of biological science; molecular advances have revealed how fundamentally important microorganisms are to many aspects of a host’s phenotype and evolution. In the process, an era of “holobiont” research has emerged to investigate the intricate network of interactions between a host and its symbiotic microbial consortia. Marine sponges are early-diverging metazoa known for hosting dense, specific, and often highly diverse microbial communities. Here we synthesize current thoughts about the environmental and evolutionary forces that influence the diversity, specificity, and distribution of microbial symbionts within the sponge holobiont, explore the physiological pathways that contribute to holobiont function, and describe the molecular mechanisms that underpin the establishment and maintenance of these symbiotic partnerships. The collective genomes of the sponge holobiont form the sponge hologenome, and we highlight how the forces that define a sponge’s phenotype in fact act on the genomic interplay between the different components of the holobiont. PMID:27103626

Stakeholder Participation in Marine Spatial Plan Making Process in Lampung Province

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Asirin; Asbi, A. M.; Pakpahan, V. H.

2018-05-01

Lampung Province has coastal areas, seas and small islands facing conflicts of interest between tourism, conservation areas for defense, environmental conservation, and the threat of unsustainable marine resource utilization. Indonesia (including Lampung Province) has committed itself to achieving the objectives of conservation and sustainable use of oceans, seas and marine resources in view of sustainable development. One of the instruments used to achieve this goal is by using marine spatial planning (MSP). The purpose of this research was to analyse the marine spatial plan making process in Lampung Province. This research also evaluated the participation process and participation level based on plan-making process criteria and the stakeholder participation ladder. This research can be useful as a recommendation in the evaluation step to improve the plan-making process in order to address conflicts of interest between various related interest groups, so that planning can be accomplished with the involvement of all relevant parties to reach consensus on how to achieve a sustainable marine environment. This research used a qualitative research method as well as a case study approach. The scope of this study was limited by the conceptual framework of marine spatial planning and the stakeholder participation ladder. The authors recommend study of the preparation of marine spatial planning in addition to a technocratic approach considering the results of the study aspects of spatial allocation and physical aspects of marine resources, while prioritizing building consensus among various interest groups related to the utilization of marine resources. Thus, it is necessary to develop technical steps to build consensus in the marine spatial plan-making process.

Influence of marine current on vertical migration of Pb in marine bay

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, Chen; Hong, Ai; Danfeng, Yang; Huijuan, Zhao; Dongfang, Yang

2018-02-01

This paper analyzed that vertical migration of Pb contents waters in Jiaozhou Bay, and revealed the influence of marine current on vertical migration process. Results showed that Pb contents in bottom waters of Jiaozhou Bay in April and July 1988 were 1.49-18.53 μg L-1 and 12.68/-27.64 μg L-1, respectively. The pollution level of Pb in bottom waters was moderate to heavy, and were showing temporal variations and spatial heterogeneity. The vertical migration process of Pb in April 1988 included a drifting process from the southwest to the north by means of the marine current was rapid in this region. The vertical migration process of Pb in July 1988 in the open waters included no drifting process since the flow rate of marine current was relative low in this region. The vertical migration process of Pb was jointly determined by vertical water’s effect, source input and water exchange, and the influence of marine current on the vertical migration of Pb in marine bay was significant.

Prevalence and contributing factors of eating disorder behaviors in active duty service women in the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines.

PubMed

McNulty, P A

2001-01-01

Eating disorders continue to be studied among civilian women. Gross disturbances in eating behaviors characterize the condition of anorexia nervosa (AN), currently seen among 1 to 2% of non-active duty women. Bulimia nervosa (BN) is prevalent among 2% of the female population, and both disorders have a female-to-male ratios of 10:1. Another category of eating disorders known as not otherwise specified (NOS) occurs in 3 to 35% of individuals in the reported literature. This study examined the prevalence of AN, BN, and NOS among a large sample of active duty women currently serving in the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines. Multiple military, professional, and behavioral variables were analyzed to provide an increased understanding and awareness of these disorders among all active duty service women. This descriptive, correlational study of 3,613 service women targeted females from the total population of three major medical centers (Army, Navy, and Air Force) and the total population of Marine women serving in Okinawa, Japan, at the time of the study. Anonymous survey return was obtained at 34% (N = 1,278). The study revealed an overall prevalence of 1.1% for AN, 8.1% for BN, and 62.8% for NOS among all service women. However, AN, BN, and NOS were found at significantly higher rates (p = 0.000) among women in the Marines, who reported AN at 4.9%, BN at 15.9%, and NOS at 76.7%. Use of laxatives, diuretics, diet pills, vomiting, and fasting for standards increased during the body measurement and fitness periods for all services, but year-round use of many of these behaviors occurred at significantly higher rates among Marines (p = 0.000). Multiple logistic regression analysis predicted several factors associated with the manifestation of eating disorders in this population of active duty women.

Coastal circulation and water column properties off Kalaupapa National Historical Park, Molokai, Hawaii, 2008-2010

USGS Publications Warehouse

Storlazzi, Curt D.; Presto, Katherine; Brown, Eric K.

2011-01-01

More than 2.2 million measurements of oceanographic forcing and the resulting water-column properties were made off U.S. National Park Service's Kalaupapa National Historical Park on the north shore of Molokai, Hawaii, between 2008 and 2010 to understand the role of oceanographic processes on the health and sustainability of the area's marine resources. The tides off the Kalaupapa Peninsula are mixed semidiurnal. The wave climate is dominated by two end-members: large northwest Pacific winter swell that directly impacts the study site, and smaller, shorter-period northeast trade-wind waves that have to refract around the peninsula, resulting in a more northerly direction before propagating over the study site. The currents primarily are alongshore and are faster at the surface than close to the seabed; large wave events, however, tend to drive flow in a more cross-shore orientation. The tidal currents flood to the north and ebb to the south. The waters off the peninsula appear to be a mix of cooler, more saline, deeper oceanic waters and shallow, warmer, lower-salinity nearshore waters, with intermittent injections of freshwater, generally during the winters. Overall, the turbidity levels were low, except during large wave events. The low overall turbidity levels and rapid return to pre-event background levels following the cessation of forcing suggest that there is little fine-grained material. Large wave events likely inhibit the settlement of fine-grained sediment at the site. A number of phenomena were observed that indicate the complexity of coastal circulation and water-column properties in the area and may help scientists and resource managers to better understand the implications of the processes on marine ecosystem health.

Towards end-to-end models for investigating the effects of climate and fishing in marine ecosystems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Travers, M.; Shin, Y.-J.; Jennings, S.; Cury, P.

2007-12-01

End-to-end models that represent ecosystem components from primary producers to top predators, linked through trophic interactions and affected by the abiotic environment, are expected to provide valuable tools for assessing the effects of climate change and fishing on ecosystem dynamics. Here, we review the main process-based approaches used for marine ecosystem modelling, focusing on the extent of the food web modelled, the forcing factors considered, the trophic processes represented, as well as the potential use and further development of the models. We consider models of a subset of the food web, models which represent the first attempts to couple low and high trophic levels, integrated models of the whole ecosystem, and size spectrum models. Comparisons within and among these groups of models highlight the preferential use of functional groups at low trophic levels and species at higher trophic levels and the different ways in which the models account for abiotic processes. The model comparisons also highlight the importance of choosing an appropriate spatial dimension for representing organism dynamics. Many of the reviewed models could be extended by adding components and by ensuring that the full life cycles of species components are represented, but end-to-end models should provide full coverage of ecosystem components, the integration of physical and biological processes at different scales and two-way interactions between ecosystem components. We suggest that this is best achieved by coupling models, but there are very few existing cases where the coupling supports true two-way interaction. The advantages of coupling models are that the extent of discretization and representation can be targeted to the part of the food web being considered, making their development time- and cost-effective. Processes such as predation can be coupled to allow the propagation of forcing factors effects up and down the food web. However, there needs to be a stronger focus on enabling two-way interaction, carefully selecting the key functional groups and species, reconciling different time and space scales and the methods of converting between energy, nutrients and mass.

29 CFR 784.133 - “First processing.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Aquatic Products First Processing, Canning, Or Packing of Marine Products Under Section 13(a)(5) § 784.133 “First processing.” Processing connotes a change from the natural state of the marine product and first... preliminary operations as cleaning, washing, and grading of the marine products, though not exempt as first...

29 CFR 784.133 - “First processing.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Aquatic Products First Processing, Canning, Or Packing of Marine Products Under Section 13(a)(5) § 784.133 “First processing.” Processing connotes a change from the natural state of the marine product and first... preliminary operations as cleaning, washing, and grading of the marine products, though not exempt as first...

Simulation of Glacial Cycles Before and After the Mid-Pleistocene Transition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ganopolski, A.; Willeit, M.; Calov, R.

2017-12-01

In spite of significant progress achieved in understanding of glacial cycles, the cause of Mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT) is still not fully understood. To study possible mechanisms of the MPT we used the Earth system model of intermediate complexity CLIMBER-2 which incorporates all major components of the Earth system - atmosphere, ocean, land surface, northern hemisphere ice sheets, terrestrial biota and soil carbon, aeolian dust and marine biogeochemistry. We run the model through the entire Quaternary. The only prescribed forcing in these simulations is variations in Earth orbital parameters. In addition we prescribed gradually evolving in time terrestrial sediment cover and global volcanic outgassing. We found that gradual removal of terrestrial sediment from the Northern Hemisphere continent by glacial processes is sufficient to explain transition from 40-ka to 100-ka worlds around 1 million years ago. By starting the model at different times and using the same initial conditions we found that modeling results converge to the same solution which depends only on the orbital forcing and lower boundary conditions. Our results thus strongly suggest that Quaternary glacial cycles are externally forced and nearly deterministic.

Experimental design for three interrelated marine ice sheet and ocean model intercomparison projects: MISMIP v. 3 (MISMIP +), ISOMIP v. 2 (ISOMIP +) and MISOMIP v. 1 (MISOMIP1)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Asay-Davis, Xylar S.; Cornford, Stephen L.; Durand, Gaël

Coupled ice sheet-ocean models capable of simulating moving grounding lines are just becoming available. Such models have a broad range of potential applications in studying the dynamics of marine ice sheets and tidewater glaciers, from process studies to future projections of ice mass loss and sea level rise. The Marine Ice Sheet-Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (MISOMIP) is a community effort aimed at designing and coordinating a series of model intercomparison projects (MIPs) for model evaluation in idealized setups, model verification based on observations, and future projections for key regions of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS). Here we describe computationalmore » experiments constituting three interrelated MIPs for marine ice sheet models and regional ocean circulation models incorporating ice shelf cavities. These consist of ice sheet experiments under the Marine Ice Sheet MIP third phase (MISMIP+), ocean experiments under the Ice Shelf-Ocean MIP second phase (ISOMIP+) and coupled ice sheet-ocean experiments under the MISOMIP first phase (MISOMIP1). All three MIPs use a shared domain with idealized bedrock topography and forcing, allowing the coupled simulations (MISOMIP1) to be compared directly to the individual component simulations (MISMIP+ and ISOMIP+). The experiments, which have qualitative similarities to Pine Island Glacier Ice Shelf and the adjacent region of the Amundsen Sea, are designed to explore the effects of changes in ocean conditions, specifically the temperature at depth, on basal melting and ice dynamics. In future work, differences between model results will form the basis for the evaluation of the participating models.« less

Landslide-dammed paleolake perturbs marine sedimentation and drives genetic change in anadromous fish

PubMed Central

Mackey, Benjamin H.; Roering, Joshua J.; Lamb, Michael P.

2011-01-01

Large bedrock landslides have been shown to modulate rates and processes of river activity by forming dams, forcing upstream aggradation of water and sediment, and generating catastrophic outburst floods. Less apparent is the effect of large landslide dams on river ecosystems and marine sedimentation. Combining analyses of 1-m resolution topographic data (acquired via airborne laser mapping) and field investigation, we present evidence for a large, landslide-dammed paleolake along the Eel River, CA. The landslide mass initiated from a high-relief, resistant outcrop which failed catastrophically, blocking the Eel River with an approximately 130-m-tall dam. Support for the resulting 55-km-long, 1.3-km3 lake includes subtle shorelines cut into bounding terrain, deltas, and lacustrine sediments radiocarbon dated to 22.5 ka. The landslide provides an explanation for the recent genetic divergence of local anadromous (ocean-run) steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by blocking their migration route and causing gene flow between summer run and winter run reproductive ecotypes. Further, the dam arrested the prodigious flux of sediment down the Eel River; this cessation is recorded in marine sedimentary deposits as a 10-fold reduction in deposition rates of Eel-derived sediment and constitutes a rare example of a terrestrial event transmitted through the dispersal system and recorded offshore. PMID:22084068

Landslide-dammed paleolake perturbs marine sedimentation and drives genetic change in anadromous fish.

PubMed

Mackey, Benjamin H; Roering, Joshua J; Lamb, Michael P

2011-11-22

Large bedrock landslides have been shown to modulate rates and processes of river activity by forming dams, forcing upstream aggradation of water and sediment, and generating catastrophic outburst floods. Less apparent is the effect of large landslide dams on river ecosystems and marine sedimentation. Combining analyses of 1-m resolution topographic data (acquired via airborne laser mapping) and field investigation, we present evidence for a large, landslide-dammed paleolake along the Eel River, CA. The landslide mass initiated from a high-relief, resistant outcrop which failed catastrophically, blocking the Eel River with an approximately 130-m-tall dam. Support for the resulting 55-km-long, 1.3-km(3) lake includes subtle shorelines cut into bounding terrain, deltas, and lacustrine sediments radiocarbon dated to 22.5 ka. The landslide provides an explanation for the recent genetic divergence of local anadromous (ocean-run) steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by blocking their migration route and causing gene flow between summer run and winter run reproductive ecotypes. Further, the dam arrested the prodigious flux of sediment down the Eel River; this cessation is recorded in marine sedimentary deposits as a 10-fold reduction in deposition rates of Eel-derived sediment and constitutes a rare example of a terrestrial event transmitted through the dispersal system and recorded offshore.

Reversal of Increasing Tropical Ocean Hypoxia Trends With Sustained Climate Warming

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fu, Weiwei; Primeau, Francois; Keith Moore, J.; Lindsay, Keith; Randerson, James T.

2018-04-01

Dissolved oxygen (O2) is essential for the survival of marine animals. Climate change impacts on future oxygen distributions could modify species biogeography, trophic interactions, biodiversity, and biogeochemistry. The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 models predict a decreasing trend in marine O2 over the 21st century. Here we show that this increasing hypoxia trend reverses in the tropics after 2100 in the Community Earth System Model forced by atmospheric CO2 from the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 and Extended Concentration Pathway 8.5. In tropical intermediate waters between 200 and 1,000 m, the model predicts a steady decline of O2 and an expansion of oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) during the 21st century. By 2150, however, the trend reverses with oxygen concentration increasing and OMZ volume shrinking through 2300. A novel five-box model approach in conjunction with output from the full Earth system model is used to separate the contributions of biological and physical processes to the trends in tropical oxygen. The tropical O2 recovery is caused mainly by reductions in tropical biological export, coupled with a modest increase in ventilation after 2200. The time-evolving oxygen distribution impacts marine nitrogen cycling, with potentially important climate feedbacks.

Marine Corps Systems Command (MCSC) Advanced Planning Briefing To Industry (APBI)

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-05-14

High force protection bill associated with establishing and maintaining a secure lodgment – Ships densely packed, assemble ashore • MPF(F) – Operates...14 May 08 EXPEDITIONARY FIGHTING VEHICLE (EFV) Provide High Speed Transport of Embarked Marine Infantry From Ships Located Beyond the Horizon to...Business Size Crafting your RFI Response DO - Focus exclusively on Past Performance Provide a “Team” Brief Focus on “non-Priorities” Include

Amphibian Engineers in the Southwest Pacific

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-08

groups supporting Marine ground combat on small island chains. Such actions dominate the central Pacific. The ideal depiction of combat is Marine...to: first capture Tulagi and Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands, second capture the remainder of the Solomon Islands plus Lae and Salamaua, and...air, sea, and ground operations from New Guinea through the Solomons and into the Marianas. Seizing Rabaul was critical to the allied forces in the

Assessing the Organization and Capabilities of 4th Marine Logistics Group

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-05-14

Logistics Group (MLG) should adopt further organizational changes within specific parameters to complement the structure and capabilities of the Active...In order to enhance operational effectiveness and continue its mandated responsibility to augment and reinforce, 4th MLG should adopt further...of the Deputy Commandant, Installations and Logistics (DC, I&L), Marine Forces Reserve ( MFR ), and the MLGs. The paper also relies heavily on the

Guide to the Evaluation of Educational Experiences in the Armed Services. The 1978 Guide. 3: Coast Guard, Marine Corps, Navy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American Council on Education, Washington, DC. Office on Educational Credit.

Postsecondary educational credit recommendations for formal courses offered by the Coast Guard, the Marine Corps, the Navy, and the Department of Defense are provided in this third of a three-volume set. (Other volumes cover courses offered by the Army and by the Air Force. See note.) Also included are credit recommendations for Navy general rates…

American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-02-26

Air Force Marines Navya Killed in Action 144 96 20 22 6 Died of Wounds 4 2 2 Missing in Action—Declared Dead Captured—Declared Dead...Operation Enduring Freedom by Casualty Category Within Service (from October 7, 2001 through February 6, 2010) Casualty Type Total Army Navya Marines...Table 12. Operation Enduring Freedom, Military Wounded in Action (from October 7, 2001, through February 6, 2010) Casualty Type Totals Army Navya

Degradation of Artillery Skills

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

must contend with an insurgency that originally they were not prepared for. Fire and maneuver and combined arms doctrine gave way to Counter...that drove Suddam Husain from power has transitioned into a force contending with an insurgency that originally they were not prepared for. Fire and...Board, DTD 11 Feb 2008. Seaton III, James B. " Ruminations and Lamentations on Marine Artillery." Marine Corps Gazette, Volume 88, Issue 11 (Nov 2004): 75

Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2007

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-09-12

one of 200 marines and sailors) to discourage piracy and the slave trade along the Ivory coast, and to punish attacks by the natives on American... poaching . 1891 Chile. August 28 to 30. U.S. forces protected the American consulate and the women and children who had taken refuge in it during a

MAGTF’s for NEF’s: Revolutionary Adaptive Force Packaging or Getting by with Less

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-02-08

13. 14 Ibid., p. 2. 15. Captain Robert 0. Crawshaw , USN, "What is a Maritime Action Group?" U. S. Naval Institute Proceedings, January 1993. p. 28. 1...Amphibious Force Mediterranean" Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps, Information Paper, November 1993. Crawshaw , Captain Robert 0., USN, "What is a

Privatized Military Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

James C. Becker Jr, U.S. Marine Corps Lt Col Harry A. Berry , U.S. Air Force LTC Kenneth L. Boehme, U.S. Army Ms. Veronica R. Crutches, Department of...A. Wyche, Defense Logistics Agency Col Lawrence K. Grubbs, U.S. Air Force, PMO Faculty Col Patrick M. Shaw , U.S. Air Force, PMO Faculty LTC (P...unique services to Fortune 100 companies for whom PMO business is a minuscule portion of their annual revenue. Apart from a few dozen large, widely

A Women-Only Comparison of the U.S. Air Force Fitness Test and the Marine Combat Fitness Test

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-01

Air Force established the Fitness Assessment Cell to conduct fitness assessments for all Air Force members and to encourage standardization in...objective. “The MCFT was specifically designed to evaluate strength, stamina , agility and coordination as well as overall anaerobic capacity” (Department...1308.1, “Service members must possess stamina and strength to perform, successfully, any mission,” and that “…each service develops a quality 78

75 FR 45527 - Taking and Importing Marine Mammals; Military Training Activities and Research, Development...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-03

...NMFS, upon application from the U.S. Navy (Navy) on behalf of the Department of Defense (including the Navy, the U.S. Air Force (USAF), and the U.S. Marine Corps (USMC)), is issuing regulations to govern the unintentional taking of marine mammals incidental to activities conducted in the Mariana Islands Range Complex (MIRC) study area for the period of July 2010 through July 2015. The Navy's activities are considered military readiness activities pursuant to the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), as amended by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004 (NDAA). These regulations, which allow for the issuance of ``Letters of Authorization'' (LOAs) for the incidental take of marine mammals during the described activities and specified timeframes, prescribe the permissible methods of taking and other means of effecting the least practicable adverse impact on marine mammal species or stocks and their habitat, as well as requirements pertaining to the monitoring and reporting of such taking.

Biological communities in San Francisco Bay track large-scale climate forcing over the North Pacific

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cloern, James E.; Hieb, Kathryn A.; Jacobson, Teresa; Sansó, Bruno; Di Lorenzo, Emanuele; Stacey, Mark T.; Largier, John L.; Meiring, Wendy; Peterson, William T.; Powell, Thomas M.; Winder, Monika; Jassby, Alan D.

2010-11-01

Long-term observations show that fish and plankton populations in the ocean fluctuate in synchrony with large-scale climate patterns, but similar evidence is lacking for estuaries because of shorter observational records. Marine fish and invertebrates have been sampled in San Francisco Bay since 1980 and exhibit large, unexplained population changes including record-high abundances of common species after 1999. Our analysis shows that populations of demersal fish, crabs and shrimp covary with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO), both of which reversed signs in 1999. A time series model forced by the atmospheric driver of NPGO accounts for two-thirds of the variability in the first principal component of species abundances, and generalized linear models forced by PDO and NPGO account for most of the annual variability of individual species. We infer that synchronous shifts in climate patterns and community variability in San Francisco Bay are related to changes in oceanic wind forcing that modify coastal currents, upwelling intensity, surface temperature, and their influence on recruitment of marine species that utilize estuaries as nursery habitat. Ecological forecasts of estuarine responses to climate change must therefore consider how altered patterns of atmospheric forcing across ocean basins influence coastal oceanography as well as watershed hydrology.

Swimming activity in marine fish.

PubMed

Wardle, C S

1985-01-01

Marine fish are capable of swimming long distances in annual migrations; they are also capable of high-speed dashes of short duration, and they can occupy small home territories for long periods with little activity. There is a large effect of fish size on the distance fish migrate at slow swimming speeds. When chased by a fishing trawl the effect of fish size on swimming performance can decide their fate. The identity and thickness of muscle used at each speed and evidence for the timing of myotomes used during the body movement cycle can be detected using electromyogram (EMG) electrodes. The cross-sectional area of muscle needed to maintain different swimming speeds can be predicted by relating the swimming drag force to the muscle force. At maximum swimming speed one completed cycle of swimming force is derived in sequence from the whole cross-sectional area of the muscles along the two sides of the fish. This and other aspects of the swimming cycle suggest that each myotome might be responsible for generating forces involved in particular stages of the tail sweep. The thick myotomes at the head end shorten during the peak thrust of the tail blade whereas the thinner myotomes nearer the tail generate stiffness appropriate for transmission of these forces and reposition the tail for the next cycle.

Experimental studies on the enhanced performance of lightweight oil recovery using a combined electrocoagulation and magnetic field processes.

PubMed

Liu, Yang; Yang, Jie; Jiang, Wenming; Chen, Yimei; Yang, Chaojiang; Wang, Tianyu; Li, Yuxing

2018-08-01

On marine oil spill, inflammable lightweight oil has characteristics of explosion risk and contamination of marine enviroment, therefore treatment of stable emulsion with micron oil droplets is urgent. This study aimed to propose a combined electrocoagulation and magnetic field processes to enhance performance of lightweight oil recovery with lower energy consumption. The effects of current density, electrolysis time, strength and direction of magnetic field on the overall treatment efficiency of the reactor were explored. Furthermore, the comparison between coupling device and only electrocoagulation through tracking oil removal in nine regions between the electrodes. The results were shown that the permanent magnets applied was found to enhance demulsification process within electrocoagulation reactor. For a given current density of 60 A m -2 at 16 min, Lorentz force downward was proved to promote the sedimentation of coagulants. As the magnetic field strength increases from 20 to 60 mT, oil removal efficiency was observed to increase and then decrease, and simultaneously energy consumption reduced and then present constantly. The results were found that the magnetic field strength of 40 mT was optimal within electrocoagulation reactor, which can not only diminishe difference of mass transfer rate along the height of vertical plate but also consume lowest energy. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Influence of Aerosols on the Shortwave Cloud Radiative Forcing from North Pacific Oceanic Clouds: Results from the Cloud Indirect Forcing Experiment (CIFEX)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wilcox, Eric M.; Roberts, Greg; Ramanathan, V.

2006-01-01

Aerosols over the Northeastern Pacific Ocean enhance the cloud drop number concentration and reduce the drop size for marine stratocumulus and cumulus clouds. These microphysical effects result in brighter clouds, as evidenced by a combination of aircraft and satellite observations. In-situ measurements from the Cloud Indirect Forcing Experiment (CIFEX) indicate that the mean cloud drop number concentration in low clouds over the polluted marine boundary layer is greater by 53/cu cm compared to clean clouds, and the mean cloud drop effective radius is smaller by 4 microns. We link these in-situ measurements of cloud modification by aerosols, for the first time, with collocated satellite broadband radiative flux observations from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) to show that these microphysical effects of aerosols enhance the top-of-atmosphere cooling by -9.9+/-4.3 W/sq m for overcast conditions.

Meridional Modes and Increasing Pacific Decadal Variability Under Anthropogenic Forcing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liguori, Giovanni; Di Lorenzo, Emanuele

2018-01-01

Pacific decadal variability has strong impacts on the statistics of weather, atmosphere extremes, droughts, hurricanes, marine heatwaves, and marine ecosystems. Sea surface temperature (SST) observations show that the variance of the El Niño-like decadal variability has increased by 30% (1920-2015) with a stronger coupling between the major Pacific climate modes. Although we cannot attribute these trends to global climate change, the examination of 30 members of the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (LENS) forced with the RCP8.5 radiative forcing scenario (1920-2100) suggests that significant anthropogenic trends in Pacific decadal variance will emerge by 2020 in response to a more energetic North Pacific Meridional Mode (PMM)—a well-known El Niño precursor. The PMM is a key mechanism for energizing and coupling tropical and extratropical decadal variability. In the LENS, the increase in PMM variance is consistent with an intensification of the winds-evaporation-SST thermodynamic feedback that results from a warmer mean climate.

Morphology and mixing state of aged soot particles at a remote marine free troposphere site: Implications for optical properties

DOE PAGES

China, Swarup; Scarnato, Barbara; Owen, Robert C.; ...

2015-01-14

The radiative properties of soot particles depend on their morphology and mixing state, but their evolution during transport is still elusive. In this paper, we report observations from an electron microscopy analysis of individual particles transported in the free troposphere over long distances to the remote Pico Mountain Observatory in the Azores in the North Atlantic. Approximately 70% of the soot particles were highly compact and of those 26% were thinly coated. Discrete dipole approximation simulations indicate that this compaction results in an increase in soot single scattering albedo by a factor of ≤2.17. The top of the atmosphere directmore » radiative forcing is typically smaller for highly compact than mass-equivalent lacy soot. Lastly, the forcing estimated using Mie theory is within 12% of the forcing estimated using the discrete dipole approximation for a high surface albedo, implying that Mie calculations may provide a reasonable approximation for compact soot above remote marine clouds.« less

Minimizing coal terminal marine structure costs. A case history: Plaquemines Parish terminal. [Dock and piles design to absorb and distribute impact and longitudinal forces

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pardon, D.V.; Faeth, M.T.; Curth, O.

1981-01-01

At International Marine Terminals' Plaquemines Parish Terminal, design optimization was accomplished by optimizing the dock pile bent spacing and designing the superstructure to distribute berthing impact forces and bollard pulls over a large number of pile bents. Also, by resisting all longitudinal forces acting on the dock at a single location near the center of the structure, the number of longitudinal batter piles was minimized and the need for costly expansion joints was eliminated. Computer techniques were utilized to analyze and optimize the design of the new dock. Pile driving procedures were evaluated utilizing a wave equation technique. Tripod dolphinsmore » with a resilient fender system were provided. The resilent fender system, a combination of rubber shear type and wing type fenders, adds only a small percentage to the total cost of the dolphins but greatly increases their energy absorption capability.« less

Probe into the origin, development and evolution model of shelf desertizational environment in the last stage of Late Pleistocene

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, Hong-Jun; Liu, Jing-Pu; Shan, Qiu-Mei

1998-12-01

Based on study of China's shelf paleoenvironment, this paper summarises the definition of shelf desertization that occurred in the last stage of Late Pleistocene, and discusses the background of its formation and evolution process. Study of shallow layer profiler records and core data revealed that cold-dry aeolian erosion was the major exogenic force on the exposed shelf. Under the prevailing paleo-winter monsoon, part of the exposed marine stratum disintegrated into sand and then desertization occurred. The fine sediments were blown away and deposited on the leeward to form derivative loess deposits.

The extent and timing of the last British-Irish Ice Sheet offshore of west Ireland-preliminary findings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peters, Jared; Benetti, Sara; Dunlop, Paul; Cofaigh, Colm Ó.

2014-05-01

Recently interpreted marine geophysical data from the western Irish shelf has provided the first direct evidence that the last British-Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS) extended westwards onto the Irish continental shelf as a grounded ice mass composed of several lobes with marine-terminating margins. Marine terminating ice margins are known to be sensitive to external forcing mechanisms and currently there is concern regarding the future stability of marine based ice sheets, such as the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, in a warming world. Given its position, the glaciated western Irish continental shelf is a prime location to investigate the processes of how marine-based ice sheets responded to past climatic and oceanic events, which may in turn help us better predict the future trajectory of the marine sectors of modern Ice Sheets. However, despite the potential importance of the former Irish ice margin to our understanding of ice sheet behaviour, the timing and nature of its advance and retreat is currently poorly understood. This study aims to describe the depositional history of the last BIIS on the continental shelf west of Ireland and age-constrain the rate of retreat of two ice lobes that extended from Galway Bay and Clew Bay. This is being accomplished through a multifaceted analysis of at least 29 sediment cores gathered across the continental shelf offshore of counties Galway and Mayo, Ireland. This poster shows results from initial sedimentological descriptions of cores from the mid to outer shelf, which support previous geomorphic interpretations of BIIS history. Preliminary palaeoenvironmental results from ongoing micropaleontological analyses are also discussed and provide new data that verifies sedimentary interpretations on ice proximity. Finally, results from several radiocarbon dates are discussed, which limit these deposits to the last glacial maximum and constrain the timings of ice advance and retreat on the continental shelf west of Ireland.

Marine Corps Reservists Needs Assessment 2011

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-01

war . Journal of the American Medical Association, 298(18), 2141–2148. Vogt, D. S., Samper, R. E., King, D. W., King, L. A., & Martin, J. A. (2008...participants in the Global War on Terror. In recent years, Reservists have comprised between 20% and 40% of all deployed forces in Operation Enduring Freedom...inception in 1775, The Marine Corps has undoubtedly evolved its own cultural identity, of which it takes great pride. Beyond the need to characterize

Millennial Challenge: Retaining the Millennials After 2016

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-04-13

Washington D.C.: Pew Reseach Center, 2010. Pew Research Center. The Military-Civilian Gap: War and Sacrifice in the Post -9/11 Era. Social & Demographic...the test of time, and the Marine Corps continues to take individuals from society, indoctrinate them into its culture, provide the nation a force...efforts designed to draw down the Marine Corps from its authorized Fiscal Year (FY) 2012 end strength of 202,100 to the directed end strength of

Returning to Our Small Wars Roots: Preparing Marine Advisors to Help Other Lands Meet Future Threats

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-04-26

1918 uprising. Not surprisingly, the best qualified Marines like Smedley Butler were sent to France, adding to these challenges. When confronted... Robert S. McNamara authorized advisors for each province and advisory teams for each combat battalion. In addition to the increased role advisors...University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009), 51. 17 Ibid, 40. 18 Ibid. 19 Ramsey III, Robert D., Advising Indigenous Forces: American Advisors in

Simultaneity: A Question of Time, Space, Resources and Purpose

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-05-01

operational headquarters responsible for execution. 61 Preceded by special operations forces, US Army Rangers parachuted on Point Salines’ airfield at...approximately 0530 hours on 25 October.62 The 82nd Airborne Division and a Marine Amphibious Unit followed the Rangers . Despite a multitude of deviations...objectives in the south. 68 Vessey then approved the course of action that specified a coup de main in which US Army Rangers , Marines and airborne troops

Physical Fitness in the United States Marine Corps: History, Current Practices and Implications for Mission Accomplishment and Human Performance

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-12-01

elements of music , dance and writing, it heavily favored sports, physical training and athletic competition.12 B. AMERICAN FIGHTING FORCES From an...the heat of competition or duress, can reveal previously unbeknownst behavior characteristics . The mundane nature of the office or workshop...Observed Status: GREEN / YELLOW : Traditionally, young enlisted Marines and junior officers are amongst the most impressionable members of a unit

Defense Science Board Force Protection Panel Report to DSB

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-12-01

John Cowan, Jr., USMC USMC-MCCDC COL Dan Hahn, USA J-34 COL Hal Johnson, USA J-34 OPS Mr. Paul Kozemchak DARPA/ISO Mr. Roberto Mata ATSD(NCB)/CP CAPT...Ame Nelson, USN OPNAV N312 COL Robert Neubert , USA Army DCSOPS LtCol Roby, USAF AF/XOIIA Mr. John J. Sloan Defense Intelligence Agency Mr. Dan Spohn...Ame Nelson, USN 33. US Army Force Protection Budget: COL Robert Neubert , USA 34. US Marine Corps Force Protection Budget: LtCol Street, USMC 35. CBT

The Role of United States Army Special Forces in Operation NOBEL OBELISK

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-06-01

This thesis will examine U.S. Special Forces contributions to Operation NOBEL OBELISK, a Marine- led joint NEO in Sierra Leone in 1997. It is further...success of Joint Task Force NOBEL OBELISK. This operation led to the eventual safety of in excess of 2,500 civilians. Many of those civilians were... led many observers, both within and outside the country, to be optimistic about the future of democracy and the rule of law.”6 Unfortunately, twenty

Sustaining the Single Naval Battle: Enhancing USMC Expeditionary Logistics with the Addition of the Maritime Prepositioning Force (MPF) Auxiliary Dry Cargo / Ammunition Ships (T-AKES)

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-04-18

of Employment. Official Message. (CMC WASHINGTON DC PPO POE), DTG: 291447Z Mar 2010. 28 Military Sealift Command, Combat Logistics Force Webpage...Ammunition Ship (F-AKE) Concept of Employment. Official Message. (CMC WASHINGTON DC PPO POE), DTG: 291447Z Mar 2010. 28 30 Headquarters u.s. Marine Corps...Maritime Prepositioning Force (MPF) Auxiliary Dry Cargo/Ammunition Ship (I’-AKE) Concept of Employment. Official Message. (CMC WASHINGTON DC PPO POE

French Nuclear Forces in the 1980s and 1990s

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-08-01

the mid-1990s, the new force structure will be theoretically capable of inflicting massive destruc- tion against the Soviet Union as well as...capacity which turns national territory into a sanctuary. The current French nuclear force structure is shown in table 1 below. -2- TABLE 1 FRENCH...out in favor of the M-2 in 1974 which by 1977 had itself been supplanted by the M-20. The first Sous-marin Nucleaire Lanceur d’Engins I (SNLE) or

Minimum and Maximum Potential Contributions to Future Sea Level Rise from Polar Ice Sheets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deconto, R. M.; Pollard, D.

2017-12-01

New climate and ice-sheet modeling, calibrated to past changes in sea-level, is painting a stark picture of the future fate of the great polar ice sheets if greenhouse gas emissions continue unabated. This is especially true for Antarctica, where a substantial fraction of the ice sheet rests on bedrock more than 500-meters below sea level. Here, we explore the sensitivity of the polar ice sheets to a warming atmosphere and ocean under a range of future greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. The ice sheet-climate-ocean model used here considers time-evolving changes in surface mass balance and sub-ice oceanic melting, ice deformation, grounding line retreat on reverse-sloped bedrock (Marine Ice Sheet Instability), and newly added processes including hydrofracturing of ice shelves in response to surface meltwater and rain, and structural collapse of thick, marine-terminating ice margins with tall ice-cliff faces (Marine Ice Cliff Instability). The simulations improve on previous work by using 1) improved atmospheric forcing from a Regional Climate Model and 2) a much wider range of model physical parameters within the bounds of modern observations of ice dynamical processes (particularly calving rates) and paleo constraints on past ice-sheet response to warming. Approaches to more precisely define the climatic thresholds capable of triggering rapid and potentially irreversible ice-sheet retreat are also discussed, as is the potential for aggressive mitigation strategies like those discussed at the 2015 Paris Climate Conference (COP21) to substantially reduce the risk of extreme sea-level rise. These results, including physics that consider both ice deformation (creep) and calving (mechanical failure of marine terminating ice) expand on previously estimated limits of maximum rates of future sea level rise based solely on kinematic constraints of glacier flow. At the high end, the new results show the potential for more than 2m of global mean sea level rise by 2100, implying that physically plausible upper limits on future sea-level rise might need to be reconsidered.

33 CFR 165.1184 - Safety Zone; Coast Guard Use of Force Training Exercises, San Pablo Bay, CA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., CA. (a) Location. This safety zone will apply to the navigable waters in the San Pablo Bay, and will... Force Training Exercises, San Pablo Bay, CA. 165.1184 Section 165.1184 Navigation and Navigable Waters... Coast Guard will notify the public via a Broadcast Notice to Mariners prior to the activation of this...

33 CFR 165.1184 - Safety Zone; Coast Guard Use of Force Training Exercises, San Pablo Bay, CA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., CA. (a) Location. This safety zone will apply to the navigable waters in the San Pablo Bay, and will... Force Training Exercises, San Pablo Bay, CA. 165.1184 Section 165.1184 Navigation and Navigable Waters... Coast Guard will notify the public via a Broadcast Notice to Mariners prior to the activation of this...

33 CFR 165.1184 - Safety Zone; Coast Guard Use of Force Training Exercises, San Pablo Bay, CA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., CA. (a) Location. This safety zone will apply to the navigable waters in the San Pablo Bay, and will... Force Training Exercises, San Pablo Bay, CA. 165.1184 Section 165.1184 Navigation and Navigable Waters... Coast Guard will notify the public via a Broadcast Notice to Mariners prior to the activation of this...

33 CFR 165.1184 - Safety Zone; Coast Guard Use of Force Training Exercises, San Pablo Bay, CA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., CA. (a) Location. This safety zone will apply to the navigable waters in the San Pablo Bay, and will... Force Training Exercises, San Pablo Bay, CA. 165.1184 Section 165.1184 Navigation and Navigable Waters... Coast Guard will notify the public via a Broadcast Notice to Mariners prior to the activation of this...

Joint Chiefs of Staff > Media > Speeches

Science.gov Websites

Facebook on Flickr Joint Chiefs Army Chief of Staff Marine Corps Commandant Chief of Naval Operations Air Force Chief of Staff Chief of National Guard Bureau Biographies Directorates Directorates of Management introduce you to somebody. Right there is the chief of staff of the Air Force. Now, why am I - why am I

Integrating Space Systems Operations at the Marine Expeditionary Force Level

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-01

Electromagnetic Interference ENVI Environment for Visualizing Images EW Electronic Warfare xvi FA40 Space Operations Officer FEC Fires and Effects...Information Facility SFE Space Force Enhancement SIGINT Signals Intelligence SSA Space Situational Awareness SSE Space Support Element STK Systems...April 23, 2015. 65 • GPS Interference and Navigation Tool (GIANT) for providing GPS accuracy prediction reports • Systems Toolkit ( STK ) Analysis

An Operational Utility Assessment: Measuring the Effectiveness of the Joint Concept Technology Demonstration (JCTD), Joint Forces Protection Advance Security System (JFPASS)

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-12-01

time- on-task in deploying a patrol force, for example. In its most basic form, an FOB consists of a ring of barbed wire around a position with a...Modernizing The Marine Corps’ CH- 53 Super Stallion Helicopter,” Thesis, NPS (December 2001). HIGH LEVEL OF IMPORTANCE LOW 62 TASKS

Department of the Navy 1994 Posture Statement. ’Revolutionizing Our Naval Forces’

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-01-01

heavy metals . "* Marine biochemistry and remediation of harbor sediments . "* Vessel anti-fouling coatings based on environmentally benign compounds...Naval: and Coast Guard assets, often in company with foreign navies, are performing Maritime Interception Operations in-theRed Sea and Northern Arabian ...FROM THE SEA : NAVAL FORCES IN ACTION ......................... 7 NATIONAL COMMAND AUTHORITIES ................................. 8

Large-eddy simulation of subtropical cloud-topped boundary layers: 1. A forcing framework with closed surface energy balance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tan, Zhihong; Schneider, Tapio; Teixeira, João.; Pressel, Kyle G.

2016-12-01

Large-eddy simulation (LES) of clouds has the potential to resolve a central question in climate dynamics, namely, how subtropical marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds respond to global warming. However, large-scale processes need to be prescribed or represented parameterically in the limited-area LES domains. It is important that the representation of large-scale processes satisfies constraints such as a closed energy balance in a manner that is realizable under climate change. For example, LES with fixed sea surface temperatures usually do not close the surface energy balance, potentially leading to spurious surface fluxes and cloud responses to climate change. Here a framework of forcing LES of subtropical MBL clouds is presented that enforces a closed surface energy balance by coupling atmospheric LES to an ocean mixed layer with a sea surface temperature (SST) that depends on radiative fluxes and sensible and latent heat fluxes at the surface. A variety of subtropical MBL cloud regimes (stratocumulus, cumulus, and stratocumulus over cumulus) are simulated successfully within this framework. However, unlike in conventional frameworks with fixed SST, feedbacks between cloud cover and SST arise, which can lead to sudden transitions between cloud regimes (e.g., stratocumulus to cumulus) as forcing parameters are varied. The simulations validate this framework for studies of MBL clouds and establish its usefulness for studies of how the clouds respond to climate change.

Bottom of the Food Chain.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ludwigson, John

1983-01-01

An overwhelming biomass of microscopic organisms is forcing revision of the conventional notions of what eats what in the seas. The nature and importance of these marine microorganisms are discussed. (JN)

Laser eye injuries among U.S. military personnel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Johnson, Thomas E.; Keeler, Natalie; Wartick, Ardith L.

2003-06-01

In this study reports of laser injuries in all three military services (Air Force, Army and Navy/Marine) are compared. In collecting data for this study laser injury reports provided by Rockwell Laser Industries (RLI), the United States Army Medical Research Detachment of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research which maintains the Laser Accident and Incident Registry (LAIR), the Food and Drug Administration's Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), and the three service Safety Centers. We found a total of 29 laser injury reports that met our case definition. Since 1965, when the first injury occurred, there have been 6 Air Force, 15 Army, and 8 Navy/Marine injuries reported. Statistical analysis of data analyzed thus far shows no difference between the services in 8-year risk groupings between 1965-2002.

Evaluating competing forces constraining glacial grounding-line stability (Invited)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Powell, R. D.

2013-12-01

Stability of grounding lines of marine-terminating glaciers and ice sheets is of concern due to their importance in governing rates of ice mass loss and consequent sea level rise during global warming. Although processes are similar at tidewater and floating grounding zones their relative magnitudes in terms of their influence on grounding-line stability vary between these two end members. Processes considered Important for this discussion are ice dynamics, ice surface melting and crevassing, ocean dynamics, subglacial sediment and water dynamics, and subglacial bed geometries. Models have continued to improve in their representation of these complex interactions but reliable field measurements and data continue to be hard earned and too few to properly constrain the range of boundary conditions in this complicated system. Some data will be presented covering a range of regimes from Alaska, Svalbard and Antarctica. Certainly more data are required on subglacial sediment/water dynamics and fluxes to fully represent the spectrum of glacial regimes and to assess the significance of grounding-zone sediment systems in counteracting the other processes to force grounding-line stability. Especially important here is constraining the duration of the stability that could be maintained by sediment flux - present data appear to show that it is likely to be a limited period.

The Biogeochemical Response to Inter-decadal Atmospheric Forcing Across Watershed Scales in Canada's Subarctic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Spence, C.

2016-12-01

Rapid landscape changes in the circumpolar north have been documented, including degradation of permafrost and alteration of vegetation communities. These are widely expected to have profound impacts on the freshwater fluxes of solutes, carbon and nitrogen across the Arctic domain. However, there have been few attempts to document trends across the diversity of landscapes in the circumpolar north, mostly due to a dearth of long term data. Some of the fastest rates of warming over the last thirty years have occurred in Canada's Northwest Territories, so this region should already exhibit changes in aquatic chemistry. Observations of chemical loads in streams draining the ice-poor discontinuous permafrost subarctic Canadian Shield region were analyzed with the goal of determining how basins across scales have responded to changes in atmospheric forcing. Smaller streams, with much closer linkages to terrestrial processes, experienced a synchrony among hydrological and biogeochemical processes that enhanced chemical flux above that in their larger counterparts. This demonstrates that there are differences in resiliency and resistance across scales to climate change. These results highlight the importance of biogeochemical process understanding to properly explain and predict how chemical loading scales from headwaters to river mouths. This is important information if society is to properly adapt policies for effluent discharge, nearshore marine management, among others.

Oceanic response to buoyancy, wind and tidal forcing in a Greenlandic glacial fjord

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carroll, D.; Sutherland, D.; Shroyer, E.; Nash, J. D.

2013-12-01

The Greenland Ice Sheet is losing mass at an accelerating rate. This acceleration may in part be due to changes in oceanic heat transport to marine-terminating outlet glaciers. Ocean heat transport to glaciers depends upon fjord dynamics, which include buoyancy-driven estuarine exchange flow, tides, internal waves, turbulent mixing, and connections to the continental shelf. A 3D model of Rink Isbrae fjord in West Greenland is used to investigate the role of ocean forcing on heat transport to the glacier face. Initial conditions are prescribed from oceanographic field data collected in Summer 2013; wind and tidal forcing, along with meltwater flux, are varied in individual model runs. Subglacial meltwater flux values range from 25-500 m3 s-1. For low discharge values, a subsurface plume drives circulation in the fjord. Our simulations indicate that offshore wind forcing is the dominant mechanism for exchange flow between the fjord and the continental shelf. These results show that glacial fjord circulation is a complex, 3D process with multi-cell estuarine circulation and large velocity shears due to coastal winds. Our results are a first step towards a realistic 3D representation of a high-latitude glacial fjord in a numerical model, and will provide insight to future observational studies.

Remote sensing in the coastal and marine environment. Proceedings of the US North Atlantic Regional Workshop

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zaitzeff, J. B. (Editor); Cornillon, P. (Editor); Aubrey, D. A. (Editor)

1980-01-01

Presentations were grouped in the following categories: (1) a technical orientation of Earth resources remote sensing including data sources and processing; (2) a review of the present status of remote sensing technology applicable to the coastal and marine environment; (3) a description of data and information needs of selected coastal and marine activities; and (4) an outline of plans for marine monitoring systems for the east coast and a concept for an east coast remote sensing facility. Also discussed were user needs and remote sensing potentials in the areas of coastal processes and management, commercial and recreational fisheries, and marine physical processes.

The study of the effects of sea-spray drops on the marine atmospheric boundary layer by direct numerical simulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Druzhinin, O.; Troitskaya, Yu; Zilitinkevich, S.

2018-01-01

The detailed knowledge of turbulent exchange processes occurring in the atmospheric marine boundary layer are of primary importance for their correct parameterization in large-scale prognostic models. These processes are complicated, especially at sufficiently strong wind forcing conditions, by the presence of sea-spray drops which are torn off the crests of sufficiently steep surface waves by the wind gusts. Natural observations indicate that mass fraction of sea-spray drops increases with wind speed and their impact on the dynamics of the air in the vicinity of the sea surface can become quite significant. Field experiments, however, are limited by insufficient accuracy of the acquired data and are in general costly and difficult. Laboratory modeling presents another route to investigate the spray-mediated exchange processes in much more detail as compared to the natural experiments. However, laboratory measurements, contact as well as Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) methods, also suffer from inability to resolve the dynamics of the near-surface air-flow, especially in the surface wave troughs. In this report, we present a first attempt to use Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) as tool for investigation of the drops-mediated momentum, heat and moisture transfer in a turbulent, droplet-laden air flow over a wavy water surface. DNS is capable of resolving the details of the transfer processes and do not involve any closure assumptions typical of Large-Eddy and Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (LES and RANS) simulations. Thus DNS provides a basis for improving parameterizations in LES and RANS closure models and further development of large-scale prognostic models. In particular, we discuss numerical results showing the details of the modification of the air flow velocity, temperature and relative humidity fields by multidisperse, evaporating drops. We use Eulerian-Lagrangian approach where the equations for the air-flow fields are solved in a Eulerian frame whereas the drops dymanics equations are solved in a Largangain frame. The effects of air flow and drops on the water surface wave are neglected. A point-force approximation is employed to model the feed-back contributions by the drops to the air momentum, heat and moisture transfer.

Do Offshore Wind Farms Influence Marine Primary Production?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tweddle, J. F.; Murray, R. B. O.; Gubbins, M.; Scott, B. E.

2016-02-01

Primary producers (phytoplankton) form the basis of marine food-webs, supporting production of higher trophic levels, and act as a sink of CO2. We considered the impact of proposed large scale offshore wind farms in moderately deep waters (> 45 m) off the east coast of Scotland on rates of primary production. A 2 stage modelling process was used, employing state-of-the-art 3-D hydrographic models with the ability to capture flow at the spatial resolution of 10 m combined with 1-D vertical modelling using 7 years of local forcing data. Through influencing the strength of stratification via changes in current flow, large (100 m) modelled wind turbine foundations had a significant effect on primary producers, consistently reducing total annual primary production, although within the range of natural interannual variability. The percentage reduction was largest over submarine banks less than 54 m in depth, and was outside the range of natural interannual variability. Smaller (10 m) turbine foundations had no discernible effect on total annual primary production. The results indicate that smaller foundations should be favored as a mitigation measure, in terms of effects on primary production, and this type of analysis should be considered within sectoral planning and licensing processes for future renewable energy developments.

Recent Advances in Marine Enzymes for Biotechnological Processes.

PubMed

Lima, R N; Porto, A L M

In the last decade, new trends in the food and pharmaceutical industries have increased concern for the quality and safety of products. The use of biocatalytic processes using marine enzymes has become an important and useful natural product for biotechnological applications. Bioprocesses using biocatalysts like marine enzymes (fungi, bacteria, plants, animals, algae, etc.) offer hyperthermostability, salt tolerance, barophilicity, cold adaptability, chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, and stereoselectivity. Currently, enzymatic methods are used to produce a large variety of products that humans consume, and the specific nature of the enzymes including processing under mild pH and temperature conditions result in fewer unwanted side-effects and by-products. This offers high selectivity in industrial processes. The marine habitat has been become increasingly studied because it represents a huge source potential biocatalysts. Enzymes include oxidoreductases, hydrolases, transferases, isomerases, ligases, and lyases that can be used in food and pharmaceutical applications. Finally, recent advances in biotechnological processes using enzymes of marine organisms (bacterial, fungi, algal, and sponges) are described and also our work on marine organisms from South America, especially marine-derived fungi and bacteria involved in biotransformations and biodegradation of organic compounds. © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Highlights of marine invertebrate-derived biosynthetic products: Their biomedical potential and possible production by microbial associants

PubMed Central

Radjasa, Ocky K.; Vaske, Yvette M.; Navarro, Gabriel; Vervoort, Hélène C.; Tenney, Karen; Linington, Roger G.; Crews, Phillip

2011-01-01

Coral reefs are among the most productive marine ecosystems and are the source of a large group of structurally unique biosynthetic products. Annual reviews of marine natural products continue to illustrate that the most prolific source of bioactive compounds consist of coral reef invertebrates—sponges, ascidians, mollusks, and bryozoans. This account examines recent milestone developments pertaining to compounds from invertebrates designated as therapeutic leads for biomedical discovery. The focus is on the secondary metabolites, their inspirational structural scaffolds and the possible role of microorganism associants in their biosynthesis. Also important are the increasing concerns regarding the collection of reef invertebrates for the discovery process. The case examples considered here will be useful to insure that future research to unearth bioactive invertebrate-derived compounds will be carried out in a sustainable and environmentally conscious fashion. Our account begins with some observations pertaining to the natural history of these organisms. Many still believe that a serious obstacle to the ultimate development of a marine natural product isolated from coral reef invertebrates is the problem of compound supply. Recent achievements through total synthesis can now be drawn on to forcefully cast this myth aside. The tools of semisynthesis of complex natural products or insights from SAR efforts to simplify an active pharmacophore are at hand and demand discussion. Equally exciting is the prospect that invertebrate-associated micro-organisms may represent the next frontier to accelerate the development of high priority therapeutic candidates. Currently in the United States there are two FDA approved marine-derived therapeutic drugs and two others that are often cited as being marine-inspired. This record will be examined first followed by an analysis of a dozen of our favorite examples of coral reef invertebrate natural products having therapeutic potential. The record of using complex scaffolds of marine invertebrate products as the starting point for development will be reviewed by considering eight case examples. The potential promise of developing invertebrate-derived micro-organisms as the starting point for further exploration of therapeutically relevant structures is considered. Also significant is the circumstance that there are some 14 sponge-derived compounds that are available to facilitate fundamental biological investigations. PMID:21835627

A framework for interactive visual analysis of heterogeneous marine data in an integrated problem solving environment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Shuai; Chen, Ge; Yao, Shifeng; Tian, Fenglin; Liu, Wei

2017-07-01

This paper presents a novel integrated marine visualization framework which focuses on processing, analyzing the multi-dimension spatiotemporal marine data in one workflow. Effective marine data visualization is needed in terms of extracting useful patterns, recognizing changes, and understanding physical processes in oceanography researches. However, the multi-source, multi-format, multi-dimension characteristics of marine data pose a challenge for interactive and feasible (timely) marine data analysis and visualization in one workflow. And, global multi-resolution virtual terrain environment is also needed to give oceanographers and the public a real geographic background reference and to help them to identify the geographical variation of ocean phenomena. This paper introduces a data integration and processing method to efficiently visualize and analyze the heterogeneous marine data. Based on the data we processed, several GPU-based visualization methods are explored to interactively demonstrate marine data. GPU-tessellated global terrain rendering using ETOPO1 data is realized and the video memory usage is controlled to ensure high efficiency. A modified ray-casting algorithm for the uneven multi-section Argo volume data is also presented and the transfer function is designed to analyze the 3D structure of ocean phenomena. Based on the framework we designed, an integrated visualization system is realized. The effectiveness and efficiency of the framework is demonstrated. This system is expected to make a significant contribution to the demonstration and understanding of marine physical process in a virtual global environment.

Marine Isotope Stage 11 : The Role of Co2, Insolation and Antarctica Ice Sheet On This Interglacial

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Raynaud, D.; Loutre, M. F.; Ritz, C.; Barnola, J.-M.; Berger, A.; Chappellaz, J.; Jouzel, J.; Lipenkov, V.; Petit, J.-R.; Vimeux, F.

The Marine Isotopic Stage 11 (MIS 11), around 400kyr BP ago, has been suggested as an analogue for a future climate under natural forcing because of the similar condi- tions of orbitally driven insolation during this interglacial period and the one covering the Holocene and the near future. There are many open questions about unusual MIS 11 climatic conditions (length of the interglacial, temperature, sea level, marine car- bonate system), as recorded in different marine and continental records. The Antarctic Vostok ice core provides the only atmospheric record extending back to MIS 11 and we use it to discuss the Antarctic temperature, the atmospheric CO2 concentration and the ice sheet stability in the central part of East Antarctica during this interglacial. The unique nature of the Vostok atmospheric record leads us to use the available Vos- tok data to drive climate and ice sheet models for MIS 11. A model of intermediate complexity (LLN-2D model) is used to investigate the sensitivity of the simulated MIS 11 deglaciation to the interplay between insolation and CO2. It is shown that the length of the simulated interglacial depends strongly on the phasing between these two climate forcings. We also investigate the response of the Antarctic Ice Sheet to changing climate through simulations performed with the LGGE 3-D ice sheet model. The results indicate that sea level stands during MIS 11 as high as 20 m. above present level, as suggested by different elevated marine terraces, cannot be explained, except by assuming that MIS 11 was very dry over Antarctica.

Varying Influence of Different Forcings on the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool Climate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mohtadi, M.; Huang, E.; Hollstein, M.; Chen, Y.; Schefuß, E.; Rosenthal, Y.; Prange, M.; Oppo, D.; Liu, J.; Steinke, S.; Martinez-Mendez, G.; Tian, J.; Moffa-Sanchez, P.; Lückge, A.

2017-12-01

Proxy records of rainfall in marine archives from the eastern and western parts of the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) vary at precessional band and suggest a dominant role of orbital forcing by modulating monsoon rainfall and the position of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone. Rainfall changes recorded in marine archives from the northern South China Sea reveal a more complex history. They are largely consistent with those recorded in the Chinese cave speleothems during glacial periods, but show opposite changes during interglacial peaks that coincide with strong Northern Hemisphere summer insolation maxima. During glacial periods, the establishment of massive Northern Hemisphere ice sheets and the exposure of broad continental shelves in East and Southeast Asia alter the large-scale routes and amounts of water vapor transport onto land relative to interglacials. Precipitation over China during glacials varies at precessional band and is dominated by water vapor transport from the nearby tropical and northwest Pacific, resulting in consistent changes in precipitation over large areas. In the absence of ice forcing during peak interglacials with a strong summer insolation, the low-level southerly monsoonal winds mainly of the Indian Ocean origin penetrate further landward and rainout along their path over China. Subsurface temperatures from the IPWP lack changes on glacial-interglacial timescales but follow the obliquity cycle, and suggest that obliquity-paced climate variations at mid-latitudes remotely control subsurface temperatures in the IPWP. Temperature and rainfall in the IPWP respond primarily to abrupt climate changes in the North Atlantic on millennial timescales, and to ENSO and solar forcing on interannual to decadal timescales. In summary, results from marine records reveal that the IPWP climate is sensitive to changes in spatial and temporal distribution of heat by many types of forcing, the influence of which seems to vary in time and space.

Functional Innovations and the Conquest of the Oceans by Acanthomorph Fishes.

PubMed

Wainwright, Peter C; Longo, Sarah J

2017-06-05

The world's oceans are home to many fantastic creatures, including about 16,000 species of actinopterygian, or ray-finned, fishes. Notably, 85% of marine fish species come from a single actinopterygian subgroup, the acanthomorph or spiny-rayed fishes. Here, we review eight functional innovations found in marine acanthomorphs that have been instrumental in the adaptive radiation of this group in the marine realm. Jaw protrusion substantially enhances the suction feeding mechanism found in all fish. Fin spines serve as a major deterrent to predators and enhance the locomotor function of fins. Pharyngognathy, a specialization of the second pair of jaws in the pharynx, enhances the ability of fishes to process hard and tough prey. Endothermy allows fishes to function at high levels of physiological performance in cold waters and facilitates frequent movement across strong thermal gradients found in the open ocean. Intramandibular joints enhance feeding for fishes that bite and scrape prey attached to hard surfaces. Antifreeze proteins prevent ice crystal growth in extracellular fluids, allowing fish to function in cold waters that would otherwise freeze them. Air-breathing allowed fishes at the water's edge to exploit terrestrial habitats. Finally, bioluminescence functions in communication, attracting prey and in hiding from predators, particularly for fishes of the deep ocean. All of these innovations have evolved multiple times in fishes. The frequent occurrence of convergent evolution of these complex functional novelties speaks to the persistence and potency of the selective forces in marine environments that challenge fishes and stimulate innovation. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Contrasting Heat Budget Dynamics During Two La Niña Marine Heat Wave Events Along Northwestern Australia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Jiangtao; Lowe, Ryan J.; Ivey, Gregory N.; Jones, Nicole L.; Zhang, Zhenling

2018-02-01

Two marine heat wave events along Western Australia (WA) during the alternate austral summer periods of 2010/2011 and 2012/2013, both linked to La Niña conditions, severely impacted marine ecosystems over more than 12° of latitude, which included the unprecedented bleaching of many coral reefs. Although these two heat waves were forced by similar large-scale climate drivers, the warming patterns differed substantially between events. The central coast of WA (south of 22°S) experienced greater warming in 2010/2011, whereas the northwestern coast of WA experienced greater warming in 2012/2013. To investigate how oceanic and atmospheric heat exchange processes drove these different spatial patterns, an analysis of the ocean heat budget was conducted by integrating remote sensing observations, in situ mooring data, and a high-resolution (˜1 km) ocean circulation model (Regional Ocean Modeling System). The results revealed substantial spatial differences in the relative contributions made by heat advection and air-sea heat exchange between the two heat wave events. During 2010/2011, anomalous warming driven by heat advection was present throughout the region but was much stronger south of 22°S where the poleward-flowing Leeuwin Current strengthens. During 2012/2013, air-sea heat exchange had a much more positive (warming) influence on sea surface temperatures (especially in the northwest), and when combined with a more positive contribution of heat advection in the north, this can explain the regional differences in warming between these two La Niña-associated marine heat wave events.

Evaluating WRF-Chem aerosol indirect effects in Southeast Pacific marine stratocumulus during VOCALS-REx

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Saide, Pablo; Spak, S. N.; Carmichael, Gregory

2012-03-30

We evaluate a regional-scale simulation with the WRF-Chem model for the VAMOS (Variability of the American Monsoon Systems) Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx), which sampled the Southeast Pacific's persistent stratocumulus deck. Evaluation of VOCALS-REx ship-based and aircraft observations focuses on analyzing how aerosol loading affects marine boundary layer (MBL) dynamics and cloud microphysics. We compare local time series and campaign averaged longitudinal gradients, and highlight differences in model simulations with (W) and without wet (NW) deposition processes. The higher aerosol loadings in the NW case produce considerable changes in MBL dynamics and cloud microphysics, in accordance with the established conceptualmore » model of aerosol indirect effects. These include increase in cloud albedo, increase in MBL and cloud heights, drizzle suppression, increase in liquid water content, and increase in cloud lifetime. Moreover, better statistical representation of aerosol mass and number concentration improves model fidelity in reproducing observed spatial and temporal variability in cloud properties, including top and base height, droplet concentration, water content, rain rate, optical depth (COD) and liquid water path (LWP). Together, these help to quantify confidence in WRF-Chem's modeled aerosol-cloud interactions, while identifying structural and parametric uncertainties including: irreversibility in rain wet removal; overestimation of marine DMS and sea salt emissions and accelerated aqueous sulfate conversion. Our findings suggest that WRF-Chem simulates marine cloud-aerosol interactions at a level sufficient for applications in forecasting weather and air quality and studying aerosol climate forcing, including the reliability required for policy analysis and geo-engineering applications.« less

Environmental forcing and Southern Ocean marine predator populations: effects of climate change and variability.

PubMed

Trathan, P N; Forcada, J; Murphy, E J

2007-12-29

The Southern Ocean is a major component within the global ocean and climate system and potentially the location where the most rapid climate change is most likely to happen, particularly in the high-latitude polar regions. In these regions, even small temperature changes can potentially lead to major environmental perturbations. Climate change is likely to be regional and may be expressed in various ways, including alterations to climate and weather patterns across a variety of time-scales that include changes to the long interdecadal background signals such as the development of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Oscillating climate signals such as ENSO potentially provide a unique opportunity to explore how biological communities respond to change. This approach is based on the premise that biological responses to shorter-term sub-decadal climate variability signals are potentially the best predictor of biological responses over longer time-scales. Around the Southern Ocean, marine predator populations show periodicity in breeding performance and productivity, with relationships with the environment driven by physical forcing from the ENSO region in the Pacific. Wherever examined, these relationships are congruent with mid-trophic-level processes that are also correlated with environmental variability. The short-term changes to ecosystem structure and function observed during ENSO events herald potential long-term changes that may ensue following regional climate change. For example, in the South Atlantic, failure of Antarctic krill recruitment will inevitably foreshadow recruitment failures in a range of higher trophic-level marine predators. Where predator species are not able to accommodate by switching to other prey species, population-level changes will follow. The Southern Ocean, though oceanographically interconnected, is not a single ecosystem and different areas are dominated by different food webs. Where species occupy different positions in different regional food webs, there is the potential to make predictions about future change scenarios.

14. INTERIOR OF TYPICAL SLEEPING QUARTERS, BUILDING 208, LOOKING SOUTHEAST. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

14. INTERIOR OF TYPICAL SLEEPING QUARTERS, BUILDING 208, LOOKING SOUTHEAST. - Mill Valley Air Force Station, Bachelor Airmen Quarters, East Ridgecrest Boulevard, Mount Tamalpais, Mill Valley, Marin County, CA

1. EXTERIOR OF BUILDING 402, CIVIL ENGINEERING STORAGE, LOOKING SOUTH. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. EXTERIOR OF BUILDING 402, CIVIL ENGINEERING STORAGE, LOOKING SOUTH. - Mill Valley Air Force Station, Civil Engineering Storage, East Ridgecrest Boulevard, Mount Tamalpais, Mill Valley, Marin County, CA

Timing of the Toarcian Ocean Anoxic Event (Early Jurassic) from correlation of astronomically forced global stratigraphic sections

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, C.; Hinnov, L. A.; Hesselbo, S. P.

2012-12-01

The Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE) in the Early Jurassic Period is associated with a major negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE), mass extinction, marine transgression and global warming. The Toarcian OAE is thought to have been caused by flood basalt magmatism, and may have been a trigger for mass extinction. However, these proposed causes of the Toarcian OAE and associated biotic crisis are not adequately resolved by a precise chronology. The duration of the Toarcian OAE has been estimated to be anywhere from ~0.12 to ~0.9 Myr, most recently 0.74 to 3.26 Myr from U-Pb dating. The CIE associated with the Toarcian OAE has a similar pattern at numerous localities, and there is evidence for astronomical forcing of marine carbon isotopes. Here we estimate a duration of ~625 kyr for the main negative CIE, ~860 kyr for the polymorphum zone and >1.58 Myr for the levisoni zone based on 405-kyr astronomical eccentricity tuning of the marine section at Peniche (Portugal). This 405-kyr tuned series provides a ~2.5 Myr continuous high-resolution chronology through the Early Toarcian. There are 6, or possibly 7 short eccentricity cycles in the main CIE interval at Peniche. To confirm this astronomically based estimate, we analyzed five other sections at Yorkshire (UK), Dotternhausen (Germany), Valdorbia (Italy), Mechowo (Poland) and Serrucho, Neuquén (Argentina), from marine and terrestrial carbon isotopic series. These six stratigraphic sections from Early Jurassic western Tethys and eastern Panthalassa record the Toarcian OAE with ~6 prominent carbon isotope cycles in the CIE that provide us a 600 ± 100 kyr duration. The Peniche 405 kyr-tuned series indicates that the pre- and post-CIE intervals experienced strong precession-eccentricity-forced climate change, whereas the CIE interval is marked by dominant obliquity forcing. These dramatic and abrupt changes in astronomical response in the carbon isotopes point to fundamental shifting in the Early Toarcian paleoclimate system that is directly linked to the global carbon cycle.

Critical Mass: Is Female Marine Attrition Higher in Non-Traditional Military Occupational Specialties

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-01

quantitative study, does not include interviews or survey data, and focuses on whether critical mass is a factor in explaining female Marine attrition...any variety of reasons. Pregnancy or childbirth and being the surviving family member were the only two separation reasons due to family matters. The...includes reasons such as “attend civilian school,” “ early release program special- separation,” “ early retirement” and “force shaping.” These reasons

Cyber for the Middleweight Fighter: Recommendations for Cyberspace Capabilities for the United States Marine Corps

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-02-14

L acts to “provided resources for national and joint kinetic attack requirements.”24 Additionally, the Marine Corps Force Structure Review Group...for unusual system activity and searching for signs of known malware, unlike what is depicted in movies such as Hackers, where opposing cyber...never admitted involvement but the attacks originated in Russia. The FBI code name for the inquiry was Moonlight Maze. 29. Jeffrey Carr, Inside Cyber

U.S. Marine Corps Concepts & Programs 2009

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

war efforts in the CENTCOM AOR — that will demand balanced apportionment of limited re- sources . In this, the Marine Corps has identified four...Strike Fighter (JSF) Transition Plan 123 MV-22 Osprey Program 125 H-1 Upgrade (UH-1Y Huey/AH-1Z Cobra) 127 KC-130 Hercules 129 CH-53K Heavy Lift...leading joint-service development of our light, medium and heavy tactical wheeled vehicles for the joint force. The Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EFV

The Military Compensation and Retirement Modernization Commission’s Blended Retirement Plan: Implications for Marine Corps Force Management Objectives

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-10-01

short- and long-term finances of individual AC Marines. Here, we analyze how the BRS is expected to affect annual take-home pay (associated with...profile enough to require mitigating strategies. We also estimated the BRS’s effect on the short- and long-term finances of individual... Corporation . Monograph MG-764-OSD. 122 [13] Hudson, Rex, and Alice R. Buchalter. 2007. A Summary of Major Military Retirement Reform

Combat Policing: The Application of Selected Law Enforcement Techniques to Enhance Infantry Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-05-09

time, moving closer to a point where they try to achieve peer status with the occupying force.5 The initial Iraqi insurgency was largely composed of...into the nearest shop he could observe which sold phones. After a moment of strangely tense conversation with the shopkeeper, he peered behind the...Cartels: Insurgents Defeated with a Counterinsurgency Strategy.” Marine Corps Gazette. Jan 2012. Combat Hunter Homepage. U.S. Marine Corps Mobile

Nonlocal Effects of Crack Curving.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-07-01

Structures Research Division Marine Corps Development Langley Research Center and Education Comand Langley Station Quantice , Virginia 22134i~l EaptOn, Vtiina...Advanced lomn 3C128 Research and Technology The Pentagon Washington. D.C. 2054 Washington, D.C* 20301 Air Force Dr. G Sans National Science Foundation... Science and Technology Division (FIS) Washingtono DOC* 20540 AM (XIM)Director Chief Applied Mechanics Group Defense Nuclear Agency U.S.. Air Force

Guide to the Evaluation of Educational Experiences in the Armed Services. The 1978 Guide. 1: Air Force.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American Council on Education, Washington, DC. Office on Educational Credit.

Postsecondary educational credit recommendations for formal courses offered by the Air Force and the Department of Defense are provided in this first of a three-volume guide. (Other volumes cover courses offered by the Army and by the Coast Guard, Marine Corps, and Navy. See note.) Following brief sections on use of the guide, the formal course…

Naval Expeditionary Logistics: A Handbook for Complementing and Supporting Land Forces

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-09-01

required for Navy or Marine Corps forces assigned or attached to other commands, services, or nations. (5) (U) Assign responsibilities to support...PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response , including...accomplished by reviewing numerous documents of military units and federal agencies whose principal responsibility is expeditionary warfare and

United States Marine Corps Expeditionary Energy Strategy and Implementation Plan

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-02-01

Support System (NTCSS, OOMA/OIMA), and Aircraft Inventory Readiness and Reporting System (AIRRS) data in the Naval Aviation Logistics Data Analysis...Corps’ share is used for operational purposes—fuel for training, moving and sustaining our forces, aircraft and weapons platforms .1 Within this, and...this 75% was consumed by ‘ground forces,’ which includes use by vehicles, generators, and other sustainment equipment . Aircraft consumed

Child Soldiers: Implications for U.S. Forces

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-11-01

Seminar Report November 2002 CETO 005-02 Center for Emerging Threats and Opportunities Marine Corps Warfighing Laboratory Child Soldiers...REPORT DATE NOV 2002 2. REPORT TYPE N/A 3. DATES COVERED - 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Child Soldiers: Implications for U.S. Forces Seminar...focused on cultural aspects of specific countries and regions and on functional issues such as terrorism or child soldiers. CETO operates as a

The Renewal of the French Amphibious Doctrine

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-01-01

The forces ashore must be sustained and supported by fires. These requirements may seem obvious, but in the case of the French armed forces, the new...0 The Renewal of the French Amphibious Doctrine EWS 2003 Subject Area Topical Issues THE RENEWAL OF THE FRENCH AMPHIBIOUS DOCTRINE CG#2...FACAD: Major Ralston Submitted by Capt L.Danigo, Troupes de Marine. France Report Documentation Page Form

Characterization of surface roughness of laser deposited titanium alloy and copper using AFM

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Erinosho, M. F.; Akinlabi, E. T.; Johnson, O. T.

2018-03-01

Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) is the process of using the laser beam of a nozzle to produce a melt pool on a metal surface usually the substrate and metal powder is been deposited into it thereby creating a fusion bond with the substrate to form a new material layer against the force gravity. A good metal laminate is formed when the wettability between the dropping metal powder and the substrate adheres. This paper reports the surface roughness of laser deposited titanium alloy and copper (Ti6Al4V + Cu) using the Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). This AFM is employed in order to sense the surface and produce different manipulated images using the micro-fabricated mechanical tip under a probe cartridge of high resolution. The process parameters employed during the deposition routine determines the output of the deposit. A careful attention is given to the laser deposited Ti6Al4V + Cu samples under the AFM probe because of their single tracked layers with semi-circular pattern of deposition. This research work can be applicable in the surface modification of laser deposited samples for the marine industry.

Hazards of decreasing marine oxygen: the near-term and millennial-scale benefits of meeting the Paris climate targets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Battaglia, Gianna; Joos, Fortunat

2018-06-01

Ocean deoxygenation is recognized as key ecosystem stressor of the future ocean and associated climate-related ocean risks are relevant for current policy decisions. In particular, benefits of reaching the ambitious 1.5 °C warming target mentioned by the Paris Agreement compared to higher temperature targets are of high interest. Here, we model oceanic oxygen, warming and their compound hazard in terms of metabolic conditions on multi-millennial timescales for a range of equilibrium temperature targets. Scenarios where radiative forcing is stabilized by 2300 are used in ensemble simulations with the Bern3D Earth System Model of Intermediate Complexity. Transiently, the global mean ocean oxygen concentration decreases by a few percent under low forcing and by 40 % under high forcing. Deoxygenation peaks about a thousand years after stabilization of radiative forcing and new steady-state conditions are established after AD 8000 in our model. Hypoxic waters expand over the next millennium and recovery is slow and remains incomplete under high forcing. Largest transient decreases in oxygen are projected for the deep sea. Distinct and near-linear relationships between the equilibrium temperature response and marine O2 loss emerge. These point to the effectiveness of the Paris climate target in reducing marine hazards and risks. Mitigation measures are projected to reduce peak decreases in oceanic oxygen inventory by 4.4 % °C-1 of avoided equilibrium warming. In the upper ocean, the decline of a metabolic index, quantified by the ratio of O2 supply to an organism's O2 demand, is reduced by 6.2 % °C-1 of avoided equilibrium warming. Definitions of peak hypoxia demonstrate strong sensitivity to additional warming. Volumes of water with less than 50 mmol O2 m-3, for instance, increase between 36 % and 76 % °C-1 of equilibrium temperature response. Our results show that millennial-scale responses should be considered in assessments of ocean deoxygenation and associated climate-related ocean risks. Peak hazards occur long after stabilization of radiative forcing and new steady-state conditions establish after AD 8000.

1. EXTERIOR CONTEXT VIEW OF BUILDING 620, THE SEWAGE EJECTOR, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. EXTERIOR CONTEXT VIEW OF BUILDING 620, THE SEWAGE EJECTOR, LOOKING NORTHEAST. - Mill Valley Air Force Station, Sewage Ejector, East Ridgecrest Boulevard, Mount Tamalpais, Mill Valley, Marin County, CA

A record of astronomically forced climate change in a late Ordovician (Sandbian) deep marine sequence, Ordos Basin, North China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fang, Qiang; Wu, Huaichun; Hinnov, Linda A.; Wang, Xunlian; Yang, Tianshui; Li, Haiyan; Zhang, Shihong

2016-07-01

The late Ordovician Pingliang Formation on the southwestern margin of the Ordos Basin, North China, consists of rhythmic alternations of shale, limestone, and siliceous beds. To explore the possible astronomical forcing preserved in this lithological record, continuous lithological rank and magnetic susceptibility (MS) stratigraphic series were obtained from a 34 m thick section of the Pingliang Formation at Guanzhuang. Power spectral analysis of the MS and rank series reveal 85.5 cm to 124 cm, 23 cm to 38 cm, and 15 cm to 27 cm thick sedimentary cycles that in ratio match that of late Ordovician short eccentricity, obliquity and precession astronomical cycles. The power spectrum of the MS time series, calibrated to interpreted short orbital eccentricity cycles, aligns with spectral peaks to astronomical parameters, including 95 kyr short orbital eccentricity, 35.3 kyr and 30.6 kyr obliquity, and 19.6 kyr and 16.3 kyr precession cycles. The 15 cm to 27 cm thick limestone-shale couplets mainly represent precession cycles, and siliceous bed deposition may be related to both precession and obliquity forcing. We propose that precession-forced sea-level fluctuations mainly controlled production of lime mud in a shallow marine environment, and transport to the basin. Precession and obliquity controlled biogenic silica productivity, and temperature-dependent preservation of silica may have been influenced by obliquity forcing.

MARINE MAMMAL DISEASES: PATHOGENS AND PROCESSES

EPA Science Inventory

The purpose of this chapter is to provide a concise overview of the pathogens and processes that alter the health of marine mammals. Viral disease is the most common etiology of significant mortality events in marine mammals. Discussion of viral disease focuses on effects in the ...

Sensitivity of an Antarctic Ice Sheet Model to Sub-Ice-Shelf Melting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lipscomb, W. H.; Leguy, G.; Urban, N. M.; Berdahl, M.

2017-12-01

Theory and observations suggest that marine-based sectors of the Antarctic ice sheet could retreat rapidly under ocean warming and increased melting beneath ice shelves. Numerical models of marine ice sheets vary widely in sensitivity, depending on grid resolution and the parameterization of key processes (e.g., calving and hydrofracture). Here we study the sensitivity of the Antarctic ice sheet to ocean warming and sub-shelf melting in standalone simulations of the Community Ice Sheet Model (CISM). Melt rates either are prescribed based on observations and high-resolution ocean model output, or are derived from a plume model forced by idealized ocean temperature profiles. In CISM, we vary the model resolution (between 1 and 8 km), Stokes approximation (shallow-shelf, depth-integrated higher-order, or 3D higher-order) and calving scheme to create an ensemble of plausible responses to sub-shelf melting. This work supports a broader goal of building statistical and reduced models that can translate large-scale Earth-system model projections to changes in Antarctic ocean temperatures and ice sheet discharge, thus better quantifying uncertainty in Antarctic-sourced sea-level rise.

A difficult time with the permit process.

PubMed

Benson, Etienne

2011-01-01

In the 1970s, new forms of public scrutiny were applied to the research methods of field biologists in the United States, particularly those studying endangered species and marine mammals. This paper shows how such scrutiny affected researchers' choice of research methods through an analysis of a key moment in a decade-long controversy over the conservation of bowhead whales. In 1978, researchers at the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory received funding from the Bureau of Land Management to radio-tag bowhead whales. Although this promising but still largely untested technique might have answered one of the central scientific questions in the controversy, it ultimately went unused. Technical considerations played a role in the decision not to use the technique, but the most important factor was scientists' concerns about potential backlash from Iñupiat whalers and animal protectionists. The same forces that had made marine mammalogists more influential than ever and that had put into their hands the resources necessary to develop more effective research techniques also placed serious constraints on where, when, and how they could do their research.

Global patterns of changes in underwater sound transmission caused by ocean acidification

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ilyina, T.; Zeebe, R. E.; Brewer, P. G.

2009-04-01

Oceanic uptake of man-made CO2 leads to a decrease in the ocean pH and carbonate saturation state. This processes, known as ocean acidification is expected to have adverse effects on a variety of marine organisms. A surprising consequence of ocean acidification, which has gone widely unrecognized, is its effect on underwater sound transmission. Low-frequency sound absorption in the ocean occurs due to chemical relaxation of the pH-dependent boric acid-borate ion reaction. As ocean pH drops, sound absorption in the audible range decreases. The decreased sound absorption will amplify ambient noise levels, and enhance long distance sound transmission, although its exact environmental impact is uncertain. Changes in the underwater sound absorption will affect the operation of scientific, commercial, and naval applications that are based on ocean acoustics, with yet unknown consequences for marine life. We project these changes using a global biogeochemical model (HAMOCC), which is forced by the anthropogenic CO2 emissions during the years 1800-2300. Based on model projections, we quantify when and where in the ocean these ocean chemistry induced perturbations in sound absorption will occur.

Oral-Maxillofacial Injury Surveillance of U.S. Military Personnel in Iraq and Afghanistan, 2001 to 2014.

PubMed

Mitchener, Timothy A; Chan, Rodney; Simecek, John W

2017-03-01

Cranial and oral-maxillofacial injuries accounted for 33% of military visits to in-theater (Level III) military treatment facilities for battle injuries during Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). Even after years of conflict, the size and scope of oral-maxillofacial injuries in military armed conflict is still not fully understood. This study reports U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) rates of oral-maxillofacial injuries that can be used for further surveillance and research. The populations studied were military personnel deployed to Afghanistan in OEF or Iraq in OIF and Operation New Dawn (OND), who sought care at a Level III military treatment facility for one or more oral-maxillofacial injuries. Injuries were identified in the DoD Trauma Registry (DoDTR) using diagnosis codes associated with oral-maxillofacial battle and nonbattle injuries. All oral-maxillofacial injuries incurred from October 19, 2001, to June 30, 2014, were included. The Defense Manpower Data Center provided DoD troop strength numbers to serve as the study denominators. Battle injuries accounted for 80% of oral-maxillofacial injuries in OEF. There were 2,504 oral-maxillofacial injuries in OEF. The Army accounted for 1,820 (72.7%), the Marines 535 (21.3%), the Air Force 75 (3.0%), and the Navy 74 (3.0%). The oral-maxillofacial injury rates in OEF for the Army ranged from 1.10 to 4.90/1,000 person years (PY), for the Marines from 0.57 to 9.39/1,000 PY, for the Navy from 0 to 3.29/1,000 PY, and for the Air Force from 0 to 3.38/1,000 PY. The Army tended to have the highest incidence of all services in the early and latter part of the conflict, whereas Marines tended to have the highest incidence in the middle years. The Marines, Army, and Navy all had their individual highest incidences in 2009, the first year of the 2009 to 2011 OEF troop surge. Battle injuries accounted for 75% of oral-maxillofacial injuries in OIF/OND. There were 3,676 oral-maxillofacial injuries in OIF/OND. The Army accounted for 2,798 (76.1%), the Marines 731 (19.9%), the Navy 91 (2.5%), and the Air Force 56 (1.5%). The injury rates in OIF/OND for the Army ranged from 0.66 to 8.69/1,000 PY, for the Marines from 0.88 to 42.7/1,000 PY, for the Navy from 0.35 to 19.16/1,000 PY, and for the Air Force from 0.24 to 1.13/1,000 PY. In OIF/OND, the Marines had the highest overall oral-maxillofacial injury rate (42.70/1,000 PY) in 2003. The other services had their individual peak incidences in either 2003 or 2004. This is the first study, which quantified the incidence of oral-maxillofacial injury in theaters of conflict over prolonged periods. The Army has the highest number of injuries. The Marines had the highest incidences during the initial stages of OIF and the OEF troop surge. Intensity of the conflict could account for the upswing in rates. These increases in injury rates highlight the need for additional health care personnel to be deployed near the battlefield to treat these injuries. Reprint & Copyright © 2017 Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S.

Functional responses and scaling in predator-prey interactions of marine fishes: contemporary issues and emerging concepts.

PubMed

Hunsicker, Mary E; Ciannelli, Lorenzo; Bailey, Kevin M; Buckel, Jeffrey A; Wilson White, J; Link, Jason S; Essington, Timothy E; Gaichas, Sarah; Anderson, Todd W; Brodeur, Richard D; Chan, Kung-Sik; Chen, Kun; Englund, Göran; Frank, Kenneth T; Freitas, Vânia; Hixon, Mark A; Hurst, Thomas; Johnson, Darren W; Kitchell, James F; Reese, Doug; Rose, George A; Sjodin, Henrik; Sydeman, William J; van der Veer, Henk W; Vollset, Knut; Zador, Stephani

2011-12-01

Predator-prey interactions are a primary structuring force vital to the resilience of marine communities and sustainability of the world's oceans. Human influences on marine ecosystems mediate changes in species interactions. This generality is evinced by the cascading effects of overharvesting top predators on the structure and function of marine ecosystems. It follows that ecological forecasting, ecosystem management, and marine spatial planning require a better understanding of food web relationships. Characterising and scaling predator-prey interactions for use in tactical and strategic tools (i.e. multi-species management and ecosystem models) are paramount in this effort. Here, we explore what issues are involved and must be considered to advance the use of predator-prey theory in the context of marine fisheries science. We address pertinent contemporary ecological issues including (1) the approaches and complexities of evaluating predator responses in marine systems; (2) the 'scaling up' of predator-prey interactions to the population, community, and ecosystem level; (3) the role of predator-prey theory in contemporary fisheries and ecosystem modelling approaches; and (4) directions for the future. Our intent is to point out needed research directions that will improve our understanding of predator-prey interactions in the context of the sustainable marine fisheries and ecosystem management. 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/CNRS.

Food supplies of stream-dwelling salmonids

USGS Publications Warehouse

Wipfli, Mark S.

2009-01-01

Much is known about the importance of the physical characteristics of salmonid habitat in Alaska and the Pacific Northwest, with far less known about the food sources and trophic processes within these habitats, and the role they play in regulating salmonid productivity. Freshwater food webs supporting salmonids in Alaska rely heavily on nutrient, detritus and prey subsidies from both marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Adult salmon provide a massive input of marine biomass to riverine ecosystems each year when they spawn, die, and decompose, and are a critical food source for young salmon in late summer and fall; riparian forests provide terrestrial invertebrates to streams, which at times comprise over half of the food ingested by stream-resident salmonids; and up-slope, fishless headwater streams are a year-round source of invertebrates and detritus for fish downstream. The quantity of these food resources vary widely depending on source, season, and spatial position within a watershed. Terrestrial invertebrate inputs from riparian habitats are generally the most abundant food source in summer. Juvenile salmonids in streams consume roughly equal amounts of freshwater and terrestrially-derived invertebrates during most of the growing season, but ingest substantial amounts of marine resources (salmon eggs and decomposing salmon tissue) when these food items are present. Quantity, quality, and timing of food resources all appear to be important driving forces in aquatic food web dynamics, community nutrition, and salmonid growth and survival in riverine ecosystems.

A multi-step approach for testing non-toxic amphiphilic antifouling coatings against marine microfouling at different levels of biological complexity.

PubMed

Zecher, Karsten; Aitha, Vishwa Prasad; Heuer, Kirsten; Ahlers, Herbert; Roland, Katrin; Fiedel, Michael; Philipp, Bodo

2018-03-01

Marine biofouling on artificial surfaces such as ship hulls or fish farming nets causes enormous economic damage. The time for the developmental process of antifouling coatings can be shortened by reliable laboratory assays. For designing such test systems, it is important that toxic effects can be excluded, that multiple parameters can be addressed simultaneously and that mechanistic aspects can be included. In this study, a multi-step approach for testing antifouling coatings was established employing photoautotrophic biofilm formation of marine microorganisms in micro- and mesoscoms. Degree and pattern of biofilm formation was determined by quantification of chlorophyll fluorescence. For the microcosms, co-cultures of diatoms and a heterotrophic bacterium were exposed to fouling-release coatings. For the mesocosms, a novel device was developed that permits parallel quantification of a multitude of coatings under defined conditions with varying degrees of shear stress. Additionally, the antifouling coatings were tested for leaching of potential compounds and finally tested in sea trials. This multistep-approach revealed that the individual steps led to consistent results regarding antifouling activity of the coatings. Furthermore, the novel mesocosm system can be employed for advanced antifouling analysis including metagenomic approaches for determination of microbial diversity attaching to different coatings under changing shear forces. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Nanostructured superhydrophobic polysiloxane coating for high barrier and anticorrosion applications in marine environment.

PubMed

Arukalam, Innocent O; Oguzie, Emeka E; Li, Ying

2018-02-15

The use of epoxy and polyurethane coatings as marine topcoats, have been influenced by their inherent high surface energy property which increases their affinity to water and microorganisms. Thus, their susceptibility to degradation is enhanced. Because of this defect, recently, nanostructured hydrophobic and superhydrophobic polysiloxane coatings are being preferred as topcoats. But the appropriate nanoparticle size and matrix:filler ratio which provide guide for the design of desired topcoats are scarcely available. In view of this, a series of hydrophobic and superhydrophobic coatings were prepared by sol-gel process based on perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (FDTS), different nanoZnO particles and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS):nanoZnO ratios. The liquid repellency, surface morphology and roughness of the coatings were conducted by use of contact angle goniometer, field emission scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, respectively. Additionally, the electrochemical and salt spray corrosion tests were conducted. According to the results, modifications of the coatings showed that anticorrosion performance was considerably influenced by the surface properties which were dependent on nanoZnO size and PDMS:nanoZnO ratio. Remarkably, the optimum effect was observed on the superhydrophobic coating based on 30 nm ZnO and 1:1 ratio. This displayed highest anticorrosion performance, and is therefore recommended as a guide for the design of marine topcoats. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Detecting and coping with disruptive shocks in Arctic marine systems: a resilience approach to place and people.

PubMed

Carmack, Eddy; McLaughlin, Fiona; Whiteman, Gail; Homer-Dixon, Thomas

2012-02-01

It seems inevitable that the ongoing and rapid changes in the physical environment of the marine Arctic will push components of the region's existing social-ecological systems-small and large-beyond tipping points and into new regimes. Ongoing changes include warming, freshening, acidification, and alterations to food web structure. In anticipation we pose three distinct but interrelated challenges: (1) to explore existing connectivities within components of the marine system; (2) to seek indicators (if they exist) of approaching regime change through observation and modeling; and (3) to build functional resilience into existing systems through adaptation-oriented policy and to have in hand transformative options when tipping points are crossed and new development trajectories are required. Each of the above challenges is scale dependent, and each requires a much deeper understanding than we currently have of connectivity within existing systems and their response to external forcing. Here, we argue from a global perspective the need to understand the Arctic's role in an increasingly nonlinear world; then describe emerging evidence from new observations on the connectivity of processes and system components from the Canada Basin and subarctic seas surrounding northern North America; and finally posit an approach founded in "resilience thinking" to allow northern residents living in small coastal communities to participate in the observation, adaption and-if necessary-transformation of the social-ecological system with which they live.

50 CFR 216.122 - Permissible methods of taking.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., the 30th Space Wing, U.S. Air Force, its contractors, and clients, may incidentally, but not... MAMMALS Taking Of Marine Mammals Incidental To Space Vehicle And Test Flight Activities § 216.122...

50 CFR 216.122 - Permissible methods of taking.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., the 30th Space Wing, U.S. Air Force, its contractors, and clients, may incidentally, but not... MAMMALS Taking Of Marine Mammals Incidental To Space Vehicle And Test Flight Activities § 216.122...

Review of Marine Corps Expeditionary Force Preventive Medicine Materiel Requirements

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-12-30

analyses. The theater PM objectives were water sanitation, pest control, heat injury/cold injury prevention, disease surveillance and control, food safety , field sanitation, habitability, waste management, industrial hygiene, and training.

300 Kilometer Long Scarp

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-08-06

A scarp, or cliff, extends diagonally from upper left to lower right in this picture of Mercury taken by NASA Mariner 10. The structures are believed to be formed by the compressive forces due to crustal shortening.

46 CFR 195.11-10 - Design and construction of portable vans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... consideration of forces and environmental conditions to which the structure, attachments, and attachment points will be exposed. (b) Steel, aluminum or other substantial material suitable for a marine environment...

46 CFR 195.11-10 - Design and construction of portable vans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... consideration of forces and environmental conditions to which the structure, attachments, and attachment points will be exposed. (b) Steel, aluminum or other substantial material suitable for a marine environment...

46 CFR 195.11-10 - Design and construction of portable vans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... consideration of forces and environmental conditions to which the structure, attachments, and attachment points will be exposed. (b) Steel, aluminum or other substantial material suitable for a marine environment...

1. EXTERIOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING MAINTENANCE SHOP, BUILDING 103, LOOKING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. EXTERIOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING MAINTENANCE SHOP, BUILDING 103, LOOKING NORTH. - Mill Valley Air Force Station, Civil Engineering Maintenance Shop, East Ridgecrest Boulevard, Mount Tamalpais, Mill Valley, Marin County, CA

Nanomechanical properties of the sea-water bacterium Paracoccus seriniphilus--a scanning force microscopy approach.

PubMed

Davoudi, Neda; Müller-Renno, Christine; Ziegler, Christiane; Raid, Indek; Seewig, Jörg; Schlegel, Christin; Muffler, Kai; Ulber, Roland

2015-03-02

The measurement of force-distance curves on a single bacterium provides a unique opportunity to detect properties such as the turgor pressure under various environmental conditions. Marine bacteria are very interesting candidates for the production of pharmaceuticals, but are only little studied so far. Therefore, the elastic behavior of Paracoccus seriniphilus, an enzyme producing marine organism, is presented in this study. After a careful evaluation of the optimal measurement conditions, the spring constant and the turgor pressure are determined as a function of ionic strength and pH. Whereas the ionic strength changes the turgor pressure passively, the results give a hint that the change to acidic pH increases the turgor pressure by an active mechanism. Furthermore, it could be shown, that P. seriniphilus has adhesive protrusions outside its cell wall.

The role of forcing agents on biogeochemical variability along the southwestern Adriatic coast: The Gulf of Manfredonia case study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Specchiulli, Antonietta; Bignami, Francesco; Marini, Mauro; Fabbrocini, Adele; Scirocco, Tommaso; Campanelli, Alessandra; Penna, Pierluigi; Santucci, Angela; D'Adamo, Raffaele

2016-12-01

This study investigates how multiple forcing factors such as rivers, surface marine circulation and winds affect hydrology and biogeochemical processes in the Gulf of Manfredonia and the seas around the Gargano peninsula, in the south-western Adriatic Sea. The study adopted an integrated approach, using in situ and remote sensing data, as well as the output of current models. The data reveal variability in the area's hydrography induced by local freshwater sources, the Western Adriatic Current (WAC) flowing from the north along the Italian coast, and the current patterns under different wind regimes. Specifically, exchange with offshore waters in the gulf induces variability in salinity and biogeochemical content, even within the same season, i.e. winter, in our case. This strong dependence on physical and biogeochemical factors makes the Manfredonia-Gargano ecosystem vulnerable to climate change, which could compromise its important role as a nursery area for the Adriatic Sea.

Floating marine debris surface drift: convergence and accumulation toward the South Pacific subtropical gyre.

PubMed

Martinez, Elodie; Maamaatuaiahutapu, Keitapu; Taillandier, Vincent

2009-09-01

Whatever its origin is, a floating particle at the sea surface is advected by ocean currents. Surface currents could be derived from in situ observations or combined with satellite data. For a better resolution in time and space, we use satellite-derived sea-surface height and wind stress fields with a 1/3 degrees grid from 1993 to 2001 to determine the surface circulation of the South Pacific Ocean. Surface currents are then used to compute the Lagrangian trajectories of floating debris. Results show an accumulation of the debris in the eastern-centre region of the South Pacific subtropical gyre ([120 degrees W; 80 degrees W]-[20 degrees S; 40 degrees S]), resulting from a three-step process: in the first two years, mostly forced by Ekman drift, the debris drift towards the tropical convergence zone ( approximately 30 degrees S). Then they are advected eastward mostly forced by geostrophic currents. They finally reach the eastern-centre region of the South Pacific subtropical gyre from where they could not escape.

Suspended Disbelief: The Role of the Department of Defense in Interagency Foreign Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Response

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-05-21

from the front in every endeavor. The US Navy has formerly adopted the mantra of, “A global force for Good , deployed for the betterment of humanity...technocratic theme in a global activist status. The best example of an attempt to demilitarize a service for public consumption is that of “America’s...Army Army Strong US Navy A global force for good US Air Force It’s not science fiction, it’s what we do everyday US Marine Corps America’s forward

Impact of Marine Drugs on Animal Reproductive Processes

PubMed Central

Silvestre, Francesco; Tosti, Elisabetta

2009-01-01

The discovery and description of bioactive substances from natural sources has been a research topic for the last 50 years. In this respect, marine animals have been used to extract many new compounds exerting different actions. Reproduction is a complex process whose main steps are the production and maturation of gametes, their activation, the fertilisation and the beginning of development. In the literature it has been shown that many substances extracted from marine organisms may have profound influence on the reproductive behaviour, function and reproductive strategies and survival of species. However, despite the central importance of reproduction and thus the maintenance of species, there are still few studies on how reproductive mechanisms are impacted by marine bioactive drugs. At present, studies in either marine and terrestrial animals have been particularly important in identifying what specific fine reproductive mechanisms are affected by marine-derived substances. In this review we describe the main steps of the biology of reproduction and the impact of substances from marine environment and organisms on the reproductive processes. PMID:20098597

Budget Options for National Defense

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-03-01

Corps’s V -22 Aircraft 51 3-19-A Reduce Purchases of the Air Force’s F-22 Fighter 52 3-19-B Cancel Production of the...of 13 very quiet subma- rines by 2012, meeting the Joint Chiefs’ requirement. Option 3-18 Defer Purchases of the Marine Corps’s V -22 Aircraft...110 -658 -113 3,270 -2,285 RELATED CBO PUBLICATION: Moving the Marine Corps by Sea in the 1990s (Study), October 1989. The V -22 aircraft, which

THE GODFATHER DOCTRINE SECURITY FORCE ASSISTANCE (SFA) TRAINING - AN OFFER THE MARINE CORPS CAN’T REFUSE

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-02-16

additional duty. Proven advisors can be assigned to training or policy billets where advisor advocacy is desired. Additionally , they serve as advisors...USMC SFA success has history from the Philippines through Banana Wars, WWII, Vietnam, and most recently Iraq and Afghanistan. The current de-emphasis... values . An individual who is too quick, (Sonny), or too slow, (Fredo), to make a decision will fail as an advisor. The Marine Corps must identify and

Department of the Navy Justification of Estimates for Fiscal Year 1985 Submitted to Congress February 1984. Operation & Maintenance Marine Corps.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-02-01

Pay Raise Supplemental +3,3𔃾 Lebanon/ Granada +11,30’ Health Benefits/Social Security Tax +910 5. Functional Program Transfers 15,611 Transfer from...the need for additional technical service engineers for existing Equipment. +3,240 Increased fundinq required to maintain services for essential...equipment, and other expendable materials required to meet the operational needs of the Marine Corps. Retention of a distribution system/work force which is

United States Marine Corps Reserve Officer Manpower Shortage: Addressing the Issue at the Company Grade Level in Today’s Operating Environment

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

MFR ) and Reserve Affairs (RA) have implemented a series ofprograms and incentives in attempts to ameliorate the problem, but to date these initiatives...Forces Reserve ( MFR ) has transformed from a strategic reserve to an operational one. Manning structures, policies and practices that previously have...met MFR’s peacetime requirements need to be reexamined to ensure that MFR can continue to meet the country’s and Marine Corps’ wartime needs? The

The Marine Corps as an Ambidextrous Mixed Martial Artist for the 2025 Fight

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

the globe in a wide band that encompasses Central and Southeast Asia, the Caribbean Basin , most of Africa, and the Middle East. The arc is populated...and II. During this period, the U.S. Marine Corps served as the nations 911 force of choice during numerous small wars in the Caribbean and Central ...Philippines and Central America, to today. The U.S. has over 200 years experience in fighting small wars. This is history often forgotten or overlooked

The U.S. Marine Corps Combined Action Program (CAP): A Proposed Alternative Strategy for the Vietnam War

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-05-01

Vietnamese men abstained from premarital sex, they openly practiced mutual masturbation . 62 In western culture, a man’s business was a man’s business, but... practice of integrating Marine with native forces marked the beginning of a nearly six year endeavor entitled the Combined Action Program or CAP. Embraced...chain of command. While the CAP platoons drew from infantry battalions primarily, their ties to them remained administrative and informal in practice

From Nicaragua to the 21st Century: Marine Corps Aviation’s Role in Counterinsurgency Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

his weapons and made his way to the vastness of the Nuevo Segovia region in northern Nicaragua. "[Sandino] was determined to crush the Marines, rally...34 occurred at the town of Ocotal, the provincial capital of Nuevo Segovia. This first engagement displayed the ingenuity of the ground force commander...Knopf, 1968), Ch. 28. Much of Nicaragua’s politics since independence has been characterized by the rivalry between the liberal elite of Leon and the

Force Projection, the 5th Marine Expeditionary Brigade, and the Planned Amphibious Assault during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-10

from 1961 to 1969,” accessed 27 September 2015, http://www.foia.cia.gov/collection/ PDBs . 2 Ministry, the Ministry of Defense, and the Ministry for...Department of Defense was organized to fight and how the Marine Corps fit into the Unified Command structure at the time. Having established the strategic...Contingency Plans Before beginning an overview of those OPLANS it is important to understand the overall command structure that existed for the U.S

The Debate is Over: Close Air Support in Korea and Vietnam

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-05-03

F4U Corsair became Marine aviation’s plane of choice. Early models of the Corsair were formidable fighter aircraft best suited for the air...superiority role. By 1944, the Marine Corps made a deliberate effort to transform the Corsair from a fighter to a multi-role fighter- bomber. As such, the F4U...installation of a ten-channel radio facilitated better communications with ground forces. The upgraded Corsair was such an effective ground attack platform

Prevalence, Adverse Events, and Factors Associated with Dietary Supplement and Nutritional Supplement Use by US Navy and Marine Corps Personnel

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-04-12

personnel. Objective The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate dietary and nutri- tional supplement use in Navy and Marine Corps personnel...been published regularly,7-10 and a recent study of a nationally representative sample estimated that 23,005 emergency department visits and 2,154...informa- tion on dietary supplement use by service members.21 To this end, previous studies were conducted in Army,17 Air Force,18 and Coast Guard19

Enhancing and Managing Regionally Oriented Individuals and Organizations

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-30

RAF. An additional challenge with the Army’s approach to RAF is funding. According to a recent article in Military Review, “very little ‘ juice ’ comes...http://www.hqmc.marines.mil/Portals/138/Docs/PL/ PLU /2012%20USMC%20Security%20Cooperation%20Narrative.pdf. 174 H.A.S.C. 112-89, Institutionalizing...Security Cooperation. 2012. http://www.hqmc.marines.mil/Portals/138/Docs/PL/ PLU /2012%20USMC%20Secur ity%20Cooperation%20Narrative.pdf. U.S. Air Force

Army-Marine Integration, Volume 2, Number 10-55. Observations, Insights, and Lessons

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-08-01

can be tailored to combat any enemy force worldwide. The effectiveness of this revolutionary concept was displayed, and its fundamentals reinforced...evolved in Iraq’s western sector and the insurgents changed strategy, the sustainment demands required of coalition forces changed. The fundamentals of...of the MEU, and contracted civilian logistics within the area of operations. Getting the right mix of capabilities at each location was fundamental

The ISR Regiment: The New Eyes and Ears for Shaping the MAGTF Commander’s Battlespace

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-04-21

order to generate the efficiencies and synergy that USSOCOM and MARSOC have produced as national- level forces, a restructuring and focusing of organic...will bring an unprecedented level of collections collaboration and battlespace responsiveness to the MAGTF commander. This proposed organization would...reconnaissance and collections capabilities at the Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF) level . Conclusion: In order to generate the efficiencies and synergy that

Loglines. March-April 2014

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-04-01

engine mechanic, selects a compressor blade to install in the core module of an F-16 jet engine. DLA Aviation has partnered with Air Force customers to...Support 9 Supporting the Fleet 14 Air Force Support 18 Beyond the Military Services 22 SERVICE TEAMS Side-by-Side Support Chemical Management Services...Marine Corps ordnance technicians load a missile at Kunsan Air Base, South Korea. Service members from the different military branches often work

Navy-Marine Corps Amphibious and Maritime Prepositioning Ship Programs: Background and Oversight Issues for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-07-26

FY2008. Although the Navy’s proposed force of 31 amphibious ships includes 10 LPD-17 class ships, the Navy is planning to end LPD-17 procurement in...expresses concerns about the planned reduction in amphibious ships, the sea basing concept, and the MPF(F) program, and requires a report on sea basing...Ship Force Structure Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Sea Basing Concept of Operations

The Montgomery GI Bill--Selected Reserve Under Chapter 1606 of Title 10, U.S. Code

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

US Department of Veterans Affairs, 2007

2007-01-01

The Montgomery GI Bill--Selected Reserve (MGIB--SR, or chapter 1606 of title 10, U.S. Code) is an educational assistance program enacted by Congress to attract high quality men and women into the reserve branch of the Armed Forces. This program is for members of the Selected Reserve of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, and…

4. EXTERIOR ELEVATION OF THE NORTH FACADE OF BUILDING 104, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. EXTERIOR ELEVATION OF THE NORTH FACADE OF BUILDING 104, LOOKING SOUTHEAST. - Mill Valley Air Force Station, Motor Repair & Auto Hobby Shop, East Ridgecrest Boulevard, Mount Tamalpais, Mill Valley, Marin County, CA

1. EXTERIOR OF THE MOTOR REPAIR SHOP FROM BELOW, BUILDING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. EXTERIOR OF THE MOTOR REPAIR SHOP FROM BELOW, BUILDING 104, LOOKING NORTH. - Mill Valley Air Force Station, Motor Repair & Auto Hobby Shop, East Ridgecrest Boulevard, Mount Tamalpais, Mill Valley, Marin County, CA

Defense.gov Special Report: Operation Odyssey Dawn

Science.gov Websites

Supports Coalition Operations Over Libya Marines Rescue Downed Pilot After Fighter Jet Crashes in Libya Corps Aircraft Strike Libya U.S. Naval Forces Prepare No-Fly Zone Coalition Launches Operations, Set Up

Future Evolution of Marine Heat Waves in the Mediterranean: Coupled Regional Climate Projections

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Darmaraki, Sofia; Somot, Samuel; Sevault, Florence; Nabat, Pierre; Cavicchia, Leone; Djurdjevic, Vladimir; Cabos, William; Sein, Dmitry

2017-04-01

FUTURE EVOLUTION OF MARINE HEAT WAVES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN : COUPLED REGIONAL CLIMATE PROJECTIONS The Mediterranean area is identified as a « Hot Spot » region, vulnerable to future climate change with potentially strong impacts over the sea. By 2100, climate models predict increased warming over the sea surface, with possible implications on the Mediterranean thermohaline and surface circulation,associated also with severe impacts on the ecosystems (e.g. fish habitat loss, species extinction and migration, invasive species). However, a robust assesment of the future evolution of the extreme marine temperatures remains still an open issue of primary importance, under the anthropogenic pressure. In this context, we study here the probability and characteristics of marine heat wave (MHW) occurrence in the Mediterranean Sea in future climate projections. To this end, we use an ensemble of fully coupled regional climate system models (RCSM) from the Med- CORDEX initiative. This multi-model approach includes a high-resolution representation of the atmospheric, land and ocean component, with a free air-sea interface.Specifically, dedicated simulations for the 20th and the 21st century are carried out with respect to the different IPCC-AR5 socioeconomic scenarios (1950-2100, RCP8.5, RCP4.5, RCP2.6). Model evaluation for the historical period is performed using satellite and in situ data. Then, the variety of factors that can cause the MHW (e.g. direct radiative forcing, ocean advection, stratification change) are examined to disentangle the dominant driving force. Finally, the spatial variability and temporal evolution of MHW are analyzed on an annual basis, along with additional integrated indicators, useful for marine ecosystems.

Analytical characterization of selective benthic flux components in estuarine and coastal waters

USGS Publications Warehouse

King, Jeffrey N.

2011-01-01

Benthic flux is the rate of flow across the bed of a water body, per unit area of bed. It is forced by component mechanisms, which interact. For example, pressure gradients across the bed, forced by tide, surface gravity waves, density gradients, bed–current interaction, turbulence, and terrestrial hydraulic gradients, drive an advective benthic flux of water and constituents between estuarine and coastal waters, and surficial aquifers. Other mechanisms also force benthic flux, such as chemical gradients, bioturbation, and dispersion. A suite of component mechanisms force a total benthic flux at any given location, where each member of the suite contributes a component benthic flux. Currently, the types and characteristics of component interactions are not fully understood. For example, components may interact linearly or nonlinearly, and the interaction may be constructive or destructive. Benthic flux is a surface water–groundwater interaction process. Its discharge component to a marine water body is referred to, in some literature, as submarine groundwater discharge. Benthic flux is important in characterizing water and constituent budgets of estuarine and coastal systems. Analytical models to characterize selective benthic flux components are reviewed. Specifically, these mechanisms are for the component associated with the groundwater tidal prism, and forced by surface gravity wave setup, surface gravity waves on a plane bed, and the terrestrial hydraulic gradient. Analytical models are applied to the Indian River Lagoon, Florida; Great South Bay, New York; and the South Atlantic Bight in South Carolina and portions of North Carolina.

Assessing millennial-scale variability during the Holocene: A perspective from the western tropical Pacific

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khider, D.; Jackson, C. S.; Stott, L. D.

2014-03-01

We investigate the relationship between tropical Pacific and Southern Ocean variability during the Holocene using the stable oxygen isotope and magnesium/calcium records of cooccurring planktonic and benthic foraminifera from a marine sediment core collected in the western equatorial Pacific. The planktonic record exhibits millennial-scale sea surface temperature (SST) oscillations over the Holocene of 0.5°C while the benthic δ18Oc document 0.10‰ millennial-scale changes of Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW), a water mass which outcrops in the Southern Ocean. Solar forcing as an explanation for millennial-scale SST variability requires (1) a large climate sensitivity and (2) a long 400 year delayed response, suggesting that if solar forcing is the cause of the variability, it would need to be considerably amplified by processes within the climate system at least at the core location. We also explore the possibility that SST variability arose from volcanic forcing using a simple red noise model. Our best estimates of volcanic forcing falls short of reproducing the amplitude of observed SST variations although it produces power at low-frequency similar to that observed in the MD81 record. Although we cannot totally discount the volcanic and solar forcing hypotheses, we are left to consider that the most plausible source for Holocene millennial-scale variability lies within the climate system itself. In particular, UCDW variability coincided with deep North Atlantic changes, indicating a role for the deep ocean in Holocene millennial-scale variability.

Bringing the ecosystem services concept into marine management decisions, supporting ecosystems-based management.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tweddle, J. F.; Byg, A.; Davies, I.; Gubbins, M.; Irvine, K.; Kafas, A.; Kenter, J.; MacDonald, A.; Murray, R. B. O.; Potts, T.; Slater, A. M.; Wright, K.; Scott, B. E.

2016-02-01

The marine environment is under increasing use, putting pressure on marine ecosystems and increasing competition for space. New activities (e.g. renewable energy developments), evolving marine policies (e.g. implementation of marine protected areas), and climate change may drive changes in biodiversity and resulting ecosystem services (ES) that society and business utilise from coastal and marine systems. A process is needed that integrates ecological assessment of changes with stakeholder perceptions and valuation of ES, whilst balancing ease of application with the ability to deal with complex social-economic-ecological issues. The project "Cooperative participatory assessment of the impact of renewable technology on ecosystem services: CORPORATES" involved natural and social scientists, law and policy experts, and marine managers, with the aim of promoting more integrated decision making using ES concepts in marine management. CORPORATES developed a process to bring ES concepts into stakeholders' awareness. The interactive process, involving 2 workshops, employs interludes of knowledge exchange by experts on ecological processes underpinning ES and on law and policy. These enable mapping of benefits linked to activities, participatory system modelling, and deliberation of policy impacts on different sectors. The workshops were attended by industry representatives, regulatory/advisory partners, and other stakeholders (NGOs, SMEs, recreationalists, local government). Mixed sector groups produced new insights into links between activities and ES, and highlighted cross-sector concerns. Here we present the aspects of the process that successfully built shared understanding between industry and stakeholders of inter-linkages and interactions between ES, benefits, activities, and economic and cultural values. These methods provide an ES-based decision-support model for exchanging societal-ecological knowledge and providing stakeholder interaction in marine planning, supporting ecosystem-based management.

Bringing the ecosystem services concept into marine management decisions, supporting ecosystems-based management.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tweddle, J. F.; Byg, A.; Davies, I.; Gubbins, M.; Irvine, K.; Kafas, A.; Kenter, J.; MacDonald, A.; Murray, R. B. O.; Potts, T.; Slater, A. M.; Wright, K.; Scott, B. E.

2016-12-01

The marine environment is under increasing use, putting pressure on marine ecosystems and increasing competition for space. New activities (e.g. renewable energy developments), evolving marine policies (e.g. implementation of marine protected areas), and climate change may drive changes in biodiversity and resulting ecosystem services (ES) that society and business utilise from coastal and marine systems. A process is needed that integrates ecological assessment of changes with stakeholder perceptions and valuation of ES, whilst balancing ease of application with the ability to deal with complex social-economic-ecological issues. The project "Cooperative participatory assessment of the impact of renewable technology on ecosystem services: CORPORATES" involved natural and social scientists, law and policy experts, and marine managers, with the aim of promoting more integrated decision making using ES concepts in marine management. CORPORATES developed a process to bring ES concepts into stakeholders' awareness. The interactive process, involving 2 workshops, employs interludes of knowledge exchange by experts on ecological processes underpinning ES and on law and policy. These enable mapping of benefits linked to activities, participatory system modelling, and deliberation of policy impacts on different sectors. The workshops were attended by industry representatives, regulatory/advisory partners, and other stakeholders (NGOs, SMEs, recreationalists, local government). Mixed sector groups produced new insights into links between activities and ES, and highlighted cross-sector concerns. Here we present the aspects of the process that successfully built shared understanding between industry and stakeholders of inter-linkages and interactions between ES, benefits, activities, and economic and cultural values. These methods provide an ES-based decision-support model for exchanging societal-ecological knowledge and providing stakeholder interaction in marine planning, supporting ecosystem-based management.

USGS St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center

USGS Publications Warehouse

2011-01-01

Extreme storms, sea-level rise, and the health of marine communities are some of the major societal and environmental issues impacting our Nation's marine and coastal realm. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in St. Petersburg, Fla., investigates processes related to these ecosystems and the societal implications of natural hazards and resource sustainability. As one of three centers nationwide conducting research within the USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program, the center is integral towards developing an understanding of physical processes that will contribute to rational decisions regarding the use and stewardship of national coastal and marine environments.

Role and goals of the EUR-OCEANS Consortium - Bringing marine scientists priorities and strategies to the European research planning agenda.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cury, Philippe; Baisnée, Pierre-François

2010-05-01

The EUR-OCEANS Consortium is the follow-up structure of the homonym European Network of Excellence (NoE; 2005-2008, FP6 contract number 511106). It is a scientific network, benefiting from and relying upon the institutional commitment of the 27 research performing organisations forming its core (paying) membership. It aims at the long-term harmonization of European research efforts related to ocean ecosystems undergoing anthropogenic and natural forcing. More specifically, its objectives are to facilitate and promote: (1) top-level scientific research on the impacts of anthropogenic and natural forcing on ocean ecosystems, fostering collaborations across the European Research Area; (2) the optimal use of any shared technical infrastructures and scientific facilities; and (3) activities to spread excellence, such as the training of scientific personnel and students, or knowledge dissemination towards the general public and socio-economic users. A particular focus is put during the first scientific coordination mandate on the building of scenarios for marine ecosystems under anthropogenic and natural forcing in the XXI Century, and on the improvement of the science-policy interface. Through calls for projects and networking activities, the Consortium seeks to favour the emergence of coordinated projects on key hot topics on one hand, and the crystallisation of scientific priorities and strategies that could serve as input to ERA-NETs, ESFRI, Joint Programming Initiatives and European Research Planning actors in general. While being an active standalone structure, the Consortium is also engaged in the Euromarine FP7 project (submitted) aiming at the definition of a common coordinating or integrating structure for the three follow-up entities of FP6 marine science NoEs (Marine Genomics Europe, MarBEF, EUR-OCEANS). The 2009-2011 strategy and activity plan of EUR-OCEANS will be presented and the involvement of EUR-OCEANS members in other key projects or programmes will be summarized.

Application of EEM fluorescence spectroscopy in understanding of the "LIGA" phenomenon in the Bay of Biscay (France)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parot, Jérémie; Susperregui, Nicolas; Rouaud, Vanessa; Dubois, Laurent; Anglade, Nathalie; Parlanti, Edith

2014-05-01

Marine mucilage is present in all oceans over the world, and in particular in the Mediterranean Sea and in the Pacific Ocean. Surface water warming and hydrodynamic processes can favor the coalescence of marine mucilage, large marine aggregates representing an ephemeral and extreme habitat for biota. DOM is a heterogeneous, complex mixture of compounds, including extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), with wide ranging chemical properties and it is well known to interact with pollutants and to affect their transport and their fate in aquatic environment. The LIGA French research program focuses on tracing colloidal dissolved organic matter (DOM) sources and cycling in the Bay of Biscay (South Western French coast). This ephemeral phenomenon (called "LIGA" in the South West of France) has been observed more than 750 times since 2010. It presents a great ecological impact on marine ecosystems and has been shown to be concomitant with the development of pathogen organisms. A one-year intensive survey of fluorescent DOM was undertaken. From April 2013 until May 2014, water samples were monthly collected from the Adour River (main fresh water inputs) and from 2 sites in the Bay of Biscay at 3 depths of the water column (surface water, at the maximum of chlorophyll-a, and deep water). Moreover, intensified samplings took place from the appearance of the phenomenon twice a week during 4 weeks. UV/visible absorbance and excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy combined with PARAFAC and PCA analyses have been used to characterize colloidal DOM in the Bay of Biscay in order to estimate DOM sources as well as spatial and temporal variability of DOM properties. The preliminary results, obtained for about 70 samples of this survey, have already highlighted spatial and temporal variations of DOM optical properties and a peculiar fluorescent component (exc300nm/em338nm) was detected while the LIGA phenomenon arises. The appearance of this specific fluorescence signal seems to be correlated with high freshwater and terrestrial DOM inputs combined with physical forcing (flows, swell) as well as a rise in temperature and sunshine. This work already allowed us to identify different sources of colloidal DOM in the Bay of Biscay and highlighted a specific fingerprint of the LIGA phenomenon. The combination of EEM fluorescence spectroscopy with PARAFAC and PCA analyses appears thus to be a very powerful tool for the long term monitoring of such a phenomenon and would be very useful for a better understanding of the biogeochemical processes in marine environments and of the marine colloidal DOM ecodynamics.

Past, present, and future changes in marine biogeochemistry in the Arabian Sea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Six, Katharina; Segschneider, Joachim

2014-05-01

The work presented here aims at a better understanding of the Asian Monsoon system including the marine biogeochemistry in the Arabian Sea. Changes in the past as recorded in marine sediments, as simulated over the past 1000 years, and under forcing by anthropogenic CO2 emissions by numerical model simulations are investigated. The investigation is based on three columns: a sediment core taken in the Arabian Sea (core SO130-275KL taken off Pakistan), a pre-industrial model run from 850 - 1850 with the Max Planck Institute's Earth System Model (MPI-ESM) including the marine and terrestrial carbon cycle and forced by solar variations and volcanic eruptions, and a continuation of this simulation to 2005 under the historical anthropogenic CO2 forcing which allows a comparison with present day climatology. In a first step we compare model results for a set of biogeochemical tracers within the water column and the sediment mixed with observations in the Arabian Sea. We further analyse correlations between Monsoon forcing (represented by zonal wind speed at 850 hPA, short wave radiation, Indian summer precipitation) and biogeochemical parameters, with particular focus on denitrification rates and fluxes to the sediment. This analysis is focused on three regions: off Somalia and off Oman for the summer monsoon, and the central Arabian Sea for the winter monsoon. For the summer monsoon, the highest correlation is found between zonal wind speed and calcite flux to the sediment off Somalia, for the winter monsoon the correlation is highest for short wave radiation in the central Arabian Sea. Time series of mixed layer depth and integrated primary production within the upper 100 m of the ocean from a CMIP5 historical experiment (1850-2005) show, at the location of the sediment core SO130-275KL, little correlation during the summer monsoon, but good correlation during the winter monsoon. As a result, the sediment core is more likely to document winter monsoon conditions. Moreover, the model simulates denitrification in the oxygen minimum zones of the Indian Ocean as expected. More interesting, when comparing pre-industrial, present, and future states, it is shown that dentrification shows bipolar anomalies in the present state with a positive anomaly in the eastern Arabian Sea, and a negative anomaly in the western Arabian Sea. For 2100, when the model is forced by the RCP8.5 scenario, anomalies of denitrification are negative in the entire Arabian Sea.

Marine N2O Emissions From Nitrification and Denitrification Constrained by Modern Observations and Projected in Multimillennial Global Warming Simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Battaglia, G.; Joos, F.

2018-01-01

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) and ozone destructing agent; yet global estimates of N2O emissions are uncertain. Marine N2O stems from nitrification and denitrification processes which depend on organic matter cycling and dissolved oxygen (O2). We introduce N2O as an obligate intermediate product of denitrification and as an O2-dependent by-product from nitrification in the Bern3D ocean model. A large model ensemble is used to probabilistically constrain modern and to project marine N2O production for a low (Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP)2.6) and high GHG (RCP8.5) scenario extended to A.D. 10,000. Water column N2O and surface ocean partial pressure N2O data serve as constraints in this Bayesian framework. The constrained median for modern N2O production is 4.5 (±1σ range: 3.0 to 6.1) Tg N yr-1, where 4.5% stems from denitrification. Modeled denitrification is 65.1 (40.9 to 91.6) Tg N yr-1, well within current estimates. For high GHG forcing, N2O production decreases by 7.7% over this century due to decreasing organic matter export and remineralization. Thereafter, production increases slowly by 21% due to widespread deoxygenation and high remineralization. Deoxygenation peaks in two millennia, and the global O2 inventory is reduced by a factor of 2 compared to today. Net denitrification is responsible for 7.8% of the long-term increase in N2O production. On millennial timescales, marine N2O emissions constitute a small, positive feedback to climate change. Our simulations reveal tight coupling between the marine carbon cycle, O2, N2O, and climate.

Present-day palynomorph deposits in an estuarine context: The case of the Loire Estuary

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ganne, A.; Leroyer, C.; Penaud, A.; Mojtahid, M.

2016-12-01

Estuaries are dynamic systems that collect terrestrial, aerial, fluvial, and marine inputs, including organic microfossils, which, when fossilized and observed on palynological slides, are also referred to as palynomorphs (pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs including dinoflagellate cysts or dinocysts). To understand these organic microfossil deposit arrangements across the Loire estuary, palynomorph counts were undertaken in 31 surface sediments collected across longitudinal and perpendicular transects of the Loire active riverbed, from the upper inner estuary to the river mouth. Main results suggest a large homogeneity of the pollen content throughout the entire upstream-downstream transect, with a dominance of arboreal taxa (Pinus, Quercus, Alnus) and Poaceae. Also, perpendicular transects across the channel show a great similarity between the muddy surface layers and the underlying consolidated clay layers. This is probably due to: i) homogeneity of the landscape at a regional scale (large catchment area of the Loire River), and ii) complex hydrodynamic processes involving strong mixing of the palynological signal. Furthermore, despite scarce woodlands in the regional landscape, arboreal pollen (especially Pinus and Quercus) represents > 60% of the total pollen percentages. This could be explained by several factors: i) generally higher arboreal pollen production and dispersion as compared to herbaceous taxa, ii) distant inputs from marine areas downstream and/or forested regions far upstream, and iii) differential selection or inheritance from underlying sediments. Differentiation between the outer and inner estuarine environments was furthermore possible using a ratio of terrestrial versus marine palynological indicators. Among the dinocyst assemblages (marine realm), the euryhaline species Lingulodinium machaerophorum predominates; this taxon being very sensitive to strong water column stratification. Also, total dinocyst concentration increased upstream, which may result from the tidal forcing pushing salinity upriver beneath outflowing river water, and thus signing the estuarine turbidity maximum influence within the Loire River.

Assessing the effects of habitat patches ensuring propagule supply and different costs inclusion in marine spatial planning through multivariate analyses.

PubMed

Appolloni, L; Sandulli, R; Vetrano, G; Russo, G F

2018-05-15

Marine Protected Areas are considered key tools for conservation of coastal ecosystems. However, many reserves are characterized by several problems mainly related to inadequate zonings that often do not protect high biodiversity and propagule supply areas precluding, at the same time, economic important zones for local interests. The Gulf of Naples is here employed as a study area to assess the effects of inclusion of different conservation features and costs in reserve design process. In particular eight scenarios are developed using graph theory to identify propagule source patches and fishing and exploitation activities as costs-in-use for local population. Scenarios elaborated by MARXAN, software commonly used for marine conservation planning, are compared using multivariate analyses (MDS, PERMANOVA and PERMDISP) in order to assess input data having greatest effects on protected areas selection. MARXAN is heuristic software able to give a number of different correct results, all of them near to the best solution. Its outputs show that the most important areas to be protected, in order to ensure long-term habitat life and adequate propagule supply, are mainly located around the Gulf islands. In addition through statistical analyses it allowed us to prove that different choices on conservation features lead to statistically different scenarios. The presence of propagule supply patches forces MARXAN to select almost the same areas to protect decreasingly different MARXAN results and, thus, choices for reserves area selection. The multivariate analyses applied here to marine spatial planning proved to be very helpful allowing to identify i) how different scenario input data affect MARXAN and ii) what features have to be taken into account in study areas characterized by peculiar biological and economic interests. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Dynamics, thermodynamics, radiation, and cloudiness associated with cumulus-topped marine boundary layers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ghate, Virendra P.; Miller, Mark

The overall goal of this project was to improve the understanding of marine boundary clouds by using data collected at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) sites, so that they can be better represented in global climate models (GCMs). Marine boundary clouds are observed regularly over the tropical and subtropical oceans. They are an important element of the Earth’s climate system because they have substantial impact on the radiation budget together with the boundary layer moisture, and energy transports. These clouds also have an impact on large-scale precipitation features like the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Because these clouds occur atmore » temporal and spatial scales much smaller than those relevant to GCMs, their effects and the associated processes need to be parameterized in GCM simulations aimed at predicting future climate and energy needs. Specifically, this project’s objectives were to (1) characterize the surface turbulent fluxes, boundary layer thermodynamics, radiation field, and cloudiness associated with cumulus-topped marine boundary layers; (2) explore the similarities and differences in cloudiness and boundary layer conditions observed in the tropical and trade-wind regions; and (3) understand similarities and differences by using a simple bulk boundary layer model. In addition to working toward achieving the project’s three objectives, we also worked on understanding the role played by different forcing mechanisms in maintaining turbulence within cloud-topped boundary layers We focused our research on stratocumulus clouds during the first phase of the project, and cumulus clouds during the rest of the project. Below is a brief description of manuscripts published in peer-reviewed journals that describe results from our analyses.« less

Modeling and observational constraints on the sulfur cycle in the marine troposphere: a focus on reactive halogens and multiphase chemistry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Q.; Breider, T.; Schmidt, J.; Sherwen, T.; Evans, M. J.; Xie, Z.; Quinn, P.; Bates, T. S.; Alexander, B.

2017-12-01

The radiative forcing from marine boundary layer clouds is still highly uncertain, which partly stems from our poor understanding of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) formation. The oxidation of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and subsequent chemical evolution of its products (e.g. DMSO) are key processes in CCN formation, but are generally very simplified in large-scale models. Recent research has pointed out the importance of reactive halogens (e.g. BrO and Cl) and multiphase chemistry in the tropospheric sulfur cycle. In this study, we implement a series of sulfur oxidation mechanisms into the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model, involving both gas-phase and multiphase oxidation of DMS, DMSO, MSIA and MSA, to improve our understanding of the sulfur cycle in the marine troposphere. DMS observations from six locations around the globe and MSA/nssSO42- ratio observations from two ship cruises covering a wide range of latitudes and longitudes are used to assess the model. Preliminary results reveal the important role of BrO for DMS oxidation at high latitudes (up to 50% over Southern Ocean). Oxidation of DMS by Cl radicals is small in the model (within 10% in the marine troposphere), probably due to an underrepresentation of Cl sources. Multiphase chemistry (e.g. oxidation by OH and O3 in cloud droplets) is not important for DMS oxidation but is critical for DMSO oxidation and MSA production and removal. In our model, about half of the DMSO is oxidized in clouds, leading to the formation of MSIA, which is further oxidized to form MSA. Overall, with the addition of reactive halogens and multiphase chemistry, the model is able to better reproduce observations of seasonal variations of DMS and MSA/nssSO42- ratios.

Formulation, General Features and Global Calibration of a Bioenergetically-Constrained Fishery Model

PubMed Central

Bianchi, Daniele; Galbraith, Eric D.

2017-01-01

Human exploitation of marine resources is profoundly altering marine ecosystems, while climate change is expected to further impact commercially-harvested fish and other species. Although the global fishery is a highly complex system with many unpredictable aspects, the bioenergetic limits on fish production and the response of fishing effort to profit are both relatively tractable, and are sure to play important roles. Here we describe a generalized, coupled biological-economic model of the global marine fishery that represents both of these aspects in a unified framework, the BiOeconomic mArine Trophic Size-spectrum (BOATS) model. BOATS predicts fish production according to size spectra as a function of net primary production and temperature, and dynamically determines harvest spectra from the biomass density and interactive, prognostic fishing effort. Within this framework, the equilibrium fish biomass is determined by the economic forcings of catchability, ex-vessel price and cost per unit effort, while the peak harvest depends on the ecosystem parameters. Comparison of a large ensemble of idealized simulations with observational databases, focusing on historical biomass and peak harvests, allows us to narrow the range of several uncertain ecosystem parameters, rule out most parameter combinations, and select an optimal ensemble of model variants. Compared to the prior distributions, model variants with lower values of the mortality rate, trophic efficiency, and allometric constant agree better with observations. For most acceptable parameter combinations, natural mortality rates are more strongly affected by temperature than growth rates, suggesting different sensitivities of these processes to climate change. These results highlight the utility of adopting large-scale, aggregated data constraints to reduce model parameter uncertainties and to better predict the response of fisheries to human behaviour and climate change. PMID:28103280

Evaluating WRF-Chem aerosol indirect effects in Southeast Pacific marine stratocumulus during VOCALS-REx

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Saide P. E.; Springston S.; Spak, S. N.

2012-03-29

We evaluate a regional-scale simulation with the WRF-Chem model for the VAMOS (Variability of the American Monsoon Systems) Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx), which sampled the Southeast Pacific's persistent stratocumulus deck. Evaluation of VOCALS-REx ship-based and three aircraft observations focuses on analyzing how aerosol loading affects marine boundary layer (MBL) dynamics and cloud microphysics. We compare local time series and campaign-averaged longitudinal gradients, and highlight differences in model simulations with (W) and without (NW) wet deposition processes. The higher aerosol loadings in the NW case produce considerable changes in MBL dynamics and cloud microphysics, in accordance with the established conceptualmore » model of aerosol indirect effects. These include increase in cloud albedo, increase in MBL and cloud heights, drizzle suppression, increase in liquid water content, and increase in cloud lifetime. Moreover, better statistical representation of aerosol mass and number concentration improves model fidelity in reproducing observed spatial and temporal variability in cloud properties, including top and base height, droplet concentration, water content, rain rate, optical depth (COD) and liquid water path (LWP). Together, these help to quantify confidence in WRF-Chem's modeled aerosol-cloud interactions, especially in the activation parameterization, while identifying structural and parametric uncertainties including: irreversibility in rain wet removal; overestimation of marine DMS and sea salt emissions, and accelerated aqueous sulfate conversion. Our findings suggest that WRF-Chem simulates marine cloud-aerosol interactions at a level sufficient for applications in forecasting weather and air quality and studying aerosol climate forcing, and may do so with the reliability required for policy analysis.« less

Formulation, General Features and Global Calibration of a Bioenergetically-Constrained Fishery Model.

PubMed

Carozza, David A; Bianchi, Daniele; Galbraith, Eric D

2017-01-01

Human exploitation of marine resources is profoundly altering marine ecosystems, while climate change is expected to further impact commercially-harvested fish and other species. Although the global fishery is a highly complex system with many unpredictable aspects, the bioenergetic limits on fish production and the response of fishing effort to profit are both relatively tractable, and are sure to play important roles. Here we describe a generalized, coupled biological-economic model of the global marine fishery that represents both of these aspects in a unified framework, the BiOeconomic mArine Trophic Size-spectrum (BOATS) model. BOATS predicts fish production according to size spectra as a function of net primary production and temperature, and dynamically determines harvest spectra from the biomass density and interactive, prognostic fishing effort. Within this framework, the equilibrium fish biomass is determined by the economic forcings of catchability, ex-vessel price and cost per unit effort, while the peak harvest depends on the ecosystem parameters. Comparison of a large ensemble of idealized simulations with observational databases, focusing on historical biomass and peak harvests, allows us to narrow the range of several uncertain ecosystem parameters, rule out most parameter combinations, and select an optimal ensemble of model variants. Compared to the prior distributions, model variants with lower values of the mortality rate, trophic efficiency, and allometric constant agree better with observations. For most acceptable parameter combinations, natural mortality rates are more strongly affected by temperature than growth rates, suggesting different sensitivities of these processes to climate change. These results highlight the utility of adopting large-scale, aggregated data constraints to reduce model parameter uncertainties and to better predict the response of fisheries to human behaviour and climate change.

50 CFR 217.80 - Specified activity and specified geographical region.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... training team has two days to complete their entire evolution (i.e., detonation of five charges). If... utilized to complete the evolution. (b) The incidental take of marine mammals at Eglin Air Force Base...

50 CFR 217.80 - Specified activity and specified geographical region.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... training team has two days to complete their entire evolution (i.e., detonation of five charges). If... utilized to complete the evolution. (b) The incidental take of marine mammals at Eglin Air Force Base...

50 CFR 217.80 - Specified activity and specified geographical region.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... training team has two days to complete their entire evolution (i.e., detonation of five charges). If... utilized to complete the evolution. (b) The incidental take of marine mammals at Eglin Air Force Base...

2. EXTERIOR ELEVATIONAL VIEW OF THE WEST FACADE OF THE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. EXTERIOR ELEVATIONAL VIEW OF THE WEST FACADE OF THE MESS HALL, BUILDING 220, LOOKING NORTH-NORTHEAST. - Mill Valley Air Force Station, Mess Hall, East Ridgecrest Boulevard, Mount Tamalpais, Mill Valley, Marin County, CA

6. INTERIOR OF THE MAIN EQUIPMENT ROOM, AN/FPS66 ALPHA, BUILDING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

6. INTERIOR OF THE MAIN EQUIPMENT ROOM, AN/FPS66 ALPHA, BUILDING 408, LOOKING WEST. - Mill Valley Air Force Station, Operations Building & Annex, East Ridgecrest Boulevard, Mount Tamalpais, Mill Valley, Marin County, CA

3. INTERIOR VIEW OF MAINTENANCE ROOM OF THE CIVIL ENGINEERING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. INTERIOR VIEW OF MAINTENANCE ROOM OF THE CIVIL ENGINEERING SHOP, BUILDING 103, LOOKING WEST. - Mill Valley Air Force Station, Civil Engineering Maintenance Shop, East Ridgecrest Boulevard, Mount Tamalpais, Mill Valley, Marin County, CA

Marine Hydrokinetic Resource Assessment for Domestic Army, Air Force, and Coast Guard Facilities

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Robichaud, Robi J; Ingram, Michael

NREL/DOE undertook a study for the US Army, Coast Guard and Air Force to investigate the potential for marine hydrokinetic (MHK) devices to meet the energy load at coastal bases in the future as MHK technology evolves. A wide range of data from tidal and wave, environmental, shipping, etc. databases were used to screen the DOD bases. A series of scoring algorithms were developed to facilitate site review to lead to eventual down select for more detailed, site specific bathymetric tidal resource evaluation. The Army's Camp Edwards, MA and the Coast Guard's Training Center Cape May, NJ (TRACEN Cape May)more » were selected and the Georgia Institute of Technology performed the analyses. An NREL/DOE MHK team visited the bases to further discuss with the base personnel MHK technology's potential for providing power to the bases in the future and frame the potential impact to existing power systems.« less

Trimethylamine oxide accumulation in marine animals: relationship to acylglycerol storage.

PubMed

Seibel, Brad A; Walsh, Patrick J

2002-02-01

Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) is a common and compatible osmolyte in muscle tissues of marine organisms that is often credited with counteracting protein-destabilizing forces. However, the origin and synthetic pathways of TMAO are actively debated. Here, we examine the distribution of TMAO in marine animals and report a correlation between TMAO and acylglycerol storage. We put forward the hypothesis that TMAO is derived, at least in part, from the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine, endogenous or dietary, for storage as diacylglycerol ethers and triacylglycerols. TMAO is synthesized from the trimethylammonium moiety of choline, thus released, and is retained as a compatible solute in concentrations reflecting the amount of lipid stored in the body. A variation on this theme is proposed for sharks.

Effects of Land Use Change on Tropical Coastal Systems are Exacerbated by the Decline of Marine Mega-Herbivores

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lamers, L. P.; Christianen, M. J.; Govers, L. L.; Kiswara, W.; Bouma, T.; Roelofs, J. G.; Van Katwijk, M. M.

2011-12-01

Land use changes in tropical regions such as deforestation, mining activities, and shrimp farming, not only affect freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems, but also have a strong impact on coastal marine ecosystems. The increased influx of sediments and nutrients affects these ecosystems in multiple ways. Seagrass meadows that line coastal marine ecosystems provide important ecosystem services, e.g. sediment trapping, coastal protection and fisheries. Based on studies in East Kalimantan (Indonesia) we have shown that seagrass meadow parameters may provide more reliable indicators of land use change than the sampling of either marine sediments or water quality chemical parameters. Observations of changes in ecosystem functioning are particularly valuable for those areas where flux values are lacking and rapid surveys are needed. Time series of estuarine seagrass transects can show not only the intensity, but also the radius of action of land use change on coastal marine systems. Marine mega-herbivores pose a strong top-down control in seagrass ecosystems. We will provide a conceptual model, based on experimental evidence, to show that the global decline of marine mega-herbivore populations (as a result of large-scale poaching) may decrease the resilience of seagrass systems to increased anthropogenic forcing including land use changes. These outcomes not only urge the need for better regulation of land use change, but also for the establishment of marine protected areas (MPA's) in tropical coastal regions.

Systematic Satellite Observations of the Impact of Aerosols from Passive Volcanic Degassing on Local Cloud Properties

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ebmeier, S. K.; Sayer, A. M.; Grainger, R. G.; Mather, T. A.; Carboni, E.

2014-01-01

The impact of volcanic emissions is a significant source of uncertainty in estimations of aerosol indirect radiative forcing, especially with respect to emissions from passive de-gassing and minor explosions. Understanding the impact of volcanic emissions on indirect radiative forcing is important assessing present day atmospheric properties and also to define the pre-industrial baseline to assess anthropogenic perturbations. We present observations of the time-averaged indirect aerosol effect within 200 km downwind of isolated island volcanoes in regions of low present-day aerosol burden using MODIS and AATSR data. Retrievals of aerosol and cloud properties at Kilauea (Hawaii), Yasur (Vanuatu) and Piton de la Fournaise (Reunion) are rotated about the volcanic vent according to wind direction, so that retrievals downwind of the volcano can be averaged to improve signal to noise ratio. The emissions from all three volcanoes, including those from passive degassing, strombolian activity and minor explosions lead to measurably increased aerosol optical depth downwind of the active vent. Average cloud droplet effective radius is lower downwind of the volcano in all cases, with the peak difference in effective radius ranging from 48 microns at the different volcanoes. A comparison of these observations with cloud properties at isolated islands with no significant source of aerosol suggests that these patterns are not purely orographic in origin. This approach sets out a first step for the systematic measurement of the effects of present day low altitude volcanic emissions on cloud properties, and our observations of unpolluted, isolated marine settings may capture processes similar to those in the preindustrial marine atmosphere.

29 CFR 784.129 - “Marine products”.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false âMarine productsâ. 784.129 Section 784.129 Labor... Aquatic Products First Processing, Canning, Or Packing of Marine Products Under Section 13(a)(5) § 784.129 “Marine products”. The marine products which form the basis of the exemption are the “fish, shellfish...

29 CFR 784.129 - “Marine products”.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false âMarine productsâ. 784.129 Section 784.129 Labor... Aquatic Products First Processing, Canning, Or Packing of Marine Products Under Section 13(a)(5) § 784.129 “Marine products”. The marine products which form the basis of the exemption are the “fish, shellfish...

29 CFR 784.129 - “Marine products”.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false âMarine productsâ. 784.129 Section 784.129 Labor... Aquatic Products First Processing, Canning, Or Packing of Marine Products Under Section 13(a)(5) § 784.129 “Marine products”. The marine products which form the basis of the exemption are the “fish, shellfish...

29 CFR 784.129 - “Marine products”.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false âMarine productsâ. 784.129 Section 784.129 Labor... Aquatic Products First Processing, Canning, Or Packing of Marine Products Under Section 13(a)(5) § 784.129 “Marine products”. The marine products which form the basis of the exemption are the “fish, shellfish...

29 CFR 784.129 - “Marine products”.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false âMarine productsâ. 784.129 Section 784.129 Labor... Aquatic Products First Processing, Canning, Or Packing of Marine Products Under Section 13(a)(5) § 784.129 “Marine products”. The marine products which form the basis of the exemption are the “fish, shellfish...

Facing Stormwater Management Challenges at a Southeastern Army Installation: US Army Garrison Fort Gordon

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-05-24

Medical Center • Host to Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines and multi- national forces • Supporting 17,950 military and 6,710 civilians 4 Fort Gordon...comply with the NPne:s ( National Pol utant Discharge Elimination System) Phase II stormwater oermit and reduce pollutants fourld in stonnwatar...Lane Avenue: • Approximately 50 ft drop • Stormwater management (constructed riffle ) • Streambank stabilization (geolift, log vane) 19

Mental Health and Turnover Following an Initial Term of Military Service

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-07-01

enlistments reached such levels that the Marine Corps was forced to significantly increase its selective re-enlistment bonuses .’^ These findings indicate a...Their Consequences and Services to Assist Recov- ery. Santa Monica, CA, RAND Corporation, Center for Military Health Policy Research, 2008. 4. Carbone ...Assess 1999; 72: 256-65. 5. Cigrang JA, Carbone EG, Todd S, Fielder E: Mental health attrition from Air Force basic military training. Mil Med 1999; 163

Military Base Realignments and Closures: More Guidance and Information Needed to Take Advantage of Opportunities to Consolidate Training

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-02-01

Management Training, (2) Joint Center of Excellence for Culinary Training, (3) Joint Center of Excellence for Religious Training and Education, (4...of Excellence for Culinary Training (#123) Realign Lackland Air Force Base, Texas by relocating Culinary Training to Fort Lee, Virginia...establishing it as a Joint Center of Excellence for Culinary Training. Fort Lee, Virginia Army, Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps Joint Center of Excellence

From Beirut to Khobar Towers: Improving the Combating Terrorism Program

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-04-01

of Defense’s Force Protection problems ? Hadn’t we learned our “lessons” following the catastrophic loss of 241 Marines in the 1983 Beirut bombing...and formulated 79 recommendations to improve DOD efforts to combat terrorism. In response to the Task Force’s report, US Air Force leadership directed...Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia, would resolve several security vulnerabilities, but this action would create additional problems because US assets

The Chairmanship of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 1949-2016

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-01-01

Distribution Office, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations; the Marine Corps History Division; the Air Force Historical Studies Office; the Pentagon... Studies Group, which came to play a significant role in defin- ing JCS positions but was less successful in winning OSD’s approval of them...force structure issues. To assist in per- forming this function, it recommended additional staff support for him in the studies , analysis, and gaming

Biological-Physical Feedbacks Determine Coastal Environmental Response to Climate Change

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moore, L. J.; Duran Vinent, O.; Walters, D.; Fagherazzi, S.; Mariotti, G.; Young, D.; Wolner, C. V.

2012-12-01

As low-lying coastal landforms, transitional between marine and terrestrial realms, barrier islands are especially sensitive to changing environmental conditions. Interactions among biological and physical processes appear to play a critical role in determining how these landscapes will evolve in the future as sea level rises, storm intensity increases and plant species composition changes. Within a new conceptual framework, barrier islands tend to exist in one of two primary states. "Low" islands have little relief above sea level and are dominated by external processes, responding quickly on short time scales to changes in forcing (e.g., storms, sea level rise, etc.), migrating rapidly and generally being low in ecological diversity and productivity. In contrast, "high" islands are less vulnerable to storms, tend to be dominated by internal processes (e.g., sand trapping by vegetation), require long time periods to respond to changes in forcing, migrate slowly (if at all) and host a range of plant species and morphological environments including shrubs, small trees and vegetated secondary and tertiary dunes with intervening swales. The continued existence of barrier island landforms will depend on the degree to which islands can maintain elevation above sea level while also responding to changes in forcing by migrating landward. A long-term morphological-behavior model exploring coupled barrier-marsh evolution and a new ecomorphodynamic model representing the formation/recovery of dunes as a function of storms, shed light on the role of interactions among biological and physical processes on barrier island response to climate change. Results suggest that connections between the marsh and barrier realms, which are mediated by biological processes in the marsh environment, are highly sensitive to factors such as sea level rise rate, antecedent morphology and marsh composition. Results also suggest that feedbacks between sediment transport and vegetation involved in dune building may allow small, gradual changes in storms to cause abrupt, nonlinear transitions from the high to low island state.

Total Suspended Matter (TSM) and Maximum Signal Depth (Z90_max) for Monitoring the Evolution of Sediment Resuspension Process in Shallow Coastal Environments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Filipponi, Federico; Zucca, Francesco; Taramelli, Andrea; Valentini, Emiliana

2015-12-01

Monitoring sediment fluxes patterns in coastal area, like dispersion, sedimentation and resuspension processes, is a relevant topic for scientists, decision makers and natural resources management. Time series analysis of Earth Observation (EO) data may contribute to the understanding and the monitoring of processes in sedimentary depositional marine environment, especially for shallow coastal areas. This research study show the ability of optical medium resolution imagery to interpret the evolution of sediment resuspension from seafloor in coastal areas during intense wind forcings. Intense bora wind events in northern Adriatic Sea basin during winter season provoke considerable wave-generated resuspension of sediments, which cause variation in water column turbidity. Total Suspended Matter (TSM) product has been selected as proxy for qualitative and quantitative analysis of resuspended sediments. In addition, maximum signal depth (Z90_max), has been used to evaluate the evolution of sediment concentration in the water column.

Who, when, and how? Marine planning stakeholder involvement preferences--a case study of the Solent, United Kingdom.

PubMed

Maguire, Bernadine; Potts, Jonathan; Fletcher, Stephen

2011-11-01

The introduction of a marine planning system throughout English territorial waters over the next decade provides an opportunity for stakeholder input to the management of the marine environment. Stakeholder involvement has been identified as an important component of successful development and subsequent implementation of marine planning but it has to be recognised that the views and interest of stakeholders can vary greatly, thus the desire for involvement with the process is unlikely to be uniform. This paper presents the views of stakeholders within the Solent, United Kingdom on their potential involvement with the marine planning process. Interestingly, it highlights a strong variability of views within and across sectors. Assuming the situation in the Solent is typical of groups of stakeholders throughout the country, the lack of uniformity in the potential involvement from different stakeholders may present a challenge in achieving a representative and truly collaborative marine planning process. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

5. EXTERIOR VIEW OF THE NORTH REPAIR BAY OF THE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. EXTERIOR VIEW OF THE NORTH REPAIR BAY OF THE MOTOR REPAIR SHOP, BUILDING 104, LOOKING WEST. - Mill Valley Air Force Station, Motor Repair & Auto Hobby Shop, East Ridgecrest Boulevard, Mount Tamalpais, Mill Valley, Marin County, CA

1. OBLIQUE VIEW OF THE COMPLEX OF BUILDINGS INCLUDING THE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. OBLIQUE VIEW OF THE COMPLEX OF BUILDINGS INCLUDING THE MESS HALL BUILDING 220 IN THE FOREGROUND, LOOKING NORTH-NORTHEAST. - Mill Valley Air Force Station, Mess Hall, East Ridgecrest Boulevard, Mount Tamalpais, Mill Valley, Marin County, CA

22 CFR 1203.735-102 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... Foreign Relations UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION AGENCY EMPLOYEE RESPONSIBILITIES AND CONDUCT General Provisions § 1203.735-102 Definitions. (a) Agency means the United States International... member of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, National Oceanic and Atmospheric...

22 CFR 1203.735-102 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... Foreign Relations UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION AGENCY EMPLOYEE RESPONSIBILITIES AND CONDUCT General Provisions § 1203.735-102 Definitions. (a) Agency means the United States International... member of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, National Oceanic and Atmospheric...

22 CFR 1203.735-102 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... Foreign Relations UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION AGENCY EMPLOYEE RESPONSIBILITIES AND CONDUCT General Provisions § 1203.735-102 Definitions. (a) Agency means the United States International... member of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, National Oceanic and Atmospheric...

22 CFR 1203.735-102 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Foreign Relations UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION AGENCY EMPLOYEE RESPONSIBILITIES AND CONDUCT General Provisions § 1203.735-102 Definitions. (a) Agency means the United States International... member of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, National Oceanic and Atmospheric...

Underwater Ship Husbandry Discharges

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-11-01

which entered into force in September of 2008, prohibits the use of harmful organotins such as tributyltin (TBT) in AFCs used on international... tributyltin antifouling paints on the introduction and translocation of marine pests in Australia, Report prepared for Australian Department of Agriculture

Farewell to the Chairman - Marine Gen. Peter Pace

Science.gov Websites

Colombian or foreign officer. Defense Dept. photo by U.S. Air Force Staff Sgt. D. Myles Cullen Colombia's Boyaca, the highest military award that can be conferred on a Colombian or foreign officer. Story

Year 2000 Issues Within the U.S. Pacific Command’s Area of Responsibility, III Marine Expeditionary Force

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-02-22

report in final form. We appreciate the courtesies extended to the audit staff. Questions on the audit should be directed to Mr. Robert M. Murrell at... Smedley D. Butler, Okinawa, and Marine Corps Air Station, Futenma, Japan. A Y2K project team was appointed and the infrastructure inventory was completed...the Assistant Inspector General for Auditing, DoD, produced this report. Paul J. Granetto Robert M. Murrell Nancee K. Needham Peter J. Larson Charles R. Johnson John R. Huddleston Elizabeth Lavallee Elizabeth Ramos

Slippery liquid-infused porous surface bio-inspired by pitcher plant for marine anti-biofouling application.

PubMed

Wang, Peng; Zhang, Dun; Lu, Zhou

2015-12-01

Marine biofouling, caused by the adhesion of microorganism, is a worldwide problem in marine systems. In this research work, slippery liquid-infused porous surface (SLIPS), inspired by Nepenthes pitcher plant, was constructed over aluminum for marine anti-biofouling application. The as-fabricated SLIPS was characterized with SEM, AFM, and contact angle meter. Its anti-biofouling performance was evaluated with settlement experiment of a typical marine biofouling organism Chlorella vulgaris in both static and dynamic conditions. The effect of solid substrate micro-structure on anti-biofouling property of SLIPS was studied. It was suggested that the micro-structure with low length scale and high degree of regularity should be considered for designing stable SLIPS with exceptional anti-biofouling property. The liquid-like property is proven to be the main contributor for the exceptional anti-biofouling performance of SLIPS in both static and dynamic conditions. The low roughness, which facilitates removing the settled C. vulgaris under shear force, is also a main contributor for the anti-biofouling performance of SLIPS in dynamic condition. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The use of the Novosol process for the treatment of polluted marine sediment.

PubMed

Zoubeir, Lafhaj; Adeline, Saliceto; Laurent, Cohen Solal; Yoann, Coudray; Truc, Huynh Trung; Benoît, Le Guen; Federico, Anguoni

2007-09-30

The work presented in this article concerns polluted marine sediments. The article is divided into three parts. The first part discusses existing industrial procedures of treatment. The second part introduces the Novosol((R)) process, which was used for the treatment of polluted marine sediments. This process is based on the stabilization of heavy metals in the solid matrix by phosphatation and the destruction of organic matter by calcination. Finally, after a comparison had been made between environmental results obtained on both polluted marine sediments and inert ones, treated sediments were introduced in the production of clay bricks. The results obtained show that the Novosol process leads to the immobilization of most heavy metals and can be considered as an efficient tool for the stabilisation of polluted marine sediment. Thus, the results of physical and mechanical tests as compressive strength and water absorption indicate that performances obtained were comparable to standard brick values. These results confirm that, once treated, polluted sediments can be recycled.

[Secondary Metabolites from Marine Microorganisms. I. Secondary Metabolites from Marine Actinomycetes].

PubMed

Orlova, T I; Bulgakova, V G; Polin, A N

2015-01-01

Review represents data on new active metabolites isolated from marine actinomycetes published in 2007 to 2014. Marine actinomycetes are an unlimited source of novel secondary metabolites with various biological activities. Among them there are antibiotics, anticancer compounds, inhibitors of biochemical processes.

Metabonomics profiling of marinated meat in soy sauce during processing.

PubMed

Yang, Yang; Ye, Yangfang; Pan, Daodong; Sun, Yangying; Wang, Ying; Cao, Jinxuan

2018-03-01

Marinated meat in soy sauce is one of the most popular traditional cured meat products in China. Its taste quality is directly related to primary and secondary metabolites. Herein, the change of metabolite composition of marinated meat in soy sauce during processing was systematically characterised using 1 H NMR and multivariate data analysis. The marinated meat in soy sauce metabonome was dominated by 26 metabolites, including amino acids, sugars, organic acids, nucleic aides and their derivatives. PC1 and PC2 explained a total of 78.6% and 16.6% of variables, respectively. Amino acids, sugars, acetate, succinate, uracil and inosine increased during marinating, while lactate, creatine, inosine-5'-monophosphate (5'-IMP) and anserine decreased (P < 0.05). After marinating, most of the metabolites decreased except for acetate and alanine (P < 0.05). There was a negative effect on the taste of marinated meat in soy sauce during the late stage of dry-ripening. These findings indicated that the potential of NMR-based metabonomics is of importance for taste quality of marinated meat in soy sauce, which could contribute to a better understanding of the changes of taste compounds in meat products during processing. Shortening the dry-ripening period could be considered to improve the taste quality. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Inconsistencies in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model of the Marine Boundary Layer Along the Coast of California

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fisher, Andrew M.

The late spring and summer low-level wind field along the California coast is primarily controlled by the pressure gradient between the Pacific high and the thermal low over the desert southwest. Strong northwesterly winds within the marine boundary layer (MBL) are common and the flow is often described as a two-layer shallow water hydraulic system, capped above by subsidence and bounded laterally by high coastal topography. Hydraulic features such as an expansion fan can occur near major coastal headlands. Numerical simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) modeling system were conducted over a two-month period and compared to observations from several buoy stations and aircraft measurements from the Precision Atmospheric Marine Boundary Layer Experiment (PreAMBLE). Model performance of the atmospheric adjustment near the Point Arguello and Point Conception (PAPC) headlands and into the Santa Barbara Channel (SBC) is assessed. Substantial inconsistencies are revealed, especially in the SBC. The strength of the synoptic forcing impacts model performance upstream of PAPC. The model maintains stronger winds than observed under weak forcing regimes, inadequately representing periods of wind relaxation. The large-scale forcing has minimal impact on the flow in the SBC, where poor modeling of the MBL characteristics exists throughout the entire period. Similar results are found in the coarser North American Mesoscale (NAM) model. In general, WRF overestimates the wind speed around PAPC and the expansion fan extends too far into the SBC. Previous conceptual models were based on similar flawed model results and limited observations. PreAMBLE measurements reveal a more complex lower atmosphere in the SBC than the simulations can represent. Mischaracterization of surface wind stress in the SBC has implications for forcing ocean models with WRF. Understanding model biases of the vertical profile of temperature and humidity are also critical to several national defense agencies with interests in atmospheric refractivity conditions and its impact on their operations.

Coupling biology and oceanography in models.

PubMed

Fennel, W; Neumann, T

2001-08-01

The dynamics of marine ecosystems, i.e. the changes of observable chemical-biological quantities in space and time, are driven by biological and physical processes. Predictions of future developments of marine systems need a theoretical framework, i.e. models, solidly based on research and understanding of the different processes involved. The natural way to describe marine systems theoretically seems to be the embedding of chemical-biological models into circulation models. However, while circulation models are relatively advanced the quantitative theoretical description of chemical-biological processes lags behind. This paper discusses some of the approaches and problems in the development of consistent theories and indicates the beneficial potential of the coupling of marine biology and oceanography in models.

A Southern Ocean trigger for Northwest Pacific ventilation during the Holocene?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rella, S. F.; Uchida, M.

2014-02-01

Holocene ocean circulation is poorly understood due to sparsity of dateable marine archives with submillennial-scale resolution. Here we present a record of mid-depth water radiocarbon contents in the Northwest (NW) Pacific Ocean over the last 12.000 years, which shows remarkable millennial-scale variations relative to changes in atmospheric radiocarbon inventory. Apparent decoupling of these variations from regional ventilation and mixing processes leads us to the suggestion that the mid-depth NW Pacific may have responded to changes in Southern Ocean overturning forced by latitudinal displacements of the southern westerly winds. By inference, a tendency of in-phase related North Atlantic and Southern Ocean overturning would argue against the development of a steady bipolar seesaw regime during the Holocene.

A Southern Ocean trigger for Northwest Pacific ventilation during the Holocene?

PubMed

Rella, S F; Uchida, M

2014-02-17

Holocene ocean circulation is poorly understood due to sparsity of dateable marine archives with submillennial-scale resolution. Here we present a record of mid-depth water radiocarbon contents in the Northwest (NW) Pacific Ocean over the last 12.000 years, which shows remarkable millennial-scale variations relative to changes in atmospheric radiocarbon inventory. Apparent decoupling of these variations from regional ventilation and mixing processes leads us to the suggestion that the mid-depth NW Pacific may have responded to changes in Southern Ocean overturning forced by latitudinal displacements of the southern westerly winds. By inference, a tendency of in-phase related North Atlantic and Southern Ocean overturning would argue against the development of a steady bipolar seesaw regime during the Holocene.

Parker Solar Probe: Delta IV Heavy Second-stage and Port CBC Arrival, Offload, and Transport

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-08-26

The United Launch Alliance Mariner arrives at Port Canaveral's Army Warf carrying the third Delta IV Heavy common booster core and second stage for NASA's upcoming Parker Solar Probe spacecraft. The flight hardware is offloaded and transported to the Horizontal Integration Facility (HIF) at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station for preflight processing. The mission will perform the closest-ever observations of a star when it travels through the Sun's atmosphere, called the corona. The probe will rely on measurements and imaging to revolutionize our understanding of the corona and the Sun-Earth connection. Liftoff atop the Delta IV Heavy rocket is scheduled to take place from Cape Canaveral's Space Launch Complex 37 in summer 2018.

A Southern Ocean trigger for Northwest Pacific ventilation during the Holocene?

PubMed Central

Rella, S. F.; Uchida, M.

2014-01-01

Holocene ocean circulation is poorly understood due to sparsity of dateable marine archives with submillennial-scale resolution. Here we present a record of mid-depth water radiocarbon contents in the Northwest (NW) Pacific Ocean over the last 12.000 years, which shows remarkable millennial-scale variations relative to changes in atmospheric radiocarbon inventory. Apparent decoupling of these variations from regional ventilation and mixing processes leads us to the suggestion that the mid-depth NW Pacific may have responded to changes in Southern Ocean overturning forced by latitudinal displacements of the southern westerly winds. By inference, a tendency of in-phase related North Atlantic and Southern Ocean overturning would argue against the development of a steady bipolar seesaw regime during the Holocene. PMID:24509792

The effect of active control on the performance and wake characteristics of an axial-flow Marine Hydrokinetic turbine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hill, Craig; Vanness, Katherine; Stewart, Andy; Polagye, Brian; Aliseda, Alberto

2016-11-01

Turbulence-induced unsteady forcing on turbines extracting power from river, tidal, or ocean currents will affect performance, wake characteristics, and structural integrity. A laboratory-scale axial-flow turbine, 0 . 45 m in diameter, incorporating rotor speed sensing and independent blade pitch control has been designed and tested with the goal of increasing efficiency and/or decreasing structural loading. Laboratory experiments were completed in a 1 m wide, 0.75 m deep open-channel flume at moderate Reynolds number (Rec =6104 -2105) and turbulence intensity (T . I . = 2 - 10 %). A load cell connecting the hub to the shaft provided instantaneous forces and moments on the device, quantifying turbine performance under unsteady inflow and for different controls. To mitigate loads, blade pitch angles were controlled via individual stepper motors, while a six-axis load cell mounted at the root of one blade measured instantaneous blade forces and moments, providing insights into variable loading due to turbulent inflow and blade-tower interactions. Wake characteristics with active pitch control were compared to fixed blade pitch and rotor speed operation. Results are discussed in the context of optimization of design for axial-flow Marine Hydrokinetic turbines.

Exploring the Feasibility of a Consolidated Joint Civil Augmentation Program (JCAP)

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-12-01

operations. The primary focus of the program is on design and engineering, and infrastructure design and construction; however AFCAP also performs...Following is the primary research question: “Is it more cost effective for the Army, Navy, and Air Force to combine their individual CAPs into one JCAP...Force, Marines and U.S. Allies. “The program’s rationale and primary emphasis is joint-service development of a next-generation multi-role stirke

Air Warfare and Air Base Defense 1914-1973

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-01-01

ground commanders diluted German efforts. Rommel described the prob- lem in organizational terms: " One thing that worked very seriously against us was...exerted severe pressure on the Marines. Japanese attempts at reinforcing their garri - son were constant and could be defeated only by air attacks on the...and in many cases pure chance that favors one side over the other. In response to a request by the Air Force Director of Plans, the Office of Air Force

A Preliminary Study: USMC Tactical Communications Technical Control Needs for the Landing Force Integrated Communications System.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-09-01

BSTRACT This study uses a systems analysis approach to determine the communications technical control needs of the Fleet Marine Force as the transition...subsequent analysis and decision. In the acquisi- tion of military systems, it is typical to find these assumptions used to construct various measures of...relatively free from the typical underlying estimates used in cost and operational effective- ness analysis (COEA) type studies which are designed to compare

Protecting Interests and Preventing War: An Analysis of PACAF Force Posture Alternatives

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-05-01

The overall goal was to maintain US leadership in the region and to ensure stability and economic prosperity. Nye claimed, “Our national interests...Kadena Air Base, Okinawa, was perfectly situated to influence events in Taiwan and the East China Sea, but its runways and other key facilities were...Army and Marine forces was extremely risky. America faced major power-projection problems in a key economic region, while China began a period of

Defensive Information Operations in Support of the Marine Air Ground Task Force

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-05-31

Templeton, M.S.Sc. Accepted this 31st day of May 2002 by: , Director, Graduate Degree Programs Philip J . Brookes, Ph.D. The...ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my wife, Marcella and my children, Christopher, Stehpanie, Benjamin, and Cecilia for their support and encouragement...future. The protection of these C2 centers must be included in the overall force protection plan. As stated by Secretary of Defense William J . Perry in

29 CFR 784.133 - “First processing.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false âFirst processing.â 784.133 Section 784.133 Labor... Aquatic Products First Processing, Canning, Or Packing of Marine Products Under Section 13(a)(5) § 784.133 “First processing.” Processing connotes a change from the natural state of the marine product and first...

29 CFR 784.133 - “First processing.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false âFirst processing.â 784.133 Section 784.133 Labor... Aquatic Products First Processing, Canning, Or Packing of Marine Products Under Section 13(a)(5) § 784.133 “First processing.” Processing connotes a change from the natural state of the marine product and first...

2012 U.S. Marine Corps S&T Strategic Plan

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-01-17

29 Training and Education...required capabilities through Doctrine, Organization, Training , Materiel, Leadership and Education, Personnel, and Facilities (DOTMLPF) analysis to...Escalation of Force, Expeditionary Energy, Training and Education, and Irregular Warfare. e. The maneuver functional area specifically addresses the

32 CFR 728.73 - Applicants for enlistment or reenlistment in the Armed Forces, and applicants for enlistment in...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY PERSONNEL MEDICAL AND DENTAL CARE FOR... at Navy and Marine Corps facilities or MEPS may be furnished emergency medical and dental care...

32 CFR 728.73 - Applicants for enlistment or reenlistment in the Armed Forces, and applicants for enlistment in...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY PERSONNEL MEDICAL AND DENTAL CARE FOR... at Navy and Marine Corps facilities or MEPS may be furnished emergency medical and dental care...

32 CFR 728.73 - Applicants for enlistment or reenlistment in the Armed Forces, and applicants for enlistment in...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY PERSONNEL MEDICAL AND DENTAL CARE FOR... at Navy and Marine Corps facilities or MEPS may be furnished emergency medical and dental care...

32 CFR 728.73 - Applicants for enlistment or reenlistment in the Armed Forces, and applicants for enlistment in...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY PERSONNEL MEDICAL AND DENTAL CARE FOR... at Navy and Marine Corps facilities or MEPS may be furnished emergency medical and dental care...

Glycobiology of Reproductive Processes in Marine Animals: The State of the Art

PubMed Central

Gallo, Alessandra; Costantini, Maria

2012-01-01

Glycobiology is the study of complex carbohydrates in biological systems and represents a developing field of science that has made huge advances in the last half century. In fact, it combines all branches of biomedical research, revealing the vast and diverse forms of carbohydrate structures that exist in nature. Advances in structure determination have enabled scientists to study the function of complex carbohydrates in more depth and to determine the role that they play in a wide range of biological processes. Glycobiology research in marine systems has primarily focused on reproduction, in particular for what concern the chemical communication between the gametes. The current status of marine glycobiology is primarily descriptive, devoted to characterizing marine glycoconjugates with potential biomedical and biotechnological applications. In this review, we describe the current status of the glycobiology in the reproductive processes from gametogenesis to fertilization and embryo development of marine animals. PMID:23247316

The spread of marine anoxia on the northern Tethys margin during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dickson, Alexander J.; Rees-Owen, Rhian L.; März, Christian; Coe, Angela L.; Cohen, Anthony S.; Pancost, Richard D.; Taylor, Kyle; Shcherbinina, Ekaterina

2014-06-01

Records of the paleoenvironmental changes that occurred during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) are preserved in sedimentary rocks along the margins of the former Tethys Ocean and Peri-Tethys. This paper presents new geochemical data that constrain paleoproductivity, sediment delivery, and seawater redox conditions, from three sites that were located in the Peri-Tethys region. Trace and major element, iron speciation, and biomarker data indicate that water column anoxia was established during episodes when inputs of land-derived higher plant organic carbon and highly weathered detrital clays and silts became relatively higher. Anoxic conditions are likely to have been initially caused by two primary processes: (i) oxygen consumption by high rates of marine productivity, initially stimulated by the rapid delivery of terrestrially derived organic matter and nutrients, and (ii) phosphorus regeneration from seafloor sediments. The role of the latter process requires further investigation before its influence on the spread of deoxygenated seawater during the PETM can be properly discerned. Other oxygen-forcing processes, such as temperature/salinity-driven water column stratification and/or methane oxidation, are considered to have been relatively less important in the study region. Organic carbon enrichments occur only during the initial stages of the PETM as defined by the negative carbon isotope excursions at each site. The lack of observed terminal stage organic carbon enrichment does not support a link between PETM climate recovery and the sequestration of excess atmospheric CO2 as organic carbon in this region; such a feedback may, however, have been important in the early stages of the PETM.

Effects of environment forcing on marine boundary layer cloud-drizzle processes: MBL Cloud-Drizzle Processes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wu, Peng; Dong, Xiquan; Xi, Baike

Determining the factors affecting drizzle formation in marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds remains a challenge for both observation and modeling communities. To investigate the roles of vertical wind shear and buoyancy (static instability) in drizzle formation, ground-based observations from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program at the Azores are analyzed for two types of conditions. The type I clouds should last for at least five hours and more than 90% time must be non-drizzling, and then followed by at least two hours of drizzling periods while the type II clouds are characterized by mesoscale convection cellular (MCC) structures with drizzlemore » occur every two to four hours. By analyzing the boundary layer wind profiles (direction and speed), it was found that either directional or speed shear is required to promote drizzle production in the type I clouds. Observations and a recent model study both suggest that vertical wind shear helps the production of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), stimulates turbulence within cloud layer, and enhances drizzle formation near the cloud top. The type II clouds do not require strong wind shear to produce drizzle. The small values of lower-tropospheric stability (LTS) and negative Richardson number ( Ri) in the type II cases suggest that boundary layer instability plays an important role in TKE production and cloud-drizzle processes. As a result, by analyzing the relationships between LTS and wind shear for all cases and all time periods, a stronger connection was found between LTS and wind directional shear than that between LTS and wind speed shear.« less

Effects of environment forcing on marine boundary layer cloud-drizzle processes: MBL Cloud-Drizzle Processes

DOE PAGES

Wu, Peng; Dong, Xiquan; Xi, Baike; ...

2017-04-20

Determining the factors affecting drizzle formation in marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds remains a challenge for both observation and modeling communities. To investigate the roles of vertical wind shear and buoyancy (static instability) in drizzle formation, ground-based observations from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program at the Azores are analyzed for two types of conditions. The type I clouds should last for at least five hours and more than 90% time must be non-drizzling, and then followed by at least two hours of drizzling periods while the type II clouds are characterized by mesoscale convection cellular (MCC) structures with drizzlemore » occur every two to four hours. By analyzing the boundary layer wind profiles (direction and speed), it was found that either directional or speed shear is required to promote drizzle production in the type I clouds. Observations and a recent model study both suggest that vertical wind shear helps the production of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), stimulates turbulence within cloud layer, and enhances drizzle formation near the cloud top. The type II clouds do not require strong wind shear to produce drizzle. The small values of lower-tropospheric stability (LTS) and negative Richardson number ( Ri) in the type II cases suggest that boundary layer instability plays an important role in TKE production and cloud-drizzle processes. As a result, by analyzing the relationships between LTS and wind shear for all cases and all time periods, a stronger connection was found between LTS and wind directional shear than that between LTS and wind speed shear.« less

Tipping elements in the Arctic marine ecosystem.

PubMed

Duarte, Carlos M; Agustí, Susana; Wassmann, Paul; Arrieta, Jesús M; Alcaraz, Miquel; Coello, Alexandra; Marbà, Núria; Hendriks, Iris E; Holding, Johnna; García-Zarandona, Iñigo; Kritzberg, Emma; Vaqué, Dolors

2012-02-01

The Arctic marine ecosystem contains multiple elements that present alternative states. The most obvious of which is an Arctic Ocean largely covered by an ice sheet in summer versus one largely devoid of such cover. Ecosystems under pressure typically shift between such alternative states in an abrupt, rather than smooth manner, with the level of forcing required for shifting this status termed threshold or tipping point. Loss of Arctic ice due to anthropogenic climate change is accelerating, with the extent of Arctic sea ice displaying increased variance at present, a leading indicator of the proximity of a possible tipping point. Reduced ice extent is expected, in turn, to trigger a number of additional tipping elements, physical, chemical, and biological, in motion, with potentially large impacts on the Arctic marine ecosystem.

Numerical Modeling of River Fluxes Under Changing Environmental Conditions (Invited)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simpson, G.

2013-12-01

High frequency climate cycles have a major impact on landscapes, but it remains uncertain if alluvial rivers can transfer the resulting sediment pulses downstream to sedimentary basins. Stratigraphic records located near the mouth of rivers exhibit cyclicity consistent with orbital forcing. However, in some cases, the sediment supply from rivers appears to have remained remarkably constant despite changes in climate, which has been interpreted to indicate that rivers dampen rapid variability. Here, we employ a physically-based numerical model to resolve this outstanding problem. Our simulations show that rivers forced with water flux cycles exhibit highly pulsed sediment outflux records, even when the period of forcing is several orders of magnitude shorter than river response times. This non-linear amplified system response characterised by positive feedback is related to the strong negative correlation between water flux and the equilibrium slope of a river. We also show that the apparent stability of sediment fluxes based on time-averaged data is an artifact of integrating highly episodic records over multiple cycles rather than a signature of diffusive floodplain processes. We conclude that marine sedimentary basins may record sediment-flux cycles resulting from discharge (and ultimately climate) variability, whereas they may be relatively insensitive to pure sediment-flux perturbations (such as for example those induced by tectonics).

A Mussel-Derived One-Component Adhesive Coacervate

PubMed Central

Wei, Wei; Tan, Yerpeng; Rodriguez, N. Martinez; Yu, Jing; Israelachvili, Jacob N.; Waite, J. Herbert

2013-01-01

Marine organisms process and deliver many of their underwater coatings and adhesives as complex fluids. In marine mussels, one such fluid, secreted during the formation of adhesive plaques, consists of a concentrated colloidal suspension of a mussel foot protein (mfp) known as Mfp-3S. Results of this study suggest that Mfp-3S becomes a complex fluid by a liquid-liquid phase separation from equilibrium solution at a pH and ionic strength reminiscent of conditions created by the mussel foot during plaque formation. The pH dependence of phase separation and its sensitivity indicate that inter/intra-molecular electrostatic interactions are partially responsible for driving the phase separation. Hydrophobic interactions between the nonpolar Mfp-3S proteins provide another important driving force for coacervation. As complex coacervation typically results from charge-charge interactions between polyanions and polycations, Mfp-3S is thus unique in being the only known protein that coacervates with itself. The Mfp-3S coacervate was shown to have an effective interfacial energy of ≤ 1 mJ/m2 which explains its tendency to spread over or engulf most surfaces. Of particular interest to biomedical applications is the extremely high adsorption capacity of coacervated Mfp-3S on hydroxyapatite. PMID:24060881

Field_ac: a research project on ocean modelling in coastal areas. The experience in the Catalan Sea.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grifoll, Manel; Pallarès, Elena; Tolosana-Delgado, Raimon; Fernandez, Juan; Lopez, Jaime; Mosso, Cesar; Hermosilla, Fernando; Espino, Manuel; Sanchez-Arcilla, Agustín

2013-04-01

The EU founded Field_ac project has investigated during the last three years methods and strategies for improving operational services in coastal areas. The objective has been to generate added value for shelf and regional scale predictions from GMES Marine Core Services. In this sense the experience in the Catalan Sea site has allowed to combine high-resolution numerical modeling tools nested into regional GMES services, data from intensive field campaigns or local observational networks and remote sensing products. Multi-scale coupled models have been implemented to evaluate different temporal and spatial scales of the dominant physical processes related with waves, currents, continental/river discharges or sediment transport. In this sense the experience of the Field_ac project in the Catalan Sea has permit to "connect" GMES marine core service results to the coastal (local) anthropogenic forcing (e.g. causes of morphodynamic evolution and ecosystem degradation) and will support a knowledge-based assessment of decisions in the coastal zone. This will contribute to the implementation of EU directives (e.g., the Water Framework Directive for water quality at beaches near harbour entrances or the Risk or Flood Directives for waves and sea-level at beach/river-mouth scales).

46 CFR 28.50 - Definition of terms used in this part.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... forms of marine animal and plant life, except marine mammals and birds. Fish processing vessel means a....S. Coast Guard Sector Office or Marine Inspection Office, or an accepted organization, or a... an individual or organization that has been accepted by the local Officer-in-Charge, Marine...

46 CFR 28.50 - Definition of terms used in this part.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... forms of marine animal and plant life, except marine mammals and birds. Fish processing vessel means a....S. Coast Guard Sector Office or Marine Inspection Office, or an accepted organization, or a... an individual or organization that has been accepted by the local Officer-in-Charge, Marine...

Mini-review: Inhibition of biofouling by marine microorganisms.

PubMed

Dobretsov, Sergey; Abed, Raeid M M; Teplitski, Max

2013-01-01

Any natural or artificial substratum exposed to seawater is quickly fouled by marine microorganisms and later by macrofouling species. Microfouling organisms on the surface of a substratum form heterogenic biofilms, which are composed of multiple species of heterotrophic bacteria, cyanobacteria, diatoms, protozoa and fungi. Biofilms on artificial structures create serious problems for industries worldwide, with effects including an increase in drag force and metal corrosion as well as a reduction in heat transfer efficiency. Additionally, microorganisms produce chemical compounds that may induce or inhibit settlement and growth of other fouling organisms. Since the last review by the first author on inhibition of biofouling by marine microbes in 2006, significant progress has been made in the field. Several antimicrobial, antialgal and antilarval compounds have been isolated from heterotrophic marine bacteria, cyanobacteria and fungi. Some of these compounds have multiple bioactivities. Microorganisms are able to disrupt biofilms by inhibition of bacterial signalling and production of enzymes that degrade bacterial signals and polymers. Epibiotic microorganisms associated with marine algae and invertebrates have a high antifouling (AF) potential, which can be used to solve biofouling problems in industry. However, more information about the production of AF compounds by marine microorganisms in situ and their mechanisms of action needs to be obtained. This review focuses on the AF activity of marine heterotrophic bacteria, cyanobacteria and fungi and covers publications from 2006 up to the end of 2012.

Comparing marine and terrestrial ecosystems: Implications for the design of coastal marine reserves

USGS Publications Warehouse

Carr, M.H.; Neigel, J.E.; Estes, J.A.; Andelman, S.; Warner, R.R.; Largier, J. L.

2003-01-01

Concepts and theory for the design and application of terrestrial reserves is based on our understanding of environmental, ecological, and evolutionary processes responsible for biological diversity and sustainability of terrestrial ecosystems and how humans have influenced these processes. How well this terrestrial-based theory can be applied toward the design and application of reserves in the coastal marine environment depends, in part, on the degree of similarity between these systems. Several marked differences in ecological and evolutionary processes exist between marine and terrestrial ecosystems as ramifications of fundamental differences in their physical environments (i.e., the relative prevalence of air and water) and contemporary patterns of human impacts. Most notably, the great extent and rate of dispersal of nutrients, materials, holoplanktonic organisms, and reproductive propagules of benthic organisms expand scales of connectivity among near-shore communities and ecosystems. Consequently, the "openness" of marine populations, communities, and ecosystems probably has marked influences on their spatial, genetic, and trophic structures and dynamics in ways experienced by only some terrestrial species. Such differences appear to be particularly significant for the kinds of organisms most exploited and targeted for protection in coastal marine ecosystems (fishes and macroinvertebrates). These and other differences imply some unique design criteria and application of reserves in the marine environment. In explaining the implications of these differences for marine reserve design and application, we identify many of the environmental and ecological processes and design criteria necessary for consideration in the development of the analytical approaches developed elsewhere in this Special Issue.

Effects of soy sauce on physicochemical and textural properties of tumbled chicken breast.

PubMed

Kim, H W; Hwang, K E; Song, D H; Kim, Y J; Lim, Y B; Choi, J H; Choi, Y S; Kim, H Y; Kim, C J

2014-03-01

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soy sauce on the physicochemical and textural properties of tumbled chicken breasts. Chicken breasts marinated with distilled water (Con), 4% NaCl solution, 4% NaCl and lactic acid solution (pH 4.9), and soy sauce solution (4% salt concentration and pH 4.9) were vacuum tumbled at 3°C for 60 min. The chicken breast marinated with soy sauce solution showed lower lightness and higher redness and yellowness due to the color of the soy sauce. The acidic marinades led to a decrease in pH value of tumbled chicken breast. The acidic marinades increased collagen solubility of sample compared with 4% NaCl solution, resulting in decreased shear force. Water-holding capacity, marination and cooking yields, and solubility of myofibrillar proteins were mainly affected by the presence of salt in the marinade, rather than by pH alternation. Our results suggested that soy sauce marination can improve the tenderness of tumbled chicken breast.

High abundances of oxalic, azelaic, and glyoxylic acids and methylglyoxal in the open ocean with high biological activity: Implication for secondary OA formation from isoprene

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bikkina, Srinivas; Kawamura, Kimitaka; Miyazaki, Yuzo; Fu, Pingqing

2014-05-01

Atmospheric dicarboxylic acids (DCA) are a ubiquitous water-soluble component of secondary organic aerosols (SOA), which can act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), affecting the Earth's climate. Despite the high abundances of oxalic acid and related compounds in the marine aerosols, there is no consensus on what controls their distributions over the open ocean. Marine biological productivity could play a role in the production of DCA, but there is no substantial evidence to support this hypothesis. Here we present latitudinal distributions of DCA, oxoacids and α-dicarbonyls in the marine aerosols from the remote Pacific. Their concentrations were found several times higher in more biologically influenced aerosols (MBA) than less biologically influenced aerosols. We propose isoprene and unsaturated fatty acids as sources of DCA as inferred from significantly higher abundances of isoprene-SOA tracers and azelaic acid in MBA. These results have implications toward the reassessment of climate forcing feedbacks of marine-derived SOA.

76 FR 42116 - National Policy for Distinguishing Serious From Non-Serious Injuries of Marine Mammals

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-18

... transparent process for effective conservation of marine mammal stocks and management of human activities... performance under existing processes, and gather the best available and current scientific information... The draft Procedural Directive describes the annual process for making and documenting injury...

Cooperation in marine affairs: Evidence from the Gulf of Thailand

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harakunarak, Ampai

1998-12-01

This study argues that the evolving process of interstate cooperation based upon power interests could operate regardless of the formal or expressed will of governments to make binding agreements. The study developed a comprehensive model for interstate cooperation in which state interests were part of conditions for the mutual problem-solving process. The model was then tested against three marine issues in the Gulf of Thailand: offshore hydrocarbon development associated with maritime boundary delimitation, marine fisheries, and marine pollution. Literature review, newspapers and periodicals, on-line databases, and unstructured interviews were primary sources of data. The analysis found that consultation accounted for cooperative interaction among the realist Gulf of Thailand states. Evidence from three tested marine issues suggested that frequent contact and subsequent effects of a greater exchange of knowledge and information can at least stabilize relationships between the states. Informality and non-binding nature of the interactive process offered the states the needed flexibility in designing and implementing effective marine management in the Gulf of Thailand. The study discussed a modified realist framework and some implications for a future study of informal regimes and compliance with interstate agreements.

Hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dale, Virginia H

2010-01-01

Since 1985, scientists have been documenting a hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico each year. The hypoxic zone, an area of low dissolved oxygen that cannot support marine life, generally manifests itself in the spring. Since marine species either die or flee the hypoxic zone, the spread of hypoxia reduces the available habitat for marine species, which are important for the ecosystem as well as commercial and recreational fishing in the Gulf. Since 2001, the hypoxic zone has averaged 16,500 km{sup 2} during its peak summer months, an area slightly larger than the state of Connecticut, and ranged frommore » a low of 8,500 km{sup 2} to a high of 22,000 km{sup 2}. To address the hypoxia problem, the Mississippi River/Gulf of Mexico Watershed Nutrient Task Force (or Task Force) was formed to bring together representatives from federal agencies, states, and tribes to consider options for responding to hypoxia. The Task Force asked the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy to conduct a scientific assessment of the causes and consequences of Gulf hypoxia through its Committee on Environment and Natural Resources (CENR). In 2000 the CENR completed An Integrated Assessment: Hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico (or Integrated Assessment), which formed the scientific basis for the Task Force's Action Plan for Reducing, Mitigating, and Controlling Hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico (Action Plan, 2001). In its Action Plan, the Task Force pledged to implement ten management actions and to assess progress every 5 years. This reassessment would address the nutrient load reductions achieved, the responses of the hypoxic zone and associated water quality and habitat conditions, and economic and social effects. The Task Force began its reassessment in 2005. In 2006 as part of the reassessment, USEPA's Office of Water, on behalf of the Task Force, requested that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Science Advisory Board (SAB) convene an independent panel to evaluate the state-of-the-science regarding hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico and potential nutrient mitigation and control options in the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River basin (MARB). The Task Force was particularly interested in scientific advances since the Integrated Assessment and posed questions in three areas: characterization of hypoxia; nutrient fate, transport and sources; and the scientific basis for goals and management options. The Hypoxia Study Group began its deliberations in September of 2006 and completed its report in August of 2007 while operating under the 'sunshine' requirements of the Federal Advisory Committee Act, which include providing public access to advisory meetings and opportunities for public comment. This Executive Summary summarizes the Hypoxia Study Group's major findings and recommendations.« less

75 FR 16760 - Privacy Act of 1974; System of Records

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-02

... unless comments are received which result in a contrary determination. ADDRESSES: You may submit comments... (MCMPS) Records System Location: Headquarters Marine Corps (HQMC) Manpower Information Systems Division...), and Manpower Management Force Augmentation (MMFA), Manpower and Reserve Affairs (M&RA), HQMC personnel...

The Future of U.S. Landpower: Special Operations Versatility, Marine Corps Utility

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

forces-to-face- al-shabaab-lra-.html>. 72 Flynn. 73 Owens. 74 Sustaining U.S. Global Leadership, 3. 75 Jackie Calmes, “Obama and Gillard Expand U.S.-Australia Military Ties,” The New York Times, November 16, 2011.

Solar radiation pressure effects on the Helios spacecraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Georgevic, R. M.

1976-01-01

A mathematical model of the solar radiation force and torques, developed for the Mariner 10 Venus/Mercury spacecraft mission, was used for a detailed analysis of the effects of solar light pressure on the Helios spacecraft. Due to the fact that the main body of the Helios spacecraft is a surface of enclosure, inside of which most of the reradiated thermal energy is lost, expressions for the portion of the solar radiation force, produced by the thermal reradiation, had to be given a different form. Hence the need for the derivation of a somewhat different theoretical model for the force acting on the main body of the spacecraft.

Diffusion and Equilibrium Swelling of Macromolecular Networks by Their Linear Homologs.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-10-01

C/ . 29 OYN 6/81 DISTRIBUTION LIST No. Copies No. Copies Dr. L.V. Schmtdt 1 Dr. F. Roberto 1 Assistant Secretary of the Navy Code AFRPL MKPA (RE, and...Scientific Advisor Directorate of Aerospace Sciences Commandant of the Marine Corps Bolling Air Force Base Code RD-1 Washington, D.C. 20332 Washington...Directorate of Chemical Sciences Arlington VA 22217 Bolling Air Force Base t VWashington, D.C. 20332 Mr. David Siegel Office of Naval Research Dr. John S

Threshold Tear Strength of Elastomers.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-04-01

O 0 0 C~j C-J C7,) 0DY 122 DISTRIBUTION LIST No. Cooes No. Cooies Dr. L.V. Schmidt I Dr. F. Roberto 1 ’Assistant Secretary of the Navy Code AFRPL MKPA...Research Scientific Advisor Directorate of Aerospace Sciences Commandant of the Marine Corps Bolling Air Force Base Code RD-i Washington, D.C. 20332...Directorate of Chemical Sciences Arlington, VA 22217 Bolling Air Force Base Washington, D.C. 20332 Mr. David Siegel D Office of Naval Research Dr. John S

Slow Decomposition of Silicone Rubber.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-09-01

6i 0 20 0 0 -c CA soa ,~ I -- 00 N - C,,l I 21. DYN 6181 DISTRIBUTION LIST No. Cooies No. Cooies Dr. L.V. Schmidt 1 Or. F. Roberto 1 Assistant...Scientific Dr. A.L. Slafkosky 1 Research Scientific Advisor Directorate of Aerosoace Sciences Commandant of the Marine Corps Bolling Air Force Base Code...Research Research Code 413 Directorate of Chemical Sciences Arlington, VA 22217 Bolling Air Force Base Washington, D.C. 20332 M r . Da v id S i e g e lD r J

Building Armies for Democracy: U.S. Attempts to Reform the Armed Forces of Cuba (1906-1909) and Nicaragua (1927-1933).

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-06-05

the Corps to subdue Sandino and build the Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua. L Taft, William H., and Bacon, Robert. "Cuban Pacification: Report of William...in Nicaragua, the Marines set out to build a professional apolitical force. The new Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua was to subdue the recalcitrant...Guardians of the Dynasty: A History of the U.S. Created Guardia Nacional de Nicaraoua and the Somoza Family. (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, Inc., 1977

The Marine Corps Operating Concept: How an Expeditionary Force Operates in the 21st Century

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-01

Moderator: Capt Pierce, you were a company commander on the MEU. How did OLR start for you? Well, up to the point that the enemy started crossing the...came in fast from long range on small boats. Worst beaches you’ve ever seen. Windward side, rocks everywhere, shoving boats in between the breakers...While the landing force didn’t get ashore unscathed, they mitigated the damage by using numerous small landing sites and emphasizing speed and

Iraq Stability: Foreign Military Sales in a New War Environment

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-05-06

htlp;/Jwww.bbc.oornlnewsfworld-middle-east-24179084 (accessed September 2, 20 14 ). 13 Michael Knights , "Bringing Iraq’s ’Ghost’ Forces Back to Life... Knights , Michael "Bringing Iraq’s ’Ghost’ Forces Back to Life." Aljazeera.com. http://www .aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/20 14/ 12/bringing-irag-ghost...VITA Mr. Jamie Jones is a supervisory intelligence officer and serves as U.S. Marine Corps Reserve Middle East Regional Affairs Officer. Jamie has

Reposturing the Force: U.S. Overseas Presence in the Twenty-first Century

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-02-01

provide predictability in scheduling , and offer more stability at home. Returning forces meet the services’ need to refit their units for increased...focused on troops scheduled to be pulled back to U.S. bases or consolidated in other locales. There re- mains a need for allies, particularly in Asia, to...relieve political pressure on the U.S.-Japan alliance, Guam is already scheduled to receive seven thousand Marines slated to be moved from Okinawa;96 it

Atmospheric System Research Marine Low Clouds Workshop Report, January 27-29,2016

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jensen, M.; Wang, J.; Wood, R.

Marine low clouds are a major determinant of the Earth?s albedo and are a major source of uncertainty in how the climate responds to changing greenhouse gas levels and anthropogenic aerosol. Marine low clouds are particularly difficult to simulate accurately in climate models, and their remote locations present a significant observational challenge. A complex set of interacting controlling processes determine the coverage, condensate loading, and microphysical and radiative properties of marine low clouds. Marine low clouds are sensitive to atmospheric aerosol in several ways. Interactions at microphysical scales involve changes in the concentration of cloud droplets and precipitation, which inducemore » cloud dynamical impacts including changes in entrainment and mesoscale organization. Marine low clouds are also impacted by atmospheric heating changes due to absorbing aerosols. The response of marine low clouds to aerosol perturbations depends strongly upon the unperturbed aerosol-cloud state, which necessitates greater understanding of processes controlling the budget of aerosol in the marine boundary layer. Entrainment and precipitation mediate the response of low clouds to aerosols but these processes also play leading roles in controlling the aerosol budget. The U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility and Atmospheric System Research (ASR) program are making major recent investments in observational data sets from fixed and mobile sites dominated by marine low clouds. This report provides specific action items for how these measurements can be used together with process modeling to make progress on understanding and quantifying the key cloud and aerosol controlling processes in the next 5-10 years. Measurements of aerosol composition and its variation with particle size are needed to advance a quantitative, process-level understanding of marine boundary-layer aerosol budget. Quantitative precipitation estimates that combine radar and lidar measurements are becoming available, and these could be used to test process models, quantify precipitation responses to aerosol, and constrain climate models. Models and observations can be used to constrain how clouds respond dynamically to changing precipitation. New measurements of turbulence from ground-based remote sensing could be used to attempt to relate entrainment to the vertical and horizontal structure of turbulence in the boundary layer. Cloud-top entrainment plays a major role in modulating how low clouds respond to both aerosols and to greenhouse gases, so investment in promising new observational estimates would be beneficial. Precipitation formation and radiative cooling both help marine low clouds to organize on the mesoscale. More work is needed to develop metrics to characterize mesoscale organization, to elucidate mechanisms that determine the type and spatial scale of mesoscale cellular convection, and to understand the role of mesoscale structures in the stratocumulus-to-cumulus transition.« less

Computer image processing in marine resource exploration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Paluzzi, P. R.; Normark, W. R.; Hess, G. R.; Hess, H. D.; Cruickshank, M. J.

1976-01-01

Pictographic data or imagery is commonly used in marine exploration. Pre-existing image processing techniques (software) similar to those used on imagery obtained from unmanned planetary exploration were used to improve marine photography and side-scan sonar imagery. Features and details not visible by conventional photo processing methods were enhanced by filtering and noise removal on selected deep-sea photographs. Information gained near the periphery of photographs allows improved interpretation and facilitates construction of bottom mosaics where overlapping frames are available. Similar processing techniques were applied to side-scan sonar imagery, including corrections for slant range distortion, and along-track scale changes. The use of digital data processing and storage techniques greatly extends the quantity of information that can be handled, stored, and processed.

Regime Shift in an Exploited Fish Community Related to Natural Climate Oscillations.

PubMed

Auber, Arnaud; Travers-Trolet, Morgane; Villanueva, Maria Ching; Ernande, Bruno

2015-01-01

Identifying the various drivers of marine ecosystem regime shifts and disentangling their respective influence are critical tasks for understanding biodiversity dynamics and properly managing exploited living resources such as marine fish communities. Unfortunately, the mechanisms and forcing factors underlying regime shifts in marine fish communities are still largely unknown although climate forcing and anthropogenic pressures such as fishing have been suggested as key determinants. Based on a 24-year-long time-series of scientific surveys monitoring 55 fish and cephalopods species, we report here a rapid and persistent structural change in the exploited fish community of the eastern English Channel from strong to moderate dominance of small-bodied forage fish species with low temperature preferendum that occurred in the mid-1990s. This shift was related to a concomitant warming of the North Atlantic Ocean as attested by a switch of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation from a cold to a warm phase. Interestingly, observed changes in the fish community structure were opposite to those classically induced by exploitation as larger fish species of higher trophic level increased in abundance. Despite not playing a direct role in the regime shift, fishing still appeared as a forcing factor affecting community structure. Moreover, although related to climate, the regime shift may have been facilitated by strong historic exploitation that certainly primed the system by favoring the large dominance of small-bodied fish species that are particularly sensitive to climatic variations. These results emphasize that particular attention should be paid to multidecadal natural climate variability and its interactions with both fishing and climate warming when aiming at sustainable exploitation and ecosystem conservation.

Eocene Hyperthermal Climate Sensitivity to Greenhouse Gas and Aerosol Forcing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Winguth, A. M. E.; Hughlett, T. M.; Brown, M.; Rothstein, M.; Shields, C. A.; Winguth, C.

2017-12-01

A series of DeepMIP climate sensitivity experiments have been carried out with the Community Earth System Model CESM1.2 to evaluate how changes in the radiative forcing could have contributed to explain Eocene hyperthermal events. A rise in Eocene greenhouse gas forcing could have been linked to an increase in volcanism and associated destabilization of marine carbon reservoirs by dissociation of clathrathes, reorganization of the marine microbial loop, or terrestrial sources from e.g. wetlands. Such environmental changes could potentially have led to additional biophysical feedbacks altering the cloud aerosol optical depth for example by alteration of marine plankton productivity and DMS emissions to the atmosphere. The analysis of our simulations suggests a substantial warming from 3x to 12x CO2 PAL, reaching moderate temperatures of up to 20 °C over Antarctica and in the Article realm in the most extreme scenario, consistent to proxy estimates in a high CO2 world. The lower equator-to-pole temperature gradient compared to present-day is due to the lack of an ice sheet, an increase in greenhouse gases, and a lower cloud optical depth. The climate simulations suggest an intensified hydrological cycle with higher precipitation in the tropics, particularly over the Indian Eocene continent, and in mid-latitudes, whereas mega-droughts are prominent in the subtropics, particularly in Africa and South America. The Eocene geography (the closure of the Drake Passage and the more southern location of Australia) and a lower-than-present meridional temperature gradient contribute to a much weaker surface ocean circulation near the Antarctic continent as compared to the current pronounced Antarctic Circumpolar Current.

Implications of 36Cl exposure ages from Skye, northwest Scotland for the timing of ice stream deglaciation and deglacial ice dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Small, David; Rinterknecht, Vincent; Austin, William E. N.; Bates, Richard; Benn, Douglas I.; Scourse, James D.; Bourlès, Didier L.; Hibbert, Fiona D.

2016-10-01

Geochronological constraints on the deglaciation of former marine based ice streams provide information on the rates and modes by which marine based ice sheets have responded to external forcing factors such as climate change. This paper presents new 36Cl cosmic ray exposure dating from boulders located on two moraines (Glen Brittle and Loch Scavaig) in southern Skye, northwest Scotland. Ages from the Glen Brittle moraines constrain deglaciation of a major marine terminating ice stream, the Barra-Donegal Ice Stream that drained the former British-Irish Ice Sheet, depending on choice of production method and scaling model this occurred 19.9 ± 1.5-17.6 ± 1.3 ka ago. We compare this timing of deglaciation to existing geochronological data and changes in a variety of potential forcing factors constrained through proxy records and numerical models to determine what deglaciation age is most consistent with existing evidence. Another small section of moraine, the Scavaig moraine, is traced offshore through multibeam swath-bathymetry and interpreted as delimiting a later stillstand/readvance stage following ice stream deglaciation. Additional cosmic ray exposure dating from the onshore portion of this moraine indicate that it was deposited 16.3 ± 1.3-15.2 ± 0.9 ka ago. When calculated using the most up-to-date scaling scheme this time of deposition is, within uncertainty, the same as the timing of a widely identified readvance, the Wester Ross Readvance, observed elsewhere in northwest Scotland. This extends the area over which this readvance has potentially occurred, reinforcing the view that it was climatically forced.

46 CFR 28.50 - Definition of terms used in this part.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... marine animal and plant life, except marine mammals and birds. Fish processing vessel means a vessel that....S. Coast Guard Sector Office or Marine Inspection Office, or an accepted organization, or a... that has been accepted by the local Officer-in-Charge, Marine Inspection to train Fishing Vessel Drill...

Optimization of the marinating conditions of cassava fish (Pseudotolithus sp.) fillet for Lanhouin production through application of Doehlert experimental design.

PubMed

Kindossi, Janvier Mêlégnonfan; Anihouvi, Victor Bienvenu; Vieira-Dalodé, Générose; Akissoé, Noël Houédougbé; Hounhouigan, Djidjoho Joseph

2016-03-01

Lanhouin is a traditional fermented salted fish made from the spontaneous and uncontrolled fermentation of whole salted cassava fish (Pseudotolithus senegalensis) mainly produced in the coastal regions of West Africa. The combined effects of NaCl, citric acid concentration, and marination time on the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of the fish fillet used for Lanhouin production were studied using a Doehlert experimental design with the objective of preserving its quality and safety. The marination time has significant effects on total viable and lactic acid bacteria counts, and NaCl content of the marinated fish fillet while the pH was significantly affected by citric acid concentration and marination duration with high regression coefficient R (2) of 0.83. The experiment showed that the best conditions for marination process of fish fillet were salt ratio 10 g/100 g, acid citric concentration 2.5 g/100 g, and marination time 6 h. These optimum marinating conditions obtained present the best quality of marinated flesh fish leading to the safety of the final fermented product. This pretreatment is necessary in Lanhouin production processes to ensure its safety quality.

Marine biotechnology for production of food ingredients.

PubMed

Rasmussen, Rosalee S; Morrissey, Michael T

2007-01-01

The marine world represents a largely untapped reservoir of bioactive ingredients that can be applied to numerous aspects of food processing, storage, and fortification. Due to the wide range of environments they survive in, marine organisms have developed unique properties and bioactive compounds that, in some cases, are unparalleled by their terrestrial counterparts. Enzymes extracted from fish and marine microorganisms can provide numerous advantages over traditional enzymes used in food processing due to their ability to function at extremes of temperature and pH. Fish proteins such as collagens and their gelatin derivatives operate at relatively low temperatures and can be used in heat-sensitive processes such as gelling and clarifying. Polysaccharides derived from algae, including algins, carrageenans, and agar, are widely used for their ability to form gels and act as thickeners and stabilizers in a variety of foods. Besides applications in food processing, a number of marine-derived compounds, such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and photosynthetic pigments, are important to the nutraceutical industry. These bioactive ingredients provide a myriad of health benefits, including reduction of coronary heart disease, anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory activity. Despite the vast possibilities for the use of marine organisms in the food industry, tools of biotechnology are required for successful cultivation and isolation of these unique bioactive compounds. In this chapter, recent developments and upcoming areas of research that utilize advances in biotechnology in the production of food ingredients from marine sources are introduced and discussed.

Bioprocessing Data for the Production of Marine Enzymes

PubMed Central

Sarkar, Sreyashi; Pramanik, Arnab; Mitra, Anindita; Mukherjee, Joydeep

2010-01-01

This review is a synopsis of different bioprocess engineering approaches adopted for the production of marine enzymes. Three major modes of operation: batch, fed-batch and continuous have been used for production of enzymes (such as protease, chitinase, agarase, peroxidase) mainly from marine bacteria and fungi on a laboratory bioreactor and pilot plant scales. Submerged, immobilized and solid-state processes in batch mode were widely employed. The fed-batch process was also applied in several bioprocesses. Continuous processes with suspended cells as well as with immobilized cells have been used. Investigations in shake flasks were conducted with the prospect of large-scale processing in reactors. PMID:20479981

Marine Inspired 2-(5-Halo-1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethanamines as Modulators of Serotonin Receptors: An Example Illustrating the Power of Bromine as Part of the Uniquely Marine Chemical Space.

PubMed

Ibrahim, Mohamed A; El-Alfy, Abir T; Ezel, Kelly; Radwan, Mohamed O; Shilabin, Abbas G; Kochanowska-Karamyan, Anna J; Abd-Alla, Howaida I; Otsuka, Masami; Hamann, Mark T

2017-08-09

In previous studies, we have isolated several marine indole alkaloids and evaluated them in the forced swim test (FST) and locomotor activity test, revealing their potential as antidepressant and sedative drug leads. Amongst the reported metabolites to display such activities was 5-bromo- N , N -dimethyltryptamine. Owing to the importance of the judicious introduction of halogens into drug candidates, we synthesized two series built on a 2-(1 H -indol-3-yl)- N , N -dimethylethanamine scaffold with different halogen substitutions. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro and in vivo antidepressant and sedative activities using the mouse forced swim and locomotor activity tests. Receptor binding studies of these compounds to serotonin (5-HT) receptors were conducted. Amongst the prepared compounds, 2-(1 H -indol-3-yl)- N , N -dimethyl-2-oxoacetamide ( 1a ), 2-(5-bromo-1 H -indol-3-yl)- N , N -dimethyl-2-oxoacetamide ( 1d ), 2-(1 H -indol-3-yl)- N , N -dimethylethanamine ( 2a ), 2-(5-chloro-1 H -indol-3-yl)- N , N -dimethylethanamine ( 2c ), 2-(5-bromo-1 H -indol-3-yl)- N , N -dimethylethanamine ( 2d ), and 2-(5-iodo-1 H -indol-3-yl)- N , N -dimethylethanamine ( 2e ) have been shown to possess significant antidepressant-like action, while compounds 2c , 2d , and 2e exhibited potent sedative activity. Compounds 2a , 2c , 2d , and 2e showed nanomolar affinities to serotonin receptors 5-HT 1A and 5-HT₇. The in vitro data indicates that the antidepressant action exerted by these compounds in vivo is mediated, at least in part, via interaction with serotonin receptors. The data presented here shows the valuable role that bromine plays in providing novel chemical space and electrostatic interactions. Bromine is ubiquitous in the marine environment and a common element of marine natural products.

Inter-decadal variability of phytoplankton biomass along the coastal West Antarctic Peninsula.

PubMed

Kim, Hyewon; Ducklow, Hugh W; Abele, Doris; Ruiz Barlett, Eduardo M; Buma, Anita G J; Meredith, Michael P; Rozema, Patrick D; Schofield, Oscar M; Venables, Hugh J; Schloss, Irene R

2018-06-28

The West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) is a climatically sensitive region where periods of strong warming have caused significant changes in the marine ecosystem and food-web processes. Tight coupling between phytoplankton and higher trophic levels implies that the coastal WAP is a bottom-up controlled system, where changes in phytoplankton dynamics may largely impact other food-web components. Here, we analysed the inter-decadal time series of year-round chlorophyll- a (Chl) collected from three stations along the coastal WAP: Carlini Station at Potter Cove (PC) on King George Island, Palmer Station on Anvers Island and Rothera Station on Adelaide Island. There were trends towards increased phytoplankton biomass at Carlini Station (PC) and Palmer Station, while phytoplankton biomass declined significantly at Rothera Station over the studied period. The impacts of two relevant climate modes to the WAP, the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and the Southern Annular Mode, on winter and spring phytoplankton biomass appear to be different among the three sampling stations, suggesting an important role of local-scale forcing than large-scale forcing on phytoplankton dynamics at each station. The inter-annual variability of seasonal bloom progression derived from considering all three stations together captured ecologically meaningful, seasonally co-occurring bloom patterns which were primarily constrained by water-column stability strength. Our findings highlight a coupled link between phytoplankton and physical and climate dynamics along the coastal WAP, which may improve our understanding of overall WAP food-web responses to climate change and variability.This article is part of the theme issue 'The marine system of the West Antarctic Peninsula: status and strategy for progress in a region of rapid change'. © 2018 The Author(s).

Laboratory-Scale Internal Wave Apparatus for Studying Copepod Behavior

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jung, S.; Webster, D. R.; Haas, K. A.; Yen, J.

2016-02-01

Internal waves are ubiquitous features in coastal marine environments and have been observed to mediate vertical distributions of zooplankton in situ. Internal waves create fine-scale hydrodynamic cues that copepods and other zooplankton are known to sense, such as fluid density gradients and velocity gradients (quantified as shear deformation rate). The role of copepod behavior in response to cues associated with internal waves is largely unknown. The objective is to provide insight to the bio-physical interaction and the role of biological versus physical forcing in mediating organism distributions. We constructed a laboratory-scale internal wave apparatus to facilitate fine-scale observations of copepod behavior in flows that replicate in situ conditions of internal waves in two-layer stratification. Two cases were chosen with density jump of 1 and 1.5 sigma-t units. Analytical analysis of the two-layer system provided guidance to the target forcing frequency needed to generate a standing internal wave with a single dominate frequency of oscillation. Flow visualization and signal processing of the interface location were used to quantify the wave characteristics. The results show a close match to the target wave parameters. Marine copepod (mixed population of Acartia tonsa, Temora longicornis, and Eurytemora affinis) behavior assays were conducted for three different physical arrangements: (1) no density stratification, (2) stagnant two-layer density stratification, and (3) two-layer density stratification with internal wave motion. Digitized trajectories of copepod swimming behavior indicate that in the control (case 1) the animals showed no preferential motion in terms of direction. In the stagnant density jump treatment (case 2) copepods preferentially moved horizontally, parallel to the density interface. In the internal wave treatment (case 3) copepods demonstrated orbital trajectories near the density interface.

Research on strategy marine noise map based on i4ocean platform: Constructing flow and key approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Baoxiang; Chen, Ge; Han, Yong

2016-02-01

Noise level in a marine environment has raised extensive concern in the scientific community. The research is carried out on i4Ocean platform following the process of ocean noise model integrating, noise data extracting, processing, visualizing, and interpreting, ocean noise map constructing and publishing. For the convenience of numerical computation, based on the characteristics of ocean noise field, a hybrid model related to spatial locations is suggested in the propagation model. The normal mode method K/I model is used for far field and ray method CANARY model is used for near field. Visualizing marine ambient noise data is critical to understanding and predicting marine noise for relevant decision making. Marine noise map can be constructed on virtual ocean scene. The systematic marine noise visualization framework includes preprocessing, coordinate transformation interpolation, and rendering. The simulation of ocean noise depends on realistic surface. Then the dynamic water simulation gird was improved with GPU fusion to achieve seamless combination with the visualization result of ocean noise. At the same time, the profile and spherical visualization include space, and time dimensionality were also provided for the vertical field characteristics of ocean ambient noise. Finally, marine noise map can be published with grid pre-processing and multistage cache technology to better serve the public.

Interactive effects of global climate change and pollution on marine microbes: the way ahead.

PubMed

Coelho, Francisco J R C; Santos, Ana L; Coimbra, Joana; Almeida, Adelaide; Cunha, Angela; Cleary, Daniel F R; Calado, Ricardo; Gomes, Newton C M

2013-06-01

Global climate change has the potential to seriously and adversely affect marine ecosystem functioning. Numerous experimental and modeling studies have demonstrated how predicted ocean acidification and increased ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can affect marine microbes. However, researchers have largely ignored interactions between ocean acidification, increased UVR and anthropogenic pollutants in marine environments. Such interactions can alter chemical speciation and the bioavailability of several organic and inorganic pollutants with potentially deleterious effects, such as modifying microbial-mediated detoxification processes. Microbes mediate major biogeochemical cycles, providing fundamental ecosystems services such as environmental detoxification and recovery. It is, therefore, important that we understand how predicted changes to oceanic pH, UVR, and temperature will affect microbial pollutant detoxification processes in marine ecosystems. The intrinsic characteristics of microbes, such as their short generation time, small size, and functional role in biogeochemical cycles combined with recent advances in molecular techniques (e.g., metagenomics and metatranscriptomics) make microbes excellent models to evaluate the consequences of various climate change scenarios on detoxification processes in marine ecosystems. In this review, we highlight the importance of microbial microcosm experiments, coupled with high-resolution molecular biology techniques, to provide a critical experimental framework to start understanding how climate change, anthropogenic pollution, and microbiological interactions may affect marine ecosystems in the future.

Interactive effects of global climate change and pollution on marine microbes: the way ahead

PubMed Central

Coelho, Francisco J R C; Santos, Ana L; Coimbra, Joana; Almeida, Adelaide; Cunha, Ângela; Cleary, Daniel F R; Calado, Ricardo; Gomes, Newton C M

2013-01-01

Global climate change has the potential to seriously and adversely affect marine ecosystem functioning. Numerous experimental and modeling studies have demonstrated how predicted ocean acidification and increased ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can affect marine microbes. However, researchers have largely ignored interactions between ocean acidification, increased UVR and anthropogenic pollutants in marine environments. Such interactions can alter chemical speciation and the bioavailability of several organic and inorganic pollutants with potentially deleterious effects, such as modifying microbial-mediated detoxification processes. Microbes mediate major biogeochemical cycles, providing fundamental ecosystems services such as environmental detoxification and recovery. It is, therefore, important that we understand how predicted changes to oceanic pH, UVR, and temperature will affect microbial pollutant detoxification processes in marine ecosystems. The intrinsic characteristics of microbes, such as their short generation time, small size, and functional role in biogeochemical cycles combined with recent advances in molecular techniques (e.g., metagenomics and metatranscriptomics) make microbes excellent models to evaluate the consequences of various climate change scenarios on detoxification processes in marine ecosystems. In this review, we highlight the importance of microbial microcosm experiments, coupled with high-resolution molecular biology techniques, to provide a critical experimental framework to start understanding how climate change, anthropogenic pollution, and microbiological interactions may affect marine ecosystems in the future. PMID:23789087

Marine spatial planning in Cyprus

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hadjimitsis, Diofantos; Agapiou, Athos; Mettas, Christodoulos; Themistocleous, Kyriacos; Evagorou, Evagoras; Cuca, Branka; Papoutsa, Christiana; Nisantzi, Argyro; Mamouri, Rodanthi-Elisavet; Soulis, George; Xagoraris, Zafiris; Lysandrou, Vasiliki; Aliouris, Kyriacos; Ioannou, Nicolas; Pavlogeorgatos, Gerasimos

2015-06-01

Marine Spatial Planning (MSP), which is in concept similar to land-use planning, is a public process by which the relevant Member State's authorities analyse and organise human activities in marine areas to achieve ecological, economic and social objectives. MSP aims to promote sustainable growth of maritime economies, sustainable development of marine areas and sustainable use of marine resources. This paper highlights the importance of MSP and provides basic outcomes of the main European marine development. The already successful MSP plans can provide useful feedback and guidelines for other countries that are in the process of implementation of an integrated MSP, such as Cyprus. This paper presents part of the MSP project, of which 80% funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and 20% from national contribution. An overview of the project is presented, including data acquisition, methodology and preliminary results for the implementation of MSP in Cyprus.

50 CFR 216.124 - Mitigation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Of Marine Mammals Incidental To Space Vehicle And Test Flight Activities § 216.124 Mitigation. (a..., national security, or for space vehicle launch trajectory necessary to meet mission objectives. (3) Vandenberg Air Force Base must avoid, whenever possible, launches which are predicted to produce a sonic boom...

Joint Chiefs of Staff > Directorates > J2 | Joint Staff Intelligence

Science.gov Websites

on Facebook on Flickr Joint Chiefs► Army Chief of Staff Marine Corps Commandant Chief of Naval Operations Air Force Chief of Staff Chief of National Guard Bureau Biographies Directorates Directorates of

IST and METIL Overview

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-08-12

Research Disciplines  Partners/Sponsors  Markets Impacted  Select Projects  Future Goals and Needs 3 •Orlando, FL • 3rd largest University in U.S...ARMY AIR FORCE MARINE CORPS NAVY SAIC UNIVERSITY High School Simulation and Training Technology Center (STTC) INVIVO RESEARC H INC. Joint

48 CFR 245.7203 - Assigning plant clearance case numbers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Q—Navy E—Air Force L—Marine Corps U—Defense Logistics Agency N—Defense Nuclear Agency M—National... case numbers. 245.7203 Section 245.7203 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS SYSTEM, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACT MANAGEMENT GOVERNMENT PROPERTY Special Instructions 245...

Environmental Assessment for Malmstrom Minuteman III Deactivation

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-05-01

support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions (Federal...24WL97 K-4 access road Paleontological Locality Cretaceous Site is adjacent to Air Force property or ROW Fossilized marine gastropods in sandstone

INTERACTIONS OF SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION AND DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER IN FRESHWATER AND MARINE ENVIRONMENTS

EPA Science Inventory

Solar radiation provides the primary driving force for the biogeochemical cycles upon which life and climate depend. Recent studies have demonstrated that the absorption of solar radiation, especially 'm the ultraviolet spectral region, results in photochemical reactions that can...

Extending the littoral battlespace (ELB)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McKinney, Edward J.

1999-07-01

The ELB program is a joint Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration funded by the Navy, Marine Corps and the Office of the Secretary of Defence, and managed by the Naval Research. ELB is based on the new warfare paradigm defined by 'joint vision 2010, and on concepts developed by the Navy and Marine Corps in 'From the Sea', 'Forward...from the Sea', 'Ship to Objective Maneuver (STOM)', and 'Operational Maneuver from the Sea'. The objective of ELB is to demonstrate effective operation of dispersed forces in a variety of littoral environments, and to provide those forces timely remote fire support. Successful operation will depend on achieving a common situational awareness among a mobile, distributed command and control, a shortened sensor- to-shooter timeline, and effective utilization of all information source. The glue to hold this system of systems together is a reliable wide band communications system and network infrastructure. This paper will describe the overall architecture of ELB and focus on the core command and control functions associated with achieving a common situational awareness.

Comparison between Atlantic and Pacific Tropical Marine Coastal Ecosystems: Community Structure, Ecological Processes, and Productivity. Results and Scientific Papers of a Unesco/COMAR Workshop (Suva, Fiji, March 24-29, 1986). Unesco Reports in Marine Science 46.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Birkeland, Charles, Ed.

This report presents the Unesco workshop conclusions concerning important differences among tropical seas in terms of ecological processes in coastal marine ecosystems, and the corresponding implications for resource management guidelines. The conclusions result from the presentation and discussion of eight review papers which are included in this…

Variability in productivity controlled by haline stratification over 300ky in the Bay of Bengal.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Da Silva, R.; Mazumdar, A.; Peketi, A.; Joshi, R.; Shaji, A.; Naik, B. G.; Carvalho, M.; Molleti, S.

2017-12-01

The unique hydrographic setting of the Bay of Bengal (BoB) makes it an ideal tropical marine system to study the influence of regional and global forcings on productivity and [CO2aq] through the late quaternary. Enormous fresh water flux into the BoB and consequent haline stratification significantly weakens the convective mixing and wind driven processes which are commonly responsible for transport of nutrients to the euphotic zone driving primary productivity. Here, we present a high resolution organic carbon-Calcium carbonate burial flux and δ13CTOC records for the last 300 ky. A giant Calypso piston corer was used on board ORV Marion Dufresne (MD-161) for the retrieval of the sediment core MD161-19 (core length: 39 m) off Mahanadi Basin (Lat.:18º59.1020"; Long.:85º41.1669") in western BoB at a water depth of 1480m. The results show significant productivity variation at marine isotope sub-stages and millennial timescales. Colder sub-stages and stadials (Dansgard-Oeschger cycle) show boost in productivity which may be attributed to thinning of low salinity water cap, thereby facilitating efficient nutrient transport across the euphotic zone by the combination of wind driven processes (entrainment and upwelling), convective mixing and cold core eddies. Our long term high resolution data indicates a possibility of marked changes in productivity/ biogeochemistry of BOB in the future due to global warming, in turn affecting coastal economy.