G4-FETs as Universal and Programmable Logic Gates

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, Travis; Fijany, Amir; Mojarradi, Mohammad; Vatan, Farrokh; Toomarian, Nikzad; Kolawa, Elizabeth; Cristoloveanu, Sorin; Blalock, Benjamin

2007-01-01

An analysis of a patented generic silicon- on-insulator (SOI) electronic device called a G4-FET has revealed that the device could be designed to function as a universal and programmable logic gate. The universality and programmability could be exploited to design logic circuits containing fewer discrete components than are required for conventional transistor-based circuits performing the same logic functions. A G4-FET is a combination of a junction field-effect transistor (JFET) and a metal oxide/semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) superimposed in a single silicon island and can therefore be regarded as two transistors sharing the same body. A G4-FET can also be regarded as a single transistor having four gates: two side junction-based gates, a top MOS gate, and a back gate activated by biasing of the SOI substrate. Each of these gates can be used to control the conduction characteristics of the transistor; this possibility creates new options for designing analog, radio-frequency, mixed-signal, and digital circuitry. With proper choice of the specific dimensions for the gates, channels, and ancillary features of the generic G4-FET, the device could be made to function as a three-input, one-output logic gate. As illustrated by the truth table in the top part of the figure, the behavior of this logic gate would be the inverse (the NOT) of that of a majority gate. In other words, the device would function as a NOT-majority gate. By simply adding an inverter, one could obtain a majority gate. In contrast, to construct a majority gate in conventional complementary metal oxide/semiconductor (CMOS) circuitry, one would need four three-input AND gates and a four-input OR gate, altogether containing 32 transistors.

Relay Protection and Automation Systems Based on Programmable Logic Integrated Circuits

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lashin, A. V., E-mail: LashinAV@lhp.ru; Kozyrev, A. V.

One of the most promising forms of developing the apparatus part of relay protection and automation devices is considered. The advantages of choosing programmable logic integrated circuits to obtain adaptive technological algorithms in power system protection and control systems are pointed out. The technical difficulties in the problems which today stand in the way of using relay protection and automation systems are indicated and a new technology for solving these problems is presented. Particular attention is devoted to the possibility of reconfiguring the logic of these devices, using programmable logic integrated circuits.

Extended Logic Intelligent Processing System for a Sensor Fusion Processor Hardware

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stoica, Adrian; Thomas, Tyson; Li, Wei-Te; Daud, Taher; Fabunmi, James

2000-01-01

The paper presents the hardware implementation and initial tests from a low-power, highspeed reconfigurable sensor fusion processor. The Extended Logic Intelligent Processing System (ELIPS) is described, which combines rule-based systems, fuzzy logic, and neural networks to achieve parallel fusion of sensor signals in compact low power VLSI. The development of the ELIPS concept is being done to demonstrate the interceptor functionality which particularly underlines the high speed and low power requirements. The hardware programmability allows the processor to reconfigure into different machines, taking the most efficient hardware implementation during each phase of information processing. Processing speeds of microseconds have been demonstrated using our test hardware.

Filling the Assurance Gap on Complex Electronics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Plastow, Richard A.

2007-01-01

Many of the methods used to develop software bare a close resemblance to Complex Electronics (CE) development. CE are now programmed to perform tasks that were previously handled by software, such as communication protocols. For example, the James Webb Space Telescope will use Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), which can have over a million logic gates, to send telemetry. System-on-chip (SoC) devices, another type of complex electronics, can combine a microprocessor, input and output channels, and sometimes an FPGA for programmability. With this increased intricacy, the possibility of software-like bugs such as incorrect design, logic, and unexpected interactions within the logic is great. Since CE devices are obscuring the hardware/software boundary, mature software methodologies have been proposed, with slight modifications, to develop these devices. By using standardized S/W Engineering methods such as checklists, missing requirements and bugs can be detected earlier in the development cycle, thus creating a development process for CE that can be easily maintained and configurable based on the device used.

Software Process Assurance for Complex Electronics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Plastow, Richard A.

2007-01-01

Complex Electronics (CE) now perform tasks that were previously handled in software, such as communication protocols. Many methods used to develop software bare a close resemblance to CE development. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) can have over a million logic gates while system-on-chip (SOC) devices can combine a microprocessor, input and output channels, and sometimes an FPGA for programmability. With this increased intricacy, the possibility of software-like bugs such as incorrect design, logic, and unexpected interactions within the logic is great. With CE devices obscuring the hardware/software boundary, we propose that mature software methodologies may be utilized with slight modifications in the development of these devices. Software Process Assurance for Complex Electronics (SPACE) is a research project that used standardized S/W Assurance/Engineering practices to provide an assurance framework for development activities. Tools such as checklists, best practices and techniques were used to detect missing requirements and bugs earlier in the development cycle creating a development process for CE that was more easily maintained, consistent and configurable based on the device used.

Optical reversible programmable Boolean logic unit.

PubMed

Chattopadhyay, Tanay

2012-07-20

Computing with reversibility is the only way to avoid dissipation of energy associated with bit erase. So, a reversible microprocessor is required for future computing. In this paper, a design of a simple all-optical reversible programmable processor is proposed using a polarizing beam splitter, liquid crystal-phase spatial light modulators, a half-wave plate, and plane mirrors. This circuit can perform 16 logical operations according to three programming inputs. Also, inputs can be easily recovered from the outputs. It is named the "reversible programmable Boolean logic unit (RPBLU)." The logic unit is the basic building block of many complex computational operations. Hence the design is important in sense. Two orthogonally polarized lights are defined here as two logical states, respectively.

Programmable hardware for reconfigurable computing systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smith, Stephen

1996-10-01

In 1945 the work of J. von Neumann and H. Goldstein created the principal architecture for electronic computation that has now lasted fifty years. Nevertheless alternative architectures have been created that have computational capability, for special tasks, far beyond that feasible with von Neumann machines. The emergence of high capacity programmable logic devices has made the realization of these architectures practical. The original ENIAC and EDVAC machines were conceived to solve special mathematical problems that were far from today's concept of 'killer applications.' In a similar vein programmable hardware computation is being used today to solve unique mathematical problems. Our programmable hardware activity is focused on the research and development of novel computational systems based upon the reconfigurability of our programmable logic devices. We explore our programmable logic architectures and their implications for programmable hardware. One programmable hardware board implementation is detailed.

Reconfigurable logic via gate controlled domain wall trajectory in magnetic network structure

PubMed Central

Murapaka, C.; Sethi, P.; Goolaup, S.; Lew, W. S.

2016-01-01

An all-magnetic logic scheme has the advantages of being non-volatile and energy efficient over the conventional transistor based logic devices. In this work, we present a reconfigurable magnetic logic device which is capable of performing all basic logic operations in a single device. The device exploits the deterministic trajectory of domain wall (DW) in ferromagnetic asymmetric branch structure for obtaining different output combinations. The programmability of the device is achieved by using a current-controlled magnetic gate, which generates a local Oersted field. The field generated at the magnetic gate influences the trajectory of the DW within the structure by exploiting its inherent transverse charge distribution. DW transformation from vortex to transverse configuration close to the output branch plays a pivotal role in governing the DW chirality and hence the output. By simply switching the current direction through the magnetic gate, two universal logic gate functionalities can be obtained in this device. Using magnetic force microscopy imaging and magnetoresistance measurements, all basic logic functionalities are demonstrated. PMID:26839036

Field-Free Programmable Spin Logics via Chirality-Reversible Spin-Orbit Torque Switching.

PubMed

Wang, Xiao; Wan, Caihua; Kong, Wenjie; Zhang, Xuan; Xing, Yaowen; Fang, Chi; Tao, Bingshan; Yang, Wenlong; Huang, Li; Wu, Hao; Irfan, Muhammad; Han, Xiufeng

2018-06-21

Spin-orbit torque (SOT)-induced magnetization switching exhibits chirality (clockwise or counterclockwise), which offers the prospect of programmable spin-logic devices integrating nonvolatile spintronic memory cells with logic functions. Chirality is usually fixed by an applied or effective magnetic field in reported studies. Herein, utilizing an in-plane magnetic layer that is also switchable by SOT, the chirality of a perpendicular magnetic layer that is exchange-coupled with the in-plane layer can be reversed in a purely electrical way. In a single Hall bar device designed from this multilayer structure, three logic gates including AND, NAND, and NOT are reconfigured, which opens a gateway toward practical programmable spin-logic devices. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

FPGA-based gating and logic for multichannel single photon counting

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pooser, Raphael C; Earl, Dennis Duncan; Evans, Philip G

2012-01-01

We present results characterizing multichannel InGaAs single photon detectors utilizing gated passive quenching circuits (GPQC), self-differencing techniques, and field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based logic for both diode gating and coincidence counting. Utilizing FPGAs for the diode gating frontend and the logic counting backend has the advantage of low cost compared to custom built logic circuits and current off-the-shelf detector technology. Further, FPGA logic counters have been shown to work well in quantum key distribution (QKD) test beds. Our setup combines multiple independent detector channels in a reconfigurable manner via an FPGA backend and post processing in order to perform coincidencemore » measurements between any two or more detector channels simultaneously. Using this method, states from a multi-photon polarization entangled source are detected and characterized via coincidence counting on the FPGA. Photons detection events are also processed by the quantum information toolkit for application testing (QITKAT)« less

Teaching Discrete and Programmable Logic Design Techniques Using a Single Laboratory Board

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Debiec, P.; Byczuk, M.

2011-01-01

Programmable logic devices (PLDs) are used at many universities in introductory digital logic laboratories, where kits containing a single high-capacity PLD replace "standard" sets containing breadboards, wires, and small- or medium-scale integration (SSI/MSI) chips. From the pedagogical point of view, two problems arise in these…

Magnetic-field-controlled reconfigurable semiconductor logic.

PubMed

Joo, Sungjung; Kim, Taeyueb; Shin, Sang Hoon; Lim, Ju Young; Hong, Jinki; Song, Jin Dong; Chang, Joonyeon; Lee, Hyun-Woo; Rhie, Kungwon; Han, Suk Hee; Shin, Kyung-Ho; Johnson, Mark

2013-02-07

Logic devices based on magnetism show promise for increasing computational efficiency while decreasing consumed power. They offer zero quiescent power and yet combine novel functions such as programmable logic operation and non-volatile built-in memory. However, practical efforts to adapt a magnetic device to logic suffer from a low signal-to-noise ratio and other performance attributes that are not adequate for logic gates. Rather than exploiting magnetoresistive effects that result from spin-dependent transport of carriers, we have approached the development of a magnetic logic device in a different way: we use the phenomenon of large magnetoresistance found in non-magnetic semiconductors in high electric fields. Here we report a device showing a strong diode characteristic that is highly sensitive to both the sign and the magnitude of an external magnetic field, offering a reversible change between two different characteristic states by the application of a magnetic field. This feature results from magnetic control of carrier generation and recombination in an InSb p-n bilayer channel. Simple circuits combining such elementary devices are fabricated and tested, and Boolean logic functions including AND, OR, NAND and NOR are performed. They are programmed dynamically by external electric or magnetic signals, demonstrating magnetic-field-controlled semiconductor reconfigurable logic at room temperature. This magnetic technology permits a new kind of spintronic device, characterized as a current switch rather than a voltage switch, and provides a simple and compact platform for non-volatile reconfigurable logic devices.

Software Process Assurance for Complex Electronics (SPACE)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Plastow, Richard A.

2007-01-01

Complex Electronics (CE) are now programmed to perform tasks that were previously handled in software, such as communication protocols. Many of the methods used to develop software bare a close resemblance to CE development. For instance, Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) can have over a million logic gates while system-on-chip (SOC) devices can combine a microprocessor, input and output channels, and sometimes an FPGA for programmability. With this increased intricacy, the possibility of software-like bugs such as incorrect design, logic, and unexpected interactions within the logic is great. Since CE devices are obscuring the hardware/software boundary, we propose that mature software methodologies may be utilized with slight modifications in the development of these devices. Software Process Assurance for Complex Electronics (SPACE) is a research project that looks at using standardized S/W Assurance/Engineering practices to provide an assurance framework for development activities. Tools such as checklists, best practices and techniques can be used to detect missing requirements and bugs earlier in the development cycle creating a development process for CE that will be more easily maintained, consistent and configurable based on the device used.

Programmable computing with a single magnetoresistive element

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ney, A.; Pampuch, C.; Koch, R.; Ploog, K. H.

2003-10-01

The development of transistor-based integrated circuits for modern computing is a story of great success. However, the proved concept for enhancing computational power by continuous miniaturization is approaching its fundamental limits. Alternative approaches consider logic elements that are reconfigurable at run-time to overcome the rigid architecture of the present hardware systems. Implementation of parallel algorithms on such `chameleon' processors has the potential to yield a dramatic increase of computational speed, competitive with that of supercomputers. Owing to their functional flexibility, `chameleon' processors can be readily optimized with respect to any computer application. In conventional microprocessors, information must be transferred to a memory to prevent it from getting lost, because electrically processed information is volatile. Therefore the computational performance can be improved if the logic gate is additionally capable of storing the output. Here we describe a simple hardware concept for a programmable logic element that is based on a single magnetic random access memory (MRAM) cell. It combines the inherent advantage of a non-volatile output with flexible functionality which can be selected at run-time to operate as an AND, OR, NAND or NOR gate.

Graphene-based aptamer logic gates and their application to multiplex detection.

PubMed

Wang, Li; Zhu, Jinbo; Han, Lei; Jin, Lihua; Zhu, Chengzhou; Wang, Erkang; Dong, Shaojun

2012-08-28

In this work, a GO/aptamer system was constructed to create multiplex logic operations and enable sensing of multiplex targets. 6-Carboxyfluorescein (FAM)-labeled adenosine triphosphate binding aptamer (ABA) and FAM-labeled thrombin binding aptamer (TBA) were first adsorbed onto graphene oxide (GO) to form a GO/aptamer complex, leading to the quenching of the fluorescence of FAM. We demonstrated that the unique GO/aptamer interaction and the specific aptamer-target recognition in the target/GO/aptamer system were programmable and could be utilized to regulate the fluorescence of FAM via OR and INHIBIT logic gates. The fluorescence changed according to different input combinations, and the integration of OR and INHIBIT logic gates provided an interesting approach for logic sensing applications where multiple target molecules were present. High-throughput fluorescence imagings that enabled the simultaneous processing of many samples by using the combinatorial logic gates were realized. The developed logic gates may find applications in further development of DNA circuits and advanced sensors for the identification of multiple targets in complex chemical environments.

pH-programmable DNA logic arrays powered by modular DNAzyme libraries.

PubMed

Elbaz, Johann; Wang, Fuan; Remacle, Francoise; Willner, Itamar

2012-12-12

Nature performs complex information processing circuits, such the programmed transformations of versatile stem cells into targeted functional cells. Man-made molecular circuits are, however, unable to mimic such sophisticated biomachineries. To reach these goals, it is essential to construct programmable modular components that can be triggered by environmental stimuli to perform different logic circuits. We report on the unprecedented design of artificial pH-programmable DNA logic arrays, constructed by modular libraries of Mg(2+)- and UO(2)(2+)-dependent DNAzyme subunits and their substrates. By the appropriate modular design of the DNA computation units, pH-programmable logic arrays of various complexities are realized, and the arrays can be erased, reused, and/or reprogrammed. Such systems may be implemented in the near future for nanomedical applications by pH-controlled regulation of cellular functions or may be used to control biotransformations stimulated by bacteria.

Wide tracking range, auto ranging, low jitter phase lock loop for swept and fixed frequency systems

DOEpatents

Kerner, Thomas M.

2001-01-01

The present invention provides a wide tracking range phase locked loop (PLL) circuit that achieves minimal jitter in a recovered clock signal, regardless of the source of the jitter (i.e. whether it is in the source or the transmission media). The present invention PLL has automatic harmonic lockout detection circuitry via a novel lock and seek control logic in electrical communication with a programmable frequency discriminator and a code balance detector. (The frequency discriminator enables preset of a frequency window of upper and lower frequency limits to derive a programmable range within which signal acquisition is effected. The discriminator works in combination with the code balance detector circuit to minimize the sensitivity of the PLL circuit to random data in the data stream). In addition, the combination of a differential loop integrator with the lock and seek control logic obviates a code preamble and guarantees signal acquisition without harmonic lockup. An adaptive cable equalizer is desirably used in combination with the present invention PLL to recover encoded transmissions containing a clock and/or data. The equalizer automatically adapts to equalize short haul cable lengths of coaxial and twisted pair cables or wires and provides superior jitter performance itself. The combination of the equalizer with the present invention PLL is desirable in that such combination permits the use of short haul wires without significant jitter.

Programmable logic controller implementation of an auto-tuned predictive control based on minimal plant information.

PubMed

Valencia-Palomo, G; Rossiter, J A

2011-01-01

This paper makes two key contributions. First, it tackles the issue of the availability of constrained predictive control for low-level control loops. Hence, it describes how the constrained control algorithm is embedded in an industrial programmable logic controller (PLC) using the IEC 61131-3 programming standard. Second, there is a definition and implementation of a novel auto-tuned predictive controller; the key novelty is that the modelling is based on relatively crude but pragmatic plant information. Laboratory experiment tests were carried out in two bench-scale laboratory systems to prove the effectiveness of the combined algorithm and hardware solution. For completeness, the results are compared with a commercial proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller (also embedded in the PLC) using the most up to date auto-tuning rules. Copyright © 2010 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Industrial Control System Process-Oriented Intrusion Detection (iPoid) Algorithm

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-08-01

inspection rules using an intrusion-detection system (IDS) sensor, a simulated Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), and a Modbus client operating...operating system PLC Programmable Logic Controller SCADA supervisory control and data acquisition SIGHUP signal hangup SPAN Switched Port Analyzer

Combination of Logical Conditions and Arithmetic Operations to Assign a Mark to a Course Based on Multidimensional Learning Outcomes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sérandour, Guillaume; Illanes, Alfredo; Maturana, Jorge; Cádiz, Janet

2016-01-01

Assessment is a notorious source of preoccupation for faculty and university governing bodies, especially when an institution initiates curricular reforms which shift the programme learning outcomes for knowledge to competencies. One obstacle to acceptance arises from a culture of quantitative assessment (often represented by a single mark), which…

Engineered modular biomaterial logic gates for environmentally triggered therapeutic delivery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Badeau, Barry A.; Comerford, Michael P.; Arakawa, Christopher K.; Shadish, Jared A.; Deforest, Cole A.

2018-03-01

The successful transport of drug- and cell-based therapeutics to diseased sites represents a major barrier in the development of clinical therapies. Targeted delivery can be mediated through degradable biomaterial vehicles that utilize disease biomarkers to trigger payload release. Here, we report a modular chemical framework for imparting hydrogels with precise degradative responsiveness by using multiple environmental cues to trigger reactions that operate user-programmable Boolean logic. By specifying the molecular architecture and connectivity of orthogonal stimuli-labile moieties within material cross-linkers, we show selective control over gel dissolution and therapeutic delivery. To illustrate the versatility of this methodology, we synthesized 17 distinct stimuli-responsive materials that collectively yielded all possible YES/OR/AND logic outputs from input combinations involving enzyme, reductant and light. Using these hydrogels we demonstrate the first sequential and environmentally stimulated release of multiple cell lines in well-defined combinations from a material. We expect these platforms will find utility in several diverse fields including drug delivery, diagnostics and regenerative medicine.

Engineered modular biomaterial logic gates for environmentally triggered therapeutic delivery.

PubMed

Badeau, Barry A; Comerford, Michael P; Arakawa, Christopher K; Shadish, Jared A; DeForest, Cole A

2018-03-01

The successful transport of drug- and cell-based therapeutics to diseased sites represents a major barrier in the development of clinical therapies. Targeted delivery can be mediated through degradable biomaterial vehicles that utilize disease biomarkers to trigger payload release. Here, we report a modular chemical framework for imparting hydrogels with precise degradative responsiveness by using multiple environmental cues to trigger reactions that operate user-programmable Boolean logic. By specifying the molecular architecture and connectivity of orthogonal stimuli-labile moieties within material cross-linkers, we show selective control over gel dissolution and therapeutic delivery. To illustrate the versatility of this methodology, we synthesized 17 distinct stimuli-responsive materials that collectively yielded all possible YES/OR/AND logic outputs from input combinations involving enzyme, reductant and light. Using these hydrogels we demonstrate the first sequential and environmentally stimulated release of multiple cell lines in well-defined combinations from a material. We expect these platforms will find utility in several diverse fields including drug delivery, diagnostics and regenerative medicine.

Programmable Logic Application Notes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Katz, Richard

2000-01-01

This column will be provided each quarter as a source for reliability, radiation results, NASA capabilities, and other information on programmable logic devices and related applications. This quarter will start a series of notes concentrating on analysis techniques with this issues section discussing worst-case analysis requirements.

Optical programmable Boolean logic unit.

PubMed

Chattopadhyay, Tanay

2011-11-10

Logic units are the building blocks of many important computational operations likes arithmetic, multiplexer-demultiplexer, radix conversion, parity checker cum generator, etc. Multifunctional logic operation is very much essential in this respect. Here a programmable Boolean logic unit is proposed that can perform 16 Boolean logical operations from a single optical input according to the programming input without changing the circuit design. This circuit has two outputs. One output is complementary to the other. Hence no loss of data can occur. The circuit is basically designed by a 2×2 polarization independent optical cross bar switch. Performance of the proposed circuit has been achieved by doing numerical simulations. The binary logical states (0,1) are represented by the absence of light (null) and presence of light, respectively.

Programmable Potentials: Approximate N-body potentials from coarse-level logic.

PubMed

Thakur, Gunjan S; Mohr, Ryan; Mezić, Igor

2016-09-27

This paper gives a systematic method for constructing an N-body potential, approximating the true potential, that accurately captures meso-scale behavior of the chemical or biological system using pairwise potentials coming from experimental data or ab initio methods. The meso-scale behavior is translated into logic rules for the dynamics. Each pairwise potential has an associated logic function that is constructed using the logic rules, a class of elementary logic functions, and AND, OR, and NOT gates. The effect of each logic function is to turn its associated potential on and off. The N-body potential is constructed as linear combination of the pairwise potentials, where the "coefficients" of the potentials are smoothed versions of the associated logic functions. These potentials allow a potentially low-dimensional description of complex processes while still accurately capturing the relevant physics at the meso-scale. We present the proposed formalism to construct coarse-grained potential models for three examples: an inhibitor molecular system, bond breaking in chemical reactions, and DNA transcription from biology. The method can potentially be used in reverse for design of molecular processes by specifying properties of molecules that can carry them out.

Programmable Potentials: Approximate N-body potentials from coarse-level logic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thakur, Gunjan S.; Mohr, Ryan; Mezić, Igor

2016-09-01

This paper gives a systematic method for constructing an N-body potential, approximating the true potential, that accurately captures meso-scale behavior of the chemical or biological system using pairwise potentials coming from experimental data or ab initio methods. The meso-scale behavior is translated into logic rules for the dynamics. Each pairwise potential has an associated logic function that is constructed using the logic rules, a class of elementary logic functions, and AND, OR, and NOT gates. The effect of each logic function is to turn its associated potential on and off. The N-body potential is constructed as linear combination of the pairwise potentials, where the “coefficients” of the potentials are smoothed versions of the associated logic functions. These potentials allow a potentially low-dimensional description of complex processes while still accurately capturing the relevant physics at the meso-scale. We present the proposed formalism to construct coarse-grained potential models for three examples: an inhibitor molecular system, bond breaking in chemical reactions, and DNA transcription from biology. The method can potentially be used in reverse for design of molecular processes by specifying properties of molecules that can carry them out.

Programmable Potentials: Approximate N-body potentials from coarse-level logic

PubMed Central

Thakur, Gunjan S.; Mohr, Ryan; Mezić, Igor

2016-01-01

This paper gives a systematic method for constructing an N-body potential, approximating the true potential, that accurately captures meso-scale behavior of the chemical or biological system using pairwise potentials coming from experimental data or ab initio methods. The meso-scale behavior is translated into logic rules for the dynamics. Each pairwise potential has an associated logic function that is constructed using the logic rules, a class of elementary logic functions, and AND, OR, and NOT gates. The effect of each logic function is to turn its associated potential on and off. The N-body potential is constructed as linear combination of the pairwise potentials, where the “coefficients” of the potentials are smoothed versions of the associated logic functions. These potentials allow a potentially low-dimensional description of complex processes while still accurately capturing the relevant physics at the meso-scale. We present the proposed formalism to construct coarse-grained potential models for three examples: an inhibitor molecular system, bond breaking in chemical reactions, and DNA transcription from biology. The method can potentially be used in reverse for design of molecular processes by specifying properties of molecules that can carry them out. PMID:27671683

Programmable resistive-switch nanowire transistor logic circuits.

PubMed

Shim, Wooyoung; Yao, Jun; Lieber, Charles M

2014-09-10

Programmable logic arrays (PLA) constitute a promising architecture for developing increasingly complex and functional circuits through nanocomputers from nanoscale building blocks. Here we report a novel one-dimensional PLA element that incorporates resistive switch gate structures on a semiconductor nanowire and show that multiple elements can be integrated to realize functional PLAs. In our PLA element, the gate coupling to the nanowire transistor can be modulated by the memory state of the resistive switch to yield programmable active (transistor) or inactive (resistor) states within a well-defined logic window. Multiple PLA nanowire elements were integrated and programmed to yield a working 2-to-4 demultiplexer with long-term retention. The well-defined, controllable logic window and long-term retention of our new one-dimensional PLA element provide a promising route for building increasingly complex circuits with nanoscale building blocks.

Programmable Logic Application Notes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Katz, Richard; Day, John H. (Technical Monitor)

2001-01-01

This report will be provided each quarter as a source for reliability, radiation results, NASA capabilities, and other information on programmable logic devices and related applications. This quarter will continue a series of notes concentrating on analysis techniques with this issue's section discussing the use of Root-Sum-Square calculations for digital delays.

Introducing Programmable Logic to Undergraduate Engineering Students in a Digital Electronics Course

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Todorovich, E.; Marone, J. A.; Vazquez, M.

2012-01-01

Due to significant technological advances and industry requirements, many universities have introduced programmable logic and hardware description languages into undergraduate engineering curricula. This has led to a number of logistical and didactical challenges, in particular for computer science students. In this paper, the integration of some…

Programming Programmable Logic Controller. High-Technology Training Module.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lipsky, Kevin

This training module on programming programmable logic controllers (PLC) is part of the memory structure and programming unit used in a packaging systems equipment control course. In the course, students assemble, install, maintain, and repair industrial machinery used in industry. The module contains description, objectives, content outline,…

Architecture and data processing alternatives for the TSE computer. Volume 3: Execution of a parallel counting algorithm using array logic (Tse) devices

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Metcalfe, A. G.; Bodenheimer, R. E.

1976-01-01

A parallel algorithm for counting the number of logic-l elements in a binary array or image developed during preliminary investigation of the Tse concept is described. The counting algorithm is implemented using a basic combinational structure. Modifications which improve the efficiency of the basic structure are also presented. A programmable Tse computer structure is proposed, along with a hardware control unit, Tse instruction set, and software program for execution of the counting algorithm. Finally, a comparison is made between the different structures in terms of their more important characteristics.

Photonic Programmable Tele-Cloning Network.

PubMed

Li, Wei; Chen, Ming-Cheng

2016-06-29

The concept of quantum teleportation allows an unknown quantum states to be broadcasted and processed in a distributed quantum network. The quantum information injected into the network can be diluted to distant multi-copies by quantum cloning and processed by arbitrary quantum logic gates which were programed in advance in the network quantum state. A quantum network combines simultaneously these fundamental quantum functions could lead to new intriguing applications. Here we propose a photonic programmable telecloning network based on a four-photon interferometer. The photonic network serves as quantum gate, quantum cloning and quantum teleportation and features experimental advantage of high brightness by photon recycling.

Programmable Logic Application Notes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Katz, Richard

1998-01-01

This column will be provided each quarter as a source for reliability, radiation results, NASA capabilities, and other information on programmable logic devices and related applications. This quarter's column will include some announcements and some recent radiation test results and evaluations of interest. Specifically, the following topics will be covered: the Military and Aerospace Applications of Programmable Devices and Technologies Conference to be held at GSFC in September, 1998, proton test results, and some total dose results.

Universal programmable logic gate and routing method

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vatan, Farrokh (Inventor); Akarvardar, Kerem (Inventor); Mojarradi, Mohammad M. (Inventor); Fijany, Amir (Inventor); Cristoloveanu, Sorin (Inventor); Kolawa, Elzbieta (Inventor); Blalock, Benjamin (Inventor); Chen, Suheng (Inventor); Toomarian, Nikzad (Inventor)

2009-01-01

An universal and programmable logic gate based on G.sup.4-FET technology is disclosed, leading to the design of more efficient logic circuits. A new full adder design based on the G.sup.4-FET is also presented. The G.sup.4-FET can also function as a unique router device offering coplanar crossing of signal paths that are isolated and perpendicular to one another. This has the potential of overcoming major limitations in VLSI design where complex interconnection schemes have become increasingly problematic.

Nanoeletromechanical switch and logic circuits formed therefrom

DOEpatents

Nordquist, Christopher D [Albuquerque, NM; Czaplewski, David A [Albuquerque, NM

2010-05-18

A nanoelectromechanical (NEM) switch is formed on a substrate with a source electrode containing a suspended electrically-conductive beam which is anchored to the substrate at each end. This beam, which can be formed of ruthenium, bows laterally in response to a voltage applied between a pair of gate electrodes and the source electrode to form an electrical connection between the source electrode and a drain electrode located near a midpoint of the beam. Another pair of gate electrodes and another drain electrode can be located on an opposite side of the beam to allow for switching in an opposite direction. The NEM switch can be used to form digital logic circuits including NAND gates, NOR gates, programmable logic gates, and SRAM and DRAM memory cells which can be used in place of conventional CMOS circuits, or in combination therewith.

Sign-And-Magnitude Up/Down Counter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cole, Steven W.

1991-01-01

Magnitude-and-sign counter includes conventional up/down counter for magnitude part and special additional circuitry for sign part. Negative numbers indicated more directly. Counter implemented by programming erasable programmable logic device (EPLD) or programmable logic array (PLA). Used in place of conventional up/down counter to provide sign and magnitude values directly to other circuits.

Programmable nanowire circuits for nanoprocessors.

PubMed

Yan, Hao; Choe, Hwan Sung; Nam, SungWoo; Hu, Yongjie; Das, Shamik; Klemic, James F; Ellenbogen, James C; Lieber, Charles M

2011-02-10

A nanoprocessor constructed from intrinsically nanometre-scale building blocks is an essential component for controlling memory, nanosensors and other functions proposed for nanosystems assembled from the bottom up. Important steps towards this goal over the past fifteen years include the realization of simple logic gates with individually assembled semiconductor nanowires and carbon nanotubes, but with only 16 devices or fewer and a single function for each circuit. Recently, logic circuits also have been demonstrated that use two or three elements of a one-dimensional memristor array, although such passive devices without gain are difficult to cascade. These circuits fall short of the requirements for a scalable, multifunctional nanoprocessor owing to challenges in materials, assembly and architecture on the nanoscale. Here we describe the design, fabrication and use of programmable and scalable logic tiles for nanoprocessors that surmount these hurdles. The tiles were built from programmable, non-volatile nanowire transistor arrays. Ge/Si core/shell nanowires coupled to designed dielectric shells yielded single-nanowire, non-volatile field-effect transistors (FETs) with uniform, programmable threshold voltages and the capability to drive cascaded elements. We developed an architecture to integrate the programmable nanowire FETs and define a logic tile consisting of two interconnected arrays with 496 functional configurable FET nodes in an area of ∼960 μm(2). The logic tile was programmed and operated first as a full adder with a maximal voltage gain of ten and input-output voltage matching. Then we showed that the same logic tile can be reprogrammed and used to demonstrate full-subtractor, multiplexer, demultiplexer and clocked D-latch functions. These results represent a significant advance in the complexity and functionality of nanoelectronic circuits built from the bottom up with a tiled architecture that could be cascaded to realize fully integrated nanoprocessors with computing, memory and addressing capabilities.

Developing and Optimising the Use of Logic Models in Systematic Reviews: Exploring Practice and Good Practice in the Use of Programme Theory in Reviews.

PubMed

Kneale, Dylan; Thomas, James; Harris, Katherine

2015-01-01

Logic models are becoming an increasingly common feature of systematic reviews, as is the use of programme theory more generally in systematic reviewing. Logic models offer a framework to help reviewers to 'think' conceptually at various points during the review, and can be a useful tool in defining study inclusion and exclusion criteria, guiding the search strategy, identifying relevant outcomes, identifying mediating and moderating factors, and communicating review findings. In this paper we critique the use of logic models in systematic reviews and protocols drawn from two databases representing reviews of health interventions and international development interventions. Programme theory featured only in a minority of the reviews and protocols included. Despite drawing from different disciplinary traditions, reviews and protocols from both sources shared several limitations in their use of logic models and theories of change, and these were used almost unanimously to solely depict pictorially the way in which the intervention worked. Logic models and theories of change were consequently rarely used to communicate the findings of the review. Logic models have the potential to be an aid integral throughout the systematic reviewing process. The absence of good practice around their use and development may be one reason for the apparent limited utility of logic models in many existing systematic reviews. These concerns are addressed in the second half of this paper, where we offer a set of principles in the use of logic models and an example of how we constructed a logic model for a review of school-based asthma interventions.

Improving excellence in scoliosis rehabilitation: a controlled study of matched pairs.

PubMed

Weiss, H-R; Klein, R

2006-01-01

Physiotherapy programmes so far mainly address the lateral deformity of scoliosis, a few aim at the correction of rotation and only very few address the sagittal profile. Meanwhile, there is evidence that correction forces applied in the sagittal plane are also able to correct the scoliotic deformity in the coronal and frontal planes. So it should be possible to improve excellence in scoliosis rehabilitation by the implementation of exercises to correct the sagittal deformity in scoliosis patients. An exercise programme (physio-logic exercises) aiming at a physiologic sagittal profile was developed to add to the programme applied at the centre or to replace certain exercises or exercising positions. To test the hypothesis that physio-logic exercises improve the outcome of Scoliosis Intensive Rehabilitation (SIR), the following study design was chosen: Prospective controlled trial of pairs of patients with idiopathic scoliosis matched by sex, age, Cobb angle and curve pattern. There were 18 patients in the treatment group (SIR + physio-logic exercises) and 18 patients in the control group (SIR only), all in matched pairs. Average Cobb angle in the treatment group was 34.5 degrees (SD 7.8) Cobb angle in the control group was 31.6 degrees (SD 5.8). Age in the treatment group was at average 15.3 years (SD 1.1) and in the control group 14.7 years (SD 1.3). Thirteen of the 18 patients in either group had a brace. Outcome parameter: average lateral deviation (mm), average surface rotation ( degrees ) and maximum Kyphosis angle ( degrees ) as evaluated with the help of surface topography (Formetric-system). Lateral deviation (mm) decreased significantly after the performance of the physio-logic programme and highly significantly in the physio-logic ADL posture; however, it was not significant after completion of the whole rehabilitation programme (2.3 vs 0.3 mm in the controls). Surface rotation improved at average 1.2 degrees in the treatment group and 0.8 degrees in the controls while Kyphosis angle did not improve in both groups. The physio-logic programme has to be regarded as a useful 'add on' to Scoliosis Rehabilitation with regards to the lateral deviation of the scoliotic trunk. A longitudinal controlled study is necessary to evaluate the long-term effect of the the physio-logic programme also with the help of X-rays.

Convolutional Neural Network on Embedded Linux(trademark) System-on-Chip: A Methodology and Performance Benchmark

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-05-01

A9 CPU and 15 W for the i7 CPU. A method of accelerating this computation is by using a customized hardware unit called a field- programmable gate...implementation of custom logic to accelerate com- putational workloads. This FPGA fabric, in addition to the standard programmable logic, contains 220...chip; field- programmable gate array Daniel Gebhardt U U U U 18 (619) 553-2786 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION 84300 Library (2) 85300 Archive/Stock (1

Convolutional Neural Network on Embedded Linux System-on-Chip: A Methodology and Performance Benchmark

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-05-01

A9 CPU and 15 W for the i7 CPU. A method of accelerating this computation is by using a customized hardware unit called a field- programmable gate...implementation of custom logic to accelerate com- putational workloads. This FPGA fabric, in addition to the standard programmable logic, contains 220...chip; field- programmable gate array Daniel Gebhardt U U U U 18 (619) 553-2786 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION 84300 Library (2) 85300 Archive/Stock (1

A Project-Based Learning Approach to Programmable Logic Design and Computer Architecture

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kellett, C. M.

2012-01-01

This paper describes a course in programmable logic design and computer architecture as it is taught at the University of Newcastle, Australia. The course is designed around a major design project and has two supplemental assessment tasks that are also described. The context of the Computer Engineering degree program within which the course is…

"Modeling" Youth Work: Logic Models, Neoliberalism, and Community Praxis

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carpenter, Sara

2016-01-01

This paper examines the use of logic models in the development of community initiatives within the AmeriCorps program. AmeriCorps is the civilian national service programme in the U.S., operating as a grants programme to local governments and not-for-profit organisations and providing low-cost labour to address pressing issues of social…

A Memory-Based Programmable Logic Device Using Look-Up Table Cascade with Synchronous Static Random Access Memories

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nakamura, Kazuyuki; Sasao, Tsutomu; Matsuura, Munehiro; Tanaka, Katsumasa; Yoshizumi, Kenichi; Nakahara, Hiroki; Iguchi, Yukihiro

2006-04-01

A large-scale memory-technology-based programmable logic device (PLD) using a look-up table (LUT) cascade is developed in the 0.35-μm standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) logic process. Eight 64 K-bit synchronous SRAMs are connected to form an LUT cascade with a few additional circuits. The features of the LUT cascade include: 1) a flexible cascade connection structure, 2) multi phase pseudo asynchronous operations with synchronous static random access memory (SRAM) cores, and 3) LUT-bypass redundancy. This chip operates at 33 MHz in 8-LUT cascades at 122 mW. Benchmark results show that it achieves a comparable performance to field programmable gate array (FPGAs).

Programmable Logic Application Notes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Katz, Richard

2000-01-01

This column will be provided each quarter as a source for reliability, radiation results, NASA capabilities, and other information on programmable logic devices and related applications. This quarter will continue a series of notes concentrating on analysis techniques with this issue's section discussing: Digital Timing Analysis Tools and Techniques. Articles in this issue include: SX and SX-A Series Devices Power Sequencing; JTAG and SXISX-AISX-S Series Devices; Analysis Techniques (i.e., notes on digital timing analysis tools and techniques); Status of the Radiation Hard reconfigurable Field Programmable Gate Array Program, Input Transition Times; Apollo Guidance Computer Logic Study; RT54SX32S Prototype Data Sets; A54SX32A - 0.22 micron/UMC Test Results; Ramtron FM1608 FRAM; and Analysis of VHDL Code and Synthesizer Output.

Logic operations based on magnetic-vortex-state networks.

PubMed

Jung, Hyunsung; Choi, Youn-Seok; Lee, Ki-Suk; Han, Dong-Soo; Yu, Young-Sang; Im, Mi-Young; Fischer, Peter; Kim, Sang-Koog

2012-05-22

Logic operations based on coupled magnetic vortices were experimentally demonstrated. We utilized a simple chain structure consisting of three physically separated but dipolar-coupled vortex-state Permalloy disks as well as two electrodes for application of the logical inputs. We directly monitored the vortex gyrations in the middle disk, as the logical output, by time-resolved full-field soft X-ray microscopy measurements. By manipulating the relative polarization configurations of both end disks, two different logic operations are programmable: the XOR operation for the parallel polarization and the OR operation for the antiparallel polarization. This work paves the way for new-type programmable logic gates based on the coupled vortex-gyration dynamics achievable in vortex-state networks. The advantages are as follows: a low-power input signal by means of resonant vortex excitation, low-energy dissipation during signal transportation by selection of low-damping materials, and a simple patterned-array structure.

DNA "nano-claw": logic-based autonomous cancer targeting and therapy.

PubMed

You, Mingxu; Peng, Lu; Shao, Na; Zhang, Liqin; Qiu, Liping; Cui, Cheng; Tan, Weihong

2014-01-29

Cell types, both healthy and diseased, can be classified by inventories of their cell-surface markers. Programmable analysis of multiple markers would enable clinicians to develop a comprehensive disease profile, leading to more accurate diagnosis and intervention. As a first step to accomplish this, we have designed a DNA-based device, called "Nano-Claw". Combining the special structure-switching properties of DNA aptamers with toehold-mediated strand displacement reactions, this claw is capable of performing autonomous logic-based analysis of multiple cancer cell-surface markers and, in response, producing a diagnostic signal and/or targeted photodynamic therapy. We anticipate that this design can be widely applied in facilitating basic biomedical research, accurate disease diagnosis, and effective therapy.

Design on the x-ray oral digital image display card

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Liping; Gu, Guohua; Chen, Qian

2009-10-01

According to the main characteristics of X-ray imaging, the X-ray display card is successfully designed and debugged using the basic principle of correlated double sampling (CDS) and combined with embedded computer technology. CCD sensor drive circuit and the corresponding procedures have been designed. Filtering and sampling hold circuit have been designed. The data exchange with PC104 bus has been implemented. Using complex programmable logic device as a device to provide gating and timing logic, the functions which counting, reading CPU control instructions, corresponding exposure and controlling sample-and-hold have been completed. According to the image effect and noise analysis, the circuit components have been adjusted. And high-quality images have been obtained.

EEE Links, Volume 9, No. 1, January 2003 Focus on Plastic Parts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2003-01-01

The January 2003 issue of Electronic, Electromechanical, Electric (EEE) Links is presented. The Programmable Logic Application Notes column has been reinstated in this newsletter. Written by Rich Katz of NASA's Office of Logic Design (OLD), the application notes offer technical tips intended to prevent flight design errors and enhance research, development, and use of programmable logic and elements for space flight applications. An archive of these notes columns from previous issues of EEE Links is available at http://www.klabs.org/richcontent/eeelink s/EEE Links.htm.

Development and use of the generic WHO/CDC logic model for vitamin and mineral interventions in public health programmes

PubMed Central

De-Regil, Luz Maria; Peña-Rosas, Juan Pablo; Flores-Ayala, Rafael; del Socorro Jefferds, Maria Elena

2015-01-01

Objective Nutrition interventions are critical to achieve the Millennium Development Goals; among them, micronutrient interventions are considered cost-effective and programmatically feasible to scale up, but there are limited tools to communicate the programme components and their relationships. The WHO/CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) logic model for micronutrient interventions in public health programmes is a useful resource for planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of these interventions, which depicts the programme theory and expected relationships between inputs and expected Millennium Development Goals. Design The model was developed by applying principles of programme evaluation, public health nutrition theory and programmatic expertise. The multifaceted and iterative structure validation included feedback from potential users and adaptation by national stakeholders involved in public health programmes' design and implementation. Results In addition to the inputs, main activity domains identified as essential for programme development, implementation and performance include: (i) policy; (ii) products and supply; (iii) delivery systems; (iv) quality control; and (v) behaviour change communication. Outputs encompass the access to and coverage of interventions. Outcomes include knowledge and appropriate use of the intervention, as well as effects on micronutrient intake, nutritional status and health of target populations, for ultimate achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Conclusions The WHO/CDC logic model simplifies the process of developing a logic model by providing a tool that has identified high-priority areas and concepts that apply to virtually all public health micronutrient interventions. Countries can adapt it to their context in order to support programme design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation for the successful scale-up of nutrition interventions in public health. PMID:23507463

Photonic Programmable Tele-Cloning Network

PubMed Central

Li, Wei; Chen, Ming-Cheng

2016-01-01

The concept of quantum teleportation allows an unknown quantum states to be broadcasted and processed in a distributed quantum network. The quantum information injected into the network can be diluted to distant multi-copies by quantum cloning and processed by arbitrary quantum logic gates which were programed in advance in the network quantum state. A quantum network combines simultaneously these fundamental quantum functions could lead to new intriguing applications. Here we propose a photonic programmable telecloning network based on a four-photon interferometer. The photonic network serves as quantum gate, quantum cloning and quantum teleportation and features experimental advantage of high brightness by photon recycling. PMID:27353838

Developing and Optimising the Use of Logic Models in Systematic Reviews: Exploring Practice and Good Practice in the Use of Programme Theory in Reviews

PubMed Central

Kneale, Dylan; Thomas, James; Harris, Katherine

2015-01-01

Background Logic models are becoming an increasingly common feature of systematic reviews, as is the use of programme theory more generally in systematic reviewing. Logic models offer a framework to help reviewers to ‘think’ conceptually at various points during the review, and can be a useful tool in defining study inclusion and exclusion criteria, guiding the search strategy, identifying relevant outcomes, identifying mediating and moderating factors, and communicating review findings. Methods and Findings In this paper we critique the use of logic models in systematic reviews and protocols drawn from two databases representing reviews of health interventions and international development interventions. Programme theory featured only in a minority of the reviews and protocols included. Despite drawing from different disciplinary traditions, reviews and protocols from both sources shared several limitations in their use of logic models and theories of change, and these were used almost unanimously to solely depict pictorially the way in which the intervention worked. Logic models and theories of change were consequently rarely used to communicate the findings of the review. Conclusions Logic models have the potential to be an aid integral throughout the systematic reviewing process. The absence of good practice around their use and development may be one reason for the apparent limited utility of logic models in many existing systematic reviews. These concerns are addressed in the second half of this paper, where we offer a set of principles in the use of logic models and an example of how we constructed a logic model for a review of school-based asthma interventions. PMID:26575182

Efficient Multiplexer FPGA Block Structures Based on G4FETs

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vatan, Farrokh; Fijany, Amir

2009-01-01

Generic structures have been conceived for multiplexer blocks to be implemented in field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) based on four-gate field-effect transistors (G(sup 4)FETs). This concept is a contribution to the continuing development of digital logic circuits based on G4FETs and serves as a further demonstration that logic circuits based on G(sup 4)FETs could be more efficient (in the sense that they could contain fewer transistors), relative to functionally equivalent logic circuits based on conventional transistors. Results in this line of development at earlier stages were summarized in two previous NASA Tech Briefs articles: "G(sup 4)FETs as Universal and Programmable Logic Gates" (NPO-41698), Vol. 31, No. 7 (July 2007), page 44, and "Efficient G4FET-Based Logic Circuits" (NPO-44407), Vol. 32, No. 1 ( January 2008), page 38 . As described in the first-mentioned previous article, a G4FET can be made to function as a three-input NOT-majority gate, which has been shown to be a universal and programmable logic gate. The universality and programmability could be exploited to design logic circuits containing fewer components than are required for conventional transistor-based circuits performing the same logic functions. The second-mentioned previous article reported results of a comparative study of NOT-majority-gate (G(sup 4)FET)-based logic-circuit designs and equivalent NOR- and NAND-gate-based designs utilizing conventional transistors. [NOT gates (inverters) were also included, as needed, in both the G(sup 4)FET- and the NOR- and NAND-based designs.] In most of the cases studied, fewer logic gates (and, hence, fewer transistors), were required in the G(sup 4)FET-based designs. There are two popular categories of FPGA block structures or architectures: one based on multiplexers, the other based on lookup tables. In standard multiplexer- based architectures, the basic building block is a tree-like configuration of multiplexers, with possibly a few additional logic gates such as ANDs or ORs. Interconnections are realized by means of programmable switches that may connect the input terminals of a block to output terminals of other blocks, may bridge together some of the inputs, or may connect some of the input terminals to signal sources representing constant logical levels 0 or 1. The left part of the figure depicts a four-to-one G(sup 4)FET-based multiplexer tree; the right part of the figure depicts a functionally equivalent four-to-one multiplexer based on conventional transistors. The G(sup 4)FET version would contains 54 transistors; the conventional version contains 70 transistors.

A Pipelined Non-Deterministic Finite Automaton-Based String Matching Scheme Using Merged State Transitions in an FPGA

PubMed Central

Choi, Kang-Il

2016-01-01

This paper proposes a pipelined non-deterministic finite automaton (NFA)-based string matching scheme using field programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation. The characteristics of the NFA such as shared common prefixes and no failure transitions are considered in the proposed scheme. In the implementation of the automaton-based string matching using an FPGA, each state transition is implemented with a look-up table (LUT) for the combinational logic circuit between registers. In addition, multiple state transitions between stages can be performed in a pipelined fashion. In this paper, it is proposed that multiple one-to-one state transitions, called merged state transitions, can be performed with an LUT. By cutting down the number of used LUTs for implementing state transitions, the hardware overhead of combinational logic circuits is greatly reduced in the proposed pipelined NFA-based string matching scheme. PMID:27695114

A Pipelined Non-Deterministic Finite Automaton-Based String Matching Scheme Using Merged State Transitions in an FPGA.

PubMed

Kim, HyunJin; Choi, Kang-Il

2016-01-01

This paper proposes a pipelined non-deterministic finite automaton (NFA)-based string matching scheme using field programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation. The characteristics of the NFA such as shared common prefixes and no failure transitions are considered in the proposed scheme. In the implementation of the automaton-based string matching using an FPGA, each state transition is implemented with a look-up table (LUT) for the combinational logic circuit between registers. In addition, multiple state transitions between stages can be performed in a pipelined fashion. In this paper, it is proposed that multiple one-to-one state transitions, called merged state transitions, can be performed with an LUT. By cutting down the number of used LUTs for implementing state transitions, the hardware overhead of combinational logic circuits is greatly reduced in the proposed pipelined NFA-based string matching scheme.

FPGA implementation of bit controller in double-tick architecture

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kobylecki, Michał; Kania, Dariusz

2017-11-01

This paper presents a comparison of the two original architectures of programmable bit controllers built on FPGAs. Programmable Logic Controllers (which include, among other things programmable bit controllers) built on FPGAs provide a efficient alternative to the controllers based on microprocessors which are expensive and often too slow. The presented and compared methods allow for the efficient implementation of any bit control algorithm written in Ladder Diagram language into the programmable logic system in accordance with IEC61131-3. In both cases, we have compared the effect of the applied architecture on the performance of executing the same bit control program in relation to its own size.

Versatile logic devices based on programmable DNA-regulated silver-nanocluster signal transducers.

PubMed

Huang, Zhenzhen; Tao, Yu; Pu, Fang; Ren, Jinsong; Qu, Xiaogang

2012-05-21

A DNA-encoding strategy is reported for the programmable regulation of the fluorescence properties of silver nanoclusters (AgNCs). By taking advantage of the DNA-encoding strategy, aqueous AgNCs were used as signal transducers to convert DNA inputs into fluorescence outputs for the construction of various DNA-based logic gates (AND, OR, INHIBIT, XOR, NOR, XNOR, NAND, and a sequential logic gate). Moreover, a biomolecular keypad that was capable of constructing crossword puzzles was also fabricated. These AgNC-based logic systems showed several advantages, including a simple transducer-introduction strategy, universal design, and biocompatible operation. In addition, this proof of concept opens the door to a new generation of signal transducer materials and provides a general route to versatile biomolecular logic devices for practical applications. Copyright © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Using Pipelined XNOR Logic to Reduce SEU Risks in State Machines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Le, Martin; Zheng, Xin; Katanyoutant, Sunant

2008-01-01

Single-event upsets (SEUs) pose great threats to avionic systems state machine control logic, which are frequently used to control sequence of events and to qualify protocols. The risks of SEUs manifest in two ways: (a) the state machine s state information is changed, causing the state machine to unexpectedly transition to another state; (b) due to the asynchronous nature of SEU, the state machine's state registers become metastable, consequently causing any combinational logic associated with the metastable registers to malfunction temporarily. Effect (a) can be mitigated with methods such as triplemodular redundancy (TMR). However, effect (b) cannot be eliminated and can degrade the effectiveness of any mitigation method of effect (a). Although there is no way to completely eliminate the risk of SEU-induced errors, the risk can be made very small by use of a combination of very fast state-machine logic and error-detection logic. Therefore, one goal of two main elements of the present method is to design the fastest state-machine logic circuitry by basing it on the fastest generic state-machine design, which is that of a one-hot state machine. The other of the two main design elements is to design fast error-detection logic circuitry and to optimize it for implementation in a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) architecture: In the resulting design, the one-hot state machine is fitted with a multiple-input XNOR gate for detection of illegal states. The XNOR gate is implemented with lookup tables and with pipelines for high speed. In this method, the task of designing all the logic must be performed manually because no currently available logic synthesis software tool can produce optimal solutions of design problems of this type. However, some assistance is provided by a script, written for this purpose in the Python language (an object-oriented interpretive computer language) to automatically generate hardware description language (HDL) code from state-transition rules.

Programmable logic construction kits for hyper-real-time neuronal modeling.

PubMed

Guerrero-Rivera, Ruben; Morrison, Abigail; Diesmann, Markus; Pearce, Tim C

2006-11-01

Programmable logic designs are presented that achieve exact integration of leaky integrate-and-fire soma and dynamical synapse neuronal models and incorporate spike-time dependent plasticity and axonal delays. Highly accurate numerical performance has been achieved by modifying simpler forward-Euler-based circuitry requiring minimal circuit allocation, which, as we show, behaves equivalently to exact integration. These designs have been implemented and simulated at the behavioral and physical device levels, demonstrating close agreement with both numerical and analytical results. By exploiting finely grained parallelism and single clock cycle numerical iteration, these designs achieve simulation speeds at least five orders of magnitude faster than the nervous system, termed here hyper-real-time operation, when deployed on commercially available field-programmable gate array (FPGA) devices. Taken together, our designs form a programmable logic construction kit of commonly used neuronal model elements that supports the building of large and complex architectures of spiking neuron networks for real-time neuromorphic implementation, neurophysiological interfacing, or efficient parameter space investigations.

Compact universal logic gates realized using quantization of current in nanodevices.

PubMed

Zhang, Wancheng; Wu, Nan-Jian; Yang, Fuhua

2007-12-12

This paper proposes novel universal logic gates using the current quantization characteristics of nanodevices. In nanodevices like the electron waveguide (EW) and single-electron (SE) turnstile, the channel current is a staircase quantized function of its control voltage. We use this unique characteristic to compactly realize Boolean functions. First we present the concept of the periodic-threshold threshold logic gate (PTTG), and we build a compact PTTG using EW and SE turnstiles. We show that an arbitrary three-input Boolean function can be realized with a single PTTG, and an arbitrary four-input Boolean function can be realized by using two PTTGs. We then use one PTTG to build a universal programmable two-input logic gate which can be used to realize all two-input Boolean functions. We also build a programmable three-input logic gate by using one PTTG. Compared with linear threshold logic gates, with the PTTG one can build digital circuits more compactly. The proposed PTTGs are promising for future smart nanoscale digital system use.

Field-programmable logic devices with optical input-output.

PubMed

Szymanski, T H; Saint-Laurent, M; Tyan, V; Au, A; Supmonchai, B

2000-02-10

A field-programmable logic device (FPLD) with optical I/O is described. FPLD's with optical I/O can have their functionality specified in the field by means of downloading a control-bit stream and can be used in a wide range of applications, such as optical signal processing, optical image processing, and optical interconnects. Our device implements six state-of-the-art dynamically programmable logic arrays (PLA's) on a 2 mm x 2 mm die. The devices were fabricated through the Lucent Technologies-Advanced Research Projects Agency-Consortium for Optical and Optoelectronic Technologies in Computing (Lucent/ARPA/COOP) workshop by use of 0.5-microm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor-self-electro-optic device technology and were delivered in 1998. All devices are fully functional: The electronic data paths have been verified at 200 MHz, and optical tests are pending. The device has been programmed to implement a two-stage optical switching network with six 4 x 4 crossbar switches, which can realize more than 190 x 10(6) unique programmable input-output permutations. The same device scaled to a 2 cm x 2 cm substrate could support as many as 4000 optical I/O and 1 Tbit/s of optical I/O bandwidth and offer fully programmable digital functionality with approximately 110,000 programmable logic gates. The proposed optoelectronic FPLD is also ideally suited to realizing dense, statically reconfigurable crossbar switches. We describe an attractive application area for such devices: a rearrangeable three-stage optical switch for a wide-area-network backbone, switching 1000 traffic streams at the OC-48 data rate and supporting several terabits of traffic.

Expanded all-optical programmable logic array based on multi-input/output canonical logic units.

PubMed

Lei, Lei; Dong, Jianji; Zou, Bingrong; Wu, Zhao; Dong, Wenchan; Zhang, Xinliang

2014-04-21

We present an expanded all-optical programmable logic array (O-PLA) using multi-input and multi-output canonical logic units (CLUs) generation. Based on four-wave mixing (FWM) in highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF), two-input and three-input CLUs are simultaneously achieved in five different channels with an operation speed of 40 Gb/s. Clear temporal waveforms and wide open eye diagrams are successfully observed. The effectiveness of the scheme is validated by extinction ratio and optical signal-to-noise ratio measurements. The computing capacity, defined as the total amount of logic functions achieved by the O-PLA, is discussed in detail. For a three-input O-PLA, the computing capacity of the expanded CLUs-PLA is more than two times as large as that of the standard CLUs-PLA, and this multiple will increase to more than three and a half as the idlers are individually independent.

Field programmable gate arrays: Evaluation report for space-flight application

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sandoe, Mike; Davarpanah, Mike; Soliman, Kamal; Suszko, Steven; Mackey, Susan

1992-01-01

Field Programmable Gate Arrays commonly called FPGA's are the newer generation of field programmable devices and offer more flexibility in the logic modules they incorporate and in how they are interconnected. The flexibility, the number of logic building blocks available, and the high gate densities achievable are why users find FPGA's attractive. These attributes are important in reducing product development costs and shortening the development cycle. The aerospace community is interested in incorporating this new generation of field programmable technology in space applications. To this end, a consortium was formed to evaluate the quality, reliability, and radiation performance of FPGA's. This report presents the test results on FPGA parts provided by ACTEL Corporation.

Fuzzy logic based on-line fault detection and classification in transmission line.

PubMed

Adhikari, Shuma; Sinha, Nidul; Dorendrajit, Thingam

2016-01-01

This study presents fuzzy logic based online fault detection and classification of transmission line using Programmable Automation and Control technology based National Instrument Compact Reconfigurable i/o (CRIO) devices. The LabVIEW software combined with CRIO can perform real time data acquisition of transmission line. When fault occurs in the system current waveforms are distorted due to transients and their pattern changes according to the type of fault in the system. The three phase alternating current, zero sequence and positive sequence current data generated by LabVIEW through CRIO-9067 are processed directly for relaying. The result shows that proposed technique is capable of right tripping action and classification of type of fault at high speed therefore can be employed in practical application.

A self-timed multipurpose delay sensor for Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs).

PubMed

Osuna, Carlos Gómez; Ituero, Pablo; López-Vallejo, Marisa

2013-12-20

This paper presents a novel self-timed multi-purpose sensor especially conceived for Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). The aim of the sensor is to measure performance variations during the life-cycle of the device, such as process variability, critical path timing and temperature variations. The proposed topology, through the use of both combinational and sequential FPGA elements, amplifies the time of a signal traversing a delay chain to produce a pulse whose width is the sensor's measurement. The sensor is fully self-timed, avoiding the need for clock distribution networks and eliminating the limitations imposed by the system clock. One single off- or on-chip time-to-digital converter is able to perform digitization of several sensors in a single operation. These features allow for a simplified approach for designers wanting to intertwine a multi-purpose sensor network with their application logic. Employed as a temperature sensor, it has been measured to have an error of  ±0.67 °C, over the range of 20-100 °C, employing 20 logic elements with a 2-point calibration.

A Self-Timed Multipurpose Delay Sensor for Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)

PubMed Central

Osuna, Carlos Gómez; Ituero, Pablo; López-Vallejo, Marisa

2014-01-01

This paper presents a novel self-timed multi-purpose sensor especially conceived for Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). The aim of the sensor is to measure performance variations during the life-cycle of the device, such as process variability, critical path timing and temperature variations. The proposed topology, through the use of both combinational and sequential FPGA elements, amplifies the time of a signal traversing a delay chain to produce a pulse whose width is the sensor's measurement. The sensor is fully self-timed, avoiding the need for clock distribution networks and eliminating the limitations imposed by the system clock. One single off- or on-chip time-to-digital converter is able to perform digitization of several sensors in a single operation. These features allow for a simplified approach for designers wanting to intertwine a multi-purpose sensor network with their application logic. Employed as a temperature sensor, it has been measured to have an error of ±0.67 °C, over the range of 20–100 °C, employing 20 logic elements with a 2-point calibration. PMID:24361927

Programmable logic controller optical fibre sensor interface module

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Allwood, Gary; Wild, Graham; Hinckley, Steven

2011-12-01

Most automated industrial processes use Distributed Control Systems (DCSs) or Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) for automated control. PLCs tend to be more common as they have much of the functionality of DCSs, although they are generally cheaper to install and maintain. PLCs in conjunction with a human machine interface form the basis of Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems, combined with communication infrastructure and Remote Terminal Units (RTUs). RTU's basically convert different sensor measurands in to digital data that is sent back to the PLC or supervisory system. Optical fibre sensors are becoming more common in industrial processes because of their many advantageous properties. Being small, lightweight, highly sensitive, and immune to electromagnetic interference, means they are an ideal solution for a variety of diverse sensing applications. Here, we have developed a PLC Optical Fibre Sensor Interface Module (OFSIM), in which an optical fibre is connected directly to the OFSIM located next to the PLC. The embedded fibre Bragg grating sensors, are highly sensitive and can detect a number of different measurands such as temperature, pressure and strain without the need for a power supply.

Programmer's guide to the fuzzy logic ramp metering algorithm : software design, integration, testing, and evaluation

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2000-02-01

A Fuzzy Logic Ramp Metering Algorithm was implemented on 126 ramps in the greater Seattle area. This report documents the implementation of the Fuzzy Logic Ramp Metering Algorithm at the Northwest District of the Washington State Department of Transp...

Auto-programmable impulse neural circuits

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Watula, D.; Meador, J.

1990-01-01

Impulse neural networks use pulse trains to communicate neuron activation levels. Impulse neural circuits emulate natural neurons at a more detailed level than that typically employed by contemporary neural network implementation methods. An impulse neural circuit which realizes short term memory dynamics is presented. The operation of that circuit is then characterized in terms of pulse frequency modulated signals. Both fixed and programmable synapse circuits for realizing long term memory are also described. The implementation of a simple and useful unsupervised learning law is then presented. The implementation of a differential Hebbian learning rule for a specific mean-frequency signal interpretation is shown to have a straightforward implementation using digital combinational logic with a variation of a previously developed programmable synapse circuit. This circuit is expected to be exploited for simple and straightforward implementation of future auto-adaptive neural circuits.

Programmable Pulser

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Baumann, Eric; Merolla, Anthony

1988-01-01

User controls number of clock pulses to prevent burnout. New digital programmable pulser circuit in three formats; freely running, counted, and single pulse. Operates at frequencies up to 5 MHz, with no special consideration given to layout of components or to terminations. Pulser based on sequential circuit with four states and binary counter with appropriate decoding logic. Number of programmable pulses increased beyond 127 by addition of another counter and decoding logic. For very large pulse counts and/or very high frequencies, use synchronous counters to avoid errors caused by propagation delays. Invaluable tool for initial verification or diagnosis of digital or digitally controlled circuity.

Programmable bioelectronics in a stimuli-encoded 3D graphene interface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parlak, Onur; Beyazit, Selim; Tse-Sum-Bui, Bernadette; Haupt, Karsten; Turner, Anthony P. F.; Tiwari, Ashutosh

2016-05-01

The ability to program and mimic the dynamic microenvironment of living organisms is a crucial step towards the engineering of advanced bioelectronics. Here, we report for the first time a design for programmable bioelectronics, with `built-in' switchable and tunable bio-catalytic performance that responds simultaneously to appropriate stimuli. The designed bio-electrodes comprise light and temperature responsive compartments, which allow the building of Boolean logic gates (i.e. ``OR'' and ``AND'') based on enzymatic communications to deliver logic operations.The ability to program and mimic the dynamic microenvironment of living organisms is a crucial step towards the engineering of advanced bioelectronics. Here, we report for the first time a design for programmable bioelectronics, with `built-in' switchable and tunable bio-catalytic performance that responds simultaneously to appropriate stimuli. The designed bio-electrodes comprise light and temperature responsive compartments, which allow the building of Boolean logic gates (i.e. ``OR'' and ``AND'') based on enzymatic communications to deliver logic operations. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c6nr02355j

Testability Design Rating System: Testability Handbook. Volume 1

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-02-01

4-10 4.7.5 Summary of False BIT Alarms (FBA) ............................. 4-10 4.7.6 Smart BIT Technique...Circuit Board PGA Pin Grid Array PLA Programmable Logic Array PLD Programmable Logic Device PN Pseudo-Random Number PREDICT Probabilistic Estimation of...11 4.7.6 Smart BIT ( reference: RADC-TR-85-198). " Smart " BIT is a term given to BIT circuitry in a system LRU which includes dedicated processor/memory

System and method for programmable bank selection for banked memory subsystems

DOEpatents

Blumrich, Matthias A.; Chen, Dong; Gara, Alan G.; Giampapa, Mark E.; Hoenicke, Dirk; Ohmacht, Martin; Salapura, Valentina; Sugavanam, Krishnan

2010-09-07

A programmable memory system and method for enabling one or more processor devices access to shared memory in a computing environment, the shared memory including one or more memory storage structures having addressable locations for storing data. The system comprises: one or more first logic devices associated with a respective one or more processor devices, each first logic device for receiving physical memory address signals and programmable for generating a respective memory storage structure select signal upon receipt of pre-determined address bit values at selected physical memory address bit locations; and, a second logic device responsive to each of the respective select signal for generating an address signal used for selecting a memory storage structure for processor access. The system thus enables each processor device of a computing environment memory storage access distributed across the one or more memory storage structures.

An Undergraduate Survey Course on Asynchronous Sequential Logic, Ladder Logic, and Fuzzy Logic

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Foster, D. L.

2012-01-01

For a basic foundation in computer engineering, universities traditionally teach synchronous sequential circuit design, using discrete gates or field programmable gate arrays, and a microcomputers course that includes basic I/O processing. These courses, though critical, expose students to only a small subset of tools. At co-op schools like…

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nishimura, Takahiro, E-mail: t-nishimura@ist.osaka-u.ac.jp; Fujii, Ryo; Ogura, Yusuke

Molecular logic circuits represent a promising technology for observation and manipulation of biological systems at the molecular level. However, the implementation of molecular logic circuits for temporal and programmable operation remains challenging. In this paper, we demonstrate an optically controllable logic circuit that uses fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) for signaling. The FRET-based signaling process is modulated by both molecular and optical inputs. Based on the distance dependence of FRET, the FRET pathways required to execute molecular logic operations are formed on a DNA nanostructure as a circuit based on its molecular inputs. In addition, the FRET pathways on themore » DNA nanostructure are controlled optically, using photoswitching fluorescent molecules to instruct the execution of the desired operation and the related timings. The behavior of the circuit can thus be controlled using external optical signals. As an example, a molecular logic circuit capable of executing two different logic operations was studied. The circuit contains functional DNAs and a DNA scaffold to construct two FRET routes for executing Input 1 AND Input 2 and Input 1 AND NOT Input 3 operations on molecular inputs. The circuit produced the correct outputs with all possible combinations of the inputs by following the light signals. Moreover, the operation execution timings were controlled based on light irradiation and the circuit responded to time-dependent inputs. The experimental results demonstrate that the circuit changes the output for the required operations following the input of temporal light signals.« less

Programmable logic devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jacobs, J. L.

1993-04-01

Erasable programmable logic devices (EPLD's) were investigated to determine their advantages and/or disadvantages in Test Equipment Engineering applications. It was found that EPLD's performed as well as or better than identical circuits using standard transistor transistor logic (TTL). The chip count in these circuits was reduced, saving printed circuit board space and shortening fabrication and prove-in time. Troubleshooting circuits of EPLD's was also easier with 10 to 100 times fewer wires needed. The reduced number of integrated circuits (IC's) contributed to faster system speeds and an overall lower power consumption. In some cases changes to the circuit became software changes using EPLD's instead of hardware changes for standard logic. Using EPLD's was fairly easy; however, as with any new technology, a learning curve must be overcome before EPLD's can be used efficiently. The many benefits of EPLD's outweighed this initial inconvenience.

G(sup 4)FET Implementations of Some Logic Circuits

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mojarradi, Mohammad; Akarvardar, Kerem; Cristoleveanu, Sorin; Gentil, Paul; Blalock, Benjamin; Chen, Suhan

2009-01-01

Some logic circuits have been built and demonstrated to work substantially as intended, all as part of a continuing effort to exploit the high degrees of design flexibility and functionality of the electronic devices known as G(sup 4)FETs and described below. These logic circuits are intended to serve as prototypes of more complex advanced programmable-logicdevice-type integrated circuits, including field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). In comparison with prior FPGAs, these advanced FPGAs could be much more efficient because the functionality of G(sup 4)FETs is such that fewer discrete components are needed to perform a given logic function in G(sup 4)FET circuitry than are needed perform the same logic function in conventional transistor-based circuitry. The underlying concept of using G(sup 4)FETs as building blocks of programmable logic circuitry was also described, from a different perspective, in G(sup 4)FETs as Universal and Programmable Logic Gates (NPO-41698), NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 31, No. 7 (July 2007), page 44. A G(sup 4)FET can be characterized as an accumulation-mode silicon-on-insulator (SOI) metal oxide/semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) featuring two junction field-effect transistor (JFET) gates. The structure of a G(sup 4)FET (see Figure 1) is the same as that of a p-channel inversion-mode SOI MOSFET with two body contacts on each side of the channel. The top gate (G1), the substrate emulating a back gate (G2), and the junction gates (JG1 and JG2) can be biased independently of each other and, hence, each can be used to independently control some aspects of the conduction characteristics of the transistor. The independence of the actions of the four gates is what affords the enhanced functionality and design flexibility of G(sup 4)FETs. The present G(sup 4)FET logic circuits include an adjustable-threshold inverter, a real-time-reconfigurable logic gate, and a dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) cell (see Figure 2). The configuration of the adjustable-threshold inverter is similar to that of an ordinary complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) inverter except that an NMOSFET (a MOSFET having an n-doped channel and a p-doped Si substrate) is replaced by an n-channel G(sup 4)FET

Implementing a Microcontroller Watchdog with a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Straka, Bartholomew

2013-01-01

Reliability is crucial to safety. Redundancy of important system components greatly enhances reliability and hence safety. Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are useful for monitoring systems and handling the logic necessary to keep them running with minimal interruption when individual components fail. A complete microcontroller watchdog with logic for failure handling can be implemented in a hardware description language (HDL.). HDL-based designs are vendor-independent and can be used on many FPGAs with low overhead.

Programmable Logic Controllers for Research on the Cyber Security of Industrial Power Plants

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-02-12

group . 15. SUBJECT TERMS Industrial control systems, cyber security 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS...currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (00-MM-YYYY) ,2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED...From- To) 12/02/2017 Final 15 August 2015 - 12 February 2017 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Sa. CONTRACT NUMBER Programmable Logic Controllers for Research

46 CFR 62.25-25 - Programmable systems and devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Programmable systems and devices. 62.25-25 Section 62.25... AUTOMATION General Requirements for All Automated Vital Systems § 62.25-25 Programmable systems and devices. (a) Programmable control or alarm system logic must not be altered after Design Verification testing...

Research on NC motion controller based on SOPC technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiang, Tingbiao; Meng, Biao

2006-11-01

With the rapid development of the digitization and informationization, the application of numerical control technology in the manufacturing industry becomes more and more important. However, the conventional numerical control system usually has some shortcomings such as the poor in system openness, character of real-time, cutability and reconfiguration. In order to solve these problems, this paper investigates the development prospect and advantage of the application in numerical control area with system-on-a-Programmable-Chip (SOPC) technology, and puts forward to a research program approach to the NC controller based on SOPC technology. Utilizing the characteristic of SOPC technology, we integrate high density logic device FPGA, memory SRAM, and embedded processor ARM into a single programmable logic device. We also combine the 32-bit RISC processor with high computing capability of the complicated algorithm with the FPGA device with strong motivable reconfiguration logic control ability. With these steps, we can greatly resolve the defect described in above existing numerical control systems. For the concrete implementation method, we use FPGA chip embedded with ARM hard nuclear processor to construct the control core of the motion controller. We also design the peripheral circuit of the controller according to the requirements of actual control functions, transplant real-time operating system into ARM, design the driver of the peripheral assisted chip, develop the application program to control and configuration of FPGA, design IP core of logic algorithm for various NC motion control to configured it into FPGA. The whole control system uses the concept of modular and structured design to develop hardware and software system. Thus the NC motion controller with the advantage of easily tailoring, highly opening, reconfigurable, and expandable can be implemented.

Design and simulation of programmable relational optoelectronic time-pulse coded processors as base elements for sorting neural networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krasilenko, Vladimir G.; Nikolsky, Alexander I.; Lazarev, Alexander A.; Lazareva, Maria V.

2010-05-01

In the paper we show that the biologically motivated conception of time-pulse encoding usage gives a set of advantages (single methodological basis, universality, tuning simplicity, learning and programming et al) at creation and design of sensor systems with parallel input-output and processing for 2D structures hybrid and next generations neuro-fuzzy neurocomputers. We show design principles of programmable relational optoelectronic time-pulse encoded processors on the base of continuous logic, order logic and temporal waves processes. We consider a structure that execute analog signal extraction, analog and time-pulse coded variables sorting. We offer optoelectronic realization of such base relational order logic element, that consists of time-pulse coded photoconverters (pulse-width and pulse-phase modulators) with direct and complementary outputs, sorting network on logical elements and programmable commutation blocks. We make technical parameters estimations of devices and processors on such base elements by simulation and experimental research: optical input signals power 0.2 - 20 uW, processing time 1 - 10 us, supply voltage 1 - 3 V, consumption power 10 - 100 uW, extended functional possibilities, learning possibilities. We discuss some aspects of possible rules and principles of learning and programmable tuning on required function, relational operation and realization of hardware blocks for modifications of such processors. We show that it is possible to create sorting machines, neural networks and hybrid data-processing systems with untraditional numerical systems and pictures operands on the basis of such quasiuniversal hardware simple blocks with flexible programmable tuning.

Programmable bioelectronics in a stimuli-encoded 3D graphene interface.

PubMed

Parlak, Onur; Beyazit, Selim; Tse-Sum-Bui, Bernadette; Haupt, Karsten; Turner, Anthony P F; Tiwari, Ashutosh

2016-05-21

The ability to program and mimic the dynamic microenvironment of living organisms is a crucial step towards the engineering of advanced bioelectronics. Here, we report for the first time a design for programmable bioelectronics, with 'built-in' switchable and tunable bio-catalytic performance that responds simultaneously to appropriate stimuli. The designed bio-electrodes comprise light and temperature responsive compartments, which allow the building of Boolean logic gates (i.e."OR" and "AND") based on enzymatic communications to deliver logic operations.

Starting Circuit For Erasable Programmable Logic Device

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cole, Steven W.

1990-01-01

Voltage regulator bypassed to supply starting current. Starting or "pullup" circuit supplies large inrush of current required by erasable programmable logic device (EPLD) while being turned on. Operates only during such intervals of high demand for current and has little effect any other time. Performs needed bypass, acting as current-dependent shunt connecting battery or other source of power more nearly directly to EPLD. Input capacitor of regulator removed when starting circuit installed, reducing probability of damage to transistor in event of short circuit in or across load.

Flexible programmable logic module

DOEpatents

Robertson, Perry J.; Hutchinson, Robert L.; Pierson, Lyndon G.

2001-01-01

The circuit module of this invention is a VME board containing a plurality of programmable logic devices (PLDs), a controlled impedance clock tree, and interconnecting buses. The PLDs are arranged to permit systolic processing of a problem by offering wide data buses and a plurality of processing nodes. The board contains a clock reference and clock distribution tree that can drive each of the PLDs with two critically timed clock references. External clock references can be used to drive additional circuit modules all operating from the same synchronous clock reference.

Molecular implementation of simple logic programs.

PubMed

Ran, Tom; Kaplan, Shai; Shapiro, Ehud

2009-10-01

Autonomous programmable computing devices made of biomolecules could interact with a biological environment and be used in future biological and medical applications. Biomolecular implementations of finite automata and logic gates have already been developed. Here, we report an autonomous programmable molecular system based on the manipulation of DNA strands that is capable of performing simple logical deductions. Using molecular representations of facts such as Man(Socrates) and rules such as Mortal(X) <-- Man(X) (Every Man is Mortal), the system can answer molecular queries such as Mortal(Socrates)? (Is Socrates Mortal?) and Mortal(X)? (Who is Mortal?). This biomolecular computing system compares favourably with previous approaches in terms of expressive power, performance and precision. A compiler translates facts, rules and queries into their molecular representations and subsequently operates a robotic system that assembles the logical deductions and delivers the result. This prototype is the first simple programming language with a molecular-scale implementation.

Project-Based Learning in Programmable Logic Controller

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Seke, F. R.; Sumilat, J. M.; Kembuan, D. R. E.; Kewas, J. C.; Muchtar, H.; Ibrahim, N.

2018-02-01

Project-based learning is a learning method that uses project activities as the core of learning and requires student creativity in completing the project. The aims of this study is to investigate the influence of project-based learning methods on students with a high level of creativity in learning the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). This study used experimental methods with experimental class and control class consisting of 24 students, with 12 students of high creativity and 12 students of low creativity. The application of project-based learning methods into the PLC courses combined with the level of student creativity enables the students to be directly involved in the work of the PLC project which gives them experience in utilizing PLCs for the benefit of the industry. Therefore, it’s concluded that project-based learning method is one of the superior learning methods to apply on highly creative students to PLC courses. This method can be used as an effort to improve student learning outcomes and student creativity as well as to educate prospective teachers to become reliable educators in theory and practice which will be tasked to create qualified human resources candidates in order to meet future industry needs.

Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust Fellowships in Clinical Leadership Programme: An Evaluation.

PubMed

Miani, Celine; Marjanovic, Sonja; Jones, Molly Morgan; Marshall, Martin; Meikle, Samantha; Nolte, Ellen

2013-01-01

Leadership is seen to be central to improving the quality of healthcare and existing research suggests that absence of leadership is related to poor quality and safety performance. Leadership training might therefore provide an important means through which to promote quality improvement and, more widely, performance within the healthcare environment. This article presents an evaluation of the Fellowships in Clinical Leadership Programme, which combines leadership training and quality improvement initiatives with the placement of temporary external clinical champions in Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust. We assessed impacts of the Programme on individual and organisational change, alongside core enablers and barriers for Programme success. Analyses drew on the principles of a theory-of-change-led realist evaluation, using logic modelling to specify the underlying causal mechanisms of the Programme. Data collection involved a stakeholder workshop, online questionnaires of programme participants, senior managers and support staff (n=114), and follow-up in-depth semi-structured interviews with a subsample of survey participants (n=15). We observed that the Programme had notable impacts at individual and organisational levels. Examples of individual impact included enhanced communication and negotiation skills or increased confidence as a result of multi-modal leadership training. At the organisational level, participants reported indications of behaviour change among staff, with evidence of spill-over effects to non-participants towards a greater focus on patient-centred care. Our findings suggest that there is potential for combined leadership training and quality improvement programmes to contribute to strengthening a culture of care quality in healthcare organisations. Our study provides useful insights into strategies seeking to achieve sustainable improvement in NHS organisations.

Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust Fellowships in Clinical Leadership Programme

PubMed Central

Miani, Celine; Marjanovic, Sonja; Jones, Molly Morgan; Marshall, Martin; Meikle, Samantha; Nolte, Ellen

2013-01-01

Abstract Leadership is seen to be central to improving the quality of healthcare and existing research suggests that absence of leadership is related to poor quality and safety performance. Leadership training might therefore provide an important means through which to promote quality improvement and, more widely, performance within the healthcare environment. This article presents an evaluation of the Fellowships in Clinical Leadership Programme, which combines leadership training and quality improvement initiatives with the placement of temporary external clinical champions in Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust. We assessed impacts of the Programme on individual and organisational change, alongside core enablers and barriers for Programme success. Analyses drew on the principles of a theory-of-change-led realist evaluation, using logic modelling to specify the underlying causal mechanisms of the Programme. Data collection involved a stakeholder workshop, online questionnaires of programme participants, senior managers and support staff (n=114), and follow-up in-depth semi-structured interviews with a subsample of survey participants (n=15). We observed that the Programme had notable impacts at individual and organisational levels. Examples of individual impact included enhanced communication and negotiation skills or increased confidence as a result of multi-modal leadership training. At the organisational level, participants reported indications of behaviour change among staff, with evidence of spill-over effects to non-participants towards a greater focus on patient-centred care. Our findings suggest that there is potential for combined leadership training and quality improvement programmes to contribute to strengthening a culture of care quality in healthcare organisations. Our study provides useful insights into strategies seeking to achieve sustainable improvement in NHS organisations. PMID:28083304

A library of programmable DNAzymes that operate in a cellular environment.

PubMed

Kahan-Hanum, Maya; Douek, Yehonatan; Adar, Rivka; Shapiro, Ehud

2013-01-01

DNAzymes were used as inhibitory agents in a variety of experimental disease settings, such as cancer, viral infections and even HIV. Drugs that become active only upon the presence of preprogrammed abnormal environmental conditions may enable selective molecular therapy by targeting abnormal cells without injuring normal cells. Here we show a novel programmable DNAzyme library composed of variety of Boolean logic gates, including YES, AND, NOT, OR, NAND, ANDNOT, XOR, NOR and 3-input-AND gate, that uses both miRNAs and mRNAs as inputs. Each gate is based on the c-jun cleaving Dz13 DNAzyme and active only in the presence of specific input combinations. The library is modular, supports arbitrary inputs and outputs, cascadable, highly specific and robust. We demonstrate the library's potential diagnostic abilities on miRNA and mRNA combinations in cell lysate and its ability to operate in a cellular environment by using beacon-like c-jun mimicking substrate in living mammalian cells.

A library of programmable DNAzymes that operate in a cellular environment

PubMed Central

Kahan-Hanum, Maya; Douek, Yehonatan; Adar, Rivka; Shapiro, Ehud

2013-01-01

DNAzymes were used as inhibitory agents in a variety of experimental disease settings, such as cancer, viral infections and even HIV. Drugs that become active only upon the presence of preprogrammed abnormal environmental conditions may enable selective molecular therapy by targeting abnormal cells without injuring normal cells. Here we show a novel programmable DNAzyme library composed of variety of Boolean logic gates, including YES, AND, NOT, OR, NAND, ANDNOT, XOR, NOR and 3-input-AND gate, that uses both miRNAs and mRNAs as inputs. Each gate is based on the c-jun cleaving Dz13 DNAzyme and active only in the presence of specific input combinations. The library is modular, supports arbitrary inputs and outputs, cascadable, highly specific and robust. We demonstrate the library's potential diagnostic abilities on miRNA and mRNA combinations in cell lysate and its ability to operate in a cellular environment by using beacon-like c-jun mimicking substrate in living mammalian cells. PMID:23525068

Electrically reconfigurable logic array

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Agarwal, R. K.

1982-01-01

To compose the complicated systems using algorithmically specialized logic circuits or processors, one solution is to perform relational computations such as union, division and intersection directly on hardware. These relations can be pipelined efficiently on a network of processors having an array configuration. These processors can be designed and implemented with a few simple cells. In order to determine the state-of-the-art in Electrically Reconfigurable Logic Array (ERLA), a survey of the available programmable logic array (PLA) and the logic circuit elements used in such arrays was conducted. Based on this survey some recommendations are made for ERLA devices.

A Modular Approach to Arithmetic and Logic Unit Design on a Reconfigurable Hardware Platform for Educational Purpose

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oztekin, Halit; Temurtas, Feyzullah; Gulbag, Ali

The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) design is one of the important topics in Computer Architecture and Organization course in Computer and Electrical Engineering departments. There are ALU designs that have non-modular nature to be used as an educational tool. As the programmable logic technology has developed rapidly, it is feasible that ALU design based on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is implemented in this course. In this paper, we have adopted the modular approach to ALU design based on FPGA. All the modules in the ALU design are realized using schematic structure on Altera's Cyclone II Development board. Under this model, the ALU content is divided into four distinct modules. These are arithmetic unit except for multiplication and division operations, logic unit, multiplication unit and division unit. User can easily design any size of ALU unit since this approach has the modular nature. Then, this approach was applied to microcomputer architecture design named BZK.SAU.FPGA10.0 instead of the current ALU unit.

Improved On-Chip Measurement of Delay in an FPGA or ASIC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chen, Yuan; Burke, Gary; Sheldon, Douglas

2007-01-01

An improved design has been devised for on-chip-circuitry for measuring the delay through a chain of combinational logic elements in a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). In the improved design, the delay chain does not include input and output buffers and is not configured as an oscillator. Instead, the delay chain is made part of the signal chain of an on-chip pulse generator. The duration of the pulse is measured on-chip and taken to equal the delay.

Application of programmable logic controllers to space simulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sushon, Janet

1992-01-01

Incorporating a state-of-the-art process control and instrumentation system into a complex system for thermal vacuum testing is discussed. The challenge was to connect several independent control systems provided by various vendors to a supervisory computer. This combination will sequentially control and monitor the process, collect the data, and transmit it to color a graphic system for subsequent manipulation. The vacuum system upgrade included: replacement of seventeen diffusion pumps with eight cryogenic pumps and one turbomolecular pump, replacing a relay based control system, replacing vacuum instrumentation, and upgrading the data acquisition system.

Active optical control system design of the SONG-China Telescope

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ye, Yu; Kou, Songfeng; Niu, Dongsheng; Li, Cheng; Wang, Guomin

2012-09-01

The standard SONG node structure of control system is presented. The active optical control system of the project is a distributed system, and a host computer and a slave intelligent controller are included. The host control computer collects the information from wave front sensor and sends commands to the slave computer to realize a closed loop model. For intelligent controller, a programmable logic controller (PLC) system is used. This system combines with industrial personal computer (IPC) and PLC to make up a control system with powerful and reliable.

Boolean logic tree of graphene-based chemical system for molecular computation and intelligent molecular search query.

PubMed

Huang, Wei Tao; Luo, Hong Qun; Li, Nian Bing

2014-05-06

The most serious, and yet unsolved, problem of constructing molecular computing devices consists in connecting all of these molecular events into a usable device. This report demonstrates the use of Boolean logic tree for analyzing the chemical event network based on graphene, organic dye, thrombin aptamer, and Fenton reaction, organizing and connecting these basic chemical events. And this chemical event network can be utilized to implement fluorescent combinatorial logic (including basic logic gates and complex integrated logic circuits) and fuzzy logic computing. On the basis of the Boolean logic tree analysis and logic computing, these basic chemical events can be considered as programmable "words" and chemical interactions as "syntax" logic rules to construct molecular search engine for performing intelligent molecular search query. Our approach is helpful in developing the advanced logic program based on molecules for application in biosensing, nanotechnology, and drug delivery.

Reconfigurable fuzzy cell

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Salazar, George A. (Inventor)

1993-01-01

This invention relates to a reconfigurable fuzzy cell comprising a digital control programmable gain operation amplifier, an analog-to-digital converter, an electrically erasable PROM, and 8-bit counter and comparator, and supporting logic configured to achieve in real-time fuzzy systems high throughput, grade-of-membership or membership-value conversion of multi-input sensor data. The invention provides a flexible multiplexing-capable configuration, implemented entirely in hardware, for effectuating S-, Z-, and PI-membership functions or combinations thereof, based upon fuzzy logic level-set theory. A membership value table storing 'knowledge data' for each of S-, Z-, and PI-functions is contained within a nonvolatile memory for storing bits of membership and parametric information in a plurality of address spaces. Based upon parametric and control signals, analog sensor data is digitized and converted into grade-of-membership data. In situ learn and recognition modes of operation are also provided.

ELIPS: Toward a Sensor Fusion Processor on a Chip

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Daud, Taher; Stoica, Adrian; Tyson, Thomas; Li, Wei-te; Fabunmi, James

1998-01-01

The paper presents the concept and initial tests from the hardware implementation of a low-power, high-speed reconfigurable sensor fusion processor. The Extended Logic Intelligent Processing System (ELIPS) processor is developed to seamlessly combine rule-based systems, fuzzy logic, and neural networks to achieve parallel fusion of sensor in compact low power VLSI. The first demonstration of the ELIPS concept targets interceptor functionality; other applications, mainly in robotics and autonomous systems are considered for the future. The main assumption behind ELIPS is that fuzzy, rule-based and neural forms of computation can serve as the main primitives of an "intelligent" processor. Thus, in the same way classic processors are designed to optimize the hardware implementation of a set of fundamental operations, ELIPS is developed as an efficient implementation of computational intelligence primitives, and relies on a set of fuzzy set, fuzzy inference and neural modules, built in programmable analog hardware. The hardware programmability allows the processor to reconfigure into different machines, taking the most efficient hardware implementation during each phase of information processing. Following software demonstrations on several interceptor data, three important ELIPS building blocks (a fuzzy set preprocessor, a rule-based fuzzy system and a neural network) have been fabricated in analog VLSI hardware and demonstrated microsecond-processing times.

Flight dynamics analysis and simulation of heavy lift airships. Volume 5: Programmer's manual

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ringland, R. F.; Tischler, M. B.; Jex, H. R.; Emmen, R. D.; Ashkenas, I. L.

1982-01-01

The Programmer's Manual contains explanations of the logic embodied in the various program modules, a dictionary of program variables, a subroutine listing, subroutine/common block/cross reference listing, and a calling/called subroutine cross reference listing.

Reprogrammable field programmable gate array with integrated system for mitigating effects of single event upsets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ng, Tak-kwong (Inventor); Herath, Jeffrey A. (Inventor)

2010-01-01

An integrated system mitigates the effects of a single event upset (SEU) on a reprogrammable field programmable gate array (RFPGA). The system includes (i) a RFPGA having an internal configuration memory, and (ii) a memory for storing a configuration associated with the RFPGA. Logic circuitry programmed into the RFPGA and coupled to the memory reloads a portion of the configuration from the memory into the RFPGA's internal configuration memory at predetermined times. Additional SEU mitigation can be provided by logic circuitry on the RFPGA that monitors and maintains synchronized operation of the RFPGA's digital clock managers.

The Art of Electronics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Horowitz, Paul; Hill, Winfield

2015-04-01

1. Foundations; 2. Bipolar transistors; 3. Field effect transistors; 4. Operational amplifiers; 5. Precision circuits; 6. Filters; 7. Oscillators and timers; 8. Low noise techniques and transimpedance; 9. Power regulation; 10. Digital electronics; 11. Programmable logic devices; 12. Logical interfacing; 13. Digital meets analog; 14. Computers, controllers, and data links; 15. Microcontrollers.

Optical triple-in digital logic using nonlinear optical four-wave mixing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Widjaja, Joewono; Tomita, Yasuo

1995-08-01

A new programmable optical processor is proposed for implementing triple-in combinatorial digital logic that uses four-wave mixing. Binary-coded decimal-to-octal decoding is experimentally demonstrated by use of a photorefractive BaTiO 3 crystal. The result confirms the feasibility of the proposed system.

A String Search Marketing Application Using Visual Programming

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chin, Jerry M.; Chin, Mary H.; Van Landuyt, Cathryn

2013-01-01

This paper demonstrates the use of programing software that provides the student programmer visual cues to construct the code to a student programming assignment. This method does not disregard or minimize the syntax or required logical constructs. The student can concentrate more on the logic and less on the language itself.

Efficient G(sup 4)FET-Based Logic Circuits

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vatan, Farrokh

2008-01-01

A total of 81 optimal logic circuits based on four-gate field-effect transistors (G(sup 4)4FETs) have been designed to implement all Boolean functions of up to three variables. The purpose of this development was to lend credence to the expectation that logic circuits based on G(sup 4)FETs could be more efficient (in the sense that they could contain fewer transistors), relative to functionally equivalent logic circuits based on conventional transistors. A G(sup 4)FET a combination of a junction field-effect transistor (JFET) and a metal oxide/semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) superimposed in a single silicon island and can therefore be regarded as two transistors sharing the same body. A G(sup 4)FET can also be regarded as a single device having four gates: two side junction-based gates, a top MOS gate, and a back gate activated by biasing of a silicon-on-insulator substrate. Each of these gates can be used to control the conduction characteristics of the transistor; this possibility creates new options for designing analog, radio-frequency, mixed-signal, and digital circuitry. One such option is to design a G(sup 4)FET to function as a three-input NOT-majority gate, which has been shown to be a universal and programmable logic gate. Optimal NOT-majority-gate, G(sup 4)FET-based logic-circuit designs were obtained in a comparative study that also included formulation of functionally equivalent logic circuits based on NOR and NAND gates implemented by use of conventional transistors. In the study, the problem of finding the optimal design for each logic function and each transistor type was solved as an integer-programming optimization problem. Considering all 81 non-equivalent Boolean functions included in the study, it was found that in 63% of the cases, fewer logic gates (and, hence, fewer transistors) would be needed in the G(sup 4)FET-based implementations.

Implementation of a Loosely-Coupled Lockstep Approach in the Xilinx Zynq-7000 All Programmable SoC for High Consequence Applications

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-01

Implementation of a Loosely-Coupled Lockstep Approach in the Xilinx Zynq-7000 All Programmable SoC™ for High Consequence Applications Ryan D...sandia.gov Abstract: For high consequence applications requiring information assurance, the architecture of the Xilinx Zynq- 7000 All Programmable ...transaction checker residing in the Programmable Logic portion of the Zynq device will be discussed along with implementation results and latency

Architecture and data processing alternatives for Tse computer. Volume 1: Tse logic design concepts and the development of image processing machine architectures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rickard, D. A.; Bodenheimer, R. E.

1976-01-01

Digital computer components which perform two dimensional array logic operations (Tse logic) on binary data arrays are described. The properties of Golay transforms which make them useful in image processing are reviewed, and several architectures for Golay transform processors are presented with emphasis on the skeletonizing algorithm. Conventional logic control units developed for the Golay transform processors are described. One is a unique microprogrammable control unit that uses a microprocessor to control the Tse computer. The remaining control units are based on programmable logic arrays. Performance criteria are established and utilized to compare the various Golay transform machines developed. A critique of Tse logic is presented, and recommendations for additional research are included.

Programmed optoelectronic time-pulse coded relational processor as base element for sorting neural networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krasilenko, Vladimir G.; Bardachenko, Vitaliy F.; Nikolsky, Alexander I.; Lazarev, Alexander A.

2007-04-01

In the paper we show that the biologically motivated conception of the use of time-pulse encoding gives the row of advantages (single methodological basis, universality, simplicity of tuning, training and programming et al) at creation and designing of sensor systems with parallel input-output and processing, 2D-structures of hybrid and neuro-fuzzy neurocomputers of next generations. We show principles of construction of programmable relational optoelectronic time-pulse coded processors, continuous logic, order logic and temporal waves processes, that lie in basis of the creation. We consider structure that executes extraction of analog signal of the set grade (order), sorting of analog and time-pulse coded variables. We offer optoelectronic realization of such base relational elements of order logic, which consists of time-pulse coded phototransformers (pulse-width and pulse-phase modulators) with direct and complementary outputs, sorting network on logical elements and programmable commutations blocks. We make estimations of basic technical parameters of such base devices and processors on their basis by simulation and experimental research: power of optical input signals - 0.200-20 μW, processing time - microseconds, supply voltage - 1.5-10 V, consumption power - hundreds of microwatts per element, extended functional possibilities, training possibilities. We discuss some aspects of possible rules and principles of training and programmable tuning on the required function, relational operation and realization of hardware blocks for modifications of such processors. We show as on the basis of such quasiuniversal hardware simple block and flexible programmable tuning it is possible to create sorting machines, neural networks and hybrid data-processing systems with the untraditional numerical systems and pictures operands.

Program to Optimize Simulated Trajectories (POST). Volume 3: Programmer's manual

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brauer, G. L.; Cornick, D. E.; Habeger, A. R.; Petersen, F. M.; Stevenson, R.

1975-01-01

Information pertinent to the programmer and relating to the program to optimize simulated trajectories (POST) is presented. Topics discussed include: program structure and logic, subroutine listings and flow charts, and internal FORTRAN symbols. The POST core requirements are summarized along with program macrologic.

A DNAzyme-mediated logic gate for programming molecular capture and release on DNA origami.

PubMed

Li, Feiran; Chen, Haorong; Pan, Jing; Cha, Tae-Gon; Medintz, Igor L; Choi, Jong Hyun

2016-06-28

Here we design a DNA origami-based site-specific molecular capture and release platform operated by a DNAzyme-mediated logic gate process. We show the programmability and versatility of this platform with small molecules, proteins, and nanoparticles, which may also be controlled by external light signals.

Nonvolatile reconfigurable sequential logic in a HfO2 resistive random access memory array.

PubMed

Zhou, Ya-Xiong; Li, Yi; Su, Yu-Ting; Wang, Zhuo-Rui; Shih, Ling-Yi; Chang, Ting-Chang; Chang, Kuan-Chang; Long, Shi-Bing; Sze, Simon M; Miao, Xiang-Shui

2017-05-25

Resistive random access memory (RRAM) based reconfigurable logic provides a temporal programmable dimension to realize Boolean logic functions and is regarded as a promising route to build non-von Neumann computing architecture. In this work, a reconfigurable operation method is proposed to perform nonvolatile sequential logic in a HfO 2 -based RRAM array. Eight kinds of Boolean logic functions can be implemented within the same hardware fabrics. During the logic computing processes, the RRAM devices in an array are flexibly configured in a bipolar or complementary structure. The validity was demonstrated by experimentally implemented NAND and XOR logic functions and a theoretically designed 1-bit full adder. With the trade-off between temporal and spatial computing complexity, our method makes better use of limited computing resources, thus provides an attractive scheme for the construction of logic-in-memory systems.

Programmable Regulation of DNA Conjugation to Gold Nanoparticles via Strand Displacement.

PubMed

Zhang, Cheng; Wu, Ranfeng; Li, Yifan; Zhang, Qiang; Yang, Jing

2017-10-31

Methods for conjugating DNA to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have recently attracted considerable attention. The ability to control such conjugation in a programmable way is of great interest. Here, we have developed a logic-based method for manipulating the conjugation of thiolated DNA species to AuNPs via cascading DNA strand displacement. Using this method, several logic-based operation systems are established and up to three kinds of DNA signals are introduced at the same time. In addition, a more sensitive catalytic logic-based operation is also achieved based on an entropy-driven process. In the experiment, all of the DNA/AuNPs conjugation results are verified by agrose gel. This strategy promises great potential for automatically conjugating DNA stands onto label-free gold nanoparticles and can be extended to constructing DNA/nanoparticle devices for applications in diagnostics, biosensing, and molecular robotics.

Design and implementation of projects with Xilinx Zynq FPGA: a practical case

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Travaglini, R.; D'Antone, I.; Meneghini, S.; Rignanese, L.; Zuffa, M.

The main advantage when using FPGAs with embedded processors is the availability of additional several high-performance resources in the same physical device. Moreover, the FPGA programmability allows for connect custom peripherals. Xilinx have designed a programmable device named Zynq-7000 (simply called Zynq in the following), which integrates programmable logic (identical to the other Xilinx "serie 7" devices) with a System on Chip (SOC) based on two embedded ARM processors. Since both parts are deeply connected, the designers benefit from performance of hardware SOC and flexibility of programmability as well. In this paper a design developed by the Electronic Design Department at the Bologna Division of INFN will be presented as a practical case of project based on Zynq device. It is developed by using a commercial board called ZedBoard hosting a FMC mezzanine with a 12-bit 500 MS/s ADC. The Zynq FPGA on the ZedBoard receives digital outputs from the ADC and send them to the acquisition PC, after proper formatting, through a Gigabit Ethernet link. The major focus of the paper will be about the methodology to develop a Zynq-based design with the Xilinx Vivado software, enlightening how to configure the SOC and connect it with the programmable logic. Firmware design techniques will be presented: in particular both VHDL and IP core based strategies will be discussed. Further, the procedure to develop software for the embedded processor will be presented. Finally, some debugging tools, like the embedded Logic Analyzer, will be shown. Advantages and disadvantages with respect to adopting FPGA without embedded processors will be discussed.

Programmable Logic Application Notes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Katz, Richard

1999-01-01

This column will be provided each quarter as a source for reliability, radiation results, NASA capabilities, and other information on programmable logic devices and related applications. This quarter the focus is on some experimental data on low voltage drop out regulators to support mixed 5 and 3.3 volt systems. A discussion of the Small Explorer WIRE spacecraft will also be given. Lastly, we show take a first look at robust state machines in Hardware Description Languages (VHDL) and their use in critical systems. If you have information that you would like to submit or an area you would like discussed or researched, please give me a call or e-mail.

Method and apparatus for optical encoding with compressible imaging

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Leviton, Douglas B. (Inventor)

2006-01-01

The present invention presents an optical encoder with increased conversion rates. Improvement in the conversion rate is a result of combining changes in the pattern recognition encoder's scale pattern with an image sensor readout technique which takes full advantage of those changes, and lends itself to operation by modern, high-speed, ultra-compact microprocessors and digital signal processors (DSP) or field programmable gate array (FPGA) logic elements which can process encoder scale images at the highest speeds. Through these improvements, all three components of conversion time (reciprocal conversion rate)--namely exposure time, image readout time, and image processing time--are minimized.

Provably secure time distribution for the electric grid

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Smith IV, Amos M; Evans, Philip G; Williams, Brian P

We demonstrate a quantum time distribution (QTD) method that combines the precision of optical timing techniques with the integrity of quantum key distribution (QKD). Critical infrastructure is dependent on microprocessor- and programmable logic-based monitoring and control systems. The distribution of timing information across the electric grid is accomplished by GPS signals which are known to be vulnerable to spoofing. We demonstrate a method for synchronizing remote clocks based on the arrival time of photons in a modifed QKD system. This has the advantage that the signal can be veried by examining the quantum states of the photons similar to QKD.

Programmer's guide for the GNAT computer program (numerical analysis of stratification in supercritical oxygen)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Heinmiller, J. P.

1971-01-01

This document is the programmer's guide for the GNAT computer program developed under MSC/TRW Task 705-2, Apollo cryogenic storage system analysis, subtask 2, is reported. Detailed logic flow charts and compiled program listings are provided for all program elements.

Addition of flexible body option to the TOLA computer program. Part 2: User and programmer documentation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dick, J. W.; Benda, B. J.

1975-01-01

User and programmer oriented documentation for the flexible body option of the Takeoff and Landing Analysis (TOLA) computer program are provided. The user information provides sufficient knowledge of the development and use of the option to enable the engineering user to successfully operate the modified program and understand the results. The programmer's information describes the option structure and logic enabling a programmer to make major revisions to this part of the TOLA computer program.

Programmable autonomous synthesis of single-stranded DNA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kishi, Jocelyn Y.; Schaus, Thomas E.; Gopalkrishnan, Nikhil; Xuan, Feng; Yin, Peng

2018-02-01

DNA performs diverse functional roles in biology, nanotechnology and biotechnology, but current methods for autonomously synthesizing arbitrary single-stranded DNA are limited. Here, we introduce the concept of primer exchange reaction (PER) cascades, which grow nascent single-stranded DNA with user-specified sequences following prescribed reaction pathways. PER synthesis happens in a programmable, autonomous, in situ and environmentally responsive fashion, providing a platform for engineering molecular circuits and devices with a wide range of sensing, monitoring, recording, signal-processing and actuation capabilities. We experimentally demonstrate a nanodevice that transduces the detection of a trigger RNA into the production of a DNAzyme that degrades an independent RNA substrate, a signal amplifier that conditionally synthesizes long fluorescent strands only in the presence of a particular RNA signal, molecular computing circuits that evaluate logic (AND, OR, NOT) combinations of RNA inputs, and a temporal molecular event recorder that records in the PER transcript the order in which distinct RNA inputs are sequentially detected.

Programmable autonomous synthesis of single-stranded DNA.

PubMed

Kishi, Jocelyn Y; Schaus, Thomas E; Gopalkrishnan, Nikhil; Xuan, Feng; Yin, Peng

2018-02-01

DNA performs diverse functional roles in biology, nanotechnology and biotechnology, but current methods for autonomously synthesizing arbitrary single-stranded DNA are limited. Here, we introduce the concept of primer exchange reaction (PER) cascades, which grow nascent single-stranded DNA with user-specified sequences following prescribed reaction pathways. PER synthesis happens in a programmable, autonomous, in situ and environmentally responsive fashion, providing a platform for engineering molecular circuits and devices with a wide range of sensing, monitoring, recording, signal-processing and actuation capabilities. We experimentally demonstrate a nanodevice that transduces the detection of a trigger RNA into the production of a DNAzyme that degrades an independent RNA substrate, a signal amplifier that conditionally synthesizes long fluorescent strands only in the presence of a particular RNA signal, molecular computing circuits that evaluate logic (AND, OR, NOT) combinations of RNA inputs, and a temporal molecular event recorder that records in the PER transcript the order in which distinct RNA inputs are sequentially detected.

Printed wiring board system programmer's manual

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brinkerhoff, C. D.

1973-01-01

The printed wiring board system provides automated techniques for the design of printed circuit boards and hybrid circuit boards. The system consists of four programs: (1) the preprocessor program combines user supplied data and pre-defined library data to produce the detailed circuit description data; (2) the placement program assigns circuit components to specific areas of the board in a manner that optimizes the total interconnection length of the circuit; (3) the organizer program assigns pin interconnections to specific board levels and determines the optimal order in which the router program should attempt to layout the paths connecting the pins; and (4) the router program determines the wire paths which are to be used to connect each input pin pair on the circuit board. This document is intended to serve as a programmer's reference manual for the printed wiring board system. A detailed description of the internal logic and flow of the printed wiring board programs is included.

Programme Costing - A Logical Step Toward Improved Management.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McDougall, Ronald N.

The analysis of costs of university activities from a functional or program point of view, rather than an organizational unit basis, is not only an imperative for the planning and management of universities, but also a logical method of examing the costs of university operations. A task force of the Committee of Finance Officers-Universities of…

An iLab for Teaching Advanced Logic Concepts with Hardware Descriptive Languages

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ayodele, Kayode P.; Inyang, Isaac A.; Kehinde, Lawrence O.

2015-01-01

One of the more interesting approaches to teaching advanced logic concepts is the use of online laboratory frameworks to provide student access to remote field-programmable devices. There is as yet, however, no conclusive evidence of the effectiveness of such an approach. This paper presents the Advanced Digital Lab, a remote laboratory based on…

R-189 (C-620) air compressor control logic software documentation. Revision 1

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Walter, K.E.

1995-06-08

This relates to FFTF plant air compressors. Purpose of this document is to provide an updated Computer Software Description for the software to be used on R-189 (C-620-C) air compressor programmable controllers. Logic software design changes were required to allow automatic starting of a compressor that had not been previously started.

Experimental demonstration of programmable multi-functional spin logic cell based on spin Hall effect

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, X.; Wan, C. H.; Yuan, Z. H.; Fang, C.; Kong, W. J.; Wu, H.; Zhang, Q. T.; Tao, B. S.; Han, X. F.

2017-04-01

Confronting with the gigantic volume of data produced every day, raising integration density by reducing the size of devices becomes harder and harder to meet the ever-increasing demand for high-performance computers. One feasible path is to actualize more logic functions in one cell. In this respect, we experimentally demonstrate a prototype spin-orbit torque based spin logic cell integrated with five frequently used logic functions (AND, OR, NOT, NAND and NOR). The cell can be easily programmed and reprogrammed to perform desired function. Furthermore, the information stored in cells is symmetry-protected, making it possible to expand into logic gate array where the cell can be manipulated one by one without changing the information of other undesired cells. This work provides a prospective example of multi-functional spin logic cell with reprogrammability and nonvolatility, which will advance the application of spin logic devices.

Memristor-CMOS hybrid integrated circuits for reconfigurable logic.

PubMed

Xia, Qiangfei; Robinett, Warren; Cumbie, Michael W; Banerjee, Neel; Cardinali, Thomas J; Yang, J Joshua; Wu, Wei; Li, Xuema; Tong, William M; Strukov, Dmitri B; Snider, Gregory S; Medeiros-Ribeiro, Gilberto; Williams, R Stanley

2009-10-01

Hybrid reconfigurable logic circuits were fabricated by integrating memristor-based crossbars onto a foundry-built CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) platform using nanoimprint lithography, as well as materials and processes that were compatible with the CMOS. Titanium dioxide thin-film memristors served as the configuration bits and switches in a data routing network and were connected to gate-level CMOS components that acted as logic elements, in a manner similar to a field programmable gate array. We analyzed the chips using a purpose-built testing system, and demonstrated the ability to configure individual devices, use them to wire up various logic gates and a flip-flop, and then reconfigure devices.

Catalytic nucleic acids (DNAzymes) as functional units for logic gates and computing circuits: from basic principles to practical applications.

PubMed

Orbach, Ron; Willner, Bilha; Willner, Itamar

2015-03-11

This feature article addresses the implementation of catalytic nucleic acids as functional units for the construction of logic gates and computing circuits, and discusses the future applications of these systems. The assembly of computational modules composed of DNAzymes has led to the operation of a universal set of logic gates, to field programmable logic gates and computing circuits, to the development of multiplexers/demultiplexers, and to full-adder systems. Also, DNAzyme cascades operating as logic gates and computing circuits were demonstrated. DNAzyme logic systems find important practical applications. These include the use of DNAzyme-based systems for sensing and multiplexed analyses, for the development of controlled release and drug delivery systems, for regulating intracellular biosynthetic pathways, and for the programmed synthesis and operation of cascades.

Optimized 4-bit Quantum Reversible Arithmetic Logic Unit

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ayyoub, Slimani; Achour, Benslama

2017-08-01

Reversible logic has received a great attention in the recent years due to its ability to reduce the power dissipation. The main purposes of designing reversible logic are to decrease quantum cost, depth of the circuits and the number of garbage outputs. The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is an important part of central processing unit (CPU) as the execution unit. This paper presents a complete design of a new reversible arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that can be part of a programmable reversible computing device such as a quantum computer. The proposed ALU based on a reversible low power control unit and small performance parameters full adder named double Peres gates. The presented ALU can produce the largest number (28) of arithmetic and logic functions and have the smallest number of quantum cost and delay compared with existing designs.

FPGA-based multiprocessor system for injection molding control.

PubMed

Muñoz-Barron, Benigno; Morales-Velazquez, Luis; Romero-Troncoso, Rene J; Rodriguez-Donate, Carlos; Trejo-Hernandez, Miguel; Benitez-Rangel, Juan P; Osornio-Rios, Roque A

2012-10-18

The plastic industry is a very important manufacturing sector and injection molding is a widely used forming method in that industry. The contribution of this work is the development of a strategy to retrofit control of an injection molding machine based on an embedded system microprocessors sensor network on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) device. Six types of embedded processors are included in the system: a smart-sensor processor, a micro fuzzy logic controller, a programmable logic controller, a system manager, an IO processor and a communication processor. Temperature, pressure and position are controlled by the proposed system and experimentation results show its feasibility and robustness. As validation of the present work, a particular sample was successfully injected.

Raising a Programmer: Teaching Saudi Children How to Code

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Meccawy, Maram

2017-01-01

Teaching computer coding to children from a young age provides with them a competitive advantage for the future in a continually changing workplace. Programming strengthens logical and critical thinking as well as problem-solving skills, which lead to creative solutions for today's problems. The Little Programmer is an application for mobile…

Multiprog Virtual Laboratory Applied to PLC Programming Learning

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shyr, Wen-Jye

2010-01-01

This study develops a Multiprog virtual laboratory for a mechatronics education designed to teach how to programme a programmable logic controller (PLC). The study was carried out with 34 students in the Department of Industry Education and Technology at National Changhua University of Education in Taiwan. In total, 17 students were assigned to…

Logic Design Pathology and Space Flight Electronics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Katz, Richard; Barto, Rod L.; Erickson, K.

1997-01-01

Logic design errors have been observed in space flight missions and the final stages of ground test. The technologies used by designers and their design/analysis methodologies will be analyzed. This will give insight to the root causes of the failures. These technologies include discrete integrated circuit based systems, systems based on field and mask programmable logic, and the use computer aided engineering (CAE) systems. State-of-the-art (SOTA) design tools and methodologies will be analyzed with respect to high-reliability spacecraft design and potential pitfalls are discussed. Case studies of faults from large expensive programs to "smaller, faster, cheaper" missions will be used to explore the fundamental reasons for logic design problems.

Interface For Dual-Channel MIL-STD-1553 Data Bus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davies, Bryan L.; Heaps, Timothy L.

1992-01-01

Digital electronic subsystem made of commercially available programmable logic arrays and discrete logic devices serves as interface between microprocessor and dual-channel MIL-STD-1553 data bus. Subsystem consumes only 800 mW of power. Provides flexibility in that it is controllable via firmware. Includes only two reading-and-writing ports: one for status and control signals, other for transmission and reception of data.

Design and Implementation of an MC68020-Based Educational Computer Board

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-12-01

device and the other for a Macintosh personal computer. A stored program can be installed in 8K bytes Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM) to initialize...MHz. It includes four * Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) chips which provide a storage of 32K bytes. Two Programmable Array Logic (PAL) chips...device and the other for a Macintosh personal computer. A stored program can be installed in 8K bytes Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM) to

Toward Automating Web Protocol Configuration for a Programmable Logic Controller Emulator

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-19

Security Risks for Industrial Control Systems ,” VDE 2004 Congress, Berlin, Germany, October 2004, pp. 1-7. [Cis12] Cisco, NetFlow Configuration Guide...Date 29 May 2014 Date AFIT-ENG-T-14-J-4 Abstract Industrial Control Systems (ICS) remain vulnerable through attack vectors that exist within programmable...5 2.2 Industrial Control Systems

FPGA-Based Multiprocessor System for Injection Molding Control

PubMed Central

Muñoz-Barron, Benigno; Morales-Velazquez, Luis; Romero-Troncoso, Rene J.; Rodriguez-Donate, Carlos; Trejo-Hernandez, Miguel; Benitez-Rangel, Juan P.; Osornio-Rios, Roque A.

2012-01-01

The plastic industry is a very important manufacturing sector and injection molding is a widely used forming method in that industry. The contribution of this work is the development of a strategy to retrofit control of an injection molding machine based on an embedded system microprocessors sensor network on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) device. Six types of embedded processors are included in the system: a smart-sensor processor, a micro fuzzy logic controller, a programmable logic controller, a system manager, an IO processor and a communication processor. Temperature, pressure and position are controlled by the proposed system and experimentation results show its feasibility and robustness. As validation of the present work, a particular sample was successfully injected. PMID:23202036

Pass-transistor very large scale integration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Maki, Gary K. (Inventor); Bhatia, Prakash R. (Inventor)

2004-01-01

Logic elements are provided that permit reductions in layout size and avoidance of hazards. Such logic elements may be included in libraries of logic cells. A logical function to be implemented by the logic element is decomposed about logical variables to identify factors corresponding to combinations of the logical variables and their complements. A pass transistor network is provided for implementing the pass network function in accordance with this decomposition. The pass transistor network includes ordered arrangements of pass transistors that correspond to the combinations of variables and complements resulting from the logical decomposition. The logic elements may act as selection circuits and be integrated with memory and buffer elements.

Two-dimensional non-volatile programmable p-n junctions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Dong; Chen, Mingyuan; Sun, Zhengzong; Yu, Peng; Liu, Zheng; Ajayan, Pulickel M.; Zhang, Zengxing

2017-09-01

Semiconductor p-n junctions are the elementary building blocks of most electronic and optoelectronic devices. The need for their miniaturization has fuelled the rapid growth of interest in two-dimensional (2D) materials. However, the performance of a p-n junction considerably degrades as its thickness approaches a few nanometres and traditional technologies, such as doping and implantation, become invalid at the nanoscale. Here we report stable non-volatile programmable p-n junctions fabricated from the vertically stacked all-2D semiconductor/insulator/metal layers (WSe2/hexagonal boron nitride/graphene) in a semifloating gate field-effect transistor configuration. The junction exhibits a good rectifying behaviour with a rectification ratio of 104 and photovoltaic properties with a power conversion efficiency up to 4.1% under a 6.8 nW light. Based on the non-volatile programmable properties controlled by gate voltages, the 2D p-n junctions have been exploited for various electronic and optoelectronic applications, such as memories, photovoltaics, logic rectifiers and logic optoelectronic circuits.

Automated Software Acceleration in Programmable Logic for an Efficient NFFT Algorithm Implementation: A Case Study.

PubMed

Rodríguez, Manuel; Magdaleno, Eduardo; Pérez, Fernando; García, Cristhian

2017-03-28

Non-equispaced Fast Fourier transform (NFFT) is a very important algorithm in several technological and scientific areas such as synthetic aperture radar, computational photography, medical imaging, telecommunications, seismic analysis and so on. However, its computation complexity is high. In this paper, we describe an efficient NFFT implementation with a hardware coprocessor using an All-Programmable System-on-Chip (APSoC). This is a hybrid device that employs an Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) as Processing System with Programmable Logic for high-performance digital signal processing through parallelism and pipeline techniques. The algorithm has been coded in C language with pragma directives to optimize the architecture of the system. We have used the very novel Software Develop System-on-Chip (SDSoC) evelopment tool that simplifies the interface and partitioning between hardware and software. This provides shorter development cycles and iterative improvements by exploring several architectures of the global system. The computational results shows that hardware acceleration significantly outperformed the software based implementation.

Designed cell consortia as fragrance-programmable analog-to-digital converters.

PubMed

Müller, Marius; Ausländer, Simon; Spinnler, Andrea; Ausländer, David; Sikorski, Julian; Folcher, Marc; Fussenegger, Martin

2017-03-01

Synthetic biology advances the rational engineering of mammalian cells to achieve cell-based therapy goals. Synthetic gene networks have nearly reached the complexity of digital electronic circuits and enable single cells to perform programmable arithmetic calculations or to provide dynamic remote control of transgenes through electromagnetic waves. We designed a synthetic multilayered gaseous-fragrance-programmable analog-to-digital converter (ADC) allowing for remote control of digital gene expression with 2-bit AND-, OR- and NOR-gate logic in synchronized cell consortia. The ADC consists of multiple sampling-and-quantization modules sensing analog gaseous fragrance inputs; a gas-to-liquid transducer converting fragrance intensity into diffusible cell-to-cell signaling compounds; a digitization unit with a genetic amplifier circuit to improve the signal-to-noise ratio; and recombinase-based digital expression switches enabling 2-bit processing of logic gates. Synthetic ADCs that can remotely control cellular activities with digital precision may enable the development of novel biosensors and may provide bioelectronic interfaces synchronizing analog metabolic pathways with digital electronics.

Automated Software Acceleration in Programmable Logic for an Efficient NFFT Algorithm Implementation: A Case Study

PubMed Central

Rodríguez, Manuel; Magdaleno, Eduardo; Pérez, Fernando; García, Cristhian

2017-01-01

Non-equispaced Fast Fourier transform (NFFT) is a very important algorithm in several technological and scientific areas such as synthetic aperture radar, computational photography, medical imaging, telecommunications, seismic analysis and so on. However, its computation complexity is high. In this paper, we describe an efficient NFFT implementation with a hardware coprocessor using an All-Programmable System-on-Chip (APSoC). This is a hybrid device that employs an Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) as Processing System with Programmable Logic for high-performance digital signal processing through parallelism and pipeline techniques. The algorithm has been coded in C language with pragma directives to optimize the architecture of the system. We have used the very novel Software Develop System-on-Chip (SDSoC) evelopment tool that simplifies the interface and partitioning between hardware and software. This provides shorter development cycles and iterative improvements by exploring several architectures of the global system. The computational results shows that hardware acceleration significantly outperformed the software based implementation. PMID:28350358

Two-dimensional non-volatile programmable p-n junctions.

PubMed

Li, Dong; Chen, Mingyuan; Sun, Zhengzong; Yu, Peng; Liu, Zheng; Ajayan, Pulickel M; Zhang, Zengxing

2017-09-01

Semiconductor p-n junctions are the elementary building blocks of most electronic and optoelectronic devices. The need for their miniaturization has fuelled the rapid growth of interest in two-dimensional (2D) materials. However, the performance of a p-n junction considerably degrades as its thickness approaches a few nanometres and traditional technologies, such as doping and implantation, become invalid at the nanoscale. Here we report stable non-volatile programmable p-n junctions fabricated from the vertically stacked all-2D semiconductor/insulator/metal layers (WSe 2 /hexagonal boron nitride/graphene) in a semifloating gate field-effect transistor configuration. The junction exhibits a good rectifying behaviour with a rectification ratio of 10 4 and photovoltaic properties with a power conversion efficiency up to 4.1% under a 6.8 nW light. Based on the non-volatile programmable properties controlled by gate voltages, the 2D p-n junctions have been exploited for various electronic and optoelectronic applications, such as memories, photovoltaics, logic rectifiers and logic optoelectronic circuits.

Catalytic molecular logic devices by DNAzyme displacement.

PubMed

Brown, Carl W; Lakin, Matthew R; Stefanovic, Darko; Graves, Steven W

2014-05-05

Chemical reactions catalyzed by DNAzymes offer a route to programmable modification of biomolecules for therapeutic purposes. To this end, we have developed a new type of catalytic DNA-based logic gates in which DNAzyme catalysis is controlled via toehold-mediated strand displacement reactions. We refer to these as DNAzyme displacement gates. The use of toeholds to guide input binding provides a favorable pathway for input recognition, and the innate catalytic activity of DNAzymes allows amplification of nanomolar input concentrations. We demonstrate detection of arbitrary input sequences by rational introduction of mismatched bases into inhibitor strands. Furthermore, we illustrate the applicability of DNAzyme displacement to compute logic functions involving multiple logic gates. This work will enable sophisticated logical control of a range of biochemical modifications, with applications in pathogen detection and autonomous theranostics. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Programmable full-adder computations in communicating three-dimensional cell cultures.

PubMed

Ausländer, David; Ausländer, Simon; Pierrat, Xavier; Hellmann, Leon; Rachid, Leila; Fussenegger, Martin

2018-01-01

Synthetic biologists have advanced the design of trigger-inducible gene switches and their assembly into input-programmable circuits that enable engineered human cells to perform arithmetic calculations reminiscent of electronic circuits. By designing a versatile plug-and-play molecular-computation platform, we have engineered nine different cell populations with genetic programs, each of which encodes a defined computational instruction. When assembled into 3D cultures, these engineered cell consortia execute programmable multicellular full-adder logics in response to three trigger compounds.

Apparatus for and method of eliminating single event upsets in combinational logic

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gambles, Jody W. (Inventor); Hass, Kenneth J. (Inventor); Cameron, Kelly B. (Inventor)

2001-01-01

An apparatus for and method of eliminating single event upsets (or SEU) in combinational logic are used to prevent error propagation as a result of cosmic particle strikes to the combinational logic. The apparatus preferably includes a combinational logic block electrically coupled to a delay element, a latch and an output buffer. In operation, a signal from the combinational logic is electrically coupled to a first input of the latch. In addition, the signal is routed through the delay element to produce a delayed signal. The delayed signal is routed to a second input of the latch. The latch used in the apparatus for preventing SEU preferably includes latch outputs and a feature that the latch outputs will not change state unless both latch inputs are correct. For example, the latch outputs may not change state unless both latch inputs have the same logical state. When a cosmic particle strikes the combinational logic, a transient disturbance with a predetermined length may appear in the signal. However, a function of the delay element is to preferably provide a time delay greater than the length of the transient disturbance. Therefore, the transient disturbance will not reach both latch inputs simultaneously. As a result, the latch outputs will not permanently change state in error due to the transient disturbance. In addition, the output buffer preferably combines the latch outputs in such a way that the correct state is preserved at all times. Thus, combinational logic with protection from SEU is provided.

Novel processor architecture for onboard infrared sensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hihara, Hiroki; Iwasaki, Akira; Tamagawa, Nobuo; Kuribayashi, Mitsunobu; Hashimoto, Masanori; Mitsuyama, Yukio; Ochi, Hiroyuki; Onodera, Hidetoshi; Kanbara, Hiroyuki; Wakabayashi, Kazutoshi; Tada, Munehiro

2016-09-01

Infrared sensor system is a major concern for inter-planetary missions that investigate the nature and the formation processes of planets and asteroids. The infrared sensor system requires signal preprocessing functions that compensate for the intensity of infrared image sensors to get high quality data and high compression ratio through the limited capacity of transmission channels towards ground stations. For those implementations, combinations of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and microprocessors are employed by AKATSUKI, the Venus Climate Orbiter, and HAYABUSA2, the asteroid probe. On the other hand, much smaller size and lower power consumption are demanded for future missions to accommodate more sensors. To fulfill this future demand, we developed a novel processor architecture which consists of reconfigurable cluster cores and programmable-logic cells with complementary atom switches. The complementary atom switches enable hardware programming without configuration memories, and thus soft-error on logic circuit connection is completely eliminated. This is a noteworthy advantage for space applications which cannot be found in conventional re-writable FPGAs. Almost one-tenth of lower power consumption is expected compared to conventional re-writable FPGAs because of the elimination of configuration memories. The proposed processor architecture can be reconfigured by behavioral synthesis with higher level language specification. Consequently, compensation functions are implemented in a single chip without accommodating program memories, which is accompanied with conventional microprocessors, while maintaining the comparable performance. This enables us to embed a processor element on each infrared signal detector output channel.

A Survey of Memristive Threshold Logic Circuits.

PubMed

Maan, Akshay Kumar; Jayadevi, Deepthi Anirudhan; James, Alex Pappachen

2017-08-01

In this paper, we review different memristive threshold logic (MTL) circuits that are inspired from the synaptic action of the flow of neurotransmitters in the biological brain. The brainlike generalization ability and the area minimization of these threshold logic circuits aim toward crossing Moore's law boundaries at device, circuits, and systems levels. Fast switching memory, signal processing, control systems, programmable logic, image processing, reconfigurable computing, and pattern recognition are identified as some of the potential applications of MTL systems. The physical realization of nanoscale devices with memristive behavior from materials, such as TiO 2 , ferroelectrics, silicon, and polymers, has accelerated research effort in these application areas, inspiring the scientific community to pursue the design of high-speed, low-cost, low-power, and high-density neuromorphic architectures.

All-spin logic operations: Memory device and reconfigurable computing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Patra, Moumita; Maiti, Santanu K.

2018-02-01

Exploiting spin degree of freedom of electron a new proposal is given to characterize spin-based logical operations using a quantum interferometer that can be utilized as a programmable spin logic device (PSLD). The ON and OFF states of both inputs and outputs are described by spin state only, circumventing spin-to-charge conversion at every stage as often used in conventional devices with the inclusion of extra hardware that can eventually diminish the efficiency. All possible logic functions can be engineered from a single device without redesigning the circuit which certainly offers the opportunities of designing new generation spintronic devices. Moreover, we also discuss the utilization of the present model as a memory device and suitable computing operations with proposed experimental setups.

OpenFlow Extensions for Programmable Quantum Networks

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-19

Extensions for Programmable Quantum Networks by Venkat Dasari, Nikolai Snow, and Billy Geerhart Computational and Information Sciences Directorate...distribution is unlimited. 1 1. Introduction Quantum networks and quantum computing have been receiving a surge of interest recently.1–3 However, there has...communicate using entangled particles and perform calculations using quantum logic gates. Additionally, quantum computing uses a quantum bit (qubit

Note: a 4 ns hardware photon correlator based on a general-purpose field-programmable gate array development board implemented in a compact setup for fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.

PubMed

Kalinin, Stanislav; Kühnemuth, Ralf; Vardanyan, Hayk; Seidel, Claus A M

2012-09-01

We present a fast hardware photon correlator implemented in a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) combined with a compact confocal fluorescence setup. The correlator has two independent units with a time resolution of 4 ns while utilizing less than 15% of a low-end FPGA. The device directly accepts transistor-transistor logic (TTL) signals from two photon counting detectors and calculates two auto- or cross-correlation curves in real time. Test measurements demonstrate that the performance of our correlator is comparable with the current generation of commercial devices. The sensitivity of the optical setup is identical or even superior to current commercial devices. The FPGA design and the optical setup both allow for a straightforward extension to multi-color applications. This inexpensive and compact solution with a very good performance can serve as a versatile platform for uses in education, applied sciences, and basic research.

Programmable Payload Release from Transient Polymer Microcapsules Triggered by a Specific Ion Coactivation Effect.

PubMed

Tang, Shijia; Tang, Liuyan; Lu, Xiaocun; Liu, Huiying; Moore, Jeffrey S

2018-01-10

Stimuli-responsive materials activated by a pair of molecular or ionic species are of interest in the design of chemical logic gates and signal amplification schemes. There are relatively few materials whose coactivated response has been well-characterized. Here, we demonstrate a specific ion coactivation (SICA) effect at the interfaces of transient polymer solids and liquid solutions. We found that depolymerization of the transient polymer, cyclic poly(phthalaldehyde) (cPPA), exhibited a SICA effect when the cPPA core-shell microcapsules were suspended in ion-containing acidic methanol solutions. Significant acceleration in cPPA depolymerization rate is triggered by the combination of acid and ion coactivators. Intriguingly, the SICA effect is related to the Hofmeister behavior. The SICA effect is primarily determined by anions, and cations exhibit a secondary effect that modulates the coactivation strength. Based on these observations, we developed cPPA programmable microcapsules whose payload release rates depend on the composition and concentration of the salt/acidic-methanol solutions.

A Versatile Planetary Radio Science Microreceiver

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fry, Craig D.; Rosenberg, T. J.

1999-01-01

We have developed a low-power. programmable radio "microreceiver" that combines the functionality of two science instruments: a Relative Ionospheric Opacity Meter (riometer) and a swept-frequency, VTF/HF radio spectrometer. The radio receiver, calibration noise source, data acquisition and processing, and command and control functions are all contained on a single circuit board. This design is suitable for miniaturizing as a complete flight instrument. Several of the subsystems were implemented in a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), including the receiver detector, the control logic, and the data acquisition and processing blocks. Considerable efforts were made to reduce the power consumption of the instrument, and eliminate or minimize RF noise and spurious emissions generated by the receiver's digital circuitry. A prototype instrument was deployed at McMurdo Station, Antarctica, and operated in parallel with a traditional riometer instrument for approximately three weeks. The attached paper (accepted for publication by Radio Science) describes in detail the microreceiver theory of operation, performance specifications and test results.

Note: A 4 ns hardware photon correlator based on a general-purpose field-programmable gate array development board implemented in a compact setup for fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kalinin, Stanislav; Kühnemuth, Ralf; Vardanyan, Hayk; Seidel, Claus A. M.

2012-09-01

We present a fast hardware photon correlator implemented in a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) combined with a compact confocal fluorescence setup. The correlator has two independent units with a time resolution of 4 ns while utilizing less than 15% of a low-end FPGA. The device directly accepts transistor-transistor logic (TTL) signals from two photon counting detectors and calculates two auto- or cross-correlation curves in real time. Test measurements demonstrate that the performance of our correlator is comparable with the current generation of commercial devices. The sensitivity of the optical setup is identical or even superior to current commercial devices. The FPGA design and the optical setup both allow for a straightforward extension to multi-color applications. This inexpensive and compact solution with a very good performance can serve as a versatile platform for uses in education, applied sciences, and basic research.

Programmable logic controller performance enhancement by field programmable gate array based design.

PubMed

Patel, Dhruv; Bhatt, Jignesh; Trivedi, Sanjay

2015-01-01

PLC, the core element of modern automation systems, due to serial execution, exhibits limitations like slow speed and poor scan time. Improved PLC design using FPGA has been proposed based on parallel execution mechanism for enhancement of performance and flexibility. Modelsim as simulation platform and VHDL used to translate, integrate and implement the logic circuit in FPGA. Xilinx's Spartan kit for implementation-testing and VB has been used for GUI development. Salient merits of the design include cost-effectiveness, miniaturization, user-friendliness, simplicity, along with lower power consumption, smaller scan time and higher speed. Various functionalities and applications like typical PLC and industrial alarm annunciator have been developed and successfully tested. Results of simulation, design and implementation have been reported. Copyright © 2014 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Failure detection in high-performance clusters and computers using chaotic map computations

DOEpatents

Rao, Nageswara S.

2015-09-01

A programmable media includes a processing unit capable of independent operation in a machine that is capable of executing 10.sup.18 floating point operations per second. The processing unit is in communication with a memory element and an interconnect that couples computing nodes. The programmable media includes a logical unit configured to execute arithmetic functions, comparative functions, and/or logical functions. The processing unit is configured to detect computing component failures, memory element failures and/or interconnect failures by executing programming threads that generate one or more chaotic map trajectories. The central processing unit or graphical processing unit is configured to detect a computing component failure, memory element failure and/or an interconnect failure through an automated comparison of signal trajectories generated by the chaotic maps.

Non-volatile logic gates based on planar Hall effect in magnetic films with two in-plane easy axes.

PubMed

Lee, Sangyeop; Bac, Seul-Ki; Choi, Seonghoon; Lee, Hakjoon; Yoo, Taehee; Lee, Sanghoon; Liu, Xinyu; Dobrowolska, M; Furdyna, Jacek K

2017-04-25

We discuss the use of planar Hall effect (PHE) in a ferromagnetic GaMnAs film with two in-plane easy axes as a means for achieving novel logic functionalities. We show that the switching of magnetization between the easy axes in a GaMnAs film depends strongly on the magnitude of the current flowing through the film due to thermal effects that modify its magnetic anisotropy. Planar Hall resistance in a GaMnAs film with two in-plane easy axes shows well-defined maxima and minima that can serve as two binary logic states. By choosing appropriate magnitudes of the input current for the GaMnAs Hall device, magnetic logic functions can then be achieved. Specifically, non-volatile logic functionalities such as AND, OR, NAND, and NOR gates can be obtained in such a device by selecting appropriate initial conditions. These results, involving a simple PHE device, hold promise for realizing programmable logic elements in magnetic electronics.

Simultaneous G-Quadruplex DNA Logic.

PubMed

Bader, Antoine; Cockroft, Scott L

2018-04-03

A fundamental principle of digital computer operation is Boolean logic, where inputs and outputs are described by binary integer voltages. Similarly, inputs and outputs may be processed on the molecular level as exemplified by synthetic circuits that exploit the programmability of DNA base-pairing. Unlike modern computers, which execute large numbers of logic gates in parallel, most implementations of molecular logic have been limited to single computing tasks, or sensing applications. This work reports three G-quadruplex-based logic gates that operate simultaneously in a single reaction vessel. The gates respond to unique Boolean DNA inputs by undergoing topological conversion from duplex to G-quadruplex states that were resolved using a thioflavin T dye and gel electrophoresis. The modular, addressable, and label-free approach could be incorporated into DNA-based sensors, or used for resolving and debugging parallel processes in DNA computing applications. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

A VxD-based automatic blending system using multithreaded programming.

PubMed

Wang, L; Jiang, X; Chen, Y; Tan, K C

2004-01-01

This paper discusses the object-oriented software design for an automatic blending system. By combining the advantages of a programmable logic controller (PLC) and an industrial control PC (ICPC), an automatic blending control system is developed for a chemical plant. The system structure and multithread-based communication approach are first presented in this paper. The overall software design issues, such as system requirements and functionalities, are then discussed in detail. Furthermore, by replacing the conventional dynamic link library (DLL) with virtual X device drivers (VxD's), a practical and cost-effective solution is provided to improve the robustness of the Windows platform-based automatic blending system in small- and medium-sized plants.

46 CFR 62.20-1 - Plans for approval.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... console, panel, and enclosure layouts. (3) Schematic or logic diagrams including functional relationships... programmable features. (6) A description of built-in test features and diagnostics. (7) Design Verification and...

Implementation of cascade logic gates and majority logic gate on a simple and universal molecular platform.

PubMed

Gao, Jinting; Liu, Yaqing; Lin, Xiaodong; Deng, Jiankang; Yin, Jinjin; Wang, Shuo

2017-10-25

Wiring a series of simple logic gates to process complex data is significantly important and a large challenge for untraditional molecular computing systems. The programmable property of DNA endows its powerful application in molecular computing. In our investigation, it was found that DNA exhibits excellent peroxidase-like activity in a colorimetric system of TMB/H 2 O 2 /Hemin (TMB, 3,3', 5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine) in the presence of K + and Cu 2+ , which is significantly inhibited by the addition of an antioxidant. According to the modulated catalytic activity of this DNA-based catalyst, three cascade logic gates including AND-OR-INH (INHIBIT), AND-INH and OR-INH were successfully constructed. Interestingly, by only modulating the concentration of Cu 2+ , a majority logic gate with a single-vote veto function was realized following the same threshold value as that of the cascade logic gates. The strategy is quite straightforward and versatile and provides an instructive method for constructing multiple logic gates on a simple platform to implement complex molecular computing.

Radiation tolerant combinational logic cell

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Maki, Gary R. (Inventor); Whitaker, Sterling (Inventor); Gambles, Jody W. (Inventor)

2009-01-01

A system has a reduced sensitivity to Single Event Upset and/or Single Event Transient(s) compared to traditional logic devices. In a particular embodiment, the system includes an input, a logic block, a bias stage, a state machine, and an output. The logic block is coupled to the input. The logic block is for implementing a logic function, receiving a data set via the input, and generating a result f by applying the data set to the logic function. The bias stage is coupled to the logic block. The bias stage is for receiving the result from the logic block and presenting it to the state machine. The state machine is coupled to the bias stage. The state machine is for receiving, via the bias stage, the result generated by the logic block. The state machine is configured to retain a state value for the system. The state value is typically based on the result generated by the logic block. The output is coupled to the state machine. The output is for providing the value stored by the state machine. Some embodiments of the invention produce dual rail outputs Q and Q'. The logic block typically contains combinational logic and is similar, in size and transistor configuration, to a conventional CMOS combinational logic design. However, only a very small portion of the circuits of these embodiments, is sensitive to Single Event Upset and/or Single Event Transients.

Fuzz Testing of Industrial Network Protocols in Programmable Logic Controllers

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-12-01

PLCs) are vital components in these cyber-physical systems. The industrial network protocols used to communicate between nodes in a control network...AB/RA) MicroLogix 1100 PLC through its implementation of EtherNet/IP, Common Industrial Protocol (CIP), and Programmable Controller Communication ...Commands (PCCC) communication protocols. This research also examines whether cross-generational vulnerabilities exist in the more advanced AB/RA

Nonlinear dynamics based digital logic and circuits.

PubMed

Kia, Behnam; Lindner, John F; Ditto, William L

2015-01-01

We discuss the role and importance of dynamics in the brain and biological neural networks and argue that dynamics is one of the main missing elements in conventional Boolean logic and circuits. We summarize a simple dynamics based computing method, and categorize different techniques that we have introduced to realize logic, functionality, and programmability. We discuss the role and importance of coupled dynamics in networks of biological excitable cells, and then review our simple coupled dynamics based method for computing. In this paper, for the first time, we show how dynamics can be used and programmed to implement computation in any given base, including but not limited to base two.

Current Radiation Issues for Programmable Elements and Devices

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Katz, R.; Wang, J. J.; Koga, R.; LaBel, A.; McCollum, J.; Brown, R.; Reed, R. A.; Cronquist, B.; Crain, S.; Scott, T.;

Broadband slow light in one-dimensional logically combined photonic crystals.

PubMed

Alagappan, G; Png, C E

2015-01-28

Here, we demonstrate the broadband slow light effects in a new family of one dimensional photonic crystals, which are obtained by logically combining two photonic crystals of slightly different periods. The logical combination slowly destroys the original translational symmetries of the individual photonic crystals. Consequently, the Bloch modes of the individual photonic crystals with different wavevectors couple with each other, creating a vast number of slow modes. Specifically, we describe a photonic crystal architecture that results from a logical "OR" mixture of two one dimensional photonic crystals with a periods ratio of r = R/(R - 1), where R > 2 is an integer. Such a logically combined architecture, exhibits a broad region of frequencies in which a dense number of slow modes with varnishing group velocities, appear naturally as Bloch modes.

Automated ILA design for synchronous sequential circuits

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Liu, M. N.; Liu, K. Z.; Maki, G. K.; Whitaker, S. R.

1991-01-01

An iterative logic array (ILA) architecture for synchronous sequential circuits is presented. This technique utilizes linear algebra to produce the design equations. The ILA realization of synchronous sequential logic can be fully automated with a computer program. A programmable design procedure is proposed to fullfill the design task and layout generation. A software algorithm in the C language has been developed and tested to generate 1 micron CMOS layouts using the Hewlett-Packard FUNGEN module generator shell.

Detecting Payload Attacks on Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yang, Huan

Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) play critical roles in industrial control systems (ICS). Providing hardware peripherals and firmware support for control programs (i.e., a PLC’s “payload”) written in languages such as ladder logic, PLCs directly receive sensor readings and control ICS physical processes. An attacker with access to PLC development software (e.g., by compromising an engineering workstation) can modify the payload program and cause severe physical damages to the ICS. To protect critical ICS infrastructure, we propose to model runtime behaviors of legitimate PLC payload program and use runtime behavior monitoring in PLC firmware to detect payload attacks. By monitoring themore » I/O access patterns, network access patterns, as well as payload program timing characteristics, our proposed firmware-level detection mechanism can detect abnormal runtime behaviors of malicious PLC payload. Using our proof-of-concept implementation, we evaluate the memory and execution time overhead of implementing our proposed method and find that it is feasible to incorporate our method into existing PLC firmware. In addition, our evaluation results show that a wide variety of payload attacks can be effectively detected by our proposed approach. The proposed firmware-level payload attack detection scheme complements existing bumpin- the-wire solutions (e.g., external temporal-logic-based model checkers) in that it can detect payload attacks that violate realtime requirements of ICS operations and does not require any additional apparatus.« less

Design of a ``Digital Atlas Vme Electronics'' (DAVE) module

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goodrick, M.; Robinson, D.; Shaw, R.; Postranecky, M.; Warren, M.

2012-01-01

ATLAS-SCT has developed a new ATLAS trigger card, 'Digital Atlas Vme Electronics' (``DAVE''). The unit is designed to provide a versatile array of interface and logic resources, including a large FPGA. It interfaces to both VME bus and USB hosts. DAVE aims to provide exact ATLAS CTP (ATLAS Central Trigger Processor) functionality, with random trigger, simple and complex deadtime, ECR (Event Counter Reset), BCR (Bunch Counter Reset) etc. being generated to give exactly the same conditions in standalone running as experienced in combined runs. DAVE provides additional hardware and a large amount of free firmware resource to allow users to add or change functionality. The combination of the large number of individually programmable inputs and outputs in various formats, with very large external RAM and other components all connected to the FPGA, also makes DAVE a powerful and versatile FPGA utility card.

Nanowire nanocomputer as a finite-state machine.

PubMed

Yao, Jun; Yan, Hao; Das, Shamik; Klemic, James F; Ellenbogen, James C; Lieber, Charles M

2014-02-18

Implementation of complex computer circuits assembled from the bottom up and integrated on the nanometer scale has long been a goal of electronics research. It requires a design and fabrication strategy that can address individual nanometer-scale electronic devices, while enabling large-scale assembly of those devices into highly organized, integrated computational circuits. We describe how such a strategy has led to the design, construction, and demonstration of a nanoelectronic finite-state machine. The system was fabricated using a design-oriented approach enabled by a deterministic, bottom-up assembly process that does not require individual nanowire registration. This methodology allowed construction of the nanoelectronic finite-state machine through modular design using a multitile architecture. Each tile/module consists of two interconnected crossbar nanowire arrays, with each cross-point consisting of a programmable nanowire transistor node. The nanoelectronic finite-state machine integrates 180 programmable nanowire transistor nodes in three tiles or six total crossbar arrays, and incorporates both sequential and arithmetic logic, with extensive intertile and intratile communication that exhibits rigorous input/output matching. Our system realizes the complete 2-bit logic flow and clocked control over state registration that are required for a finite-state machine or computer. The programmable multitile circuit was also reprogrammed to a functionally distinct 2-bit full adder with 32-set matched and complete logic output. These steps forward and the ability of our unique design-oriented deterministic methodology to yield more extensive multitile systems suggest that proposed general-purpose nanocomputers can be realized in the near future.

Nanowire nanocomputer as a finite-state machine

PubMed Central

Yao, Jun; Yan, Hao; Das, Shamik; Klemic, James F.; Ellenbogen, James C.; Lieber, Charles M.

2014-01-01

Implementation of complex computer circuits assembled from the bottom up and integrated on the nanometer scale has long been a goal of electronics research. It requires a design and fabrication strategy that can address individual nanometer-scale electronic devices, while enabling large-scale assembly of those devices into highly organized, integrated computational circuits. We describe how such a strategy has led to the design, construction, and demonstration of a nanoelectronic finite-state machine. The system was fabricated using a design-oriented approach enabled by a deterministic, bottom–up assembly process that does not require individual nanowire registration. This methodology allowed construction of the nanoelectronic finite-state machine through modular design using a multitile architecture. Each tile/module consists of two interconnected crossbar nanowire arrays, with each cross-point consisting of a programmable nanowire transistor node. The nanoelectronic finite-state machine integrates 180 programmable nanowire transistor nodes in three tiles or six total crossbar arrays, and incorporates both sequential and arithmetic logic, with extensive intertile and intratile communication that exhibits rigorous input/output matching. Our system realizes the complete 2-bit logic flow and clocked control over state registration that are required for a finite-state machine or computer. The programmable multitile circuit was also reprogrammed to a functionally distinct 2-bit full adder with 32-set matched and complete logic output. These steps forward and the ability of our unique design-oriented deterministic methodology to yield more extensive multitile systems suggest that proposed general-purpose nanocomputers can be realized in the near future. PMID:24469812

Understanding how appraisal of doctors produces its effects: a realist review protocol

PubMed Central

Brennan, Nicola; Bryce, Marie; Pearson, Mark; Wong, Geoff; Cooper, Chris; Archer, Julian

2014-01-01

Introduction UK doctors are now required to participate in revalidation to maintain their licence to practise. Appraisal is a fundamental component of revalidation. However, objective evidence of appraisal changing doctors’ behaviour and directly resulting in improved patient care is limited. In particular, it is not clear how the process of appraisal is supposed to change doctors’ behaviour and improve clinical performance. The aim of this research is to understand how and why appraisal of doctors is supposed to produce its effect. Methods and analysis Realist review is a theory-driven interpretive approach to evidence synthesis. It applies realist logic of inquiry to produce an explanatory analysis of an intervention that is, what works, for whom, in what circumstances, in what respects. Using a realist review approach, an initial programme theory of appraisal will be developed by consulting with key stakeholders in doctors’ appraisal in expert panels (ethical approval is not required), and by searching the literature to identify relevant existing theories. The search strategy will have a number of phases including a combination of: (1) electronic database searching, for example, EMBASE, MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, ASSIA, (2) ‘cited by’ articles search, (3) citation searching, (4) contacting authors and (5) grey literature searching. The search for evidence will be iteratively extended and refocused as the review progresses. Studies will be included based on their ability to provide data that enable testing of the programme theory. Data extraction will be conducted, for example, by note taking and annotation at different review stages as is consistent with the realist approach. The evidence will be synthesised using realist logic to interrogate the final programme theory of the impact of appraisal on doctors’ performance. The synthesis results will be written up according to RAMESES guidelines and disseminated through peer-reviewed publication and presentations. Trial registration number The protocol is registered with PROSPERO 2014:CRD42014007092. PMID:24958211

Implementation of a Configurable Fault Tolerant Processor (CFTP) Using Internal Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR)

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-12-01

Upsets in SRAM FPGAs,” Military and Aerospace Applications of Programmable Logic Devices, September 2002. 8. Wakerly , John F,. “Microcomputer...change. The goal of the Configurable Fault Tolerant Processor (CFTP) Project is to explore, develop and demonstrate the applicability of using off-the...develop and demonstrate the applicability of using commercial-of-the-shelf (COTS) Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) in the design of

Nanopore Logic Operation with DNA to RNA Transcription in a Droplet System.

PubMed

Ohara, Masayuki; Takinoue, Masahiro; Kawano, Ryuji

2017-07-21

This paper describes an AND logic operation with amplification and transcription from DNA to RNA, using T7 RNA polymerase. All four operations, (0 0) to (1 1), with an enzyme reaction can be performed simultaneously, using four-droplet devices that are directly connected to a patch-clamp amplifier. The output RNA molecule is detected using a biological nanopore with single-molecule translocation. Channel current recordings can be obtained using the enzyme solution. The integration of DNA logic gates into electrochemical devices is necessary to obtain output information in a human-recognizable form. Our method will be useful for rapid and confined DNA computing applications, including the development of programmable diagnostic devices.

Mechanical logic switches based on DNA-inspired acoustic metamaterials with ultrabroad low-frequency band gaps

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zheng, Bowen; Xu, Jun

2017-11-01

Mechanical information processing and control has attracted great attention in recent years. A challenging pursuit is to achieve broad functioning frequency ranges, especially at low-frequency domain. Here, we propose a design of mechanical logic switches based on DNA-inspired chiral acoustic metamaterials, which are capable of having ultrabroad band gaps at low-frequency domain. Logic operations can be easily performed by applying constraints at different locations and the functioning frequency ranges are able to be low, broad and tunable. This work may have an impact on the development of mechanical information processing, programmable materials, stress wave manipulation, as well as the isolation of noise and harmful vibration.

Programmable single-cell mammalian biocomputers.

PubMed

Ausländer, Simon; Ausländer, David; Müller, Marius; Wieland, Markus; Fussenegger, Martin

2012-07-05

Synthetic biology has advanced the design of standardized control devices that program cellular functions and metabolic activities in living organisms. Rational interconnection of these synthetic switches resulted in increasingly complex designer networks that execute input-triggered genetic instructions with precision, robustness and computational logic reminiscent of electronic circuits. Using trigger-controlled transcription factors, which independently control gene expression, and RNA-binding proteins that inhibit the translation of transcripts harbouring specific RNA target motifs, we have designed a set of synthetic transcription–translation control devices that could be rewired in a plug-and-play manner. Here we show that these combinatorial circuits integrated a two-molecule input and performed digital computations with NOT, AND, NAND and N-IMPLY expression logic in single mammalian cells. Functional interconnection of two N-IMPLY variants resulted in bitwise intracellular XOR operations, and a combinatorial arrangement of three logic gates enabled independent cells to perform programmable half-subtractor and half-adder calculations. Individual mammalian cells capable of executing basic molecular arithmetic functions isolated or coordinated to metabolic activities in a predictable, precise and robust manner may provide new treatment strategies and bio-electronic interfaces in future gene-based and cell-based therapies.

Optically programmable encoder based on light propagation in two-dimensional regular nanoplates.

PubMed

Li, Ya; Zhao, Fangyin; Guo, Shuai; Zhang, Yongyou; Niu, Chunhui; Zeng, Ruosheng; Zou, Bingsuo; Zhang, Wensheng; Ding, Kang; Bukhtiar, Arfan; Liu, Ruibin

2017-04-07

We design an efficient optically controlled microdevice based on CdSe nanoplates. Two-dimensional CdSe nanoplates exhibit lighting patterns around the edges and can be realized as a new type of optically controlled programmable encoder. The light source is used to excite the nanoplates and control the logical position under vertical pumping mode by the objective lens. At each excitation point in the nanoplates, the preferred light-propagation routes are along the normal direction and perpendicular to the edges, which then emit out from the edges to form a localized lighting section. The intensity distribution around the edges of different nanoplates demonstrates that the lighting part with a small scale is much stronger, defined as '1', than the dark section, defined as '0', along the edge. These '0' and '1' are the basic logic elements needed to compose logically functional devices. The observed propagation rules are consistent with theoretical simulations, meaning that the guided-light route in two-dimensional semiconductor nanoplates is regular and predictable. The same situation was also observed in regular CdS nanoplates. Basic theoretical analysis and experiments prove that the guided light and exit position follow rules mainly originating from the shape rather than material itself.

An Institutional Perspective on Accountable Care Organizations.

PubMed

Goodrick, Elizabeth; Reay, Trish

2016-12-01

We employ aspects of institutional theory to explore how Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) can effectively manage the multiplicity of ideas and pressures within which they are embedded and consequently better serve patients and their communities. More specifically, we draw on the concept of institutional logics to highlight the importance of understanding the conflicting principles upon which ACOs were founded. Based on previous research conducted both inside and outside health care settings, we argue that ACOs can combine attention to these principles (or institutional logics) in different ways; the options fall on a continuum from (a) segregating the effects of multiple logics from each other by compartmentalizing responses to multiple logics to (b) fully hybridizing the different logics. We suggest that the most productive path for ACOs is to situate their approach between the two extremes of "segregating" and "fully hybridizing." This strategic approach allows ACOs to develop effective responses that combine logics without fully integrating them. We identify three ways that ACOs can embrace institutional complexity short of fully hybridizing disparate logics: (1) reinterpreting practices to make them compatible with other logics; (2) engaging in strategies that take advantage of existing synergy between conflicting logics; (3) creating opportunities for people at frontline to develop innovative ways of working that combine multiple logics. © The Author(s) 2016.

Interlocked DNA nanostructures controlled by a reversible logic circuit.

PubMed

Li, Tao; Lohmann, Finn; Famulok, Michael

2014-09-17

DNA nanostructures constitute attractive devices for logic computing and nanomechanics. An emerging interest is to integrate these two fields and devise intelligent DNA nanorobots. Here we report a reversible logic circuit built on the programmable assembly of a double-stranded (ds) DNA [3]pseudocatenane that serves as a rigid scaffold to position two separate branched-out head-motifs, a bimolecular i-motif and a G-quadruplex. The G-quadruplex only forms when preceded by the assembly of the i-motif. The formation of the latter, in turn, requires acidic pH and unhindered mobility of the head-motif containing dsDNA nanorings with respect to the central ring to which they are interlocked, triggered by release oligodeoxynucleotides. We employ these features to convert the structural changes into Boolean operations with fluorescence labelling. The nanostructure behaves as a reversible logic circuit consisting of tandem YES and AND gates. Such reversible logic circuits integrated into functional nanodevices may guide future intelligent DNA nanorobots to manipulate cascade reactions in biological systems.

Interlocked DNA nanostructures controlled by a reversible logic circuit

PubMed Central

Li, Tao; Lohmann, Finn; Famulok, Michael

2014-01-01

DNA nanostructures constitute attractive devices for logic computing and nanomechanics. An emerging interest is to integrate these two fields and devise intelligent DNA nanorobots. Here we report a reversible logic circuit built on the programmable assembly of a double-stranded (ds) DNA [3]pseudocatenane that serves as a rigid scaffold to position two separate branched-out head-motifs, a bimolecular i-motif and a G-quadruplex. The G-quadruplex only forms when preceded by the assembly of the i-motif. The formation of the latter, in turn, requires acidic pH and unhindered mobility of the head-motif containing dsDNA nanorings with respect to the central ring to which they are interlocked, triggered by release oligodeoxynucleotides. We employ these features to convert the structural changes into Boolean operations with fluorescence labelling. The nanostructure behaves as a reversible logic circuit consisting of tandem YES and AND gates. Such reversible logic circuits integrated into functional nanodevices may guide future intelligent DNA nanorobots to manipulate cascade reactions in biological systems. PMID:25229207

Light-Gated Memristor with Integrated Logic and Memory Functions.

PubMed

Tan, Hongwei; Liu, Gang; Yang, Huali; Yi, Xiaohui; Pan, Liang; Shang, Jie; Long, Shibing; Liu, Ming; Wu, Yihong; Li, Run-Wei

2017-11-28

Memristive devices are able to store and process information, which offers several key advantages over the transistor-based architectures. However, most of the two-terminal memristive devices have fixed functions once made and cannot be reconfigured for other situations. Here, we propose and demonstrate a memristive device "memlogic" (memory logic) as a nonvolatile switch of logic operations integrated with memory function in a single light-gated memristor. Based on nonvolatile light-modulated memristive switching behavior, a single memlogic cell is able to achieve optical and electrical mixed basic Boolean logic of reconfigurable "AND", "OR", and "NOT" operations. Furthermore, the single memlogic cell is also capable of functioning as an optical adder and digital-to-analog converter. All the memlogic outputs are memristive for in situ data storage due to the nonvolatile resistive switching and persistent photoconductivity effects. Thus, as a memdevice, the memlogic has potential for not only simplifying the programmable logic circuits but also building memristive multifunctional optoelectronics.

The fabrication of a programmable via using phase-change material in CMOS-compatible technology.

PubMed

Chen, Kuan-Neng; Krusin-Elbaum, Lia

2010-04-02

We demonstrate an energy-efficient programmable via concept using indirectly heated phase-change material. This via structure has maximum phase-change volume to achieve a minimum on resistance for high performance logic applications. Process development and material investigations for this device structure are reported. The device concept is successfully demonstrated in a standard CMOS-compatible technology capable of multiple cycles between on/off states for reconfigurable applications.

Evaluation of automated decisionmaking methodologies and development of an integrated robotic system simulation. Appendix B: ROBSIM programmer's guide

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Haley, D. C.; Almand, B. J.; Thomas, M. M.; Krauze, L. D.; Gremban, K. D.; Sanborn, J. C.; Kelly, J. H.; Depkovich, T. M.; Wolfe, W. J.; Nguyen, T.

1986-01-01

The purpose of the Robotic Simulation (ROBSIM) program is to provide a broad range of computer capabilities to assist in the design, verification, simulation, and study of robotic systems. ROBSIM is programmed in FORTRAM 77 and implemented on a VAX 11/750 computer using the VMS operating system. The programmer's guide describes the ROBSIM implementation and program logic flow, and the functions and structures of the different subroutines. With the manual and the in-code documentation, an experienced programmer can incorporate additional routines and modify existing ones to add desired capabilities.

Complex cellular logic computation using ribocomputing devices.

PubMed

Green, Alexander A; Kim, Jongmin; Ma, Duo; Silver, Pamela A; Collins, James J; Yin, Peng

2017-08-03

Synthetic biology aims to develop engineering-driven approaches to the programming of cellular functions that could yield transformative technologies. Synthetic gene circuits that combine DNA, protein, and RNA components have demonstrated a range of functions such as bistability, oscillation, feedback, and logic capabilities. However, it remains challenging to scale up these circuits owing to the limited number of designable, orthogonal, high-performance parts, the empirical and often tedious composition rules, and the requirements for substantial resources for encoding and operation. Here, we report a strategy for constructing RNA-only nanodevices to evaluate complex logic in living cells. Our 'ribocomputing' systems are composed of de-novo-designed parts and operate through predictable and designable base-pairing rules, allowing the effective in silico design of computing devices with prescribed configurations and functions in complex cellular environments. These devices operate at the post-transcriptional level and use an extended RNA transcript to co-localize all circuit sensing, computation, signal transduction, and output elements in the same self-assembled molecular complex, which reduces diffusion-mediated signal losses, lowers metabolic cost, and improves circuit reliability. We demonstrate that ribocomputing devices in Escherichia coli can evaluate two-input logic with a dynamic range up to 900-fold and scale them to four-input AND, six-input OR, and a complex 12-input expression (A1 AND A2 AND NOT A1*) OR (B1 AND B2 AND NOT B2*) OR (C1 AND C2) OR (D1 AND D2) OR (E1 AND E2). Successful operation of ribocomputing devices based on programmable RNA interactions suggests that systems employing the same design principles could be implemented in other host organisms or in extracellular settings.

Strategic Control Algorithm Development : Volume 4A. Computer Program Report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1974-08-01

A description of the strategic algorithm evaluation model is presented, both at the user and programmer levels. The model representation of an airport configuration, environmental considerations, the strategic control algorithm logic, and the airplan...

Strategic Control Algorithm Development : Volume 4B. Computer Program Report (Concluded)

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1974-08-01

A description of the strategic algorithm evaluation model is presented, both at the user and programmer levels. The model representation of an airport configuration, environmental considerations, the strategic control algorithm logic, and the airplan...

Improving immunization of programmable logic controllers using weighted median filters.

PubMed

Paredes, José L; Díaz, Dhionel

2005-04-01

This paper addresses the problem of improving immunization of programmable logic controllers (PLC's) to electromagnetic interference with impulsive characteristics. A filtering structure, based on weighted median filters, that does not require additional hardware and can be implemented in legacy PLC's is proposed. The filtering operation is implemented in the binary domain and removes the impulsive noise presented in the discrete input adding thus robustness to PLC's. By modifying the sampling clock structure, two variants of the filter are obtained. Both structures exploit the cyclic nature of the PLC to form an N-sample observation window of the discrete input, hence a status change on it is determined by the filter output taking into account all the N samples avoiding thus that a single impulse affects the PLC functionality. A comparative study, based on a statistical analysis, of the different filters' performances is presented.

Data acquisition and control system with a programmable logic controller (PLC) for a pulsed chemical oxygen-iodine laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, Haijun; Li, Guofu; Duo, Liping; Jin, Yuqi; Wang, Jian; Sang, Fengting; Kang, Yuanfu; Li, Liucheng; Wang, Yuanhu; Tang, Shukai; Yu, Hongliang

2015-02-01

A user-friendly data acquisition and control system (DACS) for a pulsed chemical oxygen -iodine laser (PCOIL) has been developed. It is implemented by an industrial control computer，a PLC, and a distributed input/output (I/O) module, as well as the valve and transmitter. The system is capable of handling 200 analogue/digital channels for performing various operations such as on-line acquisition, display, safety measures and control of various valves. These operations are controlled either by control switches configured on a PC while not running or by a pre-determined sequence or timings during the run. The system is capable of real-time acquisition and on-line estimation of important diagnostic parameters for optimization of a PCOIL. The DACS system has been programmed using software programmable logic controller (PLC). Using this DACS, more than 200 runs were given performed successfully.

An acceleration framework for synthetic aperture radar algorithms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Youngsoo; Gloster, Clay S.; Alexander, Winser E.

2017-04-01

Algorithms for radar signal processing, such as Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) are computationally intensive and require considerable execution time on a general purpose processor. Reconfigurable logic can be used to off-load the primary computational kernel onto a custom computing machine in order to reduce execution time by an order of magnitude as compared to kernel execution on a general purpose processor. Specifically, Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) can be used to accelerate these kernels using hardware-based custom logic implementations. In this paper, we demonstrate a framework for algorithm acceleration. We used SAR as a case study to illustrate the potential for algorithm acceleration offered by FPGAs. Initially, we profiled the SAR algorithm and implemented a homomorphic filter using a hardware implementation of the natural logarithm. Experimental results show a linear speedup by adding reasonably small processing elements in Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) as opposed to using a software implementation running on a typical general purpose processor.

The need for theory evaluation in global citizenship programmes: The case of the GCSA programme.

PubMed

Goodier, Sarah; Field, Carren; Goodman, Suki

2018-02-01

Many education programmes lack a documented programme theory. This is a problem for programme planners and evaluators as the ability to measure programme success is grounded in the plausibility of the programme's underlying causal logic. Where the programme theory has not been documented, conducting a theory evaluation offers a foundational evaluation step as it gives an indication of whether the theory behind a programme is sound. This paper presents a case of a theory evaluation of a Global Citizenship programme at a top-ranking university in South Africa, subsequently called the GCSA Programme. This evaluation highlights the need for documented programme theory in global citizenship-type programmes for future programme development. An articulated programme theory produced for the GCSA Programme, analysed against the available social science literature, indicated it is comparable to other such programmes in terms of its overarching framework. What the research found is that most other global citizenship programmes do not have an articulated programme theory. These programmes also do not explicitly link their specific activities to their intended outcomes, making demonstrating impact impossible. In conclusion, we argue that taking a theory-based approach can strengthen and enable outcome evaluations in global citizenship programmes. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

The evolvability of programmable hardware.

PubMed

Raman, Karthik; Wagner, Andreas

2011-02-06

In biological systems, individual phenotypes are typically adopted by multiple genotypes. Examples include protein structure phenotypes, where each structure can be adopted by a myriad individual amino acid sequence genotypes. These genotypes form vast connected 'neutral networks' in genotype space. The size of such neutral networks endows biological systems not only with robustness to genetic change, but also with the ability to evolve a vast number of novel phenotypes that occur near any one neutral network. Whether technological systems can be designed to have similar properties is poorly understood. Here we ask this question for a class of programmable electronic circuits that compute digital logic functions. The functional flexibility of such circuits is important in many applications, including applications of evolutionary principles to circuit design. The functions they compute are at the heart of all digital computation. We explore a vast space of 10(45) logic circuits ('genotypes') and 10(19) logic functions ('phenotypes'). We demonstrate that circuits that compute the same logic function are connected in large neutral networks that span circuit space. Their robustness or fault-tolerance varies very widely. The vicinity of each neutral network contains circuits with a broad range of novel functions. Two circuits computing different functions can usually be converted into one another via few changes in their architecture. These observations show that properties important for the evolvability of biological systems exist in a commercially important class of electronic circuitry. They also point to generic ways to generate fault-tolerant, adaptable and evolvable electronic circuitry.

The evolvability of programmable hardware

PubMed Central

Raman, Karthik; Wagner, Andreas

2011-01-01

In biological systems, individual phenotypes are typically adopted by multiple genotypes. Examples include protein structure phenotypes, where each structure can be adopted by a myriad individual amino acid sequence genotypes. These genotypes form vast connected ‘neutral networks’ in genotype space. The size of such neutral networks endows biological systems not only with robustness to genetic change, but also with the ability to evolve a vast number of novel phenotypes that occur near any one neutral network. Whether technological systems can be designed to have similar properties is poorly understood. Here we ask this question for a class of programmable electronic circuits that compute digital logic functions. The functional flexibility of such circuits is important in many applications, including applications of evolutionary principles to circuit design. The functions they compute are at the heart of all digital computation. We explore a vast space of 1045 logic circuits (‘genotypes’) and 1019 logic functions (‘phenotypes’). We demonstrate that circuits that compute the same logic function are connected in large neutral networks that span circuit space. Their robustness or fault-tolerance varies very widely. The vicinity of each neutral network contains circuits with a broad range of novel functions. Two circuits computing different functions can usually be converted into one another via few changes in their architecture. These observations show that properties important for the evolvability of biological systems exist in a commercially important class of electronic circuitry. They also point to generic ways to generate fault-tolerant, adaptable and evolvable electronic circuitry. PMID:20534598

Application of SEU imaging for analysis of device architecture using a 25 MeV/u 86Kr ion microbeam at HIRFL

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Tianqi; Yang, Zhenlei; Guo, Jinlong; Du, Guanghua; Tong, Teng; Wang, Xiaohui; Su, Hong; Liu, Wenjing; Liu, Jiande; Wang, Bin; Ye, Bing; Liu, Jie

2017-08-01

The heavy-ion imaging of single event upset (SEU) in a flash-based field programmable gate array (FPGA) device was carried out for the first time at Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL). The three shift register chains with separated input and output configurations in device under test (DUT) were used to identify the corresponding logical area rapidly once an upset occurred. The logic units in DUT were partly configured in order to distinguish the registers in SEU images. Based on the above settings, the partial architecture of shift register chains in DUT was imaged by employing the microbeam of 86Kr ion with energy of 25 MeV/u in air. The results showed that the physical distribution of registers in DUT had a high consistency with its logical arrangement by comparing SEU image with logic configuration in scanned area.

Single board system for fuzzy inference

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Symon, James R.; Watanabe, Hiroyuki

1991-01-01

The very large scale integration (VLSI) implementation of a fuzzy logic inference mechanism allows the use of rule-based control and decision making in demanding real-time applications. Researchers designed a full custom VLSI inference engine. The chip was fabricated using CMOS technology. The chip consists of 688,000 transistors of which 476,000 are used for RAM memory. The fuzzy logic inference engine board system incorporates the custom designed integrated circuit into a standard VMEbus environment. The Fuzzy Logic system uses Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) parts to provide the interface between the Fuzzy chip and a standard, double height VMEbus backplane, allowing the chip to perform application process control through the VMEbus host. High level C language functions hide details of the hardware system interface from the applications level programmer. The first version of the board was installed on a robot at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in January of 1990.

78 FR 13747 - Safety Advisory 2013-01; Passing Stop Signals Protecting Movable Bridges

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-28

... 82 freight cars, including 51 hazardous materials tank cars, derailed seven cars while crossing a... bridge to close using the key pad on the locomotive radio. Through the use of a programmable logic...

The Integration of DCS I/O to an Existing PLC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sadhukhan, Debashis; Mihevic, John

2013-01-01

At the NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC), Existing Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) I/O was replaced with Distributed Control System (DCS) I/O, while keeping the existing PLC sequence Logic. The reason for integration of the PLC logic and DCS I/O, along with the evaluation of the resulting system is the subject of this paper. The pros and cons of the old system and new upgrade are described, including operator workstation screen update times. Detail of the physical layout and the communication between the PLC, the DCS I/O and the operator workstations are illustrated. The complex characteristics of a central process control system and the plan to remove the PLC processors in future upgrades is also discussed.

Programming Cell Adhesion for On-Chip Sequential Boolean Logic Functions.

PubMed

Qu, Xiangmeng; Wang, Shaopeng; Ge, Zhilei; Wang, Jianbang; Yao, Guangbao; Li, Jiang; Zuo, Xiaolei; Shi, Jiye; Song, Shiping; Wang, Lihua; Li, Li; Pei, Hao; Fan, Chunhai

2017-08-02

Programmable remodelling of cell surfaces enables high-precision regulation of cell behavior. In this work, we developed in vitro constructed DNA-based chemical reaction networks (CRNs) to program on-chip cell adhesion. We found that the RGD-functionalized DNA CRNs are entirely noninvasive when interfaced with the fluidic mosaic membrane of living cells. DNA toehold with different lengths could tunably alter the release kinetics of cells, which shows rapid release in minutes with the use of a 6-base toehold. We further demonstrated the realization of Boolean logic functions by using DNA strand displacement reactions, which include multi-input and sequential cell logic gates (AND, OR, XOR, and AND-OR). This study provides a highly generic tool for self-organization of biological systems.

Quantum Error Correction for Minor Embedded Quantum Annealing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vinci, Walter; Paz Silva, Gerardo; Mishra, Anurag; Albash, Tameem; Lidar, Daniel

2015-03-01

While quantum annealing can take advantage of the intrinsic robustness of adiabatic dynamics, some form of quantum error correction (QEC) is necessary in order to preserve its advantages over classical computation. Moreover, realistic quantum annealers are subject to a restricted connectivity between qubits. Minor embedding techniques use several physical qubits to represent a single logical qubit with a larger set of interactions, but necessarily introduce new types of errors (whenever the physical qubits corresponding to the same logical qubit disagree). We present a QEC scheme where a minor embedding is used to generate a 8 × 8 × 2 cubic connectivity out of the native one and perform experiments on a D-Wave quantum annealer. Using a combination of optimized encoding and decoding techniques, our scheme enables the D-Wave device to solve minor embedded hard instances at least as well as it would on a native implementation. Our work is a proof-of-concept that minor embedding can be advantageously implemented in order to increase both the robustness and the connectivity of a programmable quantum annealer. Applied in conjunction with decoding techniques, this paves the way toward scalable quantum annealing with applications to hard optimization problems.

Modular Knowledge Representation and Reasoning in the Semantic Web

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Serafini, Luciano; Homola, Martin

Construction of modular ontologies by combining different modules is becoming a necessity in ontology engineering in order to cope with the increasing complexity of the ontologies and the domains they represent. The modular ontology approach takes inspiration from software engineering, where modularization is a widely acknowledged feature. Distributed reasoning is the other side of the coin of modular ontologies: given an ontology comprising of a set of modules, it is desired to perform reasoning by combination of multiple reasoning processes performed locally on each of the modules. In the last ten years, a number of approaches for combining logics has been developed in order to formalize modular ontologies. In this chapter, we survey and compare the main formalisms for modular ontologies and distributed reasoning in the Semantic Web. We select four formalisms build on formal logical grounds of Description Logics: Distributed Description Logics, ℰ-connections, Package-based Description Logics and Integrated Distributed Description Logics. We concentrate on expressivity and distinctive modeling features of each framework. We also discuss reasoning capabilities of each framework.

Excitonic AND Logic Gates on DNA Brick Nanobreadboards.

PubMed

Cannon, Brittany L; Kellis, Donald L; Davis, Paul H; Lee, Jeunghoon; Kuang, Wan; Hughes, William L; Graugnard, Elton; Yurke, Bernard; Knowlton, William B

2015-03-18

A promising application of DNA self-assembly is the fabrication of chromophore-based excitonic devices. DNA brick assembly is a compelling method for creating programmable nanobreadboards on which chromophores may be rapidly and easily repositioned to prototype new excitonic devices, optimize device operation, and induce reversible switching. Using DNA nanobreadboards, we have demonstrated each of these functions through the construction and operation of two different excitonic AND logic gates. The modularity and high chromophore density achievable via this brick-based approach provide a viable path toward developing information processing and storage systems.

Excitonic AND Logic Gates on DNA Brick Nanobreadboards

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

A promising application of DNA self-assembly is the fabrication of chromophore-based excitonic devices. DNA brick assembly is a compelling method for creating programmable nanobreadboards on which chromophores may be rapidly and easily repositioned to prototype new excitonic devices, optimize device operation, and induce reversible switching. Using DNA nanobreadboards, we have demonstrated each of these functions through the construction and operation of two different excitonic AND logic gates. The modularity and high chromophore density achievable via this brick-based approach provide a viable path toward developing information processing and storage systems. PMID:25839049

Instantaneous relationship between solar inertial and local vertical local horizontal attitudes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vickery, S. A.

1977-01-01

The instantaneous relationship between the Solar Inertial (SI) and Local Vertical Local Horizontal (LVLH) coordinate systems is derived. A method is presented for computation of the LVLH to SI rotational transformation matrix as a function of an input LVLH attitude and the corresponding look angles to the sun. Logic is provided for conversion between LVLH and SI attitudes expressed in terms of a pitch, yaw, roll Euler sequence. Documentation is included for a program which implements the logic on the Hewlett-Packard 97 programmable calculator.

Pressure driven digital logic in PDMS based microfluidic devices fabricated by multilayer soft lithography.

PubMed

Devaraju, Naga Sai Gopi K; Unger, Marc A

2012-11-21

Advances in microfluidics now allow an unprecedented level of parallelization and integration of biochemical reactions. However, one challenge still faced by the field has been the complexity and cost of the control hardware: one external pressure signal has been required for each independently actuated set of valves on chip. Using a simple post-modification to the multilayer soft lithography fabrication process, we present a new implementation of digital fluidic logic fully analogous to electronic logic with significant performance advances over the previous implementations. We demonstrate a novel normally closed static gain valve capable of modulating pressure signals in a fashion analogous to an electronic transistor. We utilize these valves to build complex fluidic logic circuits capable of arbitrary control of flows by processing binary input signals (pressure (1) and atmosphere (0)). We demonstrate logic gates and devices including NOT, NAND and NOR gates, bi-stable flip-flops, gated flip-flops (latches), oscillators, self-driven peristaltic pumps, delay flip-flops, and a 12-bit shift register built using static gain valves. This fluidic logic shows cascade-ability, feedback, programmability, bi-stability, and autonomous control capability. This implementation of fluidic logic yields significantly smaller devices, higher clock rates, simple designs, easy fabrication, and integration into MSL microfluidics.

Information Retrieval Research and ESPRIT.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smeaton, Alan F.

1987-01-01

Describes the European Strategic Programme of Research and Development in Information Technology (ESPRIT), and its five programs: advanced microelectronics, software technology, advanced information processing, office systems, and computer integrated manufacturing. The emphasis on logic programming and ESPRIT as the European response to the…

The World Starts With Me: using intervention mapping for the systematic adaptation and transfer of school-based sexuality education from Uganda to Indonesia.

PubMed

Leerlooijer, Joanne N; Ruiter, Robert A C; Reinders, Jo; Darwisyah, Wati; Kok, Gerjo; Bartholomew, L Kay

2011-06-01

Evidence-based health promotion programmes, including HIV/AIDS prevention and sexuality education programmes, are often transferred to other cultures, priority groups and implementation settings. Challenges in this process include the identification of retaining core elements that relate to the programme's effectiveness while making changes that enhances acceptance in the new context and for the new priority group. This paper describes the use of a systematic approach to programme adaptation using a case study as an example. Intervention Mapping, a protocol for the development of evidence-based behaviour change interventions, was used to adapt the comprehensive school-based sexuality education programme 'The World Starts With Me'. The programme was developed for a priority population in Uganda and adapted to a programme for Indonesian secondary school students. The approach helped to systematically address the complexity and challenges of programme adaptation and to find a balance between preservation of essential programme elements (i.e. logic models) that may be crucial to the programme's effectiveness, including key objectives and theoretical behaviour change methods, and the adaptation of the programme to be acceptable to the new priority group and the programme implementers.

In situ amplification of intracellular microRNA with MNAzyme nanodevices for multiplexed imaging, logic operation, and controlled drug release.

PubMed

Zhang, Penghui; He, Zhimei; Wang, Chen; Chen, Jiangning; Zhao, Jingjing; Zhu, Xuena; Li, Chen-Zhong; Min, Qianhao; Zhu, Jun-Jie

2015-01-27

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as key regulators in gene expression networks, have participated in many biological processes, including cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis, indicative of potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. To tackle the low abundance of miRNAs in a single cell, we have developed programmable nanodevices with MNAzymes to realize stringent recognition and in situ amplification of intracellular miRNAs for multiplexed detection and controlled drug release. As a proof of concept, miR-21 and miR-145, respectively up- and down-expressed in most tumor tissues, were selected as endogenous cancer indicators and therapy triggers to test the efficacy of the photothermal nanodevices. The sequence programmability and specificity of MNAzyme motifs enabled the fluorescent turn-on probes not only to sensitively profile the distributions of miR-21/miR-145 in cell lysates of HeLa, HL-60, and NIH 3T3 (9632/0, 14147/0, 2047/421 copies per cell, respectively) but also to visualize trace amounts of miRNAs in a single cell, allowing logic operation for graded cancer risk assessment and dynamic monitoring of therapy response by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Furthermore, through general molecular design, the MNAzyme motifs could serve as three-dimensional gatekeepers to lock the doxorubicin inside the nanocarriers. The drug nanocarriers were exclusively internalized into the target tumor cells via aptamer-guided recognition and reopened by the endogenous miRNAs, where the drug release rates could be spatial-temporally controlled by the modulation of miRNA expression. Integrated with miRNA profiling techniques, the designed nanodevices can provide general strategy for disease diagnosis, prognosis, and combination treatment with chemotherapy and gene therapy.

An autonomous molecular computer for logical control of gene expression.

PubMed

Benenson, Yaakov; Gil, Binyamin; Ben-Dor, Uri; Adar, Rivka; Shapiro, Ehud

2004-05-27

Early biomolecular computer research focused on laboratory-scale, human-operated computers for complex computational problems. Recently, simple molecular-scale autonomous programmable computers were demonstrated allowing both input and output information to be in molecular form. Such computers, using biological molecules as input data and biologically active molecules as outputs, could produce a system for 'logical' control of biological processes. Here we describe an autonomous biomolecular computer that, at least in vitro, logically analyses the levels of messenger RNA species, and in response produces a molecule capable of affecting levels of gene expression. The computer operates at a concentration of close to a trillion computers per microlitre and consists of three programmable modules: a computation module, that is, a stochastic molecular automaton; an input module, by which specific mRNA levels or point mutations regulate software molecule concentrations, and hence automaton transition probabilities; and an output module, capable of controlled release of a short single-stranded DNA molecule. This approach might be applied in vivo to biochemical sensing, genetic engineering and even medical diagnosis and treatment. As a proof of principle we programmed the computer to identify and analyse mRNA of disease-related genes associated with models of small-cell lung cancer and prostate cancer, and to produce a single-stranded DNA molecule modelled after an anticancer drug.

Optically Programmable Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-01-01

VCSEL requires placing the array far enough as to overlap the entire footprint of the signal beam in order to record the hologram. Therefore, these...hologram that self-focuses, due to phase -conjugation, on the array of detectors in the chip. VC A 10 m m 10 mm 18mm 16mm SEL RRAY OPTICAL MEMORY LOGIC...the VCSEL array , the chip and the optical material, and the requirements they have to meet for their use in the OPGA system. Section

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Prather, J. C.; Smith, S. K.; Watson, C. R.

The National Radiobiology Archives is a comprehensive effort to gather, organize, and catalog original data, representative specimens, and supporting materials related to significant radiobiology studies. This provides researchers with information for analyses which compare or combine results of these and other studies and with materials for analysis by advanced molecular biology techniques. This Programmer's Guide document describes the database access software, NRADEMO, and the subset loading script NRADEMO/MAINT/MAINTAIN, which comprise the National Laboratory Archives Distributed Access Package. The guide is intended for use by an experienced database management specialist. It contains information about the physical and logical organization of themore » software and data files. It also contains printouts of all the scripts and associated batch processing files. It is part of a suite of documents published by the National Radiobiology Archives.« less

Electromechanical Componentry. High-Technology Training Module.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lindemann, Don

This training module on electromechanical components contains 10 units for a two-year vocational program packaging system equipment control course at Wisconsin Indianhead Technical College. This module describes the functions of electromechanical devices essential for understanding input/output devices for Programmable Logic Control (PLC)…

A three-sided rearrangeable switching network for a binary fat tree

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yen, Mao-Hsu; Yu, Chu; Shin, Haw-Yun; Chen, Sao-Jie

2011-06-01

A binary fat tree needs an internal node to interconnect the left-children, right-children and parent terminals to each other. In this article, we first propose a three-stage, 3-sided rearrangeable switching network for the implementation of a binary fat tree. The main component of this 3-sided switching network (3SSN) consists of a polygonal switch block (PSB) interconnected by crossbars. With the same size and the same number of switches as our 3SSN, a three-stage, 3-sided clique-based switching network is shown to be not rearrangeable. Also, the effects of the rearrangeable structure and the number of terminals on the network switch-efficiency are explored and a proper set of parameters has been determined to minimise the number of switches. We derive that a rearrangeable 3-sided switching network with switches proportional to N 3/2 is most suitable to interconnect N terminals. Moreover, we propose a new Polygonal Field Programmable Gate Array (PFPGA) that consists of logic blocks interconnected by our 3SSN, such that the logic blocks in this PFPGA can be grouped into clusters to implement different logic functions. Since the programmable switches usually have high resistance and capacitance and occupy a large area, we have to consider the effect of the 3SSN structure and the granularity of its cluster logic blocks on the switch efficiency of PFPGA. Experiments on benchmark circuits show that the switch and speed performances are significantly improved. Based on the experimental results, we can determine the parameters of PFPGA for the VLSI implementation.

Logical enzyme triggered (LET) layer-by-layer nanocapsules for drug delivery system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kelley, Marie-Michelle

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality among women in the United States. Early detection and treatment methods have resulted in 100% 5-year survival rates for stage 0-I breast cancer. Unfortunately, the 5-year survival rate of metastatic breast cancer (stage IV) is reduced fivefold. The most challenging issues of metastatic breast cancer treatment are the ability to selectively target the adenoma and adenocarcinoma cells both in their location of origin and as they metastasize following initial treatment. Multilayer/Layer-by-Layer (LbL) nanocapsules have garnered vast interest as anticancer drug delivery systems due to their ability to be easily modified, their capacity to encapsulate a wide range of chemicals and proteins, and their improved pharmacokinetics. Multilayer nanocapsule formation requires the layering of opposing charged polyelectrolytic polymers over a removable core nanoparticle. Our goal is to have a programmable nanocapsules degrade only after receiving and validating specific breast cancer biomarkers. The overall objective is to fabricate a novel programmable LbL nanocapsule with a specific logical system that will enhance functions pertinent to drug delivery systems. Our central hypothesis is that LbL technology coupled with extracellular matrix (ECM) protein substrates will result in a logical enzyme triggered LbL nanocapsule drug delivery system. This platform represents a novel approach toward a logically regulated nano-encapsulated cancer therapy that can selectively follow and deliver chemotherapeutics to cancer cells. The rationale for this project is to overcome a crucial limitation of existing drug delivery systems where chemotherapeutic can be erroneously delivered to non-carcinogenic cells.

Training and certification in endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration

PubMed Central

Konge, Lars; Nayahangan, Leizl Joy; Clementsen, Paul Frost

2017-01-01

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) plays a key role in the staging of lung cancer, which is crucial for allocation to surgical treatment. EBUS-TBNA is a complicated procedure and simulation-based training is helpful in the first part of the long learning curve prior to performing the procedure on actual patients. New trainees should follow a structured training programme consisting of training on simulators to proficiency as assessed with a validated test followed by supervised practice on patients. The simulation-based training is superior to the traditional apprenticeship model and is recommended in the newest guidelines. EBUS-TBNA and oesophageal ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA or EUS-B-FNA) are complementary to each other and the combined techniques are superior to either technique alone. It is logical to learn and to perform the two techniques in combination, however, for lung cancer staging solely EBUS-TBNA simulators exist, but hopefully in the future simulation-based training in EUS will be possible. PMID:28840013

An IO block array in a radiation-hardened SOI SRAM-based FPGA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yan, Zhao; Lihua, Wu; Xiaowei, Han; Yan, Li; Qianli, Zhang; Liang, Chen; Guoquan, Zhang; Jianzhong, Li; Bo, Yang; Jiantou, Gao; Jian, Wang; Ming, Li; Guizhai, Liu; Feng, Zhang; Xufeng, Guo; Kai, Zhao; Chen, Stanley L.; Fang, Yu; Zhongli, Liu

2012-01-01

We present an input/output block (IOB) array used in the radiation-hardened SRAM-based field-programmable gate array (FPGA) VS1000, which is designed and fabricated with a 0.5 μm partially depleted silicon-on-insulator (SOI) logic process at the CETC 58th Institute. Corresponding with the characteristics of the FPGA, each IOB includes a local routing pool and two IO cells composed of a signal path circuit, configurable input/output buffers and an ESD protection network. A boundary-scan path circuit can be used between the programmable buffers and the input/output circuit or as a transparent circuit when the IOB is applied in different modes. Programmable IO buffers can be used at TTL/CMOS standard levels. The local routing pool enhances the flexibility and routability of the connection between the IOB array and the core logic. Radiation-hardened designs, including A-type and H-type body-tied transistors and special D-type registers, improve the anti-radiation performance. The ESD protection network, which provides a high-impulse discharge path on a pad, prevents the breakdown of the core logic caused by the immense current. These design strategies facilitate the design of FPGAs with different capacities or architectures to form a series of FPGAs. The functionality and performance of the IOB array is proved after a functional test. The radiation test indicates that the proposed VS1000 chip with an IOB array has a total dose tolerance of 100 krad(Si), a dose survivability rate of 1.5 × 1011 rad(Si)/s, and a neutron fluence immunity of 1 × 1014 n/cm2.

Summary of Proton Test on the Quick Logic QL3025 at Indiana University

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Katz, Richard

1998-01-01

This issue of the Programmable Logic Application Notes is a compilation of topics: (1) Proton irradiation tests were performed on the Quick Logic QL3025 at the Indian University Cyclotron facility. The devices, tests, and results are discussed; (2) The functional failure of EEPROM's in heavy ion environment is presented; (3) the Act 1 architecture is summarized; (4) Antifuse hardness and hardness testing is updated; the single even upset (SEU) response of hardwired flip-flops is also presented; (4) Total dose results of the ACT 2 and ACT 3 circuits is presented in a chart; (5) Recent sub-micron devices testing of total dose is presented in a chart along with brief discussion; and (6) a reference to the WWW site for more articles of interest.

Electronics. Module 3: Digital Logic Application. Instructor's Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carter, Ed; Murphy, Mark

This guide contains instructor's materials for a 10-unit secondary school course on digital logic application. The units are introduction to digital, logic gates, digital integrated circuits, combination logic, flip-flops, counters and shift registers, encoders and decoders, arithmetic circuits, memory, and analog/digital and digital/analog…

A programmable CCD driver circuit for multiphase CCD operation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ewin, Audrey J.; Reed, Kenneth V.

1989-01-01

A programmable CCD (charge-coupled device) driver circuit was designed to drive CCDs in multiphased modes. The purpose of the drive electronics is to operate developmental CCD imaging arrays for NASA's tiltable moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS-T). Five objectives for the driver were considered during its design: (1) the circuit drives CCD electrode voltages between 0 V and +30 V to produce reasonable potential wells, (2) the driving sequence is started with one input signal, (3) the driving sequence is started with one input signal, (4) the circuit allows programming of frame sequences required by arrays of any size, (5) it produces interfacing signals for the CCD and the DTF (detector test facility). Simulation of the driver verified its function with the master clock running up to 10 MHz. This suggests a maximum rate of 400,000 pixels/s. Timing and packaging parameters were verified. The design uses 54 TTL (transistor-transistor logic) chips. Two versions of hardware were fabricated: wirewrap and printed circuit board. Both were verified functionally with a logic analyzer.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Palomar, J.; Wyman, R.

This document provides recommendations to guide reviewers in the application of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCS) to the control, monitoring and protection of nuclear reactors. The first topics addressed are system-level design issues, specifically including safety. The document then discusses concerns about the PLC manufacturing organization and the protection system engineering organization. Supplementing this document are two appendices. Appendix A summarizes PLC characteristics. Specifically addressed are those characteristics that make the PLC more suitable for emergency shutdown systems than other electrical/electronic-based systems, as well as characteristics that improve reliability of a system. Also covered are PLC characteristics that may create anmore » unsafe operating environment. Appendix B provides an overview of the use of programmable logic controllers in emergency shutdown systems. The intent is to familiarize the reader with the design, development, test, and maintenance phases of applying a PLC to an ESD system. Each phase is described in detail and information pertinent to the application of a PLC is pointed out.« less

P-channel differential multiple-time programmable memory cells by laterally coupled floating metal gate fin field-effect transistors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Tai-Min; Chien, Wei-Yu; Hsu, Chia-Ling; Lin, Chrong Jung; King, Ya-Chin

2018-04-01

In this paper, we present a new differential p-channel multiple-time programmable (MTP) memory cell that is fully compatible with advanced 16 nm CMOS fin field-effect transistors (FinFET) logic processes. This differential MTP cell stores complementary data in floating gates coupled by a slot contact structure, which make different read currents possible on a single cell. In nanoscale CMOS FinFET logic processes, the gate dielectric layer becomes too thin to retain charges inside floating gates for nonvolatile data storage. By using a differential architecture, the sensing window of the cell can be extended and maintained by an advanced blanket boost scheme. The charge retention problem in floating gate cells can be improved by periodic restoring lost charges when significant read window narrowing occurs. In addition to high programming efficiency, this p-channel MTP cells also exhibit good cycling endurance as well as disturbance immunity. The blanket boost scheme can remedy the charge loss problem under thin gate dielectrics.

Détermination assistée par ordinateur de la structure des molécules organiques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nuzillard, J.-M.

1998-02-01

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy offers the unique possibility of accessing proximity relationships between atoms by means of chemical shift correlation experiments. Structure determination of small molecules has become thus much simpler. Computer programs can use directly correlation information for structure analysis. The use and operation mechanism of such a program, LSD (Logic for Structure Determination) are presented. The example compound is gibberellic acid, a natural product. La spectroscopie de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire offre un moyen unique de déterminer des relations de proximité entre atomes par le biais des expériences de corrélation. L'analyse structurale de petites molécules organiques s'en trouve extrêmement facilitée. Des programmes informatiques peuvent utiliser directement les informations de corrélation pour déduire des structures. Le fonctionnement et l'usage d'un tel programme, LSD (Logic for Structure Determination), sont détaillés sur un exemple, l'acide gibberellique.

Understanding how appraisal of doctors produces its effects: a realist review protocol.

PubMed

Brennan, Nicola; Bryce, Marie; Pearson, Mark; Wong, Geoff; Cooper, Chris; Archer, Julian

2014-06-23

UK doctors are now required to participate in revalidation to maintain their licence to practise. Appraisal is a fundamental component of revalidation. However, objective evidence of appraisal changing doctors' behaviour and directly resulting in improved patient care is limited. In particular, it is not clear how the process of appraisal is supposed to change doctors' behaviour and improve clinical performance. The aim of this research is to understand how and why appraisal of doctors is supposed to produce its effect. Realist review is a theory-driven interpretive approach to evidence synthesis. It applies realist logic of inquiry to produce an explanatory analysis of an intervention that is, what works, for whom, in what circumstances, in what respects. Using a realist review approach, an initial programme theory of appraisal will be developed by consulting with key stakeholders in doctors' appraisal in expert panels (ethical approval is not required), and by searching the literature to identify relevant existing theories. The search strategy will have a number of phases including a combination of: (1) electronic database searching, for example, EMBASE, MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, ASSIA, (2) 'cited by' articles search, (3) citation searching, (4) contacting authors and (5) grey literature searching. The search for evidence will be iteratively extended and refocused as the review progresses. Studies will be included based on their ability to provide data that enable testing of the programme theory. Data extraction will be conducted, for example, by note taking and annotation at different review stages as is consistent with the realist approach. The evidence will be synthesised using realist logic to interrogate the final programme theory of the impact of appraisal on doctors' performance. The synthesis results will be written up according to RAMESES guidelines and disseminated through peer-reviewed publication and presentations. The protocol is registered with PROSPERO 2014:CRD42014007092. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

Graphene-ferroelectric metadevices for nonvolatile memory and reconfigurable logic-gate operations.

PubMed

Kim, Woo Young; Kim, Hyeon-Don; Kim, Teun-Teun; Park, Hyun-Sung; Lee, Kanghee; Choi, Hyun Joo; Lee, Seung Hoon; Son, Jaehyeon; Park, Namkyoo; Min, Bumki

2016-01-27

Memory metamaterials are artificial media that sustain transformed electromagnetic properties without persistent external stimuli. Previous memory metamaterials were realized with phase-change materials, such as vanadium dioxide or chalcogenide glasses, which exhibit memory behaviour with respect to electrically/optically induced thermal stimuli. However, they require a thermally isolated environment for longer retention or strong optical pump for phase-change. Here we demonstrate electrically programmable nonvolatile memory metadevices realised by the hybridization of graphene, a ferroelectric and meta-atoms/meta-molecules, and extend the concept further to establish reconfigurable logic-gate metadevices. For a memory metadevice having a single electrical input, amplitude, phase and even the polarization multi-states were clearly distinguishable with a retention time of over 10 years at room temperature. Furthermore, logic-gate functionalities were demonstrated with reconfigurable logic-gate metadevices having two electrical inputs, with each connected to separate ferroelectric layers that act as the multi-level controller for the doping level of the sandwiched graphene layer.

Majority logic gate for 3D magnetic computing.

PubMed

Eichwald, Irina; Breitkreutz, Stephan; Ziemys, Grazvydas; Csaba, György; Porod, Wolfgang; Becherer, Markus

2014-08-22

For decades now, microelectronic circuits have been exclusively built from transistors. An alternative way is to use nano-scaled magnets for the realization of digital circuits. This technology, known as nanomagnetic logic (NML), may offer significant improvements in terms of power consumption and integration densities. Further advantages of NML are: non-volatility, radiation hardness, and operation at room temperature. Recent research focuses on the three-dimensional (3D) integration of nanomagnets. Here we show, for the first time, a 3D programmable magnetic logic gate. Its computing operation is based on physically field-interacting nanometer-scaled magnets arranged in a 3D manner. The magnets possess a bistable magnetization state representing the Boolean logic states '0' and '1.' Magneto-optical and magnetic force microscopy measurements prove the correct operation of the gate over many computing cycles. Furthermore, micromagnetic simulations confirm the correct functionality of the gate even for a size in the nanometer-domain. The presented device demonstrates the potential of NML for three-dimensional digital computing, enabling the highest integration densities.

Graphene-ferroelectric metadevices for nonvolatile memory and reconfigurable logic-gate operations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Woo Young; Kim, Hyeon-Don; Kim, Teun-Teun; Park, Hyun-Sung; Lee, Kanghee; Choi, Hyun Joo; Lee, Seung Hoon; Son, Jaehyeon; Park, Namkyoo; Min, Bumki

2016-01-01

Memory metamaterials are artificial media that sustain transformed electromagnetic properties without persistent external stimuli. Previous memory metamaterials were realized with phase-change materials, such as vanadium dioxide or chalcogenide glasses, which exhibit memory behaviour with respect to electrically/optically induced thermal stimuli. However, they require a thermally isolated environment for longer retention or strong optical pump for phase-change. Here we demonstrate electrically programmable nonvolatile memory metadevices realised by the hybridization of graphene, a ferroelectric and meta-atoms/meta-molecules, and extend the concept further to establish reconfigurable logic-gate metadevices. For a memory metadevice having a single electrical input, amplitude, phase and even the polarization multi-states were clearly distinguishable with a retention time of over 10 years at room temperature. Furthermore, logic-gate functionalities were demonstrated with reconfigurable logic-gate metadevices having two electrical inputs, with each connected to separate ferroelectric layers that act as the multi-level controller for the doping level of the sandwiched graphene layer.

Rebounding droplet-droplet collisions on superhydrophobic surfaces: from the phenomenon to droplet logic.

PubMed

Mertaniemi, Henrikki; Forchheimer, Robert; Ikkala, Olli; Ras, Robin H A

2012-11-08

When water droplets impact each other while traveling on a superhydrophobic surface, we demonstrate that they are able to rebound like billiard balls. We present elementary Boolean logic operations and a flip-flop memory based on these rebounding water droplet collisions. Furthermore, bouncing or coalescence can be easily controlled by process parameters. Thus by the controlled coalescence of reactive droplets, here using the quenching of fluorescent metal nanoclusters as a model reaction, we also demonstrate an elementary operation for programmable chemistry. Copyright © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Light-driven OR and XOR programmable chemical logic gates.

PubMed

Szaciłowski, Konrad; Macyk, Wojciech; Stochel, Grazyna

2006-04-12

Photoelectrodes made of nanocrystalline titanium dioxide modified with various pentacyanoferrates exhibit unique photoelectrochemical properties; photocurrent direction can be switched from anodic to cathodic and vice versa upon changes in photoelectrode potential and incident light wavelength (PhotoElectrochemical Photocurrent Switching, PEPS effect). At certain potentials, anodic photocurrent generated upon UV irradiation has the same intensity as the cathodic photocurrent generated upon visible irradiation. Under these conditions, simultaneous irradiation with UV and visible light results in compensation of anodic and cathodic photocurrents, and zero net photocurrent is observed. This process can be used for construction of unique light-driven chemical logic gates.

An innovative approach for modeling and simulation of an automated industrial robotic arm operated electro-pneumatically

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Popa, L.; Popa, V.

2017-08-01

The article is focused on modeling an automated industrial robotic arm operated electro-pneumatically and to simulate the robotic arm operation. It is used the graphic language FBD (Function Block Diagram) to program the robotic arm on Zelio Logic automation. The innovative modeling and simulation procedures are considered specific problems regarding the development of a new type of technical products in the field of robotics. Thus, were identified new applications of a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) as a specialized computer performing control functions with a variety of high levels of complexit.

Radio Frequency Based Programmable Logic Controller Anomaly Detection

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-09-01

include wireless radios, IEEE 802.15 Blue- tooth devices, cellular phones, and IEEE 802.11 WiFi networking devices. While wireless communication...MacKenzie, H. Shamoon Malware and SCADA Security What are the Im- pacts? . Technical Report, Tofino Security, Sep 2012. 61. Mateti,P. Hacking Techniques

Design of synthetic biological logic circuits based on evolutionary algorithm.

PubMed

Chuang, Chia-Hua; Lin, Chun-Liang; Chang, Yen-Chang; Jennawasin, Tanagorn; Chen, Po-Kuei

2013-08-01

The construction of an artificial biological logic circuit using systematic strategy is recognised as one of the most important topics for the development of synthetic biology. In this study, a real-structured genetic algorithm (RSGA), which combines general advantages of the traditional real genetic algorithm with those of the structured genetic algorithm, is proposed to deal with the biological logic circuit design problem. A general model with the cis-regulatory input function and appropriate promoter activity functions is proposed to synthesise a wide variety of fundamental logic gates such as NOT, Buffer, AND, OR, NAND, NOR and XOR. The results obtained can be extended to synthesise advanced combinational and sequential logic circuits by topologically distinct connections. The resulting optimal design of these logic gates and circuits are established via the RSGA. The in silico computer-based modelling technology has been verified showing its great advantages in the purpose.

Programmable DNA switches and their applications.

PubMed

Harroun, Scott G; Prévost-Tremblay, Carl; Lauzon, Dominic; Desrosiers, Arnaud; Wang, Xiaomeng; Pedro, Liliana; Vallée-Bélisle, Alexis

2018-03-08

DNA switches are ideally suited for numerous nanotechnological applications, and increasing efforts are being directed toward their engineering. In this review, we discuss how to engineer these switches starting from the selection of a specific DNA-based recognition element, to its adaptation and optimisation into a switch, with applications ranging from sensing to drug delivery, smart materials, molecular transporters, logic gates and others. We provide many examples showcasing their high programmability and recent advances towards their real life applications. We conclude with a short perspective on this exciting emerging field.

ANOPP programmer's reference manual for the executive System. [aircraft noise prediction program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gillian, R. E.; Brown, C. G.; Bartlett, R. W.; Baucom, P. H.

1977-01-01

Documentation for the Aircraft Noise Prediction Program as of release level 01/00/00 is presented in a manual designed for programmers having a need for understanding the internal design and logical concepts of the executive system software. Emphasis is placed on providing sufficient information to modify the system for enhancements or error correction. The ANOPP executive system includes software related to operating system interface, executive control, and data base management for the Aircraft Noise Prediction Program. It is written in Fortran IV for use on CDC Cyber series of computers.

Recognizing and engineering digital-like logic gates and switches in gene regulatory networks.

PubMed

Bradley, Robert W; Buck, Martin; Wang, Baojun

2016-10-01

A central aim of synthetic biology is to build organisms that can perform useful activities in response to specified conditions. The digital computing paradigm which has proved so successful in electrical engineering is being mapped to synthetic biological systems to allow them to make such decisions. However, stochastic molecular processes have graded input-output functions, thus, bioengineers must select those with desirable characteristics and refine their transfer functions to build logic gates with digital-like switching behaviour. Recent efforts in genome mining and the development of programmable RNA-based switches, especially CRISPRi, have greatly increased the number of parts available to synthetic biologists. Improvements to the digital characteristics of these parts are required to enable robust predictable design of deeply layered logic circuits. Copyright © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Transformations of software design and code may lead to reduced errors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Connelly, E. M.

1983-01-01

The capability of programmers and non-programmers to specify problem solutions by developing example-solutions and also for the programmers by writing computer programs was investigated; each method of specification was accomplished at various levels of problem complexity. The level of difficulty of each problem was reflected by the number of steps needed by the user to develop a solution. Machine processing of the user inputs permitted inferences to be developed about the algorithms required to solve a particular problem. The interactive feedback of processing results led users to a more precise definition of the desired solution. Two participant groups (programmers and bookkeepers/accountants) working with three levels of problem complexity and three levels of processor complexity were used. The experimental task employed required specification of a logic for solution of a Navy task force problem.

Intelligent layered nanoflare: ``lab-on-a-nanoparticle'' for multiple DNA logic gate operations and efficient intracellular delivery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Bin; Zhang, Xiao-Bing; Kang, Li-Ping; Huang, Zhi-Mei; Shen, Guo-Li; Yu, Ru-Qin; Tan, Weihong

2014-07-01

DNA strand displacement cascades have been engineered to construct various fascinating DNA circuits. However, biological applications are limited by the insufficient cellular internalization of naked DNA structures, as well as the separated multicomponent feature. In this work, these problems are addressed by the development of a novel DNA nanodevice, termed intelligent layered nanoflare, which integrates DNA computing at the nanoscale, via the self-assembly of DNA flares on a single gold nanoparticle. As a ``lab-on-a-nanoparticle'', the intelligent layered nanoflare could be engineered to perform a variety of Boolean logic gate operations, including three basic logic gates, one three-input AND gate, and two complex logic operations, in a digital non-leaky way. In addition, the layered nanoflare can serve as a programmable strategy to sequentially tune the size of nanoparticles, as well as a new fingerprint spectrum technique for intelligent multiplex biosensing. More importantly, the nanoflare developed here can also act as a single entity for intracellular DNA logic gate delivery, without the need of commercial transfection agents or other auxiliary carriers. By incorporating DNA circuits on nanoparticles, the presented layered nanoflare will broaden the applications of DNA circuits in biological systems, and facilitate the development of DNA nanotechnology.DNA strand displacement cascades have been engineered to construct various fascinating DNA circuits. However, biological applications are limited by the insufficient cellular internalization of naked DNA structures, as well as the separated multicomponent feature. In this work, these problems are addressed by the development of a novel DNA nanodevice, termed intelligent layered nanoflare, which integrates DNA computing at the nanoscale, via the self-assembly of DNA flares on a single gold nanoparticle. As a ``lab-on-a-nanoparticle'', the intelligent layered nanoflare could be engineered to perform a variety of Boolean logic gate operations, including three basic logic gates, one three-input AND gate, and two complex logic operations, in a digital non-leaky way. In addition, the layered nanoflare can serve as a programmable strategy to sequentially tune the size of nanoparticles, as well as a new fingerprint spectrum technique for intelligent multiplex biosensing. More importantly, the nanoflare developed here can also act as a single entity for intracellular DNA logic gate delivery, without the need of commercial transfection agents or other auxiliary carriers. By incorporating DNA circuits on nanoparticles, the presented layered nanoflare will broaden the applications of DNA circuits in biological systems, and facilitate the development of DNA nanotechnology. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Additional figures (Table S1, Fig. S1-S5). See DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01676a

Model-based approach for cyber-physical attack detection in water distribution systems.

PubMed

Housh, Mashor; Ohar, Ziv

2018-08-01

Modern Water Distribution Systems (WDSs) are often controlled by Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems and Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) which manage their operation and maintain a reliable water supply. As such, and with the cyber layer becoming a central component of WDS operations, these systems are at a greater risk of being subjected to cyberattacks. This paper offers a model-based methodology based on a detailed hydraulic understanding of WDSs combined with an anomaly detection algorithm for the identification of complex cyberattacks that cannot be fully identified by hydraulically based rules alone. The results show that the proposed algorithm is capable of achieving the best-known performance when tested on the data published in the BATtle of the Attack Detection ALgorithms (BATADAL) competition (http://www.batadal.net). Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

World's Cheapest Readout Electronics for Kinetic Inductance Detector by Using RedPitaya

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tomita, N.; Jeong, H.; Choi, J.; Ishitsuka, H.; Mima, S.; Nagasaki, T.; Oguri, S.; Tajima, O.

2016-07-01

The kinetic inductance detector (KID) is a cutting-edge superconducting detector. The number of KID developers is growing. Most of them have switched from their previous study to superconducting technologies. Therefore, infrastructures for the fabrication of KIDs and cooling systems for their tests have already been established. However, readout electronics have to be newly prepared. Neither a commercial system nor low-cost standard electronics are available despite various attempts to create a standard one. We suggest the use of RedPitaya as readout electronics for the initial step of KID development, which is low cost (≈ 400 USD) and easy to set up. The RedPitaya consists of an all-programmable FPGA-CPU module and a dual-channel 14 bit DAC (ADC) to generate (measure) fast analog signals with 125 MSpS. Each port can be synchronized in-phase or quadrature-phase, and functions for generating and sampling analog signal are prepared. It is straightforward to construct vector network analyzer-like logic by using a combination of these default functions. Up-conversion and down-conversion of its frequency range are also possible by using commercial equipment, i.e., mixers, couplers, and a local oscillator. We implemented direct down-conversion logic on the RedPitaya, and successfully demonstrated KID signal measurements.

Logical optical line terminal technologies towards flexible and highly reliable metro- and access-integrated networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Okamoto, Satoru; Sato, Takehiro; Yamanaka, Naoaki

2017-01-01

In this paper, flexible and highly reliable metro and access integrated networks with network virtualization and software defined networking technologies will be presented. Logical optical line terminal (L-OLT) technologies and active optical distribution networks (ODNs) are the key to introduce flexibility and high reliability into the metro and access integrated networks. In the Elastic Lambda Aggregation Network (EλAN) project which was started in 2012, a concept of the programmable optical line terminal (P-OLT) has been proposed. A role of the P-OLT is providing multiple network services that have different protocols and quality of service requirements by single OLT box. Accommodated services will be Internet access, mobile front-haul/back-haul, data-center access, and leased line. L-OLTs are configured within the P-OLT box to support the functions required for each network service. Multiple P-OLTs and programmable optical network units (P-ONUs) are connected by the active ODN. Optical access paths which have flexible capacity are set on the ODN to provide network services from L-OLT to logical ONUs (L-ONUs). The L-OLT to L-ONU path on the active ODN provides a logical connection. Therefore, introducing virtualization technologies becomes possible. One example is moving an L-OLT from one P-OLT to another P-OLT like a virtual machine. This movement is called L-OLT migration. The L-OLT migration provides flexible and reliable network functions such as energy saving by aggregating L-OLTs to a limited number of P-OLTs, and network wide optical access path restoration. Other L-OLT virtualization technologies and experimental results will be also discussed in the paper.

Heuristics for Scientific Experimentation: A Developmental Study.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Klahr, David; And Others

1993-01-01

Studied developmental differences in the search constraint heuristics used in scientific reasoning using 12 undergraduates, 20 community college students, 17 fifth to seventh graders (grade 6), and 15 third graders taught to use a programmable robot. Adults use domain-general skills that go beyond the logic of confirmation and disconfirmation.…

Security Enhancement of Littoral Combat Ship Class Utilizing an Autonomous Mustering and Pier Monitoring System

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-03-01

allows the programmer to use the English language in an expressive manor while still maintaining the logical structure of a programming language ( Pressman ...and Choudhury Tanzeem. 2000. Face Recognition for Smart Environments, IEEE Computer, pp. 50–55. Pressman , Roger. 2010. Software Engineering A

[The improved design of table operating box of digital subtraction angiography device].

PubMed

Qi, Xianying; Zhang, Minghai; Han, Fengtan; Tang, Feng; He, Lemin

2009-12-01

In this paper are analyzed the disadvantages of CGO-3000 digital subtraction angiography table Operating Box. The authors put forward a communication control scheme between single-chip microcomputer(SCM) and programmable logic controller(PLC). The details of hardware and software of communication are given.

Electromechanical Devices and Controllers. Electronics Module 10. Instructor's Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carter, Ed

This module is the tenth of 10 modules in the competency-based electronics series. Introductory materials include a listing of competencies addressed in the module, a parts/equipment list, and a cross-reference table of instructional materials. Six instructional units cover: electromechanical control devices; programmable logic controllers (PLC);…

The Programmable Calculator in the Classroom.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stolarz, Theodore J.

The uses of programable calculators in the mathematics classroom are presented. A discussion of the "microelectronics revolution" that has brought programable calculators into our society is also included. Pointed out is that the logical or mental processes used to program the programable calculator are identical to those used to program…

Towards Quantifying Programmable Logic Controller Resilience Against Intentional Exploits

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-22

may improve the SCADA system’s resilience against DoS and man-in-the-middle ( MITM ) attacks. DoS attacks may be mitigated by using the redundant...paths available on the network links. MITM attacks may be mitigated by the data integrity checks associated with the middleware. Figure 4 illustrates

Three In-Course Assessment Reforms to Improve Higher Education Learning Outcomes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sadler, D. Royce

2016-01-01

A current international concern is that, for too large a proportion of graduates, their higher order cognitive and practical capabilities are below acceptable levels. The constituent courses of academic programmes are the most logical sites for developing these capabilities. Contributing to patchy attainment are deficiencies in three particular…

Introducing a new monitoring manual for home fortification and strengthening capacity to monitor nutrition interventions.

PubMed

Jefferds, Maria Elena D; Flores-Ayala, Rafael

2015-12-01

Lack of monitoring capacity is a key barrier for nutrition interventions and limits programme management, decision making and programme effectiveness in many low-income and middle-income countries. A 2011 global assessment reported lack of monitoring capacity was the top barrier for home fortification interventions, such as micronutrient powders or lipid-based nutrient supplements. A Manual for Developing and Implementing Monitoring Systems for Home Fortification Interventions was recently disseminated. It is comprehensive and describes monitoring concepts and frameworks and includes monitoring tools and worksheets. The monitoring manual describes the steps of developing and implementing a monitoring system for home fortification interventions, including identifying and engaging stakeholders; developing a programme description including logic model and logical framework; refining the purpose of the monitoring system, identifying users and their monitoring needs; describing the design of the monitoring system; developing indicators; describing the core components of a comprehensive monitoring plan; and considering factors related to stage of programme development, sustainability and scale up. A fictional home fortification example is used throughout the monitoring manual to illustrate these steps. The monitoring manual is a useful tool to support the development and implementation of home fortification intervention monitoring systems. In the context of systematic capacity gaps to design, implement and monitor nutrition interventions in many low-income and middle-income countries, the dissemination of new tools, such as monitoring manuals may have limited impact without additional attention to strengthening other individual, organisational and systems levels capacities. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Cooperation Among Theorem Provers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Waldinger, Richard J.

1998-01-01

This is a final report, which supports NASA's PECSEE (Persistent Cognizant Software Engineering Environment) effort and complements the Kestrel Institute project "Inference System Integration via Logic Morphism". The ultimate purpose of the project is to develop a superior logical inference mechanism by combining the diverse abilities of multiple cooperating theorem provers. In many years of research, a number of powerful theorem-proving systems have arisen with differing capabilities and strengths. Resolution theorem provers (such as Kestrel's KITP or SRI's, SNARK) deal with first-order logic with equality but not the principle of mathematical induction. The Boyer-Moore theorem prover excels at proof by induction but cannot deal with full first-order logic. Both are highly automated but cannot accept user guidance easily. The PVS system (from SRI) in only automatic within decidable theories, but it has well-designed interactive capabilities: furthermore, it includes higher-order logic, not just first-order logic. The NuPRL system from Cornell University and the STeP system from Stanford University have facilities for constructive logic and temporal logic, respectively - both are interactive. It is often suggested - for example, in the anonymous "QED Manifesto"-that we should pool the resources of all these theorem provers into a single system, so that the strengths of one can compensate for the weaknesses of others, and so that effort will not be duplicated. However, there is no straightforward way of doing this, because each system relies on its own language and logic for its success. Thus. SNARK uses ordinary first-order logic with equality, PVS uses higher-order logic. and NuPRL uses constructive logic. The purpose of this project, and the companion project at Kestrel, has been to use the category-theoretic notion of logic morphism to combine systems with different logics and languages. Kestrel's SPECWARE system has been the vehicle for the implementation.

Versatile and Programmable DNA Logic Gates on Universal and Label-Free Homogeneous Electrochemical Platform.

PubMed

Ge, Lei; Wang, Wenxiao; Sun, Ximei; Hou, Ting; Li, Feng

2016-10-04

Herein, a novel universal and label-free homogeneous electrochemical platform is demonstrated, on which a complete set of DNA-based two-input Boolean logic gates (OR, NAND, AND, NOR, INHIBIT, IMPLICATION, XOR, and XNOR) is constructed by simply and rationally deploying the designed DNA polymerization/nicking machines without complicated sequence modulation. Single-stranded DNA is employed as the proof-of-concept target/input to initiate or prevent the DNA polymerization/nicking cyclic reactions on these DNA machines to synthesize numerous intact G-quadruplex sequences or binary G-quadruplex subunits as the output. The generated output strands then self-assemble into G-quadruplexes that render remarkable decrease to the diffusion current response of methylene blue and, thus, provide the amplified homogeneous electrochemical readout signal not only for the logic gate operations but also for the ultrasensitive detection of the target/input. This system represents the first example of homogeneous electrochemical logic operation. Importantly, the proposed homogeneous electrochemical logic gates possess the input/output homogeneity and share a constant output threshold value. Moreover, the modular design of DNA polymerization/nicking machines enables the adaptation of these homogeneous electrochemical logic gates to various input and output sequences. The results of this study demonstrate the versatility and universality of the label-free homogeneous electrochemical platform in the design of biomolecular logic gates and provide a potential platform for the further development of large-scale DNA-based biocomputing circuits and advanced biosensors for multiple molecular targets.

Sequence invariant state machines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Whitaker, S.; Manjunath, S.

1990-01-01

A synthesis method and new VLSI architecture are introduced to realize sequential circuits that have the ability to implement any state machine having N states and m inputs, regardless of the actual sequence specified in the flow table. A design method is proposed that utilizes BTS logic to implement regular and dense circuits. A given state sequence can be programmed with power supply connections or dynamically reallocated if stored in a register. Arbitrary flow table sequences can be modified or programmed to dynamically alter the function of the machine. This allows VLSI controllers to be designed with the programmability of a general purpose processor but with the compact size and performance of dedicated logic.

Sequence-invariant state machines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Whitaker, Sterling R.; Manjunath, Shamanna K.; Maki, Gary K.

1991-01-01

A synthesis method and an MOS VLSI architecture are presented to realize sequential circuits that have the ability to implement any state machine having N states and m inputs, regardless of the actual sequence specified in the flow table. The design method utilizes binary tree structured (BTS) logic to implement regular and dense circuits. The desired state sequence can be hardwired with power supply connections or can be dynamically reallocated if stored in a register. This allows programmable VLSI controllers to be designed with a compact size and performance approaching that of dedicated logic. Results of ICV implementations are reported and an example sequence-invariant state machine is contrasted with implementations based on traditional methods.

Combining fuzzy mathematics with fuzzy logic to solve business management problems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vrba, Joseph A.

1993-12-01

Fuzzy logic technology has been applied to control problems with great success. Because of this, many observers fell that fuzzy logic is applicable only in the control arena. However, business management problems almost never deal with crisp values. Fuzzy systems technology--a combination of fuzzy logic, fuzzy mathematics and a graphical user interface--is a natural fit for developing software to assist in typical business activities such as planning, modeling and estimating. This presentation discusses how fuzzy logic systems can be extended through the application of fuzzy mathematics and the use of a graphical user interface to make the information contained in fuzzy numbers accessible to business managers. As demonstrated through examples from actual deployed systems, this fuzzy systems technology has been employed successfully to provide solutions to the complex real-world problems found in the business environment.

[National health resources for highly specialised medicine].

PubMed

Bratlid, Dag; Rasmussen, Knut

2005-11-03

In order to monitor quality and efficiency in the use of health resources for highly specialised medicine, a National Professional Council has since 1990 advised the Norwegian health authorities on the establishing and localisation of such services. A comprehensive review of both the quality, economy and the geographical distribution of patients in each specialised service has been carried out. 33 defined national programmes were centralised to one hospital only and distributed among seven university hospitals. Eight multiregional programmes were centralised to two hospitals only and included four university hospitals. In 2001, a total of 2711 new patients were treated in these programmes. The system seems to have secured a sufficient patient flow to each programme so as to maintain quality. However, a geographically skewed distribution of patients was noted, particularly in some of the national programmes. In a small country like Norway, with 4.5 million inhabitants, a centralised monitoring of highly specialised medicine seems both rational and successful. By the same logic, however, international cooperation should probably be sought for the smallest patient groups.

Logic Gate Operation by DNA Translocation through Biological Nanopores.

PubMed

Yasuga, Hiroki; Kawano, Ryuji; Takinoue, Masahiro; Tsuji, Yutaro; Osaki, Toshihisa; Kamiya, Koki; Miki, Norihisa; Takeuchi, Shoji

2016-01-01

Logical operations using biological molecules, such as DNA computing or programmable diagnosis using DNA, have recently received attention. Challenges remain with respect to the development of such systems, including label-free output detection and the rapidity of operation. Here, we propose integration of biological nanopores with DNA molecules for development of a logical operating system. We configured outputs "1" and "0" as single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) that is or is not translocated through a nanopore; unlabeled DNA was detected electrically. A negative-AND (NAND) operation was successfully conducted within approximately 10 min, which is rapid compared with previous studies using unlabeled DNA. In addition, this operation was executed in a four-droplet network. DNA molecules and associated information were transferred among droplets via biological nanopores. This system would facilitate linking of molecules and electronic interfaces. Thus, it could be applied to molecular robotics, genetic engineering, and even medical diagnosis and treatment.

Hyperbranched Hybridization Chain Reaction for Triggered Signal Amplification and Concatenated Logic Circuits.

PubMed

Bi, Sai; Chen, Min; Jia, Xiaoqiang; Dong, Ying; Wang, Zonghua

2015-07-06

A hyper-branched hybridization chain reaction (HB-HCR) is presented herein, which consists of only six species that can metastably coexist until the introduction of an initiator DNA to trigger a cascade of hybridization events, leading to the self-sustained assembly of hyper-branched and nicked double-stranded DNA structures. The system can readily achieve ultrasensitive detection of target DNA. Moreover, the HB-HCR principle is successfully applied to construct three-input concatenated logic circuits with excellent specificity and extended to design a security-mimicking keypad lock system. Significantly, the HB-HCR-based keypad lock can alarm immediately if the "password" is incorrect. Overall, the proposed HB-HCR with high amplification efficiency is simple, homogeneous, fast, robust, and low-cost, and holds great promise in the development of biosensing, in the programmable assembly of DNA architectures, and in molecular logic operations. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Logical NAND and NOR Operations Using Algorithmic Self-assembly of DNA Molecules

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Yanfeng; Cui, Guangzhao; Zhang, Xuncai; Zheng, Yan

DNA self-assembly is the most advanced and versatile system that has been experimentally demonstrated for programmable construction of patterned systems on the molecular scale. It has been demonstrated that the simple binary arithmetic and logical operations can be computed by the process of self assembly of DNA tiles. Here we report a one-dimensional algorithmic self-assembly of DNA triple-crossover molecules that can be used to execute five steps of a logical NAND and NOR operations on a string of binary bits. To achieve this, abstract tiles were translated into DNA tiles based on triple-crossover motifs. Serving as input for the computation, long single stranded DNA molecules were used to nucleate growth of tiles into algorithmic crystals. Our method shows that engineered DNA self-assembly can be treated as a bottom-up design techniques, and can be capable of designing DNA computer organization and architecture.

Three challenges to the complementarity of the logic and the pragmatics of science.

PubMed

Uebel, Thomas

2015-10-01

The bipartite metatheory thesis attributes to Rudolf Carnap, Philipp Frank and Otto Neurath a conception of the nature of post-metaphysical philosophy of science that sees the purely formal-logical analyses of the logic of science as complemented by empirical inquiries into the psychology, sociology and history of science. Three challenges to this thesis are considered in this paper: that Carnap did not share this conception of the nature of philosophy of science even on a programmatic level, that Carnap's detailed analysis of the language of science is incompatible with one developed by Neurath for the pursuit of empirical studies of science, and, finally, that Neurath himself was confused about the programme of which the bipartite metatheory thesis makes him a representative. I argue that all three challenges can be met and refuted. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Logic Gate Operation by DNA Translocation through Biological Nanopores

PubMed Central

Takinoue, Masahiro; Tsuji, Yutaro; Osaki, Toshihisa; Kamiya, Koki; Miki, Norihisa; Takeuchi, Shoji

2016-01-01

Logical operations using biological molecules, such as DNA computing or programmable diagnosis using DNA, have recently received attention. Challenges remain with respect to the development of such systems, including label-free output detection and the rapidity of operation. Here, we propose integration of biological nanopores with DNA molecules for development of a logical operating system. We configured outputs “1” and “0” as single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) that is or is not translocated through a nanopore; unlabeled DNA was detected electrically. A negative-AND (NAND) operation was successfully conducted within approximately 10 min, which is rapid compared with previous studies using unlabeled DNA. In addition, this operation was executed in a four-droplet network. DNA molecules and associated information were transferred among droplets via biological nanopores. This system would facilitate linking of molecules and electronic interfaces. Thus, it could be applied to molecular robotics, genetic engineering, and even medical diagnosis and treatment. PMID:26890568

Reprogrammable Logic Gate and Logic Circuit Based on Multistimuli-Responsive Raspberry-like Micromotors.

PubMed

Zhang, Lina; Zhang, Hui; Liu, Mei; Dong, Bin

2016-06-22

In this paper, we report a polymer-based raspberry-like micromotor. Interestingly, the resulting micromotor exhibits multistimuli-responsive motion behavior. Its on-off-on motion can be regulated by the application of stimuli such as H2O2, near-infrared light, NH3, or their combinations. Because of the versatility in motion control, the current micromotor has great potential in the application field of logic gate and logic circuit. With use of different stimuli as the inputs and the micromotor motion as the output, reprogrammable OR and INHIBIT logic gates or logic circuit consisting of OR, NOT, and AND logic gates can be achieved.

A Remote Laboratory Platform for Electrical Drive Control Using Programmable Logic Controllers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ferrater-Simon, C.; Molas-Balada, L.; Gomis-Bellmunt, O.; Lorenzo-Martinez, N.; Bayo-Puxan, O.; Villafafila-Robles, R.

2009-01-01

Many teaching institutions worldwide are working on distance learning applications. In this field, remote laboratories are enabling intensive use of university facilities, while aiding the work of professors and students. The present paper introduces a platform designed to be used in industrial automation practical work. The platform is…

Design Method for Numerical Function Generators Based on Polynomial Approximation for FPGA Implementation

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-08-01

with a Design Specification de- scribed by Scilab [26], a MATLAB-like software applica- tion, and ends up with HDL code. The Design Specifica- tion...Conf. on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL’05), Tampere, Finland, pp. 118–123, Aug. 2005. [26] Scilab 3.0, INRIA-ENPC, France, http

An evaluation of a micro programmable logic controller for oxygen monitoring and control in tanks of a recirculating aquaculture system

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Control of dissolved gases, especially oxygen is an essential component of recirculating aquaculture systems. The use of pure oxygen in a recirculating aquaculture system creates supersaturated concentrations of dissolved oxygen and can reduce fish production costs by supporting greater fish and fee...

A distributed control system for the lower-hybrid current drive system on the Tokamak de Varennes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bagdoo, J.; Guay, J. M.; Chaudron, G.-A.; Decoste, R.; Demers, Y.; Hubbard, A.

1990-08-01

An rf current drive system with an output power of 1 MW at 3.7 GHz is under development for the Tokamak de Varennes. The control system is based on an Ethernet local-area network of programmable logic controllers as front end, personal computers as consoles, and CAMAC-based DSP processors. The DSP processors ensure the PID control of the phase and rf power of each klystron, and the fast protection of high-power rf hardware, all within a 40 μs loop. Slower control and protection, event sequencing and the run-time database are provided by the programmable logic controllers, which communicate, via the LAN, with the consoles. The latter run a commercial process-control console software. The LAN protocol respects the first four layers of the ISO/OSI 802.3 standard. Synchronization with the tokamak control system is provided by commercially available CAMAC timing modules which trigger shot-related events and reference waveform generators. A detailed description of each subsystem and a performance evaluation of the system will be presented.

Evaluation of automated decisionmaking methodologies and development of an integrated robotic system simulation, appendix B

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Haley, D. C.; Almand, B. J.; Thomas, M. M.; Krauze, L. D.; Gremban, K. D.; Sanborn, J. C.; Kelly, J. H.; Depkovich, T. M.

1984-01-01

The purpose of the Robotics Simulation (ROBSIM) program is to provide a broad range of computer capabilities to assist in the design, verification, simulation, and study of robotic systems. ROBSIM is programmed in FORTRAN 77 and implemented on a VAX 11/750 computer using the VMS operating system. This programmer's guide describes the ROBSIM implementation and program logic flow, and the functions and structures of the different subroutines. With this manual and the in-code documentation, and experienced programmer can incorporate additional routines and modify existing ones to add desired capabilities.

Multiprog virtual laboratory applied to PLC programming learning

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shyr, Wen-Jye

2010-10-01

This study develops a Multiprog virtual laboratory for a mechatronics education designed to teach how to programme a programmable logic controller (PLC). The study was carried out with 34 students in the Department of Industry Education and Technology at National Changhua University of Education in Taiwan. In total, 17 students were assigned to each group, experimental and control. Two laboratory exercises were designed to provide students with experience in PLC programming. The results show that the experiments supported by Multiprog virtual laboratory user-friendly control interfaces generate positive meaningful results in regard to students' knowledge and understanding of the material.

Rational construction of gel-based supramolecular logic gates by using a functional gelator with multiple-stimuli responsive properties.

PubMed

Fan, Kaiqi; Yang, Jun; Wang, Xiaobo; Song, Jian

2014-11-07

A gelator containing a sorbitol moiety and a naphthalene-based salicylideneaniline group exhibits macroscopic gel-sol behavior in response to four complementary input stimuli: temperature, UV light, OH(-), and Cu(2+). On the basis of its multiple-stimuli responsive properties, we constructed a rational gel-based supramolecular logic gate that performed OR and INH types of reversible stimulus responsive gel-sol transition in the presence of various combinations of the four stimuli when the gel state was defined as an output. Moreover, a combination two-output logic gate was obtained, owing to the existence of the naked eye as an additional output. Hence, gelator 1 could construct not only a basic logic gate, but also a two-input-two-output logic gate because of its response to multiple chemical stimuli and multiple output signals, in which one input could erase the effect of another input.

TraceContract

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kavelund, Klaus; Barringer, Howard

2012-01-01

TraceContract is an API (Application Programming Interface) for trace analysis. A trace is a sequence of events, and can, for example, be generated by a running program, instrumented appropriately to generate events. An event can be any data object. An example of a trace is a log file containing events that a programmer has found important to record during a program execution. Trace - Contract takes as input such a trace together with a specification formulated using the API and reports on any violations of the specification, potentially calling code (reactions) to be executed when violations are detected. The software is developed as an internal DSL (Domain Specific Language) in the Scala programming language. Scala is a relatively new programming language that is specifically convenient for defining such internal DSLs due to a number of language characteristics. This includes Scala s elegant combination of object-oriented and functional programming, a succinct notation, and an advanced type system. The DSL offers a combination of data-parameterized state machines and temporal logic, which is novel. As an extension of Scala, it is a very expressive and convenient log file analysis framework.

The Cognitive Development of Secondary School Students in the Republic of Korea.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Han, Jong-Ha

This paper describes a study designed to investigate the development of scientific reasoning or logical thinking patterns of South Korean secodary school students. The scientific reasoning or logical thinking patterns were categorized into patterns of logic such as seriation, combinations, proportion, control of variables, probability, and…

Discovering Knowledge from Noisy Databases Using Genetic Programming.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wong, Man Leung; Leung, Kwong Sak; Cheng, Jack C. Y.

2000-01-01

Presents a framework that combines Genetic Programming and Inductive Logic Programming, two approaches in data mining, to induce knowledge from noisy databases. The framework is based on a formalism of logic grammars and is implemented as a data mining system called LOGENPRO (Logic Grammar-based Genetic Programming System). (Contains 34…

A Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation Platform for the Verification and Validation of Safety Control Systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rankin, Drew J.; Jiang, Jin

2011-04-01

Verification and validation (V&V) of safety control system quality and performance is required prior to installing control system hardware within nuclear power plants (NPPs). Thus, the objective of the hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) platform introduced in this paper is to verify the functionality of these safety control systems. The developed platform provides a flexible simulated testing environment which enables synchronized coupling between the real and simulated world. Within the platform, National Instruments (NI) data acquisition (DAQ) hardware provides an interface between a programmable electronic system under test (SUT) and a simulation computer. Further, NI LabVIEW resides on this remote DAQ workstation for signal conversion and routing between Ethernet and standard industrial signals as well as for user interface. The platform is applied to the testing of a simplified implementation of Canadian Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) shutdown system no. 1 (SDS1) which monitors only the steam generator level of the simulated NPP. CANDU NPP simulation is performed on a Darlington NPP desktop training simulator provided by Ontario Power Generation (OPG). Simplified SDS1 logic is implemented on an Invensys Tricon v9 programmable logic controller (PLC) to test the performance of both the safety controller and the implemented logic. Prior to HIL simulation, platform availability of over 95% is achieved for the configuration used during the V&V of the PLC. Comparison of HIL simulation results to benchmark simulations shows good operational performance of the PLC following a postulated initiating event (PIE).

Dispositional logic

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Le Balleur, J. C.

1988-01-01

The applicability of conventional mathematical analysis (based on the combination of two-valued logic and probability theory) to problems in which human judgment, perception, or emotions play significant roles is considered theoretically. It is shown that dispositional logic, a branch of fuzzy logic, has particular relevance to the common-sense reasoning typical of human decision-making. The concepts of dispositionality and usuality are defined analytically, and a dispositional conjunctive rule and dispositional modus ponens are derived.

Intelligent layered nanoflare: "lab-on-a-nanoparticle" for multiple DNA logic gate operations and efficient intracellular delivery.

PubMed

Yang, Bin; Zhang, Xiao-Bing; Kang, Li-Ping; Huang, Zhi-Mei; Shen, Guo-Li; Yu, Ru-Qin; Tan, Weihong

2014-08-07

DNA strand displacement cascades have been engineered to construct various fascinating DNA circuits. However, biological applications are limited by the insufficient cellular internalization of naked DNA structures, as well as the separated multicomponent feature. In this work, these problems are addressed by the development of a novel DNA nanodevice, termed intelligent layered nanoflare, which integrates DNA computing at the nanoscale, via the self-assembly of DNA flares on a single gold nanoparticle. As a "lab-on-a-nanoparticle", the intelligent layered nanoflare could be engineered to perform a variety of Boolean logic gate operations, including three basic logic gates, one three-input AND gate, and two complex logic operations, in a digital non-leaky way. In addition, the layered nanoflare can serve as a programmable strategy to sequentially tune the size of nanoparticles, as well as a new fingerprint spectrum technique for intelligent multiplex biosensing. More importantly, the nanoflare developed here can also act as a single entity for intracellular DNA logic gate delivery, without the need of commercial transfection agents or other auxiliary carriers. By incorporating DNA circuits on nanoparticles, the presented layered nanoflare will broaden the applications of DNA circuits in biological systems, and facilitate the development of DNA nanotechnology.

Nonvolatile “AND,” “OR,” and “NOT” Boolean logic gates based on phase-change memory

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, Y.; Zhong, Y. P.; Deng, Y. F.

2013-12-21

Electronic devices or circuits that can implement both logic and memory functions are regarded as the building blocks for future massive parallel computing beyond von Neumann architecture. Here we proposed phase-change memory (PCM)-based nonvolatile logic gates capable of AND, OR, and NOT Boolean logic operations verified in SPICE simulations and circuit experiments. The logic operations are parallel computing and results can be stored directly in the states of the logic gates, facilitating the combination of computing and memory in the same circuit. These results are encouraging for ultralow-power and high-speed nonvolatile logic circuit design based on novel memory devices.

Automating Access Control Logics in Simple Type Theory with LEO-II

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Benzmüller, Christoph

Garg and Abadi recently proved that prominent access control logics can be translated in a sound and complete way into modal logic S4. We have previously outlined how normal multimodal logics, including monomodal logics K and S4, can be embedded in simple type theory and we have demonstrated that the higher-order theorem prover LEO-II can automate reasoning in and about them. In this paper we combine these results and describe a sound (and complete) embedding of different access control logics in simple type theory. Employing this framework we show that the off the shelf theorem prover LEO-II can be applied to automate reasoning in and about prominent access control logics.

A programmable time alignment scheme for detector signals from the upgraded muon spectrometer at the ATLAS experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Jinhong; Guan, Liang; Chapman, J.; Zhou, Bing; Zhu, Junjie

2017-11-01

We present a programmable time alignment scheme used in an ASIC for the ATLAS forward muon trigger development. The scheme utilizes regenerated clocks with programmable phases to compensate for the timing offsets introduced by different detector trace lengths. Each ASIC used in the design has 104 input channels with delay compensation circuitry providing steps of ∼3 ns and a full range of 25 ns for each channel. Detailed implementation of the scheme including majority logic to suppress single-event effects is presented. The scheme is flexible and fully synthesizable. The approach is adaptable to other applications with similar phase shifting requirements. In addition, the design is resource efficient and is suitable for cost-effective digital implementation with a large number of channels.

Diagnostic performance of optical coherence tomography ganglion cell--inner plexiform layer thickness measurements in early glaucoma.

PubMed

Mwanza, Jean-Claude; Budenz, Donald L; Godfrey, David G; Neelakantan, Arvind; Sayyad, Fouad E; Chang, Robert T; Lee, Richard K

2014-04-01

To evaluate the glaucoma diagnostic performance of ganglion cell inner-plexiform layer (GCIPL) parameters used individually and in combination with retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) or optic nerve head (ONH) parameters measured with Cirrus HD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc, Dublin, CA). Prospective cross-sectional study. Fifty patients with early perimetric glaucoma and 49 age-matched healthy subjects. Three peripapillary RNFL and 3 macular GCIPL scans were obtained in 1 eye of each participant. A patient was considered glaucomatous if at least 2 of the 3 RNFL or GCIPL scans had the average or at least 1 sector measurement flagged at 1% to 5% or less than 1%. The diagnostic performance was determined for each GCIPL, RNFL, and ONH parameter as well as for binary or-logic and and-logic combinations of GCIPL with RNFL or ONH parameters. Sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), and negative likelihood ratio (NLR). Among GCIPL parameters, the minimum had the best diagnostic performance (sensitivity, 82.0%; specificity, 87.8%; PLR, 6.69; and NLR, 0.21). Inferior quadrant was the best RNFL parameter (sensitivity, 74%; specificity, 95.9%; PLR, 18.13; and NLR, 0.27), as was rim area (sensitivity, 68%; specificity, 98%; PLR, 33.3; and NLR, 0.33) among ONH parameters. The or-logic combination of minimum GCIPL and average RNFL provided the overall best diagnostic performance (sensitivity, 94%; specificity, 85.7%; PRL, 6.58; and NLR, 0.07) as compared with the best RNFL, best ONH, and best and-logic combination (minimum GCIPL and inferior quadrant RNFL; sensitivity, 64%; specificity, 100%; PLR, infinity; and NPR, 0.36). The binary or-logic combination of minimum GCIPL and average RNFL or rim area provides better diagnostic performances than those of and-logic combinations or best single GCIPL, RNFL, or ONH parameters. This finding may be clinically valuable for the diagnosis of early glaucoma. Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Dispositional logic

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zadeh, L.A.

1988-01-01

The applicability of conventional mathematical analysis (based on the combination of two-valued logic and probability theory) to problems in which human judgment, perception, or emotions play significant roles is considered theoretically. It is shown that dispositional logic, a branch of fuzzy logic, has particular relevance to the common-sense reasoning typical of human decision-making. The concepts of dispositionality and usuality are defined analytically, and a dispositional conjunctive rule and dispositional modus ponens are derived. 7 references.

The political economy of rationing health care in England and the US: the 'accidental logics' of political settlements.

PubMed

Bevan, Gwyn; Brown, Lawrence D

2014-07-01

This article considers how the 'accidental logics' of political settlements for the English National Health Service (NHS) and the Medicare and Medicaid programmes in the United States have resulted in different institutional arrangements and different implicit social contracts for rationing, which we define to be the denial of health care that is beneficial but is deemed to be too costly. This article argues that rationing is designed into the English NHS and designed out of US Medicare; and compares rationing for the elderly in the United States and in England for acute care, care at the end of life, and chronic care.

Institutional patterns in the Austrian space sector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wong, Annie; Burg, Elco van; Giannopapa, Christina

2018-01-01

This paper employs the institutional logics perspective to understand how space policies and regulations influences entrepreneurship and innovation. We conducted interviews with entrepreneurs, ESA policy makers and governmental representatives in Austria and identified six prevailing institutional practices: geographical return, the SME-initiatives, the national support pattern, the size pattern, the consortium pattern and the experience pattern. Together, these patterns make up the semi-governmental logic of the space sector. We find that space actors adhere to these patterns to earn legitimacy, which is a condition for support and access to resources. This study adds to our understanding in the consequences of policies and contributes to the design of new space policies and programmes.

Hybrid CMOS/Molecular Integrated Circuits

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stan, M. R.; Rose, G. S.; Ziegler, M. M.

CMOS silicon technologies are likely to run out of steam in the next 10-15 years despite revolutionary advances in the past few decades. Molecular and other nanoscale technologies show significant promise but it is unlikely that they will completely replace CMOS, at least in the near term. This chapter explores opportunities for using CMOS and nanotechnology to enhance and complement each other in hybrid circuits. As an example of such a hybrid CMOS/nano system, a nanoscale programmable logic array (PLA) based on majority logic is described along with its supplemental CMOS circuitry. It is believed that such systems will be able to sustain the historical advances in the semiconductor industry while addressing manufacturability, yield, power, cost, and performance challenges.

Digital MOS integrated circuits

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elmasry, M. I.

MOS in digital circuit design is considered along with aspects of digital VLSI, taking into account a comparison of MOSFET logic circuits, 1-micrometer MOSFET VLSI technology, a generalized guide for MOSFET miniaturization, processing technologies, novel circuit structures for VLSI, and questions of circuit and system design for VLSI. MOS memory cells and circuits are discussed, giving attention to a survey of high-density dynamic RAM cell concepts, one-device cells for dynamic random-access memories, variable resistance polysilicon for high density CMOS Ram, high performance MOS EPROMs using a stacked-gate cell, and the optimization of the latching pulse for dynamic flip-flop sensors. Programmable logic arrays are considered along with digital signal processors, microprocessors, static RAMs, and dynamic RAMs.

Compact Numerical Function Generators Based on Quadratic Approximation: Architecture and Synthesis Method

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-12-01

Specifi- cation described by Scilab [19], a MATLAB-like software, into HDL code. The Design Specification consists of a func- tion f (x), a domain over x...In- ter. Conf. on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL’05), pp.118–123, Tampere, Finland, Aug. 2005. [19] Scilab 3.0, INRIA-ENPC, France

Use of a micro programmable logic controller for oxygen monitoring and control in multiple tanks of a recirculating aquaculture system

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

In intensive recirculating aquaculture systems the use of supplemental oxygen, specifically pure liquid oxygen, increases the mass of fish that can be supported and eliminates oxygen as a major limiting factor to a system’s carrying capacity. The use of pure oxygen in a recirculating aquaculture sys...

Troubleshooting of an Electromechanical System (Westinghouse PLC Controlling a Pneumatic Robot). High-Technology Training Module.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tucker, James D.

This training module on the troubleshooting of an electromechanical system, The Westinghouse Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) controlling a pneumatic robot, is used for a troubleshooting unit in an electromechanical systems/robotics and automation systems course. In this unit, students locate and repair a defect in a PLC-operated machine. The…

The Department of Defense Very High Speed Integrated Circuit (VHSIC) Technology Availability Program Plan for the Committees on Armed Services United States Congress.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-06-30

features of computer aided design systems and statistical quality control procedures that are generic to chip sets and processes. RADIATION HARDNESS -The...System PSP Programmable Signal Processor SSI Small Scale Integration ." TOW Tube Launched, Optically Tracked, Wire Guided TTL Transistor Transitor Logic

Advanced Ground Systems Maintenance Cryogenics Test Lab Control System Upgrade Project

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Harp, Janice Leshay

2014-01-01

This project will outfit the Simulated Propellant Loading System (SPLS) at KSC's Cryogenics Test Laboratory with a new programmable logic control system. The control system upgrade enables the Advanced Ground Systems Maintenace Element Integration Team and other users of the SPLS to conduct testing in a controls environment similar to that used at the launch pad.

A Semantic Parsing Method for Mapping Clinical Questions to Logical Forms

PubMed Central

Roberts, Kirk; Patra, Braja Gopal

2017-01-01

This paper presents a method for converting natural language questions about structured data in the electronic health record (EHR) into logical forms. The logical forms can then subsequently be converted to EHR-dependent structured queries. The natural language processing task, known as semantic parsing, has the potential to convert questions to logical forms with extremely high precision, resulting in a system that is usable and trusted by clinicians for real-time use in clinical settings. We propose a hybrid semantic parsing method, combining rule-based methods with a machine learning-based classifier. The overall semantic parsing precision on a set of 212 questions is 95.6%. The parser’s rules furthermore allow it to “know what it does not know”, enabling the system to indicate when unknown terms prevent it from understanding the question’s full logical structure. When combined with a module for converting a logical form into an EHR-dependent query, this high-precision approach allows for a question answering system to provide a user with a single, verifiably correct answer. PMID:29854217

Real-time plasma control based on the ISTTOK tomography diagnostica)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carvalho, P. J.; Carvalho, B. B.; Neto, A.; Coelho, R.; Fernandes, H.; Sousa, J.; Varandas, C.; Chávez-Alarcón, E.; Herrera-Velázquez, J. J. E.

2008-10-01

The presently available processing power in generic processing units (GPUs) combined with state-of-the-art programmable logic devices benefits the implementation of complex, real-time driven, data processing algorithms for plasma diagnostics. A tomographic reconstruction diagnostic has been developed for the ISTTOK tokamak, based on three linear pinhole cameras each with ten lines of sight. The plasma emissivity in a poloidal cross section is computed locally on a submillisecond time scale, using a Fourier-Bessel algorithm, allowing the use of the output signals for active plasma position control. The data acquisition and reconstruction (DAR) system is based on ATCA technology and consists of one acquisition board with integrated field programmable gate array (FPGA) capabilities and a dual-core Pentium module running real-time application interface (RTAI) Linux. In this paper, the DAR real-time firmware/software implementation is presented, based on (i) front-end digital processing in the FPGA; (ii) a device driver specially developed for the board which enables streaming data acquisition to the host GPU; and (iii) a fast reconstruction algorithm running in Linux RTAI. This system behaves as a module of the central ISTTOK control and data acquisition system (FIRESIGNAL). Preliminary results of the above experimental setup are presented and a performance benchmarking against the magnetic coil diagnostic is shown.

Valve system incorporating single failure protection logic

DOEpatents

Ryan, Rodger; Timmerman, Walter J. H.

1980-01-01

A valve system incorporating single failure protective logic. The system consists of a valve combination or composite valve which allows actuation or de-actuation of a device such as a hydraulic cylinder or other mechanism, integral with or separate from the valve assembly, by means of three independent input signals combined in a function commonly known as two-out-of-three logic. Using the input signals as independent and redundant actuation/de-actuation signals, a single signal failure, or failure of the corresponding valve or valve set, will neither prevent the desired action, nor cause the undesired action of the mechanism.

Interference Path Loss Prediction in A319/320 Airplanes Using Modulated Fuzzy Logic and Neural Networks

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jafri, Madiha J.; Ely, Jay J.; Vahala, Linda L.

2007-01-01

In this paper, neural network (NN) modeling is combined with fuzzy logic to estimate Interference Path Loss measurements on Airbus 319 and 320 airplanes. Interference patterns inside the aircraft are classified and predicted based on the locations of the doors, windows, aircraft structures and the communication/navigation system-of-concern. Modeled results are compared with measured data. Combining fuzzy logic and NN modeling is shown to improve estimates of measured data over estimates obtained with NN alone. A plan is proposed to enhance the modeling for better prediction of electromagnetic coupling problems inside aircraft.

How to calculate the annual costs of NGO-implemented programmes to support orphans and vulnerable children: a six-step approach

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Background Information on the costs of implementing programmes designed to provide support of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) in sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere is increasingly being requested by donors for programme evaluation purposes. To date, little information exists to document the costs and structure of costs of OVC programmes as actually implemented "on the ground" by local non-governmental organizations (NGOs). This analysis provides a practical, six-step approach that NGOs can incorporate into routine operations to evaluate their costs of implementing their OVC programmes annually. This approach is applied to the Community-Based Care for Orphans and Vulnerable Children (CBCO) Program implemented by BIDII (a Kenyan NGO) in Eastern Province of Kenya. Methods and results The costing methodology involves the following six steps: accessing and organizing the NGO's annual financial report into logical sub-categories; reorganizing the sub-categories into input cost categories to create a financial cost profile; estimating the annual equivalent payment for programme equipment; documenting donations to the NGO for programme implementation; including a portion of NGO organizational costs not attributed to specific programmes; and including the results of Steps 3-5 into an expanded cost profile. Detailed results are provided for the CBCO programme. Conclusions This paper shows through a concrete example how NGOs implementing OVC programmes (and other public health programmes) can organize themselves for data collection and documentation prospectively during the implementation of their OVC programmes so that costing analyses become routine practice to inform programme implementation rather than a painful and flawed retrospective activity. Such information is required if the costs and outcomes achieved by OVC programmes will ever be clearly documented and compared across OVC programmes and other types of programmes (prevention, treatment, etc.). PMID:22182588

How to calculate the annual costs of NGO-implemented programmes to support orphans and vulnerable children: a six-step approach.

PubMed

Larson, Bruce A; Wambua, Nancy

2011-12-19

Information on the costs of implementing programmes designed to provide support of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) in sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere is increasingly being requested by donors for programme evaluation purposes. To date, little information exists to document the costs and structure of costs of OVC programmes as actually implemented "on the ground" by local non-governmental organizations (NGOs). This analysis provides a practical, six-step approach that NGOs can incorporate into routine operations to evaluate their costs of implementing their OVC programmes annually. This approach is applied to the Community-Based Care for Orphans and Vulnerable Children (CBCO) Program implemented by BIDII (a Kenyan NGO) in Eastern Province of Kenya. The costing methodology involves the following six steps: accessing and organizing the NGO's annual financial report into logical sub-categories; reorganizing the sub-categories into input cost categories to create a financial cost profile; estimating the annual equivalent payment for programme equipment; documenting donations to the NGO for programme implementation; including a portion of NGO organizational costs not attributed to specific programmes; and including the results of Steps 3-5 into an expanded cost profile. Detailed results are provided for the CBCO programme. This paper shows through a concrete example how NGOs implementing OVC programmes (and other public health programmes) can organize themselves for data collection and documentation prospectively during the implementation of their OVC programmes so that costing analyses become routine practice to inform programme implementation rather than a painful and flawed retrospective activity. Such information is required if the costs and outcomes achieved by OVC programmes will ever be clearly documented and compared across OVC programmes and other types of programmes (prevention, treatment, etc.).

Three-Function Logic Gate Controlled by Analog Voltage

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zebulum, Ricardo; Stoica, Adrian

2006-01-01

The figure is a schematic diagram of a complementary metal oxide/semiconductor (CMOS) electronic circuit that performs one of three different logic functions, depending on the level of an externally applied control voltage, V(sub sel). Specifically, the circuit acts as A NAND gate at V(sub sel) = 0.0 V, A wire (the output equals one of the inputs) at V(sub sel) = 1.0 V, or An AND gate at V(sub sel) = -1.8 V. [The nominal power-supply potential (VDD) and logic "1" potential of this circuit is 1.8 V.] Like other multifunctional circuits described in several prior NASA Tech Briefs articles, this circuit was synthesized following an automated evolutionary approach that is so named because it is modeled partly after the repetitive trial-and-error process of biological evolution. An evolved circuit can be tested by computational simulation and/or tested in real hardware, and the results of the test can provide guidance for refining the design through further iteration. The evolutionary synthesis of electronic circuits can now be implemented by means of a software package Genetic Algorithms for Circuit Synthesis (GACS) that was developed specifically for this purpose. GACS was used to synthesize the present trifunctional circuit. As in the cases of other multifunctional circuits described in several prior NASA Tech Briefs articles, the multiple functionality of this circuit, the use of a single control voltage to select the function, and the automated evolutionary approach to synthesis all contribute synergistically to a combination of features that are potentially advantageous for the further development of robust, multiple-function logic circuits, including, especially, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). These advantages include the following: This circuit contains only 9 transistors about half the number of transistors that would be needed to obtain equivalent NAND/wire/AND functionality by use of components from a standard digital design library. If multifunctional gates like this circuit were used in the place of the configurable logic blocks of present commercial FPGAs, it would be possible to change the functions of the resulting digital systems within shorter times. For example, by changing a single control voltage, one could change the function of thousands of FPGA cells within nanoseconds. In contrast, typically, the reconfiguration in a conventional FPGA by use of bits downloaded from look-up tables via a digital bus takes microseconds.

Compact field programmable gate array-based pulse-sequencer and radio-frequency generator for experiments with trapped atoms.

PubMed

Pruttivarasin, Thaned; Katori, Hidetoshi

2015-11-01

We present a compact field-programmable gate array (FPGA) based pulse sequencer and radio-frequency (RF) generator suitable for experiments with cold trapped ions and atoms. The unit is capable of outputting a pulse sequence with at least 32 transistor-transistor logic (TTL) channels with a timing resolution of 40 ns and contains a built-in 100 MHz frequency counter for counting electrical pulses from a photo-multiplier tube. There are 16 independent direct-digital-synthesizers RF sources with fast (rise-time of ∼60 ns) amplitude switching and sub-mHz frequency tuning from 0 to 800 MHz.

A new cognitive rehabilitation programme for patients with multiple sclerosis: the 'MS-line! Project'.

PubMed

Gich, Jordi; Freixenet, Jordi; Garcia, Rafael; Vilanova, Joan Carles; Genís, David; Silva, Yolanda; Montalban, Xavier; Ramió-Torrentà, Lluís

2015-09-01

Cognitive rehabilitation is often delayed in multiple sclerosis (MS). To develop a free and specific cognitive rehabilitation programme for MS patients to be used from early stages that does not interfere with daily living activities. MS-line!, cognitive rehabilitation materials consisting of written, manipulative and computer-based materials with difficulty levels developed by a multidisciplinary team. Mathematical, problem-solving and word-based exercises were designed. Physical materials included spatial, coordination and reasoning games. Computer-based material included logic and reasoning, working memory and processing speed games. Cognitive rehabilitation exercises that are specific for MS patients have been successfully developed. © The Author(s), 2014.

Compact field programmable gate array-based pulse-sequencer and radio-frequency generator for experiments with trapped atoms

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pruttivarasin, Thaned, E-mail: thaned.pruttivarasin@riken.jp; Katori, Hidetoshi; Innovative Space-Time Project, ERATO, JST, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656

We present a compact field-programmable gate array (FPGA) based pulse sequencer and radio-frequency (RF) generator suitable for experiments with cold trapped ions and atoms. The unit is capable of outputting a pulse sequence with at least 32 transistor-transistor logic (TTL) channels with a timing resolution of 40 ns and contains a built-in 100 MHz frequency counter for counting electrical pulses from a photo-multiplier tube. There are 16 independent direct-digital-synthesizers RF sources with fast (rise-time of ∼60 ns) amplitude switching and sub-mHz frequency tuning from 0 to 800 MHz.

Growth Processes and Formal Logic. Comments on History and Mathematics Regarded as Combined Educational Tools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Seltman, Muriel; Seltman, P. E. J.

1978-01-01

The authors stress the importance of bringing together the causal logic of history and the formal logic of mathematics in order to humanize mathematics and make it more accessible. An example of such treatment is given in a discussion of the centrality of Euclid and the Euclidean system to mathematics development. (MN)

Memristor-based programmable logic array (PLA) and analysis as Memristive networks.

PubMed

Lee, Kwan-Hee; Lee, Sang-Jin; Kim, Seok-Man; Cho, Kyoungrok

2013-05-01

A Memristor theorized by Chua in 1971 has the potential to dramatically influence the way electronic circuits are designed. It is a two terminal device whose resistance state is based on the history of charge flow brought about as the result of the voltage being applied across its terminals and hence can be thought of as a special case of a reconfigurable resistor. Nanoscale devices using dense and regular fabrics such as Memristor cross-bar is promising new architecture for System-on-Chip (SoC) implementations in terms of not only the integration density that the technology can offer but also both improved performance and reduced power dissipation. Memristor has the capacity to switch between high and low resistance states in a cross-bar circuit configuration. The cross-bars are formed from an array of vertical conductive nano-wires cross a second array of horizontal conductive wires. Memristors are realized at the intersection of the two wires in the array through appropriate processing technology such that any particular wire in the vertical array can be connected to a wire in the horizontal array by switching the resistance of a particular intersection to a low state while other cross-points remain in a high resistance state. However the approach introduces a number of challenges. The lack of voltage gain prevents logic being cascaded and voltage level degradation affects robustness of the operation. Moreover the cross-bars introduce sneak current paths when two or more cross points are connected through the switched Memristor. In this paper, we propose Memristor-based programmable logic array (PLA) architecture and develop an analytical model to analyze the logic level on the memristive networks. The proposed PLA architecture has 12 inputs maximum and can be cascaded for more input variables with R(off)/R(on) ratio in the range from 55 to 160 of Memristors.

Development of Algorithms for Control of Humidity in Plant Growth Chambers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Costello, Thomas A.

2003-01-01

Algorithms were developed to control humidity in plant growth chambers used for research on bioregenerative life support at Kennedy Space Center. The algorithms used the computed water vapor pressure (based on measured air temperature and relative humidity) as the process variable, with time-proportioned outputs to operate the humidifier and de-humidifier. Algorithms were based upon proportional-integral-differential (PID) and Fuzzy Logic schemes and were implemented using I/O Control software (OPTO-22) to define and download the control logic to an autonomous programmable logic controller (PLC, ultimate ethernet brain and assorted input-output modules, OPTO-22), which performed the monitoring and control logic processing, as well the physical control of the devices that effected the targeted environment in the chamber. During limited testing, the PLC's successfully implemented the intended control schemes and attained a control resolution for humidity of less than 1%. The algorithms have potential to be used not only with autonomous PLC's but could also be implemented within network-based supervisory control programs. This report documents unique control features that were implemented within the OPTO-22 framework and makes recommendations regarding future uses of the hardware and software for biological research by NASA.

Enzyme-Based Logic Gates and Networks with Output Signals Analyzed by Various Methods.

PubMed

Katz, Evgeny

2017-07-05

The paper overviews various methods that are used for the analysis of output signals generated by enzyme-based logic systems. The considered methods include optical techniques (optical absorbance, fluorescence spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance), electrochemical techniques (cyclic voltammetry, potentiometry, impedance spectroscopy, conductivity measurements, use of field effect transistor devices, pH measurements), and various mechanoelectronic methods (using atomic force microscope, quartz crystal microbalance). Although each of the methods is well known for various bioanalytical applications, their use in combination with the biomolecular logic systems is rather new and sometimes not trivial. Many of the discussed methods have been combined with the use of signal-responsive materials to transduce and amplify biomolecular signals generated by the logic operations. Interfacing of biocomputing logic systems with electronics and "smart" signal-responsive materials allows logic operations be extended to actuation functions; for example, stimulating molecular release and switchable features of bioelectronic devices, such as biofuel cells. The purpose of this review article is to emphasize the broad variability of the bioanalytical systems applied for signal transduction in biocomputing processes. All bioanalytical systems discussed in the article are exemplified with specific logic gates and multi-gate networks realized with enzyme-based biocatalytic cascades. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Installing logic-gate responses to a variety of biological substances in supramolecular hydrogel-enzyme hybrids.

PubMed

Ikeda, Masato; Tanida, Tatsuya; Yoshii, Tatsuyuki; Kurotani, Kazuya; Onogi, Shoji; Urayama, Kenji; Hamachi, Itaru

2014-06-01

Soft materials that exhibit stimuli-responsive behaviour under aqueous conditions (such as supramolecular hydrogels composed of self-assembled nanofibres) have many potential biological applications. However, designing a macroscopic response to structurally complex biochemical stimuli in these materials still remains a challenge. Here we show that redox-responsive peptide-based hydrogels have the ability to encapsulate enzymes and still retain their activities. Moreover, cooperative coupling of enzymatic reactions with the gel response enables us to construct unique stimuli-responsive soft materials capable of sensing a variety of disease-related biomarkers. The programmable gel-sol response (even to biological samples) is visible to the naked eye. Furthermore, we built Boolean logic gates (OR and AND) into the hydrogel-enzyme hybrid materials, which were able to sense simultaneously plural specific biochemicals and execute a controlled drug release in accordance with the logic operation. The intelligent soft materials that we have developed may prove valuable in future medical diagnostics or treatments.

KM3NeT Digital Optical Module electronics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Real, Diego

2016-04-01

The KM3NeT collaboration is currently building of a neutrino telescope with a volume of several cubic kilometres at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. The telescope consists of a matrix of Digital Optical Modules that will detect the Cherenkov light originated by the interaction of the neutrinos in the proximity of the detector. This contribution describes the main components of the read-out electronics of the Digital Optical Module: the Power Board, which delivers all the power supply required by the Digital Optical Molule electronics; the Central Logic Board, the main core of the read-out system, hosting 31 Time to Digital Converters with 1 ns resolution and the White Rabbit protocol embedded in the Central Logic Board Field Programmable Gate Array; the Octopus boards, that transfer the Low Voltage Digital Signals from the PMT bases to the Central Logic Board and finally the PMT bases, in charge of converting the analogue signal produced in the 31 3" PMTs into a Low Voltage Digital Signal.

Installing logic-gate responses to a variety of biological substances in supramolecular hydrogel-enzyme hybrids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ikeda, Masato; Tanida, Tatsuya; Yoshii, Tatsuyuki; Kurotani, Kazuya; Onogi, Shoji; Urayama, Kenji; Hamachi, Itaru

2014-06-01

Soft materials that exhibit stimuli-responsive behaviour under aqueous conditions (such as supramolecular hydrogels composed of self-assembled nanofibres) have many potential biological applications. However, designing a macroscopic response to structurally complex biochemical stimuli in these materials still remains a challenge. Here we show that redox-responsive peptide-based hydrogels have the ability to encapsulate enzymes and still retain their activities. Moreover, cooperative coupling of enzymatic reactions with the gel response enables us to construct unique stimuli-responsive soft materials capable of sensing a variety of disease-related biomarkers. The programmable gel-sol response (even to biological samples) is visible to the naked eye. Furthermore, we built Boolean logic gates (OR and AND) into the hydrogel-enzyme hybrid materials, which were able to sense simultaneously plural specific biochemicals and execute a controlled drug release in accordance with the logic operation. The intelligent soft materials that we have developed may prove valuable in future medical diagnostics or treatments.

Bidirectional automatic release of reserve for low voltage network made with low capacity PLCs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Popa, I.; Popa, G. N.; Diniş, C. M.; Deaconu, S. I.

2018-01-01

The article presents the design of a bidirectional automatic release of reserve made on two types low capacity programmable logic controllers: PS-3 from Klöckner-Moeller and Zelio from Schneider. It analyses the electronic timing circuits that can be used for making the bidirectional automatic release of reserve: time-on delay circuit and time-off delay circuit (two types). In the paper are present the sequences code for timing performed on the PS-3 PLC, the logical functions for the bidirectional automatic release of reserve, the classical control electrical diagram (with contacts, relays, and time relays), the electronic control diagram (with logical gates and timing circuits), the code (in IL language) made for the PS-3 PLC, and the code (in FBD language) made for Zelio PLC. A comparative analysis will be carried out on the use of the two types of PLC and will be present the advantages of using PLCs.

Ultrafast, high repetition rate, ultraviolet, fiber-laser-based source: application towards Yb⁺ fast quantum-logic.

PubMed

Hussain, Mahmood Irtiza; Petrasiunas, Matthew Joseph; Bentley, Christopher D B; Taylor, Richard L; Carvalho, André R R; Hope, Joseph J; Streed, Erik W; Lobino, Mirko; Kielpinski, David

2016-07-25

Trapped ions are one of the most promising approaches for the realization of a universal quantum computer. Faster quantum logic gates could dramatically improve the performance of trapped-ion quantum computers, and require the development of suitable high repetition rate pulsed lasers. Here we report on a robust frequency upconverted fiber laser based source, able to deliver 2.5 ps ultraviolet (UV) pulses at a stabilized repetition rate of 300.00000 MHz with an average power of 190 mW. The laser wavelength is resonant with the strong transition in Ytterbium (Yb⁺) at 369.53 nm and its repetition rate can be scaled up using high harmonic mode locking. We show that our source can produce arbitrary pulse patterns using a programmable pulse pattern generator and fast modulating components. Finally, simulations demonstrate that our laser is capable of performing resonant, temperature-insensitive, two-qubit quantum logic gates on trapped Yb⁺ ions faster than the trap period and with fidelity above 99%.

Implementation of trinary logic in a polarization encoded optical shadow-casting scheme.

PubMed

Rizvi, R A; Zaheer, K; Zubairy, M S

1991-03-10

The design of various multioutput trinary combinational logic units by a polarization encoded optical shadow-casting (POSC) technique is presented. The POSC modified algorithm is employed to design and implement these logic elements in a trinary number system with separate and simultaneous generation of outputs. A detailed solution of the POSC logic equations for a fixed source plane and a fixed decoding mask is given to obtain input pixel coding for a trinary half-adder, full adder, and subtractor.

Program manual for the Shuttle Electric Power System analysis computer program (SEPS), volume 1 of program documentation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bains, R. W.; Herwig, H. A.; Luedeman, J. K.; Torina, E. M.

1974-01-01

The Shuttle Electric Power System (SEPS) computer program is considered in terms of the program manual, programmer guide, and program utilization. The main objective is to provide the information necessary to interpret and use the routines comprising the SEPS program. Subroutine descriptions including the name, purpose, method, variable definitions, and logic flow are presented.

Programme Evaluation Theory: The Next Step toward a Synthesis of Logic Models and Organisational Theory

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fear, William J.

2007-01-01

This paper argues that the formulation of policy, at whatever level, to whatever scale or scope, is any different to the myriad of processes involved in strategic planning within and between organisations, and the attendant decision making processes that abound in such an environment (Hage, 1980; Hickson, 1987; Thompson, 1967; Weick, 1976). Those…

Firmware Counterfeiting and Modification Attacks on Programmable Logic Controllers

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-01

86 5.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Appendix A: ControlLogix Firmware Operation Flowcharts ...direct analysis of firmware on the device. 87 Appendix A: ControlLogix Firmware Operation Flowcharts Figure A.1: Overview of ControlLogix L61 operation...105 [43] Oshana, Rob. “Introduction to JTAG”. Embedded, October 29, 2002. URL http://www.embedded.com/electronics-blogs/ beginner -s-corner/4024466

Automatic Configuration of Programmable Logic Controller Emulators

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-03-01

25 11 Example tree generated using UPGMA [Edw13] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 12 Example sequence alignment for two... UPGMA Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean URL uniform resource locator VM virtual machine XML Extensible Markup Language xx List of...appearance in the ses- sion, and then they are clustered again using Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean ( UPGMA ) with a distance matrix based

British Degrees Made in Hong Kong: An Enquiry into the Role of Space and Place in Transnational Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Leung, Maggi W. H.; Waters, Johanna L.

2013-01-01

The fundamental logic of transnational education programmes is a one-to-one transfer of institutional capital across space and an unimportance of place. This article interrogates these presumptions and argues that space and place play an important role in transnational education. Drawing on research that examines the experiences of students and…

Control Systems of Rubber Dryer Machinery Components Using Programmable Logic Control (PLC)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hendra; Yulianto, A. S.; Indriani, A.; Hernadewita; Hermiyetti

2018-02-01

Application of programmable logic control (PLC) is widely used on the control systems in the many field engineering such as automotive, aviation, food processing and other industries [1-2]. PLC is simply program to control many automatic activity, easy to use, flexible and others. PLC using the ladder program to solve and regulated the control system component. In previous research, PLC was used for control system of rotary dryer machine. In this paper PLC are used for control system of motion component in the rubber dryer machinery. Component of rubber dryer machine is motors, gearbox, sprocket, heater, drying chamber and bearing. Principle working of rubber dryer machinery is wet rubber moving into the drying chamber by sprocket. Sprocket is driven by motors that conducted by PLC to moving and set of wet rubber on the drying chamber. Drying system uses greenhouse effect by making hanger dryer design in the form of line path. In this paper focused on motion control system motors and sensors drying rubber using PLC. The results show that control system of rubber dryer machinery can work in accordance control input and the time required to dry the rubber.

Designing the Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) as a service: Prioritising patients over administrative logic.

PubMed

McKnight, Jacob; Holt, Douglas B

2014-01-01

Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) vaccination rates remain well below herd immunity in regions of many countries despite huge international resources devoted to both financing and access. We draw upon service marketing theory, organisational sociology, development anthropology and cultural consumer research to conduct an ethnographic study of vaccination delivery in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia - one such region. We find that Western public health sector policies are dominated by an administrative logic. Critical failures in delivery are produced by a system that obfuscates the on-the-ground problems that mothers face in trying to vaccinate their children, while instead prioritising administrative processes. Our ethnographic analysis of 83 mothers who had not vaccinated their children reveals key barriers to vaccination from a 'customer' perspective. While mothers value vaccination, it is a 'low involvement' good compared to the acute daily needs of a subsistence life. The costs imposed by poor service - such as uncaring staff with class hostilities, unpredictable and missed schedules and long waits - are too much and so they forego the service. Our service design framework illuminates specific service problems from the mother's perspective and points towards simple service innovations that could improve vaccination rates in regions that have poor uptake.

Assessing tomorrow's learners: in competency-based education only a radically different holistic method of assessment will work. Six things we could forget.

PubMed

Schuwirth, Lambert; Ash, Julie

2013-07-01

In this paper we are challenging six traditional notions about assessment that are unhelpful when designing 'assessment for learning'-programmes for competency-based education. We are arguing for the following: Reductionism is not the only way to assure rigour in high-stakes assessment; holistic judgements can be equally rigorous. Combining results of assessment parts only because they are of the same format (like different stations in an OSCE) is often not defensible; instead there must be a logically justifiable combination. Numbers describe the quality of the assessment. Therefore, manipulating the numbers is usually not the best way to improve its quality. Not every assessment moment needs to be a decision moment, disconnecting both makes combining summative and formative functions of assessment easier. Standardisation is not the only route to equity. Especially with diverse student groups tailoring is more equitable than standardisation. The most important element to standardise is the quality of the process and not the process itself. Finally, most assessment is too much focussed on detecting deficiencies and not on valuing individual student differences. In competency-based education--especially with a focus on learner orientation--this 'deficiency-model' is not as well aligned as a 'differences-model'.

Microfluidic Pneumatic Logic Circuits and Digital Pneumatic Microprocessors for Integrated Microfluidic Systems

PubMed Central

Rhee, Minsoung

2010-01-01

We have developed pneumatic logic circuits and microprocessors built with microfluidic channels and valves in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The pneumatic logic circuits perform various combinational and sequential logic calculations with binary pneumatic signals (atmosphere and vacuum), producing cascadable outputs based on Boolean operations. A complex microprocessor is constructed from combinations of various logic circuits and receives pneumatically encoded serial commands at a single input line. The device then decodes the temporal command sequence by spatial parallelization, computes necessary logic calculations between parallelized command bits, stores command information for signal transportation and maintenance, and finally executes the command for the target devices. Thus, such pneumatic microprocessors will function as a universal on-chip control platform to perform complex parallel operations for large-scale integrated microfluidic devices. To demonstrate the working principles, we have built 2-bit, 3-bit, 4-bit, and 8-bit microprecessors to control various target devices for applications such as four color dye mixing, and multiplexed channel fluidic control. By significantly reducing the need for external controllers, the digital pneumatic microprocessor can be used as a universal on-chip platform to autonomously manipulate microfluids in a high throughput manner. PMID:19823730

DNA-Based Dynamic Reaction Networks.

PubMed

Fu, Ting; Lyu, Yifan; Liu, Hui; Peng, Ruizi; Zhang, Xiaobing; Ye, Mao; Tan, Weihong

2018-05-21

Deriving from logical and mechanical interactions between DNA strands and complexes, DNA-based artificial reaction networks (RNs) are attractive for their high programmability, as well as cascading and fan-out ability, which are similar to the basic principles of electronic logic gates. Arising from the dream of creating novel computing mechanisms, researchers have placed high hopes on the development of DNA-based dynamic RNs and have strived to establish the basic theories and operative strategies of these networks. This review starts by looking back on the evolution of DNA dynamic RNs; in particular' the most significant applications in biochemistry occurring in recent years. Finally, we discuss the perspectives of DNA dynamic RNs and give a possible direction for the development of DNA circuits. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Installing logic gates in permeability controllable polyelectrolyte-carbon nitride films for detecting proteases and nucleases.

PubMed

Chen, Lichan; Zeng, Xiaoting; Dandapat, Anirban; Chi, Yuwu; Kim, Donghwan

2015-09-01

Proteases and nucleases are enzymes heavily involved in many important biological processes, such as cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis; hence, they are indicative of potential diagnostic biomarkers. Here, we demonstrate a new label free and sensitive electrochemiluminescent (ECL) sensing strategy for protease and nuclease assays that utilize target-triggered desorption of programmable polyelectrolyte films assembled on graphite-like carbon nitride (g-C3N4) film to regulate the diffusion flux of a coreactant. Furthermore, we have built Boolean logic gates OR and AND into the polyelectrolyte films, capable of simultaneously sensing proteases and nucleases in a complicated system by breaking it into simple functions. The developed intelligent permeability controlled enzyme sensor may prove valuable in future medical diagnostics.

Trinary Associative Memory Would Recognize Machine Parts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Liu, Hua-Kuang; Awwal, Abdul Ahad S.; Karim, Mohammad A.

1991-01-01

Trinary associative memory combines merits and overcomes major deficiencies of unipolar and bipolar logics by combining them in three-valued logic that reverts to unipolar or bipolar binary selectively, as needed to perform specific tasks. Advantage of associative memory: one obtains access to all parts of it simultaneously on basis of content, rather than address, of data. Consequently, used to exploit fully parallelism and speed of optical computing.

"Plug and play" logic gates based on fluorescence switching regulated by self-assembly of nucleotide and lanthanide ions.

PubMed

Pu, Fang; Ren, Jinsong; Qu, Xiaogang

2014-06-25

Molecular logic gates in response to chemical, biological, or optical input signals at a molecular level have received much interest over the past decade. Herein, we construct "plug and play" logic systems based on the fluorescence switching of guest molecules confined in coordination polymer nanoparticles generated from nucleotide and lanthanide ions. In the system, the addition of new modules directly enables new logic functions. PASS 0, YES, PASS 1, NOT, IMP, OR, and AND gates are successfully constructed in sequence. Moreover, different logic gates (AND, INH, and IMP) can be constructed using different guest molecules and the same input combinations. The work will be beneficial to the future logic design and expand the applications of coordination polymers.

"Glitch Logic" and Applications to Computing and Information Security

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stoica, Adrian; Katkoori, Srinivas

2009-01-01

This paper introduces a new method of information processing in digital systems, and discusses its potential benefits to computing and information security. The new method exploits glitches caused by delays in logic circuits for carrying and processing information. Glitch processing is hidden to conventional logic analyses and undetectable by traditional reverse engineering techniques. It enables the creation of new logic design methods that allow for an additional controllable "glitch logic" processing layer embedded into a conventional synchronous digital circuits as a hidden/covert information flow channel. The combination of synchronous logic with specific glitch logic design acting as an additional computing channel reduces the number of equivalent logic designs resulting from synthesis, thus implicitly reducing the possibility of modification and/or tampering with the design. The hidden information channel produced by the glitch logic can be used: 1) for covert computing/communication, 2) to prevent reverse engineering, tampering, and alteration of design, and 3) to act as a channel for information infiltration/exfiltration and propagation of viruses/spyware/Trojan horses.

Criteria for evaluating programme theory diagrams in quality improvement initiatives: a structured method for appraisal.

PubMed

Issen, Laurel; Woodcock, Thomas; McNicholas, Christopher; Lennox, Laura; Reed, Julie E

2018-04-09

Despite criticisms that many quality improvement (QI) initiatives fail due to incomplete programme theory, there is no defined way to evaluate how programme theory has been articulated. The objective of this research was to develop, and assess the usability and reliability of scoring criteria to evaluate programme theory diagrams. Criteria development was informed by published literature and QI experts. Inter-rater reliability was tested between two evaluators. About 63 programme theory diagrams (42 driver diagrams and 21 action-effect diagrams) were reviewed to establish whether the criteria could support comparative analysis of different approaches to constructing diagrams. Components of the scoring criteria include: assessment of overall aim, logical overview, clarity of components, cause-effect relationships, evidence and measurement. Independent reviewers had 78% inter-rater reliability. Scoring enabled direct comparison of different approaches to developing programme theory; action-effect diagrams were found to have had a statistically significant but moderate improvement in programme theory quality over driver diagrams; no significant differences were observed based on the setting in which driver diagrams were developed. The scoring criteria summarise the necessary components of programme theory that are thought to contribute to successful QI projects. The viability of the scoring criteria for practical application was demonstrated. Future uses include assessment of individual programme theory diagrams and comparison of different approaches (e.g. methodological, teaching or other QI support) to produce programme theory. The criteria can be used as a tool to guide the production of better programme theory diagrams, and also highlights where additional support for QI teams could be needed.

Gallium Arsenide Domino Circuit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yang, Long; Long, Stephen I.

1990-01-01

Advantages include reduced power and high speed. Experimental gallium arsenide field-effect-transistor (FET) domino circuit replicated in large numbers for use in dynamic-logic systems. Name of circuit denotes mode of operation, which logic signals propagate from each stage to next when successive stages operated at slightly staggered clock cycles, in manner reminiscent of dominoes falling in a row. Building block of domino circuit includes input, inverter, and level-shifting substages. Combinational logic executed in input substage. During low half of clock cycle, result of logic operation transmitted to following stage.

A flexible 32-channel time-to-digital converter implemented in a Xilinx Zynq-7000 field programmable gate array

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Yonggang; Kuang, Jie; Liu, Chong; Cao, Qiang; Li, Deng

2017-03-01

A high performance multi-channel time-to-digital converter (TDC) is implemented in a Xilinx Zynq-7000 field programmable gate array (FPGA). It can be flexibly configured as either 32 TDC channels with 9.9 ps time-interval RMS precision, 16 TDC channels with 6.9 ps RMS precision, or 8 TDC channels with 5.8 ps RMS precision. All TDCs have a 380 M Samples/second measurement throughput and a 2.63 ns measurement dead time. The performance consistency and temperature dependence of TDC channels are also evaluated. Because Zynq-7000 FPGA family integrates a feature-rich dual-core ARM based processing system and 28 nm Xilinx programmable logic in a single device, the realization of high performance TDCs on it will make the platform more widely used in time-measuring related applications.

Impacts of Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) development on recreation and tourism. Volume 5. Program logic manual

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

The final report for the project is presented in five volumes. This volume is the Programmer's Manual. It covers: a system overview, attractiveness component of gravity model, trip-distribution component of gravity model, economic-effects model, and the consumer-surplus model. The project sought to determine the impact of Outer Continental Shelf development on recreation and tourism.

Using archived ITS data to measure the operational benefits of a system-wide adaptive ramp metering system : appendix online\\0x20106: OR\\0x2010217 NB time-space speed contour plots with meter activations.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2008-12-01

Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) were installed at several key ramps with the assistance of the City of Portland and used to capture additional data about ramp operations that are not otherwise logged. The data include include the activation and...

Firmware Modification Analysis in Programmable Logic Controllers

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-03-27

security and operational requirements [18, 19]. Money is a factor for the DOD but not a driving one. With private industry, money is a primary influential... functions in the original firmware. A proof-of-concept experiment demonstrates the functionality of the analysis tool using different firmware versions...Opcode Difference Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.1.2.3 Function Difference Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.1.2.4 Call Graph

Danger of Prolific Cybercrime and Network DDOS from Unprotected IoT Devices

Science.gov Websites

been around for more than 40 years. But people didn't know about it because most of the internet of things was industrial internet of things. So when you had programmable logical controls, remote terminal for People Power Company. And Scott Wu is also from NewSky. He's on as well. And we'll talk a few

Test Bus Evaluation

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-04-01

selected is statistically based on the total number of faults and the failure rate distribution in the system under test. The fault set is also...implemented the BPM and system level emulation consolidation logic as well as statistics counters for cache misses and various bus transactions. These...instruction F22 Advanced Tactical Fighter FET Field Effect Transitor FF Flip-Flop FM Failures/Milhon hours C-3 FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array GET

Unappreciated epidemiology: the churn effect in a regional HIV care programme.

PubMed

Gill, M J; Krentz, H B

2009-08-01

High levels of geographic mobility in and out of HIV care centres (i.e. the churn effect) can disrupt the continuity of patient care, misalign prevention services, impact local prevalence data perturbing optimal allocation of resources, and contribute to logical challenges in repeated transfer of health records. We report on the clinical, demographic, and administrative impact of high population turnover within HIV populations.

Standard Transistor Array (Star): SIMLOG/TESTGN programmer's guide, volume 2, addendum 2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Carroll, B. D.

1979-01-01

A brief introduction to the SIMLOG/TESTGN system of programs is given. SIMLOG is a logic simulation program, whereas TESTGN is a program for generating test sequences from output produced by SIMLOG. The structures of the two programs are described. Data base, main program, and subprogram details are also given. Guidelines for program modifications are discussed. Commented program listings are included.

Sensor sentinel computing device

DOEpatents

Damico, Joseph P.

2016-08-02

Technologies pertaining to authenticating data output by sensors in an industrial environment are described herein. A sensor sentinel computing device receives time-series data from a sensor by way of a wireline connection. The sensor sentinel computing device generates a validation signal that is a function of the time-series signal. The sensor sentinel computing device then transmits the validation signal to a programmable logic controller in the industrial environment.

Concept and realization of a fully configurable and programmable data-acquisition system for the neutron scattering instruments at SINQ

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Greuter, U.; Buehler, C.; Rasmussen, P.; Emmenegger, M.; Maden, D.; Koennecke, M.; Schlumpf, N.

We present the basic concept and the realization of our fully configurable data-acquisition hardware for the neutron scattering instruments at SINQ. This system allows collection of the different data entities and event-related signals generated by the various detector units. It offers a variety of synchronization options, including a time-measuring mode for time-of-flight determinations. Based on configurable logic (FPGA, CPLD), event rates up to the MHz range can be processed and transmitted to a programmable online data-reduction system (Histogram Memory). It is implemented on a commercially available VME Power PC module running a real-time operating system (VxWorks).

A bipolar population counter using wave pipelining to achieve 2.5 x normal clock frequency

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wong, Derek C.; De Micheli, Giovanni; Flynn, Michael J.; Huston, Robert E.

1992-01-01

Wave pipelining is a technique for pipelining digital systems that can increase clock frequency in practical circuits without increasing the number of storage elements. In wave pipelining, multiple coherent waves of data are sent through a block of combinational logic by applying new inputs faster than the delay through the logic. The throughput of a 63-b CML population counter was increased from 97 to 250 MHz using wave pipelining. The internal circuit is flowthrough combinational logic. Novel CAD methods have balanced all input-to-output paths to about the same delay. This allows multiple data waves to propagate in sequence when the circuit is clocked faster than its propagation delay.

Complex logic functions implemented with quantum dot bionanophotonic circuits.

PubMed

Claussen, Jonathan C; Hildebrandt, Niko; Susumu, Kimihiro; Ancona, Mario G; Medintz, Igor L

2014-03-26

We combine quantum dots (QDs) with long-lifetime terbium complexes (Tb), a near-IR Alexa Fluor dye (A647), and self-assembling peptides to demonstrate combinatorial and sequential bionanophotonic logic devices that function by time-gated Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Upon excitation, the Tb-QD-A647 FRET-complex produces time-dependent photoluminescent signatures from multi-FRET pathways enabled by the capacitor-like behavior of the Tb. The unique photoluminescent signatures are manipulated by ratiometrically varying dye/Tb inputs and collection time. Fluorescent output is converted into Boolean logic states to create complex arithmetic circuits including the half-adder/half-subtractor, 2:1 multiplexer/1:2 demultiplexer, and a 3-digit, 16-combination keypad lock.

Novel all-optical logic gate using an add/drop filter and intensity switch.

PubMed

Threepak, T; Mitatha, S; Yupapin, P P

2011-12-01

A novel design of all-optical logic device is proposed. An all-optical logic device system composes of an optical intensity switch and add/drop filter. The intensity switch is formed to switch signal by using the relationship between refraction angle and signal intensity. In operation, two input signals are coupled into one with some coupling loss and attenuation, in which the combination of add/drop with intensity switch produces the optical logic gate. The advantage is that the proposed device can operate the high speed logic function. Moreover, it uses low power consumption. Furthermore, by using the extremely small component, this design can be put into a single chip. Finally, we have successfully produced the all-optical logic gate that can generate the accurate AND and NOT operation results.

A partnership model of early intervention in psychosis programme--a Canadian experience.

PubMed

Oyewumi, Lamidi Kola; Savage, Troy

2009-08-01

To describe how a new partnership model of early intervention in psychosis, early intervention in psychosis (EIP) programme delivery in Canada attracted the interest of the community and acquired government funding. The process by which a few individuals used a conceptual framework of integrated, collaborative, flexible and recovery focused principles to engage community partners and attract government funding is described. The establishment of a small EIP programme and its expansion to a regional programme serving an area of 20,000 square kilometers and a population of approximately 500,000 people were achieved. A programme specific logic prototype was developed. A synergy of public, private and academic services emerged with an infrastructure for ongoing cohesiveness and productivity. Annual clinic visits increased from 641 in 2002 to 1904 in 2007 and annual new patients enrollments grew from 46 to 128 within the same period. Staffing grew from an interdisciplinary staff of 1.5 full-time equivalent (FTE) to the current 10.0 FTE. A carefully orchestrated programme organization that is inclusive rather than exclusive can produce a balance of evidence-based best practices in client focused service, community mental health integration and academic productivity. © 2009 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.

Logic models to predict continuous outputs based on binary inputs with an application to personalized cancer therapy

PubMed Central

Knijnenburg, Theo A.; Klau, Gunnar W.; Iorio, Francesco; Garnett, Mathew J.; McDermott, Ultan; Shmulevich, Ilya; Wessels, Lodewyk F. A.

2016-01-01

Mining large datasets using machine learning approaches often leads to models that are hard to interpret and not amenable to the generation of hypotheses that can be experimentally tested. We present ‘Logic Optimization for Binary Input to Continuous Output’ (LOBICO), a computational approach that infers small and easily interpretable logic models of binary input features that explain a continuous output variable. Applying LOBICO to a large cancer cell line panel, we find that logic combinations of multiple mutations are more predictive of drug response than single gene predictors. Importantly, we show that the use of the continuous information leads to robust and more accurate logic models. LOBICO implements the ability to uncover logic models around predefined operating points in terms of sensitivity and specificity. As such, it represents an important step towards practical application of interpretable logic models. PMID:27876821

Logic models to predict continuous outputs based on binary inputs with an application to personalized cancer therapy.

PubMed

Knijnenburg, Theo A; Klau, Gunnar W; Iorio, Francesco; Garnett, Mathew J; McDermott, Ultan; Shmulevich, Ilya; Wessels, Lodewyk F A

2016-11-23

Mining large datasets using machine learning approaches often leads to models that are hard to interpret and not amenable to the generation of hypotheses that can be experimentally tested. We present 'Logic Optimization for Binary Input to Continuous Output' (LOBICO), a computational approach that infers small and easily interpretable logic models of binary input features that explain a continuous output variable. Applying LOBICO to a large cancer cell line panel, we find that logic combinations of multiple mutations are more predictive of drug response than single gene predictors. Importantly, we show that the use of the continuous information leads to robust and more accurate logic models. LOBICO implements the ability to uncover logic models around predefined operating points in terms of sensitivity and specificity. As such, it represents an important step towards practical application of interpretable logic models.

A dynamically reconfigurable logic cell: from artificial neural networks to quantum-dot cellular automata

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Naqvi, Syed Rameez; Akram, Tallha; Iqbal, Saba; Haider, Sajjad Ali; Kamran, Muhammad; Muhammad, Nazeer

2018-02-01

Considering the lack of optimization support for Quantum-dot Cellular Automata, we propose a dynamically reconfigurable logic cell capable of implementing various logic operations by means of artificial neural networks. The cell can be reconfigured to any 2-input combinational logic gate by altering the strength of connections, called weights and biases. We demonstrate how these cells may appositely be organized to perform multi-bit arithmetic and logic operations. The proposed work is important in that it gives a standard implementation of an 8-bit arithmetic and logic unit for quantum-dot cellular automata with minimal area and latency overhead. We also compare the proposed design with a few existing arithmetic and logic units, and show that it is more area efficient than any equivalent available in literature. Furthermore, the design is adaptable to 16, 32, and 64 bit architectures.

Combining tabular, rule-based, and procedural knowledge in computer-based guidelines for childhood immunization.

PubMed

Miller, P L; Frawley, S J; Sayward, F G; Yasnoff, W A; Duncan, L; Fleming, D W

1997-06-01

IMM/Serve is a computer program which implements the clinical guidelines for childhood immunization. IMM/Serve accepts as input a child's immunization history. It then indicates which vaccinations are due and which vaccinations should be scheduled next. The clinical guidelines for immunization are quite complex and are modified quite frequently. As a result, it is important that IMM/Serve's knowledge be represented in a format that facilitates the maintenance of that knowledge as the field evolves over time. To achieve this goal, IMM/Serve uses four representations for different parts of its knowledge base: (1) Immunization forecasting parameters that specify the minimum ages and wait-intervals for each dose are stored in tabular form. (2) The clinical logic that determines which set of forecasting parameters applies for a particular patient in each vaccine series is represented using if-then rules. (3) The temporal logic that combines dates, ages, and intervals to calculate recommended dates, is expressed procedurally. (4) The screening logic that checks each previous dose for validity is performed using a decision table that combines minimum ages and wait intervals with a small amount of clinical logic. A knowledge maintenance tool, IMM/Def, has been developed to help maintain the rule-based logic. The paper describes the design of IMM/Serve and the rationale and role of the different forms of knowledge used.

PROGRAPE-1: A Programmable, Multi-Purpose Computer for Many-Body Simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hamada, Tsuyoshi; Fukushige, Toshiyuki; Kawai, Atsushi; Makino, Junichiro

2000-10-01

We have developed PROGRAPE-1 (PROgrammable GRAPE-1), a programmable multi-purpose computer for many-body simulations. The main difference between PROGRAPE-1 and ``traditional'' GRAPE systems is that the former uses FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) chips as the processing elements, while the latter relies on a hardwired pipeline processor specialized to gravitational interactions. Since the logic implemented in FPGA chips can be reconfigured, we can use PROGRAPE-1 to calculate not only gravitational interactions, but also other forms of interactions, such as the van der Waals force, hydro\\-dynamical interactions in the SPHr calculation, and so on. PROGRAPE-1 comprises two Altera EPF10K100 FPGA chips, each of which contains nominally 100000 gates. To evaluate the programmability and performance of PROGRAPE-1, we implemented a pipeline for gravitational interactions similar to that of GRAPE-3. One pipeline is fitted into a single FPGA chip, operated at 16 MHz clock. Thus, for gravitational interactions, PROGRAPE-1 provided a speed of 0.96 Gflops-equivalent. PROGRAPE will prove to be useful for a wide-range of particle-based simulations in which the calculation cost of interactions other than gravity is high, such as the evaluation of SPH interactions.

Assessment of groundwater vulnerability using supervised committee to combine fuzzy logic models.

PubMed

Nadiri, Ata Allah; Gharekhani, Maryam; Khatibi, Rahman; Moghaddam, Asghar Asghari

2017-03-01

Vulnerability indices of an aquifer assessed by different fuzzy logic (FL) models often give rise to differing values with no theoretical or empirical basis to establish a validated baseline or to develop a comparison basis between the modeling results and baselines, if any. Therefore, this research presents a supervised committee fuzzy logic (SCFL) method, which uses artificial neural networks to overarch and combine a selection of FL models. The indices are expressed by the widely used DRASTIC framework, which include geological, hydrological, and hydrogeological parameters often subject to uncertainty. DRASTIC indices represent collectively intrinsic (or natural) vulnerability and give a sense of contaminants, such as nitrate-N, percolating to aquifers from the surface. The study area is an aquifer in Ardabil plain, the province of Ardabil, northwest Iran. Improvements on vulnerability indices are achieved by FL techniques, which comprise Sugeno fuzzy logic (SFL), Mamdani fuzzy logic (MFL), and Larsen fuzzy logic (LFL). As the correlation between estimated DRASTIC vulnerability index values and nitrate-N values is as low as 0.4, it is improved significantly by FL models (SFL, MFL, and LFL), which perform in similar ways but have differences. Their synergy is exploited by SCFL and uses the FL modeling results "conditioned" by nitrate-N values to raise their correlation to higher than 0.9.

Religious adaptation of a parenting programme: process evaluation of the Family Links Islamic Values course for Muslim fathers.

PubMed

Scourfield, J; Nasiruddin, Q

2015-09-01

Amid concern about the reach and inclusivity of parenting interventions, attempts have been made to culturally adapt programmes for specific ethnic or linguistic groups. This paper describes a novel approach of the religious adaptation of a parenting programme, namely the Family Links Islamic Values course. A small-scale qualitative process evaluation was conducted on one Family Links Islamic Values course for Muslim fathers in the South of England in order to describe the intervention as implemented and its theory of change, as well as the acceptability of the programme to the participants. The data consisted of 13 semi-structured interviews (10 with parents and three with staff), 25 h of observation and reading of programme manuals. A logic model is presented to describe the theoretical basis of the intervention. The programme was highly acceptable to fathers who valued the integration of religious teachings and were generally very positive about their experience of attending the course. Post-course interviews with both fathers and mothers mentioned some positive changes in fathers as a result of their attendance. It is important to be responsive to the needs of some British Muslims for religiously credible interventions. This small-scale process evaluation needs to be followed by a robust evaluation of programme outcomes for parents and children. © 2015 The Authors. Child: Care, Health and Development published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Religious adaptation of a parenting programme: process evaluation of the Family Links Islamic Values course for Muslim fathers

PubMed Central

Nasiruddin, Q.

2015-01-01

Abstract Background Amid concern about the reach and inclusivity of parenting interventions, attempts have been made to culturally adapt programmes for specific ethnic or linguistic groups. This paper describes a novel approach of the religious adaptation of a parenting programme, namely the Family Links Islamic Values course. Methods A small‐scale qualitative process evaluation was conducted on one Family Links Islamic Values course for Muslim fathers in the South of England in order to describe the intervention as implemented and its theory of change, as well as the acceptability of the programme to the participants. The data consisted of 13 semi‐structured interviews (10 with parents and three with staff), 25 h of observation and reading of programme manuals. Results A logic model is presented to describe the theoretical basis of the intervention. The programme was highly acceptable to fathers who valued the integration of religious teachings and were generally very positive about their experience of attending the course. Post‐course interviews with both fathers and mothers mentioned some positive changes in fathers as a result of their attendance. Conclusions It is important to be responsive to the needs of some British Muslims for religiously credible interventions. This small‐scale process evaluation needs to be followed by a robust evaluation of programme outcomes for parents and children. PMID:25649634

SRAM Based Re-programmable FPGA for Space Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wang, J. J.; Sun, J. S.; Cronquist, B. E.; McCollum, J. L.; Speers, T. M.; Plants, W. C.; Katz, R. B.

1999-01-01

An SRAM (static random access memory)-based reprogrammable FPGA (field programmable gate array) is investigated for space applications. A new commercial prototype, named the RS family, was used as an example for the investigation. The device is fabricated in a 0.25 micrometers CMOS technology. Its architecture is reviewed to provide a better understanding of the impact of single event upset (SEU) on the device during operation. The SEU effect of different memories available on the device is evaluated. Heavy ion test data and SPICE simulations are used integrally to extract the threshold LET (linear energy transfer). Together with the saturation cross-section measurement from the layout, a rate prediction is done on each memory type. The SEU in the configuration SRAM is identified as the dominant failure mode and is discussed in detail. The single event transient error in combinational logic is also investigated and simulated by SPICE. SEU mitigation by hardening the memories and employing EDAC (error detection and correction) at the device level are presented. For the configuration SRAM (CSRAM) cell, the trade-off between resistor de-coupling and redundancy hardening techniques are investigated with interesting results. Preliminary heavy ion test data show no sign of SEL (single event latch-up). With regard to ionizing radiation effects, the increase in static leakage current (static I(sub CC)) measured indicates a device tolerance of approximately 50krad(Si).

A biochemical logic gate using an enzyme and its inhibitor. Part II: The logic gate.

PubMed

Sivan, Sarit; Tuchman, Samuel; Lotan, Noah

2003-06-01

Enzyme-Based Logic Gates (ENLOGs) are key components in bio-molecular systems for information processing. This report and the previous one in this series address the characterization of two bio-molecular switching elements, namely the alpha-chymotrypsin (alphaCT) derivative p-phenylazobenzoyl-alpha-chymotrypsin (PABalphaCT) and its inhibitor (proflavine), as well as their assembly into a logic gate. The experimental output of the proposed system is expressed in terms of enzymic activity and this was translated into logic output (i.e. "1" or "0") relative to a predetermined threshold value. We have found that an univalent link exists between the dominant isomers of PABalphaCT (cis or trans), the dominant form of either acridine (proflavine) or acridan and the logic output of the system. Thus, of all possible combinations, only the trans-PABalphaCT and the acridan lead to an enzymic activity that can be defined as logic output "1". The system operates under the rules of Boolean algebra and performs as an "AND" logic gate.

Logic regression and its extensions.

PubMed

Schwender, Holger; Ruczinski, Ingo

2010-01-01

Logic regression is an adaptive classification and regression procedure, initially developed to reveal interacting single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genetic association studies. In general, this approach can be used in any setting with binary predictors, when the interaction of these covariates is of primary interest. Logic regression searches for Boolean (logic) combinations of binary variables that best explain the variability in the outcome variable, and thus, reveals variables and interactions that are associated with the response and/or have predictive capabilities. The logic expressions are embedded in a generalized linear regression framework, and thus, logic regression can handle a variety of outcome types, such as binary responses in case-control studies, numeric responses, and time-to-event data. In this chapter, we provide an introduction to the logic regression methodology, list some applications in public health and medicine, and summarize some of the direct extensions and modifications of logic regression that have been proposed in the literature. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Control of electrochemical signals from quantum dots conjugated to organic materials by using DNA structure in an analog logic gate.

PubMed

Chen, Qi; Yoo, Si-Youl; Chung, Yong-Ho; Lee, Ji-Young; Min, Junhong; Choi, Jeong-Woo

2016-10-01

Various bio-logic gates have been studied intensively to overcome the rigidity of single-function silicon-based logic devices arising from combinations of various gates. Here, a simple control tool using electrochemical signals from quantum dots (QDs) was constructed using DNA and organic materials for multiple logic functions. The electrochemical redox current generated from QDs was controlled by the DNA structure. DNA structure, in turn, was dependent on the components (organic materials) and the input signal (pH). Independent electrochemical signals from two different logic units containing QDs were merged into a single analog-type logic gate, which was controlled by two inputs. We applied this electrochemical biodevice to a simple logic system and achieved various logic functions from the controlled pH input sets. This could be further improved by choosing QDs, ionic conditions, or DNA sequences. This research provides a feasible method for fabricating an artificial intelligence system. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Flexible Peripheral Component Interconnect Input/Output Card

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bigelow, Kirk K.; Jerry, Albert L.; Baricio, Alisha G.; Cummings, Jon K.

2010-01-01

The Flexible Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Input/Output (I/O) Card is an innovative circuit board that provides functionality to interface between a variety of devices. It supports user-defined interrupts for interface synchronization, tracks system faults and failures, and includes checksum and parity evaluation of interface data. The card supports up to 16 channels of high-speed, half-duplex, low-voltage digital signaling (LVDS) serial data, and can interface combinations of serial and parallel devices. Placement of a processor within the field programmable gate array (FPGA) controls an embedded application with links to host memory over its PCI bus. The FPGA also provides protocol stacking and quick digital signal processor (DSP) functions to improve host performance. Hardware timers, counters, state machines, and other glue logic support interface communications. The Flexible PCI I/O Card provides an interface for a variety of dissimilar computer systems, featuring direct memory access functionality. The card has the following attributes: 8/16/32-bit, 33-MHz PCI r2.2 compliance, Configurable for universal 3.3V/5V interface slots, PCI interface based on PLX Technology's PCI9056 ASIC, General-use 512K 16 SDRAM memory, General-use 1M 16 Flash memory, FPGA with 3K to 56K logical cells with embedded 27K to 198K bits RAM, I/O interface: 32-channel LVDS differential transceivers configured in eight, 4-bit banks; signaling rates to 200 MHz per channel, Common SCSI-3, 68-pin interface connector.

The ATPG Attack for Reverse Engineering of Combinational Hybrid Custom-Programmable Circuits

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-23

The ATPG Attack for Reverse Engineering of Combinational Hybrid Custom- Programmable Circuits Raza Shafiq Hamid Mahmoodi Houman Homayoun Hassan... programmable circuits. While functionality of programmable cells are only known to trusted parties, effective techniques for activation and propagation...of the cells are introduced. The ATPG attack carefully studies dependency of programmable cells to develop their (partial) truth tables. Results

Bistable metamaterial for switching and cascading elastic vibrations

PubMed Central

Foehr, André; Daraio, Chiara

2017-01-01

The realization of acoustic devices analogous to electronic systems, like diodes, transistors, and logic elements, suggests the potential use of elastic vibrations (i.e., phonons) in information processing, for example, in advanced computational systems, smart actuators, and programmable materials. Previous experimental realizations of acoustic diodes and mechanical switches have used nonlinearities to break transmission symmetry. However, existing solutions require operation at different frequencies or involve signal conversion in the electronic or optical domains. Here, we show an experimental realization of a phononic transistor-like device using geometric nonlinearities to switch and amplify elastic vibrations, via magnetic coupling, operating at a single frequency. By cascading this device in a tunable mechanical circuit board, we realize the complete set of mechanical logic elements and interconnect selected ones to execute simple calculations. PMID:28416663

WeaselBoard :

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mulder, John C.; Schwartz, Moses Daniel; Berg, Michael J.

2013-10-01

Critical infrastructures, such as electrical power plants and oil refineries, rely on programmable logic controllers (PLCs) to control essential processes. State of the art security cannot detect attacks on PLCs at the hardware or firmware level. This renders critical infrastructure control systems vulnerable to costly and dangerous attacks. WeaselBoard is a PLC backplane analysis system that connects directly to the PLC backplane to capture backplane communications between modules. WeaselBoard forwards inter-module traffic to an external analysis system that detects changes to process control settings, sensor values, module configuration information, firmware updates, and process control program (logic) updates. WeaselBoard provides zero-daymore » exploit detection for PLCs by detecting changes in the PLC and the process. This approach to PLC monitoring is protected under U.S. Patent Application 13/947,887.« less

Synthesis of energy-efficient FSMs implemented in PLD circuits

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nawrot, Radosław; Kulisz, Józef; Kania, Dariusz

2017-11-01

The paper presents an outline of a simple synthesis method of energy-efficient FSMs. The idea consists in using local clock gating to selectively block the clock signal, if no transition of a state of a memory element is required. The research was dedicated to logic circuits using Programmable Logic Devices as the implementation platform, but the conclusions can be applied to any synchronous circuit. The experimental section reports a comparison of three methods of implementing sequential circuits in PLDs with respect to clock distribution: the classical fully synchronous structure, the structure exploiting the Enable Clock inputs of memory elements, and the structure using clock gating. The results show that the approach based on clock gating is the most efficient one, and it leads to significant reduction of dynamic power consumed by the FSM.

Programmable chemical controllers made from DNA.

PubMed

Chen, Yuan-Jyue; Dalchau, Neil; Srinivas, Niranjan; Phillips, Andrew; Cardelli, Luca; Soloveichik, David; Seelig, Georg

2013-10-01

Biological organisms use complex molecular networks to navigate their environment and regulate their internal state. The development of synthetic systems with similar capabilities could lead to applications such as smart therapeutics or fabrication methods based on self-organization. To achieve this, molecular control circuits need to be engineered to perform integrated sensing, computation and actuation. Here we report a DNA-based technology for implementing the computational core of such controllers. We use the formalism of chemical reaction networks as a 'programming language' and our DNA architecture can, in principle, implement any behaviour that can be mathematically expressed as such. Unlike logic circuits, our formulation naturally allows complex signal processing of intrinsically analogue biological and chemical inputs. Controller components can be derived from biologically synthesized (plasmid) DNA, which reduces errors associated with chemically synthesized DNA. We implement several building-block reaction types and then combine them into a network that realizes, at the molecular level, an algorithm used in distributed control systems for achieving consensus between multiple agents.

Programmable chemical controllers made from DNA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Yuan-Jyue; Dalchau, Neil; Srinivas, Niranjan; Phillips, Andrew; Cardelli, Luca; Soloveichik, David; Seelig, Georg

2013-10-01

Biological organisms use complex molecular networks to navigate their environment and regulate their internal state. The development of synthetic systems with similar capabilities could lead to applications such as smart therapeutics or fabrication methods based on self-organization. To achieve this, molecular control circuits need to be engineered to perform integrated sensing, computation and actuation. Here we report a DNA-based technology for implementing the computational core of such controllers. We use the formalism of chemical reaction networks as a 'programming language' and our DNA architecture can, in principle, implement any behaviour that can be mathematically expressed as such. Unlike logic circuits, our formulation naturally allows complex signal processing of intrinsically analogue biological and chemical inputs. Controller components can be derived from biologically synthesized (plasmid) DNA, which reduces errors associated with chemically synthesized DNA. We implement several building-block reaction types and then combine them into a network that realizes, at the molecular level, an algorithm used in distributed control systems for achieving consensus between multiple agents.

Multi-Agent Methods for the Configuration of Random Nanocomputers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lawson, John W.

2004-01-01

As computational devices continue to shrink, the cost of manufacturing such devices is expected to grow exponentially. One alternative to the costly, detailed design and assembly of conventional computers is to place the nano-electronic components randomly on a chip. The price for such a trivial assembly process is that the resulting chip would not be programmable by conventional means. In this work, we show that such random nanocomputers can be adaptively programmed using multi-agent methods. This is accomplished through the optimization of an associated high dimensional error function. By representing each of the independent variables as a reinforcement learning agent, we are able to achieve convergence must faster than with other methods, including simulated annealing. Standard combinational logic circuits such as adders and multipliers are implemented in a straightforward manner. In addition, we show that the intrinsic flexibility of these adaptive methods allows the random computers to be reconfigured easily, making them reusable. Recovery from faults is also demonstrated.

Programmable chemical controllers made from DNA

PubMed Central

Chen, Yuan-Jyue; Dalchau, Neil; Srinivas, Niranjan; Phillips, Andrew; Cardelli, Luca; Soloveichik, David; Seelig, Georg

2014-01-01

Biological organisms use complex molecular networks to navigate their environment and regulate their internal state. The development of synthetic systems with similar capabilities could lead to applications such as smart therapeutics or fabrication methods based on self-organization. To achieve this, molecular control circuits need to be engineered to perform integrated sensing, computation and actuation. Here we report a DNA-based technology for implementing the computational core of such controllers. We use the formalism of chemical reaction networks as a 'programming language', and our DNA architecture can, in principle, implement any behaviour that can be mathematically expressed as such. Unlike logic circuits, our formulation naturally allows complex signal processing of intrinsically analogue biological and chemical inputs. Controller components can be derived from biologically synthesized (plasmid) DNA, which reduces errors associated with chemically synthesized DNA. We implement several building-block reaction types and then combine them into a network that realizes, at the molecular level, an algorithm used in distributed control systems for achieving consensus between multiple agents. PMID:24077029

A smart gelator as a chemosensor: application to integrated logic gates in solution, gel, and film.

PubMed

Xue, Pengchong; Lu, Ran; Jia, Junhui; Takafuji, Makoto; Ihara, Hirotaka

2012-03-19

A gelator that consisted of one benzimidazole moiety and four amide units was used as a chemosensor. We found that its absorption and emission spectra in solution were sensitive to two complementary chemical stimuli: protons and anions. Thus, YES and INH logic gates were obtained when absorbance was defined as an output. A combination gate of XNOR and AND with an emission output was also obtained. Moreover, wet gels in two solvents were used to construct two more-complicated three-input-three-output gates, owing to the existence of the gel phase as an additional output. Finally, in xerogel films that were formed from two kinds of wet gels, reversible changes in their emission spectra were observed when they were sequentially exposed to volatile acid and NH(3). Another combination two-output logic gate was obtained for xerogel films. Finally, three states of the gelator were used to construct not only basic logic gate, but also some combination gates because of their response to multiple chemical stimuli and their multiple output signals, in which one chemical input could erase the effect of another chemical input. Copyright © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Combined quality function deployment and logical framework analysis to improve quality of emergency care in Malta.

PubMed

Buttigieg, Sandra Catherine; Dey, Prasanta Kumar; Cassar, Mary Rose

2016-01-01

The purpose of this paper is to develop an integrated patient-focused analytical framework to improve quality of care in accident and emergency (A & E) unit of a Maltese hospital. The study adopts a case study approach. First, a thorough literature review has been undertaken to study the various methods of healthcare quality management. Second, a healthcare quality management framework is developed using combined quality function deployment (QFD) and logical framework approach (LFA). Third, the proposed framework is applied to a Maltese hospital to demonstrate its effectiveness. The proposed framework has six steps, commencing with identifying patients' requirements and concluding with implementing improvement projects. All the steps have been undertaken with the involvement of the concerned stakeholders in the A & E unit of the hospital. The major and related problems being faced by the hospital under study were overcrowding at A & E and shortage of beds, respectively. The combined framework ensures better A & E services and patient flow. QFD identifies and analyses the issues and challenges of A & E and LFA helps develop project plans for healthcare quality improvement. The important outcomes of implementing the proposed quality improvement programme are fewer hospital admissions, faster patient flow, expert triage and shorter waiting times at the A & E unit. Increased emergency consultant cover and faster first significant medical encounter were required to start addressing the problems effectively. Overall, the combined QFD and LFA method is effective to address quality of care in A & E unit. PRACTICAL/IMPLICATIONS: The proposed framework can be easily integrated within any healthcare unit, as well as within entire healthcare systems, due to its flexible and user-friendly approach. It could be part of Six Sigma and other quality initiatives. Although QFD has been extensively deployed in healthcare setup to improve quality of care, very little has been researched on combining QFD and LFA in order to identify issues, prioritise them, derive improvement measures and implement improvement projects. Additionally, there is no research on QFD application in A & E. This paper bridges these gaps. Moreover, very little has been written on the Maltese health care system. Therefore, this study contributes demonstration of quality of emergency care in Malta.

Cooperation Among Theorem Provers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Waldinger, Richard J.

1998-01-01

In many years of research, a number of powerful theorem-proving systems have arisen with differing capabilities and strengths. Resolution theorem provers (such as Kestrel's KITP or SRI's SNARK) deal with first-order logic with equality but not the principle of mathematical induction. The Boyer-Moore theorem prover excels at proof by induction but cannot deal with full first-order logic. Both are highly automated but cannot accept user guidance easily. The purpose of this project, and the companion project at Kestrel, has been to use the category-theoretic notion of logic morphism to combine systems with different logics and languages.

Using a logical information model-driven design process in healthcare.

PubMed

Cheong, Yu Chye; Bird, Linda; Tun, Nwe Ni; Brooks, Colleen

2011-01-01

A hybrid standards-based approach has been adopted in Singapore to develop a Logical Information Model (LIM) for healthcare information exchange. The Singapore LIM uses a combination of international standards, including ISO13606-1 (a reference model for electronic health record communication), ISO21090 (healthcare datatypes), SNOMED CT (healthcare terminology) and HL7 v2 (healthcare messaging). This logic-based design approach also incorporates mechanisms for achieving bi-directional semantic interoperability.

Application of Fuzzy Logic to Matrix FMECA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shankar, N. Ravi; Prabhu, B. S.

2001-04-01

A methodology combining the benefits of Fuzzy Logic and Matrix FMEA is presented in this paper. The presented methodology extends the risk prioritization beyond the conventional Risk Priority Number (RPN) method. Fuzzy logic is used to calculate the criticality rank. Also the matrix approach is improved further to develop a pictorial representation retaining all relevant qualitative and quantitative information of several FMEA elements relationships. The methodology presented is demonstrated by application to an illustrative example.

B-Plant Canyon Ventilation Control System Description

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

MCDANIEL, K.S.

1999-08-31

Project W-059 installed a new B Plant Canyon Ventilation System. Monitoring and control of the system is implemented by the Canyon Ventilation Control System (CVCS). This document describes the CVCS system components which include a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) coupled with an Operator Interface Unit (OIU) and application software. This document also includes an Alarm Index specifying the setpoints and technical basis for system analog and digital alarms.

Using archived ITS data to measure the operational benefits of a system-wide adaptive ramp metering system : appendix online\\0x20101 : I\\0x2010205 NB time\\0x2010space speed contour plots with meter activations.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2008-12-01

Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) were installed at several key ramps with the assistance of the City of Portland and used to capture additional data about ramp operations that are not otherwise logged. The data include the activation and deactiv...

Electrokinetic Microactuator Arrays for Control of Vehicles

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-08-01

programmable logic array (PLA) content in each unit cell....................46 Chapter 4 4.1 Schematic showing electroosmotic flow induced by an...control situations involved in propulsion systems, spanning from con- trol of mixing in advanced gas turbine combustors, to active control of surge and... electroosmotic flow, shown schematically in Fig. 4.1, results when an electric field is applied to a liquid electrolyte in contact with a charged solid

Evolvable Hardware for Space Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lohn, Jason; Globus, Al; Hornby, Gregory; Larchev, Gregory; Kraus, William

2004-01-01

This article surveys the research of the Evolvable Systems Group at NASA Ames Research Center. Over the past few years, our group has developed the ability to use evolutionary algorithms in a variety of NASA applications ranging from spacecraft antenna design, fault tolerance for programmable logic chips, atomic force field parameter fitting, analog circuit design, and earth observing satellite scheduling. In some of these applications, evolutionary algorithms match or improve on human performance.

Reconfigurable electro-optical directed-logic circuit using carrier-depletion micro-ring resonators.

PubMed

Qiu, Ciyuan; Gao, Weilu; Soref, Richard; Robinson, Jacob T; Xu, Qianfan

2014-12-15

Here we demonstrate a reconfigurable electro-optical directed-logic circuit based on a regular array of integrated optical switches. Each 1×1 optical switch consists of a micro-ring resonator with an embedded lateral p-n junction and a micro-heater. We achieve high-speed on-off switching by applying electrical logic signals to the p-n junction. We can configure the operation mode of each switch by thermal tuning the resonance wavelength. The result is an integrated optical circuit that can be reconfigured to perform any combinational logic operation. As a proof-of-principle, we fabricated a multi-spectral directed-logic circuit based on a fourfold array of switches and showed that this circuit can be reconfigured to perform arbitrary two-input logic functions with speeds up to 3  GB/s.

A reconfigurable cryogenic platform for the classical control of quantum processors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Homulle, Harald; Visser, Stefan; Patra, Bishnu; Ferrari, Giorgio; Prati, Enrico; Sebastiano, Fabio; Charbon, Edoardo

2017-04-01

The implementation of a classical control infrastructure for large-scale quantum computers is challenging due to the need for integration and processing time, which is constrained by coherence time. We propose a cryogenic reconfigurable platform as the heart of the control infrastructure implementing the digital error-correction control loop. The platform is implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) that supports the functionality required by several qubit technologies and that can operate close to the physical qubits over a temperature range from 4 K to 300 K. This work focuses on the extensive characterization of the electronic platform over this temperature range. All major FPGA building blocks (such as look-up tables (LUTs), carry chains (CARRY4), mixed-mode clock manager (MMCM), phase-locked loop (PLL), block random access memory, and IDELAY2 (programmable delay element)) operate correctly and the logic speed is very stable. The logic speed of LUTs and CARRY4 changes less then 5%, whereas the jitter of MMCM and PLL clock managers is reduced by 20%. The stability is finally demonstrated by operating an integrated 1.2 GSa/s analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with a relatively stable performance over temperature. The ADCs effective number of bits drops from 6 to 4.5 bits when operating at 15 K.

A reconfigurable cryogenic platform for the classical control of quantum processors.

PubMed

Homulle, Harald; Visser, Stefan; Patra, Bishnu; Ferrari, Giorgio; Prati, Enrico; Sebastiano, Fabio; Charbon, Edoardo

2017-04-01

The implementation of a classical control infrastructure for large-scale quantum computers is challenging due to the need for integration and processing time, which is constrained by coherence time. We propose a cryogenic reconfigurable platform as the heart of the control infrastructure implementing the digital error-correction control loop. The platform is implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) that supports the functionality required by several qubit technologies and that can operate close to the physical qubits over a temperature range from 4 K to 300 K. This work focuses on the extensive characterization of the electronic platform over this temperature range. All major FPGA building blocks (such as look-up tables (LUTs), carry chains (CARRY4), mixed-mode clock manager (MMCM), phase-locked loop (PLL), block random access memory, and IDELAY2 (programmable delay element)) operate correctly and the logic speed is very stable. The logic speed of LUTs and CARRY4 changes less then 5%, whereas the jitter of MMCM and PLL clock managers is reduced by 20%. The stability is finally demonstrated by operating an integrated 1.2 GSa/s analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with a relatively stable performance over temperature. The ADCs effective number of bits drops from 6 to 4.5 bits when operating at 15 K.

A binary link tracker for the BaBar level 1 trigger system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Berenyi, A.; Chen, H.K.; Dao, K.

1999-08-01

The BaBar detector at PEP-II will operate in a high-luminosity e{sup +}e{sup {minus}} collider environment near the {Upsilon}(4S) resonance with the primary goal of studying CP violation in the B meson system. In this environment, typical physics events of interest involve multiple charged particles. These events are identified by counting these tracks in a fast first level (Level 1) trigger system, by reconstructing the tracks in real time. For this purpose, a Binary Link Tracker Module (BLTM) was designed and fabricated for the BaBar Level 1 Drift Chamber trigger system. The BLTM is responsible for linking track segments, constructed bymore » the Track Segment Finder Modules (TSFM), into complete tracks. A single BLTM module processes a 360 MBytes/s stream of segment hit data, corresponding to information from the entire Drift Chamber, and implements a fast and robust algorithm that tolerates high hit occupancies as well as local inefficiencies of the Drift Chamber. The algorithms and the necessary control logic of the BLTM were implemented in Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), using the VHDL hardware description language. The finished 9U x 400 mm Euro-format board contains roughly 75,000 gates of programmable logic or about 10,000 lines of VHDL code synthesized into five FPGAs.« less

Programmable in vivo selection of arbitrary DNA sequences.

PubMed

Ben Yehezkel, Tuval; Biezuner, Tamir; Linshiz, Gregory; Mazor, Yair; Shapiro, Ehud

2012-01-01

The extraordinary fidelity, sensory and regulatory capacity of natural intracellular machinery is generally confined to their endogenous environment. Nevertheless, synthetic bio-molecular components have been engineered to interface with the cellular transcription, splicing and translation machinery in vivo by embedding functional features such as promoters, introns and ribosome binding sites, respectively, into their design. Tapping and directing the power of intracellular molecular processing towards synthetic bio-molecular inputs is potentially a powerful approach, albeit limited by our ability to streamline the interface of synthetic components with the intracellular machinery in vivo. Here we show how a library of synthetic DNA devices, each bearing an input DNA sequence and a logical selection module, can be designed to direct its own probing and processing by interfacing with the bacterial DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system in vivo and selecting for the most abundant variant, regardless of its function. The device provides proof of concept for programmable, function-independent DNA selection in vivo and provides a unique example of a logical-functional interface of an engineered synthetic component with a complex endogenous cellular system. Further research into the design, construction and operation of synthetic devices in vivo may lead to other functional devices that interface with other complex cellular processes for both research and applied purposes.

Automated Translation of Safety Critical Application Software Specifications into PLC Ladder Logic

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Leucht, Kurt W.; Semmel, Glenn S.

2008-01-01

The numerous benefits of automatic application code generation are widely accepted within the software engineering community. A few of these benefits include raising the abstraction level of application programming, shorter product development time, lower maintenance costs, and increased code quality and consistency. Surprisingly, code generation concepts have not yet found wide acceptance and use in the field of programmable logic controller (PLC) software development. Software engineers at the NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC) recognized the need for PLC code generation while developing their new ground checkout and launch processing system. They developed a process and a prototype software tool that automatically translates a high-level representation or specification of safety critical application software into ladder logic that executes on a PLC. This process and tool are expected to increase the reliability of the PLC code over that which is written manually, and may even lower life-cycle costs and shorten the development schedule of the new control system at KSC. This paper examines the problem domain and discusses the process and software tool that were prototyped by the KSC software engineers.

Three-input gate logic circuits on chemically assembled single-electron transistors with organic and inorganic hybrid passivation layers

PubMed Central

Majima, Yutaka; Hackenberger, Guillaume; Azuma, Yasuo; Kano, Shinya; Matsuzaki, Kosuke; Susaki, Tomofumi; Sakamoto, Masanori; Teranishi, Toshiharu

2017-01-01

Abstract Single-electron transistors (SETs) are sub-10-nm scale electronic devices based on conductive Coulomb islands sandwiched between double-barrier tunneling barriers. Chemically assembled SETs with alkanethiol-protected Au nanoparticles show highly stable Coulomb diamonds and two-input logic operations. The combination of bottom-up and top-down processes used to form the passivation layer is vital for realizing multi-gate chemically assembled SET circuits, as this combination enables us to connect conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technologies via planar processes. Here, three-input gate exclusive-OR (XOR) logic operations are demonstrated in passivated chemically assembled SETs. The passivation layer is a hybrid bilayer of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and pulsed laser deposited (PLD) aluminum oxide (AlOx), and top-gate electrodes were prepared on the hybrid passivation layers. Top and two-side-gated SETs showed clear Coulomb oscillation and diamonds for each of the three available gates, and three-input gate XOR logic operation was clearly demonstrated. These results show the potential of chemically assembled SETs to work as logic devices with multi-gate inputs using organic and inorganic hybrid passivation layers. PMID:28634499

Three-input gate logic circuits on chemically assembled single-electron transistors with organic and inorganic hybrid passivation layers.

PubMed

Majima, Yutaka; Hackenberger, Guillaume; Azuma, Yasuo; Kano, Shinya; Matsuzaki, Kosuke; Susaki, Tomofumi; Sakamoto, Masanori; Teranishi, Toshiharu

2017-01-01

Single-electron transistors (SETs) are sub-10-nm scale electronic devices based on conductive Coulomb islands sandwiched between double-barrier tunneling barriers. Chemically assembled SETs with alkanethiol-protected Au nanoparticles show highly stable Coulomb diamonds and two-input logic operations. The combination of bottom-up and top-down processes used to form the passivation layer is vital for realizing multi-gate chemically assembled SET circuits, as this combination enables us to connect conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technologies via planar processes. Here, three-input gate exclusive-OR (XOR) logic operations are demonstrated in passivated chemically assembled SETs. The passivation layer is a hybrid bilayer of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and pulsed laser deposited (PLD) aluminum oxide (AlO[Formula: see text]), and top-gate electrodes were prepared on the hybrid passivation layers. Top and two-side-gated SETs showed clear Coulomb oscillation and diamonds for each of the three available gates, and three-input gate XOR logic operation was clearly demonstrated. These results show the potential of chemically assembled SETs to work as logic devices with multi-gate inputs using organic and inorganic hybrid passivation layers.

Logical-rule models of classification response times: a synthesis of mental-architecture, random-walk, and decision-bound approaches.

PubMed

Fific, Mario; Little, Daniel R; Nosofsky, Robert M

2010-04-01

We formalize and provide tests of a set of logical-rule models for predicting perceptual classification response times (RTs) and choice probabilities. The models are developed by synthesizing mental-architecture, random-walk, and decision-bound approaches. According to the models, people make independent decisions about the locations of stimuli along a set of component dimensions. Those independent decisions are then combined via logical rules to determine the overall categorization response. The time course of the independent decisions is modeled via random-walk processes operating along individual dimensions. Alternative mental architectures are used as mechanisms for combining the independent decisions to implement the logical rules. We derive fundamental qualitative contrasts for distinguishing among the predictions of the rule models and major alternative models of classification RT. We also use the models to predict detailed RT-distribution data associated with individual stimuli in tasks of speeded perceptual classification. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved.

High-performance reconfigurable coincidence counting unit based on a field programmable gate array.

PubMed

Park, Byung Kwon; Kim, Yong-Su; Kwon, Osung; Han, Sang-Wook; Moon, Sung

2015-05-20

We present a high-performance reconfigurable coincidence counting unit (CCU) using a low-end field programmable gate array (FPGA) and peripheral circuits. Because of the flexibility guaranteed by the FPGA program, we can easily change system parameters, such as internal input delays, coincidence configurations, and the coincidence time window. In spite of a low-cost implementation, the proposed CCU architecture outperforms previous ones in many aspects: it has 8 logic inputs and 4 coincidence outputs that can measure up to eight-fold coincidences. The minimum coincidence time window and the maximum input frequency are 0.47 ns and 163 MHz, respectively. The CCU will be useful in various experimental research areas, including the field of quantum optics and quantum information.

Multi-GHz Synchronous Waveform Acquisition With Real-Time Pattern-Matching Trigger Generation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kleinfelder, Stuart A.; Chiang, Shiuh-hua Wood; Huang, Wei

2013-10-01

A transient waveform capture and digitization circuit with continuous synchronous 2-GHz sampling capability and real-time programmable windowed trigger generation has been fabricated and tested. Designed in 0.25 μm CMOS, the digitizer contains a circular array of 128 sample and hold circuits for continuous sample acquisition, and attains 2-GHz sample speeds with over 800-MHz analog bandwidth. Sample clock generation is synchronous, combining a phase-locked loop for high-speed clock generation and a high-speed fully-differential shift register for distributing clocks to all 128 sample circuits. Using two comparators per sample, the sampled voltage levels are compared against two reference levels, a high threshold and a low threshold, that are set via per-comparator digital to analog converters (DACs). The 256 per-comparator 5-bit DACs compensate for comparator offsets and allow for fine reference level adjustment. The comparator results are matched in 8-sample-wide windows against up to 72 programmable patterns in real time using an on-chip programmable logic array. Each 8-sample trigger window is equivalent to 4 ns of acquisition, overlapped sample by sample in a circular fashion through the entire 128-sample array. The 72 pattern-matching trigger criteria can be programmed to be any combination of High-above the high threshold, Low-below the low threshold, Middle-between the two thresholds, or “Don't Care”-any state is accepted. A trigger pattern of “HLHLHLHL,” for example, watches for a waveform that is oscillating at about 1 GHz given the 2-GHz sample rate. A trigger is flagged in under 20 ns if there is a match, after which sampling is stopped, and on-chip digitization can proceed via 128 parallel 10-bit converters, or off-chip conversion can proceed via an analog readout. The chip exceeds 11 bits of dynamic range, nets over 800-MHz -3-dB bandwidth in a realistic system, and jitter in the PLL-based sampling clock has been measured to be about 1 part per million, RMS.

Multilevel Regulation of Bacterial Gene Expression with the Combined STAR and Antisense RNA System.

PubMed

Lee, Young Je; Kim, Soo-Jung; Moon, Tae Seok

2018-03-16

Synthetic small RNA regulators have emerged as a versatile tool to predictably control bacterial gene expression. Owing to their simple design principles, small size, and highly orthogonal behavior, these engineered genetic parts have been incorporated into genetic circuits. However, efforts to achieve more sophisticated cellular functions using RNA regulators have been hindered by our limited ability to integrate different RNA regulators into complex circuits. Here, we present a combined RNA regulatory system in Escherichia coli that uses small transcription activating RNA (STAR) and antisense RNA (asRNA) to activate or deactivate target gene expression in a programmable manner. Specifically, we demonstrated that the activated target output by the STAR system can be deactivated by expressing two different types of asRNAs: one binds to and sequesters the STAR regulator, affecting the transcription process, while the other binds to the target mRNA, affecting the translation process. We improved deactivation efficiencies (up to 96%) by optimizing each type of asRNA and then integrating the two optimized asRNAs into a single circuit. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the combined STAR and asRNA system can control gene expression in a reversible way and can regulate expression of a gene in the genome. Lastly, we constructed and simultaneously tested two A AND NOT B logic gates in the same cell to show sophisticated multigene regulation by the combined system. Our approach establishes a methodology for integrating multiple RNA regulators to rationally control multiple genes.

Fuzzy logic of Aristotelian forms

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Perlovsky, L.I.

1996-12-31

Model-based approaches to pattern recognition and machine vision have been proposed to overcome the exorbitant training requirements of earlier computational paradigms. However, uncertainties in data were found to lead to a combinatorial explosion of the computational complexity. This issue is related here to the roles of a priori knowledge vs. adaptive learning. What is the a-priori knowledge representation that supports learning? I introduce Modeling Field Theory (MFT), a model-based neural network whose adaptive learning is based on a priori models. These models combine deterministic, fuzzy, and statistical aspects to account for a priori knowledge, its fuzzy nature, and data uncertainties.more » In the process of learning, a priori fuzzy concepts converge to crisp or probabilistic concepts. The MFT is a convergent dynamical system of only linear computational complexity. Fuzzy logic turns out to be essential for reducing the combinatorial complexity to linear one. I will discuss the relationship of the new computational paradigm to two theories due to Aristotle: theory of Forms and logic. While theory of Forms argued that the mind cannot be based on ready-made a priori concepts, Aristotelian logic operated with just such concepts. I discuss an interpretation of MFT suggesting that its fuzzy logic, combining a-priority and adaptivity, implements Aristotelian theory of Forms (theory of mind). Thus, 2300 years after Aristotle, a logic is developed suitable for his theory of mind.« less

Comparison of conventional rule based flow control with control processes based on fuzzy logic in a combined sewer system.

PubMed

Klepiszewski, K; Schmitt, T G

2002-01-01

While conventional rule based, real time flow control of sewer systems is in common use, control systems based on fuzzy logic have been used only rarely, but successfully. The intention of this study is to compare a conventional rule based control of a combined sewer system with a fuzzy logic control by using hydrodynamic simulation. The objective of both control strategies is to reduce the combined sewer overflow volume by an optimization of the utilized storage capacities of four combined sewer overflow tanks. The control systems affect the outflow of four combined sewer overflow tanks depending on the water levels inside the structures. Both systems use an identical rule base. The developed control systems are tested and optimized for a single storm event which affects heterogeneously hydraulic load conditions and local discharge. Finally the efficiencies of the two different control systems are compared for two more storm events. The results indicate that the conventional rule based control and the fuzzy control similarly reach the objective of the control strategy. In spite of the higher expense to design the fuzzy control system its use provides no advantages in this case.

Designable DNA-binding domains enable construction of logic circuits in mammalian cells.

PubMed

Gaber, Rok; Lebar, Tina; Majerle, Andreja; Šter, Branko; Dobnikar, Andrej; Benčina, Mojca; Jerala, Roman

2014-03-01

Electronic computer circuits consisting of a large number of connected logic gates of the same type, such as NOR, can be easily fabricated and can implement any logic function. In contrast, designed genetic circuits must employ orthogonal information mediators owing to free diffusion within the cell. Combinatorial diversity and orthogonality can be provided by designable DNA- binding domains. Here, we employed the transcription activator-like repressors to optimize the construction of orthogonal functionally complete NOR gates to construct logic circuits. We used transient transfection to implement all 16 two-input logic functions from combinations of the same type of NOR gates within mammalian cells. Additionally, we present a genetic logic circuit where one input is used to select between an AND and OR function to process the data input using the same circuit. This demonstrates the potential of designable modular transcription factors for the construction of complex biological information-processing devices.

Adaptive parallel logic networks

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Martinez, Tony R.; Vidal, Jacques J.

1988-01-01

Adaptive, self-organizing concurrent systems (ASOCS) that combine self-organization with massive parallelism for such applications as adaptive logic devices, robotics, process control, and system malfunction management, are presently discussed. In ASOCS, an adaptive network composed of many simple computing elements operating in combinational and asynchronous fashion is used and problems are specified by presenting if-then rules to the system in the form of Boolean conjunctions. During data processing, which is a different operational phase from adaptation, the network acts as a parallel hardware circuit.

Robust Fault Detection Using Robust Z1 Estimation and Fuzzy Logic

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Curry, Tramone; Collins, Emmanuel G., Jr.; Selekwa, Majura; Guo, Ten-Huei (Technical Monitor)

2001-01-01

This research considers the application of robust Z(sub 1), estimation in conjunction with fuzzy logic to robust fault detection for an aircraft fight control system. It begins with the development of robust Z(sub 1) estimators based on multiplier theory and then develops a fixed threshold approach to fault detection (FD). It then considers the use of fuzzy logic for robust residual evaluation and FD. Due to modeling errors and unmeasurable disturbances, it is difficult to distinguish between the effects of an actual fault and those caused by uncertainty and disturbance. Hence, it is the aim of a robust FD system to be sensitive to faults while remaining insensitive to uncertainty and disturbances. While fixed thresholds only allow a decision on whether a fault has or has not occurred, it is more valuable to have the residual evaluation lead to a conclusion related to the degree of, or probability of, a fault. Fuzzy logic is a viable means of determining the degree of a fault and allows the introduction of human observations that may not be incorporated in the rigorous threshold theory. Hence, fuzzy logic can provide a more reliable and informative fault detection process. Using an aircraft flight control system, the results of FD using robust Z(sub 1) estimation with a fixed threshold are demonstrated. FD that combines robust Z(sub 1) estimation and fuzzy logic is also demonstrated. It is seen that combining the robust estimator with fuzzy logic proves to be advantageous in increasing the sensitivity to smaller faults while remaining insensitive to uncertainty and disturbances.

Use of Programmable Logic Controllers to Automate Control and Monitoring of U.S. Army Wastewater Treatment Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-07-01

transmitter, usually reliable over extended periods (i.e., several months). Vendors: Bindicator Inc. Endress and Hauser Instruments Port Huron, MI 48061...Inc. MicroSwitch Division Michigan City, IN 46360 Honeywell (219/872- 𔃻. 11) Dayton, Ohio 45424 (513/237-4075) Endress & Hauser Instruments Greenwood...Honeywell (312/355-3055) Dayton, Ohio 45424 (513/237-4075) Endress & Hauser Instruments Greenwood, IN 46143 Omega Engineering Inc. (317/535-7138

Ultra Low Power Datalogger

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Holik, Michael

2010-01-01

The article describes a design and the test of the datalogger unit. Main demands on the datalogger were to achieve the power consumption as low as possible and the ability to capture short-time events. The datalogger is based on a programmable logic device FPGA. VHDL language is used to design the architecture fitted into the FPGA. The results of the test confirmed low power consumption feature of the device as well as proper functionality of the unit.

Programmable Logic Controller Modification Attacks for use in Detection Analysis

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-03-27

and J. Lowe, “The Myths and Facts Behind Cyber Security Risks for Industrial Control Systems ,” in Proceedings of the VDE Kongress, vol. 116, 2004. [13...Feb 2014 Date 20 Feb 2014 Date 20 Feb 2014 Date AFIT-ENG-14-M-66 Abstract Unprotected Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems offer...control and monitor physical industrial processes. Although attacks targeting SCADA systems have increased, there has been little work exploring the

Integrating labview into a distributed computing environment.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kasemir, K. U.; Pieck, M.; Dalesio, L. R.

2001-01-01

Being easy to learn and well suited for a selfcontained desktop laboratory setup, many casual programmers prefer to use the National Instruments Lab-VIEW environment to develop their logic. An ActiveX interface is presented that allows integration into a plant-wide distributed environment based on the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS). This paper discusses the design decisions and provides performance information, especially considering requirements for the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) diagnostics system.

Access control mechanism of wireless gateway based on open flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peng, Rong; Ding, Lei

2017-08-01

In order to realize the access control of wireless gateway and improve the access control of wireless gateway devices, an access control mechanism of SDN architecture which is based on Open vSwitch is proposed. The mechanism utilizes the features of the controller--centralized control and programmable. Controller send access control flow table based on the business logic. Open vSwitch helps achieve a specific access control strategy based on the flow table.

Nanowire systems: technology and design

PubMed Central

Gaillardon, Pierre-Emmanuel; Amarù, Luca Gaetano; Bobba, Shashikanth; De Marchi, Michele; Sacchetto, Davide; De Micheli, Giovanni

2014-01-01

Nanosystems are large-scale integrated systems exploiting nanoelectronic devices. In this study, we consider double independent gate, vertically stacked nanowire field effect transistors (FETs) with gate-all-around structures and typical diameter of 20 nm. These devices, which we have successfully fabricated and evaluated, control the ambipolar behaviour of the nanostructure by selectively enabling one type of carriers. These transistors work as switches with electrically programmable polarity and thus realize an exclusive or operation. The intrinsic higher expressive power of these FETs, when compared with standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology, enables us to realize more efficient logic gates, which we organize as tiles to realize nanowire systems by regular arrays. This article surveys both the technology for double independent gate FETs as well as physical and logic design tools to realize digital systems with this fabrication technology. PMID:24567471

Development of an automatic subsea blowout preventer stack control system using PLC based SCADA.

PubMed

Cai, Baoping; Liu, Yonghong; Liu, Zengkai; Wang, Fei; Tian, Xiaojie; Zhang, Yanzhen

2012-01-01

An extremely reliable remote control system for subsea blowout preventer stack is developed based on the off-the-shelf triple modular redundancy system. To meet a high reliability requirement, various redundancy techniques such as controller redundancy, bus redundancy and network redundancy are used to design the system hardware architecture. The control logic, human-machine interface graphical design and redundant databases are developed by using the off-the-shelf software. A series of experiments were performed in laboratory to test the subsea blowout preventer stack control system. The results showed that the tested subsea blowout preventer functions could be executed successfully. For the faults of programmable logic controllers, discrete input groups and analog input groups, the control system could give correct alarms in the human-machine interface. Copyright © 2011 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Room temperature operation of electro-optical bistability in the edge-emitting tunneling-collector transistor laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feng, M.; Holonyak, N.; Wang, C. Y.

2017-09-01

Optical bistable devices are fundamental to digital photonics as building blocks of switches, logic gates, and memories in future computer systems. Here, we demonstrate both optical and electrical bistability and capability for switching in a single transistor operated at room temperature. The electro-optical hysteresis is explained by the interaction of electron-hole (e-h) generation and recombination dynamics with the cavity photon modulation in different switching paths. The switch-UP and switch-DOWN threshold voltages are determined by the rate difference of photon generation at the base quantum-well and the photon absorption via intra-cavity photon-assisted tunneling controlled by the collector voltage. Thus, the transistor laser electro-optical bistable switching is programmable with base current and collector voltage, and the basis for high speed optical logic processors.

Centralized and distributed control architectures under Foundation Fieldbus network.

PubMed

Persechini, Maria Auxiliadora Muanis; Jota, Fábio Gonçalves

2013-01-01

This paper aims at discussing possible automation and control system architectures based on fieldbus networks in which the controllers can be implemented either in a centralized or in a distributed form. An experimental setup is used to demonstrate some of the addressed issues. The control and automation architecture is composed of a supervisory system, a programmable logic controller and various other devices connected to a Foundation Fieldbus H1 network. The procedures used in the network configuration, in the process modelling and in the design and implementation of controllers are described. The specificities of each one of the considered logical organizations are also discussed. Finally, experimental results are analysed using an algorithm for the assessment of control loops to compare the performances between the centralized and the distributed implementations. Copyright © 2012 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Easy design of colorimetric logic gates based on nonnatural base pairing and controlled assembly of gold nanoparticles.

PubMed

Zhang, Li; Wang, Zhong-Xia; Liang, Ru-Ping; Qiu, Jian-Ding

2013-07-16

Utilizing the principles of metal-ion-mediated base pairs (C-Ag-C and T-Hg-T), the pH-sensitive conformational transition of C-rich DNA strand, and the ligand-exchange process triggered by DL-dithiothreitol (DTT), a system of colorimetric logic gates (YES, AND, INHIBIT, and XOR) can be rationally constructed based on the aggregation of the DNA-modified Au NPs. The proposed logic operation system is simple, which consists of only T-/C-rich DNA-modified Au NPs, and it is unnecessary to exquisitely design and alter the DNA sequence for different multiple molecular logic operations. The nonnatural base pairing combined with unique optical properties of Au NPs promises great potential in multiplexed ion sensing, molecular-scale computers, and other computational logic devices.

Nonlinear interferometry approach to photonic sequential logic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mabuchi, Hideo

2011-10-01

Motivated by rapidly advancing capabilities for extensive nanoscale patterning of optical materials, I propose an approach to implementing photonic sequential logic that exploits circuit-scale phase coherence for efficient realizations of fundamental components such as a NAND-gate-with-fanout and a bistable latch. Kerr-nonlinear optical resonators are utilized in combination with interference effects to drive the binary logic. Quantum-optical input-output models are characterized numerically using design parameters that yield attojoule-scale energy separation between the latch states.

Determining a human cardiac pacemaker using fuzzy logic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Varnavsky, A. N.; Antonenco, A. V.

2017-01-01

The paper presents a possibility of estimating a human cardiac pacemaker using combined application of nonlinear integral transformation and fuzzy logic, which allows carrying out the analysis in the real-time mode. The system of fuzzy logical conclusion is proposed, membership functions and rules of fuzzy products are defined. It was shown that the ratio of the value of a truth degree of the winning rule condition to the value of a truth degree of any other rule condition is at least 3.

Response-Time Tests of Logical-Rule Models of Categorization

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Little, Daniel R.; Nosofsky, Robert M.; Denton, Stephen E.

2011-01-01

A recent resurgence in logical-rule theories of categorization has motivated the development of a class of models that predict not only choice probabilities but also categorization response times (RTs; Fific, Little, & Nosofsky, 2010). The new models combine mental-architecture and random-walk approaches within an integrated framework and…

A Logical Letter-Sound System in Five Phonic Generalizations

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gates, Louis; Yale, Ian

2011-01-01

In five phonic generalizations, this article introduces a logical system of letter-sound relationships. Ranging from 91% to 99% phonic transparency, these statements generalize a study of 16,928 words in children's literature. The r-controlled vowels aside, the analysis shows 54 basic transparent letters and letter combinations, 39 transparent…

Steady, oscillatory, and unsteady subsonic Aerodynamics, production version 1.1 (SOUSSA-P1.1). Volume 2: User/programmer manual

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smolka, S. A.; Preuss, R. D.; Tseng, K.; Morino, L.

1980-01-01

A user/programmer manual for the computer program SOUSSA P 1.1 is presented. The program was designed to provide accurate and efficient evaluation of steady and unsteady loads on aircraft having arbitrary shapes and motions, including structural deformations. These design goals were in part achieved through the incorporation of the data handling capabilities of the SPAR finite element Structural Analysis computer program. As a further result, SOUSSA P possesses an extensive checkpoint/ restart facility. The programmer's portion of this manual includes overlay/subroutine hierarchy, logical flow of control, definition of SOUSSA P 1.1 FORTRAN variables, and definition of SOUSSA P 1.1 subroutines. Purpose of the SOUSSA P 1.1 modules, input data to the program, output of the program, hardware/software requirements, error detection and reporting capabilities, job control statements, a summary of the procedure for running the program and two test cases including input and output and listings are described in the user oriented portion of the manual.

StreamQRE: Modular Specification and Efficient Evaluation of Quantitative Queries over Streaming Data.

PubMed

Mamouras, Konstantinos; Raghothaman, Mukund; Alur, Rajeev; Ives, Zachary G; Khanna, Sanjeev

2017-06-01

Real-time decision making in emerging IoT applications typically relies on computing quantitative summaries of large data streams in an efficient and incremental manner. To simplify the task of programming the desired logic, we propose StreamQRE, which provides natural and high-level constructs for processing streaming data. Our language has a novel integration of linguistic constructs from two distinct programming paradigms: streaming extensions of relational query languages and quantitative extensions of regular expressions. The former allows the programmer to employ relational constructs to partition the input data by keys and to integrate data streams from different sources, while the latter can be used to exploit the logical hierarchy in the input stream for modular specifications. We first present the core language with a small set of combinators, formal semantics, and a decidable type system. We then show how to express a number of common patterns with illustrative examples. Our compilation algorithm translates the high-level query into a streaming algorithm with precise complexity bounds on per-item processing time and total memory footprint. We also show how to integrate approximation algorithms into our framework. We report on an implementation in Java, and evaluate it with respect to existing high-performance engines for processing streaming data. Our experimental evaluation shows that (1) StreamQRE allows more natural and succinct specification of queries compared to existing frameworks, (2) the throughput of our implementation is higher than comparable systems (for example, two-to-four times greater than RxJava), and (3) the approximation algorithms supported by our implementation can lead to substantial memory savings.

StreamQRE: Modular Specification and Efficient Evaluation of Quantitative Queries over Streaming Data*

PubMed Central

Mamouras, Konstantinos; Raghothaman, Mukund; Alur, Rajeev; Ives, Zachary G.; Khanna, Sanjeev

2017-01-01

Real-time decision making in emerging IoT applications typically relies on computing quantitative summaries of large data streams in an efficient and incremental manner. To simplify the task of programming the desired logic, we propose StreamQRE, which provides natural and high-level constructs for processing streaming data. Our language has a novel integration of linguistic constructs from two distinct programming paradigms: streaming extensions of relational query languages and quantitative extensions of regular expressions. The former allows the programmer to employ relational constructs to partition the input data by keys and to integrate data streams from different sources, while the latter can be used to exploit the logical hierarchy in the input stream for modular specifications. We first present the core language with a small set of combinators, formal semantics, and a decidable type system. We then show how to express a number of common patterns with illustrative examples. Our compilation algorithm translates the high-level query into a streaming algorithm with precise complexity bounds on per-item processing time and total memory footprint. We also show how to integrate approximation algorithms into our framework. We report on an implementation in Java, and evaluate it with respect to existing high-performance engines for processing streaming data. Our experimental evaluation shows that (1) StreamQRE allows more natural and succinct specification of queries compared to existing frameworks, (2) the throughput of our implementation is higher than comparable systems (for example, two-to-four times greater than RxJava), and (3) the approximation algorithms supported by our implementation can lead to substantial memory savings. PMID:29151821

Multi-enzyme logic network architectures for assessing injuries: digital processing of biomarkers.

PubMed

Halámek, Jan; Bocharova, Vera; Chinnapareddy, Soujanya; Windmiller, Joshua Ray; Strack, Guinevere; Chuang, Min-Chieh; Zhou, Jian; Santhosh, Padmanabhan; Ramirez, Gabriela V; Arugula, Mary A; Wang, Joseph; Katz, Evgeny

2010-12-01

A multi-enzyme biocatalytic cascade processing simultaneously five biomarkers characteristic of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and soft tissue injury (STI) was developed. The system operates as a digital biosensor based on concerted function of 8 Boolean AND logic gates, resulting in the decision about the physiological conditions based on the logic analysis of complex patterns of the biomarkers. The system represents the first example of a multi-step/multi-enzyme biosensor with the built-in logic for the analysis of complex combinations of biochemical inputs. The approach is based on recent advances in enzyme-based biocomputing systems and the present paper demonstrates the potential applicability of biocomputing for developing novel digital biosensor networks.

A model system for targeted drug release triggered by biomolecular signals logically processed through enzyme logic networks.

PubMed

Mailloux, Shay; Halámek, Jan; Katz, Evgeny

2014-03-07

A new Sense-and-Act system was realized by the integration of a biocomputing system, performing analytical processes, with a signal-responsive electrode. A drug-mimicking release process was triggered by biomolecular signals processed by different logic networks, including three concatenated AND logic gates or a 3-input OR logic gate. Biocatalytically produced NADH, controlled by various combinations of input signals, was used to activate the electrochemical system. A biocatalytic electrode associated with signal-processing "biocomputing" systems was electrically connected to another electrode coated with a polymer film, which was dissolved upon the formation of negative potential releasing entrapped drug-mimicking species, an enzyme-antibody conjugate, operating as a model for targeted immune-delivery and consequent "prodrug" activation. The system offers great versatility for future applications in controlled drug release and personalized medicine.

Programmable genetic circuits for pathway engineering.

PubMed

Hoynes-O'Connor, Allison; Moon, Tae Seok

2015-12-01

Synthetic biology has the potential to provide decisive advances in genetic control of metabolic pathways. However, there are several challenges that synthetic biologists must overcome before this vision becomes a reality. First, a library of diverse and well-characterized sensors, such as metabolite-sensing or condition-sensing promoters, must be constructed. Second, robust programmable circuits that link input conditions with a specific gene regulation response must be developed. Finally, multi-gene targeting strategies must be integrated with metabolically relevant sensors and complex, robust logic. Achievements in each of these areas, which employ the CRISPR/Cas system, in silico modeling, and dynamic sensor-regulators, among other tools, provide a strong basis for future research. Overall, the future for synthetic biology approaches in metabolic engineering holds immense promise. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Inexpensive programmable clock for a 12-bit computer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vrancik, J. E.

1972-01-01

An inexpensive programmable clock was built for a digital PDP-12 computer. The instruction list includes skip on flag; clear the flag, clear the clock, and stop the clock; and preset the counter with the contents of the accumulator and start the clock. The clock counts at a rate determined by an external oscillator and causes an interrupt and sets a flag when a 12-bit overflow occurs. An overflow can occur after 1 to 4096 counts. The clock can be built for a total parts cost of less than $100 including power supply and I/O connector. Slight modification can be made to permit its use on larger machines (16 bit, 24 bit, etc.) and logic level shifting can be made to make it compatible with any computer.

Implementing a Knowledge-Based Library Information System with Typed Horn Logic.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ait-Kaci, Hassan; And Others

1990-01-01

Describes a prototype library expert system called BABEL which uses a new programing language, LOGIN, that combines the idea of attribute inheritance with logic programing. Use of hierarchical classification of library objects to build a knowledge base for a library information system is explained, and further research is suggested. (11…

Multi-variants synthesis of Petri nets for FPGA devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bukowiec, Arkadiusz; Doligalski, Michał

2015-09-01

There is presented new method of synthesis of application specific logic controllers for FPGA devices. The specification of control algorithm is made with use of control interpreted Petri net (PT type). It allows specifying parallel processes in easy way. The Petri net is decomposed into state-machine type subnets. In this case, each subnet represents one parallel process. For this purpose there are applied algorithms of coloring of Petri nets. There are presented two approaches of such decomposition: with doublers of macroplaces or with one global wait place. Next, subnets are implemented into two-level logic circuit of the controller. The levels of logic circuit are obtained as a result of its architectural decomposition. The first level combinational circuit is responsible for generation of next places and second level decoder is responsible for generation output symbols. There are worked out two variants of such circuits: with one shared operational memory or with many flexible distributed memories as a decoder. Variants of Petri net decomposition and structures of logic circuits can be combined together without any restrictions. It leads to existence of four variants of multi-variants synthesis.

Statistical Validation of a New Python-based Military Workforce Simulation Model

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-12-30

also having a straightforward syntax that is accessible to non-programmers. Furthermore, it is supported by an impressive variety of scientific... accessed by a given element of model logic or line of code. For example, in Arena, data arrays, queues and the simulation clock are part of the...global scope and are therefore accessible anywhere in the model. The disadvantage of scopes is that all names in a scope must be unique. If more than

The use of programmable logic controllers (PLC) for rocket engine component testing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nail, William; Scheuermann, Patrick; Witcher, Kern

1991-01-01

Application of PLCs to the rocket engine component testing at a new Stennis Space Center Component Test Facility is suggested as an alternative to dedicated specialized computers. The PLC systems are characterized by rugged design, intuitive software, fault tolerance, flexibility, multiple end device options, networking capability, and built-in diagnostics. A distributed PLC-based system is projected to be used for testing LH2/LOx turbopumps required for the ALS/NLS rocket engines.

Improved scaling laws for stage inert mass space Propulsion systems. Volume 3: Propulsion synthesis program users and programmers manual

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1971-01-01

The analytical models developed for the Space Propulsion Automated Synthesis Modeling (SPASM) program are presented. Weight scaling laws developed during this study are incorporated into the program's scaling data bank. A detail listing, logic diagram and input/output formats are supplied for the SPASM program. Two test examples for one to four-stage vehicles performing different types of missions are shown to demonstrate the program's capability and versatility.

Electrically Erasable Programmable Integrated Circuits for Replacement of Obsolete TTL Logic

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-12-01

different discrete devices" [7]. Fowler-Nordheim Tunneling Simplified Theory. Electrons in polysilicon are usually prevented from entering SiO 2 by an...overcomes the energy barrier, the tunneling electrons will not return to the polysilicon but will be carried by the electric field, causing a current to flow...Floating Gate Transistors A floating gate transistor is an insulated-gate field effect transistor (FET) that has a gate, usually made of polysilicon , which

Multiple-Valued Programmable Logic Array Minimization by Simulated Annealing

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-02-10

time is controllable, allowing one to tradeoff time for minimalit ’. It has been incorporated in the HAMLET PLA minimization tool. AcOSSIOn P? DTTC TAB C...specified along the horizontal axis. Each slice represents one temperature. The slice in the very front represents the highest and starting ...rectangle with a pair of adjacent 2’s in between. This func- tion can yield five product terms by a sequence of reshape moves starting from four

Motor imaginary-based brain-machine interface design using programmable logic controllers for the disabled.

PubMed

Jeyabalan, Vickneswaran; Samraj, Andrews; Loo, Chu Kiong

2010-10-01

Aiming at the implementation of brain-machine interfaces (BMI) for the aid of disabled people, this paper presents a system design for real-time communication between the BMI and programmable logic controllers (PLCs) to control an electrical actuator that could be used in devices to help the disabled. Motor imaginary signals extracted from the brain’s motor cortex using an electroencephalogram (EEG) were used as a control signal. The EEG signals were pre-processed by means of adaptive recursive band-pass filtrations (ARBF) and classified using simplified fuzzy adaptive resonance theory mapping (ARTMAP) in which the classified signals are then translated into control signals used for machine control via the PLC. A real-time test system was designed using MATLAB for signal processing, KEP-Ware V4 OLE for process control (OPC), a wireless local area network router, an Omron Sysmac CPM1 PLC and a 5 V/0.3A motor. This paper explains the signal processing techniques, the PLC's hardware configuration, OPC configuration and real-time data exchange between MATLAB and PLC using the MATLAB OPC toolbox. The test results indicate that the function of exchanging real-time data can be attained between the BMI and PLC through OPC server and proves that it is an effective and feasible method to be applied to devices such as wheelchairs or electronic equipment.

Creating and Testing Simulation Software

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Heinich, Christina M.

2013-01-01

The goal of this project is to learn about the software development process, specifically the process to test and fix components of the software. The paper will cover the techniques of testing code, and the benefits of using one style of testing over another. It will also discuss the overall software design and development lifecycle, and how code testing plays an integral role in it. Coding is notorious for always needing to be debugged due to coding errors or faulty program design. Writing tests either before or during program creation that cover all aspects of the code provide a relatively easy way to locate and fix errors, which will in turn decrease the necessity to fix a program after it is released for common use. The backdrop for this paper is the Spaceport Command and Control System (SCCS) Simulation Computer Software Configuration Item (CSCI), a project whose goal is to simulate a launch using simulated models of the ground systems and the connections between them and the control room. The simulations will be used for training and to ensure that all possible outcomes and complications are prepared for before the actual launch day. The code being tested is the Programmable Logic Controller Interface (PLCIF) code, the component responsible for transferring the information from the models to the model Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), basic computers that are used for very simple tasks.

A synchronous serial bus for multidimensional array acoustic logging tool

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Men, Baiyong; Ju, Xiaodong; Lu, Junqiang; Qiao, Wenxiao

2016-12-01

In high-temperature and spatial borehole applications, a distributed structure is employed in a multidimensional array acoustic logging tool (MDALT) based on a phased array technique for electronic systems. However, new challenges, such as synchronous multichannel data acquisition, multinode real-time control and bulk data transmission in a limited interval, have emerged. To address these challenges, we developed a synchronous serial bus (SSB) in this study. SSB works in a half-duplex mode via a master-slave architecture. It also consists of a single master, several slaves, a differential clock line and a differential data line. The clock line is simplex, whereas the data line is half-duplex and synchronous to the clock line. A reliable communication between the master and the slaves with real-time adjustment of synchronisation is achieved by rationally designing the frame format and protocol of communication and by introducing a scramble code and a Hamming error-correcting code. The control logic of the master and the slaves is realized in field programmable gate array (FPGA) or complex programmable logic device (CPLD). The clock speed of SSB is 10 MHz, the effective data rate of the bulk data transmission is over 99%, and the synchronous errors amongst the slaves are less than 10 ns. Room-temperature test, high-temperature test (175 °C) and field test demonstrate that the proposed SSB is qualified for MDALT.

An autonomous molecular computer for logical control of gene expression

PubMed Central

Benenson, Yaakov; Gil, Binyamin; Ben-Dor, Uri; Adar, Rivka; Shapiro, Ehud

2013-01-01

Early biomolecular computer research focused on laboratory-scale, human-operated computers for complex computational problems1–7. Recently, simple molecular-scale autonomous programmable computers were demonstrated8–15 allowing both input and output information to be in molecular form. Such computers, using biological molecules as input data and biologically active molecules as outputs, could produce a system for ‘logical’ control of biological processes. Here we describe an autonomous biomolecular computer that, at least in vitro, logically analyses the levels of messenger RNA species, and in response produces a molecule capable of affecting levels of gene expression. The computer operates at a concentration of close to a trillion computers per microlitre and consists of three programmable modules: a computation module, that is, a stochastic molecular automaton12–17; an input module, by which specific mRNA levels or point mutations regulate software molecule concentrations, and hence automaton transition probabilities; and an output module, capable of controlled release of a short single-stranded DNA molecule. This approach might be applied in vivo to biochemical sensing, genetic engineering and even medical diagnosis and treatment. As a proof of principle we programmed the computer to identify and analyse mRNA of disease-related genes18–22 associated with models of small-cell lung cancer and prostate cancer, and to produce a single-stranded DNA molecule modelled after an anticancer drug. PMID:15116117

Enhanced Control for Local Helicity Injection on the Pegasus ST

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pierren, C.; Bongard, M. W.; Fonck, R. J.; Lewicki, B. T.; Perry, J. M.

2017-10-01

Local helicity injection (LHI) experiments on Pegasus rely upon programmable control of a 250 MVA modular power supply system that drives the electromagnets and helicity injection systems. Precise control of the central solenoid is critical to experimental campaigns that test the LHI Taylor relaxation limit and the coupling efficiency of LHI-produced plasmas to Ohmic current drive. Enhancement and expansion of the present control system is underway using field programmable gate array (FPGA) technology for digital logic and control, coupled to new 10 MHz optical-to-digital transceivers for semiconductor level device communication. The system accepts optical command signals from existing analog feedback controllers, transmits them to multiple devices in parallel H-bridges, and aggregates their status signals for fault detection. Present device-level multiplexing/de-multiplexing and protection logic is extended to include bridge-level protections with the FPGA. An input command filter protects against erroneous and/or spurious noise generated commands that could otherwise cause device failures. Fault registration and response times with the FPGA system are 25 ns. Initial system testing indicates an increased immunity to power supply induced noise, enabling plasma operations at higher working capacitor bank voltage. This can increase the applied helicity injection drive voltage, enable longer pulse lengths and improve Ohmic loop voltage control. Work supported by US DOE Grant DE-FG02-96ER54375.

Fully digital routing logic for single-photon avalanche diode arrays in highly efficient time-resolved imaging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cominelli, Alessandro; Acconcia, Giulia; Ghioni, Massimo; Rech, Ivan

2018-03-01

Time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) is a powerful optical technique, which permits recording fast luminous signals with picosecond precision. Unfortunately, given its repetitive nature, TCSPC is recognized as a relatively slow technique, especially when a large time-resolved image has to be recorded. In recent years, there has been a fast trend toward the development of TCPSC imagers. Unfortunately, present systems still suffer from a trade-off between number of channels and performance. Even worse, the overall measurement speed is still limited well below the saturation of the transfer bandwidth toward the external processor. We present a routing algorithm that enables a smart connection between a 32×32 detector array and five shared high-performance converters able to provide an overall conversion rate up to 10 Gbit/s. The proposed solution exploits a fully digital logic circuit distributed in a tree structure to limit the number and length of interconnections, which is a major issue in densely integrated circuits. The behavior of the logic has been validated by means of a field-programmable gate array, while a fully integrated prototype has been designed in 180-nm technology and analyzed by means of postlayout simulations.

Conceptual design study of a visual system for a rotorcraft simulator and some advances in platform motion utilization

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sinacori, J. B.

1980-01-01

A conceptual design of a visual system for a rotorcraft flight simulator is presented. Also, drive logic elements for a coupled motion base for such a simulator are given. The design is the result of an assessment of many potential arrangements of electro-optical elements and is a concept considered feasible for the application. The motion drive elements represent an example logic for a coupled motion base and is essentially an appeal to the designers of such logic to combine their washout and braking functions.

Users manual for Streamtube Curvature Analysis: Analytical method for predicting the pressure distribution about a nacelle at transonic speeds, volume 1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Keith, J. S.; Ferguson, D. R.; Heck, P. H.

1972-01-01

The computer program, Streamtube Curvature Analysis, is described for the engineering user and for the programmer. The user oriented documentation includes a description of the mathematical governing equations, their use in the solution, and the method of solution. The general logical flow of the program is outlined and detailed instructions for program usage and operation are explained. General procedures for program use and the program capabilities and limitations are described. From the standpoint of the grammar, the overlay structure of the program is described. The various storage tables are defined and their uses explained. The input and output are discussed in detail. The program listing includes numerous comments so that the logical flow within the program is easily followed. A test case showing input data and output format is included as well as an error printout description.

Performance characteristics of a nanoscale double-gate reconfigurable array

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Beckett, Paul

2008-12-01

The double gate transistor is a promising device applicable to deep sub-micron design due to its inherent resistance to short-channel effects and superior subthreshold performance. Using both TCAD and SPICE circuit simulation, it is shown that the characteristics of fully depleted dual-gate thin-body Schottky barrier silicon transistors will not only uncouple the conflicting requirements of high performance and low standby power in digital logic, but will also allow the development of a locally-connected reconfigurable computing mesh. The magnitude of the threshold shift effect will scale with device dimensions and will remain compatible with oxide reliability constraints. A field-programmable architecture based on the double gate transistor is described in which the operating point of the circuit is biased via one gate while the other gate is used to form the logic array, such that complex heterogeneous computing functions may be developed from this homogeneous, mesh-connected organization.

Directed evolution of a synthetic phylogeny of programmable Trp repressors.

PubMed

Ellefson, Jared W; Ledbetter, Michael P; Ellington, Andrew D

2018-04-01

As synthetic regulatory programs expand in sophistication, an ever increasing number of biological components with predictable phenotypes is required. Regulators are often 'part mined' from a diverse, but uncharacterized, array of genomic sequences, often leading to idiosyncratic behavior. Here, we generate an entire synthetic phylogeny from the canonical allosteric transcription factor TrpR. Iterative rounds of positive and negative compartmentalized partnered replication (CPR) led to the exponential amplification of variants that responded with high affinity and specificity to halogenated tryptophan analogs and novel operator sites. Fourteen repressor variants were evolved with unique regulatory profiles across five operators and three ligands. The logic of individual repressors can be modularly programmed by creating heterodimeric fusions, resulting in single proteins that display logic functions, such as 'NAND'. Despite the evolutionarily limited regulatory role of TrpR, vast functional spaces exist around this highly conserved protein scaffold and can be harnessed to create synthetic regulatory programs.

Dynamic protein assembly by programmable DNA strand displacement.

PubMed

Chen, Rebecca P; Blackstock, Daniel; Sun, Qing; Chen, Wilfred

2018-04-01

Inspired by the remarkable ability of natural protein switches to sense and respond to a wide range of environmental queues, here we report a strategy to engineer synthetic protein switches by using DNA strand displacement to dynamically organize proteins with highly diverse and complex logic gate architectures. We show that DNA strand displacement can be used to dynamically control the spatial proximity and the corresponding fluorescence resonance energy transfer between two fluorescent proteins. Performing Boolean logic operations enabled the explicit control of protein proximity using multi-input, reversible and amplification architectures. We further demonstrate the power of this technology beyond sensing by achieving dynamic control of an enzyme cascade. Finally, we establish the utility of the approach as a synthetic computing platform that drives the dynamic reconstitution of a split enzyme for targeted prodrug activation based on the sensing of cancer-specific miRNAs.

Design of Control System for Flexible Packaging Bags Palletizing Production Line Based on PLC

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zheng, Huiping; Chen, Lin; Zhao, Xiaoming; Liu, Zhanyang

Flexible packaging bags palletizing production line is to put the bags in the required area according to particular order and size, in order to finish handling, storage, loading and unloading, transportation and other logistics work of goods. Flexible packaging bags palletizing line is composed of turning bags mechanism, shaping mechanism, indexing mechanism, marshalling mechanism, pushing bags mechanism, pressing bags mechanism, laminating mechanism, elevator, tray warehouse, tray conveyor and loaded tray conveyor. Whether the whole production line can smoothly run depends on each of the above equipment and precision control among them. In this paper the technological process and the control logic of flexible packaging bags palletizing production line is introduced. Palletizing process of the production line realized automation by means of a control system based on programmable logic controller (PLC). It has the advantages of simple structure, reliable and easy maintenance etc.

Development Module (Lab Report) As a Media of Learning in Vocational Education Viewed by Gender

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Muslim, Supari; Suprianto, Bambang; Putra Gitama, Nahindi

2018-04-01

Module as a media of learning and training, which especially the students studying in institutions offering education at undergraduate and associate levels can employ as a PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) controlled simulator of the logic gate, timer and counter. During industrial manufacturing processes, has been actualized through this work, for the purpose of training qualified technical personnel needed by companies, who are specialized in control and electro mechanics. It was found that, students are very happy learning to use the module so with very significant contributes to a large extent to the training process in favor of faculty members, who are to train personnel for the sector, and in favor of students, who should be able to acquire proper education. Working on the training tool allows students to acquire knowledge and practical skills and then make use of those skills for troubleshooting and control of machinery.

The trigger system for the external target experiment in the HIRFL cooling storage ring

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Min; Zhao, Lei; Liu, Jin-Xin; Lu, Yi-Ming; Liu, Shu-Bin; An, Qi

2016-08-01

A trigger system was designed for the external target experiment in the Cooling Storage Ring (CSR) of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL). Considering that different detectors are scattered over a large area, the trigger system is designed based on a master-slave structure and fiber-based serial data transmission technique. The trigger logic is organized in hierarchies, and flexible reconfiguration of the trigger function is achieved based on command register access or overall field-programmable gate array (FPGA) logic on-line reconfiguration controlled by remote computers. We also conducted tests to confirm the function of the trigger electronics, and the results indicate that this trigger system works well. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11079003), the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJCX2-YW-N27), and the CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics (CCEPP).

Modifications to the streamtube curvature program. Volume 1: Program modifications and user's manual. [user manuals (computer programs) for transonic flow of nacelles and intake systems of turbofan engines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ferguson, D. R.; Keith, J. S.

1975-01-01

The improvements which have been incorporated in the Streamtube Curvature Program to enhance both its computational and diagnostic capabilities are described. Detailed descriptions are given of the revisions incorporated to more reliably handle the jet stream-external flow interaction at trailing edges. Also presented are the augmented boundary layer procedures and a variety of other program changes relating to program diagnostics and extended solution capabilities. An updated User's Manual, that includes information on the computer program operation, usage, and logical structure, is presented. User documentation includes an outline of the general logical flow of the program and detailed instructions for program usage and operation. From the standpoint of the programmer, the overlay structure is described. The input data, output formats, and diagnostic printouts are covered in detail and illustrated with three typical test cases.

Dynamic protein assembly by programmable DNA strand displacement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Rebecca P.; Blackstock, Daniel; Sun, Qing; Chen, Wilfred

2018-03-01

Inspired by the remarkable ability of natural protein switches to sense and respond to a wide range of environmental queues, here we report a strategy to engineer synthetic protein switches by using DNA strand displacement to dynamically organize proteins with highly diverse and complex logic gate architectures. We show that DNA strand displacement can be used to dynamically control the spatial proximity and the corresponding fluorescence resonance energy transfer between two fluorescent proteins. Performing Boolean logic operations enabled the explicit control of protein proximity using multi-input, reversible and amplification architectures. We further demonstrate the power of this technology beyond sensing by achieving dynamic control of an enzyme cascade. Finally, we establish the utility of the approach as a synthetic computing platform that drives the dynamic reconstitution of a split enzyme for targeted prodrug activation based on the sensing of cancer-specific miRNAs.

Parallel Adaptive Mesh Refinement Library

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mac-Neice, Peter; Olson, Kevin

2005-01-01

Parallel Adaptive Mesh Refinement Library (PARAMESH) is a package of Fortran 90 subroutines designed to provide a computer programmer with an easy route to extension of (1) a previously written serial code that uses a logically Cartesian structured mesh into (2) a parallel code with adaptive mesh refinement (AMR). Alternatively, in its simplest use, and with minimal effort, PARAMESH can operate as a domain-decomposition tool for users who want to parallelize their serial codes but who do not wish to utilize adaptivity. The package builds a hierarchy of sub-grids to cover the computational domain of a given application program, with spatial resolution varying to satisfy the demands of the application. The sub-grid blocks form the nodes of a tree data structure (a quad-tree in two or an oct-tree in three dimensions). Each grid block has a logically Cartesian mesh. The package supports one-, two- and three-dimensional models.

PLA realizations for VLSI state machines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gopalakrishnan, S.; Whitaker, S.; Maki, G.; Liu, K.

1990-01-01

A major problem associated with state assignment procedures for VLSI controllers is obtaining an assignment that produces minimal or near minimal logic. The key item in Programmable Logic Array (PLA) area minimization is the number of unique product terms required by the design equations. This paper presents a state assignment algorithm for minimizing the number of product terms required to implement a finite state machine using a PLA. Partition algebra with predecessor state information is used to derive a near optimal state assignment. A maximum bound on the number of product terms required can be obtained by inspecting the predecessor state information. The state assignment algorithm presented is much simpler than existing procedures and leads to the same number of product terms or less. An area-efficient PLA structure implemented in a 1.0 micron CMOS process is presented along with a summary of the performance for a controller implemented using this design procedure.

Heavy-Ion Microbeam Fault Injection into SRAM-Based FPGA Implementations of Cryptographic Circuits

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Huiyun; Du, Guanghua; Shao, Cuiping; Dai, Liang; Xu, Guoqing; Guo, Jinlong

2015-06-01

Transistors hit by heavy ions may conduct transiently, thereby introducing transient logic errors. Attackers can exploit these abnormal behaviors and extract sensitive information from the electronic devices. This paper demonstrates an ion irradiation fault injection attack experiment into a cryptographic field-programmable gate-array (FPGA) circuit. The experiment proved that the commercial FPGA chip is vulnerable to low-linear energy transfer carbon irradiation, and the attack can cause the leakage of secret key bits. A statistical model is established to estimate the possibility of an effective fault injection attack on cryptographic integrated circuits. The model incorporates the effects from temporal, spatial, and logical probability of an effective attack on the cryptographic circuits. The rate of successful attack calculated from the model conforms well to the experimental results. This quantitative success rate model can help evaluate security risk for designers as well as for the third-party assessment organizations.

Stego on FPGA: An IWT Approach

PubMed Central

Ramalingam, Balakrishnan

2014-01-01

A reconfigurable hardware architecture for the implementation of integer wavelet transform (IWT) based adaptive random image steganography algorithm is proposed. The Haar-IWT was used to separate the subbands namely, LL, LH, HL, and HH, from 8 × 8 pixel blocks and the encrypted secret data is hidden in the LH, HL, and HH blocks using Moore and Hilbert space filling curve (SFC) scan patterns. Either Moore or Hilbert SFC was chosen for hiding the encrypted data in LH, HL, and HH coefficients, whichever produces the lowest mean square error (MSE) and the highest peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). The fixated random walk's verdict of all blocks is registered which is nothing but the furtive key. Our system took 1.6 µs for embedding the data in coefficient blocks and consumed 34% of the logic elements, 22% of the dedicated logic register, and 2% of the embedded multiplier on Cyclone II field programmable gate array (FPGA). PMID:24723794

Engineering, technology and science disciplines and gender difference: a case study among Indian students

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheruvalath, Reena

2018-01-01

It is proposed to examine the argument that females cannot perform better in engineering and science fields because of their poor mathematical or logical reasoning. The major reason for the reduced number of females in the above fields in India is the socio-cultural aversion towards females choosing the field and restriction in providing higher education for them by their parents. The present study shows that the females who get the opportunity to study engineering and science perform equal to or better than their male counterparts. An analysis of CGPA (Cumulative Grade Point Average) of 2631 students who have completed their engineering or science programme in one of the top engineering colleges in India for five years shows that female academic performance is equal to or better than that of males. Mathematical, logical, verbal and mechanical reasoning are tested while calculating CGPA.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

J. E. Lawson, R. Marsala, S. Ramakrishnan, X. Zhao, P. Sichta

In order to provide improved and expanded experimental capabilities, the existing Transrex power supplies at PPPL are to be upgraded and modernized. Each of the 39 power supplies consists of two six pulse silicon controlled rectifier sections forming a twelve pulse power supply. The first modification is to split each supply into two independent six pulse supplies by replacing the existing obsolete twelve pulse firing generator with two commercially available six pulse firing generators. The second change replaces the existing control link with a faster system, with greater capacity, which will allow for independent control of all 78 power supplymore » sections. The third change replaces the existing Computer Automated Measurement and Control (CAMAC) based fault detector with an Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS) compatible unit, eliminating the obsolete CAMAC modules. Finally the remaining relay logic and interfaces to the "Hardwired Control System" will be replaces with a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC).« less

Boolean Logic Tree of Label-Free Dual-Signal Electrochemical Aptasensor System for Biosensing, Three-State Logic Computation, and Keypad Lock Security Operation.

PubMed

Lu, Jiao Yang; Zhang, Xin Xing; Huang, Wei Tao; Zhu, Qiu Yan; Ding, Xue Zhi; Xia, Li Qiu; Luo, Hong Qun; Li, Nian Bing

2017-09-19

The most serious and yet unsolved problems of molecular logic computing consist in how to connect molecular events in complex systems into a usable device with specific functions and how to selectively control branchy logic processes from the cascading logic systems. This report demonstrates that a Boolean logic tree is utilized to organize and connect "plug and play" chemical events DNA, nanomaterials, organic dye, biomolecule, and denaturant for developing the dual-signal electrochemical evolution aptasensor system with good resettability for amplification detection of thrombin, controllable and selectable three-state logic computation, and keypad lock security operation. The aptasensor system combines the merits of DNA-functionalized nanoamplification architecture and simple dual-signal electroactive dye brilliant cresyl blue for sensitive and selective detection of thrombin with a wide linear response range of 0.02-100 nM and a detection limit of 1.92 pM. By using these aforementioned chemical events as inputs and the differential pulse voltammetry current changes at different voltages as dual outputs, a resettable three-input biomolecular keypad lock based on sequential logic is established. Moreover, the first example of controllable and selectable three-state molecular logic computation with active-high and active-low logic functions can be implemented and allows the output ports to assume a high impediment or nothing (Z) state in addition to the 0 and 1 logic levels, effectively controlling subsequent branchy logic computation processes. Our approach is helpful in developing the advanced controllable and selectable logic computing and sensing system in large-scale integration circuits for application in biomedical engineering, intelligent sensing, and control.

Genetic algorithm based fuzzy control of spacecraft autonomous rendezvous

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Karr, C. L.; Freeman, L. M.; Meredith, D. L.

1990-01-01

The U.S. Bureau of Mines is currently investigating ways to combine the control capabilities of fuzzy logic with the learning capabilities of genetic algorithms. Fuzzy logic allows for the uncertainty inherent in most control problems to be incorporated into conventional expert systems. Although fuzzy logic based expert systems have been used successfully for controlling a number of physical systems, the selection of acceptable fuzzy membership functions has generally been a subjective decision. High performance fuzzy membership functions for a fuzzy logic controller that manipulates a mathematical model simulating the autonomous rendezvous of spacecraft are learned using a genetic algorithm, a search technique based on the mechanics of natural genetics. The membership functions learned by the genetic algorithm provide for a more efficient fuzzy logic controller than membership functions selected by the authors for the rendezvous problem. Thus, genetic algorithms are potentially an effective and structured approach for learning fuzzy membership functions.

A biomimetic colorimetric logic gate system based on multi-functional peptide-mediated gold nanoparticle assembly

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Yong; Li, Wang; He, Kai-Yu; Li, Pei; Huang, Yan; Nie, Zhou; Yao, Shou-Zhuo

2016-04-01

In natural biological systems, proteins exploit various functional peptide motifs to exert target response and activity switch, providing a functional and logic basis for complex cellular activities. Building biomimetic peptide-based bio-logic systems is highly intriguing but remains relatively unexplored due to limited logic recognition elements and complex signal outputs. In this proof-of-principle work, we attempted to address these problems by utilizing multi-functional peptide probes and the peptide-mediated nanoparticle assembly system. Here, the rationally designed peptide probes function as the dual-target responsive element specifically responsive to metal ions and enzymes as well as the mediator regulating the assembly of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Taking advantage of Zn2+ ions and chymotrypsin as the model inputs of metal ions and enzymes, respectively, we constructed the peptide logic system computed by the multi-functional peptide probes and outputted by the readable colour change of AuNPs. In this way, the representative binary basic logic gates (AND, OR, INHIBIT, NAND, IMPLICATION) have been achieved by delicately coding the peptide sequence, demonstrating the versatility of our logic system. Additionally, we demonstrated that the three-input combinational logic gate (INHIBIT-OR) could also be successfully integrated and applied as a multi-tasking biosensor for colorimetric detection of dual targets. This nanoparticle-based peptide logic system presents a valid strategy to illustrate peptide information processing and provides a practical platform for executing peptide computing or peptide-related multiplexing sensing, implying that the controllable nanomaterial assembly is a promising and potent methodology for the advancement of biomimetic bio-logic computation.In natural biological systems, proteins exploit various functional peptide motifs to exert target response and activity switch, providing a functional and logic basis for complex cellular activities. Building biomimetic peptide-based bio-logic systems is highly intriguing but remains relatively unexplored due to limited logic recognition elements and complex signal outputs. In this proof-of-principle work, we attempted to address these problems by utilizing multi-functional peptide probes and the peptide-mediated nanoparticle assembly system. Here, the rationally designed peptide probes function as the dual-target responsive element specifically responsive to metal ions and enzymes as well as the mediator regulating the assembly of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Taking advantage of Zn2+ ions and chymotrypsin as the model inputs of metal ions and enzymes, respectively, we constructed the peptide logic system computed by the multi-functional peptide probes and outputted by the readable colour change of AuNPs. In this way, the representative binary basic logic gates (AND, OR, INHIBIT, NAND, IMPLICATION) have been achieved by delicately coding the peptide sequence, demonstrating the versatility of our logic system. Additionally, we demonstrated that the three-input combinational logic gate (INHIBIT-OR) could also be successfully integrated and applied as a multi-tasking biosensor for colorimetric detection of dual targets. This nanoparticle-based peptide logic system presents a valid strategy to illustrate peptide information processing and provides a practical platform for executing peptide computing or peptide-related multiplexing sensing, implying that the controllable nanomaterial assembly is a promising and potent methodology for the advancement of biomimetic bio-logic computation. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Additional figures (Tables S1-S3 and Fig. S1-S6). See DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01072e

Understanding Mathematics and Logic Using BASIC Computer Games.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ahl, David H.

This combination teacher's guide and student workbook serves as a companion volume to 101 BASIC Computer Games (EM 011 681). It presents ideas, exercises and supplemental projects which will aid the teaching and learning of a wide variety of academic subjects in grades 7 through 12, although the emphasis is upon mathematics and logic. In addition,…

IT0: Discrete Math and Programming Logic Topics as a Hybrid Alternative to CS0

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Martin, Nancy L.

2015-01-01

This paper describes the development of a hybrid introductory course for students in their first or second year of an information systems technologies degree program at a large Midwestern university. The course combines topics from discrete mathematics and programming logic and design, a unique twist on most introductory courses. The objective of…

Dynamic Fuzzy Logic-Based Quality of Interaction within Blended-Learning: The Rare and Contemporary Dance Cases

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dias, Sofia B.; Diniz, José A.; Hadjileontiadis, Leontios J.

2014-01-01

The combination of the process of pedagogical planning within the Blended (b-) learning environment with the users' quality of interaction ("QoI") with the Learning Management System (LMS) is explored here. The required "QoI" (both for professors and students) is estimated by adopting a fuzzy logic-based modeling approach,…

A Simple and Effective Remedial Learning System with a Fuzzy Expert System

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lin, C.-C.; Guo, K.-H.; Lin, Y.-C.

2016-01-01

This study aims at implementing a simple and effective remedial learning system. Based on fuzzy inference, a remedial learning material selection system is proposed for a digital logic course. Two learning concepts of the course have been used in the proposed system: number systems and combinational logic. We conducted an experiment to validate…

Agility assessment using fuzzy logic approach: a case of healthcare dispensary.

PubMed

Suresh, M; Patri, Rojalin

2017-06-09

Agile concepts are not only beneficial for manufacturing sector but also for service sector such as healthcare. However, assessment of agility has been predominantly done in manufacturing enterprises. This study demonstrates a means to measure agility of a healthcare organization by assessing agility of a university dispensary. Its contribution to the knowledge base is twofold. First, it proposes a means to measure the agility of a healthcare organization and second, it identifies the attributes that prevent agile performance and outlines the suggestive measure to enhance its agile capabilities. A case study approach has been adopted and fuzzy logic has been employed to measure the agility of the case dispensary. At first, the measures of assessment which include four enablers, fifteen criteria and forty-five attributes have been identified from the literature and rated by the experts indicating the importance of the measures in the assessment. Then, the case dispensary has been assessed on those measures by collecting observed performance rating from decision makers. At last, Fuzzy logic has been applied on the performance rating data to analyze and interpret the agile capability of the dispensary. The findings suggest that transparent information flow, adequate salary and bonuses for caregivers, reading error in medical descriptions, in house/nearby pathology laboratory services, technical up-gradation of dispensary equipments and facilities, minimization of patient throughput time and adequate training programme for safety practices are the attributes that weakens agile capability of the University dispensary. The current agility of the dispensary was found to be 'Agile' which is average in relation to the agility labels. Attributes such as transparent information flow, adequate salary and bonuses for caregivers, elimination of reading error in medical descriptions, in house/nearby pathology laboratory services, technical up-gradation of dispensary equipments and facilities, minimization of patient throughput time and adequate training programme for safety practices are extremely crucial for enhancing agile capability of a healthcare organization.

High density, multi-range analog output Versa Module Europa board for control system applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Singh, Kundan, E-mail: kundan@iuac.res.in; Das, Ajit Lal

2014-01-15

A new VMEDAC64, 12-bit 64 channel digital-to-analog converter, a Versa Module Europa (VME) module, features 64 analog voltage outputs with user selectable multiple ranges, has been developed for control system applications at Inter University Accelerator Centre. The FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) is the module's core, i.e., it implements the DAC control logic and complexity of VMEbus slave interface logic. The VMEbus slave interface and DAC control logic are completely designed and implemented on a single FPGA chip to achieve high density of 64 channels in a single width VME module and will reduce the module count in the controlmore » system applications, and hence will reduce the power consumption and cost of overall system. One of our early design goals was to develop the VME interface such that it can be easily integrated with the peripheral devices and satisfy the timing specifications of VME standard. The modular design of this module reduces the amount of time required to develop other custom modules for control system. The VME slave interface is written as a single component inside FPGA which will be used as a basic building block for any VMEbus interface project. The module offers multiple output voltage ranges depending upon the requirement. The output voltage range can be reduced or expanded by writing range selection bits in the control register. The module has programmable refresh rate and by default hold capacitors in the sample and hold circuit for each channel are charged periodically every 7.040 ms (i.e., update frequency 284 Hz). Each channel has software controlled output switch which disconnects analog output from the field. The modularity in the firmware design on FPGA makes the debugging very easy. On-board DC/DC converters are incorporated for isolated power supply for the analog section of the board.« less

Reversible logic gates based on enzyme-biocatalyzed reactions and realized in flow cells: a modular approach.

PubMed

Fratto, Brian E; Katz, Evgeny

2015-05-18

Reversible logic gates, such as the double Feynman gate, Toffoli gate and Peres gate, with 3-input/3-output channels are realized using reactions biocatalyzed with enzymes and performed in flow systems. The flow devices are constructed using a modular approach, where each flow cell is modified with one enzyme that biocatalyzes one chemical reaction. The multi-step processes mimicking the reversible logic gates are organized by combining the biocatalytic cells in different networks. This work emphasizes logical but not physical reversibility of the constructed systems. Their advantages and disadvantages are discussed and potential use in biosensing systems, rather than in computing devices, is suggested. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Medusa: A Scalable MR Console Using USB

PubMed Central

Stang, Pascal P.; Conolly, Steven M.; Santos, Juan M.; Pauly, John M.; Scott, Greig C.

2012-01-01

MRI pulse sequence consoles typically employ closed proprietary hardware, software, and interfaces, making difficult any adaptation for innovative experimental technology. Yet MRI systems research is trending to higher channel count receivers, transmitters, gradient/shims, and unique interfaces for interventional applications. Customized console designs are now feasible for researchers with modern electronic components, but high data rates, synchronization, scalability, and cost present important challenges. Implementing large multi-channel MR systems with efficiency and flexibility requires a scalable modular architecture. With Medusa, we propose an open system architecture using the Universal Serial Bus (USB) for scalability, combined with distributed processing and buffering to address the high data rates and strict synchronization required by multi-channel MRI. Medusa uses a modular design concept based on digital synthesizer, receiver, and gradient blocks, in conjunction with fast programmable logic for sampling and synchronization. Medusa is a form of synthetic instrument, being reconfigurable for a variety of medical/scientific instrumentation needs. The Medusa distributed architecture, scalability, and data bandwidth limits are presented, and its flexibility is demonstrated in a variety of novel MRI applications. PMID:21954200

Comparative study of multimodal biometric recognition by fusion of iris and fingerprint.

PubMed

Benaliouche, Houda; Touahria, Mohamed

2014-01-01

This research investigates the comparative performance from three different approaches for multimodal recognition of combined iris and fingerprints: classical sum rule, weighted sum rule, and fuzzy logic method. The scores from the different biometric traits of iris and fingerprint are fused at the matching score and the decision levels. The scores combination approach is used after normalization of both scores using the min-max rule. Our experimental results suggest that the fuzzy logic method for the matching scores combinations at the decision level is the best followed by the classical weighted sum rule and the classical sum rule in order. The performance evaluation of each method is reported in terms of matching time, error rates, and accuracy after doing exhaustive tests on the public CASIA-Iris databases V1 and V2 and the FVC 2004 fingerprint database. Experimental results prior to fusion and after fusion are presented followed by their comparison with related works in the current literature. The fusion by fuzzy logic decision mimics the human reasoning in a soft and simple way and gives enhanced results.

Effective Control of Bioelectricity Generation from a Microbial Fuel Cell by Logical Combinations of pH and Temperature

PubMed Central

Tang, Jiahuan; Liu, Ting; Yuan, Yong

2014-01-01

In this study, a microbial fuel cell (MFC) with switchable power release is designed, which can be logically controlled by combinations of the most physiologically important parameters such as “temperature” and “pH.” Changes in voltage output in response to temperature and pH changes were significant in which voltage output decreased sharply when temperature was lowered from 30°C to 10°C or pH was decreased from 7.0 to 5.0. The switchability of the MFC comes from the microbial anode whose activity is affected by the combined medium temperature and pH. Changes in temperature and pH cause reversible activation-inactivation of the bioanode, thus affecting the activity of the entire MFC. With temperature and pH as input signals, an AND logic operation is constructed for the MFC whose power density is controlled. The developed system has the potential to meet the requirement of power supplies producing electrical power on-demand for self-powered biosensors or biomedical devices. PMID:24741343

Comparative Study of Multimodal Biometric Recognition by Fusion of Iris and Fingerprint

PubMed Central

Benaliouche, Houda; Touahria, Mohamed

2014-01-01

This research investigates the comparative performance from three different approaches for multimodal recognition of combined iris and fingerprints: classical sum rule, weighted sum rule, and fuzzy logic method. The scores from the different biometric traits of iris and fingerprint are fused at the matching score and the decision levels. The scores combination approach is used after normalization of both scores using the min-max rule. Our experimental results suggest that the fuzzy logic method for the matching scores combinations at the decision level is the best followed by the classical weighted sum rule and the classical sum rule in order. The performance evaluation of each method is reported in terms of matching time, error rates, and accuracy after doing exhaustive tests on the public CASIA-Iris databases V1 and V2 and the FVC 2004 fingerprint database. Experimental results prior to fusion and after fusion are presented followed by their comparison with related works in the current literature. The fusion by fuzzy logic decision mimics the human reasoning in a soft and simple way and gives enhanced results. PMID:24605065

Introduction of formal debate into a postgraduate specialty track education programme in periodontics in Japan.

PubMed

Saito, A; Fujinami, K

2011-02-01

To evaluate the formal debate as an active learning strategy within a postgraduate specialty track education programme in periodontics. A formal debate was implemented as an active learning strategy in the programme. The participants were full-time faculty, residents and dentists attending special courses at a teaching hospital in Japan. They were grouped into two evenly matched opposing teams, judges and audience. As a preparation for the debate, the participants attended a lecture on critical thinking. At the time of debate, each team provided a theme report with a list of references. Performances and contents of the debate were evaluated by the course instructors and audience. Pre- and post-debate testing was used to assess the participants' objective knowledge on clinical periodontology. Evaluation of the debate by the participants revealed that scores for criteria, such as presentation performance, response with logic and rebuttal effectiveness were relatively low. Thirty-eight per cent of the participants demonstrated higher test scores after the debate, although there was no statistically significant difference in the mean scores between pre- and post-tests. At the end of the debate, vast majority of participants recognised the significance and importance of the formal debate in the programme. It was suggested that the incorporation of the formal debate could serve as an educational tool for the postgraduate specialty track programme. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

An Embedded Reconfigurable Logic Module

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tucker, Jerry H.; Klenke, Robert H.; Shams, Qamar A. (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

A Miniature Embedded Reconfigurable Computer and Logic (MERCAL) module has been developed and verified. MERCAL was designed to be a general-purpose, universal module that that can provide significant hardware and software resources to meet the requirements of many of today's complex embedded applications. This is accomplished in the MERCAL module by combining a sub credit card size PC in a DIMM form factor with a XILINX Spartan I1 FPGA. The PC has the ability to download program files to the FPGA to configure it for different hardware functions and to transfer data to and from the FPGA via the PC's ISA bus during run time. The MERCAL module combines, in a compact package, the computational power of a 133 MHz PC with up to 150,000 gate equivalents of digital logic that can be reconfigured by software. The general architecture and functionality of the MERCAL hardware and system software are described.

DEMONSTRATION AND TESTING OF AN EER OPTIMIZER SYSTEM FOR DX AIR-CONDITIONERS

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-10-07

Performance-Based Maintenance PCS Power Current Sensor PLC Programmable Logic Controller ppm Parts Per Million PSIG Pounds per Square Inch Gauge PVS Power...all utilities and facilities at Patrick AFB, Cape Canaveral AFS, Jonathan Dickinson Military Tracking Annex, Malabar Annex, Ramey Solar Observatory...Cost 8,057 0 Annual O&M Cost 453 1191 Annual FD&D Monitoring 880 ‐ BLCC LIFE CYCLE RESULTS Energy Savings $12,317 O&M Net Savings $493 PV  Life Cycle

FPGA and USB based control board for quantum random number generator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Jian; Wan, Xu; Zhang, Hong-Fei; Gao, Yuan; Chen, Teng-Yun; Liang, Hao

2009-09-01

The design and implementation of FPGA-and-USB-based control board for quantum experiments are discussed. The usage of quantum true random number generator, control- logic in FPGA and communication with computer through USB protocol are proposed in this paper. Programmable controlled signal input and output ports are implemented. The error-detections of data frame header and frame length are designed. This board has been used in our decoy-state based quantum key distribution (QKD) system successfully.

Systems cost/performance analysis; study 2.3. Volume 3: Programmer's manual and user's guide

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

The implementation of the entire systems cost/performance model as a digital computer program was studied. A discussion of the operating environment in which the program was written and checked, the program specifications such as discussions of logic and computational flow, the different subsystem models involved in the design of the spacecraft, and routines involved in the nondesign area such as costing and scheduling of the design were covered. Preliminary results for the DSCS-2 design are also included.

Mask Analysis Program (MAP) reference manual

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mitchell, C. L.

1976-01-01

A document intended to serve as a User's Manual and a Programmer's Manual for the Mask Analysis Program is presented. The first portion of the document is devoted to the user. It contains all of the information required to execute MAP. The remainder of the document describes the details of MAP software logic. Although the information in this portion is not required to run the program, it is recommended that every user review it to gain an appreciation for the program functions.

A Feasibility Study on the Application of the ScriptGenE Framework as an Anomaly Detection System in Industrial Control Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-09-17

network intrusion detection systems NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology p-tree protocol tree PI protocol informatics PLC programmable logic...electrical, water, oil , natural gas, manufacturing, and pharmaceutical industries, to name a few. The differences between SCADA and DCS systems are often... Oil Company, also known as Saudi Aramco, suffered huge data loss that resulted in the disruption of daily operations for nearly two weeks [BTR13]. As it

Disability Policy Evaluation: Combining Logic Models and Systems Thinking.

PubMed

Claes, Claudia; Ferket, Neelke; Vandevelde, Stijn; Verlet, Dries; De Maeyer, Jessica

2017-07-01

Policy evaluation focuses on the assessment of policy-related personal, family, and societal changes or benefits that follow as a result of the interventions, services, and supports provided to those persons to whom the policy is directed. This article describes a systematic approach to policy evaluation based on an evaluation framework and an evaluation process that combine the use of logic models and systems thinking. The article also includes an example of how the framework and process have recently been used in policy development and evaluation in Flanders (Belgium), as well as four policy evaluation guidelines based on relevant published literature.

Slave finite element for non-linear analysis of engine structures. Volume 2: Programmer's manual and user's manual

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Witkop, D. L.; Dale, B. J.; Gellin, S.

1991-01-01

The programming aspects of SFENES are described in the User's Manual. The information presented is provided for the installation programmer. It is sufficient to fully describe the general program logic and required peripheral storage. All element generated data is stored externally to reduce required memory allocation. A separate section is devoted to the description of these files thereby permitting the optimization of Input/Output (I/O) time through efficient buffer descriptions. Individual subroutine descriptions are presented along with the complete Fortran source listings. A short description of the major control, computation, and I/O phases is included to aid in obtaining an overall familiarity with the program's components. Finally, a discussion of the suggested overlay structure which allows the program to execute with a reasonable amount of memory allocation is presented.

WHO at country level.

PubMed

Lucas, A

1998-03-07

WHO's activities at country level have earned the organisation both criticism and praise. The organisation's technical publications are esteemed as authoritative guidelines for disease control. Successful disease-control programmes and contributions to health research have heightened WHO's reputation. The organisation has also provided the focus for evolution of important ideas, such as primary health care and the relevance of equity and other ethical issues. But WHO has been criticised for not adapting rapidly and logically to changes in the health field. With increasing national capacity in the more advanced developing countries, and with the involvement of new participants in the health sphere, the organisation needs to reassess its role at country level. My recommendation is that WHO improves its analytical capacity so that its programmes take into consideration the health needs of the country, its national capacity, and the contributions from other external agencies.

A novel FPGA-programmable switch matrix interconnection element in quantum-dot cellular automata

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hashemi, Sara; Rahimi Azghadi, Mostafa; Zakerolhosseini, Ali; Navi, Keivan

2015-04-01

The Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is a novel nanotechnology, promising extra low-power, extremely dense and very high-speed structure for the construction of logical circuits at a nanoscale. In this paper, initially previous works on QCA-based FPGA's routing elements are investigated, and then an efficient, symmetric and reliable QCA programmable switch matrix (PSM) interconnection element is introduced. This element has a simple structure and offers a complete routing capability. It is implemented using a bottom-up design approach that starts from a dense and high-speed 2:1 multiplexer and utilise it to build the target PSM interconnection element. In this study, simulations of the proposed circuits are carried out using QCAdesigner, a layout and simulation tool for QCA circuits. The results demonstrate high efficiency of the proposed designs in QCA-based FPGA routing.

PLC based automatic control of pasteurize mix in ice cream production

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yao, Xudong; Liang, Kai

2013-03-01

This paper describes the automatic control device of pasteurized mix in the ice cream production process.We design a scheme of control system using FBD program language and develop the programmer in the STEP 7-Micro/WIN software, check for any bugs before downloading into PLC .These developed devices will able to provide flexibility and accuracy to control the step of pasteurized mix. The operator just Input the duration and temperature of pasteurized mix through control panel. All the steps will finish automatically without any intervention in a preprogrammed sequence stored in programmable logic controller (PLC). With the help of this equipment we not only can control the quality of ice cream for various conditions, but also can simplify the production process. This control system is inexpensive and can be widely used in ice cream production industry.

Study of Strategies Used in Online Searching: 2. Positional Logic--an Example of the Importance of Selecting the Right Boolean Operator.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Oldroyd, Betty K.; Schroder, J. J.

1982-01-01

Reviews the advantages and disadvantages of different types of term combination using the positional logic capability of online information retrieval systems and describes a study in which searches for material on "microwave integrated circuits" were conducted in order to find the most economical way of generating the most relevant…

A logical approach to semantic interoperability in healthcare.

PubMed

Bird, Linda; Brooks, Colleen; Cheong, Yu Chye; Tun, Nwe Ni

2011-01-01

Singapore is in the process of rolling out a number of national e-health initiatives, including the National Electronic Health Record (NEHR). A critical enabler in the journey towards semantic interoperability is a Logical Information Model (LIM) that harmonises the semantics of the information structure with the terminology. The Singapore LIM uses a combination of international standards, including ISO 13606-1 (a reference model for electronic health record communication), ISO 21090 (healthcare datatypes), and SNOMED CT (healthcare terminology). The LIM is accompanied by a logical design approach, used to generate interoperability artifacts, and incorporates mechanisms for achieving unidirectional and bidirectional semantic interoperability.

Batch fabrication process development for ferrite logic conductors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Heckler, C. H., Jr.; Bhiwandker, N. C.

1972-01-01

A process for fabricating ultrareliable magnetic ferrite logic circuits is described in which the conductors are formed by a combination of two batch type processes - photolithography and electroplating - and a mechanized writing process for completing conductors in the third dimension. Up to 4 turns, through an aperture 1 mm in diameter, are formed by the described process. The number of joints in the conductors is reduced by use of this process to only those which are required for input, output and power connections of a logic block. To demonstrate feasibility, 8-stage magnetic ring counter circuits have been fabricated.

Technology Performance Level (TPL) Scoring Tool

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Weber, Jochem; Roberts, Jesse D.; Costello, Ronan

2016-09-01

Three different ways of combining scores are used in the revised formulation. These are arithmetic mean, geometric mean and multiplication with normalisation. Arithmetic mean is used when combining scores that measure similar attributes, e.g. used for combining costs. The arithmetic mean has the property that it is similar to a logical OR, e.g. when combining costs it does not matter what the individual costs are only what the combined cost is. Geometric mean and Multiplication are used when combining scores that measure disparate attributes. Multiplication is similar to a logical AND, it is used to combine ‘must haves.’ As amore » result, this method is more punitive than the geometric mean; to get a good score in the combined result it is necessary to have a good score in ALL of the inputs. e.g. the different types of survivability are ‘must haves.’ On balance, the revised TPL is probably less punitive than the previous spreadsheet, multiplication is used sparingly as a method of combining scores. This is in line with the feedback of the Wave Energy Prize judges.« less

Computer programming in the UK undergraduate mathematics curriculum

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sangwin, Christopher J.; O'Toole, Claire

2017-11-01

This paper reports a study which investigated the extent to which undergraduate mathematics students in the United Kingdom are currently taught to programme a computer as a core part of their mathematics degree programme. We undertook an online survey, with significant follow-up correspondence, to gather data on current curricula and received replies from 46 (63%) of the departments who teach a BSc mathematics degree. We found that 78% of BSc degree courses in mathematics included computer programming in a compulsory module but 11% of mathematics degree programmes do not teach programming to all their undergraduate mathematics students. In 2016, programming is most commonly taught to undergraduate mathematics students through imperative languages, notably MATLAB, using numerical analysis as the underlying (or parallel) mathematical subject matter. Statistics is a very popular choice in optional courses, using the package R. Computer algebra systems appear to be significantly less popular for compulsory first-year courses than a decade ago, and there was no mention of logic programming, functional programming or automatic theorem proving software. The modal form of assessment of computing modules is entirely by coursework (i.e. no examination).

Complete all-optical processing polarization-based binary logic gates and optical processors.

PubMed

Zaghloul, Y A; Zaghloul, A R M

2006-10-16

We present a complete all-optical-processing polarization-based binary-logic system, by which any logic gate or processor can be implemented. Following the new polarization-based logic presented in [Opt. Express 14, 7253 (2006)], we develop a new parallel processing technique that allows for the creation of all-optical-processing gates that produce a unique output either logic 1 or 0 only once in a truth table, and those that do not. This representation allows for the implementation of simple unforced OR, AND, XOR, XNOR, inverter, and more importantly NAND and NOR gates that can be used independently to represent any Boolean expression or function. In addition, the concept of a generalized gate is presented which opens the door for reconfigurable optical processors and programmable optical logic gates. Furthermore, the new design is completely compatible with the old one presented in [Opt. Express 14, 7253 (2006)], and with current semiconductor based devices. The gates can be cascaded, where the information is always on the laser beam. The polarization of the beam, and not its intensity, carries the information. The new methodology allows for the creation of multiple-input-multiple-output processors that implement, by itself, any Boolean function, such as specialized or non-specialized microprocessors. Three all-optical architectures are presented: orthoparallel optical logic architecture for all known and unknown binary gates, singlebranch architecture for only XOR and XNOR gates, and the railroad (RR) architecture for polarization optical processors (POP). All the control inputs are applied simultaneously leading to a single time lag which leads to a very-fast and glitch-immune POP. A simple and easy-to-follow step-by-step algorithm is provided for the POP, and design reduction methodologies are briefly discussed. The algorithm lends itself systematically to software programming and computer-assisted design. As examples, designs of all binary gates, multiple-input gates, and sequential and non-sequential Boolean expressions are presented and discussed. The operation of each design is simply understood by a bullet train traveling at the speed of light on a railroad system preconditioned by the crossover states predetermined by the control inputs. The presented designs allow for optical processing of the information eliminating the need to convert it, back and forth, to an electronic signal for processing purposes. All gates with a truth table, including for example Fredkin, Toffoli, testable reversible logic, and threshold logic gates, can be designed and implemented using the railroad architecture. That includes any future gates not known today. Those designs and the quantum gates are not discussed in this paper.

New fundamental evidence of non-classical structure in the combination of natural concepts.

PubMed

Aerts, D; Sozzo, S; Veloz, T

2016-01-13

We recently performed cognitive experiments on conjunctions and negations of two concepts with the aim of investigating the combination problem of concepts. Our experiments confirmed the deviations (conceptual vagueness, underextension, overextension etc.) from the rules of classical (fuzzy) logic and probability theory observed by several scholars in concept theory, while our data were successfully modelled in a quantum-theoretic framework developed by ourselves. In this paper, we isolate a new, very stable and systematic pattern of violation of classicality that occurs in concept combinations. In addition, the strength and regularity of this non-classical effect leads us to believe that it occurs at a more fundamental level than the deviations observed up to now. It is our opinion that we have identified a deep non-classical mechanism determining not only how concepts are combined but, rather, how they are formed. We show that this effect can be faithfully modelled in a two-sector Fock space structure, and that it can be exactly explained by assuming that human thought is the superposition of two processes, a 'logical reasoning', guided by 'logic', and a 'conceptual reasoning', guided by 'emergence', and that the latter generally prevails over the former. All these findings provide new fundamental support to our quantum-theoretic approach to human cognition. © 2015 The Author(s).

Implementation of health promotion programmes in schools: an approach to understand the influence of contextual factors on the process?

PubMed

Darlington, Emily Joan; Violon, Nolwenn; Jourdan, Didier

2018-01-22

Implementing complex and multi-level public health programmes is challenging in school settings. Discrepancies between expected and actual programme outcomes are often reported. Such discrepancies are due to complex interactions between contextual factors. Contextual factors relate to the setting, the community, in which implementation occurs, the stakeholders involved, and the characteristics of the programme itself. This work uses realist evaluation to understand how contextual factors influence the implementation process, to result in variable programme outcomes. This study focuses on identifying contextual factors, pinpointing combinations of contextual factors, and understanding interactions and effects of such factors and combinations on programme outcomes on different levels of the implementation process. Schools which had participated in a school-based health promotion programme between 2012 and 2015 were included. Two sets of qualitative data were collected: semi-structured interviews with school staff and programme coordinators; and written documents about the actions implemented in a selection of four schools. Quantitative data included 1553 questionnaires targeting pupils aged 8 to 11 in 14 schools to describe the different school contexts. The comparison between what was expected from the programme (programme theory) and the outcomes identified in the field data, showed that some of the mechanisms expected to support the implementation of the programme, did not operate as anticipated (e.g. inclusion of training, initiation by decision-maker). Key factors which influenced the implementation process included, amongst other factors, the mode of introduction of the programme, home/school relationship, leadership of the management team, and the level of delegated power. Five types of interactions between contextual factors were put forward: enabling, hindering, neutral, counterbalancing and moderating effects. Recurrent combinations of factors were identified. Implementation was more challenging in vulnerable schools where school climate was poor. A single programme cannot be suited or introduced in the same manner in every context. However, key recurrent combinations of contextual factors could contribute to the design of implementation patterns, which could provide guidelines and recommendation for grass-root programme implementation.

Logical inference approach to relativistic quantum mechanics: Derivation of the Klein–Gordon equation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Donker, H.C., E-mail: h.donker@science.ru.nl; Katsnelson, M.I.; De Raedt, H.

2016-09-15

The logical inference approach to quantum theory, proposed earlier De Raedt et al. (2014), is considered in a relativistic setting. It is shown that the Klein–Gordon equation for a massive, charged, and spinless particle derives from the combination of the requirements that the space–time data collected by probing the particle is obtained from the most robust experiment and that on average, the classical relativistic equation of motion of a particle holds. - Highlights: • Logical inference applied to relativistic, massive, charged, and spinless particle experiments leads to the Klein–Gordon equation. • The relativistic Hamilton–Jacobi is scrutinized by employing a field description formore » the four-velocity. • Logical inference allows analysis of experiments with uncertainty in detection events and experimental conditions.« less

An integrated system for multichannel neuronal recording with spike/LFP separation, integrated A/D conversion and threshold detection.

PubMed

Perelman, Yevgeny; Ginosar, Ran

2007-01-01

A mixed-signal front-end processor for multichannel neuronal recording is described. It receives 12 differential-input channels of implanted recording electrodes. A programmable cutoff High Pass Filter (HPF) blocks dc and low-frequency input drift at about 1 Hz. The signals are band-split at about 200 Hz to low-frequency Local Field Potential (LFP) and high-frequency spike data (SPK), which is band limited by a programmable-cutoff LPF, in a range of 8-13 kHz. Amplifier offsets are compensated by 5-bit calibration digital-to-analog converters (DACs). The SPK and LFP channels provide variable amplification rates of up to 5000 and 500, respectively. The analog signals are converted into 10-bit digital form, and streamed out over a serial digital bus at up to 8 Mbps. A threshold filter suppresses inactive portions of the signal and emits only spike segments of programmable length. A prototype has been fabricated on a 0.35-microm CMOS process and tested successfully, demonstrating a 3-microV noise level. Special interface system incorporating an embedded CPU core in a programmable logic device accompanied by real-time software has been developed to allow connectivity to a computer host.

Vital area identification for U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission nuclear power reactor licensees and new reactor applicants.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Whitehead, Donnie Wayne; Varnado, G. Bruce

2008-09-01

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission nuclear power plant licensees and new reactor applicants are required to provide protection of their plants against radiological sabotage, including the placement of vital equipment in vital areas. This document describes a systematic process for the identification of the minimum set of areas that must be designated as vital areas in order to ensure that all radiological sabotage scenarios are prevented. Vital area identification involves the use of logic models to systematically identify all of the malicious acts or combinations of malicious acts that could lead to radiological sabotage. The models available in the plant probabilisticmore » risk assessment and other safety analyses provide a great deal of the information and basic model structure needed for the sabotage logic model. Once the sabotage logic model is developed, the events (or malicious acts) in the model are replaced with the areas in which the events can be accomplished. This sabotage area logic model is then analyzed to identify the target sets (combinations of areas the adversary must visit to cause radiological sabotage) and the candidate vital area sets (combinations of areas that must be protected against adversary access to prevent radiological sabotage). Any one of the candidate vital area sets can be selected for protection. Appropriate selection criteria will allow the licensee or new reactor applicant to minimize the impacts of vital area protection measures on plant safety, cost, operations, or other factors of concern.« less

A biomimetic colorimetric logic gate system based on multi-functional peptide-mediated gold nanoparticle assembly.

PubMed

Li, Yong; Li, Wang; He, Kai-Yu; Li, Pei; Huang, Yan; Nie, Zhou; Yao, Shou-Zhuo

2016-04-28

In natural biological systems, proteins exploit various functional peptide motifs to exert target response and activity switch, providing a functional and logic basis for complex cellular activities. Building biomimetic peptide-based bio-logic systems is highly intriguing but remains relatively unexplored due to limited logic recognition elements and complex signal outputs. In this proof-of-principle work, we attempted to address these problems by utilizing multi-functional peptide probes and the peptide-mediated nanoparticle assembly system. Here, the rationally designed peptide probes function as the dual-target responsive element specifically responsive to metal ions and enzymes as well as the mediator regulating the assembly of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Taking advantage of Zn2+ ions and chymotrypsin as the model inputs of metal ions and enzymes, respectively, we constructed the peptide logic system computed by the multi-functional peptide probes and outputted by the readable colour change of AuNPs. In this way, the representative binary basic logic gates (AND, OR, INHIBIT, NAND, IMPLICATION) have been achieved by delicately coding the peptide sequence, demonstrating the versatility of our logic system. Additionally, we demonstrated that the three-input combinational logic gate (INHIBIT-OR) could also be successfully integrated and applied as a multi-tasking biosensor for colorimetric detection of dual targets. This nanoparticle-based peptide logic system presents a valid strategy to illustrate peptide information processing and provides a practical platform for executing peptide computing or peptide-related multiplexing sensing, implying that the controllable nanomaterial assembly is a promising and potent methodology for the advancement of biomimetic bio-logic computation.

Level Zero Trigger Processor for the NA62 experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Soldi, D.; Chiozzi, S.

2018-05-01

The NA62 experiment is designed to measure the ultra-rare decay K+ arrow π+ ν bar nu branching ratio with a precision of ~ 10% at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). The trigger system of NA62 consists in three different levels designed to select events of physics interest in a high beam rate environment. The L0 Trigger Processor (L0TP) is the lowest level system of the trigger chain. It is hardware implemented using programmable logic. The architecture of the NA62 L0TP system is a new approach compared to existing systems used in high-energy physics experiments. It is fully digital, based on a standard gigabit Ethernet communication between detectors and the L0TP Board. The L0TP Board is a commercial development board, mounting a programmable logic device (FPGA). The primitives generated by sub-detectors are sent asynchronously using the UDP protocol to the L0TP during the entire beam spill period. The L0TP realigns in time the primitives coming from seven different sources and performs a data selection based on the characteristics of the event such as energy, multiplicity and topology of hits in the sub-detectors. It guarantees a maximum latency of 1 ms. The maximum input rate is about 10 MHz for each sub-detector, while the design maximum output trigger rate is 1 MHz. A description of the trigger algorithm is presented here.

Fast and robust control of nanopositioning systems: Performance limits enabled by field programmable analog arrays.

PubMed

Baranwal, Mayank; Gorugantu, Ram S; Salapaka, Srinivasa M

2015-08-01

This paper aims at control design and its implementation for robust high-bandwidth precision (nanoscale) positioning systems. Even though modern model-based control theoretic designs for robust broadband high-resolution positioning have enabled orders of magnitude improvement in performance over existing model independent designs, their scope is severely limited by the inefficacies of digital implementation of the control designs. High-order control laws that result from model-based designs typically have to be approximated with reduced-order systems to facilitate digital implementation. Digital systems, even those that have very high sampling frequencies, provide low effective control bandwidth when implementing high-order systems. In this context, field programmable analog arrays (FPAAs) provide a good alternative to the use of digital-logic based processors since they enable very high implementation speeds, moreover with cheaper resources. The superior flexibility of digital systems in terms of the implementable mathematical and logical functions does not give significant edge over FPAAs when implementing linear dynamic control laws. In this paper, we pose the control design objectives for positioning systems in different configurations as optimal control problems and demonstrate significant improvements in performance when the resulting control laws are applied using FPAAs as opposed to their digital counterparts. An improvement of over 200% in positioning bandwidth is achieved over an earlier digital signal processor (DSP) based implementation for the same system and same control design, even when for the DSP-based system, the sampling frequency is about 100 times the desired positioning bandwidth.

A water pumping control system with a programmable logic controller (PLC) and industrial wireless modules for industrial plants--an experimental setup.

PubMed

Bayindir, Ramazan; Cetinceviz, Yucel

2011-04-01

This paper describes a water pumping control system that is designed for production plants and implemented in an experimental setup in a laboratory. These plants contain harsh environments in which chemicals, vibrations or moving parts exist that could potentially damage the cabling or wires that are part of the control system. Furthermore, the data has to be transferred over paths that are accessible to the public. The control systems that it uses are a programmable logic controller (PLC) and industrial wireless local area network (IWLAN) technologies. It is implemented by a PLC, an communication processor (CP), two IWLAN modules, and a distributed input/output (I/O) module, as well as the water pump and sensors. Our system communication is based on an Industrial Ethernet and uses the standard Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol for parameterisation, configuration and diagnostics. The main function of the PLC is to send a digital signal to the water pump to turn it on or off, based on the tank level, using a pressure transmitter and inputs from limit switches that indicate the level of the water in the tank. This paper aims to provide a convenient solution in process plants where cabling is not possible. It also has lower installation and maintenance cost, provides reliable operation, and robust and flexible construction, suitable for industrial applications. Copyright © 2010 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) TDC for the Fermilab SeaQuest (E906) Experiment and Its Test with a Novel External Wave Union Launcher

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Su-Yin; Wu, Jinyuan; Yao, Shi-Hong; Chang, Wen-Chen

2014-12-01

We developed a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) TDC module for the tracking detectors of the Fermilab SeaQuest (E906) experiment, including drift chambers, proportional tubes, and hodoscopes. This 64-channel TDC module had a 6U VMEbus form factor and was equipped with a low-power, radiation-hardened Microsemi ProASIC3 Flash-based FPGA. The design of the new FPGA firmware (Run2-TDC) aimed to reduce the data volume and data acquisition (DAQ) deadtime. The firmware digitized multiple input hits of both polarities while allowing users to turn on a multiple-hit elimination logic to remove after-pulses in the wire chambers and proportional tubes. A scaler was implemented in the firmware to allow for recording the number of hits in each channel. The TDC resolution was determined by an internal cell delay of 450 ps. A measurement precision of 200 ps was achieved. We used five kinds of tests to ensure the qualification of 93 TDCs in mass production. We utilized the external wave union launcher in our test to improve the TDC's measurement precision and also to illustrate how to construct the Wave Union TDC using an existing multi-hit TDC without modifying its firmware. Measurement precision was improved by a factor of about two (108 ps) based on the four-edge wave union. Better measurement precision (69 ps) was achieved by combining the approaches of Wave Union TDC and multiple-channel ganging.

Compton suppression and event triggering in a commercial data acquisition system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tabor, Samuel; Caussyn, D. D.; Tripathi, Vandana; Vonmoss, J.; Liddick, S. N.

2012-10-01

A number of groups are starting to use flash digitizer systems to directly convert the preamplifier signals of high-resolution Ge detectors to a stream of digital data. Some digitizers are also equipped with software constant fraction discriminator algorithms capable of operating on the resulting digital data stream to provide timing information. Because of the dropping cost per channel of these systems, it should now be possible to also connect outputs of the Bismuth Germanate (BGO) scintillators used for Compton suppression to other digitizer inputs so that BGO logic signals can also be available in the same system. This provides the possibility to perform all the Compton suppression and multiplicity trigger logic within the digital system, thus eliminating the need for separate timing filter amplifiers (TFA), constant fraction discriminators (CFD), logic units, and lots of cables. This talk will describe the performance of such a system based on Pixie16 modules from XIA LLC with custom field programmable gate array (FPGA) programming for an array of Compton suppressed single Ge crystal and 4-crystal ``Clover'' detector array along with optional particle detectors. Initial tests of the system have produced results comparable with the current traditional system of individual electronics and peak sensing analog to digital converters. The advantages of the all digital system will be discussed.

Malleable architecture generator for FPGA computing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gokhale, Maya; Kaba, James; Marks, Aaron; Kim, Jang

1996-10-01

The malleable architecture generator (MARGE) is a tool set that translates high-level parallel C to configuration bit streams for field-programmable logic based computing systems. MARGE creates an application-specific instruction set and generates the custom hardware components required to perform exactly those computations specified by the C program. In contrast to traditional fixed-instruction processors, MARGE's dynamic instruction set creation provides for efficient use of hardware resources. MARGE processes intermediate code in which each operation is annotated by the bit lengths of the operands. Each basic block (sequence of straight line code) is mapped into a single custom instruction which contains all the operations and logic inherent in the block. A synthesis phase maps the operations comprising the instructions into register transfer level structural components and control logic which have been optimized to exploit functional parallelism and function unit reuse. As a final stage, commercial technology-specific tools are used to generate configuration bit streams for the desired target hardware. Technology- specific pre-placed, pre-routed macro blocks are utilized to implement as much of the hardware as possible. MARGE currently supports the Xilinx-based Splash-2 reconfigurable accelerator and National Semiconductor's CLAy-based parallel accelerator, MAPA. The MARGE approach has been demonstrated on systolic applications such as DNA sequence comparison.

Logic integration of mRNA signals by an RNAi-based molecular computer.

PubMed

Xie, Zhen; Liu, Siyuan John; Bleris, Leonidas; Benenson, Yaakov

2010-05-01

Synthetic in vivo molecular 'computers' could rewire biological processes by establishing programmable, non-native pathways between molecular signals and biological responses. Multiple molecular computer prototypes have been shown to work in simple buffered solutions. Many of those prototypes were made of DNA strands and performed computations using cycles of annealing-digestion or strand displacement. We have previously introduced RNA interference (RNAi)-based computing as a way of implementing complex molecular logic in vivo. Because it also relies on nucleic acids for its operation, RNAi computing could benefit from the tools developed for DNA systems. However, these tools must be harnessed to produce bioactive components and be adapted for harsh operating environments that reflect in vivo conditions. In a step toward this goal, we report the construction and implementation of biosensors that 'transduce' mRNA levels into bioactive, small interfering RNA molecules via RNA strand exchange in a cell-free Drosophila embryo lysate, a step beyond simple buffered environments. We further integrate the sensors with our RNAi 'computational' module to evaluate two-input logic functions on mRNA concentrations. Our results show how RNA strand exchange can expand the utility of RNAi computing and point toward the possibility of using strand exchange in a native biological setting.

Logic integration of mRNA signals by an RNAi-based molecular computer

PubMed Central

Xie, Zhen; Liu, Siyuan John; Bleris, Leonidas; Benenson, Yaakov

2010-01-01

Synthetic in vivo molecular ‘computers’ could rewire biological processes by establishing programmable, non-native pathways between molecular signals and biological responses. Multiple molecular computer prototypes have been shown to work in simple buffered solutions. Many of those prototypes were made of DNA strands and performed computations using cycles of annealing-digestion or strand displacement. We have previously introduced RNA interference (RNAi)-based computing as a way of implementing complex molecular logic in vivo. Because it also relies on nucleic acids for its operation, RNAi computing could benefit from the tools developed for DNA systems. However, these tools must be harnessed to produce bioactive components and be adapted for harsh operating environments that reflect in vivo conditions. In a step toward this goal, we report the construction and implementation of biosensors that ‘transduce’ mRNA levels into bioactive, small interfering RNA molecules via RNA strand exchange in a cell-free Drosophila embryo lysate, a step beyond simple buffered environments. We further integrate the sensors with our RNAi ‘computational’ module to evaluate two-input logic functions on mRNA concentrations. Our results show how RNA strand exchange can expand the utility of RNAi computing and point toward the possibility of using strand exchange in a native biological setting. PMID:20194121

Bit-systolic arithmetic arrays using dynamic differential gallium arsenide circuits

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Beagles, Grant; Winters, Kel; Eldin, A. G.

1992-01-01

A new family of gallium arsenide circuits for fine grained bit-systolic arithmetic arrays is introduced. This scheme combines features of two recent techniques of dynamic gallium arsenide FET logic and differential dynamic single-clock CMOS logic. The resulting circuits are fast and compact, with tightly constrained series FET propagation paths, low fanout, no dc power dissipation, and depletion FET implementation without level shifting diodes.

When Worlds Collide--Examining the Challenges Faced by Teacher Education Programmes Combining Professional Vocational Competence with Academic Study, Lessons from Further Education to Higher Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shaw, Angela

2016-01-01

This paper examines the challenges faced by higher education institutions in designing, teaching and quality assuring programmes of study which, of necessity, must combine the gaining of professional vocational competence with academic study. The paper gives recognition to the policy framework in which these programmes fit--with particular…

Combining information from 3 anatomic regions in the diagnosis of glaucoma with time-domain optical coherence tomography.

PubMed

Wang, Mingwu; Lu, Ake Tzu-Hui; Varma, Rohit; Schuman, Joel S; Greenfield, David S; Huang, David

2014-03-01

To improve the diagnosis of glaucoma by combining time-domain optical coherence tomography (TD-OCT) measurements of the optic disc, circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and macular retinal thickness. Ninety-six age-matched normal and 96 perimetric glaucoma participants were included in this observational, cross-sectional study. Or-logic, support vector machine, relevance vector machine, and linear discrimination function were used to analyze the performances of combined TD-OCT diagnostic variables. The area under the receiver-operating curve (AROC) was used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and to compare the diagnostic performance of single and combined anatomic variables. The best RNFL thickness variables were the inferior (AROC=0.900), overall (AROC=0.892), and superior quadrants (AROC=0.850). The best optic disc variables were horizontal integrated rim width (AROC=0.909), vertical integrated rim area (AROC=0.908), and cup/disc vertical ratio (AROC=0.890). All macular retinal thickness variables had AROCs of 0.829 or less. Combining the top 3 RNFL and optic disc variables in optimizing glaucoma diagnosis, support vector machine had the highest AROC, 0.954, followed by or-logic (AROC=0.946), linear discrimination function (AROC=0.946), and relevance vector machine (AROC=0.943). All combination diagnostic variables had significantly larger AROCs than any single diagnostic variable. There are no significant differences among the combination diagnostic indices. With TD-OCT, RNFL and optic disc variables had better diagnostic accuracy than macular retinal variables. Combining top RNFL and optic disc variables significantly improved diagnostic performance. Clinically, or-logic classification was the most practical analytical tool with sufficient accuracy to diagnose early glaucoma.