10 CFR 626.5 - Acquisition procedures-general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... acquire petroleum for the SPR. The notice of acquisition is usually in the form of a solicitation. DOE... the Web sites of the DOE Office of Fossil Energy http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/reserves and the OPR... acquisition solicitations, and shall make them available on the Web sites of the DOE Office of Fossil Energy...

10 CFR 626.5 - Acquisition procedures-general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... acquire petroleum for the SPR. The notice of acquisition is usually in the form of a solicitation. DOE... the Web sites of the DOE Office of Fossil Energy http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/reserves and the OPR... acquisition solicitations, and shall make them available on the Web sites of the DOE Office of Fossil Energy...

10 CFR 626.5 - Acquisition procedures-general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... acquire petroleum for the SPR. The notice of acquisition is usually in the form of a solicitation. DOE... the Web sites of the DOE Office of Fossil Energy http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/reserves and the OPR... acquisition solicitations, and shall make them available on the Web sites of the DOE Office of Fossil Energy...

10 CFR 626.5 - Acquisition procedures-general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... acquire petroleum for the SPR. The notice of acquisition is usually in the form of a solicitation. DOE... the Web sites of the DOE Office of Fossil Energy http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/reserves and the OPR... acquisition solicitations, and shall make them available on the Web sites of the DOE Office of Fossil Energy...

10 CFR 626.5 - Acquisition procedures-general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... acquire petroleum for the SPR. The notice of acquisition is usually in the form of a solicitation. DOE... the Web sites of the DOE Office of Fossil Energy http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/reserves and the OPR... acquisition solicitations, and shall make them available on the Web sites of the DOE Office of Fossil Energy...

43 CFR 8224.2 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Penalties. 8224.2 Section 8224.2 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR RECREATION PROGRAMS PROCEDURES Fossil Forest Research Natural Area § 8224.2 Penalties...

43 CFR 8224.2 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Penalties. 8224.2 Section 8224.2 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR RECREATION PROGRAMS PROCEDURES Fossil Forest Research Natural Area § 8224.2 Penalties...

43 CFR 8224.2 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Penalties. 8224.2 Section 8224.2 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR RECREATION PROGRAMS PROCEDURES Fossil Forest Research Natural Area § 8224.2 Penalties...

43 CFR 8224.2 - Penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Penalties. 8224.2 Section 8224.2 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR RECREATION PROGRAMS PROCEDURES Fossil Forest Research Natural Area § 8224.2 Penalties...

43 CFR 8224.0-3 - Authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Authority. 8224.0-3 Section 8224.0-3 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR RECREATION PROGRAMS PROCEDURES Fossil Forest Research Natural Area § 8224.0-3...

43 CFR 8224.0-3 - Authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Authority. 8224.0-3 Section 8224.0-3 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR RECREATION PROGRAMS PROCEDURES Fossil Forest Research Natural Area § 8224.0-3...

43 CFR 8224.0-3 - Authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Authority. 8224.0-3 Section 8224.0-3 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR RECREATION PROGRAMS PROCEDURES Fossil Forest Research Natural Area § 8224.0-3...

43 CFR 8224.0-3 - Authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Authority. 8224.0-3 Section 8224.0-3 Public Lands: Interior Regulations Relating to Public Lands (Continued) BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR RECREATION PROGRAMS PROCEDURES Fossil Forest Research Natural Area § 8224.0-3...

10 CFR 501.11 - Address for filing documents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Address for filing documents. 501.11 Section 501.11 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ALTERNATE FUELS ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES AND SANCTIONS General Provisions... communications to the following address: Office of Fossil Energy, Office of Fuels Programs, Coal and Electricity...

Fossil Energy Program Annual Progress Report for the Period April 1, 2000 through March 31, 2001

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Judkins, RR

This report covers progress made at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) on research and development projects that contribute to the advancement of fossil energy technologies. Projects on the ORNL Fossil Energy Program are supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy, the DOE National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), the DOE Fossil Energy Clean Coal Technology (CCT) Program, the DOE National Petroleum Technology Office, and the DOE Fossil Energy Office of Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR). The ORNL Fossil Energy Program research and development activities cover the areas of coal, clean coal technology, gas, petroleum, and support tomore » the SPR. An important part of the Fossil Energy Program is technical management of all activities on the DOE Fossil Energy Advanced Research (AR) Materials Program. The AR Materials Program involves research at other DOE and government laboratories, at universities, and at industrial organizations.« less

Fossil Simulation in the Classroom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hoehn, Robert G.

1977-01-01

Describes classroom science demonstrations and experiments that simulate the process of fossil formation. Lists materials, procedures and suggestions for successful activities. Includes ten student activities (coral fossils, leaf fossils, leaf scars, carbonization, etc.). Describes a fossil game in which students work in pairs. (CS)

40 CFR 60.46 - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel... fossil fuels or fossil fuel and wood residue are fired, the owner or operator (in order to compute the...

40 CFR 60.46 - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel... fossil fuels or fossil fuel and wood residue are fired, the owner or operator (in order to compute the...

40 CFR 60.46 - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel... fossil fuels or fossil fuel and wood residue are fired, the owner or operator (in order to compute the...

40 CFR 60.46 - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel... the results of the four pairs of samples. (c) When combinations of fossil fuels or fossil fuel and...

40 CFR 60.46 - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel... the results of the four pairs of samples. (c) When combinations of fossil fuels or fossil fuel and...

Modern and Fossil Raindrop Impressions as a Lesson in Interpretation of Ancient Sedimentary Features.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pardi, Richard R.; Brickner, Dorene

1990-01-01

Procedures for duplicating fossil raindrop impressions are presented. The use of modern and fossil imprints as the basis for qualitative and quantitative lessons in the interpretation of ancient sedimentary features is discussed. (CW)

AR and TD Fossil Energy Materials Program. Quarterly progress report for the period ending December 31, 1981

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1982-04-01

The ORNL Fossil Energy Materials Program Office compiles and issues this combined quarterly progress report from camera-ready copies submitted by each of the participating subcontractor organizations. This report of activities on the program is organized in accordance with a work breakdown structure defined in the AR and TD Fossil Energy Materials Program Plan for FY 1982-1986 in which projects are organized according to fossil energy technologies. This report is divided into parts and chapters with each part describing projects related to a particular fossil energy technology. Chapters within a part provide details of the various projects associated with that technology.more » We hope this series of AR and TD Fossil Energy Materials Program quarterly progress reports will aid in the dissemination of information developed on the program. Plans for the program will be issued annually. A draft of the program plan for FY 1982 to 1986 has been prepared and is in the review process. The implementation of these plans will be reflected by these quarterly progress reports, and this dissemination of information will bw augmented by topical or final reports as appropriate.« less

77 FR 51021 - Ultra-Deepwater and Unconventional Natural Gas and Other Petroleum Resources, Research and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-23

..., Research and Development Program 2012 Annual Plan AGENCY: Office of Fossil Energy, Department of Energy. ACTION: Notice of report availability. SUMMARY: The Office of Fossil Energy announces the availability of... Resources Research and Development Program on the DOE Web site at www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/oilgas...

76 FR 56412 - Ultra-Deepwater and Unconventional Natural Gas and Other Petroleum Resources Research and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-13

... Research and Development Program 2011 Annual Plan AGENCY: Office of Fossil Energy, Department of Energy. ACTION: Notice of report availability. SUMMARY: The Office of Fossil Energy announces the availability of... Resources Research and Development Program on the DOE Web site at http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs...

40 CFR 60.106 - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... determine opacity. (c) If auxiliary liquid or solid fossil-fuels are burned in an incinerator-waste heat... rate from solid or liquid fossil fuel, million J/hr (million Btu/hr). Rc = Coke burn-off rate, Mg coke... supplemental gaseous, liquid, or solid fossil fuel is burned, testing shall be conducted at a point between the...

40 CFR 60.106 - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... determine opacity. (c) If auxiliary liquid or solid fossil-fuels are burned in an incinerator-waste heat... rate from solid or liquid fossil fuel, million J/hr (million Btu/hr). Rc = Coke burn-off rate, Mg coke... supplemental gaseous, liquid, or solid fossil fuel is burned, testing shall be conducted at a point between the...

40 CFR 60.106 - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... determine opacity. (c) If auxiliary liquid or solid fossil-fuels are burned in an incinerator-waste heat... rate from solid or liquid fossil fuel, million J/hr (million Btu/hr). Rc = Coke burn-off rate, Mg coke... supplemental gaseous, liquid, or solid fossil fuel is burned, testing shall be conducted at a point between the...

10 CFR 431.242 - Test Procedures [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... upstream of the draft control device of an individual, automatically operated, fossil fuel-fired appliance... intended for installation in the venting system of an individual, automatically operated, fossil fuel-fired...

10 CFR 431.242 - Test Procedures [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

..., automatically operated, fossil fuel-fired appliance that is designed to automatically open the flue outlet... individual, automatically operated, fossil fuel-fired appliance either in the outlet or downstream of the...

10 CFR 431.242 - Test Procedures [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... upstream of the draft control device of an individual, automatically operated, fossil fuel-fired appliance... intended for installation in the venting system of an individual, automatically operated, fossil fuel-fired...

10 CFR 431.242 - Test Procedures [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

..., automatically operated, fossil fuel-fired appliance that is designed to automatically open the flue outlet... individual, automatically operated, fossil fuel-fired appliance either in the outlet or downstream of the...

10 CFR 431.242 - Test Procedures [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

..., automatically operated, fossil fuel-fired appliance that is designed to automatically open the flue outlet... individual, automatically operated, fossil fuel-fired appliance either in the outlet or downstream of the...

40 CFR 60.106 - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... determine opacity. (c) If auxiliary liquid or solid fossil-fuels are burned in an incinerator-waste heat... rate from solid or liquid fossil fuel, GJ/hr (million Btu/hr). Rc = Coke burn-off rate, Mg coke/hr (ton... supplemental gaseous, liquid, or solid fossil fuel is burned, testing shall be conducted at a point between the...

40 CFR 60.106 - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... determine opacity. (c) If auxiliary liquid or solid fossil-fuels are burned in an incinerator-waste heat... rate from solid or liquid fossil fuel, GJ/hr (million Btu/hr). Rc = Coke burn-off rate, Mg coke/hr (ton... supplemental gaseous, liquid, or solid fossil fuel is burned, testing shall be conducted at a point between the...

76 FR 28223 - Clean Air Act Operating Permit Program; Petition for Objection to State Operating Permit for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-16

... Program; Petition for Objection to State Operating Permit for Tennessee Valley Authority--Paradise Fossil... for Air Quality to Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) for its Paradise Fossil Fuel Plant located near... period. Petitioner submitted a petition regarding the Paradise Fossil Fuel Plant on January 9, 2010...

Fossil Energy Program

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McNeese, L. E.

1981-01-01

Increased utilization of coal and other fossil fuel alternatives as sources of clean energy is reported. The following topics are discussed: coal conversion development, chemical research and development, materials technology, component development and process evaluation studies, technical support to major liquefaction projects, process analysis and engineering evaluations, fossil energy environmental analysis, flue gas desulfurization, solid waste disposal, coal preparation waste utilization, plant control development, atmospheric fluidized bed coal combustor for cogeneration, TVA FBC demonstration plant program technical support, PFBC systems analysis, fossil fuel applications assessments, performance assurance system support for fossil energy projects, international energy technology assessment, and general equilibrium models of liquid and gaseous fuel supplies.

Publications of the Fossil Energy Advanced Research and Technology Development Materials Program: April 1, 1993-March 31, 1995

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carlson, Paul T.

1995-04-01

The objective of the Fossil Energy Advanced Research and Technology Development (AR and TD) Materials Program is to conduct research and development on materials for fossil energy applications, with a focus on the longer-term needs for materials with general applicability to the various fossil fuel technologies. The Program includes research aimed at a better understanding of materials behavior in fossil energy environments and on the development of new materials capable of substantial improvement in plant operations and reliability. The scope of the Program addresses materials requirements for all fossil energy systems, including materials for coal preparation, coal liquefaction, coal gasification, heat engines and heat recovery, combustion systems, and fuel cells. Work on the Program is conducted at national and government laboratories, universities, and industrial research facilities. This bibliography covers the period of April 1, 1993, through March 31, 1995, and is a supplement to previous bibliographies in this series. It is the intent of this series of bibliographies to list only those publications that can be conveniently obtained by a researcher through relatively normal channels. The publications listed in this document have been limited to topical reports, open literature publications in referred journals, full-length papers in published proceedings of conferences, full-length papers in unreferred journals, and books and book articles.

Fossil energy biotechnology: A research needs assessment. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1993-11-01

The Office of Program Analysis of the US Department of Energy commissioned this study to evaluate and prioritize research needs in fossil energy biotechnology. The objectives were to identify research initiatives in biotechnology that offer timely and strategic options for the more efficient and effective uses of the Nation`s fossil resource base, particularly the early identification of new and novel applications of biotechnology for the use or conversion of domestic fossil fuels. Fossil energy biotechnology consists of a number of diverse and distinct technologies, all related by the common denominator -- biocatalysis. The expert panel organized 14 technical subjects intomore » three interrelated biotechnology programs: (1) upgrading the fuel value of fossil fuels; (2) bioconversion of fossil feedstocks and refined products to added value chemicals; and, (3) the development of environmental management strategies to minimize and mitigate the release of toxic and hazardous petrochemical wastes.« less

Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference on Fossil Energy Materials.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Judkins, RR

2004-11-02

The 18th Annual conference on Fossil Energy Materials was held in Knoxville, Tennessee, on June 2 through June 4, 2004. The meeting was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy through the Advanced Research Materials Program (ARM). The objective of the ARM Program is to conduct research and development on materials for longer-term fossil energy applications, as well as for generic needs of various fossil fuel technologies. The management of the program has been decentralized to the DOE Oak Ridge Operations Office and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The research is performed by staff membersmore » at ORNL and by researchers at other national laboratories, universities, and in private industry. The work is divided into the following categories: (1) structural, ceramics, (2) new alloys and coatings, (3) functional materials, and (4) technology development and transfer.« less

Proceedings of the sixth annual conference on fossil energy materials. Fossil Energy AR and TD Mateials Program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cole, N.C.; Judkins, R.R.

1992-07-01

The Sixth Annual Conference on Fossil Energy Materials was held in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, on May 12--14, 1992. The meeting was sponsored by the US Department of Energy`s Office of Fossil Energy through the Advanced Research and Technology Development (AR&TD) Materials Program, and ASM International. The objective of the AR&TD Materials Program is to conduct research and development on materials for longer-term fossil energy applications as well as for generic needs of various fossil fuel technologies. The management of the Program has been decentralized to the DOE Field Office, Oak Ridge with Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) as the technicalmore » support contractor. The research is performed by staff members at ORNL and by a substantial number of researchers at other national laboratories, universities, and in private industry. The work is divided into the following categories: (1) ceramics, (2) development and corrosion resistance of iron aluminide, advanced austenitic and chromium-niobium alloys, and (3) technology assessment and technology transfer. This conference is held each year to review the work on all of the projects of the Program. The agenda for the meeting is given in Appendix A, and a list of attendees is presented in Appendix B. ASM International cosponsored the conference, for which we are especially grateful.« less

Publications of the Fossil Energy Advanced Research and Technology Development Materials Program: April 1, 1993--March 31, 1995

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Carlson, P.T.

1995-04-01

The objective of the Fossil Energy Advanced Research and Technology Development (AR and TD) Materials Program is to conduct research and development on materials for fossil energy applications, with a focus on the longer-term needs for materials with general applicability to the various fossil fuel technologies. The Program includes research aimed at a better understanding of materials behavior in fossil energy environments and on the development of new materials capable of substantial improvement in plant operations and reliability. The scope of the Program addresses materials requirements for all fossil energy systems, including materials for coal preparation, coal liquefaction, coal gasification,more » heat engines and heat recovery, combustion systems, and fuel cells. Work on the Program is conducted at national and government laboratories, universities, and industrial research facilities. This bibliography covers the period of April 1, 1993, through March 31, 1995, and is a supplement to previous bibliographies in this series. It is the intent of this series of bibliographies to list only those publications that can be conveniently obtained by a researcher through relatively normal channels. The publications listed in this document have been limited to topical reports, open literature publications in refereed journals, full-length papers in published proceedings of conferences, full-length papers in unrefereed journals, and books and book articles. 159 refs.« less

Fossil Energy organization restructured

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

The Department of Energy has restructured its fossil energy organization to accommodate increases in activity and visibility of the President's $2.5 billion clean coal technology initiative. The realignment also includes changes in the coal research and development program and in supporting staff functions. In the coal program, changes in the organization include the establishment of two associate deputy assistant secretaries, both reporting to the deputy Assistant Secretary for Coal Technology. One associate deputy assistant secretary will oversee the Clean Coal Technology Program. A second associate deputy assistant secretary will manage the coal research and development program. An organizational chart illustratesmore » the new fossil energy headquarters organization.« less

Education Program on Fossil Resources Including Coal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Usami, Masahiro

Fossil fuels including coal play a key role as crucial energies in contributing to economic development in Asia. On the other hand, its limited quantity and the environmental problems causing from its usage have become a serious global issue and a countermeasure to solve such problems is very much demanded. Along with the pursuit of sustainable development, environmentally-friendly use of highly efficient fossil resources should be therefore, accompanied. Kyushu-university‧s sophisticated research through long years of accumulated experience on the fossil resources and environmental sectors together with the advanced large-scale commercial and empirical equipments will enable us to foster cooperative research and provide internship program for the future researchers. Then, this program is executed as a consignment business from the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry from 2007 fiscal year to 2009 fiscal year. The lecture that uses the textbooks developed by this program is scheduled to be started a course in fiscal year 2010.

Fossil energy program

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McNeese, L. E.

1981-12-01

The progress made during the period from July 1 through September 30 for the Oak Ridge National Laboratory research and development projects in support of the increased utilization of coal and other fossil fuels as sources of clean energy is reported. The following topics are discussed: coal conversion development, chemical research and development, materials technology, fossil energy materials program, liquefaction projects, component development, process analysis, environmental control technology, atmospheric fluidized bed combustion, underground coal gasification, coal preparation and waste utilization.

77 FR 19277 - Orders Granting Authority To Import and Export Natural Gas and Liquefied Natural Gas During...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-30

... of Fossil Energy, Department of Energy. ACTION: Notice of orders. SUMMARY: The Office of Fossil... attached appendix and may be found on the FE Web site at http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs... of Fossil Energy, Office of Natural Gas Regulatory Activities, Docket Room 3E-033, Forrestal Building...

Case Studies of Two American Towns That Have Recently Developed Geotourism Venues: A Comparison of Steps Taken in Geoscience Education Program Development

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wandersee, J. H.; Clary, R. M.

2005-12-01

In June, 2003, CNN reported that there were three US public fossil parks (in OH, NY, and IA) that embraced educational missions and allowed the public to collect and actually keep the fossils they found. The new parks moved beyond exhibiting fossils to allowing the park visitor to have a direct, tangible, and authentic geobiological field experience, typically culminating in the visitor's identification and ownership of a small number of personally collected fossils. Our site-based, qualitative, comparative geoscience educational analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the first three parks was presented at the 2004 International Geological Congress. We subsequently developed a fossil park design model for others contemplating the establishment or instructional use of such parks. Today there are five specially developed, public fossil parks in the US. All are owned and operated by city or county governments, or by non-profit organizations. Each considers its primary mission to be advancing geoscience education. In the current investigation, we conducted on-site, multiple case study research on the two newest US fossil parks. Both are located in small towns: Trammel Fossil Park in Sharonville, Ohio (population 13,000), and Fossil Beds Park in Fossil, Oregon (population 430). The former site is Ordovician in age, with four fossiliferous marine formations. The latter is an Oligocene lake bed and contains approximately 35 species of identified plant fossils. Our focus in both case studies was on identifying the steps of successful fossil park development that lead to a sound informal geoscience education program, based on principles of active, meaningful, and mindful learning (Langer, 1998; Michael and Modell, 2003; Mintzes, Wandersee, and Novak, 2000). We found that each town had developed a collaborative, community-driven, pedagogically innovative, field-based geotourism venue. Each was noteworthy in specific ways for its geoscience education potential as an outdoor teaching laboratory. We report on the results of actual fossil collecting and interpretation at each site, evaluating the opportunities we found to discover common fossils and to learn geobiology in the field. Our study's findings outline the steps of educational program development and support underlying each park. While one utilizes a very effective interpretive signage system that aims to be self-teaching, the other employs a helpful on-site geological interpreter. In one, following the collapse of the timber industry, the town's entire economic recovery plan is now predicated on geotourism and geoscience education activities centered around its fossil park. In the other, the fossil park has become the enticing geoscience jewel of the town's park system. We think the two different fossil park program development approaches we have elucidated (e.g., Wheeler County Oregon's Paleo Project and Sharonville's university-city-local developer collaboration) could be replicated at other appropriate fossil sites. We also correlated our findings with the new National Research Council study, America's Lab Report (2005), to show that fossil parks can offer scientific experiences to the public that contribute to the nation's scientific literacy.

78 FR 35014 - Orders Granting Authority to Import and Export Natural Gas, and to Import Liquefied Natural Gas...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-11

... Fossil Energy, Department of Energy (DOE). ACTION: Notice of orders. SUMMARY: The Office of Fossil Energy... in the attached appendix and may be found on the FE Web site at http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs... of Fossil Energy, Office of Natural Gas Regulatory Activities, Docket Room 3E-033, Forrestal Building...

Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Conference on Fossil Energy Materials

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Judkins, R.R.

2002-02-12

The Fifteenth Annual Conference on Fossil Energy Materials was held in Knoxville, Tennessee, on April 30 through May 2, 2001. The meeting was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy through the Advanced Research Materials Program (ARM). The objective of the ARM Program is to conduct research and development on materials for longer-term fossil energy applications, as well as for generic needs of various fossil fuel technologies. The management of the program has been decentralized to the DOE Oak Ridge Operations Office and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The research is performed by staff membersmore » at ORNL and by researchers at other national laboratories, universities, and in private industry. The work is divided into the following categories: (1) structural, ceramics, (2) new alloys and coatings, (3) functional materials, and (4) technology development and transfer. These proceedings were produced primarily from electronic files provided by the authors. They have been neither refereed nor extensively edited. However, most of the papers have already undergone technical review within the individual organizations before submission to the Program Office. The proceedings are available on the Fossil Energy home page at http://www.ornl.gov/fossil (Workshops and Conferences). The successful completion of the conference and publication of the proceedings has required help from several people. The organizers wish to thank Angela Beach of the ORNL Conference Office for her help in the many arrangements, and the numerous staff and support personnel associated with the conference. Finally, we express our sincere appreciation to the authors whose efforts are the very basis of the conference.« less

78 FR 41046 - Agency Request for Comments on Draft Solicitation

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-09

... Advanced Fossil Energy Projects. SUMMARY: The Loan Programs Office (LPO) of the Department of Energy (DOE... Fossil Energy Projects. LPO invites comments regarding the draft of the potential future solicitation... announcement for Federal Loan Guarantees for Advanced Fossil Energy Projects. Should DOE choose to proceed...

Proceedings of the sixth annual conference on fossil energy materials

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cole, N.C.; Judkins, R.R.

1992-07-01

The Sixth Annual Conference on Fossil Energy Materials was held in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, on May 12--14, 1992. The meeting was sponsored by the US Department of Energy's Office of Fossil Energy through the Advanced Research and Technology Development (AR TD) Materials Program, and ASM International. The objective of the AR TD Materials Program is to conduct research and development on materials for longer-term fossil energy applications as well as for generic needs of various fossil fuel technologies. The management of the Program has been decentralized to the DOE Field Office, Oak Ridge with Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) asmore » the technical support contractor. The research is performed by staff members at ORNL and by a substantial number of researchers at other national laboratories, universities, and in private industry. The work is divided into the following categories: (1) ceramics, (2) development and corrosion resistance of iron aluminide, advanced austenitic and chromium-niobium alloys, and (3) technology assessment and technology transfer. This conference is held each year to review the work on all of the projects of the Program. The agenda for the meeting is given in Appendix A, and a list of attendees is presented in Appendix B. ASM International cosponsored the conference, for which we are especially grateful.« less

The first fossil salmonfly (Insecta: Plecoptera: Pteronarcyidae), back to the Middle Jurassic.

PubMed

Cui, Yingying; Béthoux, Olivier; Kondratieff, Boris; Shih, Chungkun; Ren, Dong

2016-10-18

The fossil record of Plecoptera (stoneflies) is considered relatively complete, with stem-groups of each of the three major lineages, viz. Antarctoperlaria, Euholognatha and Systellognatha (and some of their families) represented in the Mesozoic. However, the family Pteronarcyidae (the salmonflies; including two genera, Pteronarcys and Pteronarcella) has no fossil record to date, and the family has been suggested to have diverged recently. In this paper, we report on a set of specimens belonging to a new fossil species of stonefly, discovered from the Middle Jurassic Daohugou locality (China). Our comparative analysis of wing venation and body characters demonstrates that the new species belongs to the Pteronarcyidae, and is more closely related to Pteronarcys than to Pteronarcella. However, it differs from all known species of the former genus. It is therefore assigned to a new genus and named Pteroliriope sinitshenkovae gen. et sp. nov. under the traditional nomenclatural procedure. The cladotypic nomenclatural procedure is also employed, with the resulting combination Pteroliriope nec Pteronarcys sinitshenkovae sp. nov. The first discovery of a fossil member of the Pteronarcyidae demonstrates that the corresponding lineage is not a very recent offshoot but was already present ca. 165 million years ago. This discovery concurs with the view that divergence of most stonefly families took place very early, probably in the Triassic, or even in the Permian. This contribution demonstrates the need for (re-)investigations of the systematics of fossil stoneflies to refine divergence date estimates for Plecoptera lineages.

77 FR 55201 - Notice of Orders Granting Applications to Import and Export Natural Gas and Vacating Prior...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-07

... Renewables, LLC AGENCY: Office of Fossil Energy, Department of Energy (DOE). ACTION: Notice of orders. SUMMARY: The Office of Fossil Energy (FE) of the Department of Energy gives notice that during July 2012....fossil.energy.gov/programs/ gasregulation/authorizations/ [[Page 55202

40 CFR 51.308 - Regional haze program requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... for fossil-fuel fired power plants having a total generating capacity greater than 750 megawatts must...-eligible fossil fuel-fired steam electric plants in the State to install, operate, and maintain BART for... fossil fuel-fired steam electric plants in the State to install, operate, and maintain BART for the...

40 CFR 51.308 - Regional haze program requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... for fossil-fuel fired power plants having a total generating capacity greater than 750 megawatts must...-eligible fossil fuel-fired steam electric plants in the State to install, operate, and maintain BART for... fossil fuel-fired steam electric plants in the State to install, operate, and maintain BART for the...

77 FR 59186 - Clean Air Act Operating Permit Program; Petition for Objection to State Operating Permit for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-26

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [Petition IV-2011-1; FRL-9734-2] Clean Air Act Operating Permit Program; Petition for Objection to State Operating Permit for Tennessee Valley Authority's Shawnee Fossil... Valley Authority for its Shawnee Fossil Plant (SFP) facility located in West Paducah, Kentucky. This...

40 CFR 52.1170 - Identification of plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... compounds form existing automobile, truck, and business machine plastic part coating lines 4/27/93 9/7/94... Continuous emission monitoring, fossil fuel-fired steam generators 3/19/02 6/1/06, 71 FR 31093 R 336.2102... 336.2175 Data reduction procedures for fossil fuel-fired steam generators 11/15/04 6/1/06, 71 FR 31093...

40 CFR 52.1170 - Identification of plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... compounds form existing automobile, truck, and business machine plastic part coating lines 4/27/93 9/7/94... Continuous emission monitoring, fossil fuel-fired steam generators 3/19/02 6/1/06, 71 FR 31093 R 336.2102... 336.2175 Data reduction procedures for fossil fuel-fired steam generators 11/15/04 6/1/06, 71 FR 31093...

40 CFR 52.1170 - Identification of plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... compounds form existing automobile, truck, and business machine plastic part coating lines 4/27/93 9/7/94... Continuous emission monitoring, fossil fuel-fired steam generators 3/19/02 6/1/06, 71 FR 31093 R 336.2102... 336.2175 Data reduction procedures for fossil fuel-fired steam generators 11/15/04 6/1/06, 71 FR 31093...

40 CFR 52.1170 - Identification of plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... compounds form existing automobile, truck, and business machine plastic part coating lines 4/27/93 9/7/94... Continuous emission monitoring, fossil fuel-fired steam generators 3/19/02 6/1/06, 71 FR 31093 R 336.2102... 336.2175 Data reduction procedures for fossil fuel-fired steam generators 11/15/04 6/1/06, 71 FR 31093...

40 CFR 52.1170 - Identification of plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... compounds form existing automobile, truck, and business machine plastic part coating lines 4/27/93 9/7/94... Continuous emission monitoring, fossil fuel-fired steam generators 3/19/02 6/1/06, 71 FR 31093 R 336.2102... 336.2175 Data reduction procedures for fossil fuel-fired steam generators 11/15/04 6/1/06, 71 FR 31093...

RECOMMENDED OPERATING PROCEDURE NO. 56: COLLECTION OF GASEOUS GRAB SAMPLES FROM COMBUSTION SOURCES FOR NITROUS OXIDE MEASUREMENT

EPA Science Inventory

The document is a recommended operating procedure, prepare or use in research activities conducted by EPA's Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory (AEERL). The procedure applies to the collection of gaseous grab samples from fossil fuel combustion sources for subsequent a...

Evaluation of Biodiesel Fuels to Reduce Fossil Fuel Use in Corps of Engineers Floating Plant Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-07-01

ER D C/ CH L TR -1 6- 11 Dredging Operations and Environmental Research Program Evaluation of Biodiesel Fuels to Reduce Fossil Fuel Use...Fuels to Reduce Fossil Fuel Use in Corps of Engineers Floating Plant Operations Michael Tubman and Timothy Welp Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory...sensitive emissions, increase use of renewable energy, and reduce the use of fossil fuels was conducted with funding from the U.S. Army Corps of

Introducing Evolution to Non-Biology Majors via the Fossil Record: A Case Study from the Israeli High School System.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dodick, Jeff; Orion, Nir

2003-01-01

Discusses challenges faced in the teaching and learning of evolution. Presents a curricular program and a case study on evolutionary biology. Investigates students' conceptual knowledge after exposure to the program "From Dinosaurs to Darwin," which focuses on fossil records as evidence of evolution. (Contains 32 references.) (YDS)

78 FR 19696 - Orders Granting Authority To Import and Export Natural Gas, To Import Liquefied Natural Gas, To...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-02

...: Office of Fossil Energy, Department of Energy (DOE). ACTION: Notice of orders. SUMMARY: The Office of Fossil Energy (FE) of the Department of Energy gives notice that during December 2012, it issued orders... site at http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/gasregulation/authorizations/Orders-2012.html . They are...

78 FR 13869 - Puget Sound Energy, Inc.; Puget Sound Energy, Inc.; Puget Sound Energy, Inc.; Puget Sound Energy...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-01

... Prior Authority During November 2012 AGENCY: Office of Fossil Energy, Department of Energy (DOE). ACTION: Notice of orders. SUMMARY: The Office of Fossil Energy (FE) of the Department of Energy gives notice that... found on the FE Web site at http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/gasregulation/authorizations/Orders...

77 FR 62231 - Excelerate Liquefaction Solutions I, LLC, Nutreco Canada Inc., JM & RAL Energy Inc...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-12

... During August 2012 AGENCY: Office of Fossil Energy, Department of Energy (DOE). ACTION: Notice of orders. SUMMARY: The Office of Fossil Energy (FE) of the Department of Energy gives notice that during August 2012... Web site at http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/gasregulation/authorizations/Orders-2012.html . They...

77 FR 4028 - Orders Granting, Amending and Vacating Authority To Import and Export Natural Gas and Liquefied...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-26

..., L.P 92-35-LNG AGENCY: Office of Fossil Energy, Department of Energy (DOE). ACTION: Notice of orders. SUMMARY: The Office of Fossil Energy (FE) of the Department of Energy gives notice that during December... site at http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/gasregulation/authorizations/Orders-2011.html . They are...

77 FR 50680 - Notice of Orders Granting Applications and an Order Vacating Authority To Import and Export...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-22

... June 2012 AGENCY: Office of Fossil Energy, Department of Energy (DOE). ACTION: Notice of orders. FE... & GAS COMPANY, 12-69-NG LLC. MONETA ENERGY SERVICES, LTD 12-70-NG SUMMARY: The Office of Fossil Energy....fossil.energy.gov/programs/gasregulation/authorizations/Orders-2012.html . They are also available for...

77 FR 25155 - Atlantic Power Energy Services (US) LLC; White Eagle Trading, LLC; Morgan Stanley Capital Group...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-27

... Natural Gas During March 2012 AGENCY: Office of Fossil Energy, Department of Energy (DOE). ACTION: Notice of orders. SUMMARY: The Office of Fossil Energy (FE) of the Department of Energy gives notice that... http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/gasregulation/authorizations/Orders-2012.html . They are also...

78 FR 30295 - Constellation Energy Commoditiesgroup, Inc., ENI USA Gas Marketing LLC, Sequent Energy Canada...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-22

... Natural Gas, and Vacating Prior Authority During March 2013 AGENCY: Office of Fossil Energy, Department of Energy (DOE). ACTION: Notice of orders. SUMMARY: The Office of Fossil Energy (FE) of the Department of... attached appendix and may be found on the FE Web site at http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs...

78 FR 46581 - Orders Granting Authority To Import and Export Natural Gas, and To Import Liquefied Natural Gas...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-01

... CANADA, INC 13-74-NG AGENCY: Office of Fossil Energy, Department of Energy (DOE). ACTION: Notice of orders. SUMMARY: The Office of Fossil Energy (FE) of the Department of Energy gives notice that during... http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/gasregulation/authorizations/Orders-2012.html . They are also...

78 FR 53739 - Orders Granting Authority To Import and Export Natural Gas, To Import and Export Liquefied...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-30

...: Office of Fossil Energy, Department of Energy (DOE). ACTION: Notice of orders. SUMMARY: The Office of Fossil Energy (FE) of the Department of Energy gives notice that during July 2013, it issued orders... Web site at http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/gasregulation/authorizations/Orders-2013.html . They...

78 FR 62462 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Modifications to Renewable Fuel Standard Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-22

... and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) to reduce the use of fossil fuels and encourage increased production... renewable fuel to replace or reduce the quantity of fossil fuel present in transportation fuel. Under EPA's... quantity of fossil fuel present in home heating oil or jet fuel.\\3\\ In essence, additional renewable fuel...

40 CFR Appendix G to Part 75 - Determination of CO2 Emissions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... following procedures to estimate daily CO2 mass emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels. The optional... tons/day) from the combustion of fossil fuels. Where fuel flow is measured in a common pipe header (i.e... discharged to the atmosphere (in tons/day) as the sum of CO2 emissions from combustion and, if applicable...

40 CFR Appendix G to Part 75 - Determination of CO2 Emissions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... following procedures to estimate daily CO2 mass emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels. The optional... tons/day) from the combustion of fossil fuels. Where fuel flow is measured in a common pipe header (i.e... discharged to the atmosphere (in tons/day) as the sum of CO2 emissions from combustion and, if applicable...

40 CFR Appendix G to Part 75 - Determination of CO2 Emissions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... following procedures to estimate daily CO2 mass emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels. The optional... tons/day) from the combustion of fossil fuels. Where fuel flow is measured in a common pipe header (i.e... discharged to the atmosphere (in tons/day) as the sum of CO2 emissions from combustion and, if applicable...

40 CFR Appendix G to Part 75 - Determination of CO2 Emissions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... following procedures to estimate daily CO2 mass emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels. The optional... tons/day) from the combustion of fossil fuels. Where fuel flow is measured in a common pipe header (i.e... discharged to the atmosphere (in tons/day) as the sum of CO2 emissions from combustion and, if applicable...

Fuel cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hooie, D. T.; Harrington, B. C., III; Mayfield, M. J.; Parsons, E. L.

1992-07-01

The primary objective of DOE's Fossil Energy Fuel Cell program is to fund the development of key fuel cell technologies in a manner that maximizes private sector participation and in a way that will give contractors the opportunity for a competitive posture, early market entry, and long-term market growth. This summary includes an overview of the Fuel Cell program, an elementary explanation of how fuel cells operate, and a synopsis of the three major fuel cell technologies sponsored by the DOE/Fossil Energy Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell program, the Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell program, and the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell program.

ANALOG: a program for estimating paleoclimate parameters using the method of modern analogs

USGS Publications Warehouse

Schweitzer, Peter N.

1994-01-01

Beginning in the 1970s with CLIMAP, paleoclimatologists have been trying to derive quantitative estimates of climatic parameters from the sedimentary record. In general the procedure is to observe the modern distribution of some component of surface sediment that depends on climate, find an empirical relationship between climate and the character of sediments, then extrapolate past climate by studying older sediments in the same way. Initially the empirical relationship between climate and components of the sediment was determined using a multiple regression technique (Imbrie and Kipp, 1971). In these studies sea-floor sediments were examined to determine the percentage of various species of planktonic foraminifera present in them. Supposing that the distribution of foraminiferal assemblages depended strongly on the extremes of annual sea-surface temperature (SST), the foraminiferal assemblages (refined through use of varimax factor analysis) were regressed against the average SST during the coolest and warmest months of the year. The result was a set of transfer functions, equations that could be used to estimate cool and warm SST from the faunal composition of a sediment sample. Assuming that the ecological preference of the species had remained constant throughout the last several hundred thousand years, these transfer functions could be used to estimate SSTs during much of the late Pleistocene. Hutson (1980) and Overpeck, Webb, and Prentice (1985) proposed an alternative approach to estimating paleoclimatic parameters. Their 'method of modern analogs' revolved not around the existence of a few climatically-sensitive faunal assemblages but rather on the expectation that similar climatic regimes should foster similar faunal and floral assemblages. From a large pool of modern samples, those few are selected whose faunal compositions are most similar to a given fossil sample. Paleoclimate estimates are derived using the climatic character of only the most similar modern samples, the modern analogs of the fossil sample. This report describes how to use the program ANALOG to carry out the method of modern analogs. It is assumed that the user has faunal census estimates of one or more fossil samples, and one or more sets of faunal data from modern samples. Furthermore, the user must understand the taxonomic categories represented in the data sets, and be able to recognize taxa that are or may be considered equivalent in the analysis. ANALOG provides the user with flexibility in input data format, output data content, and choice of distance measure, and allows the user to determine which taxa from each modern and fossil data file are compared. Most of the memory required by the program is allocated dynamically, so that, on systems that permit program segments to grow, the program consumes only as many system resources as are needed to accomplish its task.

78 FR 65304 - Orders Granting Authority To Import and Export Natural Gas, and To Import and Export Liquefied...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-31

... And Electric Company........ 13-95-NG Barclays Bank PLC 13-99-NG AGENCY: Office of Fossil Energy, Department of Energy. ACTION: Notice of orders. SUMMARY: The Office of Fossil Energy (FE) of the Department... attached appendix and may be found on the FE Web site at http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs...

40 CFR 80.1151 - What are the recordkeeping requirements under the RFS program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... records of the following: (1) The amount and type of fossil fuel and waste material-derived fuel used in... biomass ethanol through the displacement of 90 percent or more of the fossil fuel normally used in the... producing cellulosic biomass ethanol as defined in § 80.1101(a)(1). (3) The equivalent amount of fossil fuel...

78 FR 4401 - Orders Granting Authority To Import and Export Natural Gas, To Import and Export Liquefied...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-22

... 12-144-NG MC GLOBAL GAS CORPORATION 12-150-NG AGENCY: Office of Fossil Energy, Department of Energy (DOE). ACTION: Notice of orders. SUMMARY: The Office of Fossil Energy (FE) of the Department of Energy... on the FE Web site at http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/gasregulation/authorizations/Orders-2012...

78 FR 44940 - Orders Granting Authority To Import and Export Natural Gas, and To Import and Export Liquefied...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-25

... 13-64-NG PENTACLES ENERGY, LLLP 13-65-NG AGENCY: Office of Fossil Energy, Department of Energy (DOE). ACTION: Notice of orders. SUMMARY: The Office of Fossil Energy (FE) of the Department of Energy gives... found on the FE Web site at http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/gasregulation/authorizations/Orders...

40 CFR 80.1151 - What are the recordkeeping requirements under the RFS program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... records of the following: (1) The amount and type of fossil fuel and waste material-derived fuel used in... biomass ethanol through the displacement of 90 percent or more of the fossil fuel normally used in the... producing cellulosic biomass ethanol as defined in § 80.1101(a)(1). (3) The equivalent amount of fossil fuel...

40 CFR 80.1151 - What are the recordkeeping requirements under the RFS program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... records of the following: (1) The amount and type of fossil fuel and waste material-derived fuel used in... biomass ethanol through the displacement of 90 percent or more of the fossil fuel normally used in the... producing cellulosic biomass ethanol as defined in § 80.1101(a)(1). (3) The equivalent amount of fossil fuel...

40 CFR 80.1151 - What are the recordkeeping requirements under the RFS program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... records of the following: (1) The amount and type of fossil fuel and waste material-derived fuel used in... biomass ethanol through the displacement of 90 percent or more of the fossil fuel normally used in the... producing cellulosic biomass ethanol as defined in § 80.1101(a)(1). (3) The equivalent amount of fossil fuel...

77 FR 12274 - Orders Granting Authority To Import and Export Natural Gas and Liquefied Natural Gas During...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-29

... Fossil Energy, Department of Energy (DOE). ACTION: Notice of orders. FE Docket Nos. DOMINION COVE POINT... Fossil Energy (FE) of the Department of Energy gives notice that during January 2012, it issued Orders... in the attached appendix and may be found on the FE Web site at http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs...

40 CFR 80.1151 - What are the recordkeeping requirements under the RFS program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... records of the following: (1) The amount and type of fossil fuel and waste material-derived fuel used in... biomass ethanol through the displacement of 90 percent or more of the fossil fuel normally used in the... producing cellulosic biomass ethanol as defined in § 80.1101(a)(1). (3) The equivalent amount of fossil fuel...

77 FR 31838 - Notice of Orders Granting Authority to Import and Export Natural Gas and Liquefied Natural Gas...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-30

...: Office of Fossil Energy, Department of Energy (DOE). ACTION: Notice of orders. FE Docket Nos. Prometheus... Resources, Inc 12-42-NG Minnesota Energy Resources Corporation... 12-40-NG SUMMARY: The Office of Fossil... attached appendix and may be found on the FE Web site at http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs...

77 FR 38790 - Noble Americas Gas & Power Corp., LNG Development Company, LLC, LNG Development Company, LLC (d/b...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-29

...: Office of Fossil Energy, Department of Energy (DOE). ACTION: Notice of orders. SUMMARY: The Office of Fossil Energy (FE) of the Department of Energy gives notice that during May 2012, it issued Orders... in the attached appendix and may be found on the FE Web site at http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs...

Utilization of Sunlight into Methane Hydrate Production: Feasibility Study Based on Energy Balance Estimation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shimada, J.; Shimada, M.; Tsunashima, K.; Aoyama, C.

2017-12-01

Methane hydrate is gaining remarkable attention as future natural gas resource. Collection procedures such as heating, depressurization, and chemical intrusion are being tested, but because of its high cost, they are still under development and not yet implemented. Cost reduction of the procedures cannot be expected as long as fossil fuel is used as power and heat source to extract methane gas from methane hydrate. In this regard, natural energy such as sunlight, wind, tidal, and wave powers should be implemented as energy resources as alternatives of fossil fuels. Using natural energy instead of fossil fuel will also help to prevent global warming. However, only a few proposals have been made regarding extraction methods to use clean natural energy effectively. In this study, authors will present a new extraction method using optical fibers to expose direct sunlight onto methane hydrate, and verify from various standpoints such as energy balance during extraction process and dependency of the environment.

Identification of Preferential Paths of Fossil Carbon within Water Resource Recovery Facilities via Radiocarbon Analysis.

PubMed

Tseng, Linda Y; Robinson, Alice K; Zhang, Xiaying; Xu, Xiaomei; Southon, John; Hamilton, Andrew J; Sobhani, Reza; Stenstrom, Michael K; Rosso, Diego

2016-11-15

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported that all carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions generated by water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) during treatment are modern, based on available literature. Therefore, such emissions were omitted from IPCC's greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting procedures. However, a fraction of wastewater's carbon is fossil in origin. We hypothesized that since the fossil carbon entering municipal WRRFs is mostly from soaps and detergents as dissolved organic matter, its fate can be selectively determined during the universally applied separation treatment processes. Analyzing radiocarbon at different treatment points within municipal WRRFs, we verified that the fossil content could amount to 28% in primary influent and showed varying distribution leaving different unit operations. We recorded the highest proportion of fossil carbon leaving the secondary treatment as off-gas and as solid sludge (averaged 2.08 kg fossil-CO 2 -emission-potential m -3 wastewater treated). By including fossil CO 2 , total GHG emission in municipal WRRFs increased 13%, and 23% if an on-site energy recovery system exists although much of the postdigestion fossil carbon remained in biosolids rather than in biogas, offering yet another carbon sequestration opportunity during biosolids handling. In comparison, fossil carbon contribution to GHG emission can span from negligible to substantial in different types of industrial WRRFs. With such a considerable impact, CO 2 should be analyzed for each WRRF and not omitted from GHG accounting.

Variability in the preservation of the isotopic composition of collagen from fossil bone

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tuross, N.; Fogel, M.L.; Hare, P.E.

1988-04-01

Collagen from bone was prepared by several methods. For modern and well-preserved bone the {delta}{sup 13}C and {delta}{sup 15}N of collagen replicas obtained after HCl or EDTA demineralization were similar to those obtained with a gelatinization procedure. However, in more poorly preserved fossil bone the {delta}{sup 13}C and {delta}{sup 15}N varied among the different protein extracts. The yield of collagen obtained with EDTA demineralization was consistently higher than extraction procedures that used HCl. The {delta}{sup 13}C of individual amino acids separated from the collagen of modern and fossil whale bone varied up to 17{per thousand}, and the {delta}{sup 15}N frommore » the same amino acids ranged over 47{per thousand}. The {delta}{sup 13}C and {delta}{sup 15}N of most amino acids clustered closely to the average of the HCl insoluble collagen. The {delta}{sup 13}C of the major amino acid in collagen, glycine, differed from the average HCl insoluble collagen by approximately 8{per thousand} in the fossil whale and 14{per thousand} in the modern whale. The {delta}{sup 15}N of glycine differed from the average HCl insoluble values by approximately 4{per thousand} in the fossil whale and 7{per thousand} in the modern whale. Thus, diagenetic changes that alter the ratio of glycine to other amino acids in bone can be expected to perturb the values for carbon and nitrogen isotopes.« less

Fossil energy waste management. Technology status report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bossart, S.J.; Newman, D.A.

1995-02-01

This report describes the current status and recent accomplishments of the Fossil Energy Waste Management (FE WM) projects sponsored by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) of the US Department of Energy (DOE). The primary goal of the Waste Management Program is to identify and develop optimal strategies to manage solid by-products from advanced coal technologies for the purpose of ensuring the competitiveness of advanced coal technologies as a future energy source. The projects in the Fossil Energy Waste Management Program are divided into three types of activities: Waste Characterization, Disposal Technologies, and Utilization Technologies. This technology status report includesmore » a discussion on barriers to increased use of coal by-products. Also, the major technical and nontechnical challenges currently being addressed by the FE WM program are discussed. A bibliography of 96 citations and a list of project contacts is included if the reader is interested in obtaining additional information about the FE WM program.« less

FOSSIL2 energy policy model documentation: FOSSIL2 documentation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

1980-10-01

This report discusses the structure, derivations, assumptions, and mathematical formulation of the FOSSIL2 model. Each major facet of the model - supply/demand interactions, industry financing, and production - has been designed to parallel closely the actual cause/effect relationships determining the behavior of the United States energy system. The data base for the FOSSIL2 program is large, as is appropriate for a system dynamics simulation model. When possible, all data were obtained from sources well known to experts in the energy field. Cost and resource estimates are based on DOE data whenever possible. This report presents the FOSSIL2 model at severalmore » levels. Volumes II and III of this report list the equations that comprise the FOSSIL2 model, along with variable definitions and a cross-reference list of the model variables. Volume III lists the model equations and a one line definition for equations, in a short, readable format.« less

Let your fingers do the walking: A simple spectral signature model for "remote" fossil prospecting.

PubMed

Conroy, Glenn C; Emerson, Charles W; Anemone, Robert L; Townsend, K E Beth

2012-07-01

Even with the most meticulous planning, and utilizing the most experienced fossil-hunters, fossil prospecting in remote and/or extensive areas can be time-consuming, expensive, logistically challenging, and often hit or miss. While nothing can predict or guarantee with 100% assurance that fossils will be found in any particular location, any procedures or techniques that might increase the odds of success would be a major benefit to the field. Here we describe, and test, one such technique that we feel has great potential for increasing the probability of finding fossiliferous sediments - a relatively simple spectral signature model using the spatial analysis and image classification functions of ArcGIS(®)10 that creates interactive thematic land cover maps that can be used for "remote" fossil prospecting. Our test case is the extensive Eocene sediments of the Uinta Basin, Utah - a fossil prospecting area encompassing ∼1200 square kilometers. Using Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite imagery, we "trained" the spatial analysis and image classification algorithms using the spectral signatures of known fossil localities discovered in the Uinta Basin prior to 2005 and then created interactive probability models highlighting other regions in the Basin having a high probability of containing fossiliferous sediments based on their spectral signatures. A fortuitous "post-hoc" validation of our model presented itself. Our model identified several paleontological "hotspots", regions that, while not producing any fossil localities prior to 2005, had high probabilities of being fossiliferous based on the similarities of their spectral signatures to those of previously known fossil localities. Subsequent fieldwork found fossils in all the regions predicted by the model. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

40 CFR 51.308 - Regional haze program requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... for fossil-fuel fired power plants having a total generating capacity greater than 750 megawatts must...) and (e) of this section. The progress reports must be in the form of implementation plan revisions... Federal Implementation Plan need not require BART-eligible fossil fuel-fired steam electric plants in the...

Undergraduate research studies program at participating institutions of the HBCU Fossil Energy Consortium

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bota, K.B.

1991-01-01

The primary objective of this research program is to expose students in the Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) Fossil Energy Consortium Institutions to energy and fossil fuels research, to stimulate their interest in the sciences and engineering and to encourage them to pursue graduate studies. This report provides the research accomplishment of the various students who participated in the program. Research results are presented on the following topics: Energy Enhancement and Pollutant Reduction in Coal by Cryogenic Diminution; Competition of NO and SO[sub 2] for OH Generated witin Electrical Aerosol Analyzers; Dispersed Iron Catalysts for Coal Gasification; NQR/NMR Studiesmore » of Copper-Cobalt Catalysts for Syngas Concersion; Catalytic gasification of Coal Chars by Potassium Sulfate and Ferrous Sulfate Mixtures; A New Method for Cleaning and Beneficiation of Ultrafine Coal; Characterization Studies of Coal-Derived Liquids; Study of Coal Liquefaction Catalysts and Removal of Certain Toxic Heavy Metal Ions from Coal Conversion Process Wastewaters.« less

Undergraduate research studies program at participating institutions of the HBCU Fossil Energy Consortium. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bota, K.B.

1991-12-31

The primary objective of this research program is to expose students in the Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) Fossil Energy Consortium Institutions to energy and fossil fuels research, to stimulate their interest in the sciences and engineering and to encourage them to pursue graduate studies. This report provides the research accomplishment of the various students who participated in the program. Research results are presented on the following topics: Energy Enhancement and Pollutant Reduction in Coal by Cryogenic Diminution; Competition of NO and SO{sub 2} for OH Generated witin Electrical Aerosol Analyzers; Dispersed Iron Catalysts for Coal Gasification; NQR/NMR Studiesmore » of Copper-Cobalt Catalysts for Syngas Concersion; Catalytic gasification of Coal Chars by Potassium Sulfate and Ferrous Sulfate Mixtures; A New Method for Cleaning and Beneficiation of Ultrafine Coal; Characterization Studies of Coal-Derived Liquids; Study of Coal Liquefaction Catalysts and Removal of Certain Toxic Heavy Metal Ions from Coal Conversion Process Wastewaters.« less

Environmental Sciences Division annual progress report for period ending September 30, 1981

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Auerbach, S.I.; Reichle, D.E.

1982-04-01

Research programs from the following sections and programs are summarized: aquatic ecology, environmental resources, earth sciences, terrestrial ecology, advanced fossil energy program, toxic substances program, environmental impacts program, biomass, low-level waste research and development program, US DOE low-level waste management program, and waste isolation program.

FOSSIL2 energy policy model documentation: FOSSIL2 documentation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

1980-10-01

This report discusses the structure, derivations, assumptions, and mathematical formulation of the FOSSIL2 model. Each major facet of the model - supply/demand interactions, industry financing, and production - has been designed to parallel closely the actual cause/effect relationships determining the behavior of the United States energy system. The data base for the FOSSIL2 program is large, as is appropriate for a system dynamics simulation model. When possible, all data were obtained from sources well known to experts in the energy field. Cost and resource estimates are based on DOE data whenever possible. This report presents the FOSSIL2 model at severalmore » levels. Volumes II and III of this report list the equations that comprise the FOSSIL2 model, along with variable definitions and a cross-reference list of the model variables. Volume II provides the model equations with each of their variables defined, while Volume III lists the equations, and a one line definition for equations, in a shorter, more readable format.« less

75 FR 11147 - Ultra-Deepwater and Unconventional Natural Gas and Other Petroleum Resources Research and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-10

... Research and Development Program 2010 Annual Plan AGENCY: Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy. ACTION: Notice of report availability. SUMMARY: The Office of Fossil Energy announces the availability of... or in print form (see ``Contact'' below). The 2010 Annual Plan is in compliance with the Energy...

78 FR 41047 - Ultra-Deepwater and Unconventional Natural Gas and Other Petroleum Resources Research and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-09

... Research and Development Program 2013 Annual Plan AGENCY: Office of Fossil Energy, Department of Energy. ACTION: Notice of report availability. SUMMARY: The Office of Fossil Energy announces the availability of...-plan or in print form (see ``Contact'' below). The 2013 Annual Plan is in compliance with the Energy...

FETC Programs for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ruether, J.A.

1998-02-01

Mark Twain once quipped that everyone talks about the weather but no one does anything about it. With interest in global climate change on the rise, researchers in the fossil-energy sector are feeling the heat to provide new technology to permit continued use of fossil fuels but with reduced emissions of so-called `greenhouse gases.` Three important greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, are released to the atmosphere in the course of recovering and combusting fossil fuels. Their importance for trapping radiation, called forcing, is in the order given. In this report, we briefly review how greenhouse gases causemore » forcing and why this has a warming effect on the Earth`s atmosphere. Then we discuss programs underway at FETC that are aimed at reducing emissions of methane and carbon dioxide.« less

Improved Fossil/Industrial CO2 Emissions Modeling for the North American Carbon Program

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gurney, K. R.; Seib, B.; Mendoza, D.; Knox, S.; Fischer, M.; Murtishaw, S.

2005-05-01

The quantification of fossil fuel CO2 emissions has implications for a wide variety of scientific and policy- related questions. Improvement in inverse-estimated carbon fluxes, country-level carbon budgeting, analysis of regional emissions trading systems, and targeting of observational systems are all important applications better served by improvements in understanding where and when fossil fuel/industrial CO2 is emitted. Traditional approaches to quantifying fossil/industrial CO2 emissions have relied on national sales/consumption of fossil fuels with secondary spatial footprints performed via proxies such as population. This approach has provided global spatiotemporal resolution of one degree/monthly. In recent years the need has arisen for emission estimates that not only achieve higher spatiotemporal scales but include a process- level component. This latter attribute provides dynamic linkages between energy policy/decisionmaking and emissions for use in projecting changes to energy systems and the implications these changes may have on climate change. We have embarked on a NASA-funded research strategy to construct a process-level fossil/industrial CO2 emissions model/database for North America that will resolve fossil/industrial CO2 emissions hourly and at 36 km. This project is a critical component of the North American Carbon Program. Our approach builds off of many decades of air quality monitoring for regulated pollutants such as NOx, VOCs and CO that has been performed by regional air quality managers, states, and the Environmental Protection Agency in the United States. By using the highly resolved monitoring data supplied to the EPA, we have computed CO2 emissions for residential, commercial/industrial, transportation, and biogenic sources. This effort employs a new emissions modeling system (CONCEPT) that spatially and temporally distributes the monitored emissions across the US. We will provide a description of the methodology we have employed, the difficulties encountered and some preliminary results. We will then compare our results to the traditional fossil/industrial CO2 emissions based on national sale/consumption statistics.

Improved Fossil/Industrial CO2 Emissions Modeling for the North American Carbon Program

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gurney, K. R.; Seib, B.; Mendoza, D.; Knox, S.; Fischer, M.; Murtishaw, S.

2006-12-01

The quantification of fossil fuel CO2 emissions has implications for a wide variety of scientific and policy- related questions. Improvement in inverse-estimated carbon fluxes, country-level carbon budgeting, analysis of regional emissions trading systems, and targeting of observational systems are all important applications better served by improvements in understanding where and when fossil fuel/industrial CO2 is emitted. Traditional approaches to quantifying fossil/industrial CO2 emissions have relied on national sales/consumption of fossil fuels with secondary spatial footprints performed via proxies such as population. This approach has provided global spatiotemporal resolution of one degree/monthly. In recent years the need has arisen for emission estimates that not only achieve higher spatiotemporal scales but include a process- level component. This latter attribute provides dynamic linkages between energy policy/decisionmaking and emissions for use in projecting changes to energy systems and the implications these changes may have on climate change. We have embarked on a NASA-funded research strategy to construct a process-level fossil/industrial CO2 emissions model/database for North America that will resolve fossil/industrial CO2 emissions hourly and at 36 km. This project is a critical component of the North American Carbon Program. Our approach builds off of many decades of air quality monitoring for regulated pollutants such as NOx, VOCs and CO that has been performed by regional air quality managers, states, and the Environmental Protection Agency in the United States. By using the highly resolved monitoring data supplied to the EPA, we have computed CO2 emissions for residential, commercial/industrial, transportation, and biogenic sources. This effort employs a new emissions modeling system (CONCEPT) that spatially and temporally distributes the monitored emissions across the US. We will provide a description of the methodology we have employed, the difficulties encountered and some preliminary results. We will then compare our results to the traditional fossil/industrial CO2 emissions based on national sale/consumption statistics.

Investments in Fossil Energy Technology: How the Government's Fossil Energy R&D Program Has Made a Difference

DOE R&D Accomplishments Database

1997-03-01

America has the technological capacity to change its energy future. There is no reason, for example, why our nation must continue following a path of rising oil imports when billions of barrels of crude oil remain in domestic oil fields. There is no reason why we cannot continue to use our abundant supplies of high-value, low-cost coal when we have the scientific know-how to remove virtually all of its pollutants and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. There is no reason why we cannot turn increasingly to clean-burning natural gas and tap the huge supplies we know exist within our borders. We remain a nation rich in the fuels that have powered economic growth. Today 85 percent of the energy we use to heat our homes and businesses, generate our electricity, and fuel our vehicles comes from coal, petroleum and natural gas. As we move toward a new century, the contributions of these fuels will grow. By 2015, the United States is likely to require nearly 20 percent more energy than it uses today, and fossil fuels are projected to supply almost 88 percent of the energy Americans will consume. We have the scientific know-how to continue using our fossil fuel wealth without fear of environmental damage or skyrocketing costs. The key is technology - developing cutting edge concepts that are beyond the private sector's current capabilities. Some of the most important innovations in America's energy industry are the results of investments in the Federal government's fossil energy research and development programs. Today, our air and water are cleaner, our economy is stronger, and our industries are more competitive in the global market because these programs have produced results. This booklet summarizes many of these achievements. It is not a comprehensive list by any means. Still, it provides solid evidence that the taxpayers' investment in government fossil energy research has paid real and measurable dividends.

Undergraduate research studies program at participating institutions of the HBCU fossil energy consortium

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bhatia, S.C.; Cardelino, B.H.; Hall, J.H. Jr.

1990-04-30

The objectives of this research program are to expose students in minority institutions to energy and fossil fuels research, to stimulate their interest in the sciences and engineering, and to encourage them to pursue graduate studies, thereby ensuring the necessary supply of manpower for the industrial and energy sectors of the national economy. This report describes a project focused on the surface chemical properties of coal and their influence on the adsorption of aqueous soluble catalyst metals, and research on the characterization of coal liquids. 2 refs., 1 fig.

Freshly excavated fossil bones are best for amplification of ancient DNA.

PubMed

Pruvost, Mélanie; Schwarz, Reinhard; Correia, Virginia Bessa; Champlot, Sophie; Braguier, Séverine; Morel, Nicolas; Fernandez-Jalvo, Yolanda; Grange, Thierry; Geigl, Eva-Maria

2007-01-16

Despite the enormous potential of analyses of ancient DNA for phylogeographic studies of past populations, the impact these analyses, most of which are performed with fossil samples from natural history museum collections, has been limited to some extent by the inefficient recovery of ancient genetic material. Here we show that the standard storage conditions and/or treatments of fossil bones in these collections can be detrimental to DNA survival. Using a quantitative paleogenetic analysis of 247 herbivore fossil bones up to 50,000 years old and originating from 60 different archeological and paleontological contexts, we demonstrate that freshly excavated and nontreated unwashed bones contain six times more DNA and yield twice as many authentic DNA sequences as bones treated with standard procedures. This effect was even more pronounced with bones from one Neolithic site, where only freshly excavated bones yielded results. Finally, we compared the DNA content in the fossil bones of one animal, a approximately 3,200-year-old aurochs, excavated in two separate seasons 57 years apart. Whereas the washed museum-stored fossil bones did not permit any DNA amplification, all recently excavated bones yielded authentic aurochs sequences. We established that during the 57 years when the aurochs bones were stored in a collection, at least as much amplifiable DNA was lost as during the previous 3,200 years of burial. This result calls for a revision of the postexcavation treatment of fossil bones to better preserve the genetic heritage of past life forms.

Freshly excavated fossil bones are best for amplification of ancient DNA

PubMed Central

Pruvost, Mélanie; Schwarz, Reinhard; Correia, Virginia Bessa; Champlot, Sophie; Braguier, Séverine; Morel, Nicolas; Fernandez-Jalvo, Yolanda; Grange, Thierry; Geigl, Eva-Maria

2007-01-01

Despite the enormous potential of analyses of ancient DNA for phylogeographic studies of past populations, the impact these analyses, most of which are performed with fossil samples from natural history museum collections, has been limited to some extent by the inefficient recovery of ancient genetic material. Here we show that the standard storage conditions and/or treatments of fossil bones in these collections can be detrimental to DNA survival. Using a quantitative paleogenetic analysis of 247 herbivore fossil bones up to 50,000 years old and originating from 60 different archeological and paleontological contexts, we demonstrate that freshly excavated and nontreated unwashed bones contain six times more DNA and yield twice as many authentic DNA sequences as bones treated with standard procedures. This effect was even more pronounced with bones from one Neolithic site, where only freshly excavated bones yielded results. Finally, we compared the DNA content in the fossil bones of one animal, a ≈3,200-year-old aurochs, excavated in two separate seasons 57 years apart. Whereas the washed museum-stored fossil bones did not permit any DNA amplification, all recently excavated bones yielded authentic aurochs sequences. We established that during the 57 years when the aurochs bones were stored in a collection, at least as much amplifiable DNA was lost as during the previous 3,200 years of burial. This result calls for a revision of the postexcavation treatment of fossil bones to better preserve the genetic heritage of past life forms. PMID:17210911

An evaluation of fossil tip-dating versus node-age calibrations in tetraodontiform fishes (Teleostei: Percomorphaceae).

PubMed

Arcila, Dahiana; Alexander Pyron, R; Tyler, James C; Ortí, Guillermo; Betancur-R, Ricardo

2015-01-01

Time-calibrated phylogenies based on molecular data provide a framework for comparative studies. Calibration methods to combine fossil information with molecular phylogenies are, however, under active development, often generating disagreement about the best way to incorporate paleontological data into these analyses. This study provides an empirical comparison of the most widely used approach based on node-dating priors for relaxed clocks implemented in the programs BEAST and MrBayes, with two recently proposed improvements: one using a new fossilized birth-death process model for node dating (implemented in the program DPPDiv), and the other using a total-evidence or tip-dating method (implemented in MrBayes and BEAST). These methods are applied herein to tetraodontiform fishes, a diverse group of living and extinct taxa that features one of the most extensive fossil records among teleosts. Previous estimates of time-calibrated phylogenies of tetraodontiforms using node-dating methods reported disparate estimates for their age of origin, ranging from the late Jurassic to the early Paleocene (ca. 150-59Ma). We analyzed a comprehensive dataset with 16 loci and 210 morphological characters, including 131 taxa (95 extant and 36 fossil species) representing all families of fossil and extant tetraodontiforms, under different molecular clock calibration approaches. Results from node-dating methods produced consistently younger ages than the tip-dating approaches. The older ages inferred by tip dating imply an unlikely early-late Jurassic (ca. 185-119Ma) origin for this order and the existence of extended ghost lineages in their fossil record. Node-based methods, by contrast, produce time estimates that are more consistent with the stratigraphic record, suggesting a late Cretaceous (ca. 86-96Ma) origin. We show that the precision of clade age estimates using tip dating increases with the number of fossils analyzed and with the proximity of fossil taxa to the node under assessment. This study suggests that current implementations of tip dating may overestimate ages of divergence in calibrated phylogenies. It also provides a comprehensive phylogenetic framework for tetraodontiform systematics and future comparative studies. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

75 FR 13600 - Nine Mile Point Nuclear Station, LLC, Nine Mile Point Nuclear Station, Unit No. 2; Draft...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-22

... shielding design and the ALARA program would continue in its current form. Offsite Doses at EPU Conditions..., such as fossil fuel or alternative fuel power generation, to provide electric generation capacity to offset future demand. Construction and operation of such a fossil-fueled or alternative-fueled plant may...

75 FR 24873 - Notice of Funding Availability (NOFA) for Repowering Assistance Payments to Eligible Biorefineries

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-06

... eligible biorefineries to encourage the use of renewable biomass as a replacement fuel source for fossil... agreements. All of the forms, information, certifications, and agreements required to apply for this program..., Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (the 2008 Farm Bill) (Pub. L. 110-246), to replace the use of fossil fuels...

Cell differentiation and germ-soma separation in Ediacaran animal embryo-like fossils

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Lei; Xiao, Shuhai; Pang, Ke; Zhou, Chuanming; Yuan, Xunlai

2014-12-01

Phosphorites of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation (~600 million years old) yield spheroidal microfossils with a palintomic cell cleavage pattern. These fossils have been variously interpreted as sulphur-oxidizing bacteria, unicellular protists, mesomycetozoean-like holozoans, green algae akin to Volvox, and blastula embryos of early metazoans or bilaterian animals. However, their complete life cycle is unknown and it is uncertain whether they had a cellularly differentiated ontogenetic stage, making it difficult to test their various phylogenetic interpretations. Here we describe new spheroidal fossils from black phosphorites of the Doushantuo Formation that have been overlooked in previous studies. These fossils represent later developmental stages of previously published blastula-like fossils, and they show evidence for cell differentiation, germ-soma separation, and programmed cell death. Their complex multicellularity is inconsistent with a phylogenetic affinity with bacteria, unicellular protists, or mesomycetozoean-like holozoans. Available evidence also indicates that the Doushantuo fossils are unlikely crown-group animals or volvocine green algae. We conclude that an affinity with cellularly differentiated multicellular eukaryotes, including stem-group animals or algae, is likely but more data are needed to constrain further the exact phylogenetic affinity of the Doushantuo fossils.

Cell differentiation and germ-soma separation in Ediacaran animal embryo-like fossils.

PubMed

Chen, Lei; Xiao, Shuhai; Pang, Ke; Zhou, Chuanming; Yuan, Xunlai

2014-12-11

Phosphorites of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation (∼600 million years old) yield spheroidal microfossils with a palintomic cell cleavage pattern. These fossils have been variously interpreted as sulphur-oxidizing bacteria, unicellular protists, mesomycetozoean-like holozoans, green algae akin to Volvox, and blastula embryos of early metazoans or bilaterian animals. However, their complete life cycle is unknown and it is uncertain whether they had a cellularly differentiated ontogenetic stage, making it difficult to test their various phylogenetic interpretations. Here we describe new spheroidal fossils from black phosphorites of the Doushantuo Formation that have been overlooked in previous studies. These fossils represent later developmental stages of previously published blastula-like fossils, and they show evidence for cell differentiation, germ-soma separation, and programmed cell death. Their complex multicellularity is inconsistent with a phylogenetic affinity with bacteria, unicellular protists, or mesomycetozoean-like holozoans. Available evidence also indicates that the Doushantuo fossils are unlikely crown-group animals or volvocine green algae. We conclude that an affinity with cellularly differentiated multicellular eukaryotes, including stem-group animals or algae, is likely but more data are needed to constrain further the exact phylogenetic affinity of the Doushantuo fossils.

Hydrogen Powered Military Vehicles: A Vision or Reality by 2040

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-01-01

Energy content of various fuels referenced to gas. 3 U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil ...as a fuel , it 5U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy-Hydrogen Program Plan.June 2003... application of hydrogen as a fuel for transportation vehicles may be solely dependent upon the development of an automotive fuel cell system. To date

Optical dating of the anastasia formation, northeastern florida, USA

USGS Publications Warehouse

Burdette, K.E.; Rink, J.W.; Means, G.H.; Portell, R.W.

2009-01-01

The single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) procedure was used to obtain optically stimulated luminescence ages to determine the depositional age of the upper part of the Anastasia Formation. This unit, which crops out along the east coast of Florida, is one of the most culturally and economically important coquina deposits in North America. Rock samples from the upper three meters of exposure at three locations were collected. Additional materials for paleontological analysis were also taken. Based on our samples, the luminescence ages of the Anastasia Formation are well within marine isotope stage 5, which is supported by the results of Osmond et al. (1970) based on U/Th ages. The associated fossil assemblages support our luminescence age determinations. Associated fossils fall within the Rancholabrean North American Land Mammal Age (300 10 ka) and the fossil mollusk assemblage consists entirely of modern species.

7 CFR 4288.24 - Program payment provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... required in Form RD 4288-4, Part C, and access to records that verify compliance with program provisions... project, failed to reduce its fossil fuel consumption, produce energy from renewal biomass or otherwise...

7 CFR 4288.24 - Program payment provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... required in Form RD 4288-4, Part C, and access to records that verify compliance with program provisions... project, failed to reduce its fossil fuel consumption, produce energy from renewal biomass or otherwise...

7 CFR 4288.24 - Program payment provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... required in Form RD 4288-4, Part C, and access to records that verify compliance with program provisions... project, failed to reduce its fossil fuel consumption, produce energy from renewal biomass or otherwise...

Materials and Chemical Sciences Division annual report, 1987

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1988-07-01

Research programs from Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in materials science, chemical science, nuclear science, fossil energy, energy storage, health and environmental sciences, program development funds, and work for others is briefly described. (CBS)

Decimetre-scale multicellular eukaryotes from the 1.56-billion-year-old Gaoyuzhuang Formation in North China

PubMed Central

Zhu, Shixing; Zhu, Maoyan; Knoll, Andrew H.; Yin, Zongjun; Zhao, Fangchen; Sun, Shufen; Qu, Yuangao; Shi, Min; Liu, Huan

2016-01-01

Fossils of macroscopic eukaryotes are rarely older than the Ediacaran Period (635–541 million years (Myr)), and their interpretation remains controversial. Here, we report the discovery of macroscopic fossils from the 1,560-Myr-old Gaoyuzhuang Formation, Yanshan area, North China, that exhibit both large size and regular morphology. Preserved as carbonaceous compressions, the Gaoyuzhuang fossils have statistically regular linear to lanceolate shapes up to 30 cm long and nearly 8 cm wide, suggesting that the Gaoyuzhuang fossils record benthic multicellular eukaryotes of unprecedentedly large size. Syngenetic fragments showing closely packed ∼10 μm cells arranged in a thick sheet further reinforce the interpretation. Comparisons with living thalloid organisms suggest that these organisms were photosynthetic, although their phylogenetic placement within the Eukarya remains uncertain. The new fossils provide the strongest evidence yet that multicellular eukaryotes with decimetric dimensions and a regular developmental program populated the marine biosphere at least a billion years before the Cambrian Explosion. PMID:27186667

Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2017

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-01-27

biomedical and behavioral sciences. About 81% of NIH’s budget goes out to the extramural research community in the form of grants, contracts, and...would provide a smaller than requested increase for ARPA-E. Both would provide more than the request for fossil energy R&D overall, but less than...the request for natural gas technologies within the Fossil Energy program. 58 Department of Energy

Interagency, Intergovernmental Organization, and Nongovernmental Organization Coordination During Joint Operations. Volume 2

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-03-17

energy programs, fossil energy, nuclear energy information, and civilian radioactive waste management; oversight of the power marketing administrations...ADMINISTRATION ALASKA BONNEVILLE SOUTHEASTERN SOUTHWESTERN WESTERN AREA OFFICE OF CIVILIAN RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT ASST SECRETARY ( FOSSIL ENERGY) OFFICE ON...Cutter Service and the Lifesaving Service. The USCG remained in the Department of Treasury until 1967 when it transferred to the Department of

The Dynamics of Natural Climatic Change

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-07-17

moraines which fix the position of ancient ice bodies to studies of fossil pol- len and plankton which provide panoramas of past continents and oceans... thermal and salinity estimates show a high positive correlation at mid- and high-latitude sites in the North Atlantic during the past 130,000 years...the thermal effect, these authors outline an alternate procedure for obtaining temperature estimates. When this alternat.i -e procedure was

FETC/EPRI Biomass Cofiring Cooperative Agreement. Quarterly technical report, April 1-June 30, 1997

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hughes, E.; Tillman, D.

1997-12-01

The FETC/EPRI Biomass Cofiring Program has accelerated the pace of cofiring development by increasing the testing activities plus the support activities for interpreting test results. Past tests conducted and analyzed include the Allen Fossil Plant and Seward Generating Station programs. On-going tests include the Colbert Fossil Plant precommercial test program, the Greenidge Station commercialization program, and the Blount St. Station switchgrass program. Tests in the formative stages included the NIPSCO cofiring test at Michigan City Generating Station. Analytical activities included modeling and related support functions required to analyze the cofiring test results, and to place those results into context. Amongmore » these activities is the fuel availability study in the Pittsburgh, PA area. This study, conducted for Duquesne Light, supports their initial investigation into reburn technology using wood waste as a fuel. This Quarterly Report, covering the third quarter of the FETC/EPRI Biomass Cofiring Program, highlights the progress made on the 16 projects funded under this cooperative agreement.« less

FOSSIL2 energy policy model documentation: generic structures of the FOSSIL2 model

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

1980-10-01

This report discusses the structure, derivations, assumptions, and mathematical formulation of the FOSSIL2 model. Each major facet of the model - supply/demand interactions, industry financing, and production - has been designed to parallel closely the actual cause/effect relationships determining the behavior of the United States energy system. The data base for the FOSSIL2 program is large. When possible, all data were obtained from sources well known to experts in the energy field. Cost and resource estimates are based on DOE data whenever possible. This report presents the FOSSIL2 model at several levels. In Volume I, an overview of the basicmore » structures, assumptions, and behavior of the FOSSIL2 model is presented so that the reader can understand the results of various policy tests. The discussion covers the three major building blocks, or generic structures, used to construct the model: supply/demand balance; finance and capital formation; and energy production. These structures reflect the components and interactions of the major processes within each energy industry that directly affect the dynamics of fuel supply, demand, and price within the energy system as a whole.« less

Comparative analysis of structural concrete Quality Assurance practices on nine nuclear and three fossil fuel power plant construction projects. Final summary report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Willenbrock, J.H.; Thomas, H.R. Jr.; Burati, J.J. Jr.

1978-12-01

A summary of two reports, COO/4120-1 and COO/4120-2, is given. A comparative analysis was made of the Quality Assurance practices related to the structural concrete phase on nine nuclear and three fossil fuel power plant projects which are (or have been) under construction in the United States in the past ten years. For the nuclear projects the analysis identified the response of each Quality Assurance program to the applicable criteria of 10 CFR Part 50, Appendix B as well as to the pertinent regulatory requirements and industry standards. For the fossil projects the analysis identified the response of each Qualitymore » Assurance program to criteria similar to those which were applicable in the nuclear situation. The major emphasis was placed on the construction aspects of the structural concrete phase of each project. The engineering and design aspects were examined whenever they interfaced with the construction aspects.« less

Green Commuting in the Health Care Sector: Obstacles and Best Practices.

PubMed

Kaplan, Susan; Ai, Ning; Orris, Peter; Sriraj, P S

2016-02-01

Fossil fuel transportation by health care providers contributes to the prevalence of diseases they treat. We conducted an exploratory study to understand obstacles to, and best practices for, greener commuting among health care providers. We surveyed staff of three hospital clinics as to how they commute and why, and interviewed key staff of five hospital leaders in green commuting about their programs. Factors that might change respondents' commuting choices from driving alone included financial incentives, convenience, and solutions to crime and safety concerns. Successful green commuting programs offer benefits including free or reduced transit passes, shuttle buses to transit stations, and free emergency rides home. Exemplary programs throughout the country demonstrate that modifying those factors within reach can impact the amount of fossil fuel energy used for health care provider transportation.

New Source Performance Standards

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jenkins, Richard E.; McCutchen, Gary D.

1972-01-01

This feature article outlines the concept and procedures followed in establishing performance standards for new emission sources and summarizes the standards that have been established to date. Five source catagories are enumerated: fossil fuel-fired steam generators, municipal incinerators, Portland cement plants, nitric acid plants, and sulfuric…

Age and diet of fossil california condors in grand canyon, Arizona.

PubMed

Emslie, S D

1987-08-14

A dozen new radiocarbon dates, together with a thorough review of its fossil distribution, shed new light on the time and probable cause of extinction of the California condor, Gymnogyps californianus, in Grand Canyon, Arizona. The radiocarbon data indicate that this species became extinct in Grand Canyon, and other parts of the inland West, more than 10,000 years ago in coincidence with the extinction of megafauna (proboscidians, edentates, perissodactyls). That condors relied on the megafauna for food is suggested by the recovery of food bones from a late Pleistocene nest cave in Grand Canyon. These fossil data have relevance to proposed release and recovery programs of the present endangered population of California condors.

The Fall Collection.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

VanDeman, Barry A.

1984-01-01

Presents ideas for collecting objects on the school grounds or in the surrounding neighborhood. Objects include feathers/fur, leaves, galls, seeds, shells, spiderwebs, and litter. Also presents procedures for making impressions of bark, leaves, fossils, flora, and shadows. All activities can be adopted for students in kindergarten through grade…

78 FR 73355 - Energy Efficiency and Conservation Loan Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-05

... conventional fossil fuel use within the service territory. Although not a goal, RUS recognizes that there will... delivers nearly all of its electric program assistance in the form of loan guarantees. As a guarantor, RUS... percent of co-ops have some form of energy efficiency program in place, co-ops are responsible for nearly...

Nuclear Theft: Real and Imagined Dangers

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-03-01

are utilized in connection with fossil fuel energy research and development programs and related activities conducted by the Bureau of Mines "energy... development associated with the U.S. nuclear weapons program . Addition- ally, ERDA conducts related programs which include power reactor design... development , nuclear propulsion, and other systems associated with space programs . The military and ERDA enjoy a symbiotic relationship in that nuclear

PEER REVIEW SUPPORTING THE STANDARDS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF COAL COMBUSTION WASTES PART 1 AND 2

EPA Science Inventory

EPA has been working on developing risk assessments to assist regulators, industry, and the public in evaluating the environmental risks associated with Fossil Fuel Combustion Waste(s) (FFCW) management/disposal in landfills, surface impoundments, other disposal procedures and b...

18 CFR 292.207 - Procedures for obtaining qualifying status.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... notice of self-certification which contains a completed Form 556. (iii) Subsequent notices of self...; such self-certifications and self-recertifications should include a form of notice suitable for... certification or recertification order was issued; (F) A decrease in the amount of fossil fuel used by a small...

Identification of 180 million years old, probably unchanged melanine

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Beyermann, K.; Hasenmaier, D.

1977-01-01

The comparison of the infrared spectra of recent sepia melanine and of the content of the ink sac of fossilized cuttlefish indicates that the 180 million years old substance is unchanged melanine. Both substances behave identically on heating. Other procedures for identification of melanine are surveyed critically.

Effects of a Hands-on Multicultural Education Program: A Model for Student Learning.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kim, Simon; Clarke-Ekong, Sheilah; Ashmore, Pamela

1999-01-01

Describes the Center for Human Origin and Cultural Diversity program that is a model for multicultural education in which students learn about the human fossil record, the value of biological variation, and the characteristics common to all humans. Presents results from a study that support the use of this program. (CMK)

2010 Annual Progress Report DOE Hydrogen Program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None, None

This report summarizes the hydrogen and fuel cell R&D activities and accomplishments in FY2009 for the DOE Hydrogen Program, including the Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and Infrastructure Technologies Program and hydrogen-related work in the Offices of Science; Fossil Energy; and Nuclear Energy, Science, and Technology. It includes reports on all of the research projects funded by the DOE Hydrogen Program between October 2009 and September 2010.

Feasibility of Using Alternate Fuels in the U.S. Antarctic Program: Initial Assessment

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-09-01

Figures 1 Platts’ Jet A fuel prices per gallons from 1990 to 2013. Platts’ pricing is a real time market process for determining the cost of fossil ... fossil fuels. This process takes into account supply, demand, and current events. Since 1909, Platts has been reporting these real time prices and...refinery to upload NSF’s fuel to the day it arrives at a destination where it will per- form work for a different customer). Over the past decade, day

Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Mass of Emissions Gridded by One Degree Latitude by One Degree Longitude (NDP-058.2010)

DOE Data Explorer

Andres, R. J. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Boden, T. A. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Marland, G. [Appalachian State University, Boone, NC (USA)

2010-01-01

The 2010 version of this database presents a time series recording 1° latitude by 1° longitude CO2 emissions in units of million metric tons of carbon per year from anthropogenic sources for 1751-2007. Detailed geographic information on CO2 emissions can be critical in understanding the pattern of the atmospheric and biospheric response to these emissions. Global, regional, and national annual estimates for 1751 through 2007 were published earlier (Boden et al. 2010). Those national, annual CO2 emission estimates were based on statistics about fossil-fuel burning, cement manufacturing and gas flaring in oil fields as well as energy production, consumption, and trade data, using the methods of Marland and Rotty (1984). The national annual estimates were combined with gridded 1° data on political units and 1984 human populations to create the new gridded CO2 emission time series. The same population distribution was used for each of the years as proxy for the emission distribution within each country. The implied assumption for that procedure was that per capita energy use and fuel mixes are uniform over a political unit. The consequence of this first-order procedure is that the spatial changes observed over time are solely due to changes in national energy consumption and nation-based fuel mix. Increases in fossil-fuel CO2 emissions over time are apparent for most areas.

Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Mass of Emissions Gridded by One Degree Latitude by One Degree Longitude (NDP-058.2013)

DOE Data Explorer

Andres, R. J. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Boden, T. A. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Marland, G. [Appalachian State University, Boone, NC (USA)

2013-01-01

The 2013 version of this database presents a time series recording 1° latitude by 1° longitude CO2 emissions in units of million metric tons of carbon per year from anthropogenic sources for 1751-2010. Detailed geographic information on CO2 emissions can be critical in understanding the pattern of the atmospheric and biospheric response to these emissions. Global, regional, and national annual estimates for 1751 through 2010 were published earlier (Boden et al. 2013). Those national, annual CO2 emission estimates were based on statistics about fossil-fuel burning, cement manufacturing and gas flaring in oil fields as well as energy production, consumption, and trade data, using the methods of Marland and Rotty (1984). The national annual estimates were combined with gridded 1° data on political units and 1984 human populations to create the new gridded CO2 emission time series. The same population distribution was used for each of the years as proxy for the emission distribution within each country. The implied assumption for that procedure was that per capita energy use and fuel mixes are uniform over a political unit. The consequence of this first-order procedure is that the spatial changes observed over time are solely due to changes in national energy consumption and nation-based fuel mix. Increases in fossil-fuel CO2 emissions over time are apparent for most areas.

Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Mass of Emissions Gridded by One Degree Latitude by One Degree Longitude (NDP-058.2015)

DOE Data Explorer

Andres, R. J. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Boden, T. A. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Marland, G. [Appalachian State University, Boone, NC (USA)

2015-01-01

The 2015 version of this database presents a time series recording 1° latitude by 1° longitude CO2 emissions in units of million metric tons of carbon per year from anthropogenic sources for 1751-2011. Detailed geographic information on CO2 emissions can be critical in understanding the pattern of the atmospheric and biospheric response to these emissions. Global, regional, and national annual estimates for 1751 through 2011 were published earlier (Boden et al. 2015). Those national, annual CO2 emission estimates were based on statistics about fossil-fuel burning, cement manufacturing and gas flaring in oil fields as well as energy production, consumption, and trade data, using the methods of Marland and Rotty (1984). The national annual estimates were combined with gridded 1° data on political units and 1984 human populations to create the new gridded CO2 emission time series. The same population distribution was used for each of the years as proxy for the emission distribution within each country. The implied assumption for that procedure was that per capita energy use and fuel mixes are uniform over a political unit. The consequence of this first-order procedure is that the spatial changes observed over time are solely due to changes in national energy consumption and nation-based fuel mix. Increases in fossil-fuel CO2 emissions over time are apparent for most areas.

Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Mass of Emissions Gridded by One Degree Latitude by One Degree Longitude (NDP-058.2011)

DOE Data Explorer

Andres, R. J. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Boden, T. A. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Marland, G. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA)

2011-01-01

The 2011 version of this database presents a time series recording 1° latitude by 1° longitude CO2 emissions in units of million metric tons of carbon per year from anthropogenic sources for 1751-2008. Detailed geographic information on CO2 emissions can be critical in understanding the pattern of the atmospheric and biospheric response to these emissions. Global, regional, and national annual estimates for 1751 through 2008 were published earlier (Boden et al. 2011). Those national, annual CO2 emission estimates were based on statistics about fossil-fuel burning, cement manufacturing and gas flaring in oil fields as well as energy production, consumption, and trade data, using the methods of Marland and Rotty (1984). The national annual estimates were combined with gridded 1° data on political units and 1984 human populations to create the new gridded CO2 emission time series. The same population distribution was used for each of the years as proxy for the emission distribution within each country. The implied assumption for that procedure was that per capita energy use and fuel mixes are uniform over a political unit. The consequence of this first-order procedure is that the spatial changes observed over time are solely due to changes in national energy consumption and nation-based fuel mix. Increases in fossil-fuel CO2 emissions over time are apparent for most areas.

Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Mass of Emissions Gridded by One Degree Latitude by One Degree Longitude (NDP-058.2012)

DOE Data Explorer

Andres, R. J. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Boden, T. A. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Marland, G. [Appalachian State University, Boone, NC (USA)

2012-01-01

The 2012 version of this database presents a time series recording 1° latitude by 1° longitude CO2 emissions in units of million metric tons of carbon per year from anthropogenic sources for 1751-2009. Detailed geographic information on CO2 emissions can be critical in understanding the pattern of the atmospheric and biospheric response to these emissions. Global, regional, and national annual estimates for 1751 through 2009 were published earlier (Boden et al. 2012). Those national, annual CO2 emission estimates were based on statistics about fossil-fuel burning, cement manufacturing and gas flaring in oil fields as well as energy production, consumption, and trade data, using the methods of Marland and Rotty (1984). The national annual estimates were combined with gridded 1° data on political units and 1984 human populations to create the new gridded CO2 emission time series. The same population distribution was used for each of the years as proxy for the emission distribution within each country. The implied assumption for that procedure was that per capita energy use and fuel mixes are uniform over a political unit. The consequence of this first-order procedure is that the spatial changes observed over time are solely due to changes in national energy consumption and nation-based fuel mix. Increases in fossil-fuel CO2 emissions over time are apparent for most areas.

Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Mass of Emissions Gridded by One Degree Latitude by One Degree Longitude (1751-2006) (NDP-058.2009)

DOE Data Explorer

Andres, R. J. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Boden, T. A. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Marland, G. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA)

2009-01-01

The 2009 version of this database presents a time series recording 1° latitude by 1° longitude CO2 emissions in units of million metric tons of carbon per year from anthropogenic sources for 1751-2006. Detailed geographic information on CO2 emissions can be critical in understanding the pattern of the atmospheric and biospheric response to these emissions. Global, regional, and national annual estimates for 1751 through 2006 were published earlier (Boden et al. 2009). Those national, annual CO2 emission estimates were based on statistics about fossil-fuel burning, cement manufacturing and gas flaring in oil fields as well as energy production, consumption, and trade data, using the methods of Marland and Rotty (1984). The national annual estimates were combined with gridded 1° data on political units and 1984 human populations to create the new gridded CO2 emission time series. The same population distribution was used for each of the years as proxy for the emission distribution within each country. The implied assumption for that procedure was that per capita energy use and fuel mixes are uniform over a political unit. The consequence of this first-order procedure is that the spatial changes observed over time are solely due to changes in national energy consumption and nation-based fuel mix. Increases in fossil-fuel CO2 emissions over time are apparent for most areas.

Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Mass of Emissions Gridded by One Degree Latitude by One Degree Longitude (NDP-058.2016)

DOE Data Explorer

Andres, R. J. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA); Boden, T. A. [Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA)

2016-01-01

The 2016 version of this database presents a time series recording 1° latitude by 1° longitude CO2 emissions in units of million metric tons of carbon per year from anthropogenic sources for 1751-2013. Detailed geographic information on CO2 emissions can be critical in understanding the pattern of the atmospheric and biospheric response to these emissions. Global, regional, and national annual estimates for 1751 through 2013 were published earlier (Boden et al. 2016). Those national, annual CO2 emission estimates were based on statistics about fossil-fuel burning, cement manufacturing and gas flaring in oil fields as well as energy production, consumption, and trade data, using the methods of Marland and Rotty (1984). The national annual estimates were combined with gridded 1° data on political units and 1984 human populations to create the new gridded CO2 emission time series. The same population distribution was used for each of the years as proxy for the emission distribution within each country. The implied assumption for that procedure was that per capita energy use and fuel mixes are uniform over a political unit. The consequence of this first-order procedure is that the spatial changes observed over time are solely due to changes in national energy consumption and nation-based fuel mix. Increases in fossil-fuel CO2 emissions over time are apparent for most areas.

A Diversified Approach to Funding a Paleontology Program

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dooley, A., Jr.

2014-12-01

Routine field collection of fossils and other geologic specimens and maintenance of the resulting collections do not typically receive frequent infusions of large amounts of grant money, in spite of the relatively low costs of these activities and the baseline of data they provide. This type of work is often carried out by chronically-underfunded museums that that must use innovative methods of fundraising to carry out their missions. The Virginia Museum of Natural History (VMNH) is an independent state agency that is not affiliated with a university or any other institution. The VMNH paleontology department carries out frequent excavations of vertebrate fossils at three different localities in Virginia and Wyoming, maintains a collection of several hundred thousand specimens, and conducts original research and participates in professional meetings. Yet the annual operations (non-salary) appropriation for the paleontology department is only $500/year. Since 2007, state appropriations have accounted for only 3% of the department's non-salary funding, while grants (excluding salary-specific funding) have accounted for 27% and cash donations provided 1%. The remaining 69% has come from a diverse suite of alternate fundraising methods. Ecotourism and educational programming fees (37%) include fees paid by students and members of the public to participate in VMNH excavations, as well as fee-based field trips and programs involving fossils or casts. Merchandise sales (15%) are based on casts of specimens held in either the VMNH collections or at smaller museums that have contracted with VMNH to provide paleontology services. Contract work (13%) has included paleo-themed exhibit design, specimen evaluation, and repair of fossil specimens for smaller museums and visitor centers that lack a paleontology staff. A crowdfunding campaign designed to support a specific fossil excavation was responsible for 4% of the department's funds. This diverse range of funding sources has both provided the department with sufficient funds to carry out its operations and insulated it from the effects of reduction of any one funding source. Moreover, as most of these methods involve considerable interaction with the public they serve as additional means of outreach.

Using Fossil Shark Teeth to Illustrate Evolution and Introduce Basic Geologic Concepts in a High School Biology Classroom

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Agnew, J. G.; Nunn, J. A.

2007-12-01

Shell Foundation sponsors a program at Louisiana State University called Shell Undergraduate Recruitment and Geoscience Education (SURGE). The purpose of SURGE is to help local high school science teachers incorporate geology into their classrooms by providing resources and training. As part of this program, a workshop for high school biology teachers was held at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge on June 3-5, 2007. We had the teachers do a series of activities on fossil shark teeth to illustrate evolution and introduce basic earth science concepts such as geologic time, superposition, and faunal succession and provided the teachers with lesson plans and materials. As an example, one of our exercises explores the evolution of the megatoothed shark lineage leading to Carcharocles megalodon, the largest predatory shark in history with teeth up to 17 cm long. Megatoothed shark teeth make excellent evolutionary subjects because they have a good fossil record and show continuous transitions in morphology from the Eocene to Pliocene. Our activity follows the learning cycle model. We take advantage of the curiosity of sharks shared by most people, and allow students to explore the variations among different shark teeth and explain the causes of those variations. The objectives of this exercise are to have the students: 1) sort fossil shark teeth into biologically reasonable species; 2) form hypotheses about evolutionary relationships among fossil shark teeth; and 3) describe and interpret evolutionary trends in the fossil Megatoothed lineage. To do the activity, students are divided into groups of 2-3 and given a shuffled set of 72 shark tooth cards with different images of megatoothed shark teeth. They are instructed to group the shark tooth cards into separate species of sharks. After sorting the cards, students are asked to consider the evolutionary relationships among their species and arrange their species chronologically according to the species first appearance in the fossil record. This is followed by a group discussion of each group's predictions. Next students are given photographs of teeth from different megatoothed sharks, and a geologic time scale with the sharks stratigraphic ranges. Students are asked to describe evolutionary trends in the fossil megatoothed lineage and formulate several hypotheses to explain the observed evolutionary trends. The exercise is concluded with a discussion of the environmental and biotic events occurring between the Eocene and Miocene epochs that may have caused the evolutionary changes in the megatoothed shark's teeth.

Spending for Savings: Energy Awareness at Lincoln Land.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Croteau, Suzanne

1980-01-01

Describes the development and implementation of Lincoln Land Community College's energy awareness program, focusing on: (1) resource management to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels on campus; (2) programs encouraging energy conservation and the production of alcohol fuels; (3) leadership in the field; and (4) planning energy-related…

A Primary Grade (K-3) Earth Science Program

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schwartz, Maurice L.; Slesnick, Irwin L.

1973-01-01

Describes the rationale and structure of a newly developed earth science program for elementary school children (K-3). The activities involve pre-operational and concrete operational stages, progressing from one to the other. Children show sustained interest and enthusiasm as they investigate landforms, the moon, fossils, and weather phenomena.…

Strontium and Zinc Content in Bones as an Indication of Diet: An Undergraduate Project in Quantitative Analysis with Interdisciplinary Interest.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rheingold, Arnold L.; And Others

1983-01-01

Background information and procedures are provided for experiments in which the zinc and strontium content in bones (fossils and/or fresh mammalian samples) is analyzed to determine relative amounts of animal and vegetable foods consumed by an individual during its lifetime. (JN)

Coastal Microstructure: From Active Overturn to Fossil Turbulence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tau Leung, Pak

2011-11-01

The Remote Anthropogenic Sensing Program was a five year effort (2001- 2005) to examine subsurface phenomena related to a sewage outfall off the coast of Oahu, Hawaii. This research has implications for basic ocean hydrodynamics, particularly for a greatly improved understanding of the evolution of turbulent patches. It was the first time a microstructure measurement was used to study such a buoyancy-driven turbulence generated by a sea-floor diffuser. In 2004, two stations were selected to represent the near field and ambient conditions. They have nearly identical bathymetrical and hydrographical features and provide an ideal environment for a control experiment. Repeated vertical microstructure measurements were performed at both stations for 20 days. A time series of physical parameters was collected and used for statistical analysis. After comparing the data from both stations, it can be concluded that the turbulent mixing generated by the diffuser contributes to the elevated dissipation rate observed in the pycnocline and bottom boundary layer. To further understand the mixing processes in both regions, data were plotted on a Hydrodynamic Phase Diagram. The overturning stages of the turbulent patches are identified by Hydrodynamic Phase Diagram. This technique provides detailed information on the evolution of the turbulent patches from active overturns to fossilized scalar microstructures in the water column. Results from this study offer new evidence to support the fossil turbulence theory. This study concluded that: 1. Field Data collected near a sea-floor outfall diffuser show that turbulent patches evolve from active (overturning) to fossil (buoyancy-inhibited) stages, consistent with the process of turbulent patch evolution proposed by fossil turbulence theory. 2. The data show that active (overturning) and fossil (buoyancy-inhibited) patches have smaller length scales than the active+fossil (intermediate) stage of patch evolution, consistent with fossil turbulence theory and with laboratory studies. 3. Compared to a far-field reference, elevated dissipation rates near the diffuser were found in the seasonal pycnocline as well as in the bottom boundary layer. 4. More than 90% of the turbulent patches observed in the water column were non- overturning (active+fossil and fossil). Such patches can provide significant mixing in the interior of the ocean, far from surface and bottom boundary layers.

Undergraduate research studies program at participating institutions of the HBCU Fossil Energy Consortium

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bhatia, S.C.; Cardelino, B.H.; Hall, J.H. Jr.

1990-07-31

The objectives of this research program are to expose students in minority institutions of energy and fossil fuels research, to stimulate their interest in the sciences and engineering, and to encourage them to pursue graduate studies, thereby ensuring the necessary supply of manpower for the industrial and energy sectors of the national economy. Two projects are discussed here. The first is focused on the surface chemical properties of coal and their influence on the adsorption of aqueous soluble catalyst metals. The objective of the second project is to characterize coal derived liquids for distribution of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur heteroatomsmore » relative to the average molecular weight distribution of the coal liquid. The technique of size exclusion chromatography will be used. 2 refs., 2 figs.« less

Expert systems identify fossils and manage large paleontological databases

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Beightol, D.S.; Conrad, M.A.

EXPAL is a computer program permitting creation and maintenance of comprehensive databases in marine paleontology. It is designed to assist specialists and non-specialists. EXPAL includes a powerful expert system based on the morphological descriptors specific to a given group of fossils. The expert system may be used, for example, to describe and automatically identify an unknown specimen. EXPAL was first applied to Dasycladales (Calcareous green algae). Projects are under way for corresponding expert systems and databases on planktonic foraminifers and calpionellids. EXPAL runs on an IBM XT or compatible microcomputer.

Energy 83. Revised and Expanded.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lord, John, Ed.

Energy 80 is an energy education program for middle/junior high school students. This document is a booklet of energy topics designed for student use in the program. Topics considered in this booklet include: forms of energy; energy rules; solar energy; food energy; fossil fuels; coal; oil and gas production and consumption; nuclear fission;…

Fossil Groups as Cosmological Labs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

D'Onghia, Elena

Optical and X-ray measurements of fossil groups (FGs) suggest that they are old and relaxed systems. If FGs are assembled at higher redshift, there is enough time for intermediate-luminosity galaxies to merge, resulting in the formation of the brightest group galaxy (BGG). We carry out the first, systematic study of a large sample of FGs, the "FOssil Group Origins'' (FOGO) based on an International Time Project at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory. For ten FOGO FGs we have been awarded time at SUZAKU Telescope to measure the temperature of the hot intragroup gas (IGM). For these systems we plan to evaluate and correlate their X-ray luminosity and X-ray temperature, Lx-Tx, optical luminosity and X-ray temperature, Lopt-Tx, and group velocity dispersion with their X-ray temperature, sigma V-Tx, as compared to the non fossil systems. By combining these observations with state-of-art cosmological hydrodynamical simulations we will open a new window into the study of the IGM and the nature of fossil systems. Our proposed work will be of direct relevance for the understanding and interpretation of data from several NASA science missions. Specifically, the scaling relations obtained from these data combined with our predictions obtained using state-of-the-art hydrodynamical simulation numerical adopting a new hydrodynamical scheme will motivate new proposal on CHANDRA X-ray telescope for fossil groups and clusters. We will additionally create a public Online Planetarium Show. This will be an educational site, containing an interactive program called: "A Voyage to our Universe''. In the show we will provide observed images of fossil groups and similar images and movies obtained from the numerical simulations showing their evolution. The online planetarium show will be a useful reference and an interactive educational tool for both students and the public.

Homogenization of sample absorption for the imaging of large and dense fossils with synchrotron microtomography.

PubMed

Sanchez, Sophie; Fernandez, Vincent; Pierce, Stephanie E; Tafforeau, Paul

2013-09-01

Propagation phase-contrast synchrotron radiation microtomography (PPC-SRμCT) has proved to be very successful for examining fossils. Because fossils range widely in taphonomic preservation, size, shape and density, X-ray computed tomography protocols are constantly being developed and refined. Here we present a 1-h procedure that combines a filtered high-energy polychromatic beam with long-distance PPC-SRμCT (sample to detector: 4-16 m) and an attenuation protocol normalizing the absorption profile (tested on 13-cm-thick and 5.242 g cm(-3) locally dense samples but applicable to 20-cm-thick samples). This approach provides high-quality imaging results, which show marked improvement relative to results from images obtained without the attenuation protocol in apparent transmission, contrast and signal-to-noise ratio. The attenuation protocol involves immersing samples in a tube filled with aluminum or glass balls in association with a U-shaped aluminum profiler. This technique therefore provides access to a larger dynamic range of the detector used for tomographic reconstruction. This protocol homogenizes beam-hardening artifacts, thereby rendering it effective for use with conventional μCT scanners.

Power Gas and Combined Cycles: Clean Power From Fossil Fuels

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Metz, William D.

1973-01-01

The combined-cycle system is currently regarded as a useful procedure for producing electricity. This system can burn natural gas and oil distillates in addition to coal. In the future when natural gas stocks will be low, coal may become an important fuel for such systems. Considerable effort must be made for research on coal gasification and…

Alternative Fuels Data Center

Science.gov Websites

, motorcycles, and non-road engines and equipment. The reporting requirement also applies to suppliers of fossil equivalent per year. For more information, see EPA's Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program website. (Reference 40

Quantifying the impact of µCT-scanning of human fossil teeth on ESR age results.

PubMed

Duval, Mathieu; Martín-Francés, Laura

2017-05-01

Fossil human teeth are nowadays systematically CT-scanned by palaeoanthropologists prior to any further analysis. It has been recently demonstrated that this noninvasive technique has, in most cases, virtually no influence on ancient DNA preservation. However, it may have nevertheless an impact on other techniques, like Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) dating, by artificially ageing the apparent age of the sample. To evaluate this impact, we µCT-scanned several modern enamel fragments following the standard analytical procedures employed by the Dental Anthropology Group at CENIEH, Spain, and then performed ESR dose reconstruction for each of them. The results of our experiment demonstrate that the systematic high-resolution µCT-scanning of fossil hominin remains introduces a nonnegligible X-ray dose into the tooth enamel, equivalent to 15-30 Gy depending on the parameters used. This dose may be multiplied by a factor of ∼8 if no metallic filter is used. However, this dose estimate cannot be universally extrapolated to any µCT-scan experiment but has instead to be specifically assessed for each device and set of parameters employed. The impact on the ESR age results is directly dependent on the magnitude of the geological dose measured in fossil enamel but could potentially lead to an age overestimation up to 40% in case of Late Pleistocene samples, if not taken into consideration. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

40 CFR 51.308 - Regional haze program requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... for fossil-fuel fired power plants having a total generating capacity greater than 750 megawatts must...) and (e) of this section. The progress reports must be in the form of implementation plan revisions...

40 CFR 52.1890 - Removed control measures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... trading program, etc.) affecting large fossil-fueled utility and industrial boilers. OAC 3745-23-06, Control of nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources, also known as AP-7-06 in its original form...

40 CFR 52.1890 - Removed control measures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... trading program, etc.) affecting large fossil-fueled utility and industrial boilers. OAC 3745-23-06, Control of nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources, also known as AP-7-06 in its original form...

40 CFR 51.308 - Regional haze program requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... for fossil-fuel fired power plants having a total generating capacity greater than 750 megawatts must...) and (e) of this section. The progress reports must be in the form of implementation plan revisions...

40 CFR 52.1890 - Removed control measures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... trading program, etc.) affecting large fossil-fueled utility and industrial boilers. OAC 3745-23-06, Control of nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources, also known as AP-7-06 in its original form...

40 CFR 52.1890 - Removed control measures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... trading program, etc.) affecting large fossil-fueled utility and industrial boilers. OAC 3745-23-06, Control of nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources, also known as AP-7-06 in its original form...

40 CFR 52.1890 - Removed control measures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... trading program, etc.) affecting large fossil-fueled utility and industrial boilers. OAC 3745-23-06, Control of nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary sources, also known as AP-7-06 in its original form...

Systematic Field Study of NO(x) Emission Control Methods for Utility Boilers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bartok, William; And Others

A utility boiler field test program was conducted. The objectives were to determine new or improved NO (x) emission factors by fossil fuel type and boiler design, and to assess the scope of applicability of combustion modification techniques for controlling NO (x) emissions from such installations. A statistically designed test program was…

Development of the Aqueous Processes for Removing NOx from Flue Gases.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chappell, Gilford A.

A screening study was conducted to evaluate the capability of aqueous solutions to scrub NOx from the flue gases emitted by stationary power plants fired with fossil fuels. The report summarizes the findings of this laboratory program. The experimental program studied the following media for absorption of NOx from flue gases containing no NOx:…

77 FR 5755 - Request for Proposals: 2012 Hazardous Fuels Woody Biomass Utilization Grant Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-06

... appropriate grant officer. A grant awarded under this program will generate an IRS Form 1099 Miscellaneous.... Total Points 15. d. Amount and type of fossil fuel offset in therms/year once project is operational.... The application template form FPL-1500-4 is in Word format. After completing the template, the...

High-resolution global fossil fuel CO2 emissions for 1992 to 2010 using integrated in-situ and remotely sensed data in a fossil fuel data assimilation system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Asefi-Najafabady, S.; Gurney, K. R.; Rayner, P.; Huang, J.; Song, Y.

2012-12-01

The largest single net source of CO2 into the Earth's atmosphere is due to the combustion of fossil fuel and an accurate quantification of the fossil fuel flux is needed to better address the concern of rising atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. In the last decade, there has been a growing need, from both the science and policymaking communities for quantification of global fossil fuel CO2 emissions at finer space and time scales. Motivated by this concern, we have built a global fossil fuel CO2 emission inventory at 0.25° and 0.1° resolutions for the years of 1992 - 2010 using a combination of in situ and remotely sensed data in a fossil fuel data assimilation system (FFDAS). A suite of observations which include nightlights, population, sectoral national emissions and power plant stations are used to constrain the FFDAS model. FFDAS is based on a modified Kaya identity which expresses emissions as the product of areal population density, per capita economic activity, energy intensity of economic activity, and carbon intensity of energy consumption. Nightlights has been shown to correlate well with national and regional GDP and its relationship with population has been used as an initial means of downscaling fossil fuel emissions. However nightlights data are subject to instrumental saturation, causing areas of bright nightlights, such as urban cores, to be truncated. To address the saturation problem during several time periods, the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) has requested and received data collected at multiple fixed gain settings to observe the bright areas with no saturation. However, this dataset is limited to only four years (1999, 2002, 2006 and 2010). We have applied a numerical technique to these four years of data to estimate the unsaturated values for all years from 1992 to 2010. The corrected nightlights time series is then used in FFDAS to generate a multiyear fossil fuel CO2 emissions data product. Nightlights and population provide an approximate location and magnitude for fossil fuel CO2 emissions. Some emitting sectors, such as power plant emissions and heavy industry, are not coincident with where people live or lights are on. Therefore, for better accuracy, we used direct emissions information from power stations as a constraint to the FFDAS estimation. We present this new high resolution, multiyear emissions data product with analysis of the space/time patterns, trends and posterior uncertainty. We also compare the FFDAS results to the "bottom-up" high resolution fossil fuel CO2 emissions estimation generated by the Vulcan Project in the United States. Finally, we examine the sensitivity of the results to differences in the procedures used to generate the improved multiyear nightlights time series.

Shallow and marginal marine Triassic trace fossils and ichnofabric from northwest Australia (ocean drilling program leg 122)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Droser, M.L.; O'Connell, S.

The ichnofabric index method of ranking amount of bioturbation was used for the first time in conjunction with discrete trace fossils to examine shallow-water marine cores. Previous ichnological studies on cores have focused primarily on outer shelf and deep-sea discrete trace fossils. Upper Triassic cores examined in this study were recovered off northwest Australia during ODP Leg 122. These sediments were deposited in a shallow-water and continental shelf setting, which included swamp and prodelta environments. The most common lithology is siltstone with interbedded mudstone and sandstone. Sediments deposited in a swamp setting have rootlets and coal beds with an ichnologicalmore » record consisting primarily of mottled bedding rather than discrete trace fossils. Ichnofabric indices 1 through 5 were recorded. Marginal marine/lagoonal facies have a low trace fossil diversity with common Chondrites, Planolites, and Teichichnus. Recorded ichnofabric indices include 1, 2, and 3. Laminated mudstones and siltstones (ii1) are most common. Fully marine open shelf strata are thoroughly bioturbated (ii5 and ii6) with Thalassinoides, Zoophycos, Teichichnus, and Planolites. Wackestone and packstone occur in discrete uppermost Triassic intervals and have ii1 through ii6 represented. In part due to the drilling process, sandstones and reefal limestones were poorly recovered and ichnofabric is not well preserved. Physical sedimentary structures and lateral facies relationships can be difficult to discern in core. In shallow marine deposits, the distribution of ichnofabric indices and discrete trace fossils within these strata provide an additional important data base to evaluate depositional environments.« less

Global Night-Time Lights for Observing Human Activity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hipskind, Stephen R.; Elvidge, Chris; Gurney, K.; Imhoff, Mark; Bounoua, Lahouari; Sheffner, Edwin; Nemani, Ramakrishna R.; Pettit, Donald R.; Fischer, Marc

2011-01-01

We present a concept for a small satellite mission to make systematic, global observations of night-time lights with spatial resolution suitable for discerning the extent, type and density of human settlements. The observations will also allow better understanding of fine scale fossil fuel CO2 emission distribution. The NASA Earth Science Decadal Survey recommends more focus on direct observations of human influence on the Earth system. The most dramatic and compelling observations of human presence on the Earth are the night light observations taken by the Defence Meteorological System Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS). Beyond delineating the footprint of human presence, night light data, when assembled and evaluated with complementary data sets, can determine the fine scale spatial distribution of global fossil fuel CO2 emissions. Understanding fossil fuel carbon emissions is critical to understanding the entire carbon cycle, and especially the carbon exchange between terrestrial and oceanic systems.

Wind energy program overview

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

1992-02-01

This overview emphasizes the amount of electric power that could be provided by wind power rather than traditional fossil fuels. New wind power markets, advances in technology, technology transfer, and wind resources are some topics covered in this publication.

Cracow clean fossil fuels and energy efficiency program. Progress report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1998-10-01

Since 1990 the US Department of Energy has been involved in a program aimed at reducing air pollution caused by small, coal-fired sources in Poland. The program focuses on the city of Cracow and is designed so that results will be applicable and extendable to the entire region. This report serves both as a review of the progress which has been made to date in achieving the program objectives and a summary of work still in progress.

CRACOW CLEAN FOSSIL FUELS AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM. PROGRESS REPORT, OCTOBER 1998

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

PIERCE,B.

1998-10-01

Since 1990 the US Department of Energy has been involved in a program aimed at reducing air pollution caused by small, coal-fired sources in Poland. The program focuses on the city of Cracow and is designed so that results will be applicable and extendable to the entire region. This report serves both as a review of the progress which has been made to date in achieving the program objectives and a summary of work still in progress.

Status of wind-energy conversion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thomas, R. L.; Savino, J. M.

1973-01-01

The utilization of wind energy is technically feasible as evidenced by the many past demonstrations of wind generators. The cost of energy from the wind has been high compared to fossil fuel systems. A sustained development effort is needed to obtain economical systems. The variability of the wind makes it an unreliable source on a short-term basis. However, the effects of this variability can be reduced by storage systems or connecting wind generators to fossil fuel systems, hydroelectric systems, or dispersing them throughout a large grid network. The NSF and NASA-Lewis Research Center have sponsored programs for the utilization of wind energy.

40 CFR 80.1454 - What are the recordkeeping requirements under the RFS program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., or heating oil without further blending, in the designated form. (6) Copies of registration documents...-fossil fraction of fuel made from separated municipal solid waste. (iv) Such other records as may be...

Annual Report: Unconventional Fossil Energy Resource Program (30 September 2013)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Soong, Yee; Guthrie, George

2013-09-30

Yee Soong, Technical Coordinator, George Guthrie, Focus Area Lead, UFER Annual Report, NETL-TRS-UFER-2013, NETL Technical Report Series, U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA, 2013, p 14.

Potential for worldwide displacement of fossil-fuel electricity by nuclear energy in three decades based on extrapolation of regional deployment data.

PubMed

Qvist, Staffan A; Brook, Barry W

2015-01-01

There is an ongoing debate about the deployment rates and composition of alternative energy plans that could feasibly displace fossil fuels globally by mid-century, as required to avoid the more extreme impacts of climate change. Here we demonstrate the potential for a large-scale expansion of global nuclear power to replace fossil-fuel electricity production, based on empirical data from the Swedish and French light water reactor programs of the 1960s to 1990s. Analysis of these historical deployments show that if the world built nuclear power at no more than the per capita rate of these exemplar nations during their national expansion, then coal- and gas-fired electricity could be replaced worldwide in less than a decade. Under more conservative projections that take into account probable constraints and uncertainties such as differing relative economic output across regions, current and past unit construction time and costs, future electricity demand growth forecasts and the retiring of existing aging nuclear plants, our modelling estimates that the global share of fossil-fuel-derived electricity could be replaced within 25-34 years. This would allow the world to meet the most stringent greenhouse-gas mitigation targets.

Estimates of Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Mexico at Monthly Time Intervals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Losey, L. M.; Andres, R. J.

2003-12-01

Human consumption of fossil fuels has greatly contributed to the rise of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere. To better understand the global carbon cycle, it is important to identify the major sources of these fossil fuels. Mexico is among the top fifteen nations in the world for producing fossil fuel carbon dioxide emissions. Based on this information and that emissions from Mexico are a focus of the North American Carbon Program, Mexico was selected for this study. Mexican monthly inland sales volumes for January 1988-May 2003 were collected on natural gas and liquid fuels from the Energy Information Agency in the United States Department of Energy. These sales figures represent a major portion of the total fossil fuel consumption in Mexico. The fraction of a particular fossil fuel consumed in a given month was determined by dividing the monthly sales volumes by the annual sum of monthly sales volumes for a given year. This fraction was then multiplied by the annual carbon dioxide values reported by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to estimate the monthly carbon dioxide emissions from the respective fuels. The advantages of this methodology are: 1) monthly fluxes are consistent with the annual flux as determined by the widely-accepted CDIAC values, and 2) its general application can be easily adapted to other nations for determining their sub-annual time scale emissions. The major disadvantage of this methodology is the proxy nature inherent to it. Only a fraction of the total emissions are used as an estimate in determining the seasonal cycle. The error inherent in this approach increases as the fraction of total emissions represented by the proxy decreases. These data are part of a long-term project between researchers at the University of North Dakota and ORNL which attempts to identify and understand the source(s) of seasonal variations of global, fossil-fuel derived, carbon dioxide emissions. Better knowledge of the temporal variation of the annual fossil fuel flux will lead to a better understanding of the global carbon cycle. This research will be archived at CDIAC for public access.

A study of some economic factors relating to the development and implementation of a satellite power system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1978-01-01

Areas are examined relating to the design, development and implementation of a satellite power system (SPS): an analysis of the effect of energy R&D programs in general and SPS in particular on optimal fossil fuel consumption patterns, a study of alternative uses of SPS technologies, and a study of the electric power market penetration potential for SPS. It is shown that a credible program of R&D on long-range energy alternatives leads to lower optimal prices for fossil fuels, resulting in large short-term benefits accruing to the specific program elements. Several alternative uses of SPS technologies were identified; however the markets for these technologies are generally quite diffuse and difficult to assess. The notable exception is solar array technology which has, potentially, a very large non-SPS market. It is shown that the market for SPS units derives from two components of demand: the demand created by growth in the electrical energy demand which leads to an increased demand for baseload generating capacity, and a demand created by the need to replace retiring capacity.

The effects of fossil placement and calibration on divergence times and rates: an example from the termites (Insecta: Isoptera).

PubMed

Ware, Jessica L; Grimaldi, David A; Engel, Michael S

2010-01-01

Among insects, eusocial behavior occurs in termites, ants, some bees and wasps. Isoptera and Hymenoptera convergently share social behavior, and for both taxa its evolution remains poorly understood. While dating analyses provide researchers with the opportunity to date the origin of eusociality, fossil calibration methodology may mislead subsequent ecological interpretations. Using a comprehensive termite dataset, we explored the effect of fossil placement and calibration methodology. A combined molecular and morphological dataset for 42 extant termite lineages was used, and a second dataset including these 42 taxa, plus an additional 39 fossil lineages for which we had only morphological data. MrBayes doublet-model analyses recovered similar topologies, with one minor exception (Stolotermitidae is sister to the Hodotermitidae, s.s., in the 42-taxon analysis but is in a polytomy with Hodotermitidae and (Kalotermitidae + Neoisoptera) in the 81-taxon analysis). Analyses using the r8s program on these topologies were run with either minimum/maximum constraints (analysis a = 42-taxon and analysis c = 81-taxon analyses) or with the fossil taxon ages fixed (ages fixed to be the geological age of the deposit from which they came, analysis b = 81-taxon analysis). Confidence intervals were determined for the resulting ultrametric trees, and for most major clades there was significant overlap between dates recovered for analyses A and C (with exceptions, such as the nodes Neoisoptera, and Euisoptera). With the exception of isopteran and eusiopteran node ages, however, none of the major clade ages overlapped when analysis B is compared with either analysis A or C. Future studies on Dictyoptera should note that the age of Kalotermitidae was underestimated in absence of kalotermitid fossils with fixed ages. Copyright (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Fossil Energy: Drivers and Challenges.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Friedmann, Julio

2007-04-01

Concerns about rapid economic growth, energy security, and global climate change have created a new landscape for fossil energy exploration, production, and utilization. Since 85% of primary energy supply comes from fossil fuels, and 85% of greenhouse gas emissions come from fossil fuel consumption, new and difficult technical and political challenges confront commercial, governmental, and public stakeholders. As such, concerns over climate change are explicitly weighed against security of international and domestic energy supplies, with economic premiums paid for either or both. Efficiency improvements, fuel conservation, and deployment of nuclear and renewable supplies will help both concerns, but are unlikely to offset growth in the coming decades. As such, new technologies and undertakings must both provide high quality fossil energy with minimal environmental impacts. The largest and most difficult of these undertakings is carbon management, wherein CO2 emissions are sequestered indefinitely at substantial incremental cost. Geological formations provide both high confidence and high capacity for CO2 storage, but present scientific and technical challenges. Oil and gas supply can be partially sustained and replaced through exploitation of unconventional fossil fuels such as tar-sands, methane hydrates, coal-to-liquids, and oil shales. These fuels provide enormous reserves that can be exploited at current costs, but generally require substantial energy to process. In most cases, the energy return on investment (EROI) is dropping, and unconventional fuels are generally more carbon intensive than conventional, presenting additional carbon management challenges. Ultimately, a large and sustained science and technology program akin to the Apollo project will be needed to address these concerns. Unfortunately, real funding in energy research has dropped dramatically (75%) in the past three decades, and novel designs in fission and fusion are not likely to provide any substantial offset in the next 30 years when they are most needed internationally.

The Not-So-Rocky Road to Earth Science: Some Geologists Show the Way.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Blueford, Joyce R.; Gordon, Leslie C.

1984-01-01

Discusses summer workshops designed to help elementary teachers develop an earth science program for their schools. Includes descriptions of three lessons and related instructional strategies on rocks and minerals, topographic maps, and fossils. (BC)

78 FR 79643 - Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Landmark Legal Foundation; Petition for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-31

... Group'' or ``IWG'') was formed to allow agencies to incorporate the monetized social benefits of... that all fossil-fueled power plants should be replaced with nuclear power plants and DOE should be...

40 CFR 80.1454 - What are the recordkeeping requirements under the RFS program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... blending, in the designated form. (6) Copies of registration documents required under § 80.1450, including...-fossil fraction of fuel made from separated municipal solid waste. (iv) Such other records as may be...

40 CFR 80.1454 - What are the recordkeeping requirements under the RFS program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... blending, in the designated form. (6) Copies of registration documents required under § 80.1450, including...-fossil fraction of fuel made from separated municipal solid waste. (iv) Such other records as may be...

40 CFR 80.1454 - What are the recordkeeping requirements under the RFS program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... blending, in the designated form. (6) Copies of registration documents required under § 80.1450, including...-fossil fraction of fuel made from separated municipal solid waste. (iv) Such other records as may be...

40 CFR 80.1454 - What are the recordkeeping requirements under the RFS program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... blending, in the designated form. (6) Copies of registration documents required under § 80.1450, including...-fossil fraction of fuel made from separated municipal solid waste. (iv) Such other records as may be...

76 FR 13607 - Availability of Department of Energy-Quadrennial Technology Review Framing Document and Request...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-14

... & Renewable Energy, Fossil Energy, and Nuclear Energy--a set of programs with an annual collected budget of... enhance energy and national security, reduce environmental impacts, and increase U.S. competitiveness. B...

Resources for Teaching About Evolution from the U.S. Geological Survey

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gordon, L. C.

2001-12-01

As a scientific research agency, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is in an ideal position to provide scientific information and resources to educators. The USGS is not a curriculum developer, nor an expert in pedagogy, yet the USGS does have a wealth of scientific information on subjects such as fossils, geologic time, biological resources and plate tectonics that naturally come in to play in the teaching of evolution. Among USGS resources are the general interest pamphlets Geologic Time, Dinosaurs: Facts And Fiction, Our Changing Continent, and Fossils Rocks, and Time, and its accompanying poster, Fossils Through Time. In addition to printed versions, the pamphlets are available at no cost on the Internet at http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/. The popular booklet, This Dynamic Earth: The Story of Plate Tectonics, available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/dynamic.html, touches on evolution-related subjects such as Alfred Wegener's use of fossils to develop his theory of continental drift, "polar" dinosaur fossils found in Australia, marine fossils in the rocks of the Himalayas, and the use of fossil ages to determine rates of plate motions. Paleontological research at the USGS is highlighted on the Internet at http://geology.er.usgs.gov/paleo/. The web site includes links to technical publications, profiles of scientists, a geologic time scale, a glossary, information on important fossil groups, and a list of non-USGS references on fossils: all very useful to educators. A wealth of biological information and data can be found in the National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII), a multi-agency collaborative program led by the USGS. In addition to data on the Nation's biological resources, the NBII web site http://www.nbii.gov/ includes a section on systematics and scientific names (helpful for illustrating the evolutionary relationships among living organisms), and links to non-USGS curriculum materials. A fact sheet, Unveiling the NBII as a Teaching Resource, is available at http://www.nbii.gov/about/pubs/factsheet/pdf/education.pdf. Evolution is a key theme in the scope of many USGS research activities. From the evolution of living organisms, to the evolution of geological materials and landforms, the USGS is a rich source of current, accurate, and relevant scientific information for teachers in today's classroom.

Fossil-Fuel C02 Emissions Database and Exploration System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krassovski, M.; Boden, T.; Andres, R. J.; Blasing, T. J.

2012-12-01

The Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) quantifies the release of carbon from fossil-fuel use and cement production at global, regional, and national spatial scales. The CDIAC emission time series estimates are based largely on annual energy statistics published at the national level by the United Nations (UN). CDIAC has developed a relational database to house collected data and information and a web-based interface to help users worldwide identify, explore and download desired emission data. The available information is divided in two major group: time series and gridded data. The time series data is offered for global, regional and national scales. Publications containing historical energy statistics make it possible to estimate fossil fuel CO2 emissions back to 1751. Etemad et al. (1991) published a summary compilation that tabulates coal, brown coal, peat, and crude oil production by nation and year. Footnotes in the Etemad et al.(1991) publication extend the energy statistics time series back to 1751. Summary compilations of fossil fuel trade were published by Mitchell (1983, 1992, 1993, 1995). Mitchell's work tabulates solid and liquid fuel imports and exports by nation and year. These pre-1950 production and trade data were digitized and CO2 emission calculations were made following the procedures discussed in Marland and Rotty (1984) and Boden et al. (1995). The gridded data presents annual and monthly estimates. Annual data presents a time series recording 1° latitude by 1° longitude CO2 emissions in units of million metric tons of carbon per year from anthropogenic sources for 1751-2008. The monthly, fossil-fuel CO2 emissions estimates from 1950-2008 provided in this database are derived from time series of global, regional, and national fossil-fuel CO2 emissions (Boden et al. 2011), the references therein, and the methodology described in Andres et al. (2011). The data accessible here take these tabular, national, mass-emissions data and distribute them spatially on a one degree latitude by one degree longitude grid. The within-country spatial distribution is achieved through a fixed population distribution as reported in Andres et al. (1996). This presentation introduces newly build database and web interface, reflects the present state and functionality of the Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions Database and Exploration System as well as future plans for expansion.

Exceptionally well preserved late Quaternary plant and vertebrate fossils from a blue hole on Abaco, The Bahamas.

PubMed

Steadman, David W; Franz, Richard; Morgan, Gary S; Albury, Nancy A; Kakuk, Brian; Broad, Kenneth; Franz, Shelley E; Tinker, Keith; Pateman, Michael P; Lott, Terry A; Jarzen, David M; Dilcher, David L

2007-12-11

We report Quaternary vertebrate and plant fossils from Sawmill Sink, a "blue hole" (a water-filled sinkhole) on Great Abaco Island, The Bahamas. The fossils are well preserved because of deposition in anoxic salt water. Vertebrate fossils from peat on the talus cone are radiocarbon-dated from approximately 4,200 to 1,000 cal BP (Late Holocene). The peat produced skeletons of two extinct species (tortoise Chelonoidis undescribed sp. and Caracara Caracara creightoni) and two extant species no longer in The Bahamas (Cuban crocodile, Crocodylus rhombifer; and Cooper's or Gundlach's Hawk, Accipiter cooperii or Accipiter gundlachii). A different, inorganic bone deposit on a limestone ledge in Sawmill Sink is a Late Pleistocene owl roost that features lizards (one species), snakes (three species), birds (25 species), and bats (four species). The owl roost fauna includes Rallus undescribed sp. (extinct; the first Bahamian flightless rail) and four other locally extinct species of birds (Cooper's/Gundlach's Hawk, A. cooperii/gundlachii; flicker Colaptes sp.; Cave Swallow, Petrochelidon fulva; and Eastern Meadowlark, Sturnella magna) and mammals (Bahamian hutia, Geocapromys ingrahami; and a bat, Myotis sp.). The exquisitely preserved fossils from Sawmill Sink suggest a grassy pineland as the dominant plant community on Abaco in the Late Pleistocene, with a heavier component of coppice (tropical dry evergreen forest) in the Late Holocene. Important in its own right, this information also will help biologists and government planners to develop conservation programs in The Bahamas that consider long-term ecological and cultural processes.

77 FR 59182 - Ultra-Deepwater Advisory Committee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-26

... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Ultra-Deepwater Advisory Committee AGENCY: Office of Fossil Energy... of the Ultra-Deepwater Advisory Committee is to provide advice on development and implementation of programs related to ultra-deepwater architecture and technology to the Secretary of Energy and provide...

Exploration for fossil and nuclear fuels from orbital altitudes. [results of ERTS program for oil exploration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Short, N. M.

1974-01-01

Results from the ERTS program pertinent to exploration for oil, gas, and uranium are discussed. A review of achievements in relevant geological studies from ERTS, and a survey of accomplishments oriented towards exploration for energy sources are presented along with an evaluation of the prospects and limitations of the space platform approach to fuel exploration, and an examination of continuing programs designed to prove out the use of ERTS and other space system in exploring for fuel resources.

Distribution of excess temperature from the Morgantown Generating Station on the Potomac Estuary

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Carter, H.H.

1973-10-01

Research undertaken to determine the effects of thermal effluents on the temperature distribution in estuarine waters is described. Procedures for and results from measurements of the temperature, river flow, tidal currents, salinity, wind, etc at the Potomac River estuary in 1969 and 1972, which represent pre- and post-operation conditions for the operation of the fossil- fueled Morgantown power plant, are reported. (LC L)

National Environmental Policy: Coordination or Confusion?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Adams, Sexton; And Others

1976-01-01

The Fossil Energy Program is attempting to develop and demonstrate, in conjunction with industry, the technology necessary for establishing a synthetic fuels-from coal industry. Technologies discussed include coal liquefaction, high and low BTU gasification, advanced power systems, direct combustion, Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and petroleum,…

76 FR 77990 - Ultra-Deepwater Advisory Committee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-15

... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Ultra-Deepwater Advisory Committee AGENCY: Office of Fossil Energy... Committee: The purpose of the Ultra-Deepwater Advisory Committee is to provide advice to the Secretary of Energy on development and implementation of programs related to ultra-deepwater natural gas and other...

7 CFR 3430.701 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE... Biomass Research and Development Initiative § 3430.701 Purpose. In carrying out the program, NIFA, in... biofuels at prices competitive with fossil fuels; (b) High-value biobased products— (1) To enhance the...

Potential for Worldwide Displacement of Fossil-Fuel Electricity by Nuclear Energy in Three Decades Based on Extrapolation of Regional Deployment Data

PubMed Central

Qvist, Staffan A.; Brook, Barry W.

2015-01-01

There is an ongoing debate about the deployment rates and composition of alternative energy plans that could feasibly displace fossil fuels globally by mid-century, as required to avoid the more extreme impacts of climate change. Here we demonstrate the potential for a large-scale expansion of global nuclear power to replace fossil-fuel electricity production, based on empirical data from the Swedish and French light water reactor programs of the 1960s to 1990s. Analysis of these historical deployments show that if the world built nuclear power at no more than the per capita rate of these exemplar nations during their national expansion, then coal- and gas-fired electricity could be replaced worldwide in less than a decade. Under more conservative projections that take into account probable constraints and uncertainties such as differing relative economic output across regions, current and past unit construction time and costs, future electricity demand growth forecasts and the retiring of existing aging nuclear plants, our modelling estimates that the global share of fossil-fuel-derived electricity could be replaced within 25–34 years. This would allow the world to meet the most stringent greenhouse-gas mitigation targets. PMID:25970621

Notes on the birth-death prior with fossil calibrations for Bayesian estimation of species divergence times.

PubMed

Dos Reis, Mario

2016-07-19

Constructing a multi-dimensional prior on the times of divergence (the node ages) of species in a phylogeny is not a trivial task, in particular, if the prior density is the result of combining different sources of information such as a speciation process with fossil calibration densities. Yang & Rannala (2006 Mol. Biol. Evol 23, 212-226. (doi:10.1093/molbev/msj024)) laid out the general approach to combine the birth-death process with arbitrary fossil-based densities to construct a prior on divergence times. They achieved this by calculating the density of node ages without calibrations conditioned on the ages of the calibrated nodes. Here, I show that the conditional density obtained by Yang & Rannala is misspecified. The misspecified density can sometimes be quite strange-looking and can lead to unintentionally informative priors on node ages without fossil calibrations. I derive the correct density and provide a few illustrative examples. Calculation of the density involves a sum over a large set of labelled histories, and so obtaining the density in a computer program seems hard at the moment. A general algorithm that may provide a way forward is given.This article is part of the themed issue 'Dating species divergences using rocks and clocks'. © 2016 The Author(s).

Development of Metal Oxide Nanostructure-based Optical Sensors for Fossil Fuel Derived Gases Measurement at High Temperature

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chen, Kevin P.

2015-02-13

This final technical report details research works performed supported by a Department of Energy grant (DE-FE0003859), which was awarded under the University Coal Research Program administrated by National Energy Technology Laboratory. This research program studied high temperature fiber sensor for harsh environment applications. It developed two fiber optical sensor platform technology including regenerative fiber Bragg grating sensors and distributed fiber optical sensing based on Rayleigh backscattering optical frequency domain reflectometry. Through the studies of chemical and thermal regenerative techniques for fiber Bragg grating (FBG) fabrication, high-temperature stable FBG sensors were successfully developed and fabricated in air-hole microstructured fibers, high-attenuation fibers,more » rare-earth doped fibers, and standard telecommunication fibers. By optimizing the laser processing and thermal annealing procedures, fiber grating sensors with stable performance up to 1100°C have been developed. Using these temperature-stable FBG gratings as sensor platform, fiber optical flow, temperature, pressure, and chemical sensors have been developed to operate at high temperatures up to 800°C. Through the integration of on-fiber functional coating, the use of application-specific air-hole microstructural fiber, and application of active fiber sensing scheme, distributed fiber sensor for temperature, pressure, flow, liquid level, and chemical sensing have been demonstrated with high spatial resolution (1-cm or better) with wide temperature ranges. These include the demonstration of 1) liquid level sensing from 77K to the room temperature, pressure/temperature sensing from the room temperature to 800C and from the 15psi to 2000 psi, and hydrogen concentration measurement from 0.2% to 10% with temperature ranges from the room temperature to 700°C. Optical sensors developed by this program has broken several technical records including flow sensors with the highest operation temperature up to 750°C, first distributed chemical measurements at the record high temperature up to 700°C, first distributed pressure measurement at the record high temperature up to 800°C, and the fiber laser sensors with the record high operation temperature up to 700°C. The research performed by this program dramatically expand the functionality, adaptability, and applicability of distributed fiber optical sensors with potential applications in a number of high-temperature energy systems such as fossil-fuel power generation, high-temperature fuel cell applications, and potential for nuclear energy systems.« less

LaURGE: Louisiana Undergraduate Recruitment and Geoscience Education

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nunn, J. A.; Agnew, J.

2009-12-01

NSF and the Shell Foundation sponsor a program called Louisiana Undergraduate Recruitment and Geoscience Education (LaURGE). Goals of LaURGE are: 1) Interweave geoscience education into the existing curriculum; 2) Provide teachers with lesson plans that promote interest in geoscience, critical thinking by students, and are consistent with current knowledge in geoscience; and 3) Provide teachers with supplies that make these lessons the highlights of the course. Biology workshops were held at LSU in Baton Rouge and Centenary College in Shreveport in July 2009. 25 teachers including 5 African-Americans attended the workshops. Teachers were from public and private schools in seven different parishes. Teacher experience ranged from 3 years to 40 years. Courses impacted are Biology, Honors Biology, AP Biology, and Environmental Science. The workshops began with a field trip to Mississippi to collect fossil shark teeth and create a virtual field trip. After the field trip, teachers do a series of activities on fossil shark teeth to illustrate evolution and introduce basic concepts such as geologic time, superposition, and faunal succession. Teachers were also given a $200 budget from which to select fossils for use in their classrooms. One of our exercises explores the evolution of the megatoothed shark lineage leading to Carcharocles megalodon, the largest predatory shark in history with teeth up to 17 cm long. Megatoothed shark teeth have an excellent fossil record and show continuous transitions in morphology from the Eocene to Pliocene. We take advantage of the curiosity of sharks shared by most people, and allow teachers to explore the variations among different shark teeth and to explain the causes of those variations. Objectives are to have teachers (and their students): 1) sort fossil shark teeth into biologically reasonable species; 2) form hypotheses about evolutionary relationships; and 3) describe and interpret evolutionary trends in the fossil Megatoothed lineage. The exercise concludes with discussion of the environmental and biotic events occurring between the Eocene and Miocene epochs that may have caused evolutionary changes in the megatooth shark’s teeth. Other topics covered include radiometric age dating, biogeochemical cycles, and human impact on the carbon and sulfur cycles. Pretests and posttests were administered to assess effectiveness of the program as well as identify teacher misconceptions. This information will be used in future workshops. NSF funding will allow the biology workshops to be repeated in 2010. In addition, a new workshop for physics teachers will be introduced in 2010.

L'expression orale apres treize ans d'immersion francaise (Oral Expression After Thirteen Years of French Immersion).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pellerin, Micheline; Hammerly, Hector

1986-01-01

Conversations with six twelfth graders who had been in French immersion since kindergarten found a high rate of incorrect sentences, suggesting a faulty interlanguage fossilized at grade six and a need for immersion program revision. (MSE)

Montana BioDiesel Initiative

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Peyton, Brent

This initiative funding helped put Montana State University (MSU) in a position to help lead in the development of biodiesel production strategies. Recent shortages in electrical power and rising gasoline prices have focused much attention on the development of alternative energy sources that will end our dependence on fossil fuels. In addition, as the concern for environmental impact of utilizing fossil fuels increases, effective strategies must be implemented to reduce emissions or the increased regulations imposed on fossil fuel production will cause economic barriers for their use to continue to increase. Biodiesel has been repeatedly promoted as a more environmentallymore » sound and renewable source of fuel and may prove to be a highly viable solution to provide, at the least, a proportion of our energy needs. Currently there are both practical and economic barriers to the implementation of alternative energy however the advent of these technologies is inevitable. Since many of the same strategies for the storage, transport, and utilization of biodiesel are common with that of fossil fuels, the practical barriers for biodiesel are comparatively minimal. Strategies were developed to harness the CO 2 as feedstock to support the growth of biodiesel producing algae. The initiative funding led to the successful funding of highly rated projects in competitive national grant programs in the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy. This funding put MSU in a key position to develop technologies to utilize the CO 2 rich emissions produced in fossil fuel utilization and assembled world experts concerning the growth characteristics of photosynthetic microorganisms capable of producing biodiesel.« less

'The artist's piece is already in the stone': constructing creativity in paleontology laboratories.

PubMed

Wylie, Caitlin Donahue

2015-02-01

Laboratory technicians are typically portrayed as manual workers following routine procedures to produce scientific data. However, technicians in vertebrate paleontology laboratories often describe their work in terms of creativity and artistry. Fossil specimens undergo extensive preparation--including rock removal, damage repair, and reconstruction of missing parts--to become accessible to researchers. Technicians called 'fossil preparators' choose, apply, and sometimes invent these preparation methods. They have no formal training, no standard protocols, and few publications to consult on techniques. Despite the resulting diversity of people and practices, preparators and their work are usually absent from research publications, making them 'invisible technicians' in Steven Shapin's sense. But preparators reject the view of their work as predictable or simple; in particular, many preparators value art training, the aesthetics of prepared fossils, and the process of creative problem-solving in their work. Based on interviews and participant observation and drawing from literature in science studies, sociology of work, and anthropology of craft, I ask why these technicians compare themselves with artists and how this portrayal affects scientific practice and social order in laboratories. I argue that associating artistry and creativity with their work distances preparators from ideas of unskilled technical work and technicians' low status, thus improving their social role in the laboratory community and preserving their power over laboratory practices.

Radiocarbon measurements constrain the fossil and biological components of total CO2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miller, J. B.; Lehman, S. J.; Tans, P. P.; Turnbull, J. C.

2009-12-01

In a rapidly evolving environment in which binding treaties and laws at the international, national and state levels are likely to limit greenhouse gas emissions, it will be critical for society to have independent verification of emissions and their accumulation in the atmosphere. Current treaties and laws like the Kyoto Protocol and California’s AB32 rely upon “bottom-up” reporting by governments and industry from inventories and process models to assess emissions. What we propose here is that to promote accuracy and transparency, it will also be necessary to verify these “bottom-up” approaches from the “top-down” perspective of the atmosphere. In particular, total CO2, which is the bottom line for climate forcing, and fossil fuel CO2, which is the primary driver of the observed increase need to be monitored. Total CO2 is already measured at high precision and accuracy at numerous sites nationally and globally by a variety of university and government entities (see e.g., www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/globalview/). CO2 measurements in more locations and at higher frequencies are required to establish tighter constraints to emissions. For fossil fuel CO2, however, we require measurements of the rare isotopic species 14CO2. Fossil fuel emissions of CO2 are devoid of 14 (radiocarbon), because, by definition, these fuels are many millions of years old and the 14 half-life is only 5730 years. This makes 14CO2 an ideal tracer for fossil fuel emissions. Here we will present results of a nascent United States 14CO2 observation program that together with model simulations suggest a large number of 14CO2 measurements over the coterminous USA would allow for tight (~20%) regional (~105 - 106 km2) constraints on fossil fuel emissions at annual or seasonal time scales. Additionally, correlations of our 14CO2 observations with a wide suite of anthropogenic tracers suggest that “tuning” of these tracers with 14CO2 for fossil fuel detection may be possible. Furthermore, correlations of 14CO2 with tracers linked to specific activities like air conditioning or driving may allow a parsing of the total fossil fuel signal into sectoral components.

Separation of biospheric and fossil fuel fluxes of CO2 by atmospheric inversion of CO2 and 14CO2 measurements: Observation System Simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Basu, Sourish; Bharat Miller, John; Lehman, Scott

2016-05-01

National annual total CO2 emissions from combustion of fossil fuels are likely known to within 5-10 % for most developed countries. However, uncertainties are inevitably larger (by unknown amounts) for emission estimates at regional and monthly scales, or for developing countries. Given recent international efforts to establish emission reduction targets, independent determination and verification of regional and national scale fossil fuel CO2 emissions are likely to become increasingly important. Here, we take advantage of the fact that precise measurements of 14C in CO2 provide a largely unbiased tracer for recently added fossil-fuel-derived CO2 in the atmosphere and present an atmospheric inversion technique to jointly assimilate observations of CO2 and 14CO2 in order to simultaneously estimate fossil fuel emissions and biospheric exchange fluxes of CO2. Using this method in a set of Observation System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs), we show that given the coverage of 14CO2 measurements available in 2010 (969 over North America, 1063 globally), we can recover the US national total fossil fuel emission to better than 1 % for the year and to within 5 % for most months. Increasing the number of 14CO2 observations to ˜ 5000 per year over North America, as recently recommended by the National Academy of Science (NAS) (Pacala et al., 2010), we recover monthly emissions to within 5 % for all months for the US as a whole and also for smaller, highly emissive regions over which the specified data coverage is relatively dense, such as for the New England states or the NY-NJ-PA tri-state area. This result suggests that, given continued improvement in state-of-the art transport models, a measurement program similar in scale to that recommended by the NAS can provide for independent verification of bottom-up inventories of fossil fuel CO2 at the regional and national scale. In addition, we show that the dual tracer inversion framework can detect and minimize biases in estimates of the biospheric flux that would otherwise arise in a traditional CO2-only inversion when prescribing fixed but inaccurate fossil fuel fluxes.

Utilization of operating experience to prevent piping failures at steam plants

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Adams, T.S.; Dietrich, E.B.

1999-11-01

The key to preventing flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC) induced piping failures in steam plants is the development and implementation of a methodical program for assessing plant susceptibility to FAC and managing the effects of FAC. One of the key elements of an effective FAC program is the accurate and comprehensive utilization of plant-specific and industry-wide operating experience. Operating experience should be used to develop the program to identify specific areas for inspection or replacement, and to maintain an effective program. This paper discusses the utilization of operating experience in FAC programs at nuclear power plants, fossil plants and other steam plants.

The Department of Defense: Reducing Its Reliance on Fossil-Based Aviation Fuel - Issues for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-15

19 Figure 2. KC-135 Winglet Flight Tests at Dryden Flight Research Center . . . . 23 List of Tables Table 1...involving two or more opposing forces using rules, data, and procedures designed to depict an actual or assumed real life situation.” 19 Winglets , for...applying winglets to DOD aircraft. See page 24 of this report for further information. reflect the DOD’s true fuel costs, masks energy efficiency

Comparison of different strategies for using fossil calibrations to generate the time prior in Bayesian molecular clock dating.

PubMed

Barba-Montoya, Jose; Dos Reis, Mario; Yang, Ziheng

2017-09-01

Fossil calibrations are the utmost source of information for resolving the distances between molecular sequences into estimates of absolute times and absolute rates in molecular clock dating analysis. The quality of calibrations is thus expected to have a major impact on divergence time estimates even if a huge amount of molecular data is available. In Bayesian molecular clock dating, fossil calibration information is incorporated in the analysis through the prior on divergence times (the time prior). Here, we evaluate three strategies for converting fossil calibrations (in the form of minimum- and maximum-age bounds) into the prior on times, which differ according to whether they borrow information from the maximum age of ancestral nodes and minimum age of descendent nodes to form constraints for any given node on the phylogeny. We study a simple example that is analytically tractable, and analyze two real datasets (one of 10 primate species and another of 48 seed plant species) using three Bayesian dating programs: MCMCTree, MrBayes and BEAST2. We examine how different calibration strategies, the birth-death process, and automatic truncation (to enforce the constraint that ancestral nodes are older than descendent nodes) interact to determine the time prior. In general, truncation has a great impact on calibrations so that the effective priors on the calibration node ages after the truncation can be very different from the user-specified calibration densities. The different strategies for generating the effective prior also had considerable impact, leading to very different marginal effective priors. Arbitrary parameters used to implement minimum-bound calibrations were found to have a strong impact upon the prior and posterior of the divergence times. Our results highlight the importance of inspecting the joint time prior used by the dating program before any Bayesian dating analysis. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Fuel cell programs in the United States for stationary power applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Singer, M.

1996-04-01

The Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Fossil Energy, is participating with the private sector in sponsoring the development of molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technologies for application in the utility, commercial and industrial sectors. Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) development was sponsored by the Office of Fossil Energy in previous years and is now being commercialized by the private sector. Private sector participants with the Department of Energy include the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), the Gas Research institute (GRI), electric and gas utilities, universities, manufacturing companies and their suppliers. through continued governmentmore » and private sector support, fuel cell systems are emerging power generation technologies which are expected to have significant worldwide impacts. An industry with annual sales of over a billion dollars is envisioned early in the 21st century. PAFC power plants have begun to enter the marketplace and MCFC and SOFC power plants are expected to be ready to enter the marketplace in the late 1990s. In support of the efficient and effective use of our natural resources, the fuel cell program seeks to increase energy efficiency and economic effectiveness of power generation. This is to be accomplished through effectiveness of power generation. This is accomplished through the development and commercialization of cost-effective, efficient and environmentally desirable fuel cell systems which will operate on fossil fuels in multiple and end use sectors.« less

The performance of field scientists undertaking observations of early life fossils while in simulated space suit

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Willson, D.; Rask, J. C.; George, S. C.; de Leon, P.; Bonaccorsi, R.; Blank, J.; Slocombe, J.; Silburn, K.; Steele, H.; Gargarno, M.; McKay, C. P.

2014-01-01

We conducted simulated Apollo Extravehicular Activity's (EVA) at the 3.45 Ga Australian 'Pilbara Dawn of life' (Western Australia) trail with field and non-field scientists using the University of North Dakota's NDX-1 pressurizable space suit to overview the effectiveness of scientist astronauts employing their field observation skills while looking for stromatolite fossil evidence. Off-world scientist astronauts will be faced with space suit limitations in vision, human sense perception, mobility, dexterity, the space suit fit, time limitations, and the psychological fear of death from accidents, causing physical fatigue reducing field science performance. Finding evidence of visible biosignatures for past life such as stromatolite fossils, on Mars, is a very significant discovery. Our preliminary overview trials showed that when in simulated EVAs, 25% stromatolite fossil evidence is missed with more incorrect identifications compared to ground truth surveys but providing quality characterization descriptions becomes less affected by simulated EVA limitations as the science importance of the features increases. Field scientists focused more on capturing high value characterization detail from the rock features whereas non-field scientists focused more on finding many features. We identified technologies and training to improve off-world field science performance. The data collected is also useful for NASA's "EVA performance and crew health" research program requirements but further work will be required to confirm the conclusions.

Putative fossilized fungi from the lithified volcaniclastic apron of Gran Canaria, Spain.

PubMed

Ivarsson, Magnus; Broman, Curt; Holmström, Sara J M; Ahlbom, Marianne; Lindblom, Sten; Holm, Nils G

2011-09-01

We report the discovery of fossilized filamentous structures in samples of the lithified, volcaniclastic apron of Gran Canaria, which were obtained during Leg 157 of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP). These filamentous structures are 2-15 μm in diameter and several hundred micrometers in length and are composed of Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, Ti, and C. Chitin was detected in the filamentous structures by staining with wheat germ agglutinin dye conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (WGA-FITC), which suggests that they are fossilized fungal hyphae. The further elucidation of typical filamentous fungal morphological features, such as septa, hyphal bridges, and anastomosis and their respective sizes, support this interpretation. Characteristic structures that we interpreted as fossilized spores were also observed in association with the putative hyphae. The fungal hyphae were found in pyroxene phenocrysts and in siderite pseudomorphs of a basalt breccia. The fungal colonization of the basalt clasts occurred after the brecciation but prior to the final emplacement and lithification of the sediment at ∼16-14 Ma. The siderite appears to have been partially dissolved by the presence of fungal hyphae, and the fungi preferentially colonized Fe-rich carbonates over Fe-poor carbonates (aragonite). Our findings indicate that fungi may be an important geobiological agent in subseafloor environments and an important component of the deep subseafloor biosphere, and that hydrothermal environments associated with volcanism can support a diverse ecosystem, including eukaryotes.

MHD--Developing New Technology to Meet the Energy Crisis

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fitch, Sandra S.

1978-01-01

Magnetohydrodynamics is a technology that could utilize the nation's most abundant fossil fuel and produce electrical energy more efficiently and cleanly than present-day turbines. A national research and development program is ongoing in Butte, Montana at the Montana Energy and MHD Research and Development Institute (MERDI). (Author/RK)

CNN Newsroom Classroom Guides. October, 1998.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cable News Network, Atlanta, GA.

These classroom guides, designed to accompany the daily CNN (Cable News Network) Newsroom broadcasts for the month of October, 1998, provide program rundowns, suggestions for class activities and discussion, student handouts, and a list of related news terms. Topics include: scientists find trace fossil evidence of billion-year old worms, the…

Life Cycle. K-6 Science Curriculum.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Blueford, J. R.; And Others

Life Cycle is one of the units of a K-6 unified science curriculum program. The unit consists of four organizing sub-themes: (1) past life (focusing on dinosaurs and fossil formation, types, and importance); (2) animal life (examining groups of invertebrates and vertebrates, cells, reproduction, and classification systems); (3) plant life…

Tapping the US historic sweet sorghum collection to identify biofuel germplasm

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] has gained an important role as a viable alternative to fossil fuels and a more profitable option than maize and sugarcane. Nevertheless, the actual narrow genetic base in sweet sorghum breeding programs is limiting the development of new biofuel varietie...

Environmental Sciences Division annual progress report for period ending September 30, 1983

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1984-04-01

This annual report summarizes activities in the Aquatic Ecology, Earth Sciences, Environmental Analyses, and Terrestrial Ecology sections, as well as in the Fossil Energy, Biomass, Low-Level Waste Research and Management, and Global Carbon Cycle Programs. Separate abstracts have been prepared for each section. (ACR)

Investigating the effects of transport on the preservation of soft-bodied organisms using an annular flume tank.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bath Enright, Orla; Minter, Nicholas; Sumner, Esther; Mángano, Gabriela; Buatois, Luis

2016-04-01

Annular flume tank experiments offer unique opportunities to be able to investigate the effect of transport on a range of organisms; being able to create slow to fast sediment-laden flows that can be laminar to fully turbulent, and lasting over durations of minutes to hours. Understanding the effects of transport on the preservation potential of different organisms is fundamental to the study of palaeoecology. Despite this, the sedimentological processes leading up to fossil entombment remain largely overlooked. This is especially significant for fossil lagerstätte such as the Burgess Shale, whose exquisite fossil preservation has enabled insights into the anatomy of early soft-bodied organisms and their evolution during the Cambrian explosion. However there is still a fundamental debate with regards to the transport these organisms have undergone. Namely, whether they were living within or close to the environment of deposition, or could they have been transported from one environment to another? As such, does the Burgess Shale biota represent a palaeocommunity or not? To explore the limits of the effect of transport, initial experiments have been designed using an annular flume tank in order to test the influence of fully turbulent sandy suspensions (75-250μm) on organism preservation. This is a three factorial design where the three independent variables are transport duration, sediment concentration and grain angularity. In all experiments, flow velocity was kept constant along with controls on pH and salinity. The dependent variable, an index of "increasing state of damage" has been devised to classify the amount of destruction each organism exhibits after the experimental procedure. Results are presented here. From observations such as these, we can begin to set constraints on the amount of transport, if any, that these fossil organisms could have endured.

The many worlds of Ida.

PubMed

Fleagle, John G

2010-01-01

The early primate fossil that forms the type specimen of Darwinius masillae, known informally as Ida, was first announced in a spectacular media blitz in May 2009, including a publication in the journal PLoS ONE, a public unveiling at the American Museum of Natural History, massive coverage by television and newspapers, a documentary program on the History Channel, and a book. However, reaction to the fossil by other scientists was largely critical of its purported significance, and later publications have reached very different conclusions than those promoted in the original announcements. Moreover, there are inconsistencies in the information provided by the scientific paper, the book, and the public announcements. What is the source of these discrepancies, and what is the relationship between scientific progress and media coverage?

Conclusions drawn from actions implemented within the first stage of the Cracow program of energy conservation and clean fossil fuels

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bieda, J.; Bardel, J.; Pierce, B.

1995-12-31

Since 1992 Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) and Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL), acting on behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy, executed the first stage of the Cracow Program of Energy Conservation and Clean Fossil Fuels, called also American-Polish Program of Actions for Elimination of Low Emission Sources in Cracow. The main contractor for BNL and PNL was the Cracow Development Office (BRK). The interest in improving the condition of Cracow air results from the fact that the standard for permissible air pollution was exceeded several times in Cracow and especially within the central part of the town. Therefore, air pollutionmore » appeared one of the most important problems that faced the municipal authorities. It followed from monitoring investigations that the high level of air pollutant concentration is caused by in-home coal-fired tile stoves operated in winter seasons and by coal- and coke-fired boiler houses simulated mainly in the central part of the town. The results obtained in first stage are presented. This paper is an attempt to formulate conclusions drawn from these works and recommendations with regard to the future policy of the town authorities; selected results are presented to clarify or illustrate the conclusions.« less

Energy Systems Laboratory Groundbreaking

ScienceCinema

Hill, David; Otter, C.L.; Simpson, Mike; Rogers, J.W.

2018-05-11

INL recently broke ground for a research facility that will house research programs for bioenergy, advanced battery systems, and new hybrid energy systems that integrate renewable, fossil and nuclear energy sources. Here's video from the groundbreaking ceremony for INL's new Energy Systems Laboratory. You can learn more about CAES research at http://www.facebook.com/idahonationallaboratory.

Stan Bull, Long-Time NREL Leader, Named AAAS Fellow | News | NREL

Science.gov Websites

, Named AAAS Fellow January 11, 2011 Stanley R. Bull, former associate director for Science and Technology emeritus researcher. He was cited for "distinguished leadership in creating new programs, development partner with existing energy companies, including the fossil-fuel industry, and to "provide our

Hawaii Energy Sustainable Program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rocheleau, Richard; Turn, Scott; Griffin, James

The objective of HESP was to support the development and deployment of distributed energy resource (DER) technologies to facilitate increased penetration of renewable energy resources and reduced use of fossil fuels in Hawaii’s power grids. All deliverables, publications and other public releases have been submitted to the DOE in accordance with the award and subsequent award modifications.

A Program for High School Social Studies: Anthropology.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Haviland, Pam

GRADES OR AGES: High School. SUBJECT MATTER: Anthropology. ORGANIZATION AND PHYSICAL APPEARANCE: The guide covers three units: 1) "The Study of Man"; 2) "Introduction to Physical Anthropology," including the process of evolution, descent and change in time, chronology of events, dawn of man, fossil man, race, and definitions of race; and 3)…

Earth Sciences annual report, 1987

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Younker, L.W.; Donohue, M.L.; Peterson, S.J.

1988-12-01

The Earth Sciences Department at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory conducts work in support of the Laboratory's energy, defense, and research programs. The Department is organized into ten groups. Five of these -- Nuclear Waste Management, Fossil Energy, Containment, Verification, and Research -- represent major programmatic activities within the Department. Five others -- Experimental Geophysics, Geomechanics, Geology/Geological Engineering, Geochemistry, and Seismology/Applied Geophysics -- are major disciplinary areas that support these and other laboratory programs. This report summarizes work carried out in 1987 by each group and contains a bibliography of their 1987 publications.

The Brazilian biofuels industry

PubMed Central

Goldemberg, José

2008-01-01

Ethanol is a biofuel that is used as a replacement for approximately 3% of the fossil-based gasoline consumed in the world today. Most of this biofuel is produced from sugarcane in Brazil and corn in the United States. We present here the rationale for the ethanol program in Brazil, its present 'status' and its perspectives. The environmental benefits of the program, particularly the contribution of ethanol to reducing the emission of greenhouse gases, are discussed, as well as the limitations to its expansion. PMID:18471272

SUBTASK 6.1 – STRATEGIC STUDIES

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Erickson, Thomas; Harju, John; Steadman, Edward

The Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) has recently completed 7 years of research through the Cooperative Agreement with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) focused on fossil energy technology development and demonstration. To support a significant number of the different activities being considered within all of our research contracts with NETL, a subtask (6.1 – Strategic Studies) was created to focus on small research efforts that came up throughout the year that would support an existing EERC–NETL project or would help to develop a new concept for inclusion in future efforts. This subtask wasmore » funded through the EERC–DOE Joint Program on Research and Development for Fossil Energy-Related Resources Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC26- 08NT43291« less

23 CFR 668.113 - Program and project procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Program and project procedures. 668.113 Section 668.113 Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING AND TRAFFIC OPERATIONS EMERGENCY RELIEF PROGRAM Procedures for Federal-Aid Highways § 668.113 Program and project procedures. (a...

76 FR 3587 - Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired, Electric Utility, Industrial-Commercial...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-20

... Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired, Electric Utility, Industrial-Commercial-Institutional, and... Fossil fuel-fired electric utility steam generating units. Federal Government 22112 Fossil fuel-fired... 22112 Fossil fuel-fired electric utility steam generating units owned by municipalities. 921150 Fossil...

Electron Spin Resonance Dating of Toxodon Tooth from Upper Ribeira Valley, São Paulo, Brazil.

PubMed

Kinoshita, Angela; Ghilardi, Aline Marcele; Fernandes, Marcelo Adorna; Figueiredo, Ana Maria G; Baffa, Oswaldo

2016-12-01

Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating was applied to date a sample of fossil tooth found in Ribeira Valley, São Paulo, Brazil. This region is characterized by abundant fossil records of Pleistocene-Holocene South American megafauna belonging to different faunistic moments related to climate changes during the quaternary. As the number of fossils dated is not too large, the dating of materials from this region will provide important information to better understand the events associated with the presence and extinction of these species. The equivalent dose (D e ) was determined using single exponential fitting resulting in (24 ± 1)Gy. The D e was converted to age using ROSY ESR Dating program and the concentration of radioisotopes present in the sample and soil determined through neutron activation analysis. The ages cover the range of 25-34 ka. This information is important to contextualize other findings in the region from different sites and to help obtain better information about the climate changes in this region. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

77 FR 61313 - Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Modifications to Renewable Fuel Standard and Diesel...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-09

... consider your comment. Electronic files should avoid the use of special characters, any form of encryption... technical information and/or data that you used. If you estimate potential costs or burdens, explain how you... the quantity of fossil fuel present in transportation fuel. Under EPA's RFS program this is...

75 FR 60165 - Notice Regarding Consideration and Processing of Applications for Financial Assistance Under the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-29

... program of financial assistance to the rail industry in the form of loans and loan guarantees and other..., 2005 (70 FR 56207) and provides policy guidance. The public has an interest in how federal funds are... following: Reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and otherwise improve energy efficiency of rail operations...

Mexican forest inventory expands continental carbon monitoring

Treesearch

Alberto Sandoval Uribe; Sean. P. Healey; Gretchen G. Moisen; Rigoberto Palafox Rivas; Enrique Gonzalez Aguilar; Carmen Lourdes Meneses Tovar; Ernesto S. Diaz Ponce Davalos; Vanessa Silva Mascorro

2008-01-01

The terrestrial ecosystems of the North American continent represent a large reservoir of carbon and a potential sink within the global carbon cycle. The recent State of the Carbon Cycle Report [U.S. Climate Change Science Program (CCSP), 2007] identified the critical role these systems may play in mitigating effects of greenhouse gases emitted from fossil fuel...

Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) Vehicles and Fueling Infrastructure : Alternative Fuels & Life-Cycle Engineering Program : November 29, 2006 to November 28, 2011

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-12-20

Wind turbines located on sites known as wind farms have become popular in the United States and elsewhere because they may be able to reduce, if not replace, the use of fossil fuels for energy production. The development of wind farms has been partic...

10 CFR Appendix A to Part 625 - Standard Sales Provisions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... of the NS will be publicized on the Fossil Energy web page http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/reserves... authorized to do so, in the form of corporate minutes, the Authorized Signature List, or the General... information will be provided to DOE by the offeror on the SPR on-line offer form: (1) Maximum MLI Quantity...

10 CFR Appendix A to Part 625 - Standard Sales Provisions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... of the NS will be publicized on the Fossil Energy web page http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/reserves... authorized to do so, in the form of corporate minutes, the Authorized Signature List, or the General... information will be provided to DOE by the offeror on the SPR on-line offer form: (1) Maximum MLI Quantity...

10 CFR Appendix A to Part 625 - Standard Sales Provisions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... of the NS will be publicized on the Fossil Energy web page http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/reserves... authorized to do so, in the form of corporate minutes, the Authorized Signature List, or the General... information will be provided to DOE by the offeror on the SPR on-line offer form: (1) Maximum MLI Quantity...

10 CFR Appendix A to Part 625 - Standard Sales Provisions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... of the NS will be publicized on the Fossil Energy web page http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/reserves... authorized to do so, in the form of corporate minutes, the Authorized Signature List, or the General... information will be provided to DOE by the offeror on the SPR on-line offer form: (1) Maximum MLI Quantity...

10 CFR Appendix A to Part 625 - Standard Sales Provisions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... of the NS will be publicized on the Fossil Energy web page http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/reserves... authorized to do so, in the form of corporate minutes, the Authorized Signature List, or the General... information will be provided to DOE by the offeror on the SPR on-line offer form: (1) Maximum MLI Quantity...

77 FR 3681 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Minnesota; Regional Haze

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-25

... approach in the BART Guidelines in making a BART determination for a fossil fuel-fired EGU with total... ammonia (NH 3 ), and volatile organic compound (VOCs). Fine particle precursors react in the atmosphere to... standards, low sulfur fuel, and non-road mobile source control programs. The fourth step is to determine...

Geographic patterns of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel burning, hydraulic cement production, and gas flaring on a one degree by one degree grid cell basis: 1950 to 1990

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brenkert, A.L.; Andres, R.J.; Marland, G.

1997-03-01

Data sets of one degree latitude by one degree longitude carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) emissions in units of thousand metric tons of carbon (C) per year from anthropogenic sources have been produced for 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990. Detailed geographic information on CO{sub 2} emissions can be critical in understanding the pattern of the atmospheric and biospheric response to these emissions. Global, regional and national annual estimates for 1950 through 1992 were published previously. Those national, annual CO{sub 2} emission estimates were based on statistics on fossil-fuel burning, cement manufacturing and gas flaring in oil fields as well asmore » energy production, consumption and trade data, using the methods of Marland and Rotty. The national annual estimates were combined with gridded one-degree data on political units and 1984 human populations to create the new gridded CO{sub 2} emission data sets. The same population distribution was used for each of the years as proxy for the emission distribution within each country. The implied assumption for that procedure was that per capita energy use and fuel mix is uniform over a political unit. The consequence of this first-order procedure is that the spatial changes observed over time are solely due to changes in national energy consumption and nation-based fuel mix. Increases in emissions over time are apparent for most areas.« less

Where to Dig for Fossils: Combining Climate-Envelope, Taphonomy and Discovery Models

PubMed Central

Block, Sebastián; Saltré, Frédérik; Rodríguez-Rey, Marta; Fordham, Damien A.; Unkel, Ingmar; Bradshaw, Corey J. A.

2016-01-01

Fossils represent invaluable data to reconstruct the past history of life, yet fossil-rich sites are often rare and difficult to find. The traditional fossil-hunting approach focuses on small areas and has not yet taken advantage of modelling techniques commonly used in ecology to account for an organism’s past distributions. We propose a new method to assist finding fossils at continental scales based on modelling the past distribution of species, the geological suitability of fossil preservation and the likelihood of fossil discovery in the field, and apply it to several genera of Australian megafauna that went extinct in the Late Quaternary. Our models predicted higher fossil potentials for independent sites than for randomly selected locations (mean Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic = 0.66). We demonstrate the utility of accounting for the distribution history of fossil taxa when trying to find the most suitable areas to look for fossils. For some genera, the probability of finding fossils based on simple climate-envelope models was higher than the probability based on models incorporating current conditions associated with fossil preservation and discovery as predictors. However, combining the outputs from climate-envelope, preservation, and discovery models resulted in the most accurate predictions of potential fossil sites at a continental scale. We proposed potential areas to discover new fossils of Diprotodon, Zygomaturus, Protemnodon, Thylacoleo, and Genyornis, and provide guidelines on how to apply our approach to assist fossil hunting in other continents and geological settings. PMID:27027874

Where to Dig for Fossils: Combining Climate-Envelope, Taphonomy and Discovery Models.

PubMed

Block, Sebastián; Saltré, Frédérik; Rodríguez-Rey, Marta; Fordham, Damien A; Unkel, Ingmar; Bradshaw, Corey J A

2016-01-01

Fossils represent invaluable data to reconstruct the past history of life, yet fossil-rich sites are often rare and difficult to find. The traditional fossil-hunting approach focuses on small areas and has not yet taken advantage of modelling techniques commonly used in ecology to account for an organism's past distributions. We propose a new method to assist finding fossils at continental scales based on modelling the past distribution of species, the geological suitability of fossil preservation and the likelihood of fossil discovery in the field, and apply it to several genera of Australian megafauna that went extinct in the Late Quaternary. Our models predicted higher fossil potentials for independent sites than for randomly selected locations (mean Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic = 0.66). We demonstrate the utility of accounting for the distribution history of fossil taxa when trying to find the most suitable areas to look for fossils. For some genera, the probability of finding fossils based on simple climate-envelope models was higher than the probability based on models incorporating current conditions associated with fossil preservation and discovery as predictors. However, combining the outputs from climate-envelope, preservation, and discovery models resulted in the most accurate predictions of potential fossil sites at a continental scale. We proposed potential areas to discover new fossils of Diprotodon, Zygomaturus, Protemnodon, Thylacoleo, and Genyornis, and provide guidelines on how to apply our approach to assist fossil hunting in other continents and geological settings.

Hominid mandibular corpus shape variation and its utility for recognizing species diversity within fossil Homo.

PubMed

Lague, Michael R; Collard, Nicole J; Richmond, Brian G; Wood, Bernard A

2008-12-01

Mandibular corpora are well represented in the hominin fossil record, yet few studies have rigorously assessed the utility of mandibular corpus morphology for species recognition, particularly with respect to the linear dimensions that are most commonly available. In this study, we explored the extent to which commonly preserved mandibular corpus morphology can be used to: (i) discriminate among extant hominid taxa and (ii) support species designations among fossil specimens assigned to the genus Homo. In the first part of the study, discriminant analysis was used to test for significant differences in mandibular corpus shape at different taxonomic levels (genus, species and subspecies) among extant hominid taxa (i.e. Homo, Pan, Gorilla, Pongo). In the second part of the study, we examined shape variation among fossil mandibles assigned to Homo (including H. habilis sensu stricto, H. rudolfensis, early African H. erectus/H. ergaster, late African H. erectus, Asian H. erectus, H. heidelbergensis, H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens). A novel randomization procedure designed for small samples (and using group 'distinctness values') was used to determine whether shape variation among the fossils is consistent with conventional taxonomy (or alternatively, whether a priori taxonomic groupings are completely random with respect to mandibular morphology). The randomization of 'distinctness values' was also used on the extant samples to assess the ability of the test to recognize known taxa. The discriminant analysis results demonstrated that, even for a relatively modest set of traditional mandibular corpus measurements, we can detect significant differences among extant hominids at the genus and species levels, and, in some cases, also at the subspecies level. Although the randomization of 'distinctness values' test is more conservative than discriminant analysis (based on comparisons with extant specimens), we were able to detect at least four distinct groups among the fossil specimens (i.e. H. sapiens, H. heidelbergensis, Asian H. erectus and a combined 'African Homo' group consisting of H. habilis sensu stricto, H. rudolfensis, early African H. erectus/H. ergaster and late African H. erectus). These four groups appear to be distinct at a level similar to, or greater than, that of modern hominid species. In addition, the mandibular corpora of H. neanderthalensis could be distinguished from those of 'African Homo', although not from those of H. sapiens, H. heidelbergensis, or the Asian H. erectus group. The results suggest that the features most commonly preserved on the hominin mandibular corpus have some taxonomic utility, although they are unlikely to be useful in generating a reliable alpha taxonomy for early African members of the genus Homo.

External benefits of biomass-e in Spain: an economic valuation.

PubMed

Soliño, Mario

2010-03-01

This article analyses the willingness to pay for a program that promotes the production of electricity from forest biomass, instead of that based on fossil fuels. The program decreases greenhouse gas emissions, reduces the pressure on non-renewable resources, lowers the risk of summer forest fires, creates employment in rural areas. Results from a choice experiment show that consumers are willing to pay a higher price for electricity in order to obtain the external benefits of the substitution. Respondents attach a higher value to programs that decrease the pressure of non-renewable resources and the risk of forest fires. Copyright (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Review of NASA programs in applying aerospace technology to energy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schwenk, F. C.

1981-01-01

NASA's role in energy research and development, with the aid of aerospace technology, is reviewed. A brief history, which began in 1974 with studies of solar energy systems on earth, is presented, and the major energy programs, consisting of over 60 different projects, are described, and include solar terrestrial systems, conservation and fossil energy systems, and space utilization systems. Special attention is given to the Satellite Power System and the isolation of nuclear wastes in space. Emerging prospects for NASA programs in energy technology include bioenergy, and ocean thermal energy conversion, coal extraction and conversion technologies, and support to the nuclear industry in power plant systems safety.

Optimising the extraction rate of a non-durable non-renewable resource in a monopolistic market: a mathematical programming approach.

PubMed

Corominas, Albert; Fossas, Enric

2015-01-01

We assume a monopolistic market for a non-durable non-renewable resource such as crude oil, phosphates or fossil water. Stating the problem of obtaining optimal policies on extraction and pricing of the resource as a non-linear program allows general conclusions to be drawn under diverse assumptions about the demand curve, discount rates and length of the planning horizon. We compare the results with some common beliefs about the pace of exhaustion of this kind of resources.

European Forest Cover During the Past 12,000 Years: A Palynological Reconstruction Based on Modern Analogs and Remote Sensing

PubMed Central

Zanon, Marco; Davis, Basil A. S.; Marquer, Laurent; Brewer, Simon; Kaplan, Jed O.

2018-01-01

Characterization of land cover change in the past is fundamental to understand the evolution and present state of the Earth system, the amount of carbon and nutrient stocks in terrestrial ecosystems, and the role played by land-atmosphere interactions in influencing climate. The estimation of land cover changes using palynology is a mature field, as thousands of sites in Europe have been investigated over the last century. Nonetheless, a quantitative land cover reconstruction at a continental scale has been largely missing. Here, we present a series of maps detailing the evolution of European forest cover during last 12,000 years. Our reconstructions are based on the Modern Analog Technique (MAT): a calibration dataset is built by coupling modern pollen samples with the corresponding satellite-based forest-cover data. Fossil reconstructions are then performed by assigning to every fossil sample the average forest cover of its closest modern analogs. The occurrence of fossil pollen assemblages with no counterparts in modern vegetation represents a known limit of analog-based methods. To lessen the influence of no-analog situations, pollen taxa were converted into plant functional types prior to running the MAT algorithm. We then interpolate site-specific reconstructions for each timeslice using a four-dimensional gridding procedure to create continuous gridded maps at a continental scale. The performance of the MAT is compared against methodologically independent forest-cover reconstructions produced using the REVEALS method. MAT and REVEALS estimates are most of the time in good agreement at a trend level, yet MAT regularly underestimates the occurrence of densely forested situations, requiring the application of a bias correction procedure. The calibrated MAT-based maps draw a coherent picture of the establishment of forests in Europe in the Early Holocene with the greatest forest-cover fractions reconstructed between ∼8,500 and 6,000 calibrated years BP. This forest maximum is followed by a general decline in all parts of the continent, likely as a result of anthropogenic deforestation. The continuous spatial and temporal nature of our reconstruction, its continental coverage, and gridded format make it suitable for climate, hydrological, and biogeochemical modeling, among other uses. PMID:29568303

European Forest Cover During the Past 12,000 Years: A Palynological Reconstruction Based on Modern Analogs and Remote Sensing.

PubMed

Zanon, Marco; Davis, Basil A S; Marquer, Laurent; Brewer, Simon; Kaplan, Jed O

2018-01-01

Characterization of land cover change in the past is fundamental to understand the evolution and present state of the Earth system, the amount of carbon and nutrient stocks in terrestrial ecosystems, and the role played by land-atmosphere interactions in influencing climate. The estimation of land cover changes using palynology is a mature field, as thousands of sites in Europe have been investigated over the last century. Nonetheless, a quantitative land cover reconstruction at a continental scale has been largely missing. Here, we present a series of maps detailing the evolution of European forest cover during last 12,000 years. Our reconstructions are based on the Modern Analog Technique (MAT): a calibration dataset is built by coupling modern pollen samples with the corresponding satellite-based forest-cover data. Fossil reconstructions are then performed by assigning to every fossil sample the average forest cover of its closest modern analogs. The occurrence of fossil pollen assemblages with no counterparts in modern vegetation represents a known limit of analog-based methods. To lessen the influence of no-analog situations, pollen taxa were converted into plant functional types prior to running the MAT algorithm. We then interpolate site-specific reconstructions for each timeslice using a four-dimensional gridding procedure to create continuous gridded maps at a continental scale. The performance of the MAT is compared against methodologically independent forest-cover reconstructions produced using the REVEALS method. MAT and REVEALS estimates are most of the time in good agreement at a trend level, yet MAT regularly underestimates the occurrence of densely forested situations, requiring the application of a bias correction procedure. The calibrated MAT-based maps draw a coherent picture of the establishment of forests in Europe in the Early Holocene with the greatest forest-cover fractions reconstructed between ∼8,500 and 6,000 calibrated years BP. This forest maximum is followed by a general decline in all parts of the continent, likely as a result of anthropogenic deforestation. The continuous spatial and temporal nature of our reconstruction, its continental coverage, and gridded format make it suitable for climate, hydrological, and biogeochemical modeling, among other uses.

The fossil record and taphonomy of butterflies and moths (Insecta, Lepidoptera): implications for evolutionary diversity and divergence-time estimates.

PubMed

Sohn, Jae-Cheon; Labandeira, Conrad C; Davis, Donald R

2015-02-04

It is conventionally accepted that the lepidopteran fossil record is significantly incomplete when compared to the fossil records of other, very diverse, extant insect orders. Such an assumption, however, has been based on cumulative diversity data rather than using alternative statistical approaches from actual specimen counts. We reviewed documented specimens of the lepidopteran fossil record, currently consisting of 4,593 known specimens that are comprised of 4,262 body fossils and 331 trace fossils. The temporal distribution of the lepidopteran fossil record shows significant bias towards the late Paleocene to middle Eocene time interval. Lepidopteran fossils also record major shifts in preservational style and number of represented localities at the Mesozoic stage and Cenozoic epoch level of temporal resolution. Only 985 of the total known fossil specimens (21.4%) were assigned to 23 of the 40 extant lepidopteran superfamilies. Absolute numbers and proportions of preservation types for identified fossils varied significantly across superfamilies. The secular increase of lepidopteran family-level diversity through geologic time significantly deviates from the general pattern of other hyperdiverse, ordinal-level lineages. Our statistical analyses of the lepidopteran fossil record show extreme biases in preservation type, age, and taxonomic composition. We highlight the scarcity of identified lepidopteran fossils and provide a correspondence between the latest lepidopteran divergence-time estimates and relevant fossil occurrences at the superfamily level. These findings provide caution in interpreting the lepidopteran fossil record through the modeling of evolutionary diversification and in determination of divergence time estimates.

Energy materials coordinating committee (EMACC) Fiscal Year 1980. Annual technical report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

1980-01-01

This report contains information on the FY 1980 Department of Energy materials research and development programs and on those programs/projects with a significant materials activity. It was compiled by the Energy Materials Coordinating Committee (EMaCC). The previous report in this series summarized the FY 1979 programs (DOE/US-0002-2). The report is separated into sections, each containing programs reporting to one of six Assistant Secretaries of the Department: Conservation and Solar Energy, Defense Programs, Environment, Fossil Energy, Nuclear Energy, and Resource Applications; and one section, Energy Research, responsible to the Director of the Office of Energy Research. For convenience in locating themore » generic types of materials activities, an Appendix has been added that contains a primary keyword index.« less

Soft-Bodied Fossils Are Not Simply Rotten Carcasses - Toward a Holistic Understanding of Exceptional Fossil Preservation: Exceptional Fossil Preservation Is Complex and Involves the Interplay of Numerous Biological and Geological Processes.

PubMed

Parry, Luke A; Smithwick, Fiann; Nordén, Klara K; Saitta, Evan T; Lozano-Fernandez, Jesus; Tanner, Alastair R; Caron, Jean-Bernard; Edgecombe, Gregory D; Briggs, Derek E G; Vinther, Jakob

2018-01-01

Exceptionally preserved fossils are the product of complex interplays of biological and geological processes including burial, autolysis and microbial decay, authigenic mineralization, diagenesis, metamorphism, and finally weathering and exhumation. Determining which tissues are preserved and how biases affect their preservation pathways is important for interpreting fossils in phylogenetic, ecological, and evolutionary frameworks. Although laboratory decay experiments reveal important aspects of fossilization, applying the results directly to the interpretation of exceptionally preserved fossils may overlook the impact of other key processes that remove or preserve morphological information. Investigations of fossils preserving non-biomineralized tissues suggest that certain structures that are decay resistant (e.g., the notochord) are rarely preserved (even where carbonaceous components survive), and decay-prone structures (e.g., nervous systems) can fossilize, albeit rarely. As we review here, decay resistance is an imperfect indicator of fossilization potential, and a suite of biological and geological processes account for the features preserved in exceptional fossils. © 2017 The Authors. BioEssays Published by WILEY Periodicals, Inc.

The nature and origin of nucleus-like intracellular inclusions in Paleoproterozoic eukaryote microfossils.

PubMed

Pang, K; Tang, Q; Schiffbauer, J D; Yao, J; Yuan, X; Wan, B; Chen, L; Ou, Z; Xiao, S

2013-11-01

The well-known debate on the nature and origin of intracellular inclusions (ICIs) in silicified microfossils from the early Neoproterozoic Bitter Springs Formation has recently been revived by reports of possible fossilized nuclei in phosphatized animal embryo-like fossils from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation of South China. The revisitation of this discussion prompted a critical and comprehensive investigation of ICIs in some of the oldest indisputable eukaryote microfossils-the ornamented acritarchs Dictyosphaera delicata and Shuiyousphaeridium macroreticulatum from the Paleoproterozoic Ruyang Group of North China-using a suite of characterization approaches: scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). Although the Ruyang acritarchs must have had nuclei when alive, our data suggest that their ICIs represent neither fossilized nuclei nor taphonomically condensed cytoplasm. We instead propose that these ICIs likely represent biologically contracted and consolidated eukaryotic protoplasts (the combination of the nucleus, surrounding cytoplasm, and plasma membrane). As opposed to degradational contraction of prokaryotic cells within a mucoidal sheath-a model proposed to explain the Bitter Springs ICIs-our model implies that protoplast condensation in the Ruyang acritarchs was an in vivo biologically programmed response to adverse conditions in preparation for encystment. While the discovery of bona fide nuclei in Paleoproterozoic acritarchs would be a substantial landmark in our understanding of eukaryote evolution, the various processes (such as degradational and biological condensation of protoplasts) capable of producing nuclei-mimicking structures require that interpretation of ICIs as fossilized nuclei be based on comprehensive investigations. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Precambrian uranium-bearing quartz-pebble conglomerates: exploration model and United States resource potential

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Houston, R.S.; Karlstrom, K.E.

1979-11-01

Uranium has been discovered in fluvial quartz-pebble conglomerates in most of the Precambrian shield areas of the world, including the Canadian, African, South American, Indian, Baltic, and Australian shields. Occurrences in these and other areas are shown. Two of these occurrences, the Huronian supergroup of Canada and the Witwatersrand deposit of South Africa contain 20 to 30 percent of the planet's known uranium reserves. Thus it is critical that we understand the origin of these deposits and develop exploration models that can aid in finding new deposits. Inasmuch as these uranium-bearing conglomerates are confined almost entirely to rocks of Precambrianmore » age, Part I of this review begins with a discussion of Precambrian geology as it applies to the conglomerates. This is followed by a discussion of genetic concepts, a discussion of unresolved problems, and finally a suggested exploration model. Part II summarizes known and potential occurrences of Precambrian fossil placers in the world and evaluates them in terms of the suggested exploration model. Part III discusses the potential for important Precambrian fossil-placer uranium deposits in the United States and includes suggestions that may be helpful in establishing an exploration program in this country. Part III also brings together new (1975-1978) data on uranium occurrences in the Precambrian of the Wyoming Province. Part IV is a complete bibliography of Precambrian fossil placers, divided according to geographical areas. In total, this paper is designed to be a comprehensive review of Precambrian uranium-bearing fossil placers which will be of use to uranium explorationists and to students of Precambrian geology.« less

[Earth Sciences Research

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2004-01-01

contents include the following: 1. Argentina Field Expedition (2004). NASA funds supported joint fieldwork by Peter Makovicky (Dept. of Geology, TFM) and Sebastian Apesteguia (Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires) in a fossil-rich locality in the Cenomanian Candeleros Formation of northern Rio Negro Province, Argentina. The goal of this fieldwork was to collect small fossil vertebrates, which are abundant in this formation, with a special emphasis on small theropod (casmivorous) dinosaurs. 2. East Greenland Field Expedition (2004). During July-August 2004 the Field Museum led a month long expedition to Jameson Land in East Greenland to collect Triassic-Jurassic aged fossil plants from one of the most productive sites of this age in the world. The project aims include the study of events leading up to catastrophic changes in the biota and atmosphere that occurred about 200 million years ago. 3. Chile Field Expedition (March, 2004). Paleontological reconnaisance of the central Andean main range by helicopter: additional new Cenozoic mammal faunas from Chile. A several thousand sq km swath of the central Andean Cordillera was prospected by helicopter during 2004, permitting rapid survey of large areas in remote or difficult to access regions. This led to the recovery of fossils from several parts of the range, and the identification of sites worthy of future attention. 4. Wyoming Field Expedition (2004). NASA funds supported a three-week field program by Curator of Dinosaurs Peter Makovicky and a crew of Field Museum staff and volunteers at several sites in the Early Cretaceous Cloverly Formation of north-central Wyoming. The nine-member team excavated a number of sites that had been discovered over the preceding two summers.

Robustness of fossil fish teeth for seawater neodymium isotope reconstructions under variable redox conditions in an ancient shallow marine setting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huck, Claire E.; van de Flierdt, Tina; Jiménez-Espejo, Francisco J.; Bohaty, Steven M.; Röhl, Ursula; Hammond, Samantha J.

2016-03-01

Fossil fish teeth from pelagic open ocean settings are considered a robust archive for preserving the neodymium (Nd) isotopic composition of ancient seawater. However, using fossil fish teeth as an archive to reconstruct seawater Nd isotopic compositions in different sedimentary redox environments and in terrigenous-dominated, shallow marine settings is less proven. To address these uncertainties, fish tooth and sediment samples from a middle Eocene section deposited proximal to the East Antarctic margin at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1356 were analyzed for major and trace element geochemistry, and Nd isotopes. Major and trace element analyses of the sediments reveal changing redox conditions throughout deposition in a shallow marine environment. However, variations in the Nd isotopic composition and rare earth element (REE) patterns of the associated fish teeth do not correspond to redox changes in the sediments. REE patterns in fish teeth at Site U1356 carry a typical mid-REE-enriched signature. However, a consistently positive Ce anomaly marks a deviation from a pure authigenic origin of REEs to the fish tooth. Neodymium isotopic compositions of cleaned and uncleaned fish teeth fall between modern seawater and local sediments and hence could be authigenic in nature, but could also be influenced by sedimentary fluxes. We conclude that the fossil fish tooth Nd isotope proxy is not sensitive to moderate changes in pore water oxygenation. However, combined studies on sediments, pore waters, fish teeth, and seawater are needed to fully understand processes driving the reconstructed signature from shallow marine sections in proximity to continental sources.

12 CFR 326.3 - Security program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Security program. 326.3 Section 326.3 Banks and... SECURITY DEVICES AND PROCEDURES AND BANK SECRECY ACT 1 COMPLIANCE Minimum Security Procedures § 326.3 Security program. (a) Contents of security program. The security program shall: (1) Establish procedures...

12 CFR 326.3 - Security program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Security program. 326.3 Section 326.3 Banks and... SECURITY DEVICES AND PROCEDURES AND BANK SECRECY ACT 1 COMPLIANCE Minimum Security Procedures § 326.3 Security program. (a) Contents of security program. The security program shall: (1) Establish procedures...

75 FR 76695 - Request for Proposals for 2011 Woody Biomass Utilization Grant Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-09

... submitted to the appropriate grant officer. The grant funds are taxable income and a Form 1099 Miscellaneous... substantiated. Total Points 15. d. Amount and type of fossil fuel offset in therms/year once project is... special covers). Do not staple. c. Application Content. All forms can be found at http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us...

77 FR 50602 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; New Hampshire; Regional Haze

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-22

... placed on the Internet and will be publicly available only in hard copy form. Publicly available docket...), New Hampshire has committed to submit to EPA a progress report, in the form of a SIP revision, every... Trading Program limits ozone season NO X emissions on all fossil-fuel fired EGUs greater than 15 MW...

Installation Restoration Program. Preliminary Assessment: 118th Tactical Airlift Wing Tennessee Air National Guard, Nashville International Airport, Nashville, Tennessee

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-12-01

disseminated silt and shale partings. The unit is medium-bedded and is characterized by numerous fossils of the brachiopod Resseralla fertilis . The... runoff from the Base is collected by the storm sewer system and discharged to McCrory Creek (Figure 6). The confluence of McCrory Creek and the Stone

[Application of the musculo-skeletal modelling software lhpFusionBox to a paleoanthropological problem: the Spyrou Neandertal moves!].

PubMed

Chapman, Tara; Semal, Patrick; Moiseev, Fedor; Louryan, Stéphane; Rooze, Marcel; Van Sint Jan, Serge

2013-01-01

LhpFusionBox is a program originally designed for biomechanical and clinical studies relating to the musculoskeletal system of anatomically modern humans (AMH). The program has recently been adapted for paleontological purposes and used to reconstruct and biomechanically analyse a fossil hominid. There is no complete Neandertal skeleton in the fossil record. The aim of the study was to reconstruct a complete three-dimensional (3D) model of a Neandertal using the relatively complete Spy II Neandertal and to conduct biomechanical feasibility studies on the knee and hamstring moment arms of the skeleton. Different Neandertal specimens were scaled to the size of Spy II to replace incomplete or missing bones. Biomechanical feasibility studies performed on the knee seem to show that Neandertal and AMHh gait is similar and Neandertals were shown to have larger moment arms in the hamstring muscles, which would have given them a mechanical advantage. The complete Neandertal was printed in 3D and used as the base to create the artistic model of "Spyrou" housed at l'Espace de l'Homme de Spy (EHoS) museum. © 2013 médecine/sciences – Inserm.

7 CFR 205.668 - Noncompliance procedures under State organic programs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Noncompliance procedures under State organic programs...) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing Practices), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE....668 Noncompliance procedures under State organic programs. (a) A State organic program's governing...

7 CFR 205.668 - Noncompliance procedures under State organic programs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Noncompliance procedures under State organic programs...) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing Practices), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE....668 Noncompliance procedures under State organic programs. (a) A State organic program's governing...

7 CFR 205.668 - Noncompliance procedures under State organic programs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Noncompliance procedures under State organic programs...) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing Practices), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE....668 Noncompliance procedures under State organic programs. (a) A State organic program's governing...

40 CFR 136.5 - Approval of alternate test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... and to the Alternate Test Procedure Program Coordinator, Office of Science and Technology (4303... to the Alternate Test Procedure Program Coordinator, Office of Science and Technology (4303), Office... will be forwarded to the Alternate Test Procedure Program Coordinator, Office of Science and Technology...

40 CFR 136.5 - Approval of alternate test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... and to the Alternate Test Procedure Program Coordinator, Office of Science and Technology (4303... to the Alternate Test Procedure Program Coordinator, Office of Science and Technology (4303), Office... will be forwarded to the Alternate Test Procedure Program Coordinator, Office of Science and Technology...

Traversing the mountaintop: world fossil fuel production to 2050.

PubMed

Nehring, Richard

2009-10-27

During the past century, fossil fuels--petroleum liquids, natural gas and coal--were the dominant source of world energy production. From 1950 to 2005, fossil fuels provided 85-93% of all energy production. All fossil fuels grew substantially during this period, their combined growth exceeding the increase in world population. This growth, however, was irregular, providing for rapidly growing per capita production from 1950 to 1980, stable per capita production from 1980 to 2000 and rising per capita production again after 2000. During the past half century, growth in fossil fuel production was essentially limited by energy demand. During the next half century, fossil fuel production will be limited primarily by the amount and characteristics of remaining fossil fuel resources. Three possible scenarios--low, medium and high--are developed for the production of each of the fossil fuels to 2050. These scenarios differ primarily by the amount of ultimate resources estimated for each fossil fuel. Total fossil fuel production will continue to grow, but only slowly for the next 15-30 years. The subsequent peak plateau will last for 10-15 years. These production peaks are robust; none of the fossil fuels, even with highly optimistic resource estimates, is projected to keep growing beyond 2050. World fossil fuel production per capita will thus begin an irreversible decline between 2020 and 2030.

Environmental Impacts of Jatropha curcas Biodiesel in India

PubMed Central

Gmünder, Simon; Singh, Reena; Pfister, Stephan; Adheloya, Alok; Zah, Rainer

2012-01-01

In the context of energy security, rural development and climate change, India actively promotes the cultivation of Jatropha curcas, a biodiesel feedstock which has been identified as suitable for achieving the Indian target of 20% biofuel blending by 2017. In this paper, we present results concerning the range of environmental impacts of different Jatropha curcas cultivation systems. Moreover, nine agronomic trials in Andhra Pradesh are analysed, in which the yield was measured as a function of different inputs such as water, fertilizer, pesticides, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Further, the environmental impact of the whole Jatropha curcas biodiesel value chain is benchmarked with fossil diesel, following the ISO 14040/44 life cycle assessment procedure. Overall, this study shows that the use of Jatropha curcas biodiesel generally reduces the global warming potential and the nonrenewable energy demand as compared to fossil diesel. On the other hand, the environmental impacts on acidification, ecotoxicity, eutrophication, and water depletion all showed increases. Key for reducing the environmental impact of Jatropha curcas biodiesel is the resource efficiency during crop cultivation (especially mineral fertilizer application) and the optimal site selection of the Jatropha curcas plantations. PMID:22919274

Environmental impacts of Jatropha curcas biodiesel in India.

PubMed

Gmünder, Simon; Singh, Reena; Pfister, Stephan; Adheloya, Alok; Zah, Rainer

2012-01-01

In the context of energy security, rural development and climate change, India actively promotes the cultivation of Jatropha curcas, a biodiesel feedstock which has been identified as suitable for achieving the Indian target of 20% biofuel blending by 2017. In this paper, we present results concerning the range of environmental impacts of different Jatropha curcas cultivation systems. Moreover, nine agronomic trials in Andhra Pradesh are analysed, in which the yield was measured as a function of different inputs such as water, fertilizer, pesticides, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Further, the environmental impact of the whole Jatropha curcas biodiesel value chain is benchmarked with fossil diesel, following the ISO 14040/44 life cycle assessment procedure. Overall, this study shows that the use of Jatropha curcas biodiesel generally reduces the global warming potential and the nonrenewable energy demand as compared to fossil diesel. On the other hand, the environmental impacts on acidification, ecotoxicity, eutrophication, and water depletion all showed increases. Key for reducing the environmental impact of Jatropha curcas biodiesel is the resource efficiency during crop cultivation (especially mineral fertilizer application) and the optimal site selection of the Jatropha curcas plantations.

Long-term cycles in the history of life: periodic biodiversity in the paleobiology database.

PubMed

Melott, Adrian L

2008-01-01

Time series analysis of fossil biodiversity of marine invertebrates in the Paleobiology Database (PBDB) shows a significant periodicity at approximately 63 My, in agreement with previous analyses based on the Sepkoski database. I discuss how this result did not appear in a previous analysis of the PBDB. The existence of the 63 My periodicity, despite very different treatment of systematic error in both PBDB and Sepkoski databases strongly argues for consideration of its reality in the fossil record. Cross-spectral analysis of the two datasets finds that a 62 My periodicity coincides in phase by 1.6 My, equivalent to better than the errors in either measurement. Consequently, the two data sets not only contain the same strong periodicity, but its peaks and valleys closely correspond in time. Two other spectral peaks appear in the PBDB analysis, but appear to be artifacts associated with detrending and with the increased interval length. Sampling-standardization procedures implemented by the PBDB collaboration suggest that the signal is not an artifact of sampling bias. Further work should focus on finding the cause of the 62 My periodicity.

77 FR 13887 - Energy Conservation Program: Test Procedures for Residential Clothes Washers

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-07

... Energy Conservation Program: Test Procedures for Residential Clothes Washers; Final Rule #0;#0;Federal... Conservation Program: Test Procedures for Residential Clothes Washers AGENCY: Office of Energy Efficiency and...) establishes new test procedures for residential clothes washers under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act...

23 CFR 668.215 - Programming and project procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Programming and project procedures. 668.215 Section 668.215 Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING AND TRAFFIC OPERATIONS EMERGENCY RELIEF PROGRAM Procedures for Federal Agencies for Federal Roads § 668.215 Programming...

23 CFR 668.215 - Programming and project procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Programming and project procedures. 668.215 Section 668.215 Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING AND TRAFFIC OPERATIONS EMERGENCY RELIEF PROGRAM Procedures for Federal Agencies for Federal Roads § 668.215 Programming...

23 CFR 668.215 - Programming and project procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Programming and project procedures. 668.215 Section 668.215 Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING AND TRAFFIC OPERATIONS EMERGENCY RELIEF PROGRAM Procedures for Federal Agencies for Federal Roads § 668.215 Programming...

23 CFR 668.215 - Programming and project procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Programming and project procedures. 668.215 Section 668.215 Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING AND TRAFFIC OPERATIONS EMERGENCY RELIEF PROGRAM Procedures for Federal Agencies for Federal Roads § 668.215 Programming...

23 CFR 668.215 - Programming and project procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Programming and project procedures. 668.215 Section 668.215 Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING AND TRAFFIC OPERATIONS EMERGENCY RELIEF PROGRAM Procedures for Federal Agencies for Federal Roads § 668.215 Programming...

78 FR 38455 - Energy Conservation Program: Test Procedures for Electric Motors

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-26

... Conservation Program: Test Procedures for Electric Motors; Proposed Rule #0;#0;Federal Register / Vol. 78, No... 431 [Docket No. EERE-2012-BT-TP-0043] RIN 1904-AC89 Energy Conservation Program: Test Procedures for... establishing definitions, specifying testing set-up procedures necessary to test, and extending DOE's existing...

31 CFR 501.808 - License application and other procedures applicable to economic sanctions programs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... procedures applicable to economic sanctions programs. 501.808 Section 501.808 Money and Finance: Treasury... procedures applicable to economic sanctions programs. Upon submission to the Office of Management and Budget..., the license application and other procedures set forth in this subpart are applicable to economic...

Discovering Hominins - Application of Medical Computed Tomography (CT) to Fossil-Bearing Rocks from the Site of Malapa, South Africa.

PubMed

Smilg, Jacqueline S; Berger, Lee R

2015-01-01

In the South African context, computed tomography (CT) has been used applied to individually prepared fossils and small rocks containing fossils, but has not been utilized on large breccia blocks as a means of discovering fossils, and particularly fossil hominins. Previous attempts at CT imaging of rocks from other South African sites for this purpose yielded disappointing results. For this study, 109 fossil- bearing rocks from the site of Malapa, South Africa were scanned with medical CT prior to manual preparation. The resultant images were assessed for accuracy of fossil identification and characterization against the standard of manual preparation. The accurate identification of fossils, including those of early hominins, that were not visible on the surface of individual blocks, is shown to be possible. The discovery of unexpected fossils is reduced, thus lowering the potential that fossils could be damaged through accidental encounter during routine preparation, or even entirely missed. This study should significantly change the way fossil discovery, recovery and preparation is done in the South African context and has potential for application in other palaeontological situations. Medical CT imaging is shown to be reliable, readily available, cost effective and accurate in finding fossils within matrix conglomerates. Improvements in CT equipment and in CT image quality are such that medical CT is now a viable imaging modality for this palaeontological application.

Traversing the mountaintop: world fossil fuel production to 2050

PubMed Central

Nehring, Richard

2009-01-01

During the past century, fossil fuels—petroleum liquids, natural gas and coal—were the dominant source of world energy production. From 1950 to 2005, fossil fuels provided 85–93% of all energy production. All fossil fuels grew substantially during this period, their combined growth exceeding the increase in world population. This growth, however, was irregular, providing for rapidly growing per capita production from 1950 to 1980, stable per capita production from 1980 to 2000 and rising per capita production again after 2000. During the past half century, growth in fossil fuel production was essentially limited by energy demand. During the next half century, fossil fuel production will be limited primarily by the amount and characteristics of remaining fossil fuel resources. Three possible scenarios—low, medium and high—are developed for the production of each of the fossil fuels to 2050. These scenarios differ primarily by the amount of ultimate resources estimated for each fossil fuel. Total fossil fuel production will continue to grow, but only slowly for the next 15–30 years. The subsequent peak plateau will last for 10–15 years. These production peaks are robust; none of the fossil fuels, even with highly optimistic resource estimates, is projected to keep growing beyond 2050. World fossil fuel production per capita will thus begin an irreversible decline between 2020 and 2030. PMID:19770156

Discovering Hominins - Application of Medical Computed Tomography (CT) to Fossil-Bearing Rocks from the Site of Malapa, South Africa

PubMed Central

Smilg, Jacqueline S.; Berger, Lee R.

2015-01-01

In the South African context, computed tomography (CT) has been used applied to individually prepared fossils and small rocks containing fossils, but has not been utilized on large breccia blocks as a means of discovering fossils, and particularly fossil hominins. Previous attempts at CT imaging of rocks from other South African sites for this purpose yielded disappointing results. For this study, 109 fossil- bearing rocks from the site of Malapa, South Africa were scanned with medical CT prior to manual preparation. The resultant images were assessed for accuracy of fossil identification and characterization against the standard of manual preparation. The accurate identification of fossils, including those of early hominins, that were not visible on the surface of individual blocks, is shown to be possible. The discovery of unexpected fossils is reduced, thus lowering the potential that fossils could be damaged through accidental encounter during routine preparation, or even entirely missed. This study should significantly change the way fossil discovery, recovery and preparation is done in the South African context and has potential for application in other palaeontological situations. Medical CT imaging is shown to be reliable, readily available, cost effective and accurate in finding fossils within matrix conglomerates. Improvements in CT equipment and in CT image quality are such that medical CT is now a viable imaging modality for this palaeontological application. PMID:26684299

40 CFR 60.43 - Standard for sulfur dioxide (SO2).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel... from liquid fossil fuel or liquid fossil fuel and wood residue. (2) 520 ng/J heat input (1.2 lb/MMBtu) derived from solid fossil fuel or solid fossil fuel and wood residue, except as provided in paragraph (e...

40 CFR 60.44 - Standard for nitrogen oxides (NOX).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel...) derived from gaseous fossil fuel. (2) 129 ng/J heat input (0.30 lb/MMBtu) derived from liquid fossil fuel, liquid fossil fuel and wood residue, or gaseous fossil fuel and wood residue. (3) 300 ng/J heat input (0...

40 CFR 60.43 - Standard for sulfur dioxide (SO2).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel... from liquid fossil fuel or liquid fossil fuel and wood residue. (2) 520 ng/J heat input (1.2 lb/MMBtu) derived from solid fossil fuel or solid fossil fuel and wood residue, except as provided in paragraph (e...

40 CFR 60.44 - Standard for nitrogen oxides (NOX).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel...) derived from gaseous fossil fuel. (2) 129 ng/J heat input (0.30 lb/MMBtu) derived from liquid fossil fuel, liquid fossil fuel and wood residue, or gaseous fossil fuel and wood residue. (3) 300 ng/J heat input (0...

Radioactivity in fossils at the Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument.

PubMed

Farmer, C Neal; Kathren, Ronald L; Christensen, Craig

2008-08-01

Since 1996, higher than background levels of naturally occurring radioactivity have been documented in both fossil and mineral deposits at Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument in south-central Idaho. Radioactive fossil sites occur primarily within an elevation zone of 900-1000 m above sea level and are most commonly found associated with ancient river channels filled with sand. Fossils found in clay rich deposits do not exhibit discernable levels of radioactivity. Out of 300 randomly selected fossils, approximately three-fourths exhibit detectable levels of natural radioactivity ranging from 1 to 2 orders of magnitude above ambient background levels when surveyed with a portable hand held Geiger-Muller survey instrument. Mineral deposits in geologic strata also show above ambient background levels of radioactivity. Radiochemical lab analysis has documented the presence of numerous natural radioactive isotopes. It is postulated that ancient groundwater transported radioactive elements through sand bodies containing fossils which precipitated out of solution during the fossilization process. The elevated levels of natural radioactivity in fossils may require special precautions to ensure that exposures to personnel from stored or displayed items are kept as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA).

Modes of fossil preservation

USGS Publications Warehouse

Schopf, J.M.

1975-01-01

The processes of geologic preservation are important for understanding the organisms represented by fossils. Some fossil differences are due to basic differences in organization of animals and plants, but the interpretation of fossils has also tended to be influenced by modes of preservation. Four modes of preservation generally can be distinguished: (1) Cellular permineralization ("petrifaction") preserves anatomical detail, and, occasionally, even cytologic structures. (2) Coalified compression, best illustrated by structures from coal but characteristic of many plant fossils in shale, preserves anatomical details in distorted form and produces surface replicas (impressions) on enclosing matrix. (3) Authigenic preservation replicates surface form or outline (molds and casts) prior to distortion by compression and, depending on cementation and timing, may intergrade with fossils that have been subject to compression. (4) Duripartic (hard part) preservation is characteristic of fossil skeletal remains, predominantly animal. Molds, pseudomorphs, or casts may form as bulk replacements following dissolution of the original fossil material, usually by leaching. Classification of the kinds of preservation in fossils will aid in identifying the processes responsible for modifying the fossil remains of both animals and plants. ?? 1975.

Will My Fossil Float?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Riesser, Sharon; Airey, Linda

1993-01-01

Explains how young students can be introduced to fossils. Suggests books to read and science activities including "Fossils to Eat" where students make fossils from peanut butter, honey, and powdered milk. (PR)

Continuation of advanced crew procedures development techniques

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Arbet, J. D.; Benbow, R. L.; Evans, M. E.; Mangiaracina, A. A.; Mcgavern, J. L.; Spangler, M. C.; Tatum, I. C.

1976-01-01

An operational computer program, the Procedures and Performance Program (PPP) which operates in conjunction with the Phase I Shuttle Procedures Simulator to provide a procedures recording and crew/vehicle performance monitoring capability was developed. A technical synopsis of each task resulting in the development of the Procedures and Performance Program is provided. Conclusions and recommendations for action leading to the improvements in production of crew procedures development and crew training support are included. The PPP provides real-time CRT displays and post-run hardcopy output of procedures, difference procedures, performance data, parametric analysis data, and training script/training status data. During post-run, the program is designed to support evaluation through the reconstruction of displays to any point in time. A permanent record of the simulation exercise can be obtained via hardcopy output of the display data and via transfer to the Generalized Documentation Processor (GDP). Reference procedures data may be transferred from the GDP to the PPP. Interface is provided with the all digital trajectory program, the Space Vehicle Dynamics Simulator (SVDS) to support initial procedures timeline development.

Ceratopetalum (Cunoniaceae) fruits of Australasian affinity from the early Eocene Laguna del Hunco flora, Patagonia, Argentina

PubMed Central

Hermsen, Elizabeth J

2017-01-01

Abstract Background and Aims Radially symmetrical, five-winged fossil fruits from the highly diverse early Eocene Laguna del Hunco flora of Chubut Province, Patagonia, Argentina, are named, described and illustrated. The main goals are to assess the affinities of the fossils and to place them in an evolutionary, palaeoecological and biogeographic context. Methods Specimens of fossil fruits were collected from the Tufolitas Laguna del Hunco. They were prepared, photographed and compared with similar extant and fossil fruits using published literature. Their structure was also evaluated by comparing them with that of modern Ceratopetalum (Cunoniaceae) fruits through examination of herbarium specimens. Key Results The Laguna del Hunco fossil fruits share the diagnostic features that characterize modern and fossil Ceratopetalum (symmetry, number of fruit wings, presence of a conspicuous floral nectary and overall venation pattern). The pattern of the minor wing (sepal) veins observed in the Patagonian fossil fruits is different from that of modern and previously described fossil Ceratopetalum fruits; therefore, a new fossil species is recognized. An apomorphy (absence of petals) suggests that the fossils belong within crown-group Ceratopetalum. Conclusions The Patagonian fossil fruits are the oldest known record for Ceratopetalum. Because the affinities, provenance and age of the fossils are so well established, this new Ceratopetalum fossil species is an excellent candidate for use as a calibration point in divergence dating studies of the family Cunoniaceae. It represents the only record of Ceratopetalum outside Australasia, and further corroborates the biogeographic connection between the Laguna del Hunco flora and ancient and modern floras of the Australasian region. PMID:28110267

The oldest fossil mushroom.

PubMed

Heads, Sam W; Miller, Andrew N; Crane, J Leland; Thomas, M Jared; Ruffatto, Danielle M; Methven, Andrew S; Raudabaugh, Daniel B; Wang, Yinan

2017-01-01

A new fossil mushroom is described and illustrated from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of northeast Brazil. Gondwanagaricites magnificus gen. et sp. nov. is remarkable for its exceptional preservation as a mineralized replacement in laminated limestone, as all other fossil mushrooms are known from amber inclusions. Gondwanagaricites represents the oldest fossil mushroom to date and the first fossil mushroom from Gondwana.

40 CFR 60.43 - Standard for sulfur dioxide (SO2).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel.../J heat input (0.80 lb/MMBtu) derived from liquid fossil fuel or liquid fossil fuel and wood residue. (2) 520 ng/J heat input (1.2 lb/MMBtu) derived from solid fossil fuel or solid fossil fuel and wood...

40 CFR 60.43 - Standard for sulfur dioxide (SO2).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel.../J heat input (0.80 lb/MMBtu) derived from liquid fossil fuel or liquid fossil fuel and wood residue. (2) 520 ng/J heat input (1.2 lb/MMBtu) derived from solid fossil fuel or solid fossil fuel and wood...

40 CFR 60.43 - Standard for sulfur dioxide (SO2).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel.../J heat input (0.80 lb/MMBtu) derived from liquid fossil fuel or liquid fossil fuel and wood residue. (2) 520 ng/J heat input (1.2 lb/MMBtu) derived from solid fossil fuel or solid fossil fuel and wood...

The oldest fossil mushroom

PubMed Central

Miller, Andrew N.; Crane, J. Leland; Thomas, M. Jared; Ruffatto, Danielle M.; Methven, Andrew S.; Raudabaugh, Daniel B.; Wang, Yinan

2017-01-01

A new fossil mushroom is described and illustrated from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of northeast Brazil. Gondwanagaricites magnificus gen. et sp. nov. is remarkable for its exceptional preservation as a mineralized replacement in laminated limestone, as all other fossil mushrooms are known from amber inclusions. Gondwanagaricites represents the oldest fossil mushroom to date and the first fossil mushroom from Gondwana. PMID:28591180

Crystal Solar and NREL Team Up to Cut Costs | News | NREL

Science.gov Websites

throughput and half the cost could be a game-changer, creating American jobs and stemming the flow of solar , as a way of making it cost competitive with fossil-fuel-based electricity. Incubator Program at NREL cost of the final PV product." Solar Wafers at 13 Cents per Watt Photo of three men. Enlarge image

Solar energy parking canopy demonstration project

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cylwik, Joe; David, Lawrence

2015-09-24

The goal of this pilot/demonstration program is to measure the viability of using solar photovoltaic (PV) technology at three locations in a mountain community environment given the harsh weather conditions. An additional goal is to reduce long-term operational costs, minimize green house gas emissions, lower the dependency on energy produced from fossil fuels, and improve the working environment and health of city employees and residents.

Lessons from an Energy Curriculum for the Senior High Grades. Unit VI - Fossil Fuels and Energy Alternatives (Solar, Coal). Energy Education Curriculum Project.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Indiana State Dept. of Public Instruction, Indianapolis. Div. of Curriculum.

Energy education units (consisting of a general teacher's guide and nine units containing a wide variety of energy lessons, resources, learning aids, and bibliography) were developed for the Indiana Energy Education Program from existing energy education materials. The units were designed to serve as an entire curriculum, resource document,…

The domestication of fire: the relationship between biomass fuel, fossil fuel and burns.

PubMed

Albertyn, R; Rode, H; Millar, A J W; Peck, M D

2012-09-01

Primitive man's discovery and use of fire had a tremendous impact on modern development. It changed lifestyles, and brought with it new fuel sources and cooking methods. It also introduced devastation, injury, pain, disfigurement, and loss of life, and the need to continuously develop management, training and prevention programs. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd and ISBI. All rights reserved.

45 CFR 309.35 - What are the procedures for review of a Tribal IV-D program application, plan or plan amendment?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...-D program application, plan or plan amendment? 309.35 Section 309.35 Public Welfare Regulations... ENFORCEMENT (IV-D) PROGRAM Tribal IV-D Program Application Procedures § 309.35 What are the procedures for review of a Tribal IV-D program application, plan or plan amendment? (a) The Secretary will promptly...

48 CFR 19.1007 - Procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Procedures. 19.1007 Section 19.1007 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAMS Small Business Competitiveness Demonstration Program 19.1007 Procedures...

Chemical, experimental, and morphological evidence for diagenetically altered melanin in exceptionally preserved fossils.

PubMed

Colleary, Caitlin; Dolocan, Andrei; Gardner, James; Singh, Suresh; Wuttke, Michael; Rabenstein, Renate; Habersetzer, Jörg; Schaal, Stephan; Feseha, Mulugeta; Clemens, Matthew; Jacobs, Bonnie F; Currano, Ellen D; Jacobs, Louis L; Sylvestersen, Rene Lyng; Gabbott, Sarah E; Vinther, Jakob

2015-10-13

In living organisms, color patterns, behavior, and ecology are closely linked. Thus, detection of fossil pigments may permit inferences about important aspects of ancient animal ecology and evolution. Melanin-bearing melanosomes were suggested to preserve as organic residues in exceptionally preserved fossils, retaining distinct morphology that is associated with aspects of original color patterns. Nevertheless, these oblong and spherical structures have also been identified as fossilized bacteria. To date, chemical studies have not directly considered the effects of diagenesis on melanin preservation, and how this may influence its identification. Here we use time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to identify and chemically characterize melanin in a diverse sample of previously unstudied extant and fossil taxa, including fossils with notably different diagenetic histories and geologic ages. We document signatures consistent with melanin preservation in fossils ranging from feathers, to mammals, to amphibians. Using principal component analyses, we characterize putative mixtures of eumelanin and phaeomelanin in both fossil and extant samples. Surprisingly, both extant and fossil amphibians generally exhibit melanosomes with a mixed eumelanin/phaeomelanin composition rather than pure eumelanin, as assumed previously. We argue that experimental maturation of modern melanin samples replicates diagenetic chemical alteration of melanin observed in fossils. This refutes the hypothesis that such fossil microbodies could be bacteria, and demonstrates that melanin is widely responsible for the organic soft tissue outlines in vertebrates found at exceptional fossil localities, thus allowing for the reconstruction of certain aspects of original pigment patterns.

Chemical, experimental, and morphological evidence for diagenetically altered melanin in exceptionally preserved fossils

PubMed Central

Colleary, Caitlin; Dolocan, Andrei; Gardner, James; Singh, Suresh; Wuttke, Michael; Rabenstein, Renate; Habersetzer, Jörg; Schaal, Stephan; Feseha, Mulugeta; Clemens, Matthew; Jacobs, Bonnie F.; Currano, Ellen D.; Jacobs, Louis L.; Sylvestersen, Rene Lyng; Gabbott, Sarah E.; Vinther, Jakob

2015-01-01

In living organisms, color patterns, behavior, and ecology are closely linked. Thus, detection of fossil pigments may permit inferences about important aspects of ancient animal ecology and evolution. Melanin-bearing melanosomes were suggested to preserve as organic residues in exceptionally preserved fossils, retaining distinct morphology that is associated with aspects of original color patterns. Nevertheless, these oblong and spherical structures have also been identified as fossilized bacteria. To date, chemical studies have not directly considered the effects of diagenesis on melanin preservation, and how this may influence its identification. Here we use time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to identify and chemically characterize melanin in a diverse sample of previously unstudied extant and fossil taxa, including fossils with notably different diagenetic histories and geologic ages. We document signatures consistent with melanin preservation in fossils ranging from feathers, to mammals, to amphibians. Using principal component analyses, we characterize putative mixtures of eumelanin and phaeomelanin in both fossil and extant samples. Surprisingly, both extant and fossil amphibians generally exhibit melanosomes with a mixed eumelanin/phaeomelanin composition rather than pure eumelanin, as assumed previously. We argue that experimental maturation of modern melanin samples replicates diagenetic chemical alteration of melanin observed in fossils. This refutes the hypothesis that such fossil microbodies could be bacteria, and demonstrates that melanin is widely responsible for the organic soft tissue outlines in vertebrates found at exceptional fossil localities, thus allowing for the reconstruction of certain aspects of original pigment patterns. PMID:26417094

The evolution of methods for establishing evolutionary timescales

PubMed Central

2016-01-01

The fossil record is well known to be incomplete. Read literally, it provides a distorted view of the history of species divergence and extinction, because different species have different propensities to fossilize, the amount of rock fluctuates over geological timescales, as does the nature of the environments that it preserves. Even so, patterns in the fossil evidence allow us to assess the incompleteness of the fossil record. While the molecular clock can be used to extend the time estimates from fossil species to lineages not represented in the fossil record, fossils are the only source of information concerning absolute (geological) times in molecular dating analysis. We review different ways of incorporating fossil evidence in modern clock dating analyses, including node-calibrations where lineage divergence times are constrained using probability densities and tip-calibrations where fossil species at the tips of the tree are assigned dates from dated rock strata. While node-calibrations are often constructed by a crude assessment of the fossil evidence and thus involves arbitrariness, tip-calibrations may be too sensitive to the prior on divergence times or the branching process and influenced unduly affected by well-known problems of morphological character evolution, such as environmental influence on morphological phenotypes, correlation among traits, and convergent evolution in disparate species. We discuss the utility of time information from fossils in phylogeny estimation and the search for ancestors in the fossil record. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Dating species divergences using rocks and clocks’. PMID:27325838

The evolution of methods for establishing evolutionary timescales.

PubMed

Donoghue, Philip C J; Yang, Ziheng

2016-07-19

The fossil record is well known to be incomplete. Read literally, it provides a distorted view of the history of species divergence and extinction, because different species have different propensities to fossilize, the amount of rock fluctuates over geological timescales, as does the nature of the environments that it preserves. Even so, patterns in the fossil evidence allow us to assess the incompleteness of the fossil record. While the molecular clock can be used to extend the time estimates from fossil species to lineages not represented in the fossil record, fossils are the only source of information concerning absolute (geological) times in molecular dating analysis. We review different ways of incorporating fossil evidence in modern clock dating analyses, including node-calibrations where lineage divergence times are constrained using probability densities and tip-calibrations where fossil species at the tips of the tree are assigned dates from dated rock strata. While node-calibrations are often constructed by a crude assessment of the fossil evidence and thus involves arbitrariness, tip-calibrations may be too sensitive to the prior on divergence times or the branching process and influenced unduly affected by well-known problems of morphological character evolution, such as environmental influence on morphological phenotypes, correlation among traits, and convergent evolution in disparate species. We discuss the utility of time information from fossils in phylogeny estimation and the search for ancestors in the fossil record.This article is part of the themed issue 'Dating species divergences using rocks and clocks'. © 2016 The Authors.

Acquisition of Pragmatic Routines by Learners of L2 English: Investigating Common Errors and Sources of Pragmatic Fossilization

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tajeddin, Zia; Alemi, Minoo; Pashmforoosh, Roya

2017-01-01

Unlike linguistic fossilization, pragmatic fossilization has received scant attention in fossilization research. To bridge this gap, the present study adopted a typical-error method of fossilization research to identify the most frequent errors in pragmatic routines committed by Persian-speaking learners of L2 English and explore the sources of…

Testing the molecular clock using mechanistic models of fossil preservation and molecular evolution

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

Molecular sequence data provide information about relative times only, and fossil-based age constraints are the ultimate source of information about absolute times in molecular clock dating analyses. Thus, fossil calibrations are critical to molecular clock dating, but competing methods are difficult to evaluate empirically because the true evolutionary time scale is never known. Here, we combine mechanistic models of fossil preservation and sequence evolution in simulations to evaluate different approaches to constructing fossil calibrations and their impact on Bayesian molecular clock dating, and the relative impact of fossil versus molecular sampling. We show that divergence time estimation is impacted by the model of fossil preservation, sampling intensity and tree shape. The addition of sequence data may improve molecular clock estimates, but accuracy and precision is dominated by the quality of the fossil calibrations. Posterior means and medians are poor representatives of true divergence times; posterior intervals provide a much more accurate estimate of divergence times, though they may be wide and often do not have high coverage probability. Our results highlight the importance of increased fossil sampling and improved statistical approaches to generating calibrations, which should incorporate the non-uniform nature of ecological and temporal fossil species distributions. PMID:28637852

Partially incorrect fossil data augment analyses of discrete trait evolution in living species.

PubMed

Puttick, Mark N

2016-08-01

Ancestral state reconstruction of discrete character traits is often vital when attempting to understand the origins and homology of traits in living species. The addition of fossils has been shown to alter our understanding of trait evolution in extant taxa, but researchers may avoid using fossils alongside extant species if only few are known, or if the designation of the trait of interest is uncertain. Here, I investigate the impacts of fossils and incorrectly coded fossils in the ancestral state reconstruction of discrete morphological characters under a likelihood model. Under simulated phylogenies and data, likelihood-based models are generally accurate when estimating ancestral node values. Analyses with combined fossil and extant data always outperform analyses with extant species alone, even when around one quarter of the fossil information is incorrect. These results are especially pronounced when model assumptions are violated, such as when there is a trend away from the root value. Fossil data are of particular importance when attempting to estimate the root node character state. Attempts should be made to include fossils in analysis of discrete traits under likelihood, even if there is uncertainty in the fossil trait data. © 2016 The Authors.

Ceratopetalum (Cunoniaceae) fruits of Australasian affinity from the early Eocene Laguna del Hunco flora, Patagonia, Argentina.

PubMed

Gandolfo, María A; Hermsen, Elizabeth J

2017-03-01

Radially symmetrical, five-winged fossil fruits from the highly diverse early Eocene Laguna del Hunco flora of Chubut Province, Patagonia, Argentina, are named, described and illustrated. The main goals are to assess the affinities of the fossils and to place them in an evolutionary, palaeoecological and biogeographic context. Specimens of fossil fruits were collected from the Tufolitas Laguna del Hunco. They were prepared, photographed and compared with similar extant and fossil fruits using published literature. Their structure was also evaluated by comparing them with that of modern Ceratopetalum (Cunoniaceae) fruits through examination of herbarium specimens. The Laguna del Hunco fossil fruits share the diagnostic features that characterize modern and fossil Ceratopetalum (symmetry, number of fruit wings, presence of a conspicuous floral nectary and overall venation pattern). The pattern of the minor wing (sepal) veins observed in the Patagonian fossil fruits is different from that of modern and previously described fossil Ceratopetalum fruits; therefore, a new fossil species is recognized. An apomorphy (absence of petals) suggests that the fossils belong within crown-group Ceratopetalum . The Patagonian fossil fruits are the oldest known record for Ceratopetalum . Because the affinities, provenance and age of the fossils are so well established, this new Ceratopetalum fossil species is an excellent candidate for use as a calibration point in divergence dating studies of the family Cunoniaceae. It represents the only record of Ceratopetalum outside Australasia, and further corroborates the biogeographic connection between the Laguna del Hunco flora and ancient and modern floras of the Australasian region. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company.

Hominid mandibular corpus shape variation and its utility for recognizing species diversity within fossil Homo

PubMed Central

Lague, Michael R; Collard, Nicole J; Richmond, Brian G; Wood, Bernard A

2008-01-01

Mandibular corpora are well represented in the hominin fossil record, yet few studies have rigorously assessed the utility of mandibular corpus morphology for species recognition, particularly with respect to the linear dimensions that are most commonly available. In this study, we explored the extent to which commonly preserved mandibular corpus morphology can be used to: (i) discriminate among extant hominid taxa and (ii) support species designations among fossil specimens assigned to the genus Homo. In the first part of the study, discriminant analysis was used to test for significant differences in mandibular corpus shape at different taxonomic levels (genus, species and subspecies) among extant hominid taxa (i.e. Homo, Pan, Gorilla, Pongo). In the second part of the study, we examined shape variation among fossil mandibles assigned to Homo(including H. habilis sensu stricto, H. rudolfensis, early African H. erectus/H. ergaster, late African H. erectus, Asian H. erectus, H. heidelbergensis, H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens). A novel randomization procedure designed for small samples (and using group ‘distinctness values’) was used to determine whether shape variation among the fossils is consistent with conventional taxonomy (or alternatively, whether a priori taxonomic groupings are completely random with respect to mandibular morphology). The randomization of ‘distinctness values’ was also used on the extant samples to assess the ability of the test to recognize known taxa. The discriminant analysis results demonstrated that, even for a relatively modest set of traditional mandibular corpus measurements, we can detect significant differences among extant hominids at the genus and species levels, and, in some cases, also at the subspecies level. Although the randomization of ‘distinctness values’ test is more conservative than discriminant analysis (based on comparisons with extant specimens), we were able to detect at least four distinct groups among the fossil specimens (i.e. H. sapiens, H. heidelbergensis, Asian H. erectus and a combined ‘African Homo’ group consisting of H. habilis sensu stricto, H. rudolfensis, early African H. erectus/H. ergaster and late African H. erectus). These four groups appear to be distinct at a level similar to, or greater than, that of modern hominid species. In addition, the mandibular corpora of H. neanderthalensis could be distinguished from those of ‘African Homo’, although not from those of H. sapiens, H. heidelbergensis, or the Asian H. erectus group. The results suggest that the features most commonly preserved on the hominin mandibular corpus have some taxonomic utility, although they are unlikely to be useful in generating a reliable alpha taxonomy for early African members of the genus Homo. PMID:19094183

Phenols as chemical fossils in coals. [Book chapter

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bimer, J.; Given, P.H.; Raj, S.

It is generally considered that vitrinite, the principal maceral in most coals, represents coalified, partly decayed wood. Hence lignin should be one of the important precursors to the vitrinites in coals. Accordingly, it would be interesting to know whether any chemical fossils related to lignin could be found in coals. The purpose of this paper is to report what we believe to be a successful search for such fossils. The experimental approach exploited a degradation reaction developed in a study of soil humic acids by Burges et al. This reaction involves a reductive degradation with sodium amalgam and hot water.more » Thin layer chromatography of the ether soluble part of the product (yield, about 20%) showed the presence of a number of phenols and phenolic acids, most of whose structures bore obvious relationships to known microbial and chemical degradation products of lignin but some to the A ring of flavonoids. Humic acids can be extracted from peats and lignites but not from bituminous coals. However, oxidation of bituminous coals with aqueous performic acid generates in high yield (80 to 110% by weight) materials that closely resemble humic acids. The Burges reductive degradation was applied to humic acids extracted from some peats and lignites, and produced by oxidation of a number of bituminous coals. A number of identifications of products were made originally by gas chromatography with co-injection of standards. In this preliminary publication the experimental procedures are described and a sufficient selection of the data are given to show what was found by co-injection and later confirmed by mass spectrometry.« less

Fossil Fuel Industry Funding of Climate-Relevant Research at U.S. Universities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Franta, B.; Supran, G.

2017-12-01

Commercial producers of lead, tobacco, petroleum, and other products have funded extensive scholarly research in ways designed to confuse the public about the dangers of those products and thwart regulation [1-3]. For example, strategy documentation of the U.S. oil and gas industry from the late 1990s describes using selective support for scientists as a strategy for creating an atmosphere of debate and uncertainty, with the ultimate goal of delaying and defeating climate policies [4]. In this context, we systematically examine current funding from commercial fossil fuel interests of climate-relevant research - such as energy technology and climate policy research - in U.S. universities. We quantify such funding using charitable giving databases, university websites, and other publicly available records. We find that, especially among the most influential universities, climate-related research programs are frequently dominated by funding from fossil fuel interests. Moreover, these relationships sometimes afford funders privileges including formal control over research directions. This work represents an advance in mapping the presence of commercial fossil fuel interests in academia and may contribute to discussions of appropriate funding systems for climate-relevant research. 1. Markowitz, G. and D. Rosner, Lead Wars: The Politics of Science and the Fate of America's Children. 1st ed. 2013: University of California Press. 2. Brandt, A.M., Inventing Conflicts of Interest: A History of Tobacco Industry Tactics. American Journal of Public Health, 2012. 102(1): p. 63-71. 3. Oreskes, N. and E.M. Conway, Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. 2011: Bloomsbury Press. 4. Walker, J., Global Climate Science Communications Action Plan. 1998. Workshop held at the headquarters of the American Petroleum Institute.

The potential environmental gains from recycling waste plastics: Simulation of transferring recycling and recovery technologies to Shenyang, China

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chen Xudong, E-mail: chen.xudong@nies.go.jp; National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506; Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya City 464-8601

Research highlights: {yields} Urban symbiosis creates compatibility of industrial development and waste management. {yields} Mechanical technology leads to more CO{sub 2} emission reduction. {yields} Energy recovery technology leads to more fossil fuel saving. {yields} Clean energy makes recycling technologies cleaner. {yields} Demand management is crucial for realizing potential environmental gains of recycling. - Abstract: With the increasing attention on developing a low-carbon economy, it is necessary to seek appropriate ways on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through innovative municipal solid waste management (MSWM), such as urban symbiosis. However, quantitative assessments on the environmental benefits of urban symbiosis, especially in developingmore » countries, are limited because only a limited number of planned synergistic activities have been successful and it is difficult to acquire detailed inventory data from private companies. This paper modifies and applies a two-step simulation system and used it to assess the potential environmental benefits, including the reduction of GHG emissions and saving of fossil fuels, by employing various Japanese plastics recycling/energy-recovery technologies in Shenyang, China. The results showed that among various recycling/energy-recovery technologies, the mechanical waste plastics recycling technology, which produces concrete formwork boards (NF boards), has the greatest potential in terms of reducing GHG emissions (1.66 kg CO{sub 2}e/kg plastics), whereas the technology for the production of refuse plastic fuel (RPF) has the greatest potential on saving fossil fuel consumption (0.77 kgce/kg-plastics). Additional benefits can be gained by applying combined technologies that cascade the utilization of waste plastics. Moreover, the development of clean energy in conjunction with the promotion of new waste plastics recycling programs could contribute to additional reductions in GHG emissions and fossil fuel consumption.« less

The Quaternary fossil-pollen record and global change

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Grimm, E.C.

Fossil pollen provide one of the most valuable records of vegetation and climate change during the recent geological past. Advantages of the fossil-pollen record are that deposits containing fossil pollen are widespread, especially in areas having natural lakes, that fossil pollen occurs in continuous stratigraphic sequences spanning millennia, and that fossil pollen occurs in quantitative assemblages permitting a multivariate approach for reconstructing past vegetation and climates. Because of stratigraphic continuity, fossil pollen records climate cycles on a wide range of scales, from annual to the 100 ka Milankovitch cycles. Receiving particular emphasis recently are decadal to century scale changes, possiblemore » from the sediments of varved lakes, and late Pleistocene events on a 5--10 ka scale possibly correlating with the Heinrich events in the North Atlantic marine record or the Dansgaard-Oeschger events in the Greenland ice-core record. Researchers have long reconstructed vegetation and climate by qualitative interpretation of the fossil-pollen record. Recently quantitative interpretation has developed with the aid of large fossil-pollen databases and sophisticated numerical models. In addition, fossil pollen are important climate proxy data for validating General Circulation Models, which are used for predicting the possible magnitude future climate change. Fossil-pollen data also contribute to an understanding of ecological issues associated with global climate change, including questions of how and how rapidly ecosystems might respond to abrupt climate change.« less

45 CFR 1304.51 - Management systems and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... control program quality, maintain program accountability, and advise governing bodies, policy groups, and... DELEGATE AGENCIES Program Design and Management § 1304.51 Management systems and procedures. (a) Program... program planning that includes consultation with the program's governing body, policy groups, and program...

Advanced crew procedures development techniques: Procedures and performance program description

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Arbet, J. D.; Mangiaracina, A. A.

1975-01-01

The Procedures and Performance Program (PPP) for operation in conjunction with the Shuttle Procedures Simulator (SPS) is described. The PPP user interface, the SPS/PPP interface, and the PPP applications software are discussed.

Publications - PDF 98-37C | Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical

Science.gov Websites

Bison Fossils; C14; Fossils; Geologic Map; Geology; Gold; Holocene; Mammoth Fossils; Measured Sections Geology; Vertebrate Fossils Top of Page Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological &

Role of non-fossil energy in meeting China's energy and climate target for 2020

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhou, Sheng; Tong, Qing; Yu, Sha

2012-12-01

China is the largest energy consumer and CO2 emitter in the world. The Chinese government faces growing challenges of ensuring energy security and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. To address these two issues, the Chinese government has announced two ambitious domestic indicative autonomous mitigation targets for 2020: increasing the ratio of non-fossil energy to 15% and reducing carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP by 40-45% from 2005 levels. To explore the role of non-fossil energy in achieving these two targets, this paper first provides an overview of current status of non-fossil energy development in China; then gives a brief reviewmore » of GDP and primary energy consumption; next assesses in detail the role of the non fossil energy in 2020, including the installed capacity and electricity generation of non-fossil energy sources, the share and role of non-fossil energy in the electricity structure, emissions reduction resulting from the shift to non-fossil energy, and challenges for accomplishing the mitigation targets in 2020 ; finally, conclusions and policy measures for non-fossil energy development are proposed.« less

Evaluating fossil calibrations for dating phylogenies in light of rates of molecular evolution: a comparison of three approaches.

PubMed

Lukoschek, Vimoksalehi; Scott Keogh, J; Avise, John C

2012-01-01

Evolutionary and biogeographic studies increasingly rely on calibrated molecular clocks to date key events. Although there has been significant recent progress in development of the techniques used for molecular dating, many issues remain. In particular, controversies abound over the appropriate use and placement of fossils for calibrating molecular clocks. Several methods have been proposed for evaluating candidate fossils; however, few studies have compared the results obtained by different approaches. Moreover, no previous study has incorporated the effects of nucleotide saturation from different data types in the evaluation of candidate fossils. In order to address these issues, we compared three approaches for evaluating fossil calibrations: the single-fossil cross-validation method of Near, Meylan, and Shaffer (2005. Assessing concordance of fossil calibration points in molecular clock studies: an example using turtles. Am. Nat. 165:137-146), the empirical fossil coverage method of Marshall (2008. A simple method for bracketing absolute divergence times on molecular phylogenies using multiple fossil calibration points. Am. Nat. 171:726-742), and the Bayesian multicalibration method of Sanders and Lee (2007. Evaluating molecular clock calibrations using Bayesian analyses with soft and hard bounds. Biol. Lett. 3:275-279) and explicitly incorporate the effects of data type (nuclear vs. mitochondrial DNA) for identifying the most reliable or congruent fossil calibrations. We used advanced (Caenophidian) snakes as a case study; however, our results are applicable to any taxonomic group with multiple candidate fossils, provided appropriate taxon sampling and sufficient molecular sequence data are available. We found that data type strongly influenced which fossil calibrations were identified as outliers, regardless of which method was used. Despite the use of complex partitioned models of sequence evolution and multiple calibrations throughout the tree, saturation severely compressed basal branch lengths obtained from mitochondrial DNA compared with nuclear DNA. The effects of mitochondrial saturation were not ameliorated by analyzing a combined nuclear and mitochondrial data set. Although removing the third codon positions from the mitochondrial coding regions did not ameliorate saturation effects in the single-fossil cross-validations, it did in the Bayesian multicalibration analyses. Saturation significantly influenced the fossils that were selected as most reliable for all three methods evaluated. Our findings highlight the need to critically evaluate the fossils selected by data with different rates of nucleotide substitution and how data with different evolutionary rates affect the results of each method for evaluating fossils. Our empirical evaluation demonstrates that the advantages of using multiple independent fossil calibrations significantly outweigh any disadvantages.

Standardization and program effect analysis (Study 2.4). Volume 3: Design-to-cost analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shiokari, T.

1975-01-01

The program procedures that were incorporated into an on-going "design-to-cost" spacecraft program are examined. Program procedures are the activities that support the development and operations of the flight unit: contract management, documents, integration meetings, engineering, and testing. This report is limited to the program procedures that were implemented, with emphasis on areas that may depart from normal satellite development practices.

Corrected placement of Mus-Rattus fossil calibration forces precision in the molecular tree of rodents.

PubMed

Kimura, Yuri; Hawkins, Melissa T R; McDonough, Molly M; Jacobs, Louis L; Flynn, Lawrence J

2015-09-28

Time calibration derived from the fossil record is essential for molecular phylogenetic and evolutionary studies. Fossil mice and rats, discovered in the Siwalik Group of Pakistan, have served as one of the best-known fossil calibration points in molecular phylogenic studies. Although these fossils have been widely used as the 12 Ma date for the Mus/Rattus split or a more basal split, conclusive paleontological evidence for the nodal assignments has been absent. This study analyzes newly recognized characters that demonstrate lineage separation in the fossil record of Siwalik murines and examines the most reasonable nodal placement of the diverging lineages in a molecular phylogenetic tree by ancestral state reconstruction. Our specimen-based approach strongly indicates that Siwalik murines of the Karnimata clade are fossil members of the Arvicanthini-Otomyini-Millardini clade, which excludes Rattus and its relatives. Combining the new interpretation with the widely accepted hypothesis that the Progonomys clade includes Mus, the lineage separation event in the Siwalik fossil record represents the Mus/Arvicanthis split. Our test analysis on Bayesian age estimates shows that this new calibration point provides more accurate estimates of murine divergence than previous applications. Thus, we define this fossil calibration point and refine two other fossil-based points for molecular dating.

Corrected placement of Mus-Rattus fossil calibration forces precision in the molecular tree of rodents

PubMed Central

Kimura, Yuri; Hawkins, Melissa T. R.; McDonough, Molly M.; Jacobs, Louis L.; Flynn, Lawrence J.

2015-01-01

Time calibration derived from the fossil record is essential for molecular phylogenetic and evolutionary studies. Fossil mice and rats, discovered in the Siwalik Group of Pakistan, have served as one of the best-known fossil calibration points in molecular phylogenic studies. Although these fossils have been widely used as the 12 Ma date for the Mus/Rattus split or a more basal split, conclusive paleontological evidence for the nodal assignments has been absent. This study analyzes newly recognized characters that demonstrate lineage separation in the fossil record of Siwalik murines and examines the most reasonable nodal placement of the diverging lineages in a molecular phylogenetic tree by ancestral state reconstruction. Our specimen-based approach strongly indicates that Siwalik murines of the Karnimata clade are fossil members of the Arvicanthini-Otomyini-Millardini clade, which excludes Rattus and its relatives. Combining the new interpretation with the widely accepted hypothesis that the Progonomys clade includes Mus, the lineage separation event in the Siwalik fossil record represents the Mus/Arvicanthis split. Our test analysis on Bayesian age estimates shows that this new calibration point provides more accurate estimates of murine divergence than previous applications. Thus, we define this fossil calibration point and refine two other fossil-based points for molecular dating. PMID:26411391

Testing the molecular clock using mechanistic models of fossil preservation and molecular evolution.

PubMed

Warnock, Rachel C M; Yang, Ziheng; Donoghue, Philip C J

2017-06-28

Molecular sequence data provide information about relative times only, and fossil-based age constraints are the ultimate source of information about absolute times in molecular clock dating analyses. Thus, fossil calibrations are critical to molecular clock dating, but competing methods are difficult to evaluate empirically because the true evolutionary time scale is never known. Here, we combine mechanistic models of fossil preservation and sequence evolution in simulations to evaluate different approaches to constructing fossil calibrations and their impact on Bayesian molecular clock dating, and the relative impact of fossil versus molecular sampling. We show that divergence time estimation is impacted by the model of fossil preservation, sampling intensity and tree shape. The addition of sequence data may improve molecular clock estimates, but accuracy and precision is dominated by the quality of the fossil calibrations. Posterior means and medians are poor representatives of true divergence times; posterior intervals provide a much more accurate estimate of divergence times, though they may be wide and often do not have high coverage probability. Our results highlight the importance of increased fossil sampling and improved statistical approaches to generating calibrations, which should incorporate the non-uniform nature of ecological and temporal fossil species distributions. © 2017 The Authors.

Passifloraceae seeds from the late Eocene of Colombia.

PubMed

Martínez, Camila

2017-12-01

The plant fossil record for the neotropics is still sparse and temporally discontinuous. The location and description of new fossil material are fundamental for understanding evolutionary and biogeographic patterns of lineages. A new fossil record of Passifloraceae from the late Eocene of Colombia is described in this study. Plant fossils were collected from a new locality from the Eocene Esmeraldas Formation. Eighteen fossil seeds were selected, described, and compared with fossil and extant angiosperm seeds based on the literature and herbarium collections. Taxonomic affinities of the fossil seeds within Passifloraceae s.l. were evaluated by comparing morphological characters of the seeds in a phylogenetic context. Stratigraphic information associated with the fossil locality was used to interpret the environment and taphonomic processes associated with fossil deposition. A new seed fossil genus and species, Passifloroidesperma sogamosense gen. and sp. nov., is described and associated with the subfamily Passifloroideae based on the presence of a foveolate seed surface, ruminate endosperm, and a seed coat with prismatic palisade cells. The depositional environment of the locality is described as a floodplain associated with river channels. A detailed review of the Passifloraceae fossil record indicates that P. sogamosense is the oldest confirmed record of Passifloraceae. Its late Eocene age provides a minimum age that can be used as a calibration point for the crown Passifloroideae node in future dating analyses that together with its neotropical geographic location can shed light on the origin and diversification of the subfamily. © 2017 Botanical Society of America.

Perspectives on Aging. Exercise and Wellness Programs for Aging Adults. A Conference Held at Brigham Young University (Provo, Utah, August 22, 1983).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

1983

Papers presented at a conference on recreation, exercise, and wellness for aging adults included: (1) "Leisure Activity in the 11th Hour or Physical Pursuits of Old Fossils" (Larry L. Neal); (2) "Exercise and Nutrition for the Senior Adult" (Michele Anderson and Jackie A. Smith); and (3) "Senior Wellness Advocacy Network--S.W.A.N.--An Experiment…

Our Changing Planet: The U.S. Climate Change Science Program for Fiscal Year 2006

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-11-01

any remaining uncertainties for the Amazon region of South America.These results are expected to greatly reduce errors and uncertainties concerning...changing the concentration of atmospheric CO2 are fossil -fuel burning, deforestation, land-use change, and cement production.These processes have...the initial phases of work on the remaining products. Specific plans for enhanced decision-support resources include: – Developing decision-support

Marquee Fossils

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Clary, Renee; Wandersee, James

2008-01-01

Professors of an online graduate-level paleontology class developed the concept of marquee fossils--fossils that have one or more unique characteristics that capture the attention and direct observation of students. In the classroom, Marquee fossils integrate the geology, biology, and environmental science involved in the study of fossilized…

Looking at Fossils in New Ways

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Flannery, Maura C.

2005-01-01

Existing fossils could be studied from a different prospective with the use of new methods of analysis for gathering more information. The new techniques of studying fossils binds the new and the old techniques and information and provides another way to look at fossils.

Development and Application of Sr/Ca-δ18O-Sea Surface Temperature calibrations for Last Glacial Maximum-Aged Isopora corals in the Great Barrier Reef

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brenner, L. D.; Linsley, B. K.; Potts, D. C.; Felis, T.; Mcgregor, H. V.; Gagan, M. K.; Inoue, M.; Tudhope, A. W.; Esat, T. M.; Thompson, W. G.; Tiwari, M.; Fallon, S.; Humblet, M.; Yokoyama, Y.; Webster, J.

2016-12-01

Isopora (Acroporidae) are sub-massive to massive corals found on most modern and fossil Indo-Pacific reefs. Despite their abundance, they are largely absent from the paleoceanographic literature but have the potential to provide proxy data where other commonly used corals, such as Porites, are sparse. The retrieval of Isopora fossils during International Ocean Discovery Program Leg 325 in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) signaled the need to evaluate their possible paleoceanographic utility. We developed modern skeletal Sr/Ca- and δ18O-sea surface temperature (SST) calibrations for six modern Isopora colonies collected at Heron Island in the southern GBR. Pairing the coral Sr/Ca record with monthly SST data yielded Reduced Major Axis Sr/Ca- and δ18O-SST sensitivities of -0.054 mmol/mol/°C and -0.152 ‰/°C, respectively, falling within the range of published Porites values. We applied our Isopora-based regressions and previously published sensitivities from other species to a suite (n=37) of fossil samples collected from IODP 32. The calibrations produced a range of 3-7°C of warming, averaging 5°C, in the GBR from 22 ka to modern climate. This SST change is similar or slightly larger than other coral studies and larger than planktonic foraminifera Mg/Ca records. The planktonic Mg/Ca records from the Indonesian and Western Pacific Warm Pools indicate a warming of 3-3.5°C since 23ka (Linsley et al., 2010) while a fossil coral record from Tahiti indicates a warming of 3.2°C from 9.5ka to present (DeLong et al., 2010) and western Pacific coral records suggest a cooling of 5-6°C (Gagan et al., 2010; Guilderson et al., 1994: Beck et al., 1997), although these value might require rescaling (Gagan et al., 2012) resulting in slightly warmer temperature calculations. Our Isopora fossils from the GBR speak to the spatial heterogeneity of warming since the LGM and the continued need to develop more records for a more comprehensive understanding of the deglaciation.

Fuel cell systems program plan, FY 1990

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

1989-10-01

A principal goal of the Office of Fossil Energy is to increase the utilization of domestic fuels in an environmentally benign manner, through the development and transfer to the private sector of advanced energy conversion technology. Successful efforts to achieve this goal contribute to the stability and reliability of reasonably priced energy supplies, enhance the competitiveness of domestic fuels and energy technologies in domestic and international markets, and contribute to the development of cost effective strategies for control of acid rain and global warming. Several advanced energy conversion technologies are now under development by DOE which can help to achieve these objectives. Fuel cells are among those technologies. This report briefly describes fuel cell technology and the program plan of U.S. DOE fuel cell program.

First report of fossil "keratose" demosponges in Phanerozoic carbonates: preservation and 3-D reconstruction.

PubMed

Luo, Cui; Reitner, Joachim

2014-06-01

Fossil record of Phanerozoic non-spicular sponges, beside of being important with respect to the lineage evolution per se, could provide valuable references for the investigation of Precambrian ancestral animal fossils. However, although modern phylogenomic studies resolve non-spicular demosponges as the sister group of the remaining spiculate demosponges, the fossil record of the former is extremely sparse or unexplored compared to that of the latter; the Middle Cambrian Vauxiidae Walcott 1920, is the only confirmed fossil taxon of non-spicular demosponges. Here, we describe carbonate materials from Devonian (Upper Givetian to Lower Frasnian) bioherms of northern France and Triassic (Anisian) microbialites of Poland that most likely represent fossil remnants of keratose demosponges. These putative fossils of keratose demosponges are preserved as automicritic clumps. They are morphologically distinguishable from microbial fabrics but similar to other spiculate sponge fossils, except that the skeletal elements consist of fibrous networks instead of assembled spicules. Consistent with the immunological behavior of sponges, these fibrous skeletons often form a rim at the edge of the automicritic aggregate, separating the inner part of the aggregate from foreign objects. To confirm the architecture of these fibrous networks, two fossil specimens and a modern thorectid sponge for comparison were processed for three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction using serial grinding tomography. The resulting fossil reconstructions are three-dimensionally anastomosing, like modern keratose demosponges, but their irregular and nonhierarchical meshes indicate a likely verongid affinity, although a precise taxonomic conclusion cannot be made based on the skeletal architecture alone. This study is a preliminary effort, but an important start to identify fossil non-spicular demosponges in carbonates and to re-evaluate their fossilization potential.

The late Middle Pleistocene hominin fossil record of eastern Asia: synthesis and review.

PubMed

Bae, Christopher J

2010-01-01

Traditionally, Middle Pleistocene hominin fossils that cannot be allocated to Homo erectus sensu lato or modern H. sapiens have been assigned to different specific taxa. For example, in eastern Asia, these hominin fossils have been classified as archaic, early, or premodern H. sapiens. An increasing number of Middle Pleistocene hominin fossils are currently being assigned to H. heidelbergensis. This is particularly the case for the African and European Middle Pleistocene hominin fossil record. There have been suggestions that perhaps the eastern Asian late Middle Pleistocene hominins can also be allocated to the H. heidelbergensis hypodigm. In this article, I review the current state of the late Middle Pleistocene hominin fossil record from eastern Asia and examine the various arguments for assigning these hominins to the different specific taxa. The two primary conclusions drawn from this review are as follows: 1) little evidence currently exists in the eastern Asian Middle Pleistocene hominin fossil record to support their assignment to H. heidelbergensis; and 2) rather than add to the growing list of hominin fossil taxa by using taxonomic names like H. daliensis for northeast Asian fossils and H. mabaensis for Southeast Asian fossils, it is better to err on the side of caution and continue to use the term archaic H. sapiens to represent all of these hominin fossils. What should be evident from this review is the need for an increase in the quality and quantity of the eastern Asian hominin fossil data set. Fortunately, with the increasing number of large-scale multidisciplinary paleoanthropological field and laboratory research projects in eastern Asia, the record is quickly becoming better understood. Copyright © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

FUEL-FLEXIBLE GASIFICATION-COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCTION OF H2 AND SEQUESTRATION-READY CO2

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

George Rizeq; Janice West; Arnaldo Frydman

It is expected that in the 21st century the Nation will continue to rely on fossil fuels for electricity, transportation, and chemicals. It will be necessary to improve both the thermodynamic efficiency and environmental impact performance of fossil fuel utilization. General Electric Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (GE EER) has developed an innovative fuel-flexible Advanced Gasification-Combustion (AGC) concept to produce H{sub 2} and sequestration-ready CO{sub 2} from solid fuels. The AGC module offers potential for reduced cost and increased energy efficiency relative to conventional gasification and combustion systems. GE EER was awarded a Vision-21 program from U.S. DOE NETL tomore » develop the AGC technology. Work on this three-year program started on October 1, 2000. The project team includes GE EER, California Energy Commission, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, and T. R. Miles, Technical Consultants, Inc. In the AGC technology, coal/opportunity fuels and air are simultaneously converted into separate streams of (1) pure hydrogen that can be utilized in fuel cells, (2) sequestration-ready CO{sub 2}, and (3) high temperature/pressure oxygen-depleted air to produce electricity in a gas turbine. The process produces near-zero emissions and, based on preliminary modeling work in the first quarter of this program, has an estimated process efficiency of approximately 67% based on electrical and H{sub 2} energy outputs relative to the higher heating value of coal. The three-year R&D program will determine the operating conditions that maximize separation of CO{sub 2} and pollutants from the vent gas, while simultaneously maximizing coal conversion efficiency and hydrogen production. The program integrates lab-, bench- and pilot-scale studies to demonstrate the AGC concept. This is the fifth quarterly technical progress report for the Vision-21 AGC program supported by U.S. DOE NETL (Contract: DE-FC26-00FT40974). This report summarizes program accomplishments for the period starting October 1, 2001 and ending December 31, 2001. The report includes an introduction summarizing the AGC concept, main program tasks, and program objectives; it also provides a summary of program activities covering program management and progress in tasks including lab- and bench-scale experimental testing, pilot-scale design, and economic studies.« less

FUEL-FLEXIBLE GASIFICATION-COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCTION OF H2 AND SEQUESTRATION-READY CO2

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

George Rizeq; Janice West; Arnaldo Frydman

It is expected that in the 21st century the Nation will continue to rely on fossil fuels for electricity, transportation, and chemicals. It will be necessary to improve both the thermodynamic efficiency and environmental impact performance of fossil fuel utilization. General Electric Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (GE EER) has developed an innovative fuel-flexible Advanced Gasification-Combustion (AGC) concept to produce H{sub 2} and sequestration-ready CO{sub 2} from solid fuels. The AGC module offers potential for reduced cost and increased energy efficiency relative to conventional gasification and combustion systems. GE EER was awarded a Vision-21 program from U.S. DOE NETL tomore » develop the AGC technology. Work on this three-year program started on October 1, 2000. The project team includes GE EER, California Energy Commission, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, and T. R. Miles, Technical Consultants, Inc. In the AGC technology, coal/opportunity fuels and air are simultaneously converted into separate streams of (1) pure hydrogen that can be utilized in fuel cells, (2) sequestration-ready CO{sub 2}, and (3) high temperature/pressure oxygen-depleted air to produce electricity in a gas turbine. The process produces near-zero emissions and, based on preliminary modeling work in the first quarter of this program, has an estimated process efficiency of approximately 67% based on electrical and H{sub 2} energy outputs relative to the higher heating value of coal. The three-year R&D program will determine the operating conditions that maximize separation of CO{sub 2} and pollutants from the vent gas, while simultaneously maximizing coal conversion efficiency and hydrogen production. The program integrates lab-, bench- and pilot-scale studies to demonstrate the AGC concept. This is the seventh quarterly technical progress report for the Vision-21 AGC program supported by U.S. DOE NETL (Contract: DE-FC26-00FT40974). This report summarizes program accomplishments for the period starting April 1, 2002 and ending June 30, 2002. The report includes an introduction summarizing the AGC concept, main program tasks, and program objectives; it also provides a summary of program activities covering program management and progress in tasks including lab-/bench-scale experimental testing and pilot-scale design.« less

FUEL-FLEXIBLE GASIFICATION-COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCTION OF H2 AND SEQUESTRATION-READY CO2

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

George Rizeq; Janice West; Arnaldo Frydman

It is expected that in the 21st century the Nation will continue to rely on fossil fuels for electricity, transportation, and chemicals. It will be necessary to improve both the thermodynamic efficiency and environmental impact performance of fossil fuel utilization. General Electric Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (GE EER) has developed an innovative fuel-flexible Advanced Gasification-Combustion (AGC) concept to produce H{sub 2} and sequestration-ready CO{sub 2} from solid fuels. The AGC module offers potential for reduced cost and increased energy efficiency relative to conventional gasification and combustion systems. GE EER was awarded a Vision-21 program from U.S. DOE NETL tomore » develop the AGC technology. Work on this three-year program started on October 1, 2000. The project team includes GE EER, California Energy Commission, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, and T. R. Miles, Technical Consultants, Inc. In the AGC technology, coal/opportunity fuels and air are simultaneously converted into separate streams of (1) pure hydrogen that can be utilized in fuel cells, (2) sequestration-ready CO{sub 2}, and (3) high temperature/pressure oxygen-depleted air to produce electricity in a gas turbine. The process produces near-zero emissions and, based on preliminary modeling work in the first quarter of this program, has an estimated process efficiency of approximately 67% based on electrical and H{sub 2} energy outputs relative to the higher heating value of coal. The three-year R&D program will determine the operating conditions that maximize separation of CO{sub 2} and pollutants from the vent gas, while simultaneously maximizing coal conversion efficiency and hydrogen production. The program integrates lab-, bench- and pilot-scale studies to demonstrate the AGC concept. This is the third quarterly technical progress report for the Vision-21 AGC program supported by U.S. DOE NETL (Contract: DE-FC26-00FT40974). This report summarizes program accomplishments for the period starting April 1, 2001 and ending June 30, 2001. The report includes an introduction summarizing the AGC concept, main program tasks, objectives of this program, and provides a summary of program activities covering program management and progress in first year tasks including lab- and bench-scale design, facilities preparation, and engineering studies.« less

Identifying Fossil Shell Resources via Geophysical Surveys: Chesapeake Bay Region, Virginia

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-05-01

ER D C/ CH L TR -1 6- 4 Chesapeake Fossil Shell Survey Identifying Fossil Shell Resources via Geophysical Surveys: Chesapeake Bay Region...other technical reports published by ERDC, visit the ERDC online library at http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/default. Chesapeake Fossil Shell...Survey ERDC/CHL TR-16-4 May 2016 Identifying Fossil Shell Resources via Geophysical Surveys: Chesapeake Bay Region, Virginia Heidi M. Wadman and Jesse

42 CFR 422.502 - Evaluation and determination procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICARE PROGRAM MEDICARE ADVANTAGE PROGRAM Application Procedures and Contracts for Medicare Advantage Organizations § 422.502 Evaluation and determination procedures. (a) Basis for...

78 FR 9016 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Massachusetts; Revisions to Fossil...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-07

... Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Massachusetts; Revisions to Fossil Fuel Utilization and..., inspection, maintenance and testing requirements for certain fossil fuel utilization facilities, rename and... fossil fuel utilization facility regulation, source registration regulation, and new industrial...

Fossil Explorers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moran, Sean; McLaughlin, Cheryl; MacFadden, Bruce; Jacobbe, Elizabeth; Poole, Michael

2015-01-01

Many young learners are fascinated with fossils, particularly charismatic forms such as dinosaurs and giant sharks. Fossils provide tangible, objective evidence of life that lived millions of years ago. They also provide a timescale of evolution not typically appreciated by young learners. Fossils and the science of paleontology can, therefore,…

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging for the study of fossils.

PubMed

Giovannetti, Giulio; Guerrini, Andrea; Salvadori, Piero A

2016-07-01

Computed tomography (CT) has long been used for investigating palaeontological specimens, as it is a nondestructive technique which avoids the need to dissolve or ionize the fossil sample. However, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have recently gained ground as analytical tools for examination of palaeontological samples, by nondestructively providing information about the structure and composition of fossils. While MRI techniques are able to reveal the three-dimensional geometry of the trace fossil, MRS can provide information on the chemical composition of the samples. The multidimensional nature of MR (magnetic resonance) signals has potential to provide rich three-dimensional data on the palaeontological specimens and also to help in elucidating paleopathological and paleoecological questions. In this work the verified applications and the emerging uses of MRI and MRS in paleontology are reviewed, with particular attention to fossil spores, fossil plants, ambers, fossil invertebrates, and fossil vertebrate studies. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Non-integumentary melanosomes can bias reconstructions of the colours of fossil vertebrate skin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McNamara, Maria; Kaye, Jonathan; Benton, Mike; Orr, Patrick

2017-04-01

The soft tissues of many fossil vertebrates preserve melanosomes - micron-scale organelles used to inform on original integumentary coloration and the evolution of visual signalling strategies through time. In extant vertebrates, however, melanosomes also occur in internal tissues, and hence melanosomes preserved in fossils may not derive solely from the integument. Here, by analyzing the internal tissues of extant and fossil frogs, we show that non-integumentary melanosomes are extremely abundant; they are usually localised to the torso in fossils but can also occur in the limbs, presumably due to dispersal during decay. Melanosomes from the body outlines of fossils cannot, therefore, reliably inform on integumentary coloration. Crucially, non-integumentary and integumentary melanosomes differ in geometry in both fossil and modern frogs and, in fossils, occur as discrete layers. Analysis of melanosome geometry, distribution and size-specific layering is required to differentiate integumentary from non-integumentary melanosomes and is essential to any attempt to reconstruct the original colours of vertebrate skin.

19 CFR 101.9 - Test programs or procedures; alternate requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... test and the basis for selecting participants; and, (2) Post publication requirement. Within a... 19 Customs Duties 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Test programs or procedures; alternate... SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY GENERAL PROVISIONS § 101.9 Test programs or procedures; alternate...

78 FR 49607 - Energy Conservation Program: Test Procedures for Residential Clothes Dryers

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-14

... reasonably designed to produce test results which measure energy efficiency, energy use or estimated annual... Energy Conservation Program: Test Procedures for Residential Clothes Dryers; Final Rule #0;#0;Federal... Conservation Program: Test Procedures for Residential Clothes Dryers AGENCY: Office of Energy Efficiency and...

A new slider turtle (Testudines: Emydidae: Deirochelyinae: Trachemys) from the late Hemphillian (late Miocene/early Pliocene) of eastern Tennessee and the evolution of the deirochelyines

PubMed Central

2018-01-01

Trachemys (Testudines: Emydidae) represents one of the most well-known turtle genera today. The evolution of Trachemys, while being heavily documented with fossil representatives, is not well understood. Numerous fossils from the late Hemphillian Gray Fossil Site (GFS) in northeastern Tennessee help to elucidate its evolution. The fossil Trachemys at the GFS represent a new species. The new taxon, Trachemys haugrudi, is described, and currently represents the most thoroughly described fossil emydid species known. A phylogenetic analysis, including 31 species, focusing on the subfamily Deirochelyinae is performed that includes the new fossil species, along with numerous other modern and fossil deirochelyine species, representing the first phylogenetic analysis published that includes several fossil deirochelyines. The phylogenetic analysis, utilizing morphological evidence, provides monophyletic clades of all modern deirochelyines, including Chrysemys, Deirochelys, Pseudemys, Malaclemys, Graptemys, and Trachemys. A strict consensus tree finds the recently described fossil species Graptemys kerneri to be part of a clade of Graptemys + Malaclemys. Three fossil taxa, including one previously referred to Pseudemys (Pseudemys caelata) and two to Deirochelys (Deirochelys carri and Deirochelys floridana) are found to form a clade with modern Deirochelys reticularia reticularia, with D. floridana sister to the other members of the clade. Chrysemys is found to be part of a basal polytomy with Deirochelys in relation to other deirochelyine taxa. Two fossil taxa previously referred to Chrysemys (Chrysemys timida and Chrysemys williamsi) form a paraphyly with the modern Chrysemys picta picta and Deirochelys, and may be referable to distinct genera. Additionally, fossil taxa previously attributed to Trachemys (Trachemys hillii, Trachemys idahoensis, Trachemys inflata, and Trachemys platymarginata) and T. haugrudi are found to form a clade separate from clades of northern and southern Trachemys species, potentially suggesting a distinct lineage of Trachemys with no modern survivors. Hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships mostly agree between the present study and previous ones, although the inclusion of fossil taxa provides further clues to the evolution of parts of the Deirochelyinae. The inclusion of more fossil taxa and characters may help resolve the placement of some taxa, and further elucidate the evolution of these New World turtles. PMID:29456887

Procedural and Logic Programming: A Comparison.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Watkins, Will; And Others

1988-01-01

Examines the similarities and fundamental differences between procedural programing and logic programing by comparing LogoWriter and PROLOG. Suggests that PROLOG may be a good first programing language for students to learn. (MVL)

The non-uniformity of fossil preservation.

PubMed

Holland, Steven M

2016-07-19

The fossil record provides the primary source of data for calibrating the origin of clades. Although minimum ages of clades are given by the oldest preserved fossil, these underestimate the true age, which must be bracketed by probabilistic methods based on multiple fossil occurrences. Although most of these methods assume uniform preservation rates, this assumption is unsupported over geological timescales. On geologically long timescales (more than 10 Myr), the origin and cessation of sedimentary basins, and long-term variations in tectonic subsidence, eustatic sea level and sedimentation rate control the availability of depositional facies that preserve the environments in which species lived. The loss of doomed sediments, those with a low probability of preservation, imparts a secular trend to fossil preservation. As a result, the fossil record is spatially and temporally non-uniform. Models of fossil preservation should reflect this non-uniformity by using empirical estimates of fossil preservation that are spatially and temporally partitioned, or by using indirect proxies of fossil preservation. Geologically, realistic models of preservation will provide substantially more reliable estimates of the origination of clades.This article is part of the themed issue 'Dating species divergences using rocks and clocks'. © 2016 The Author(s).

The original colours of fossil beetles

PubMed Central

McNamara, Maria E.; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Orr, Patrick J.; Noh, Heeso; Cao, Hui

2012-01-01

Structural colours, the most intense, reflective and pure colours in nature, are generated when light is scattered by complex nanostructures. Metallic structural colours are widespread among modern insects and can be preserved in their fossil counterparts, but it is unclear whether the colours have been altered during fossilization, and whether the absence of colours is always real. To resolve these issues, we investigated fossil beetles from five Cenozoic biotas. Metallic colours in these specimens are generated by an epicuticular multi-layer reflector; the fidelity of its preservation correlates with that of other key cuticular ultrastructures. Where these other ultrastructures are well preserved in non-metallic fossil specimens, we can infer that the original cuticle lacked a multi-layer reflector; its absence in the fossil is not a preservational artefact. Reconstructions of the original colours of the fossils based on the structure of the multi-layer reflector show that the preserved colours are offset systematically to longer wavelengths; this probably reflects alteration of the refractive index of the epicuticle during fossilization. These findings will allow the former presence, and original hue, of metallic structural colours to be identified in diverse fossil insects, thus providing critical evidence of the evolution of structural colour in this group. PMID:21957131

The original colours of fossil beetles.

PubMed

McNamara, Maria E; Briggs, Derek E G; Orr, Patrick J; Noh, Heeso; Cao, Hui

2012-03-22

Structural colours, the most intense, reflective and pure colours in nature, are generated when light is scattered by complex nanostructures. Metallic structural colours are widespread among modern insects and can be preserved in their fossil counterparts, but it is unclear whether the colours have been altered during fossilization, and whether the absence of colours is always real. To resolve these issues, we investigated fossil beetles from five Cenozoic biotas. Metallic colours in these specimens are generated by an epicuticular multi-layer reflector; the fidelity of its preservation correlates with that of other key cuticular ultrastructures. Where these other ultrastructures are well preserved in non-metallic fossil specimens, we can infer that the original cuticle lacked a multi-layer reflector; its absence in the fossil is not a preservational artefact. Reconstructions of the original colours of the fossils based on the structure of the multi-layer reflector show that the preserved colours are offset systematically to longer wavelengths; this probably reflects alteration of the refractive index of the epicuticle during fossilization. These findings will allow the former presence, and original hue, of metallic structural colours to be identified in diverse fossil insects, thus providing critical evidence of the evolution of structural colour in this group.

The non-uniformity of fossil preservation

PubMed Central

2016-01-01

The fossil record provides the primary source of data for calibrating the origin of clades. Although minimum ages of clades are given by the oldest preserved fossil, these underestimate the true age, which must be bracketed by probabilistic methods based on multiple fossil occurrences. Although most of these methods assume uniform preservation rates, this assumption is unsupported over geological timescales. On geologically long timescales (more than 10 Myr), the origin and cessation of sedimentary basins, and long-term variations in tectonic subsidence, eustatic sea level and sedimentation rate control the availability of depositional facies that preserve the environments in which species lived. The loss of doomed sediments, those with a low probability of preservation, imparts a secular trend to fossil preservation. As a result, the fossil record is spatially and temporally non-uniform. Models of fossil preservation should reflect this non-uniformity by using empirical estimates of fossil preservation that are spatially and temporally partitioned, or by using indirect proxies of fossil preservation. Geologically, realistic models of preservation will provide substantially more reliable estimates of the origination of clades. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Dating species divergences using rocks and clocks’. PMID:27325828

20 CFR 633.316 - Closeout procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Closeout procedures. 633.316 Section 633.316 Employees' Benefits EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR MIGRANT AND SEASONAL FARMWORKER PROGRAMS Program Design and Administrative Procedures § 633.316 Closeout procedures. Grant...

Children's Ideas about Fossils and Foundational Concepts Related to Fossils

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Borgerding, Lisa A.; Raven, Sara

2018-01-01

Many standards documents and learning progressions recommend evolution learning in elementary grades. Given young children's interest in dinosaurs and other fossils, fossil investigations can provide a rich entry into evolutionary biology for young learners. Educational psychology literature has addressed children's reasoning about foundational…

76 FR 3517 - Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired, Electric Utility, Industrial-Commercial...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-20

... Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired, Electric Utility, Industrial-Commercial-Institutional, and... following: Category NAICS \\1\\ Examples of regulated entities Industry 221112 Fossil fuel-fired electric utility steam generating units. Federal Government 22112 Fossil fuel-fired electric utility steam...

40 CFR 97.202 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.... Fossil fuel means natural gas, petroleum, coal, or any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived... trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel-fired combustion device used to produce heat and... any other fuel. Cogeneration unit means a stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil...

40 CFR 97.502 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... products), and landscape or right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel... unit means a stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine... limitation for the source for such control period. Fossil fuel means— (1) Natural gas, petroleum, coal, or...

40 CFR 97.302 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., petroleum, coal, or any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such material. Fossil-fuel-fired... right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil-or other-fuel-fired combustion device used... means a stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1...

40 CFR 97.102 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., petroleum, coal, or any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such material. Fossil-fuel-fired... enclosed fossil- or other-fuel-fired combustion device used to produce heat and to transfer heat to... means a stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1...

40 CFR 96.102 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., petroleum, coal, or any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such material. Fossil-fuel-fired... right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel-fired combustion device used..., fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1) Having equipment used...

40 CFR 97.502 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... products), and landscape or right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel... unit means a stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine... limitation for the source for such control period. Fossil fuel means— (1) Natural gas, petroleum, coal, or...

40 CFR 96.102 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., petroleum, coal, or any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such material. Fossil-fuel-fired... right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel-fired combustion device used..., fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1) Having equipment used...

40 CFR 97.102 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., petroleum, coal, or any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such material. Fossil-fuel-fired... enclosed fossil- or other-fuel-fired combustion device used to produce heat and to transfer heat to... means a stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1...

40 CFR 96.102 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., petroleum, coal, or any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such material. Fossil-fuel-fired... right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel-fired combustion device used..., fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1) Having equipment used...

40 CFR 97.102 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., petroleum, coal, or any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such material. Fossil-fuel-fired... enclosed fossil- or other-fuel-fired combustion device used to produce heat and to transfer heat to... means a stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1...

40 CFR 97.302 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., petroleum, coal, or any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such material. Fossil-fuel-fired... right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil-or other-fuel-fired combustion device used... means a stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1...

40 CFR 97.302 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., petroleum, coal, or any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such material. Fossil-fuel-fired... right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil-or other-fuel-fired combustion device used... means a stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1...

40 CFR 96.102 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., petroleum, coal, or any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such material. Fossil-fuel-fired... right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel-fired combustion device used..., fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1) Having equipment used...

40 CFR 97.102 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., petroleum, coal, or any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such material. Fossil-fuel-fired... enclosed fossil- or other-fuel-fired combustion device used to produce heat and to transfer heat to... means a stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1...

78 FR 30810 - Paleontological Resources Preservation

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-23

... fossil resource management on public lands (see S. Rep. 105- 227, at 60 (1998)). The request directed the... of fossils; (2) the need for standards that would maximize the availability of fossils for scientific study; and (3) the effectiveness of current methods for storing and preserving fossils collected from...

40 CFR 96.102 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., petroleum, coal, or any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such material. Fossil-fuel-fired... right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel-fired combustion device used..., fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1) Having equipment used...

40 CFR 97.302 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., petroleum, coal, or any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such material. Fossil-fuel-fired... right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil-or other-fuel-fired combustion device used... means a stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1...

40 CFR 97.302 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., petroleum, coal, or any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such material. Fossil-fuel-fired... right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil-or other-fuel-fired combustion device used... means a stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1...

40 CFR 97.102 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., petroleum, coal, or any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such material. Fossil-fuel-fired... enclosed fossil- or other-fuel-fired combustion device used to produce heat and to transfer heat to... means a stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1...

40 CFR 97.202 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

.... Fossil fuel means natural gas, petroleum, coal, or any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived... trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel-fired combustion device used to produce heat and... any other fuel. Cogeneration unit means a stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil...

40 CFR 97.202 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

.... Fossil fuel means natural gas, petroleum, coal, or any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived... trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel-fired combustion device used to produce heat and... any other fuel. Cogeneration unit means a stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil...

40 CFR 97.202 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... Fossil fuel means natural gas, petroleum, coal, or any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived... trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel-fired combustion device used to produce heat and... any other fuel. Cogeneration unit means a stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil...

40 CFR 97.502 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... products), and landscape or right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel... unit means a stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine... limitation for the source for such control period. Fossil fuel means— (1) Natural gas, petroleum, coal, or...

40 CFR 97.202 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

.... Fossil fuel means natural gas, petroleum, coal, or any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived... trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel-fired combustion device used to produce heat and... any other fuel. Cogeneration unit means a stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil...

Probe into the Internal Mechanism of Interlanguage Fossilization

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Huang, Qian

2009-01-01

Interlanguage fossilization is normal for second language acquisition. It is also a hotspot for studies on theory of foreign language acquisition. Many reasons cause the interlanguage fossilization. This paper probes into the internal mechanism of interlanguage fossilization from five aspects, namely the physiological aspect, the psychological…

A cosmopolitan late Ediacaran biotic assemblage: new fossils from Nevada and Namibia support a global biostratigraphic link.

PubMed

Smith, E F; Nelson, L L; Tweedt, S M; Zeng, H; Workman, J B

2017-07-12

Owing to the lack of temporally well-constrained Ediacaran fossil localities containing overlapping biotic assemblages, it has remained uncertain if the latest Ediacaran ( ca 550-541 Ma) assemblages reflect systematic biological turnover or environmental, taphonomic or biogeographic biases. Here, we report new latest Ediacaran fossil discoveries from the lower member of the Wood Canyon Formation in Nye County, Nevada, including the first figured reports of erniettomorphs, Gaojiashania , Conotubus and other problematic fossils. The fossils are spectacularly preserved in three taphonomic windows and occur in greater than 11 stratigraphic horizons, all of which are below the first appearance of Treptichnus pedum and the nadir of a large negative δ 13 C excursion that is a chemostratigraphic marker of the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary. The co-occurrence of morphologically diverse tubular fossils and erniettomorphs in Nevada provides a biostratigraphic link among latest Ediacaran fossil localities globally. Integrated with a new report of Gaojiashania from Namibia, previous fossil reports and existing age constraints, these finds demonstrate a distinctive late Ediacaran fossil assemblage comprising at least two groups of macroscopic organisms with dissimilar body plans that ecologically and temporally overlapped for at least 6 Myr at the close of the Ediacaran Period. This cosmopolitan biotic assemblage disappeared from the fossil record at the end of the Ediacaran Period, prior to the Cambrian radiation. © 2017 The Author(s).

Spectroscopic studies of the fish fossils (Cladocyclus gardneri and Vinctifer comptoni) from the Ipubi Formation of the Cretaceous Period

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sousa Filho, F. E.; da Silva, J. H.; Saraiva, G. D.; Abagaro, B. T. O.; Barros, O. A.; Saraiva, A. A. F.; Viana, B. C.; Freire, P. T. C.

2016-03-01

Fossils are mineralized remains or traces from animals, plants and other organisms aged to about 108 years. The chemical processes of fossilization are dated back from old geological periods on Earth. The understanding of these processes and the structure of the fossils are one of the goals of paleontology and geology in the sedimentary environments. Many researches have tried to unveil details about special kinds of biological samples; however, a lack of data is noticed for various other specimens. This study reports the investigations through infrared spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction measurements for two types of fish fossils from the Cretaceous Period. The sample of Cladocyclus gardneri and Vinctifer comptoni fossils were collected from the Ipubi Formation, being one of the less studied, among the formations that constitute the important Santana group in the Araripe Basin, Brazil. The results obtained through different techniques, showed that the C. gardneri fish fossil contains hydroxyapatite and calcite as constituents whereas its rock matrix was formed by calcite, quartz and pyrite. Regarding the V. comptoni, the measurements confirmed the presence of hydroxyapatite in the fossil and its rock matrix gypsum, pyrite, quartz and calcite. The above scientific data contributed to the understanding the fossil formation in the Ipubi Formation, an important environment of the Cretaceous Period, which is rich in well-preserved fossils from different species.

A cosmopolitan late Ediacaran biotic assemblage: new fossils from Nevada and Namibia support a global biostratigraphic link

USGS Publications Warehouse

Smith, E. F.; Nelson, L. L.; Tweedt, S. M.; Zeng, H.; Workman, Jeremiah B.

2017-01-01

Owing to the lack of temporally well-constrained Ediacaran fossil localities containing overlapping biotic assemblages, it has remained uncertain if the latest Ediacaran (ca 550–541 Ma) assemblages reflect systematic biological turnover or environmental, taphonomic or biogeographic biases. Here, we report new latest Ediacaran fossil discoveries from the lower member of the Wood Canyon Formation in Nye County, Nevada, including the first figured reports of erniettomorphs, Gaojiashania, Conotubus and other problematic fossils. The fossils are spectacularly preserved in three taphonomic windows and occur in greater than 11 stratigraphic horizons, all of which are below the first appearance of Treptichnus pedum and the nadir of a large negative δ13C excursion that is a chemostratigraphic marker of the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary. The co-occurrence of morphologically diverse tubular fossils and erniettomorphs in Nevada provides a biostratigraphic link among latest Ediacaran fossil localities globally. Integrated with a new report of Gaojiashania from Namibia, previous fossil reports and existing age constraints, these finds demonstrate a distinctive late Ediacaran fossil assemblage comprising at least two groups of macroscopic organisms with dissimilar body plans that ecologically and temporally overlapped for at least 6 Myr at the close of the Ediacaran Period. This cosmopolitan biotic assemblage disappeared from the fossil record at the end of the Ediacaran Period, prior to the Cambrian radiation.

Reconstructing Carotenoid-Based and Structural Coloration in Fossil Skin.

PubMed

McNamara, Maria E; Orr, Patrick J; Kearns, Stuart L; Alcalá, Luis; Anadón, Pere; Peñalver, Enrique

2016-04-25

Evidence of original coloration in fossils provides insights into the visual communication strategies used by ancient animals and the functional evolution of coloration over time [1-7]. Hitherto, all reconstructions of the colors of reptile integument and the plumage of fossil birds and feathered dinosaurs have been of melanin-based coloration [1-6]. Extant animals also use other mechanisms for producing color [8], but these have not been identified in fossils. Here we report the first examples of carotenoid-based coloration in the fossil record, and of structural coloration in fossil integument. The fossil skin, from a 10 million-year-old colubrid snake from the Late Miocene Libros Lagerstätte (Teruel, Spain) [9, 10], preserves dermal pigment cells (chromatophores)-xanthophores, iridophores, and melanophores-in calcium phosphate. Comparison with chromatophore abundance and position in extant reptiles [11-15] indicates that the fossil snake was pale-colored in ventral regions; dorsal and lateral regions were green with brown-black and yellow-green transverse blotches. Such coloration most likely functioned in substrate matching and intraspecific signaling. Skin replicated in authigenic minerals is not uncommon in exceptionally preserved fossils [16, 17], and dermal pigment cells generate coloration in numerous reptile, amphibian, and fish taxa today [18]. Our discovery thus represents a new means by which to reconstruct the original coloration of exceptionally preserved fossil vertebrates. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Recent advances in Chinese palaeontology.

PubMed

Xu, Xing; Luo, Zhe-Xi; Rong, Jia-Yu

2010-01-22

Discoveries are a driving force for progress in palaeontology. Palaeontology as a discipline of scientific inquiry has gained many fresh insights into the history of life, from the discoveries of many new fossils in China in the last 20 years, and from the new ideas derived from these fossils. This special issue of Proceedings of Royal Society B entitled Recent Advances in Chinese Palaeontology selects some of the very latest studies aimed at resolving the current problems of palaeontology and evolutionary biology based on new fossils from China. These fossils and their studies help to clarify some historical debates about a particular fossil group, or to raise new questions about history of life, or to pose a new challenge in our pursuit of science. These works on new Chinese fossils have covered the whole range of the diversity through the entire Phanerozoic fossil record.

19 CFR 101.9 - Test programs or procedures; alternate requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... requirements. (a) General testing. For purposes of conducting a test program or procedure designed to evaluate... test and the basis for selecting participants; and, (2) Post publication requirement. Within a... 19 Customs Duties 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Test programs or procedures; alternate...

19 CFR 101.9 - Test programs or procedures; alternate requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... requirements. (a) General testing. For purposes of conducting a test program or procedure designed to evaluate... test and the basis for selecting participants; and, (2) Post publication requirement. Within a... 19 Customs Duties 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Test programs or procedures; alternate...

19 CFR 101.9 - Test programs or procedures; alternate requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... requirements. (a) General testing. For purposes of conducting a test program or procedure designed to evaluate... test and the basis for selecting participants; and, (2) Post publication requirement. Within a... 19 Customs Duties 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Test programs or procedures; alternate...

19 CFR 101.9 - Test programs or procedures; alternate requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... requirements. (a) General testing. For purposes of conducting a test program or procedure designed to evaluate... test and the basis for selecting participants; and, (2) Post publication requirement. Within a... 19 Customs Duties 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Test programs or procedures; alternate...

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 599 - Engine Disablement Procedures for the CARS Program

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Engine Disablement Procedures for the CARS Program B Appendix B to Part 599 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued...—Engine Disablement Procedures for the CARS Program ER29JY09.006 ...

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 599 - Engine Disablement Procedures for the CARS Program

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Engine Disablement Procedures for the CARS Program B Appendix B to Part 599 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued...—Engine Disablement Procedures for the CARS Program ER29JY09.006 ...

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 599 - Engine Disablement Procedures for the CARS Program

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Engine Disablement Procedures for the CARS Program B Appendix B to Part 599 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued...—Engine Disablement Procedures for the CARS Program ER29JY09.006 ...

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 599 - Engine Disablement Procedures for the CARS Program

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Engine Disablement Procedures for the CARS Program B Appendix B to Part 599 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued...—Engine Disablement Procedures for the CARS Program ER29JY09.006 ...

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 599 - Engine Disablement Procedures for the CARS Program

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Engine Disablement Procedures for the CARS Program B Appendix B to Part 599 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued...—Engine Disablement Procedures for the CARS Program ER29JY09.006 ...

10 CFR 26.403 - Written policy and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Written policy and procedures. 26.403 Section 26.403 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS FFD Program for Construction § 26.403 Written policy and procedures. (a) Licensees and other entities who implement an FFD program under this...

10 CFR 26.403 - Written policy and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Written policy and procedures. 26.403 Section 26.403 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS FFD Program for Construction § 26.403 Written policy and procedures. (a) Licensees and other entities who implement an FFD program under this...

10 CFR 26.403 - Written policy and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Written policy and procedures. 26.403 Section 26.403 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS FFD Program for Construction § 26.403 Written policy and procedures. (a) Licensees and other entities who implement an FFD program under this...

23 CFR 1200.26 - Non-compliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... TRANSPORTATION PROCEDURES FOR STATE HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAMS UNIFORM PROCEDURES FOR STATE HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAMS Implementation and Management of the Highway Safety Program § 1200.26 Non-compliance. Where a State is found to... special conditions for high-risk grantees and the enforcement procedures of 49 CFR part 18, or the...

10 CFR 26.403 - Written policy and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Written policy and procedures. 26.403 Section 26.403 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS FFD Program for Construction § 26.403 Written policy and procedures. (a) Licensees and other entities who implement an FFD program under this...

10 CFR 26.403 - Written policy and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Written policy and procedures. 26.403 Section 26.403 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FITNESS FOR DUTY PROGRAMS FFD Program for Construction § 26.403 Written policy and procedures. (a) Licensees and other entities who implement an FFD program under this...

Student Services Program Planning and Evaluation: Responsibility, Procedures, Instrument, and Guidelines.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Repp, Charles A.; Brach, Ronald C.

The manual provides a rationale, procedural guidelines, time-schedules, instruments, and supporting documentation for student services program evaluation at SUNY Agricultural and Technical College, Delhi. Six procedural guidelines include: (1) all programs and services should be evaluated at least once every four years, with provision for annual…

Computer program for the computation of total sediment discharge by the modified Einstein procedure

USGS Publications Warehouse

Stevens, H.H.

1985-01-01

Two versions of a computer program to compute total sediment discharge by the modified Einstein procedure are presented. The FORTRAN 77 language version is for use on the PRIME computer, and the BASIC language version is for use on most microcomputers. The program contains built-in limitations and input-output options that closely follow the original modified Einstein procedure. Program documentation and listings of both versions of the program are included. (USGS)

Temporal changes in Quaternary paleoenvironment and ostracode fauna in the eastern Indian Sea off Western Australia (IODP, Exp. 356, site U1461)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Iwatani, H.; Yasuhara, M.; Angue Minto'O, C. M.; Bassetti, M. A.; Expedition 356 Scientists, I.

2016-12-01

The International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 356 drilled on seven sites off Western Australia to reveal the history of the Indonesian throughflow, the effects of the Australian monsoon, and the subsidence of the northwest shelf of Australia. To achieve these objectives, we investigated paleoenvironmental evolutions in this region during the Quaternary period using high-resolution statistical analyses of the fossil Ostracoda (Crustacea) as an effective environmental indicator. For the investigation, we used a sediment core obtained from an area off Western Australia in the eastern Indian Sea (site: U1461; water depth: 128 m; latitude: 20°, 12.85' S; longitude: 115°, 03.94' E). The upper part of the core mainly comprises alternating beds of darker-colored packstone/wackestone and light-colored wackestone/mudstone. The light-colored wackestone/mudstone beds often contain fecal pellets and well-preserved molluscan fossils. We investigated fossil ostracode faunal composition and species diversity changes during the deposition of the study site. Many well-preserved ostracodes were recorded in the studied cores. Many of collected species are extant taxa that inhabit the upper sublittoral regions as reported from around the recent Indian Ocean off northwestern Australia. Ostracode assemblages, abundance, and diversity drastically changed during the deposition, and they are concordant with sedimentary facies. Here we will discuss the relationships between these paleo-communities changes and paleoenvironmental conditions.

40 CFR 97.504 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... subpart: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine... paragraph (a)(1) of this section, is not a TR NOX Ozone Season unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to... date on which it both combusts fossil fuel and serves such generator. (b) Any unit in a State (and...

40 CFR 98.273 - Calculating GHG emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... fossil fuels and combustion of biomass in spent liquor solids. (1) Calculate fossil fuel-based CO2 emissions from direct measurement of fossil fuels consumed and default emissions factors according to the Tier 1 methodology for stationary combustion sources in § 98.33(a)(1). (2) Calculate fossil fuel-based...

40 CFR 97.504 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... subpart: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine... paragraph (a)(1) of this section, is not a TR NOX Ozone Season unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to... date on which it both combusts fossil fuel and serves such generator. (b) Any unit in a State (and...

40 CFR 97.204 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine serving... unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a generator with nameplate capacity of more than 25 MWe... this section on the first date on which it both combusts fossil fuel and serves such generator. (b) The...

40 CFR 98.273 - Calculating GHG emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... fossil fuels and combustion of biomass in spent liquor solids. (1) Calculate fossil fuel-based CO2 emissions from direct measurement of fossil fuels consumed and default emissions factors according to the...) may be used to calculate fossil fuel-based CO2 emissions if the respective monitoring and QA/QC...

40 CFR 97.204 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine serving... unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a generator with nameplate capacity of more than 25 MWe... this section on the first date on which it both combusts fossil fuel and serves such generator. (b) The...

40 CFR 98.273 - Calculating GHG emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... fossil fuels and combustion of biomass in spent liquor solids. (1) Calculate fossil fuel-based CO2 emissions from direct measurement of fossil fuels consumed and default emissions factors according to the...) may be used to calculate fossil fuel-based CO2 emissions if the respective monitoring and QA/QC...

40 CFR 97.104 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine serving... unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a generator with nameplate capacity of more than 25 MWe... this section on the first date on which it both combusts fossil fuel and serves such generator. (b) The...

40 CFR 97.104 - Applicability

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine serving... unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a generator with nameplate capacity of more than 25 MWe... this section on the first date on which it both combusts fossil fuel and serves such generator. (b) The...

40 CFR 97.404 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... subpart: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine... paragraph (a)(1) of this section, is not a TR NOX Annual unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a... both combusts fossil fuel and serves such generator. (b) Any unit in a State (and Indian country within...

40 CFR 97.204 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine serving... unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a generator with nameplate capacity of more than 25 MWe... this section on the first date on which it both combusts fossil fuel and serves such generator. (b) The...

40 CFR 97.104 - Applicability

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine serving... unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a generator with nameplate capacity of more than 25 MWe... this section on the first date on which it both combusts fossil fuel and serves such generator. (b) The...

40 CFR 97.204 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine serving... unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a generator with nameplate capacity of more than 25 MWe... this section on the first date on which it both combusts fossil fuel and serves such generator. (b) The...

40 CFR 97.204 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine serving... unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a generator with nameplate capacity of more than 25 MWe... this section on the first date on which it both combusts fossil fuel and serves such generator. (b) The...

40 CFR 97.404 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... subpart: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine... paragraph (a)(1) of this section, is not a TR NOX Annual unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a... both combusts fossil fuel and serves such generator. (b) Any unit in a State (and Indian country within...

40 CFR 97.104 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine serving... unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a generator with nameplate capacity of more than 25 MWe... this section on the first date on which it both combusts fossil fuel and serves such generator. (b) The...

40 CFR 98.273 - Calculating GHG emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... fossil fuels and combustion of biomass in spent liquor solids. (1) Calculate fossil fuel-based CO2 emissions from direct measurement of fossil fuels consumed and default emissions factors according to the...) may be used to calculate fossil fuel-based CO2 emissions if the respective monitoring and QA/QC...

40 CFR 97.404 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... subpart: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine... paragraph (a)(1) of this section, is not a TR NOX Annual unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a... both combusts fossil fuel and serves such generator. (b) Any unit in a State (and Indian country within...

40 CFR 97.504 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... subpart: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine... paragraph (a)(1) of this section, is not a TR NOX Ozone Season unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to... date on which it both combusts fossil fuel and serves such generator. (b) Any unit in a State (and...

40 CFR 97.104 - Applicability

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine serving... unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a generator with nameplate capacity of more than 25 MWe... this section on the first date on which it both combusts fossil fuel and serves such generator. (b) The...

40 CFR 98.273 - Calculating GHG emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... fossil fuels and combustion of biomass in spent liquor solids. (1) Calculate fossil fuel-based CO2 emissions from direct measurement of fossil fuels consumed and default emissions factors according to the...) may be used to calculate fossil fuel-based CO2 emissions if the respective monitoring and QA/QC...

40 CFR 96.202 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... products), and landscape or right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel..., fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1) Having equipment used... that any portion of a ton of excess emissions shall be treated as one ton of excess emissions. Fossil...

40 CFR 96.202 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... products), and landscape or right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel..., fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1) Having equipment used... that any portion of a ton of excess emissions shall be treated as one ton of excess emissions. Fossil...

40 CFR 96.202 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... products), and landscape or right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel..., fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1) Having equipment used... that any portion of a ton of excess emissions shall be treated as one ton of excess emissions. Fossil...

40 CFR 96.202 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... products), and landscape or right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel..., fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1) Having equipment used... that any portion of a ton of excess emissions shall be treated as one ton of excess emissions. Fossil...

40 CFR 96.202 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... products), and landscape or right-of-way tree trimmings. Boiler means an enclosed fossil- or other-fuel..., fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine: (1) Having equipment used... that any portion of a ton of excess emissions shall be treated as one ton of excess emissions. Fossil...

Developments and challenges in biodiesel production from microalgae: A review.

PubMed

Taparia, Tanvi; Mvss, Manjari; Mehrotra, Rajesh; Shukla, Paritosh; Mehrotra, Sandhya

2016-09-01

The imminent depletion of fossil fuels and the surging global demand for renewable energy have led to the search for nonconventional energy sources. After a few decades of trial and error, the world is now testing the sources of the third generation of fossil fuels, which contain for most parts microalgae. With more than 80% oil content, being adaptable in growth parameters and highly versatile, microalgae are highly promising sources of biofuels in the present time. The present article makes a sweeping attempt to highlight the various methods employed for cultivation of microalgae, techniques to harvest and extract biomass from huge algal cultures, as well as their downstream production and processing procedures. The advantages, limitations, and challenges faced by each of them have been described to some extent. Major concerns pertaining to biofuels are supposed to be their environmental sustainability and economic viability along with their cost effectiveness. This would require a great deal of empirical data on existing systems and a great deal of optimization to generate a more robust one. We have concluded our article with a SWOT analysis of using algae for biodiesel production in a tabulated form. © 2015 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

Investigation of the Geochemical Preservation of ca. 3.0 Ga Permineralized and Encapsulated Microfossils by Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Delarue, Frédéric; Robert, François; Sugitani, Kenichiro; Tartèse, Romain; Duhamel, Rémi; Derenne, Sylvie

2017-12-01

Observations of Archean organic-walled microfossils suggest that their fossilization took place through both encapsulation and permineralization. In this study, we investigated microfossils from the ca. 3.0 Ga Farrel Quartzite (Pilbara, Western Australia) using transmitted light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman microspectrometry, and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) ion microprobe analyses. In contrast to previous studies, we demonstrated that permineralized microfossils were not characterized by the micrometric spatial relationships between Si and C-N as observed in thin sections. Permineralized microfossils are composed of carbonaceous globules that did not survive the acid treatment, whereas encapsulated microfossils were characterized due to their resistance to the acid maceration procedure. We also investigated the microscale relationship between the 12C14N- and 12C2- ion emission as a proxy of the N/C atomic ratio in both permineralized and encapsulated microfossils. After considering any potential matrix and microtopography effects, we demonstrate that the encapsulated microfossils exhibit the highest level of geochemical preservation. This finding shows that the chemical heterogeneity of the microfossils, observed at a spatial resolution of a few hundreds of micrometers, can be related to fossilization processes.

The GB/3D Type Fossils Online Web Portal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McCormick, T.; Howe, M. P.

2013-12-01

Fossils are the remains of once-living organisms that existed and played out their lives in 3-dimensional environments. The information content provided by a 3d representation of a fossil is much greater than that provided by a traditional photograph, and can grab the attention and imagination of the younger and older general public alike. The British Geological Survey has been leading a consortium of UK natural history museums including the Oxford University Museum of Natural History, the Sedgwick Museum Cambridge, the National Museum of Wales Cardiff, and a number of smaller regional British museums to construct a web portal giving access to metadata, high resolution images and interactive 3d models of type fossils from the UK. The web portal at www.3d-fossils.ac.uk was officially launched in August 2013. It can be used to discover metadata describing the provenance, taxonomy, and stratigraphy of the specimens. Zoom-able high resolution digital photographs are available, including for many specimens ';anaglyph' stereo images that can be viewed in 3d using red-cyan stereo spectacles. For many of the specimens interactive 3d models were generated by scanning with portable ';NextEngine 3D HD' 3d scanners. These models can be downloaded in zipped .OBJ and .PLY format from the web portal, or may be viewed and manipulated directly in certain web browsers. The images and scans may be freely downloaded subject to a Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike Non-Commercial license. There is a simple application programming interface (API) allowing metadata to be downloaded, with links to the images and models, in a standardised format for use in data mash-ups and third party applications. The web portal also hosts ';open educational resources' explaining the process of fossilization and the importance of type specimens in taxonomy, as well as providing introductions to the most important fossil groups. We have experimented with using a 3d printer to create replicas of the fossils which can be used in education and public outreach. The audience for the web portal includes both professional paleontologists and the general public. The professional paleontologist can use the portal to discover the whereabouts of the type material for a taxon they are studying, and can use the pictures and 3d models to assess the completeness and preservation quality of the material. This may reduce or negate the need to send specimens (which are often fragile and always irreplaceable) to researchers through the post, or for researchers to make possibly long, expensive and environmentally damaging journeys to visit far-off collections. We hope that the pictures and 3d models will help to stimulate public interest in paleontology and natural history. The ability to digitally image and scan specimens in 3d enables institutions to have an archive record in case specimens are lost or destroyed by accident or warfare. Recent events in Cairo and Baghdad remind us that museum collections are vulnerable to civil and military strife.

Procedural volume and structure of interventional pulmonary fellowships: a survey of fellows and fellowship program directors.

PubMed

Yarmus, Lonny; Feller-Kopman, David; Imad, Melhem; Kim, Stephanie; Lee, Hans J

2013-09-01

Current interventional pulmonary (IP) procedural guidelines for competency are based on expert opinion. There are few objective data to support competency metrics for IP procedures. This survey reports procedural volume during IP fellowships to help define new standards in training and curriculum development. A web-based survey was developed to evaluate IP training procedural volume. The survey was administered to all US and Canadian IP fellowship directors and graduates in training from 2006 to 2011. The survey inquired about all diagnostic and therapeutic procedures performed during the specialized year of IP training. Questions regarding the training program structure were collected and analyzed. There was a 92.5% fellow response rate (37 of 40) and 77% fellowship director response rate (10 of 13) from programs in existence at the time of the survey. Procedural volume was consistent between fellowship directors and graduates (P = .64). Although there was a wide range of procedural volume and types of procedures between different programs, the procedural mean volumes were all significantly higher than the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) and American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) guideline recommendations (P < .005). US and Canadian IP fellowships produce fellows with variable procedural volumes; however, these are significantly higher than ACCP and ATS/ERS guidelines for most programs and procedures. With a uniform training curriculum being adopted by the majority of IP fellowship programs in the United States and Canada, as well as data showing improved core knowledge in IP fellows undergoing a dedicated year of additional training, further metrics examining the impact of advanced IP training on patient outcomes are needed.

Flow-accelerated corrosion in power plants. Revision 1

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chexal, B.; Horowitz, J.; Dooley, B.

1998-07-01

Flow-Accelerated Corrosion (FAC) is a phenomenon that results in metal loss from piping, vessels, and equipment made of carbon steel. FAC occurs only under certain conditions of flow, chemistry, geometry, and material. Unfortunately, those conditions are common in much of the high-energy piping in nuclear and fossil-fueled power plants. Undetected, FAC will cause leaks and ruptures. Consequently, FAC has become a major issue, particularly for nuclear plants. Although major failures are rare, the consequences can be severe. In 1986, four men in the area of an FAC-induced pipe rupture were killed. Fossil plants too, are subject to FAC. In 1995,more » a failure at a fossil-fired plant caused two fatalities. In addition to concerns about personnel safety, FAC failures can pose challenges to plant safety. Regulatory agencies have therefore required nuclear utilities to institute formal programs to address FAC. Finally, a major FAC failure (like the one that happened in 1997 at a US nuclear power plant) can force a plant to shutdown and purchase replacement power at a price approaching a million dollars per day depending upon the MWe rating of the plant. A great deal of time and money has been spent to develop the technology to predict, detect, and mitigate FAC in order to prevent catastrophic failures. Over time, substantial progress has been made towards understanding and preventing FAC. The results of these efforts include dozens of papers, reports, calculations, and manuals, as well as computer programs and other tools. This book is written to provide a detailed treatment of the entire subject in a single document. Any complex issue requires balancing know-how, the risk of decision making, and a pragmatic engineering solution. This book addresses these by carrying out the necessary R and D and engineering along with plant knowledge to cover all quadrants of Chexal`s four quadrant known-unknown diagram, as seen in Figure i.« less

FUEL-FLEXIBLE GASIFICATION-COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCTION OF H2 AND SEQUESTRATION-READY CO2

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

George Rizeq; Janice West; Arnaldo Frydman

It is expected that in the 21st century the Nation will continue to rely on fossil fuels for electricity, transportation, and chemicals. It will be necessary to improve both the process efficiency and environmental impact performance of fossil fuel utilization. GE Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (GE EER) has developed an innovative fuel-flexible Unmixed Fuel Processor (UFP) technology to produce H{sub 2}, power, and sequestration-ready CO{sub 2} from coal and other solid fuels. The UFP module offers the potential for reduced cost, increased process efficiency relative to conventional gasification and combustion systems, and near-zero pollutant emissions including NO{sub x}. GEmore » EER (prime contractor) was awarded a Vision 21 program from U.S. DOE NETL to develop the UFP technology. Work on this Phase I program started on October 1, 2000. The project team includes GE EER, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIU-C), California Energy Commission (CEC), and T. R. Miles, Technical Consultants, Inc. In the UFP technology, coal/opportunity fuels and air are simultaneously converted into separate streams of (1) pure hydrogen that can be utilized in fuel cells, (2) sequestration-ready CO{sub 2}, and (3) high temperature/pressure oxygen-depleted air to produce electricity in a gas turbine. The process produces near-zero emissions and, based on process modeling work, has an estimated process efficiency of 68%, based on electrical and H{sub 2} energy outputs relative to the higher heating value of coal, and an estimated equivalent electrical efficiency of 60%. The Phase I R&D program will determine the operating conditions that maximize separation of CO{sub 2} and pollutants from the vent gas, while simultaneously maximizing coal conversion efficiency and hydrogen production. The program integrates lab-, bench- and pilot-scale studies to demonstrate the UFP technology. This is the tenth quarterly technical progress report for the Vision 21 UFP program supported by U.S. DOE NETL (Contract No. DE-FC26-00FT40974). This report summarizes program accomplishments for the period starting January 1, 2003 and ending March 31, 2003. The report includes an introduction summarizing the UFP technology, main program tasks, and program objectives; it also provides a summary of program activities and accomplishments covering progress in tasks including lab-scale experimental testing, pilot-scale assembly, and program management.« less

FUEL-FLEXIBLE GASIFICATION-COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCTION OF H2 AND SEQUESTRATION-READY CO2

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

George Rizeq; Janice West; Arnaldo Frydman

It is expected that in the 21st century the Nation will continue to rely on fossil fuels for electricity, transportation, and chemicals. It will be necessary to improve both the thermodynamic efficiency and environmental impact performance of fossil fuel utilization. GE Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (GE EER) has developed an innovative fuel-flexible Advanced Gasification-Combustion (AGC) concept to produce H{sub 2} and sequestration-ready CO{sub 2} from solid fuels. The AGC module offers potential for reduced cost and increased energy efficiency relative to conventional gasification and combustion systems. GE EER was awarded a Vision 21 program from U.S. DOE NETL tomore » develop the AGC technology. Work on this three-year program started on October 1, 2000. The project team includes GE EER, California Energy Commission, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, and T. R. Miles, Technical Consultants, Inc. In the AGC technology, coal/opportunity fuels and air are simultaneously converted into separate streams of (1) pure hydrogen that can be utilized in fuel cells, (2) sequestration-ready CO{sub 2}, and (3) high temperature/pressure oxygen-depleted air to produce electricity in a gas turbine. The process produces near-zero emissions and, based on preliminary modeling work, has an estimated process efficiency of approximately 67% based on electrical and H{sub 2} energy outputs relative to the higher heating value of coal. The three-year R&D program will determine the operating conditions that maximize separation of CO{sub 2} and pollutants from the vent gas, while simultaneously maximizing coal conversion efficiency and hydrogen production. The program integrates lab-, bench- and pilot-scale studies to demonstrate the AGC concept. This is the second annual technical progress report for the Vision 21 AGC program supported by U.S. DOE NETL (Contract No. DE-FC26-00FT40974). This report summarizes program accomplishments for the period starting October 1, 2001 and ending September 30, 2002. The report includes an introduction summarizing the AGC concept, main program tasks, and program objectives; it also provides a summary of program activities and accomplishments covering progress in tasks including lab- and bench-scale experimental testing, pilot-scale design and assembly, and program management.« less

FUEL-FLEXIBLE GASIFICATION-COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCTION OF H2 AND SEQUESTRATION-READY CO2

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

George Rizeq; Janice West; Arnaldo Frydman

It is expected that in the 21st century the Nation will continue to rely on fossil fuels for electricity, transportation, and chemicals. It will be necessary to improve both the process efficiency and environmental impact performance of fossil fuel utilization. GE Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (GE EER) has developed an innovative fuel-flexible Unmixed Fuel Processor (UFP) technology to produce H{sub 2}, power, and sequestration-ready CO{sub 2} from coal and other solid fuels. The UFP module offers the potential for reduced cost, increased process efficiency relative to conventional gasification and combustion systems, and near-zero pollutant emissions including NO{sub x}. GEmore » EER was awarded a Vision 21 program from U.S. DOE NETL to develop the UFP technology. Work on this Phase I program started on October 1, 2000. The project team includes GE EER, California Energy Commission, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, and T. R. Miles, Technical Consultants, Inc. In the UFP technology, coal/opportunity fuels and air are simultaneously converted into separate streams of (1) pure hydrogen that can be utilized in fuel cells, (2) sequestration-ready CO{sub 2}, and (3) high temperature/pressure oxygen-depleted air to produce electricity in a gas turbine. The process produces near-zero emissions and, based on process modeling work, has an estimated process efficiency of 68%, based on electrical and H{sub 2} energy outputs relative to the higher heating value of coal, and an estimated equivalent electrical efficiency of 60%. The Phase I R&D program will determine the operating conditions that maximize separation of CO{sub 2} and pollutants from the vent gas, while simultaneously maximizing coal conversion efficiency and hydrogen production. The program integrates lab-, bench- and pilot-scale studies to demonstrate the UFP technology. This is the ninth quarterly technical progress report for the Vision 21 UFP program supported by U.S. DOE NETL (Contract No. DE-FC26-00FT40974). This report summarizes program accomplishments for the period starting October 1, 2002 and ending December 31, 2002. The report includes an introduction summarizing the UFP technology, main program tasks, and program objectives; it also provides a summary of program activities and accomplishments covering progress in tasks including lab- and bench-scale experimental testing, pilot-scale design and assembly, and program management.« less

FUEL-FLEXIBLE GASIFICATION-COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCTION OF H2 AND SEQUESTRATION-READY CO2

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

George Rizeq; Janice West; Arnaldo Frydman

It is expected that in the 21st century the Nation will continue to rely on fossil fuels for electricity, transportation, and chemicals. It will be necessary to improve both the process efficiency and environmental impact performance of fossil fuel utilization. GE Global Research (GEGR) has developed an innovative fuel-flexible Unmixed Fuel Processor (UFP) technology to produce H{sub 2}, power, and sequestration-ready CO{sub 2} from coal and other solid fuels. The UFP module offers the potential for reduced cost, increased process efficiency relative to conventional gasification and combustion systems, and near-zero pollutant emissions including NO{sub x}. GEGR (prime contractor) was awardedmore » a Vision 21 program from U.S. DOE NETL to develop the UFP technology. Work on this Phase I program started on October 1, 2000. The project team includes GEGR, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIU-C), California Energy Commission (CEC), and T. R. Miles, Technical Consultants, Inc. In the UFP technology, coal/opportunity fuels and air are simultaneously converted into separate streams of (1) pure hydrogen that can be utilized in fuel cells, (2) sequestration-ready CO{sub 2}, and (3) high temperature/pressure oxygen-depleted air to produce electricity in a gas turbine. The process produces near-zero emissions and, based on process modeling with best-case scenario assumptions, has an estimated process efficiency of 68%, based on electrical and H{sub 2} energy outputs relative to the higher heating value of coal, and an estimated equivalent electrical efficiency of 60%. The Phase I R&D program will determine the operating conditions that maximize separation of CO{sub 2} and pollutants from the vent gas, while simultaneously maximizing coal conversion efficiency and hydrogen production. The program integrates lab-, bench- and pilot-scale studies to demonstrate the UFP technology. This is the eleventh quarterly technical progress report for the Vision 21 UFP program supported by U.S. DOE NETL (Contract No. DE-FC26-00FT40974). This report summarizes program accomplishments for the period starting April 1, 2003 and ending June 30, 2003. The report includes an introduction summarizing the UFP technology, main program tasks, and program objectives; it also provides a summary of program activities and accomplishments covering progress in tasks including lab-scale experimental testing, pilot-scale assembly, and program management.« less

C-Language Integrated Production System, Version 5.1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Riley, Gary; Donnell, Brian; Ly, Huyen-Anh VU; Culbert, Chris; Savely, Robert T.; Mccoy, Daniel J.; Giarratano, Joseph

1992-01-01

CLIPS 5.1 provides cohesive software tool for handling wide variety of knowledge with support for three different programming paradigms: rule-based, object-oriented, and procedural. Rule-based programming provides representation of knowledge by use of heuristics. Object-oriented programming enables modeling of complex systems as modular components. Procedural programming enables CLIPS to represent knowledge in ways similar to those allowed in such languages as C, Pascal, Ada, and LISP. Working with CLIPS 5.1, one can develop expert-system software by use of rule-based programming only, object-oriented programming only, procedural programming only, or combinations of the three.

Retention and application of Skylab experiences to future programs. [a postflight review of technical programs.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gillespie, V. G.; Kelly, R. O.

1974-01-01

The problems encountered and special techniques and procedures developed on the Skylab program are described along with the experiences and practical benefits obtained for dissemination and use on future programs. Three major topics are discussed: electrical problems, mechanical problems, and special techniques. Special techniques and procedures are identified that were either developed or refined during the Skylab program. These techniques and procedures came from all manufacturing and test phases of the Skylab program and include both flight and GSE items from component level to sophisticated spaceflight systems.

A program-management plan with critical-path definition for Combustion Augmentation with Thermionic Energy Conversion (CATEC)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Morris, J. F.; Merrill, O. S.; Reddy, H. K.

1981-01-01

Thermionic energy conversion (TEC) is discussed. In recent TEC-topping analyses, overall plant efficiency (OPE) and cost of electricity (COE) improved slightly with current capabilities and substantially with fully matured technologies. Enhanced credibility derives from proven hot-corrosion protection for TEC by silicon-carbide clads in fossil fuel combustion products. Combustion augmentation with TEC (CATEC) affords minimal cost and plant perturbation, but with smaller OPE and COE improvements than more conventional topping applications. Risk minimization as well as comparative simplicity and convenience, favor CATEC for early market penetration. A program-management plan is proposed. Inputs, characteristics, outputs and capabilities are discussed.

A program-management plan with critical-path definition for Combustion Augmentation with Thermionic Energy Conversion (CATEC)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morris, J. F.; Merrill, O. S.; Reddy, H. K.

Thermionic energy conversion (TEC) is discussed. In recent TEC-topping analyses, overall plant efficiency (OPE) and cost of electricity (COE) improved slightly with current capabilities and substantially with fully matured technologies. Enhanced credibility derives from proven hot-corrosion protection for TEC by silicon-carbide clads in fossil fuel combustion products. Combustion augmentation with TEC (CATEC) affords minimal cost and plant perturbation, but with smaller OPE and COE improvements than more conventional topping applications. Risk minimization as well as comparative simplicity and convenience, favor CATEC for early market penetration. A program-management plan is proposed. Inputs, characteristics, outputs and capabilities are discussed.

Trace fossils of microbial colonization on Mars: Criteria for search and for sample return

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Friedmann, E. I.

1988-01-01

The recent discovery of microbial trace-fossil formation in the frigid Ross Desert of Antarctica suggests that early primitive life on Mars may have left behind similar signatures. These trace fossils are apparent as chemical or physical changes in rock (or sediment) structure (or chemistry) caused by the activity of organisms. Life on Mars, if it ever existed, almost certainly did not evolve above the level of microorganisms, and this should be considered in search for fossil life. For the reasons detailed here, microbial trace fossils seem to be a better and more realistic target for search than would be true microbial fossils (remnants of cellular structures).

A study of amber and copal samples using FT-Raman spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brody, Rachel H.; Edwards, Howell G. M.; Pollard, A. Mark

2001-05-01

FT-Raman spectra were collected from fossil resins originating from a variety of geographical locations. The spectral profiles of most of the fossil resins could be related to modern resins containing diterpenoid components with predominantly labdane skeletons. The spectra collected from the fossil resin sample from Borneo differed from other fossil resins and was found to contain triterpenoid components. The differences in the spectral profile of fossil resins containing diterpenoid components are shown to relate to differences in level of maturation rather than geographical origin. FT-Raman spectra of fossil resins cannot be used to distinguish source although the degree of maturation can be used as an indicator to narrow the range of possible geographical origins.

Cerium Anomalies in Fossil Fish Teeth Reveal Changes in Bottom Water Oxygenation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chun, C. O.; Scher, H. D.; Delaney, M. L.

2007-12-01

Shale-normalized rare earths and yttrium (REY) concentrations of fossil fish teeth in deep sea sediments display prominent negative cerium (Ce) anomalies and positive yttrium (Y) anomalies. These features are ultimately inherited from seawater and strongly indicate that fossil fish teeth preserve a seawater REY signature. In seawater, Ce+3 is oxidized to Ce+4, and Ce becomes depleted relative to the other REY's as it partitions into other phases (e.g., ferromanganese oxyhydroxides). The magnitude of Ce depletion in a water mass is thus related to its oxygen content. We hypothesize that changes in the oxygenation of bottom waters may be revealed by examining downcore variability in the magnitude of the Ce anomaly of fossil fish teeth. To test this hypothesis, REY concentrations were measured on samples of cleaned fossil fish teeth recovered from the late Paleogene to early Eocene sections of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Sites 1262 and 1263 (lower and upper Walvis Ridge, ODP Leg 208, South Atlantic Ocean). These sites are vertically offset (early Eocene paleodepths were 3700 and 1700 meters, respectively) and have been extensively studied to characterize the oceanic response to the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). Manganese enrichment factors (Mn EF) determined from total digestions of samples from these sites reveal abrupt changes in the oxygenation of bottom waters across the PETM interval. Mn EF's decrease to crustal values (~1) during the PETM, which reflects the reduction of Mn oxides as bottom water oxygen levels were depleted. Mn EF's begin to increase to 6-8 during the 'recovery phase' following the PETM. The Ce anomaly for these samples, Ce/Ce*, was calculated according to the geometric approach reported by Lawrence et al. (2006, Aquatic Geochemistry 12, 39-72), where Ce* represents an interpolation of the expected shale-normalized Ce concentration from near neighbors. In this notation, when Ce/Ce* = 1 no Ce anomaly is present. At upper Walvis Ridge downcore Ce anomalies show a distinct excursion from pre-PETM values between 0.7-0.8 to values ~1.0 during the PETM event. The values return to pre-excursion levels during the recovery phase following the PETM. The results of this study closely follow the evolution of Mn EF's at Walvis Ridge sites. The smallest Ce anomalies (i.e., Ce/Ce* = 1) coincide with Mn EF's of 1, which provide independent evidence for low oxygen levels in the bottom waters bathing these locations. These results confirm the hypothesis that Ce anomalies in fossil fish teeth can be used to assess changes in the oxygenation of bottom waters.

New Ediacara fossils preserved in marine limestone and their ecological implications

PubMed Central

Chen, Zhe; Zhou, Chuanming; Xiao, Shuhai; Wang, Wei; Guan, Chengguo; Hua, Hong; Yuan, Xunlai

2014-01-01

Ediacara fossils are central to our understanding of animal evolution on the eve of the Cambrian explosion, because some of them likely represent stem-group marine animals. However, some of the iconic Ediacara fossils have also been interpreted as terrestrial lichens or microbial colonies. Our ability to test these hypotheses is limited by a taphonomic bias that most Ediacara fossils are preserved in sandstones and siltstones. Here we report several iconic Ediacara fossils and an annulated tubular fossil (reconstructed as an erect epibenthic organism with uniserial arranged modular units), from marine limestone of the 551–541 Ma Dengying Formation in South China. These fossils significantly expand the ecological ranges of several key Ediacara taxa and support that they are marine organisms rather than terrestrial lichens or microbial colonies. Their close association with abundant bilaterian burrows also indicates that they could tolerate and may have survived moderate levels of bioturbation. PMID:24566959

New Ediacara fossils preserved in marine limestone and their ecological implications.

PubMed

Chen, Zhe; Zhou, Chuanming; Xiao, Shuhai; Wang, Wei; Guan, Chengguo; Hua, Hong; Yuan, Xunlai

2014-02-25

Ediacara fossils are central to our understanding of animal evolution on the eve of the Cambrian explosion, because some of them likely represent stem-group marine animals. However, some of the iconic Ediacara fossils have also been interpreted as terrestrial lichens or microbial colonies. Our ability to test these hypotheses is limited by a taphonomic bias that most Ediacara fossils are preserved in sandstones and siltstones. Here we report several iconic Ediacara fossils and an annulated tubular fossil (reconstructed as an erect epibenthic organism with uniserial arranged modular units), from marine limestone of the 551-541 Ma Dengying Formation in South China. These fossils significantly expand the ecological ranges of several key Ediacara taxa and support that they are marine organisms rather than terrestrial lichens or microbial colonies. Their close association with abundant bilaterian burrows also indicates that they could tolerate and may have survived moderate levels of bioturbation.

Caught in the act: the first record of copulating fossil vertebrates.

PubMed

Joyce, Walter G; Micklich, Norbert; Schaal, Stephan F K; Scheyer, Torsten M

2012-10-23

The behaviour of fossil organisms can typically be inferred only indirectly, but rare fossil finds can provide surprising insights. Here, we report from the Eocene Messel Pit Fossil Site between Darmstadt and Frankfurt, Germany numerous pairs of the fossil carettochelyid turtle Allaeochelys crassesculpta that represent for the first time among fossil vertebrates couples that perished during copulation. Females of this taxon can be distinguished from males by their relatively shorter tails and development of plastral kinesis. The preservation of mating pairs has important taphonomic implications for the Messel Pit Fossil Site, as it is unlikely that the turtles would mate in poisonous surface waters. Instead, the turtles initiated copulation in habitable surface waters, but perished when their skin absorbed poisons while sinking into toxic layers. The mating pairs from Messel are therefore more consistent with a stratified, volcanic maar lake with inhabitable surface waters and a deadly abyss.

40 CFR 96.104 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... through HH of this part: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired... section, is not a CAIR NOX unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a generator with nameplate... provided in paragraph (a)(1) of this section on the first date on which it both combusts fossil fuel and...

40 CFR 97.604 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... subpart: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine... paragraph (a)(1) of this section, is not a TR SO2 Group 1 unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a... both combusts fossil fuel and serves such generator. (b) Any unit in a State (and Indian country within...

40 CFR 96.104 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... through HH of this part: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired... section, is not a CAIR NOX unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a generator with nameplate... provided in paragraph (a)(1) of this section on the first date on which it both combusts fossil fuel and...

40 CFR 96.204 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... through HHH of this part: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired... section, is not a CAIR SO2 unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a generator with nameplate... provided in paragraph (a)(1) of this section on the first date on which it both combusts fossil fuel and...

7 CFR 4288.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

..., Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (the 2008 Farm Bill) (Pub. L. 110-246), to replace the use of fossil fuels... percentage reduction in fossil fuel used by the biorefinery (including the quantity of fossil fuels a... reduction in fossil fuel used by the biorefinery that will result from the installation of the renewable...

40 CFR 97.604 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... subpart: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine... paragraph (a)(1) of this section, is not a TR SO2 Group 1 unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a... both combusts fossil fuel and serves such generator. (b) Any unit in a State (and Indian country within...

40 CFR 96.104 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... through HH of this part: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired... section, is not a CAIR NOX unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a generator with nameplate... provided in paragraph (a)(1) of this section on the first date on which it both combusts fossil fuel and...

40 CFR 60.42 - Standard for particulate matter (PM).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Fossil-Fuel-Fired Steam Generators § 60.42 Standard for particulate matter (PM). (a) Except as provided... fossil fuel or fossil fuel and wood residue. (2) Exhibit greater than 20 percent opacity except for one... owner or operator of an affected facility that combusts only gaseous or liquid fossil fuel (excluding...

78 FR 44103 - Announcement of Public Meetings To Receive Comments on Draft Solicitation for Advanced Fossil...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-23

... Advanced Fossil Energy Projects AGENCY: U.S. Department of Energy. ACTION: Notice of public meetings to... a potential future solicitation announcement for Federal Loan Guarantees for Advanced Fossil Energy... Guarantees for Advanced Fossil Energy Projects are invited to attend any of the meetings listed in DATES. To...

40 CFR 96.204 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... through HHH of this part: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired... section, is not a CAIR SO2 unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a generator with nameplate... provided in paragraph (a)(1) of this section on the first date on which it both combusts fossil fuel and...

40 CFR 60.42 - Standard for particulate matter (PM).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Fossil-Fuel-Fired Steam Generators § 60.42 Standard for particulate matter (PM). (a) Except as provided... fossil fuel or fossil fuel and wood residue. (2) Exhibit greater than 20 percent opacity except for one... owner or operator of an affected facility that combusts only gaseous or liquid fossil fuel (excluding...

40 CFR 97.604 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... subpart: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine... paragraph (a)(1) of this section, is not a TR SO2 Group 1 unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a... both combusts fossil fuel and serves such generator. (b) Any unit in a State (and Indian country within...

40 CFR 96.204 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... through HHH of this part: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired... section, is not a CAIR SO2 unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a generator with nameplate... provided in paragraph (a)(1) of this section on the first date on which it both combusts fossil fuel and...

40 CFR 96.104 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... through HH of this part: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired... section, is not a CAIR NOX unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a generator with nameplate... provided in paragraph (a)(1) of this section on the first date on which it both combusts fossil fuel and...

40 CFR 97.704 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... subpart: Any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine... paragraph (a)(1) of this section, is not a TR SO2 Group 2 unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a... both combusts fossil fuel and serves such generator. (b) Any unit in a State (and Indian country within...

7 CFR 4288.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

..., Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (the 2008 Farm Bill) (Pub. L. 110-246), to replace the use of fossil fuels... percentage reduction in fossil fuel used by the biorefinery (including the quantity of fossil fuels a... reduction in fossil fuel used by the biorefinery that will result from the installation of the renewable...

40 CFR 96.204 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... through HHH of this part: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired... section, is not a CAIR SO2 unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a generator with nameplate... provided in paragraph (a)(1) of this section on the first date on which it both combusts fossil fuel and...

40 CFR 96.104 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... through HH of this part: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired... section, is not a CAIR NOX unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a generator with nameplate... provided in paragraph (a)(1) of this section on the first date on which it both combusts fossil fuel and...

7 CFR 4288.1 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

..., Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (the 2008 Farm Bill) (Pub. L. 110-246), to replace the use of fossil fuels... percentage reduction in fossil fuel used by the biorefinery (including the quantity of fossil fuels a... reduction in fossil fuel used by the biorefinery that will result from the installation of the renewable...

40 CFR 97.704 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... subpart: Any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine... paragraph (a)(1) of this section, is not a TR SO2 Group 2 unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a... both combusts fossil fuel and serves such generator. (b) Any unit in a State (and Indian country within...

40 CFR 60.42 - Standard for particulate matter (PM).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Fossil-Fuel-Fired Steam Generators § 60.42 Standard for particulate matter (PM). (a) Except as provided... fossil fuel or fossil fuel and wood residue. (2) Exhibit greater than 20 percent opacity except for one... owner or operator of an affected facility that combusts only gaseous or liquid fossil fuel (excluding...

40 CFR 96.204 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... through HHH of this part: any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired... section, is not a CAIR SO2 unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a generator with nameplate... provided in paragraph (a)(1) of this section on the first date on which it both combusts fossil fuel and...

40 CFR 97.704 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... subpart: Any stationary, fossil-fuel-fired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuel-fired combustion turbine... paragraph (a)(1) of this section, is not a TR SO2 Group 2 unit begins to combust fossil fuel or to serve a... both combusts fossil fuel and serves such generator. (b) Any unit in a State (and Indian country within...

Building Fossils in the Elementary School and Writing about Them Using Computers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schlenker, Richard M.; Yoshida, Sarah

This material describes a fossil-building activity using sea shells, chicken bones, and plaster for grade one through three students. Related process skills, vocabulary, computer principles, time requirements, and materials are listed. Two methods of building the fossils are discussed. After building the fossils, classes may be divided into pairs…

75 FR 63404 - Fossil Fuel-Generated Energy Consumption Reduction for New Federal Buildings and Major...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-15

... [Docket No. EERE-2010-BT-STD-0031] RIN 1904-AB96 Fossil Fuel-Generated Energy Consumption Reduction for... of fossil fuel-generated energy consumption in new Federal buildings and Federal buildings undergoing... full fossil fuel-generated energy consumption reduction level is technically impracticable in light of...

77 FR 10732 - Cameron LNG, LLC; Application for Long-Term Authorization To Export Domestically Produced...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-23

... Years AGENCY: Office of Fossil Energy, DOE. ACTION: Notice of application. SUMMARY: The Office of Fossil..., Office of Fossil Energy, P.O. Box 44375, Washington, DC 20026-4375. Hand Delivery or Private Delivery... Activities, Office of Fossil Energy, Forrestal Building, Room 3E-042, 1000 Independence Avenue SW...

76 FR 47518 - Energy Conservation Program: Treatment of “Smart” Appliances in Energy Conservation Standards and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-05

... Conservation Program: Treatment of ``Smart'' Appliances in Energy Conservation Standards and Test Procedures... well as in test procedures used to demonstrate compliance with DOE's standards and qualification as an... development of energy conservation standards and test procedures for DOE's Appliance Standards Program and the...

Handbook of Procedural Guidelines for Implementation of Special Education Curriculum: Critical Skills/Community-Based and Special Education Curriculum Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Riverside County Office of Education, CA. Div. of Special Schools and Services.

The special education procedural handbook and the special education curriculum guide provide guidelines for teachers and other school personnel. The procedural handbook covers the following areas: individual education program process (IEP) and program placement, individual education program team, administrative placements, parent interviews,…

Federico Cesi and his field studies on the origin of fossils between 1610 and 1630.

PubMed

Scott, A C

2001-09-01

In 1603 Federico Cesi, along with four of his friends, founded the first Scientific Academy in Europe, the Accademia dei Lincei, which included Galileo Galillei as a member. Between 1611 and 1630 Cesi undertook an ambitious project to collect and record fossils from his lands around Acquasparta in Umbria. He had drawings and descriptions made of all the excavated fossils, fossil woods and their sites of origin. He died before his work could be published and it was left to his friend Francesco Stelluti to publish a monograph in which he claimed that evidence demonstrated that the fossil woods were formed from stone and were 'not once living'. The corpus of drawings, now in the Royal Collection at Windsor, has allowed the project to be reconstructed and fieldwork in Italy has shown that the complex nature of the fossil preservation could have easily confused the researchers and have led to misinterpretation of the fossils. This research by Cesi is the first to combine field and specimen data to interpret the origin of fossils and has been widely neglected by historians of Science.