Sample records for random endowment process

  1. Mine is better than yours: Investigating the ownership effect in children with autism spectrum disorder and typically developing children.

    PubMed

    Hartley, Calum; Fisher, Sophie

    2018-03-01

    Ownership has a unique and privileged influence on human psychology. Typically developing (TD) children judge their objects to be more desirable and valuable than similar objects belonging to others. This 'ownership effect' is due to processing one's property in relation to 'the self'. Here we explore whether children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) - a population with impaired self-understanding - prefer and over-value property due to ownership. In Experiment 1, we discovered that children with ASD did not favour a randomly endowed toy and frequently traded for a different object. By contrast, TD children showed a clear preference for their randomly endowed toy and traded infrequently. Both populations also demonstrated highly-accurate tracking of owner-object relationships. Experiment 2 showed that both TD children and children with ASD over-value their toys if they are self-selected and different from other-owned toys. Unlike TD children, children with ASD did not over-value their toys in comparison to non-owned identical copies. This finding was replicated in Experiment 3, which also established that mere ownership elicited over-valuation of randomly endowed property in TD children. However, children with ASD did not consistently regard their randomly endowed toys as the most valuable, and evaluated property irrespective of ownership. Our findings show that mere ownership increases preferences and valuations for self-owned property in TD children, but not children with ASD. We propose that deficits in self-understanding may diminish ownership effects in ASD, eliciting a more economically-rational strategy that prioritises material qualities (e.g. what a toy is) rather than whom it belongs to. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  2. Aspects of Endowment: A Query Theory of Value Construction

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Johnson, Eric J.; Haubl, Gerald; Keinan, Anat

    2007-01-01

    How do people judge the monetary value of objects? One clue is provided by the typical endowment study (D. Kahneman, J. L. Knetsch, & R. H. Thaler, 1991), in which participants are randomly given either a good, such as a coffee mug, that they may later sell ("sellers") or a choice between the good and amounts of cash ("choosers"). Sellers…

  3. Mere exposure and the endowment effect on consumer decision making.

    PubMed

    Tom, Gail; Nelson, Carolyn; Srzentic, Tamara; King, Ryan

    2007-03-01

    Previous researchers (e.g., J. A. Bargh, 1992, 2002) demonstrated the importance of nonconscious processes on consumer choice behavior. Using an advertisement, the authors determined the effect of two nonconscious processes--the mere exposure effect, which increases object preference by increasing consumer exposure to an object, and the endowment effect, which increases object valuation by providing consumer possession of an object--on consumer behavior. Although the mere exposure effect and endowment effect did not produce an interaction, they produced independent effects. The endowment effect increased object valuation but not object preference. The mere exposure effect increased object preference but not object valuation. Thus, at the unconscious level, an increase in object preference does not lead to an increase in object valuation, nor does an increase in object valuation lead to an increase in object preference. The authors discuss the importance of developing measures of unconscious process in advertising effectiveness.

  4. Results of a massive experiment on virtual currency endowments and money demand.

    PubMed

    Živić, Nenad; Andjelković, Igor; Özden, Tolga; Dekić, Milovan; Castronova, Edward

    2017-01-01

    We use a 575,000-subject, 28-day experiment to investigate monetary policy in a virtual setting. The experiment tests the effect of virtual currency endowments on player retention and virtual currency demand. An increase in endowments of a virtual currency should lower the demand for the currency in the short run. However, in the long run, we would expect money demand to rise in response to inflation in the virtual world. We test for this behavior in a virtual field experiment in the football management game Top11. 575,000 players were selected at random and allocated to different "shards" or versions of the world. The shards differed only in terms of the initial money endowment offered to new players. Money demand was observed for 28 days as players used real money to purchase additional virtual currency. The results indicate that player money purchases were significantly higher in the shards where higher endowments were given. This suggests that a positive change in the money supply in a virtual context leads to inflation and increased money demand, and does so much more quickly than in real-world economies. Differences between virtual and real currency behavior will become more interesting as virtual currency becomes a bigger part of the real economy.

  5. Results of a massive experiment on virtual currency endowments and money demand

    PubMed Central

    Živić, Nenad; Andjelković, Igor; Özden, Tolga; Dekić, Milovan

    2017-01-01

    We use a 575,000-subject, 28-day experiment to investigate monetary policy in a virtual setting. The experiment tests the effect of virtual currency endowments on player retention and virtual currency demand. An increase in endowments of a virtual currency should lower the demand for the currency in the short run. However, in the long run, we would expect money demand to rise in response to inflation in the virtual world. We test for this behavior in a virtual field experiment in the football management game Top11. 575,000 players were selected at random and allocated to different “shards” or versions of the world. The shards differed only in terms of the initial money endowment offered to new players. Money demand was observed for 28 days as players used real money to purchase additional virtual currency. The results indicate that player money purchases were significantly higher in the shards where higher endowments were given. This suggests that a positive change in the money supply in a virtual context leads to inflation and increased money demand, and does so much more quickly than in real-world economies. Differences between virtual and real currency behavior will become more interesting as virtual currency becomes a bigger part of the real economy. PMID:29045494

  6. Constructing Preference from Experience: The Endowment Effect Reflected in External Information Search

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Pachur, Thorsten; Scheibehenne, Benjamin

    2012-01-01

    People often attach a higher value to an object when they own it (i.e., as seller) compared with when they do not own it (i.e., as buyer)--a phenomenon known as the "endowment effect". According to recent cognitive process accounts of the endowment effect, the effect is due to differences between sellers and buyers in information search.…

  7. Limits on relief through constrained exchange on random graphs

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    LaViolette, Randall A.; Ellebracht, Lory A.; Gieseler, Charles J.

    2007-09-01

    Agents are represented by nodes on a random graph (e.g., “small world”). Each agent is endowed with a zero-mean random value that may be either positive or negative. All agents attempt to find relief, i.e., to reduce the magnitude of that initial value, to zero if possible, through exchanges. The exchange occurs only between the agents that are linked, a constraint that turns out to dominate the results. The exchange process continues until Pareto equilibrium is achieved. Only 40-90% of the agents achieved relief on small-world graphs with mean degree between 2 and 40. Even fewer agents achieved relief on scale-free-like graphs with a truncated power-law degree distribution. The rate at which relief grew with increasing degree was slow, only at most logarithmic for all of the graphs considered; viewed in reverse, the fraction of nodes that achieve relief is resilient to the removal of links.

  8. Perfect Information vs Random Investigation: Safety Guidelines for a Consumer in the Jungle of Product Differentiation.

    PubMed

    Biondo, Alessio Emanuele; Giarlotta, Alfio; Pluchino, Alessandro; Rapisarda, Andrea

    2016-01-01

    We present a graph-theoretic model of consumer choice, where final decisions are shown to be influenced by information and knowledge, in the form of individual awareness, discriminating ability, and perception of market structure. Building upon the distance-based Hotelling's differentiation idea, we describe the behavioral experience of several prototypes of consumers, who walk a hypothetical cognitive path in an attempt to maximize their satisfaction. Our simulations show that even consumers endowed with a small amount of information and knowledge may reach a very high level of utility. On the other hand, complete ignorance negatively affects the whole consumption process. In addition, rather unexpectedly, a random walk on the graph reveals to be a winning strategy, below a minimal threshold of information and knowledge.

  9. Perfect Information vs Random Investigation: Safety Guidelines for a Consumer in the Jungle of Product Differentiation

    PubMed Central

    Biondo, Alessio Emanuele; Giarlotta, Alfio; Pluchino, Alessandro; Rapisarda, Andrea

    2016-01-01

    We present a graph-theoretic model of consumer choice, where final decisions are shown to be influenced by information and knowledge, in the form of individual awareness, discriminating ability, and perception of market structure. Building upon the distance-based Hotelling’s differentiation idea, we describe the behavioral experience of several prototypes of consumers, who walk a hypothetical cognitive path in an attempt to maximize their satisfaction. Our simulations show that even consumers endowed with a small amount of information and knowledge may reach a very high level of utility. On the other hand, complete ignorance negatively affects the whole consumption process. In addition, rather unexpectedly, a random walk on the graph reveals to be a winning strategy, below a minimal threshold of information and knowledge. PMID:26784700

  10. 1992 NACUBO Endowment Study.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    National Association of College and University Business Officers, Washington, DC.

    This report presents the results of a 1992 study of the performance and management of college and university endowments. Part I offers succinct information on the data collection process, provides definitions, and explains the formula used in the analysis. Part II presents the report's exhibits in two sections. The first section describes: (1)…

  11. Neural Mechanism for Stochastic Behavior During a Competitive Game

    PubMed Central

    Soltani, Alireza; Lee, Daeyeol; Wang, Xiao-Jing

    2006-01-01

    Previous studies have shown that non-human primates can generate highly stochastic choice behavior, especially when this is required during a competitive interaction with another agent. To understand the neural mechanism of such dynamic choice behavior, we propose a biologically plausible model of decision making endowed with synaptic plasticity that follows a reward-dependent stochastic Hebbian learning rule. This model constitutes a biophysical implementation of reinforcement learning, and it reproduces salient features of behavioral data from an experiment with monkeys playing a matching pennies game. Due to interaction with an opponent and learning dynamics, the model generates quasi-random behavior robustly in spite of intrinsic biases. Furthermore, non-random choice behavior can also emerge when the model plays against a non-interactive opponent, as observed in the monkey experiment. Finally, when combined with a meta-learning algorithm, our model accounts for the slow drift in the animal’s strategy based on a process of reward maximization. PMID:17015181

  12. NAIS/NACUBO Endowment Study for Independent Schools: 1991.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    National Association of College and University Business Officers, Washington, DC.

    This report presents the findings of a study of the performance and management of endowments of independent schools and of colleges and universities. A preliminary section offers information on the data collection process and describes several definitions and formula used in the analysis. Much of the report is taken up with exhibits and figures…

  13. A National Analysis of Endowed Chairs and Distinguished Professors in the Field of Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hartlep, Nicholas Daniel; Ball, Daisy; Theodosopoulos, Kendra; Wells, Kevin; Morgan, Grant B.

    2016-01-01

    Noting a gap in the literature, this study examines how race, gender, and prestige are related to endowed and distinguished faculty of education. Specifically, this study seeks to ascertain the makeup of higher education with regard to faculty diversity: what processes are at work that serve to recreate the "status quo" in terms of…

  14. Oxytocin Increases the Perceived Value of Both Self- and Other-Owned Items and Alters Medial Prefrontal Cortex Activity in an Endowment Task.

    PubMed

    Zhao, Weihua; Geng, Yayuan; Luo, Lizhu; Zhao, Zhiying; Ma, Xiaole; Xu, Lei; Yao, Shuxia; Kendrick, Keith M

    2017-01-01

    The neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) can influence self-processing and may help motivate us to value the attributes of others in a more self-like manner by reducing medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) responses. We do not know however whether this OXT effect extends to possessions. We tend to place a higher monetary value on specific objects that belong to us compared to others, known as the "endowment effect". In two double-blind, between-subject placebo (PLC) controlled experiments in subjects from a collectivist culture, we investigated the influence of intranasal OXT on the endowment effect, with the second study incorporating functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In the task, subjects decided whether to buy or sell their own or others' (mother/father/classmate/stranger) possessions at various prices. Both experiments demonstrated an endowment effect in the self-owned condition which extended to close others (mother/father) and OXT increased this for self and all other-owned items. This OXT effect was associated with reduced activity in the ventral mPFC (vmPFC) in the self-owned condition but increased in the mother-condition. For the classmate- and stranger-owned conditions OXT increased activity in the dorsal mPFC (dmPFC). Changes in vmPFC activation were associated with the size of the endowment effect for self- and mother-owned items. Functional connectivity between the dmPFC and ventral striatum (VStr) was reduced by OXT in self- and mother-owned conditions and between vmPFC and precuneus in the self-condition. Overall our results show that OXT enhances the endowment effect for both self- and other-owned items in Chinese subjects. This effect is associated with reduced mPFC activation in the self-condition but enhanced activation in all other-conditions and involves differential actions on both dorsal and ventral regions as well as functional connectivity with brain reward and other self-processing regions. Overall our findings suggest that OXT increases the perceived value of both self- and other-owned items by acting on neural circuitry involved in self-processing and reward.

  15. Oxytocin Increases the Perceived Value of Both Self- and Other-Owned Items and Alters Medial Prefrontal Cortex Activity in an Endowment Task

    PubMed Central

    Zhao, Weihua; Geng, Yayuan; Luo, Lizhu; Zhao, Zhiying; Ma, Xiaole; Xu, Lei; Yao, Shuxia; Kendrick, Keith M.

    2017-01-01

    The neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) can influence self-processing and may help motivate us to value the attributes of others in a more self-like manner by reducing medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) responses. We do not know however whether this OXT effect extends to possessions. We tend to place a higher monetary value on specific objects that belong to us compared to others, known as the “endowment effect”. In two double-blind, between-subject placebo (PLC) controlled experiments in subjects from a collectivist culture, we investigated the influence of intranasal OXT on the endowment effect, with the second study incorporating functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In the task, subjects decided whether to buy or sell their own or others’ (mother/father/classmate/stranger) possessions at various prices. Both experiments demonstrated an endowment effect in the self-owned condition which extended to close others (mother/father) and OXT increased this for self and all other-owned items. This OXT effect was associated with reduced activity in the ventral mPFC (vmPFC) in the self-owned condition but increased in the mother-condition. For the classmate- and stranger-owned conditions OXT increased activity in the dorsal mPFC (dmPFC). Changes in vmPFC activation were associated with the size of the endowment effect for self- and mother-owned items. Functional connectivity between the dmPFC and ventral striatum (VStr) was reduced by OXT in self- and mother-owned conditions and between vmPFC and precuneus in the self-condition. Overall our results show that OXT enhances the endowment effect for both self- and other-owned items in Chinese subjects. This effect is associated with reduced mPFC activation in the self-condition but enhanced activation in all other-conditions and involves differential actions on both dorsal and ventral regions as well as functional connectivity with brain reward and other self-processing regions. Overall our findings suggest that OXT increases the perceived value of both self- and other-owned items by acting on neural circuitry involved in self-processing and reward. PMID:28588469

  16. Gaussian random bridges and a geometric model for information equilibrium

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mengütürk, Levent Ali

    2018-03-01

    The paper introduces a class of conditioned stochastic processes that we call Gaussian random bridges (GRBs) and proves some of their properties. Due to the anticipative representation of any GRB as the sum of a random variable and a Gaussian (T , 0) -bridge, GRBs can model noisy information processes in partially observed systems. In this spirit, we propose an asset pricing model with respect to what we call information equilibrium in a market with multiple sources of information. The idea is to work on a topological manifold endowed with a metric that enables us to systematically determine an equilibrium point of a stochastic system that can be represented by multiple points on that manifold at each fixed time. In doing so, we formulate GRB-based information diversity over a Riemannian manifold and show that it is pinned to zero over the boundary determined by Dirac measures. We then define an influence factor that controls the dominance of an information source in determining the best estimate of a signal in the L2-sense. When there are two sources, this allows us to construct information equilibrium as a functional of a geodesic-valued stochastic process, which is driven by an equilibrium convergence rate representing the signal-to-noise ratio. This leads us to derive price dynamics under what can be considered as an equilibrium probability measure. We also provide a semimartingale representation of Markovian GRBs associated with Gaussian martingales and a non-anticipative representation of fractional Brownian random bridges that can incorporate degrees of information coupling in a given system via the Hurst exponent.

  17. The impact of locus of control and priming on the endowment effect.

    PubMed

    Sun, Ya-Chung

    2011-10-01

    This paper demonstrates the effects of different priming conditions on the endowment effect with respect to seller and buyer roles for individuals with different loci of control. Individuals with an external locus of control process information less rationally, and they are more susceptible to external influences. In addition, the literature reports that when individuals are making a purchasing decision, they tend to perceive the value of the product as being higher because of its utility aspect because decision makers search for reasons and arguments to justify their choices (Shafir 1993; Tversky & Griffin, 1991). Therefore, this study investigates the effects of different priming conditions (utilitarian priming vs. hedonic priming) on the endowment effect according to each type of locus of control (internal vs. external). The results showed that the endowment effect was larger when externals were exposed to utilitarian priming as opposed to hedonic priming. Finally, the implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed. © 2011 The Author. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology © 2011 The Scandinavian Psychological Associations.

  18. Philanthropic endowments in general internal medicine.

    PubMed

    Murden, R A; Lamb, J F

    1999-04-01

    We performed two surveys to uncover the status of philanthropic endowments in general internal medicine divisions. The initial survey of U.S. medical school departments of medicine found that only 14.1% of general internal medicine divisions hold endowments versus 21.9% of all other divisions, and that endowment sources for general medicine are atypical. The second survey of successfully endowed divisions found that sympathetic administrators and active pursuit of endowments were associated with endowment success. Aggressive pursuit of endowments, publicizing successes of general medicine, and consideration of endowment sources noted in this study are recommended to improve philanthropic contributions to general internal medicine.

  19. Philanthropic Endowments in General Internal Medicine

    PubMed Central

    Murden, Robert A; Lamb, James F

    1999-01-01

    We performed two surveys to uncover the status of philanthropic endowments in general internal medicine divisions. The initial survey of U.S. medical school departments of medicine found that only 14.1% of general internal medicine divisions hold endowments versus 21.9% of all other divisions, and that endowment sources for general medicine are atypical. The second survey of successfully endowed divisions found that sympathetic administrators and active pursuit of endowments were associated with endowment success. Aggressive pursuit of endowments, publicizing successes of general medicine, and consideration of endowment sources noted in this study are recommended to improve philanthropic contributions to general internal medicine. PMID:10203639

  20. Endowment Spending: Building a Stronger Policy Framework

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sedlacek, Verne O.; Jarvis, William F.

    2010-01-01

    A large and growing body of work exists on the subject of endowment investing, but the equally important topic of endowment spending is treated less often. While the degree to which endowed institutions depend on their endowment for budgetary support varies widely, the market crisis of 2008-09 demonstrated that failure by the endowment to provide…

  1. Agent-based simulation of a financial market

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Raberto, Marco; Cincotti, Silvano; Focardi, Sergio M.; Marchesi, Michele

    2001-10-01

    This paper introduces an agent-based artificial financial market in which heterogeneous agents trade one single asset through a realistic trading mechanism for price formation. Agents are initially endowed with a finite amount of cash and a given finite portfolio of assets. There is no money-creation process; the total available cash is conserved in time. In each period, agents make random buy and sell decisions that are constrained by available resources, subject to clustering, and dependent on the volatility of previous periods. The model proposed herein is able to reproduce the leptokurtic shape of the probability density of log price returns and the clustering of volatility. Implemented using extreme programming and object-oriented technology, the simulator is a flexible computational experimental facility that can find applications in both academic and industrial research projects.

  2. The limits of endowment effects in great apes (Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, Pongo pygmaeus).

    PubMed

    Kanngiesser, Patricia; Santos, Laurie R; Hood, Bruce M; Call, Josep

    2011-11-01

    The endowment effect describes the bias that people often value things that they possess more than things they do not possess. Thus, they are often reluctant to trade items in their possession for items of equivalent value. Some nonhuman primates appear to share this bias with humans, but it remains an open question whether they show endowment effects to the same extent as humans do. We investigated endowment effects in all four great ape species (Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, Pongo pygmaeus) by varying whether apes were endowed with food items (Experiment 1, N = 22) or tools that were instrumental in retrieving food (Experiment 2, N = 23). We first assessed apes' preferences for items of a pair and their willingness to trade items in their possession. We then endowed apes with one item of a pair and offered them to trade for the other item. Apes showed endowment effects for food, but not for tools. In Experiment 3, we endowed bonobos (N = 4) and orangutans (N = 5) with either one or 12 food items. Endowment effects did not differ between species and were not influenced by the number of endowed food items. Our findings suggest that endowment effects in great apes are restricted to immediate food gratification and remain unaffected by the quantity of food rewards. However, endowment effects do not seem to extend to other, nonconsumable possessions even when they are instrumental in retrieving food. In general, apes do not show endowment effects across a range of different commodities as humans typically do.

  3. Why I Lost My Secretary: The Effect of Endowment Shocks on University Operations. NBER Working Paper No. 15861

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Brown, Jeffrey; Dimmock, Stephen G.; Kang, Jun-Koo; Weisbenner, Scott

    2010-01-01

    Over the past two decades, endowments have become an increasingly important component of the typical university's resource base. We examine how U.S. doctoral institutions' endowment payout policies and spending decisions are affected by financial market shocks to endowments. While most endowments have formal payout policies intended to smooth…

  4. Modifying Endowment Spending Rules: Is it the Cure for Overspending?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kaufman, Roger T.; Woglom, Geoffrey

    2005-01-01

    In this article we analyze the dynamics of endowment spending and real endowment values using rules that tie endowment spending to inflation. Numerical examples demonstrate that under a pure inflation rule, spending rates tend to drift away over time from the appropriate rate, leading to either rising or falling real endowment values. Under a…

  5. 34 CFR 628.31 - What selection criteria does the Secretary use in evaluating an application for an endowment...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... value to the applicant's existing endowment and quasi-endowment funds over the applicant's four fiscal... funds, the Secretary— (i) Subtracts from an amount equal to the market value of the applicant's... section an amount equal to the market value of the applicant's endowment and quasi-endowment funds at the...

  6. College and University Endowments--Or, Singing the Inflation Blues. AAHE-ERIC/Higher Education Research Currents, February 1980.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Shulman, Carol Herrnstadt

    The role of endowments in academic finances of higher education is examined. Two effects of the decline of endowment funding, their failure to keep pace with inflation and loss of income for innovative programs, are cited. The historical role of endowments in institutional finances is reviewed. Present concepts of endowment management are…

  7. Random scalar fields and hyperuniformity

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ma, Zheng; Torquato, Salvatore

    2017-06-01

    Disordered many-particle hyperuniform systems are exotic amorphous states of matter that lie between crystals and liquids. Hyperuniform systems have attracted recent attention because they are endowed with novel transport and optical properties. Recently, the hyperuniformity concept has been generalized to characterize two-phase media, scalar fields, and random vector fields. In this paper, we devise methods to explicitly construct hyperuniform scalar fields. Specifically, we analyze spatial patterns generated from Gaussian random fields, which have been used to model the microwave background radiation and heterogeneous materials, the Cahn-Hilliard equation for spinodal decomposition, and Swift-Hohenberg equations that have been used to model emergent pattern formation, including Rayleigh-Bénard convection. We show that the Gaussian random scalar fields can be constructed to be hyperuniform. We also numerically study the time evolution of spinodal decomposition patterns and demonstrate that they are hyperuniform in the scaling regime. Moreover, we find that labyrinth-like patterns generated by the Swift-Hohenberg equation are effectively hyperuniform. We show that thresholding (level-cutting) a hyperuniform Gaussian random field to produce a two-phase random medium tends to destroy the hyperuniformity of the progenitor scalar field. We then propose guidelines to achieve effectively hyperuniform two-phase media derived from thresholded non-Gaussian fields. Our investigation paves the way for new research directions to characterize the large-structure spatial patterns that arise in physics, chemistry, biology, and ecology. Moreover, our theoretical results are expected to guide experimentalists to synthesize new classes of hyperuniform materials with novel physical properties via coarsening processes and using state-of-the-art techniques, such as stereolithography and 3D printing.

  8. Ryu-Takayanagi formula for symmetric random tensor networks

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chirco, Goffredo; Oriti, Daniele; Zhang, Mingyi

    2018-06-01

    We consider the special case of random tensor networks (RTNs) endowed with gauge symmetry constraints on each tensor. We compute the Rényi entropy for such states and recover the Ryu-Takayanagi (RT) formula in the large-bond regime. The result provides first of all an interesting new extension of the existing derivations of the RT formula for RTNs. Moreover, this extension of the RTN formalism brings it in direct relation with (tensorial) group field theories (and spin networks), and thus provides new tools for realizing the tensor network/geometry duality in the context of background-independent quantum gravity, and for importing quantum gravity tools into tensor network research.

  9. Does Active Management Benefit Endowment Returns? An Analysis of the NACUBO-Commonfund Study of Endowments (NCSE) Data

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Belmont, David; Odisharia, Irakli

    2014-01-01

    We conduct a longitudinal analysis of the NACUBO-Commonfund Study of Endowments (NCSE) results from 2006-2013 to evaluate if active management is related to higher endowment returns in U.S. equities over time. We also analyze the data to evaluate the endowment characteristics that are related to higher levels of performance over time. We find that…

  10. 34 CFR 628.45 - How much endowment fund income may a grantee use and for what purposes?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... as stockbroker commissions and fees to “load” mutual funds; (3) May not use endowment fund income for... 34 Education 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false How much endowment fund income may a grantee use and... endowment fund income may a grantee use and for what purposes? (a) During the endowment challenge grant...

  11. 34 CFR 628.45 - How much endowment fund income may a grantee use and for what purposes?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... as stockbroker commissions and fees to “load” mutual funds; (3) May not use endowment fund income for... 34 Education 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false How much endowment fund income may a grantee use and... endowment fund income may a grantee use and for what purposes? (a) During the endowment challenge grant...

  12. Critical Endowment Policy Issues

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lapovsky, Lucie

    2007-01-01

    Governing boards and administrations wrestle with complex endowment policy decisions that will determine current institutional quality and future institutional viability. This chapter presents data from the 2006 NACUBO Endowment Study (published in 2007), divided into the following issues of endowment management: historical returns; endowment…

  13. Surviving Endowment Drought.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lyons, David

    2003-01-01

    Provides an overview of results of the 2002 National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO) Endowment Study, which provides data on public and independent colleges' endowment performance. For an unprecedented second consecutive year, endowments lost value (6 percent). Includes a table of institutions' endowment…

  14. The Role of Electrospinning in the Emerging Field of Nanomedicine

    PubMed Central

    Chew, SY; Wen, Y; Dzenis, Y; Leong, KW

    2008-01-01

    The fact that in vivo the extracellular matrix or substratum with which cells interact often includes topography at the nanoscale underscores the importance of investigating cell-substrate interactions and performing cell culture at the submicron scale. An important and exciting direction of research in nanomedicine would be to gain an understanding and exploit the cellular response to nanostructures. Electrospinning is a simple and versatile technique that can produce a macroporous scaffold comprising randomly oriented or aligned nanofibers. It can also accommodate the incorporation of drug delivery function into the fibrous scaffold. Endowed with both topographical and biochemical signals such electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds may provide an optimal microenvironment for the seeded cells. This review covers the analysis and control of the electrospinning process, and describes the types of electrospun fibers fabricated for biomedical applications such as drug delivery and tissue engineering. PMID:17168776

  15. Endowment Management. Financial Matters. Board Basics.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Spitz, William T.

    1997-01-01

    This booklet offers guidelines for college and university trustees for managing the institution's endowment funds as they seek to balance efforts to grow the endowment for the institution's future with the need to use these funds to supplement current budget needs. Critical policy issues are identified, such as: the endowment's purpose, maximizing…

  16. 76 FR 27092 - Public Availability of the National Endowment for the Humanities FY 2010 Service Contract Inventory

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-05-10

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES Public Availability of the National Endowment for the Humanities FY 2010 Service Contract Inventory AGENCY: National Endowment for the Humanities... National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is publishing this notice to advise the public of the...

  17. 78 FR 9071 - Public Availability of the National Endowment for the Humanities FY 2012 Service Contract Inventory

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-07

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND HUMANITIES Public Availability of the National Endowment for the Humanities FY 2012 Service Contract Inventory AGENCY: National Endowment for the Humanities... National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is publishing this notice to advise the public of the...

  18. Endowments Celebrate a Streak

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Van der Werf, Martin

    2007-01-01

    The return of college endowments from the depths of the market earlier this decade continued to gain momentum. Endowments returned an average of 10.7 percent in the 2006 fiscal year, up from the previous year's return of 9.3 percent. The largest endowments earned the best returns, allowing the wealthiest of colleges to put even more distance…

  19. College Endowment Funds: A Consideration of Applicable Accounting and Legal Principles.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Blackwell, Thomas E.; Johns, Ralph S.

    1970-01-01

    In 1968 the Ford Foundation appointed an Advisory Committee on Endowment Management to study the management of college and university endowment funds with an eye toward the accounting and legal principals of more unconventional investing. The Committee concluded that gains from endowments need not be treated as principal of NACUBO sees this…

  20. 34 CFR 628.31 - What selection criteria does the Secretary use in evaluating an application for an endowment...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... evaluating an application for an endowment challenge grant? 628.31 Section 628.31 Education Regulations of... OF EDUCATION ENDOWMENT CHALLENGE GRANT PROGRAM How Does the Secretary Award an Endowment Challenge...)(1)(i) through (iv) as they are defined in the Education Department Higher Education General...

  1. 34 CFR 628.31 - What selection criteria does the Secretary use in evaluating an application for an endowment...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... evaluating an application for an endowment challenge grant? 628.31 Section 628.31 Education Regulations of... OF EDUCATION ENDOWMENT CHALLENGE GRANT PROGRAM How Does the Secretary Award an Endowment Challenge...)(1)(i) through (iv) as they are defined in the Education Department Higher Education General...

  2. 34 CFR 628.31 - What selection criteria does the Secretary use in evaluating an application for an endowment...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... evaluating an application for an endowment challenge grant? 628.31 Section 628.31 Education Regulations of... OF EDUCATION ENDOWMENT CHALLENGE GRANT PROGRAM How Does the Secretary Award an Endowment Challenge...)(1)(i) through (iv) as they are defined in the Education Department Higher Education General...

  3. 34 CFR 628.31 - What selection criteria does the Secretary use in evaluating an application for an endowment...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... evaluating an application for an endowment challenge grant? 628.31 Section 628.31 Education Regulations of... OF EDUCATION ENDOWMENT CHALLENGE GRANT PROGRAM How Does the Secretary Award an Endowment Challenge...)(1)(i) through (iv) as they are defined in the Education Department Higher Education General...

  4. 45 CFR 1159.1 - What definitions apply to these regulations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRIVACY ACT... Endowment for the Arts; (e) Endowment system means a system of records maintained by the Endowment; (f..., medical history, and criminal or employment history; (k) Routine use means, with respect to the disclosure...

  5. 45 CFR 1159.1 - What definitions apply to these regulations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRIVACY ACT... Endowment for the Arts; (e) Endowment system means a system of records maintained by the Endowment; (f..., medical history, and criminal or employment history; (k) Routine use means, with respect to the disclosure...

  6. 45 CFR 1159.1 - What definitions apply to these regulations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRIVACY ACT... Endowment for the Arts; (e) Endowment system means a system of records maintained by the Endowment; (f..., medical history, and criminal or employment history; (k) Routine use means, with respect to the disclosure...

  7. 45 CFR 1159.1 - What definitions apply to these regulations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRIVACY ACT... Endowment for the Arts; (e) Endowment system means a system of records maintained by the Endowment; (f..., medical history, and criminal or employment history; (k) Routine use means, with respect to the disclosure...

  8. Quantifying networks complexity from information geometry viewpoint

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Felice, Domenico, E-mail: domenico.felice@unicam.it; Mancini, Stefano; INFN-Sezione di Perugia, Via A. Pascoli, I-06123 Perugia

    We consider a Gaussian statistical model whose parameter space is given by the variances of random variables. Underlying this model we identify networks by interpreting random variables as sitting on vertices and their correlations as weighted edges among vertices. We then associate to the parameter space a statistical manifold endowed with a Riemannian metric structure (that of Fisher-Rao). Going on, in analogy with the microcanonical definition of entropy in Statistical Mechanics, we introduce an entropic measure of networks complexity. We prove that it is invariant under networks isomorphism. Above all, considering networks as simplicial complexes, we evaluate this entropy onmore » simplexes and find that it monotonically increases with their dimension.« less

  9. A Visual Short-Term Memory Advantage for Objects of Expertise

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Curby, Kim M.; Glazek, Kuba; Gauthier, Isabel

    2009-01-01

    Visual short-term memory (VSTM) is limited, especially for complex objects. Its capacity, however, is greater for faces than for other objects; this advantage may stem from the holistic nature of face processing. If the holistic processing explains this advantage, object expertise--which also relies on holistic processing--should endow experts…

  10. Promotion

    PubMed Central

    Alam, Hasan B.

    2013-01-01

    This article gives an overview of the promotion process in an academic medical center. A description of different promotional tracks, tenure and endowed chairs, and the process of submitting an application is provided. Finally, some practical advice about developing skills and attributes that can help with academic growth and promotion is dispensed. PMID:24436683

  11. Debt, investment and endowment accumulation: the case of not-for-profit hospitals.

    PubMed

    Gentry, William M

    2002-09-01

    Not-for-profit hospitals benefit from special tax rules that allow state authorities to issue tax-exempt bonds on their behalf, which may affect their investment and financing choices. Hospitals may respond by increasing their investment in physical assets; however, they may also engage in tax arbitrage by using the tax-exempt debt while maintaining endowment assets. The paper combines data from tax (information) returns and the annual survey of hospitals by the American Hospital Association for 1993-1996. Overall, the results are consistent with substantial tax planning by not-for-profit hospitals. Of the US$ 55.9 billion in tax-exempt liabilities of hospitals in 1996, as much as US$ 32.6 billion could have been eliminated if hospitals spent their endowments instead of borrowing. Furthermore, controlling for hospital size (in terms of revenues and operating assets), endowment assets are associated with a higher ratio of tax-exempt (or total) debt to operating assets. In contrast, endowment assets are not related to taxable debt suggesting that the effects of the endowment on borrowing are motivated by tax incentives. Investment and endowment accumulation regressions suggest that increases in debt increase both physical investment and endowment accumulation but these effects are concentrated among cash-rich hospitals for which the effects on endowment accumulation effects are larger than the effects on physical investment.

  12. Secrets of the Academy: The Drivers of University Endowment Success. NBER Working Paper No. 14341

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lerner, Josh; Schoar, Antoinette; Wang, Jialan

    2008-01-01

    In recent years, university endowments have received much attention for their spectacular returns and innovative investment strategies, but few papers have examined trends in the endowment sector at large. In this paper, we analyze a sample of 1,300 educational endowments between 1992 and 2005. A striking phenomenon emerges of the "rich getting…

  13. 27 CFR 70.164 - Surrender of property subject to levy in the case of life insurance and endowment contracts.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... the case of life insurance and endowment contracts. (a) In general. This section provides special rules relating to the surrender of property subject to levy in the case of life insurance and endowment... subject to levy in the case of life insurance and endowment contracts. 70.164 Section 70.164 Alcohol...

  14. A new cellular automata model of traffic flow with negative exponential weighted look-ahead potential

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ma, Xiao; Zheng, Wei-Fan; Jiang, Bao-Shan; Zhang, Ji-Ye

    2016-10-01

    With the development of traffic systems, some issues such as traffic jams become more and more serious. Efficient traffic flow theory is needed to guide the overall controlling, organizing and management of traffic systems. On the basis of the cellular automata model and the traffic flow model with look-ahead potential, a new cellular automata traffic flow model with negative exponential weighted look-ahead potential is presented in this paper. By introducing the negative exponential weighting coefficient into the look-ahead potential and endowing the potential of vehicles closer to the driver with a greater coefficient, the modeling process is more suitable for the driver’s random decision-making process which is based on the traffic environment that the driver is facing. The fundamental diagrams for different weighting parameters are obtained by using numerical simulations which show that the negative exponential weighting coefficient has an obvious effect on high density traffic flux. The complex high density non-linear traffic behavior is also reproduced by numerical simulations. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11572264, 11172247, 11402214, and 61373009).

  15. Trading experience modulates anterior insula to reduce the endowment effect

    PubMed Central

    Tong, Lester C. P.; Ye, Karen J.; Asai, Kentaro; Ertac, Seda; List, John A.; Nusbaum, Howard C.; Hortaçsu, Ali

    2016-01-01

    People often demand a greater price when selling goods that they own than they would pay to purchase the same goods—a well-known economic bias called the endowment effect. The endowment effect has been found to be muted among experienced traders, but little is known about how trading experience reduces the endowment effect. We show that when selling, experienced traders exhibit lower right anterior insula activity, but no differences in nucleus accumbens or orbitofrontal activation, compared with inexperienced traders. Furthermore, insula activation mediates the effect of experience on the endowment effect. Similar results are obtained for inexperienced traders who are incentivized to gain trading experience. This finding indicates that frequent trading likely mitigates the endowment effect indirectly by modifying negative affective responses in the context of selling. PMID:27482098

  16. Trading experience modulates anterior insula to reduce the endowment effect.

    PubMed

    Tong, Lester C P; Ye, Karen J; Asai, Kentaro; Ertac, Seda; List, John A; Nusbaum, Howard C; Hortaçsu, Ali

    2016-08-16

    People often demand a greater price when selling goods that they own than they would pay to purchase the same goods-a well-known economic bias called the endowment effect. The endowment effect has been found to be muted among experienced traders, but little is known about how trading experience reduces the endowment effect. We show that when selling, experienced traders exhibit lower right anterior insula activity, but no differences in nucleus accumbens or orbitofrontal activation, compared with inexperienced traders. Furthermore, insula activation mediates the effect of experience on the endowment effect. Similar results are obtained for inexperienced traders who are incentivized to gain trading experience. This finding indicates that frequent trading likely mitigates the endowment effect indirectly by modifying negative affective responses in the context of selling.

  17. Computing algebraic transfer entropy and coupling directions via transcripts

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Amigó, José M.; Monetti, Roberto; Graff, Beata; Graff, Grzegorz

    2016-11-01

    Most random processes studied in nonlinear time series analysis take values on sets endowed with a group structure, e.g., the real and rational numbers, and the integers. This fact allows to associate with each pair of group elements a third element, called their transcript, which is defined as the product of the second element in the pair times the first one. The transfer entropy of two such processes is called algebraic transfer entropy. It measures the information transferred between two coupled processes whose values belong to a group. In this paper, we show that, subject to one constraint, the algebraic transfer entropy matches the (in general, conditional) mutual information of certain transcripts with one variable less. This property has interesting practical applications, especially to the analysis of short time series. We also derive weak conditions for the 3-dimensional algebraic transfer entropy to yield the same coupling direction as the corresponding mutual information of transcripts. A related issue concerns the use of mutual information of transcripts to determine coupling directions in cases where the conditions just mentioned are not fulfilled. We checked the latter possibility in the lowest dimensional case with numerical simulations and cardiovascular data, and obtained positive results.

  18. High-throughput SuperSAGE for gene expression analysis of Nicotiana tabacum - Rhizoctonia solani interaction

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Plants are under continuous threat of infection by pathogens endowed with diverse strategies to colonize their host. Knowledge of plant susceptibility factors and the molecular processes involved in the infection process are critical for understanding plant-pathogen interactions. We used SuperSAGE t...

  19. Funds for the Future. Report of the Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on College and University Endowment Policy.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Williamson, J. Peter

    The Task Force on College and University Endowment Policy examines endowment policy in a broad context. They feel that it is important to preserve private colleges and universities and develop a sense of mission about how best to pursue this objective. The Task Force reviews policy issues faced by managers of endowment funds for institutions of…

  20. PostSecondary Education: College and University Endowments Have Shown Long-Term Growth, While Size, Restrictions, and Distributions Vary. GAO-10-393

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    US Government Accountability Office, 2010

    2010-01-01

    The nation's 4-year not-for-profit colleges and universities collectively held more than $400 billion in endowments in 2008. Some institutions' large endowments coupled with the high and growing cost of college have led to questions about institutions' use of endowments. This mandated report describes: (1) the size and change in value of…

  1. 45 CFR 1150.30 - Which debts can the Endowment refer to the Treasury for collection by offsetting tax refunds?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF CLAIMS Tax Refund Offset § 1150.30 Which debts can the Endowment refer... enforceable debt referable to the Treasury for tax refund offset is a debt that is owed to the Endowment and... the Treasury regulations relating to the eligibility of a debt for tax return offset (31 CFR 285.2...

  2. 45 CFR 1150.1 - What definitions apply to the regulations in this part?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF CLAIMS General... United States. (k) Endowment means the National Endowment for the Arts. (l) Federal Claims Collection...

  3. Another Downer of a Year for College Endowments.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Pulley, John L.

    2003-01-01

    Discusses how most colleges lost money on their endowments again during the past fiscal year (an average of 6 percent), prompting business officers to rethink investment strategies. Includes a table listing over 650 colleges' endowment earnings. (EV)

  4. Self-conscious robotic system design process--from analysis to implementation.

    PubMed

    Chella, Antonio; Cossentino, Massimo; Seidita, Valeria

    2011-01-01

    Developing robotic systems endowed with self-conscious capabilities means realizing complex sub-systems needing ad-hoc software engineering techniques for their modelling, analysis and implementation. In this chapter the whole process (from analysis to implementation) to model the development of self-conscious robotic systems is presented and the new created design process, PASSIC, supporting each part of it, is fully illustrated.

  5. Interaction between Task Oriented and Affective Information Processing in Cognitive Robotics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Haazebroek, Pascal; van Dantzig, Saskia; Hommel, Bernhard

    There is an increasing interest in endowing robots with emotions. Robot control however is still often very task oriented. We present a cognitive architecture that allows the combination of and interaction between task representations and affective information processing. Our model is validated by comparing simulation results with empirical data from experimental psychology.

  6. Advancing Women's Health and Women's Leadership With Endowed Chairs in Women's Health.

    PubMed

    Carnes, Molly; Johnson, Paula; Klein, Wendy; Jenkins, Marjorie; Bairey Merz, C Noel

    2017-02-01

    Gender-based bias and conflation of gender and status are root causes of disparities in women's health care and the slow advancement of women to leadership in academic medicine. More than a quarter of women physicians train in internal medicine and its subspecialties, and women physicians almost exclusively constitute the women's health focus within internal medicine. Thus, internal medicine has considerable opportunity to develop women leaders in academic medicine and promote women's health equity.To probe whether holding an endowed chair-which confers status-in women's health may be an effective way to advance women leaders in academic medicine and women's health, the authors explored the current status of endowed chairs in women's health in internal medicine. They found that the number of these endowed chairs in North America increased from 7 in 2013 to 19 in 2015, and all were held by women. The perceptions of incumbents and other women's health leaders supported the premise that an endowed chair in women's health would increase women's leadership, the institutional stature of women's health, and activities in women's health research, education, and clinical care.Going forward, it will be important to explore why not all recipients perceived that the endowed chair enhanced their own academic leadership, whether providing women's health leaders with fundraising expertise fosters future success in increasing the number of women's health endowed chairs, and how the conflation of gender and status play out (e.g., salary differences between endowed chairs) as the number of endowed chairs in women's health increases.

  7. 45 CFR 1152.7 - How does the Chairman communicate with state and local officials concerning the Endowment's...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES...

  8. 45 CFR 1152.3 - What programs and activities of the Endowment are subject to these regulations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES § 1152.3 What programs and...

  9. 45 CFR 1152.3 - What programs and activities of the Endowment are subject to these regulations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES § 1152.3 What programs and...

  10. 45 CFR 1152.7 - How does the Chairman communicate with state and local officials concerning the Endowment's...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES...

  11. 45 CFR 1150.40 - Under what circumstances will the Endowment collect amounts that I owe to the Endowment (or some...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF CLAIMS Administrative Offset § 1150.40 Under what circumstances will...

  12. 45 CFR 1150.24 - Under what conditions will the Endowment make a refund of amounts collected by salary offset?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF CLAIMS Salary Offset § 1150.24 Under what conditions will the Endowment...

  13. 45 CFR 1150.15 - Will the Endowment use a cross-servicing agreement with the Treasury to collect its claims?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF CLAIMS General Provisions § 1150.15 Will the Endowment use a cross-servicing...

  14. 45 CFR 1150.15 - Will the Endowment use a cross-servicing agreement with the Treasury to collect its claims?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF CLAIMS General Provisions § 1150.15 Will the Endowment use a cross-servicing...

  15. 45 CFR 1150.40 - Under what circumstances will the Endowment collect amounts that I owe to the Endowment (or some...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF CLAIMS Administrative Offset § 1150.40 Under what circumstances will...

  16. 45 CFR 1150.24 - Under what conditions will the Endowment make a refund of amounts collected by salary offset?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF CLAIMS Salary Offset § 1150.24 Under what conditions will the Endowment...

  17. Indonesian Islamic institutions between the foundation and endowment laws: a critical legal analysis.

    PubMed

    Siregar, Ibrahim

    2016-01-01

    This research-based paper examined the Indonesian foundation and endowment laws in relation to educational and religious institutions which are managed under foundation legal structure. The institutions examined were: 1) The Pondok Pesantren al-Ansor Foundation in Padangsidimpuan City; 2) The Pesantren Dar al-Ma'arif Education Foundation in South Labuhanbatu Regency; and 3) ​The Masjid Agung Foundation in Medan City. Using legal sociology and critical legal analysis, data were collected through field research, document study, and in-depth interviews. The documents studied were laws, books, papers, and other related writings relevant to this research. Interviews were conducted with informants obtained from snowball sampling and key person methods. It was found that in terms of foundation wealth, these institutions can be categorized into three: (1) foundation with founder's wealth; (2) foundation with endowment wealth; and (3) foundation with both founder's and endowment wealth. Even though both foundation and endowment legal structures have the same aim of societal welfare, it was found that when they are merged into one legal structure, the foundation becomes more dominant, and there is a risk that the endowment asset's status become unclear. The asset may be sold or its status may be changed from endowment wealth to foundation wealth. This unclear status may also be caused by conflict of interests among the foundation members and people involved in the foundations. Even when the foundation status is clear, most if not all foundation members violate the rules stipulated by the Foundation Law. The lack of status clarity has caused these institutions to become objects of conflict. There is a need to position the status of these institutions accurately and it is recommended that the endowment legal structure is used for institutions with endowment wealth.

  18. Advancing Women’s Health and Women’s Leadership With Endowed Chairs in Women’s Health

    PubMed Central

    Carnes, Molly; Johnson, Paula; Klein, Wendy; Jenkins, Marjorie; Merz, C. Noel Bairey

    2017-01-01

    Gender-based bias and conflation of gender and status are root causes of disparities in women’s health care and the slow advancement of women to leadership in academic medicine. More than a quarter of women physicians train in internal medicine (IM) and its subspecialties, and women physicians almost exclusively constitute the women’s health focus within IM. Thus, IM has considerable opportunity to develop women leaders in academic medicine and promote women’s health equity. To probe whether holding an endowed chair—which confers status—in women’s health may be an effective way to advance both women leaders in academic medicine and women’s health, the authors explored the current status of endowed chairs in women’s health in IM. They found that the number of these endowed chairs in North America increased from 7 in 2013 to 19 in 2015, and all were held by women. The perceptions of incumbents and other women’s health leaders supported the premise that an endowed chair in women’s health would increase women’s leadership, the institutional stature of women’s health, and activities in women’s health research, education, and clinical care. Going forward, it will be important to explore why not all recipients perceived that the endowed chair enhanced their own academic leadership, whether providing women’s health leaders with fundraising expertise fosters future success in increasing the number of women’s health endowed chairs, and how the conflation of gender and status play out (e.g., salary differences between endowed chairs) as the number of endowed chairs in women’s health increases. PMID:27759706

  19. 45 CFR 1110.13 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Museum and Library Services, and each of their organizational units. (b) The term Endowment means the... Library Services. (c) The term Chairman means the Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts, the... Library Services. (d) The term responsible Endowment official with respect to any program receiving...

  20. 45 CFR 1177.8 - Administrative offset.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES CLAIMS COLLECTION § 1177.8 Administrative offset. (a) The... administrative offset, the National Endowment for the Humanities will send the debtor written notice of the... interest. (d) The National Endowment for the Humanities may effect an administrative offset against a...

  1. 5 CFR 6601.101 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Administrative Personnel NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES SUPPLEMENTAL STANDARDS OF ETHICAL CONDUCT FOR EMPLOYEES OF THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES § 6601.101 General. In accordance with 5 CFR part 2635.105, the regulations of this part apply to employees of the National Endowment for the Humanities...

  2. 45 CFR 1177.8 - Administrative offset.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES CLAIMS COLLECTION § 1177.8 Administrative offset. (a) The... administrative offset, the National Endowment for the Humanities will send the debtor written notice of the... interest. (d) The National Endowment for the Humanities may effect an administrative offset against a...

  3. 5 CFR 6601.101 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Administrative Personnel NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES SUPPLEMENTAL STANDARDS OF ETHICAL CONDUCT FOR EMPLOYEES OF THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES § 6601.101 General. In accordance with 5 CFR part 2635.105, the regulations of this part apply to employees of the National Endowment for the Humanities...

  4. Improving Endowment Management. AGB Special Report.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges, 1985

    1985-01-01

    Endowment practices at 23 institutions during 1978-1983 were studied to provide recommendations on endowment fund management for colleges and universities. Although most of the participating colleges were privately supported, two state-supported universities were included. Twelve of the institutions used a systematic approach to improving…

  5. 45 CFR 1177.3 - Other remedies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES CLAIMS COLLECTION § 1177.3 Other remedies. The remedies and sanctions available to the National Endowment for the Humanities under this part are not intended to be exclusive. The Chairperson of the National Endowment for the Humanities or his designee may impose other...

  6. 45 CFR 1177.12 - Compromise, suspension and termination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES CLAIMS COLLECTION § 1177.12 Compromise, suspension and termination. (a) The Chairperson of the National Endowment for the Humanities or... available to the public. (b) The Chairperson of the National Endowment for the Humanities may compromise...

  7. 45 CFR 1177.12 - Compromise, suspension and termination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES CLAIMS COLLECTION § 1177.12 Compromise, suspension and termination. (a) The Chairperson of the National Endowment for the Humanities or... available to the public. (b) The Chairperson of the National Endowment for the Humanities may compromise...

  8. 45 CFR 1170.55 - Endowment enforcement and compliance procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Endowment enforcement and compliance procedures. 1170.55 Section 1170.55 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE...

  9. 45 CFR 1170.55 - Endowment enforcement and compliance procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Endowment enforcement and compliance procedures. 1170.55 Section 1170.55 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE...

  10. 45 CFR 1177.3 - Other remedies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES CLAIMS COLLECTION § 1177.3 Other remedies. The remedies and sanctions available to the National Endowment for the Humanities under this part are not intended to be exclusive. The Chairperson of the National Endowment for the Humanities or his designee may impose other...

  11. Demystifying Endowments

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ehrenberg, Ronald G.

    2009-01-01

    Endowments of major universities such as Cornell have received much attention over the past few years. Last academic year, the U.S. Senate Finance Committee launched an investigation into the finances of universities with endowments that exceeded $500 million dollars and required all of these universities to file reports detailing their finances.…

  12. NACUBO Endowment Study, 1995.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cambridge Associates, Inc., Boston, MA.

    This report presents the results of the 1995 study of the performance and management of college and university endowments, based on 394 institutions providing data. A summary abstract provides an overview of performance and investment data; and Part 1 of the study provides a brief commentary covering endowment characteristics, historical…

  13. 78 FR 40517 - National Endowment for the Arts Proposed Collection; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-07-05

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts Proposed Collection; Comment Request ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), as part of... financial resources) is minimized; collection instruments are clearly understood; and the impact of...

  14. The Growth and Stratification of College Endowments in the United States

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lee, Hsiu-Ling

    2008-01-01

    Although annual statistics present data on the growth of endowments for specific institutions (CAE, 2006; NACUBO, 2006), relatively little research has been conducted to better understand the institutional factors that account for differential changes in the overall endowment value of institutions. This study is to determine what relationships…

  15. NACUBO Endowment Study, 1998: Executive Summary.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cambridge Associates, Inc., Boston, MA.

    This executive summary presents the results of a 1998 study of endowment assets of 509 higher education institutions, and is intended to allow administrators and trustees to evaluate the performance of their endowments and to acquaint them with the investment policies and practices of other higher education institutions. The report begins with a…

  16. University Endowment Reform: A Dialogue

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Miller, Charles; Munson, Lynne

    2008-01-01

    In late September 2007, the issue of wealthy university endowments became front page news. Members of the Senate Finance Committee, most notably Sen. Charles Grassley (R-IA), questioned why some endowments were amassing vast amounts of tax-subsidized wealth while simultaneously raising tuition on average families to greater and greater levels. The…

  17. Endowment Spending: A Look Back

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rogers, Fred

    2012-01-01

    The investment environment of the past 15 years has challenged endowed nonprofit institutions, which have struggled to balance the claims of current constituencies with the need to preserve their endowments' future purchasing power. In the fall of 2011, I undertook a survey of chief financial officers at about two dozen liberal arts colleges to…

  18. Higher Education Endowments Return

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bahlmann, David; Walda, John D.; Sedlacek, Verne O.

    2012-01-01

    A new study of endowments by the National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO) and the Commonfund Institute has brought good news to college and universities: While endowment returns dropped precipitously in fiscal year 2009 as a result of the financial crisis and accompanying slide in equity markets, they climbed to an…

  19. New Dimensions for the Arts 1971-1972.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    National Endowment for the Arts, Washington, DC.

    This report describes the programs and activities developed and supported by the National Endowment for the Arts during 1971-1972. The organizational framework of the Arts Endowment in the federal government is outlined as foundation for detailed discussion of twelve programs of the arts Endowment. These chapters include descriptions of programs…

  20. 45 CFR 1152.2 - What definitions apply to these regulations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES § 1152.2 What definitions apply to these regulations? Chairman means the Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts or an official or employee of...

  1. 45 CFR 1179.3 - Applicability.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES SALARY OFFSET § 1179.3 Applicability. (a) These regulations are to be followed when: (1) The National Endowment for the Humanities is owed a debt by an individual currently employed by another Federal agency; (2) The National Endowment for the Humanities is owed a debt...

  2. 45 CFR 1179.3 - Applicability.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES SALARY OFFSET § 1179.3 Applicability. (a) These regulations are to be followed when: (1) The National Endowment for the Humanities is owed a debt by an individual currently employed by another Federal agency; (2) The National Endowment for the Humanities is owed a debt...

  3. 45 CFR 1179.1 - Purpose and scope.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES SALARY OFFSET § 1179.1 Purpose and scope. (a) This... to all Federal employees who owe debts to the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) and to current employees of the National Endowment for the Humanities who owe debts to other Federal agencies...

  4. 45 CFR 1179.1 - Purpose and scope.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES SALARY OFFSET § 1179.1 Purpose and scope. (a) This... to all Federal employees who owe debts to the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) and to current employees of the National Endowment for the Humanities who owe debts to other Federal agencies...

  5. Growing the Endowment in a High-Risk Environment.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tharp, Charles

    1997-01-01

    To increase the value of its endowment, a college or university must manage three separate but interdependent factors: endowment spending rate; investment policy; and fund-raising. Using lessons learned by other institutions, Oberlin College (Ohio) developed strategies for spending and investment that balance the institution's need for income, the…

  6. 34 CFR 628.6 - What definitions apply to the Endowment Challenge Grant Program?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 34 Education 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What definitions apply to the Endowment Challenge Grant Program? 628.6 Section 628.6 Education Regulations of the Offices of the Department of Education (Continued) OFFICE OF POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION ENDOWMENT CHALLENGE GRANT PROGRAM...

  7. A College with a Small Endowment Moves Away from Cautious Investments.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Nicklin, Julie L.

    1997-01-01

    Merrimack College (Massachusetts) has abandoned conservative strategies for investing its $16-million endowment, investing more in international stocks and bonds, real estate projects, and small companies to raise annual returns and increase endowment value. The small, Catholic college is heavily dependent on tuition. The diversification plan…

  8. The Mystique of University Endowments.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kemeny, John G.

    1983-01-01

    Whether a university has a "balanced budget" is influenced by board decisions on investment, endowment utilization, and allocation of unrestricted gifts. One can only hope to protect endowment against inflation under economic conditions that make it possible to achieve a total return rate significantly higher than the rate of inflation.…

  9. NACUBO Endowment Study, 1998.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cambridge Associates, Inc., Boston, MA.

    This report presents the results of a 1998 study of endowment assets of 509 higher education institutions, and is intended to allow administrators and trustees to evaluate the performance of their endowments and to acquaint them with the investment policies and practices of other higher education institutions. A brief abstract notes some…

  10. Integrating Endowment and Budget Planning. AGB Occasional Paper No. 24.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Curzan, Myron P.; Katz, Louis H.

    1994-01-01

    This monograph presents recommendations for college and university trustees regarding endowment spending policies. The recommendations include how to set investment goals, assess the reasonableness of investments, and judge when to use endowment funds for high priority needs. A systematic method for determining how much to spend annually from…

  11. Managing Your Endowment.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Williamson, J. Peter

    1981-01-01

    Ways that college trustees can manage endowments are considered. It is suggested that endowment may be a key to survival for institutions facing serious financial difficulties. A frequently overlooked source of potential income is cash balances, which should be a concern of trustees, and one that should not be passed to professional managers. It…

  12. 45 CFR 1152.2 - What definitions apply to these regulations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES § 1152.2 What definitions apply to these regulations? Chairman means the Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts or an official or employee of...

  13. 76 FR 3927 - National Endowment for the Arts; Proposed Collection: Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-01-21

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts; Proposed Collection: Comment Request ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: The National Endowment for the Arts, as part of its..., and the impact of collection requirements on respondents can be properly assessed. Currently, the...

  14. 76 FR 32992 - National Endowment for the Arts; Proposed Collection; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-06-07

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts; Proposed Collection; Comment Request ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), as part of... clearly understood, and the impact of collection requirements on respondents can be properly assessed...

  15. 75 FR 39052 - National Endowment for the Arts; Proposed Collection: Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-07-07

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts; Proposed Collection: Comment Request ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: The National Endowment for the Arts, as part of its..., and the impact of collection requirements on respondents can be properly assessed. Currently, the...

  16. The effect of amount and tangibility of endowment and certainty of recipients on selfishness in a modified dictator game.

    PubMed

    Chang, Shao-Chuan; Lin, Li-Yun; Horng, Ruey-Yun; Wang, Yau-De

    2014-06-01

    Taiwanese college students (N = 101) participated in the study to examine the effects of the amount of an endowment, the tangibility of an endowment, and the certainty of the recipient on selfishness in a modified dictator game. Results showed that dictators were more selfish when allocating tangible (money) than less tangible (honor credits) endowments. Selfishness was higher when large amounts of money were involved. The certainty of the recipient was manipulated by whether the recipient was chosen and announced before or after the decision. Unexpectedly, participants were more self-interested in the certain-recipient condition than in the uncertain-recipient condition. In the honor condition, the amount of an endowment and the certainty of the recipient did not affect participants' allocations.

  17. The Advancing a Healthier Wisconsin Endowment: How a Health Care Conversion Foundation Is Transforming a Medical School.

    PubMed

    Maurana, Cheryl A; Lucey, Paula A; Ahmed, Syed M; Kerschner, Joseph E; Bolton, G Allen; Raymond, John R

    2016-01-01

    Health care conversion foundations, such as the Advancing a Healthier Wisconsin Endowment (the endowment) at the Medical College of Wisconsin (MCW), result from the conversion of nonprofit health organizations to for-profit corporations. Over the past several decades, nearly 200 of these foundations have been created, and they have had a substantial impact on the field of health philanthropy. The MCW was a recipient of funds resulting from Blue Cross & Blue Shield United of Wisconsin's conversion from a nonprofit to a for-profit status in 1999. Established in 2004, the endowment has invested approximately $185 million in 337 research, education, and public and community health initiatives that benefit Wisconsin residents. However, the transformative potential of the health care conversion foundation has extended well beyond the opportunities provided through the endowment's financial resources. As the endowment celebrates its 10th anniversary, the authors describe the transformative nature of the endowment, as well as significant accomplishments and lessons learned, in the following areas: shared power, community partnerships, translational research, and integration of medicine and public health. It is the authors' hope that these lessons will be valuable to other medical schools and the communities they serve, as they invest in improving the health of their communities, irrespective of the funding source.

  18. Performance Measurement and Investment Objectives for Educational Endowment Funds.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Williamson, J. Peter

    This book is one of a series of projects developed to increase understanding of the management of educational endowment funds. Specifics of performance measurement and the setting of objectives are emphasized. Part one deals with measurement of the rate of return, or profitability, of an endowment fund. Part two reviews some statistical measures…

  19. 45 CFR 1150.3 - What other regulations also apply to the Endowment's debt collection efforts?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false What other regulations also apply to the Endowment's debt collection efforts? 1150.3 Section 1150.3 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS...

  20. 45 CFR 1150.13 - How will the Endowment contract for collection services?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false How will the Endowment contract for collection services? 1150.13 Section 1150.13 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF CLAIMS...

  1. 45 CFR 1150.14 - When will the Endowment refer claims to the DOJ?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false When will the Endowment refer claims to the DOJ? 1150.14 Section 1150.14 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF CLAIMS General...

  2. 45 CFR 1150.22 - What are the Endowment's procedures for salary offset?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false What are the Endowment's procedures for salary offset? 1150.22 Section 1150.22 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF CLAIMS...

  3. 45 CFR 1150.23 - How will the Endowment coordinate salary offsets with other agencies?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false How will the Endowment coordinate salary offsets with other agencies? 1150.23 Section 1150.23 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF...

  4. 45 CFR 1150.2 - What is the Endowment's authority to issue these regulations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false What is the Endowment's authority to issue these regulations? 1150.2 Section 1150.2 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF CLAIMS General...

  5. Largest College Endowments, 2011

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Chronicle of Higher Education, 2012

    2012-01-01

    Of all endowments valued at more than $250-million, the UCLA Foundation had the highest rate of growth over the previous year, at 49 percent. This article presents a table of the largest college endowments in 2011. The table covers the "rank," "institution," "market value as of June 30, 2011," and "1-year change" of institutions participating in…

  6. Shrinking Endowments Are Smaller Targets

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Field, Kelly

    2008-01-01

    This article reports that if there's a silver lining in the dark cloud hanging over campus budgets, it may be that colleges' investment losses could ease Congress's demands for mandatory endowment payouts, at least in the short term. In part that's because colleges tend to spend greater portions of their assets when endowments dip, even if overall…

  7. Through the Lens of Maslow's Hierarchy: Understanding Endowment Accumulation at Private Colleges and Universities

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Flabiano, Heather Lynn

    2013-01-01

    Colleges and universities have been questioned regarding their use of endowments, with critics maintaining that these assets have significance beyond the financial benefits they provide and suggesting that institutions hoard endowment to attain unnecessary intangibles such as prestige. A few scholars have attempted to study the purposes of…

  8. Should Colleges Be Required to Spend More from Their Endowments?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Chronicle of Higher Education, 2008

    2008-01-01

    As tuitions continue to rise, Congress is looking for ways to mitigate the costs of college attendance for students and their families. Legislators are giving particular scrutiny to how colleges spend money from their endowments, which have grown significantly over the past decade. Some lawmakers have proposed that institutions with endowments of…

  9. 36 CFR 1281.14 - What type of endowment is required for a Presidential library?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... required for a Presidential library? 1281.14 Section 1281.14 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION NARA FACILITIES PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY FACILITIES § 1281.14 What type of endowment is required for a Presidential library? (a) Endowment requirement—new libraries. The foundation or...

  10. 36 CFR 1281.14 - What type of endowment is required for a Presidential library?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... required for a Presidential library? 1281.14 Section 1281.14 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION NARA FACILITIES PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY FACILITIES § 1281.14 What type of endowment is required for a Presidential library? (a) Endowment requirement—new libraries. The foundation or...

  11. 36 CFR 1281.14 - What type of endowment is required for a Presidential library?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... required for a Presidential library? 1281.14 Section 1281.14 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION NARA FACILITIES PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY FACILITIES § 1281.14 What type of endowment is required for a Presidential library? (a) Endowment requirement—new libraries. The foundation or...

  12. 36 CFR 1281.14 - What type of endowment is required for a Presidential library?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... required for a Presidential library? 1281.14 Section 1281.14 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION NARA FACILITIES PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY FACILITIES § 1281.14 What type of endowment is required for a Presidential library? (a) Endowment requirement—new libraries. The foundation or...

  13. The National Endowments for the Arts and the Humanities...And Equal Opportunity for Women.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Women's Equity Action League, Washington, DC.

    The document examines federal regulation of educational programs and activities receiving federal financial assistance. Specifically, the booklet explores discrimination against women by the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) and the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). The document is presented in seven chapters. Chapter I discusses…

  14. 26 CFR 1.1035-1 - Certain exchanges of insurance policies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... endowment insurance providing for regular payments beginning at a date not later than the date payments... exchange of: (a) A contract of life insurance for another contract of life insurance or for an endowment or... transactions involving the exchange of an endowment contract or annuity contract for a life insurance contract...

  15. 45 CFR 1150.3 - What other regulations also apply to the Endowment's debt collection efforts?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false What other regulations also apply to the Endowment's debt collection efforts? 1150.3 Section 1150.3 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS...

  16. 45 CFR 1150.2 - What is the Endowment's authority to issue these regulations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false What is the Endowment's authority to issue these regulations? 1150.2 Section 1150.2 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF CLAIMS General...

  17. 45 CFR 1150.22 - What are the Endowment's procedures for salary offset?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false What are the Endowment's procedures for salary offset? 1150.22 Section 1150.22 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF CLAIMS...

  18. 45 CFR 1150.13 - How will the Endowment contract for collection services?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false How will the Endowment contract for collection services? 1150.13 Section 1150.13 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF CLAIMS...

  19. 45 CFR 1150.23 - How will the Endowment coordinate salary offsets with other agencies?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false How will the Endowment coordinate salary offsets with other agencies? 1150.23 Section 1150.23 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF...

  20. 45 CFR 1150.14 - When will the Endowment refer claims to the DOJ?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false When will the Endowment refer claims to the DOJ? 1150.14 Section 1150.14 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF CLAIMS General...

  1. National Endowment for the Humanities: Twenty-Second Annual Report--1987.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    1987

    Reflecting the efforts of the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) to support the humanities in all their aspects, this report lists federal funds obligated for grants made in the 1987 fiscal year through the Endowment's five divisions (Education Programs, Fellowships and Seminars, General Programs, Research Programs, and State Programs)…

  2. As Endowment Managers Turn to Private Equity, Questions Arise

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Fuller, Andrea; Blumenstyk, Goldie

    2012-01-01

    Endowment growth in 2011 came in no small part because universities have increasingly invested in private equity--the same private equity that has become a hot-button issue on the 2012 campaign trail, with some candidates and commentators calling into question its social value. Private equity is "of increasing significance" for endowments. It made…

  3. 26 CFR 1.61-10 - Alimony and separate maintenance payments; annuities; income from life insurance and endowment...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ...; annuities; income from life insurance and endowment contracts. 1.61-10 Section 1.61-10 Internal Revenue... separate maintenance payments; annuities; income from life insurance and endowment contracts. (a) In general. Alimony and separate maintenance payments, annuities, and income from life insurance and...

  4. How do we think machines think? An fMRI study of alleged competition with an artificial intelligence

    PubMed Central

    Chaminade, Thierry; Rosset, Delphine; Da Fonseca, David; Nazarian, Bruno; Lutcher, Ewald; Cheng, Gordon; Deruelle, Christine

    2012-01-01

    Mentalizing is defined as the inference of mental states of fellow humans, and is a particularly important skill for social interactions. Here we assessed whether activity in brain areas involved in mentalizing is specific to the processing of mental states or can be generalized to the inference of non-mental states by comparing brain responses during the interaction with an intentional and an artificial agent. Participants were scanned using fMRI during interactive rock-paper-scissors games while believing their opponent was a fellow human (Intentional agent, Int), a humanoid robot endowed with an artificial intelligence (Artificial agent, Art), or a computer playing randomly (Random agent, Rnd). Participants' subjective reports indicated that they adopted different stances against the three agents. The contrast of brain activity during interaction with the artificial and the random agents didn't yield any cluster at the threshold used, suggesting the absence of a reproducible stance when interacting with an artificial intelligence. We probed response to the artificial agent in regions of interest corresponding to clusters found in the contrast between the intentional and the random agents. In the precuneus involved in working memory, the posterior intraparietal suclus, in the control of attention and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, in executive functions, brain activity for Art was larger than for Rnd but lower than for Int, supporting the intrinsically engaging nature of social interactions. A similar pattern in the left premotor cortex and anterior intraparietal sulcus involved in motor resonance suggested that participants simulated human, and to a lesser extend humanoid robot actions, when playing the game. Finally, mentalizing regions, the medial prefrontal cortex and right temporoparietal junction, responded to the human only, supporting the specificity of mentalizing areas for interactions with intentional agents. PMID:22586381

  5. How do we think machines think? An fMRI study of alleged competition with an artificial intelligence.

    PubMed

    Chaminade, Thierry; Rosset, Delphine; Da Fonseca, David; Nazarian, Bruno; Lutcher, Ewald; Cheng, Gordon; Deruelle, Christine

    2012-01-01

    Mentalizing is defined as the inference of mental states of fellow humans, and is a particularly important skill for social interactions. Here we assessed whether activity in brain areas involved in mentalizing is specific to the processing of mental states or can be generalized to the inference of non-mental states by comparing brain responses during the interaction with an intentional and an artificial agent. Participants were scanned using fMRI during interactive rock-paper-scissors games while believing their opponent was a fellow human (Intentional agent, Int), a humanoid robot endowed with an artificial intelligence (Artificial agent, Art), or a computer playing randomly (Random agent, Rnd). Participants' subjective reports indicated that they adopted different stances against the three agents. The contrast of brain activity during interaction with the artificial and the random agents didn't yield any cluster at the threshold used, suggesting the absence of a reproducible stance when interacting with an artificial intelligence. We probed response to the artificial agent in regions of interest corresponding to clusters found in the contrast between the intentional and the random agents. In the precuneus involved in working memory, the posterior intraparietal suclus, in the control of attention and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, in executive functions, brain activity for Art was larger than for Rnd but lower than for Int, supporting the intrinsically engaging nature of social interactions. A similar pattern in the left premotor cortex and anterior intraparietal sulcus involved in motor resonance suggested that participants simulated human, and to a lesser extend humanoid robot actions, when playing the game. Finally, mentalizing regions, the medial prefrontal cortex and right temporoparietal junction, responded to the human only, supporting the specificity of mentalizing areas for interactions with intentional agents.

  6. Colleges Leverage Large Endowments to Benefit Some Donors and Employees

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hermes, J. J.

    2008-01-01

    College endowments have beaten the market so consistently in recent years, it is not surprising that individuals would like to take advantage of that institutional wisdom to invest their own money. Increasingly, many are. A small but growing number of universities are trying to entice donors to invest their trusts alongside college endowments,…

  7. 45 CFR 1150.9 - How can I resolve the Endowment's claim through a voluntary repayment agreement?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false How can I resolve the Endowment's claim through a voluntary repayment agreement? 1150.9 Section 1150.9 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF...

  8. 45 CFR 1150.43 - When may the Endowment make an offset in an expedited manner?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false When may the Endowment make an offset in an expedited manner? 1150.43 Section 1150.43 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF CLAIMS...

  9. 45 CFR 1150.12 - How will the Endowment use credit reporting agencies to collect its claims?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false How will the Endowment use credit reporting agencies to collect its claims? 1150.12 Section 1150.12 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS...

  10. 45 CFR 1150.8 - Will failure to pay my debt affect my eligibility for Endowment programs?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Will failure to pay my debt affect my eligibility for Endowment programs? 1150.8 Section 1150.8 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF...

  11. Elite Colleges Must Stop Spurning Critiques of Higher Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Breneman, David

    2008-01-01

    Lawmakers have been putting increasing pressure on private colleges to spend more of their endowments on student aid. Just a few weeks ago, members of the U.S. Senate Finance Committee sent letters to dozens of institutions with endowments of at least $500-million, demanding detailed information about how they manage those endowments, how much…

  12. Teaching Undergraduates. Essays from the Lilly Endowment Workshop on Liberal Arts.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kimball, Bruce A., Ed.

    The Lilly Endowment has a long-standing commitment to supporting liberal arts programs and teaching at the undergraduate level. The Endowment-sponsored summer workshop on the liberal arts, held annually at Colorado College, has a 28-year history. It offers professors and deans from a variety of colleges and universities the opportunity to study a…

  13. 36 CFR § 1281.14 - What type of endowment is required for a Presidential library?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... required for a Presidential library? § 1281.14 Section § 1281.14 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION NARA FACILITIES PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY FACILITIES § 1281.14 What type of endowment is required for a Presidential library? (a) Endowment requirement—new libraries. The...

  14. 38 CFR 6.14 - Cash value; other than special endowment at age 96 plan policy.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... special endowment at age 96 plan policy. 6.14 Section 6.14 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT LIFE INSURANCE Cash Value § 6.14 Cash value; other than special endowment at age 96 plan policy. Provisions for cash value shall become effective at the...

  15. 38 CFR 6.15 - Cash value; special endowment at age 96 plan policy.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... endowment at age 96 plan policy. 6.15 Section 6.15 Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT LIFE INSURANCE Cash Value § 6.15 Cash value; special endowment at age 96 plan policy. Provisions for cash value shall become effective at the completion of the first...

  16. Endowment Assets, Yield, and Income in Institutions of Higher Education: Fiscal Years 1982-85. OERI Bulletin, September 1987.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Center for Education Statistics (ED/OERI), Washington, DC.

    Findings concerning college endowment assets, yield, and income for fiscal years (FY) 1982-1985 are presented, based on "Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education" surveys, which are conducted each fall as part of the annual Higher Education General Information Survey. In the private sector, endowment income accounted for…

  17. 45 CFR 1150.8 - Will failure to pay my debt affect my eligibility for Endowment programs?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Will failure to pay my debt affect my eligibility for Endowment programs? 1150.8 Section 1150.8 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF...

  18. 45 CFR 1150.9 - How can I resolve the Endowment's claim through a voluntary repayment agreement?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false How can I resolve the Endowment's claim through a voluntary repayment agreement? 1150.9 Section 1150.9 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF...

  19. 45 CFR 1150.43 - When may the Endowment make an offset in an expedited manner?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false When may the Endowment make an offset in an expedited manner? 1150.43 Section 1150.43 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF CLAIMS...

  20. 45 CFR 1150.12 - How will the Endowment use credit reporting agencies to collect its claims?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false How will the Endowment use credit reporting agencies to collect its claims? 1150.12 Section 1150.12 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS...

  1. The University as a Land Developer.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Fink, Ira

    1983-01-01

    To assist universities in developing or redeveloping surplus campus or endowment property, these factors in the process are outlined and discussed: development decisions, working with a developer, ground leasing, unrelated taxable income issues, creating a university land management office, some recent experiences, and research and development…

  2. Widespread occurrence of both metabolic and target-site herbicide resistance mechanisms in Lolium rigidum populations.

    PubMed

    Han, Heping; Yu, Qin; Owen, Mechelle J; Cawthray, Gregory R; Powles, Stephen B

    2016-02-01

    Lolium rigidum populations in Australia and globally have demonstrated rapid and widespread evolution of resistance to acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting and acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides. Thirty-three resistant L. rigidum populations, randomly collected from crop fields in a most recent resistance survey, were analysed for non-target-site diclofop metabolism and all known target-site ACCase gene resistance-endowing mutations. The HPLC profile of [(14) C]-diclofop-methyl in vivo metabolism revealed that 79% of these resistant L. rigidum populations showed enhanced capacity for diclofop acid metabolism (metabolic resistance). ACCase gene sequencing identified that 91% of the populations contain plants with ACCase resistance mutation(s). Importantly, 70% of the populations exhibit both non-target-site metabolic resistance and target-site ACCase mutations. This work demonstrates that metabolic herbicide resistance is commonly occurring in L. rigidum, and coevolution of both metabolic resistance and target-site resistance is an evolutionary reality. Metabolic herbicide resistance can potentially endow resistance to many herbicides and poses a threat to herbicide sustainability and thus crop production, calling for major research and management efforts. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.

  3. Market Collapse Weighs Heavily on College Endowments

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bluemenstyk, Goldie

    2009-01-01

    College endowments earned an average return of minus-3 percent for the 2008 fiscal year and an estimated minus-22.5 percent in the five months after that, two new reports show. More than a quarter of all institutions said they plan to draw less money from their endowment this year than they had expected to spend. After a half-decade of soaring…

  4. 45 CFR 1150.6 - What opportunity do I have to obtain a review of my debt within the Endowment?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false What opportunity do I have to obtain a review of my debt within the Endowment? 1150.6 Section 1150.6 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS...

  5. 45 CFR 1150.16 - May I use the Endowment's failure to comply with these regulations as a defense?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false May I use the Endowment's failure to comply with these regulations as a defense? 1150.16 Section 1150.16 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS...

  6. Bull Market Helped Endowments Earn Average of 17.2% in 1996.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Nicklin, Julie L.

    1997-01-01

    The National Association of College and University Business Officers' annual survey of 1996 college endowment performance found the rate of return up 15.5% from the previous year, the best since 1986. The average institution had 51.6% of endowment in domestic stocks, 25.5% in domestic fixed-income investments, 9.5% in foreign stock, 5.4% in cash…

  7. 45 CFR 1150.16 - May I use the Endowment's failure to comply with these regulations as a defense?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false May I use the Endowment's failure to comply with these regulations as a defense? 1150.16 Section 1150.16 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS...

  8. 45 CFR 1150.6 - What opportunity do I have to obtain a review of my debt within the Endowment?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false What opportunity do I have to obtain a review of my debt within the Endowment? 1150.6 Section 1150.6 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS...

  9. Do Universities Generate Agglomeration Spillovers? Evidence from Endowment Value Shocks. NBER Working Paper No. 15299

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kantor, Shawn; Whalley, Alexander

    2009-01-01

    In this paper we quantify the extent and magnitude of agglomeration spillovers from a formal institution whose sole mission is the creation and dissemination of knowledge--the research university. We use the fact that universities follow a fixed endowment spending policy based on the market value of their endowments to identify the causal effect…

  10. 45 CFR 1175.110 - Self-evaluation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... organizations representing handicapped persons, to participate in the self-evaluation process by submitting... 45 Public Welfare 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Self-evaluation. 1175.110 Section 1175.110 Public... PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES § 1175.110 Self-evaluation...

  11. 45 CFR 1175.110 - Self-evaluation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... organizations representing handicapped persons, to participate in the self-evaluation process by submitting... 45 Public Welfare 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Self-evaluation. 1175.110 Section 1175.110 Public... PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES § 1175.110 Self-evaluation...

  12. 45 CFR 1175.110 - Self-evaluation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Self-evaluation. 1175.110 Section 1175.110 Public... PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES § 1175.110 Self-evaluation... organizations representing handicapped persons, to participate in the self-evaluation process by submitting...

  13. 45 CFR 1150.5 - What notice will I be provided if I owe a debt to the Endowment?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false What notice will I be provided if I owe a debt to the Endowment? 1150.5 Section 1150.5 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF CLAIMS...

  14. State of the South: North Carolina's Economic Imperative: Building an Infrastructure of Opportunity. A Report for the John M. Belk Endowment

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    MDC, Inc., 2016

    2016-01-01

    In partnership with the John M. Belk Endowment, MDC has researched and written the report, "North Carolina's Economic Imperative: Building an Infrastructure of Opportunity," part of our work with the endowment to study, address, and propose solutions for the low mobility rate of too many North Carolinians. The report examines patterns of…

  15. The Law and the Lore of Endowment Funds. Report to the Ford Foundation. The Educational Endowment Series.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cary, William L.; Bright, Craig B.

    This report examines the law governing endowment funds in an attempt to determine its bearing on the formulation of a sound university investment policy, i.e. whether the law is a neutral factor, or whether the law limits the flexibility of directors of educational institutions and forecloses choices otherwise open to them. Part I of the report…

  16. 45 CFR 1159.8 - How can I acquire access to Endowment records pertaining to me?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false How can I acquire access to Endowment records... PRIVACY ACT OF 1974 § 1159.8 How can I acquire access to Endowment records pertaining to me? The following... call the Office of the General Counsel at (202) 682-5418 on business days, between the hours of 9 a.m...

  17. 45 CFR 1159.8 - How can I acquire access to Endowment records pertaining to me?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false How can I acquire access to Endowment records... PRIVACY ACT OF 1974 § 1159.8 How can I acquire access to Endowment records pertaining to me? The following... call the Office of the General Counsel at (202) 682-5418 on business days, between the hours of 9 a.m...

  18. 45 CFR 1159.14 - Will the Endowment maintain a written account of disclosures made from its systems of records?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Act (5 U.S.C. 552). (b) The Endowment shall retain the accounting of each disclosure for at least five.... (c) The Endowment shall make the accounting of disclosures of a record pertaining to you available to... disclosures made from its systems of records? 1159.14 Section 1159.14 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to...

  19. 45 CFR 1150.5 - What notice will I be provided if I owe a debt to the Endowment?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false What notice will I be provided if I owe a debt to the Endowment? 1150.5 Section 1150.5 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF CLAIMS...

  20. Seeding Growth

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Collins, Mary Ellen

    2011-01-01

    Some institutions create a gift fee to pay for a campaign or to cover basic fundraising costs, and especially today, many are doing it in order to increase revenues in the wake of the recession's effect on endowments. In the best circumstances, gift fees are emblematic of a transparent, accountable development process, where donors understand that…

  1. 45 CFR 1156.16 - Mediation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Mediation. 1156.16 Section 1156.16 Public Welfare... Procedures § 1156.16 Mediation. (a) Referral of complaints for mediation. The Endowment will promptly refer all complaints to the agency designated by the Secretary of HHS to manage the mediation process that...

  2. 45 CFR 1153.110 - Self-evaluation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Self-evaluation. 1153.110 Section 1153.110 Public... PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS § 1153.110 Self-evaluation. (a) The... representing handicapped persons, to participate in the self-evaluation process by submitting comments (both...

  3. The New Great Game in Muslim Central Asia

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1996-01-01

    and maci]ine tools, petrol - chemicals, agro-processing and textiles. ’’~ 14 THE NEW GREAT GAME IN MUSLIM CENTRAL ASIA Kazakhstan is well endowed...Algeria, Tunisia , and Morocco---are keeping a wary eye. But at the popular level, this pan-Islmnism has the potential to attract a considerable amount of

  4. Transgenerational programming of nephron deficits and hypertension.

    PubMed

    Briffa, Jessica F; Wlodek, Mary E; Moritz, Karen M

    2018-06-07

    Exposure to a sub-optimal environment in the womb can result in poor fetal growth and impair the normal development of organs. The kidney, specifically the process of nephrogenesis, has been shown to be impacted by many common pregnancy exposures including an inadequate diet, poor placental function, maternal stress as well as maternal smoking and alcohol consumption. This can result in offspring being born with a reduced nephron endowment, which places these individuals at increased risk of hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Of recent interest is whether this disease risk can be passed on to subsequent generations and, if so, what are the mechanisms and pathways involved. In this review, we highlight the growing body of evidence that a low birth weight and hypertension, which are both major risk factors for cardiovascular and CKD, can be transmitted across generations. However, as yet there is little data as to whether a low nephron endowment contributes to this disease transmission. The emerging data suggests transmission can occur both through both the maternal and paternal lines, which likely involves epigenetic mechanisms such chromatin remodelling (DNA methylation and histone modification) and non-coding RNA modifications. In addition, females who were born small and/or have a low nephron endowment are at an increased risk for pregnancy complications, which can influence the growth and development of the next generation. Future animal studies in this area should include examining nephron endowment across multiple generations and determining adult renal function. Clinically, long term follow-up studies of large birth cohorts need to be undertaken to more clearly determine the impact a sub-optimal environment in one generation has on the health outcomes in the second, and subsequent, generation. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  5. Iron stores of breastfed infants during the first year of life.

    PubMed

    Ziegler, Ekhard E; Nelson, Steven E; Jeter, Janice M

    2014-05-21

    The birth iron endowment provides iron for growth in the first months of life. We describe the iron endowment under conditions of low dietary iron supply. Subjects were infants participating in a trial of Vitamin D supplementation from 1 to 9 months. Infants were exclusively breastfed at enrollment but could receive complementary foods from 4 months but not formula. Plasma ferritin (PF) and transferrin receptor (TfR) were determined at 1, 2, 4, 5.5, 7.5, 9 and 12 months. At 1 month PF ranged from 38 to 752 µg/L and was only weakly related to maternal PF. PF declined subsequently and flattened out at 5.5 months. PF of females was significantly higher than PF of males except at 12 months. TfR increased with age and was inversely correlated with PF. PF and TfR tracked strongly until 9 months. Iron deficiency (PF < 10 µg/L) began to appear at 4 months and increased in frequency until 9 months. Infants with ID were born with low iron endowment. We concluded that the birth iron endowment is highly variable in size and a small endowment places infants at risk of iron deficiency before 6 months. Boys have smaller iron endowments and are at greater risk of iron deficiency than girls.

  6. Neural substrates of embodied natural beauty and social endowed beauty: An fMRI study.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Wei; He, Xianyou; Lai, Siyan; Wan, Juan; Lai, Shuxian; Zhao, Xueru; Li, Darong

    2017-08-02

    What are the neural mechanisms underlying beauty based on objective parameters and beauty based on subjective social construction? This study scanned participants with fMRI while they performed aesthetic judgments on concrete pictographs and abstract oracle bone scripts. Behavioral results showed both pictographs and oracle bone scripts were judged to be more beautiful when they referred to beautiful objects and positive social meanings, respectively. Imaging results revealed regions associated with perceptual, cognitive, emotional and reward processing were commonly activated both in beautiful judgments of pictographs and oracle bone scripts. Moreover, stronger activations of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and motor-related areas were found in beautiful judgments of pictographs, whereas beautiful judgments of oracle bone scripts were associated with putamen activity, implying stronger aesthetic experience and embodied approaching for beauty were elicited by the pictographs. In contrast, only visual processing areas were activated in the judgments of ugly pictographs and negative oracle bone scripts. Results provide evidence that the sense of beauty is triggered by two processes: one based on the objective parameters of stimuli (embodied natural beauty) and the other based on the subjective social construction (social endowed beauty).

  7. Endowment Management Trends.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Fickes, Michael

    2003-01-01

    Discusses how, struggling to regain investment momentum, college and university endowment managers are adjusting portfolios, investigating new methods of asset management, and researching new giving programs. (EV)

  8. Basement domain map of the conterminous United States and Alaska

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Lund, Karen; Box, Stephen E.; Holm-Denoma, Christopher S.; San Juan, Carma A.; Blakely, Richard J.; Saltus, Richard W.; Anderson, Eric D.; DeWitt, Ed

    2015-01-01

    The tectonic settings for crustal types represented in the basement domains are subdivided into constituent geologic environments and the types of primary metals endowments and deposits in them are documented. The compositions, architecture, and original metals endowments are potentially important to assessments of primary mineral deposits and to the residence and recycling of metals in the crust of the United States portion of the North American continent. The databases can be configured to demonstrate the construction of the United States through time, to identify specific types of crust, or to identify domains potentially containing metal endowments of specific genetic types or endowed with specific metals. The databases can also be configured to illustrate other purposes chosen by users.

  9. The Growth of Academic Radiation Oncology: A Survey of Endowed Professorships in Radiation Oncology

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Wasserman, Todd H.; Smith, Steven M.; Powell, Simon N.

    2009-06-01

    Purpose: The academic health of a medical specialty can be gauged by the level of university support through endowed professorships. Methods and Materials: We conducted a survey of the 86 academic programs in radiation oncology to determine the current status of endowed chairs in this discipline. Results: Over the past decade, the number of endowed chairs has more than doubled, and it has almost tripled over the past 13 years. The number of programs with at least one chair has increased from 31% to 65%. Conclusions: Coupled with other indicators of academic growth, such as the proportion of graduating residentsmore » seeking academic positions, there has been clear and sustained growth in academic radiation oncology.« less

  10. A randomized controlled design reveals barriers to citizenship for low-income immigrants.

    PubMed

    Hainmueller, Jens; Lawrence, Duncan; Gest, Justin; Hotard, Michael; Koslowski, Rey; Laitin, David D

    2018-01-30

    Citizenship endows legal protections and is associated with economic and social gains for immigrants and their communities. In the United States, however, naturalization rates are relatively low. Yet we lack reliable knowledge as to what constrains immigrants from applying. Drawing on data from a public/private naturalization program in New York, this research provides a randomized controlled study of policy interventions that address these constraints. The study tested two programmatic interventions among low-income immigrants who are eligible for citizenship. The first randomly assigned a voucher that covers the naturalization application fee among immigrants who otherwise would have to pay the full cost of the fee. The second randomly assigned a set of behavioral nudges, similar to outreach efforts used by service providers, among immigrants whose incomes were low enough to qualify them for a federal waiver that eliminates the application fee. Offering the fee voucher increased naturalization application rates by about 41%, suggesting that application fees act as a barrier for low-income immigrants who want to become US citizens. The nudges to encourage the very poor to apply had no discernible effect, indicating the presence of nonfinancial barriers to naturalization. Copyright © 2018 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.

  11. A randomized controlled design reveals barriers to citizenship for low-income immigrants

    PubMed Central

    Hainmueller, Jens; Gest, Justin; Hotard, Michael; Koslowski, Rey; Laitin, David D.

    2018-01-01

    Citizenship endows legal protections and is associated with economic and social gains for immigrants and their communities. In the United States, however, naturalization rates are relatively low. Yet we lack reliable knowledge as to what constrains immigrants from applying. Drawing on data from a public/private naturalization program in New York, this research provides a randomized controlled study of policy interventions that address these constraints. The study tested two programmatic interventions among low-income immigrants who are eligible for citizenship. The first randomly assigned a voucher that covers the naturalization application fee among immigrants who otherwise would have to pay the full cost of the fee. The second randomly assigned a set of behavioral nudges, similar to outreach efforts used by service providers, among immigrants whose incomes were low enough to qualify them for a federal waiver that eliminates the application fee. Offering the fee voucher increased naturalization application rates by about 41%, suggesting that application fees act as a barrier for low-income immigrants who want to become US citizens. The nudges to encourage the very poor to apply had no discernible effect, indicating the presence of nonfinancial barriers to naturalization. PMID:29339470

  12. Understanding the Process; Financial Responsibilities of Governing Boards. User's Manual.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges, 1980

    1980-01-01

    A supplement to a slide presentation on financial responsibilities of governing boards, suitable for use at a trustee workshop, is presented. A flow of funds model which depicts the five major financial zones (acquisition, allocation, current fund, plant fund, and endowment and similar funds) is the visual devise used through the presentation.…

  13. 45 CFR 1152.4 - What are the Chairman's general responsibilities under the Order?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... directly affected by, proposed Federal financial assistance from the Endowment. (b) If a state adopts a process under the Order to review and coordinate proposed Federal financial assistance the Chairman, to... elected officials; (2) Communicates with state and local elected officials as early in a program planning...

  14. Poverty Dynamics, Ecological Endowments, and Land Use among Smallholders in the Brazilian Amazon

    PubMed Central

    Guedes, Gilvan R.; VanWey, Leah K.; Hull, James R.; Antigo, Mariangela; Barbieri, Alisson F.

    2013-01-01

    Rural settlement in previously sparsely occupied areas of the Brazilian Amazon has been associated with high levels of forest loss and unclear long-term social outcomes. We focus here on the micro-level processes in one settlement area to answer the question of how settler and farm endowments affect household poverty. We analyze the extent to which poverty is sensitive to changes in natural capital, land use strategies, and biophysical characteristics of properties (particularly soil quality). Cumulative time spent in poverty is simulated using Markovian processes, which show that accessibility to markets and land use system are especially important for decreasing poverty among households in our sample. Wealthier households are selected into commercial production of perennials before our initial observation, and are therefore in poverty a lower proportion of the time. Land in pasture, in contrast, has an independent effect on reducing the proportion of time spent in poverty. Taken together, these results show that investments in roads and the institutional structures needed to make commercial agriculture or ranching viable in existing and new settlement areas can improve human well-being in frontiers. PMID:24267754

  15. Further Notes on the Concept of Total Return: The Law and the Lore of Endowment Funds: A Reply to the Critics. Total Return and College and University Investments: A Comment.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cary, William L.; Meck, John F.

    1970-01-01

    In 1969, in a report to The Ford Foundation entitled "The Law and the Lore of Endowment Funds," William L. Cary and Craig B. Bright summarized the results of an extensive survey of the law governing college and university endowment funds. The key conclusion of the report is that "there is no substantial authority under existing law…

  16. Real and hypothetical endowment effects when exchanging lottery tickets: Is regret a better explanation than loss aversion?☆

    PubMed Central

    Kogler, Christoph; Kühberger, Anton; Gilhofer, Rainer

    2013-01-01

    The endowment effect is the finding that possession of an item adds to its value. We introduce a new procedure for testing this effect: participants are divided into two groups. Possession group participants inspect a numbered lottery ticket and know it is theirs, while inspection group participants only inspect a lottery ticket without being endowed with it. Subsequently participants choose between playing the lottery with this (possessed or inspected) ticket, or exchanging it for another one. Our procedure tests for the effect of endowment while controlling for the influence of transaction costs as well as for inspection effects and the influence of bargaining roles (buyer vs. seller), which often afflict experimentation with the endowment effect. In a real setting, tickets in possession were valued significantly higher than inspected tickets. Contrary to some findings in the literature participants also correctly predicted these valuation differences in a hypothetical situation, both for themselves as well as for others. Furthermore, our results suggest that regret rather than loss aversion may be the source of the endowment effect in an experimental setting using lottery tickets. Applying our procedure to a setting employing riskless objects in form of mugs revealed rather ambiguous results, thus emphasizing that the role of regret might be less prominent in non-lottery settings. PMID:23913998

  17. Happiness and memory: affective significance of endowment and contrast.

    PubMed

    Liberman, Varda; Boehm, Julia K; Lyubomirsky, Sonja; Ross, Lee D

    2009-10-01

    Three studies (two conducted in Israel and one in the United States) examined associations between self-rated dispositional happiness and tendencies to treat memories of positive and negative events as sources of enhanced or attenuated happiness through the use of "endowment" and "contrast." Although participants generally endorsed items describing happiness-enhancing tendencies more than happiness-diminishing ones, self-reported happiness was associated with greater endorsement of "positive endowment" items and less endorsement of "negative endowment" items, and also with less endorsement of items that involved contrasting the present with happier times in the past. Only in the American sample, however, was happiness associated with greater endorsement of items that involved contrasting the present with less happy times in the past. These data suggest that relatively unhappy people show somewhat conflicting memorial tendencies vis-à-vis happiness, whereas very happy people show simpler, and less conflicting, tendencies. These findings augment the existing literatures on the affective consequences of memory, which have been concerned more with mood than with temperament and/or have dealt only with a subset of the endowment and contrast tendencies explored in the present work.

  18. 45 CFR 1177.10 - Collection services.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES CLAIMS COLLECTION § 1177.10 Collection services. (a) The... Administration. In such contracts, the National Endowment for the Humanities will retain the authority to resolve...

  19. 45 CFR 1177.10 - Collection services.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES CLAIMS COLLECTION § 1177.10 Collection services. (a) The... Administration. In such contracts, the National Endowment for the Humanities will retain the authority to resolve...

  20. Genetics of renal hypoplasia: insights into the mechanisms controlling nephron endowment.

    PubMed

    Cain, Jason E; Di Giovanni, Valeria; Smeeton, Joanna; Rosenblum, Norman D

    2010-08-01

    Renal hypoplasia, defined as abnormally small kidneys with normal morphology and reduced nephron number, is a common cause of pediatric renal failure and adult-onset disease. Genetic studies performed in humans and mutant mice have implicated a number of critical genes, in utero environmental factors and molecular mechanisms that regulate nephron endowment and kidney size. Here, we review current knowledge regarding the genetic contributions to renal hypoplasia with particular emphasis on the mechanisms that control nephron endowment in humans and mice.

  1. 45 CFR 1177.1 - Purpose and scope.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES CLAIMS COLLECTION § 1177.1 Purpose and scope. This part prescribes standards and procedures for officers and employees of the National Endowment for the Humanities...

  2. 45 CFR 1177.1 - Purpose and scope.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES CLAIMS COLLECTION § 1177.1 Purpose and scope. This part prescribes standards and procedures for officers and employees of the National Endowment for the Humanities...

  3. Endocrine and other physiologic modulators of perinatal cardiomyocyte endowment

    PubMed Central

    Jonker, S S; Louey, S

    2015-01-01

    Immature contractile cardiomyocytes proliferate to rapidly increase cell number, establishing cardiomyocyte endowment in the perinatal period. Developmental changes in cellular maturation, size and attrition further contribute to cardiac anatomy. These physiological processes occur concomitant with a changing hormonal environment as the fetus prepares itself for the transition to extrauterine life. There are complex interactions between endocrine, hemodynamic and nutritional regulators of cardiac development. Birth has been long assumed to be the trigger for major differences between the fetal and postnatal cardiomyocyte growth patterns, but investigations in normally growing sheep and rodents suggest this may not be entirely true; in sheep, these differences are initiated before birth, while in rodents they occur after birth. The aim of this review is to draw together our understanding of the temporal regulation of these signals and cardiomyocyte responses relative to birth. Further, we consider how these dynamics are altered in stressed and suboptimal intrauterine environments. PMID:26432905

  4. 45 CFR 1177.6 - Notice to debtor.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES CLAIMS COLLECTION § 1177.6 Notice to debtor. The first... sanctions available to the National Endowment for the Humanities to collect a delinquent debt including, but...

  5. 45 CFR 1177.6 - Notice to debtor.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES CLAIMS COLLECTION § 1177.6 Notice to debtor. The first... sanctions available to the National Endowment for the Humanities to collect a delinquent debt including, but...

  6. Evolutionary and Cognitive Motivations for Fractal Art in Art and Design Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Joye, Yannick

    2005-01-01

    Humans are endowed with cognitive modules specialised in processing information about the class of natural things. Due to their naturalness, fractal art and design can contribute to developing these modules, and trigger affective responses that are associated with certain natural objects. It is argued that exposure to fractals in an art and design…

  7. 45 CFR 1152.11 - What are the Chairman's obligations in interstate situations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ...) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES § 1152.11 What are the Chairman's...

  8. 45 CFR 1151.5 - Inconsistent State laws and effect of employment opportunities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF... complying with the regulation. For example, a music school receiving Endowment financial assistance could...

  9. 45 CFR 1152.11 - What are the Chairman's obligations in interstate situations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ...) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES § 1152.11 What are the Chairman's...

  10. Parental preferences and allocations of investments in children's learning and health within families.

    PubMed

    Abufhele, Alejandra; Behrman, Jere; Bravo, David

    2017-12-01

    Empirical evidence suggests that parental preferences may be important in determining investment allocations among their children. However, there is mixed or no evidence on a number of important related questions. Do parents invest more in better-endowed children, thus reinforcing differentials among their children? Or do they invest more in less-endowed children to compensate for their smaller endowments and reduce inequalities among their children? Does higher maternal education affect the preferences underlying parental decisions in investing among their children? What difference might such intrafamilial investments among children make? And what is the nature of these considerations in the very different context of developing countries? This paper gives new empirical evidence related to these questions. We examine how parental investments affecting child education and health respond to initial endowment differences between twins within families, as represented by birth weight differences, and how parental preference tradeoffs and therefore parental investment strategies vary between families with different maternal education. Using the separable earnings-transfers model (Behrman et al., 1982), we first illustrate that preference differences may make a considerable difference in the ratios of health and learning differentials between siblings - up to 30% in the simulations that we provide. Using a sample of 2000 twins, collected in the 2012 wave of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey for Chile, we find that preferences are not at the extreme of pure compensatory investments to offset endowment inequalities among siblings nor at the extreme of pure reinforcement to favor the better-endowed child with no concern about inequality. Instead, they are neutral, so that parental investments do not change the inequality among children due to endowment differentials. We also find that there are not significant preference differences between families with low- and high-educated mothers. Our estimates are consistent with previous empirical evidence that finds that parents do not invest differentially within twins. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  11. From neurotic guilt to existential guilt as grief: the road to interiority, agency, and compassion through mourning. Part I.

    PubMed

    Kavaler-Adler, Susan

    2006-09-01

    This study proposes through a case illustration that psychoanalytic patients who can process both aggression and loss through a mourning process are able to free themselves from pathological self attack when the object relations work of attachment, psychic holding, and separation transpires. In the case of Helen discussed here, transformation through a "developmental mourning process" results in the evolution of powerful psychological capacities for interiority, self agency, and interpersonal compassion. This developmental mourning process is endowed with the assimilation and psychic fantasy symbolization of aggression.

  12. 45 CFR 1152.13 - May the Chairman waive any provision of these regulations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ...) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES § 1152.13 May the Chairman waive any...

  13. 45 CFR 1152.4 - What are the Chairman's general responsibilities under the Order?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ...) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES § 1152.4 What are the Chairman's general...

  14. 45 CFR 1152.1 - What is the purpose of these regulations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES § 1152.1 What is the purpose of these regulations? (a) The...

  15. 45 CFR 1152.1 - What is the purpose of these regulations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES § 1152.1 What is the purpose of these regulations? (a) The...

  16. 45 CFR 1152.13 - May the Chairman waive any provision of these regulations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ...) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES § 1152.13 May the Chairman waive any...

  17. Endowment and Education

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Moore, John W.

    2000-05-01

    The 1998 annual report of the Research Corporation ( http://www.rescorp.org) contains fascinating reading for anyone with an interest in science education at private institutions. An article titled "The Midas Touch: Do Soaring Endowments Have Any Impact on College Science" concludes that "college science is seldom more than an incidental beneficiary of endowment resources, even when they are conspicuously plentiful." Written by Research Corporation director of communication W. Stevenson Bacon, the article reports on a survey of leading undergraduate institutions, dividing them between those with endowments above and below 300 million. The first surprise to me was that Harvard's endowment of 727,522 per full-time equivalent (FTE) student is exceeded by Grinnell's 760,404, and Yale's 612,015 per FTE student is far exceeded by Agnes Scott's 692,914 (much of it in Coca-Cola stock and somewhat restricted) and closely rivaled by Swarthmore's 608,955. Of the eleven institutions in the Research Corporation survey, seven were above 300,000 per FTE student and only four were below. Private-college endowments have soared along with a soaring stock market. The Research Corporation report asks whether this increased endowment income is helping colleges to provide improved education in the sciences. A major use of endowment income and gift funds is for construction of buildings. Seven of the eleven institutions surveyed had building programs under way or planned for the sciences, and three of the four remaining expected to stress science facilities in upcoming campaigns. In some cases new buildings are designed to support science effectively, but in others, according to Research Corporation Vice President Michael Doyle, "the building is an elegant shell without modern instrumentation or flexibility for future uses." New construction serves to make a campus attractive to prospective students who will bring in the tuition fees that support most of a college's budget. An "elegant shell" may serve this goal adequately, and science faculty need to become intimately involved in building plans to ensure that a building is well equipped, flexible, and safe (see page 547 regarding safety). There appears to be little correlation between endowment and support for those who carry out research with undergraduates. Expectations regarding hours spent in classrooms and laboratories seem to depend on tradition. Some institutions below the 300,000/FTE line provide teaching credit for time spent with undergraduate research students, while many above it do not. A positive development is that five of the eleven institutions surveyed are raising endowment funds specifically to support summer student-faculty research programs, with campaign goals in the range from 0.5 to 6 million. This is a trend that could profitably be extended to many more colleges, because there is clear evidence that undergraduate research experience is strongly correlated with the success of students who are potential scientists. Endowment funds are being used to support startup packages for new faculty, which are required to attract the best teachers and researchers. From the survey, packages appear to be in the range from 20 to 50 thousand, and there has been a tenfold increase over the past 15 years. Endowment also supports purchases of instruments, where matching funds are required by federal grants. However, it is not always easy to come up with matching funds for big-ticket items like NMRs. Also, there is constant pressure to provide the latest in computer equipment, especially for use in teaching. Computers and other technology seem to become obsolete overnight, and maintaining facilities that will attract students who are more and more computer literate is an ongoing drain on endowment income. Recently competition for the best students has begun to draw endowment income away from science departments. In addition to scholarships based on need, merit awards have become de rigueur. There appears to be a trend to offer to match the best scholarship package a really good student has been able to get from a competing institution. The average tuition and fees paid at most institutions is well below the advertised "sticker price", and the difference is being made up from endowment income and gifts. Two thoughts came to me as I read the Research Corporation report. First, private funding agencies, such as the Research Corporation and the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation (which sponsored JCE's Viewpoints series), are uniquely positioned to influence science research and science education in this country. Their reports and activities provide perspectives and ideas that those of us in the trenches might otherwise be too busy to come up with. Second, science departments in undergraduate institutions have considerable control over their destinies. Quoting the report, "small endowments and even substandard facilities do not rule out vigorous science departments-or even necessarily impact morale, if faculty can see that good use is being made of available resources." I would turn this around. If we don't allow external, uncontrollable forces to get us down, and if we work hard at things that will make a difference, we can accomplish a lot, even with only a little money. The most important factor is what we do- and what attitudes and habits of mind we impart to our students. A college or university that is well endowed with human resources provides the best possible venue for learning.

  18. Local dependence in random graph models: characterization, properties and statistical inference

    PubMed Central

    Schweinberger, Michael; Handcock, Mark S.

    2015-01-01

    Summary Dependent phenomena, such as relational, spatial and temporal phenomena, tend to be characterized by local dependence in the sense that units which are close in a well-defined sense are dependent. In contrast with spatial and temporal phenomena, though, relational phenomena tend to lack a natural neighbourhood structure in the sense that it is unknown which units are close and thus dependent. Owing to the challenge of characterizing local dependence and constructing random graph models with local dependence, many conventional exponential family random graph models induce strong dependence and are not amenable to statistical inference. We take first steps to characterize local dependence in random graph models, inspired by the notion of finite neighbourhoods in spatial statistics and M-dependence in time series, and we show that local dependence endows random graph models with desirable properties which make them amenable to statistical inference. We show that random graph models with local dependence satisfy a natural domain consistency condition which every model should satisfy, but conventional exponential family random graph models do not satisfy. In addition, we establish a central limit theorem for random graph models with local dependence, which suggests that random graph models with local dependence are amenable to statistical inference. We discuss how random graph models with local dependence can be constructed by exploiting either observed or unobserved neighbourhood structure. In the absence of observed neighbourhood structure, we take a Bayesian view and express the uncertainty about the neighbourhood structure by specifying a prior on a set of suitable neighbourhood structures. We present simulation results and applications to two real world networks with ‘ground truth’. PMID:26560142

  19. 45 CFR 1152.10 - How does the Chairman make efforts to accommodate intergovernmental concerns?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ...) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES § 1152.10 How does the Chairman make...

  20. 45 CFR 1152.12 - How may a state simplify, consolidate, or substitute federally required state plans?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES § 1152.12 How...

  1. 45 CFR 1152.9 - How does the Chairman receive and respond to comments?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES § 1152.9 How does the Chairman receive and respond...

  2. 45 CFR 1152.12 - How may a state simplify, consolidate, or substitute federally required state plans?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES § 1152.12 How...

  3. 45 CFR 1152.10 - How does the Chairman make efforts to accommodate intergovernmental concerns?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ...) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES § 1152.10 How does the Chairman make...

  4. 45 CFR 1152.9 - How does the Chairman receive and respond to comments?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES § 1152.9 How does the Chairman receive and respond...

  5. Can Metabolic Mechanisms of Stem Cell Maintenance Explain Aging and the Immortal Germline?

    PubMed

    Snoeck, Hans-Willem

    2015-06-04

    The mechanisms underlying the aging process are not understood. Even tissues endowed with somatic stem cells age while the germline appears immortal. I propose that this paradox may be explained by the pervasive use of glycolysis by somatic stem cells as opposed to the predominance of mitochondrial respiration in gametes. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  6. Poverty dynamics, ecological endowments, and land use among smallholders in the Brazilian Amazon.

    PubMed

    Guedes, Gilvan R; VanWey, Leah K; Hull, James R; Antigo, Mariangela; Barbieri, Alisson F

    2014-01-01

    Rural settlement in previously sparsely occupied areas of the Brazilian Amazon has been associated with high levels of forest loss and unclear long-term social outcomes. We focus here on the micro-level processes in one settlement area to answer the question of how settler and farm endowments affect household poverty. We analyze the extent to which poverty is sensitive to changes in natural capital, land use strategies, and biophysical characteristics of properties (particularly soil quality). Cumulative time spent in poverty is simulated using Markovian processes, which show that accessibility to markets and land use system are especially important for decreasing poverty among households in our sample. Wealtheir households are selected into commercial production of perennials before our initial observation, and are therefore in poverty a lower proportion of the time. Land in pasture, in contrast, has an independent effect on reducing the proportion of time spent in poverty. Taken together, these results show that investments in roads and the institutional structures needed to make commercial agriculture or ranching viable in existing and new settlement areas can improve human well-being in frontiers. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  7. 45 CFR 1152.8 - How does the Chairman provide states with an opportunity to comment on proposed Federal financial...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES...

  8. 45 CFR 1152.6 - What procedures apply to the selection of programs and activities under these regulations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES § 1152.6 What...

  9. 45 CFR 1150.11 - How does subdividing or joining debts owed to the Endowment affect the Chairperson's compromise...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF CLAIMS General Provisions § 1150.11 How does...

  10. 45 CFR 1152.5 - What is the Chairman's obligation with respect to Federal interagency coordination?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES § 1152.5 What is the Chairman's...

  11. 77 FR 10782 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-23

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND HUMANITIES Proposed Collection; Comment Request AGENCY: National Endowment for the Humanities, National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is soliciting public comments on the proposed...

  12. Why Real Estate Makes Sense for Endowments.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kiser, Arthur G., Jr.

    1985-01-01

    Attributes of real estate that make it a desirable investment for institutional endowment funds include the uniqueness of each property, its function as a hedge against inflation, its function in stabilizing portfolio volatility, and the potential for income and diversification. (MSE)

  13. Save It or Spend It?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Morrell, Louis R.

    1999-01-01

    Discusses principles for allocation of endowment funds by governing boards, including intergenerational equity, the inherent conflict between an institution's operating budget and its endowment, the importance of achieving financial integrity, and spending policies in volatile markets. Guidelines for board-reviewing policies are offered. (DB)

  14. 45 CFR 1152.5 - What is the Chairman's obligation with respect to Federal interagency coordination?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES § 1152.5 What is the Chairman's...

  15. 45 CFR 1152.6 - What procedures apply to the selection of programs and activities under these regulations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES § 1152.6 What...

  16. 45 CFR 1152.8 - How does the Chairman provide states with an opportunity to comment on proposed Federal financial...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS INTERGOVERNMENTAL REVIEW OF NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES...

  17. 45 CFR 1150.11 - How does subdividing or joining debts owed to the Endowment affect the Chairperson's compromise...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF CLAIMS General Provisions § 1150.11 How does...

  18. 76 FR 63665 - National Endowment for the Arts; President's Committee on the Arts and the Humanities: Meeting #67

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-13

    ... will also include a review of PCAH ongoing programming for youth arts and humanities learning, special... special accommodations due to a disability, please contact the Office of AccessAbility, National Endowment...

  19. Perceived health status and environmental quality in the assessment of external costs of waste disposal facilities. An empirical investigation.

    PubMed

    Giaccaria, Sergio; Frontuto, Vito

    2012-08-01

    Taxation for urban waste management has been reformed in Italy by the introduction of an environmental law in 2006. In the planning phase of waste management, externalities generated by new facilities remain widely unaccounted, with a consequent distortion for prices, often raising local conflicts. The paper presents a survey based on the choice modelling methodology, aimed to evaluate on a monetary scale the disamenity effect perceived by incinerator and landfills in an Italian urban context: the city of Turin. In a random utility framework the behaviour of respondents, whose choices are found to be driven by the endowment of information about technological options, socio-economic characteristics as income, education, family composition, and also by their health status was modelled. Furthermore, empirical evidence that the behaviour in residential location choices is affected by different aspects of the respondent life and in particular by the health status was found. Distinct estimates of willingness to accept compensation for disamenity effects of incinerator (Euro 2670) and landfill (Euro 3816) are elicited. The effect of health status of the respondents, their level of information about the waste disposal infrastructure, the presence of a subjective strong aversion (NIMBY) and the actual endowment and concentration of infrastructures are demonstrated to be significant factors determining the choice behaviour, but differentiated and specific for incinerators and landfills.

  20. Langevin Dynamics with Spatial Correlations as a Model for Electron-Phonon Coupling

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tamm, A.; Caro, M.; Caro, A.; Samolyuk, G.; Klintenberg, M.; Correa, A. A.

    2018-05-01

    Stochastic Langevin dynamics has been traditionally used as a tool to describe nonequilibrium processes. When utilized in systems with collective modes, traditional Langevin dynamics relaxes all modes indiscriminately, regardless of their wavelength. We propose a generalization of Langevin dynamics that can capture a differential coupling between collective modes and the bath, by introducing spatial correlations in the random forces. This allows modeling the electronic subsystem in a metal as a generalized Langevin bath endowed with a concept of locality, greatly improving the capabilities of the two-temperature model. The specific form proposed here for the spatial correlations produces a physical wave-vector and polarization dependency of the relaxation produced by the electron-phonon coupling in a solid. We show that the resulting model can be used for describing the path to equilibration of ions and electrons and also as a thermostat to sample the equilibrium canonical ensemble. By extension, the family of models presented here can be applied in general to any dense system, solids, alloys, and dense plasmas. As an example, we apply the model to study the nonequilibrium dynamics of an electron-ion two-temperature Ni crystal.

  1. 45 CFR 1150.9 - How can I resolve the Endowment's claim through a voluntary repayment agreement?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... the debt through a voluntary repayment agreement in lieu of the Endowment taking other collection... may be required to enter into a confess-judgment note or bond of indemnity with surety as part of an...

  2. 45 CFR 1150.9 - How can I resolve the Endowment's claim through a voluntary repayment agreement?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... the debt through a voluntary repayment agreement in lieu of the Endowment taking other collection... may be required to enter into a confess-judgment note or bond of indemnity with surety as part of an...

  3. 78 FR 74174 - Humanities Panel Advisory Committee

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-10

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES Humanities Panel Advisory Committee AGENCY: National Endowment for the Humanities. ACTION: Notice of Charter Renewal for Humanities Panel Advisory... its implementing regulations, 41 CFR 102-3.65, the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) gives...

  4. 78 FR 19534 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-01

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts Proposed Collection; Comment Request ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), as part of... clearly understood, and the impact of collection requirements on respondents can be properly assessed...

  5. 77 FR 13154 - Proposed Collection; Comments Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-03-05

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES Proposed Collection; Comments Request AGENCY: National Endowment for the Arts, National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities. ACTION: Proposed collection; comments request. SUMMARY: The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), as part of its continuing...

  6. C5-epimerase and 2-O-sulfotransferase associate in vitro to generate contiguous epimerized and 2-O-sulfated heparan sulfate domains.

    PubMed

    Préchoux, Aurélie; Halimi, Célia; Simorre, Jean-Pierre; Lortat-Jacob, Hugues; Laguri, Cédric

    2015-04-17

    Heparan sulfate (HS), a complex polysaccharide of the cell surface, is endowed with the remarkable ability to bind numerous proteins and, as such, regulates a large variety of biological processes. Protein binding depends on HS structure; however, in the absence of a template driving its biosynthesis, the mechanism by which protein binding sequences are assembled remains poorly known. Here, we developed a chemically defined 13C-labeled substrate and NMR based experiments to simultaneously follow in real time the activity of HS biosynthetic enzymes and characterize the reaction products. Using this new approach, we report that the association of C5-epimerase and 2-O-sulfotransferase, which catalyze the production of iduronic acid and its 2-O-sulfation, respectively, is necessary to processively generate extended sequences of contiguous IdoA2S-containing disaccharides, whereas modifications are randomly introduced when the enzymes are uncoupled. These data shed light on the mechanisms by which HS motifs are generated during biosynthesis. They support the view that HS structure assembly is controlled not only by the availability of the biosynthetic enzymes but also by their physical association, which in the case of the C5-epimerase and 2-O-sulfotransferase was characterized by an affinity of 80 nM as demonstrated by surface plasmon resonance experiments.

  7. Endowments: Investing in Education's Future.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Taylor, Ronald A.

    1996-01-01

    A discussion of college endowment fund management looks at a trend toward successful investments in the last year and focuses on the increasing financial sophistication of historically black institutions. Trends include less conservative investing, more trustee involvement in investment decision making, and use of investment counselors. (MSE)

  8. Investment Policies for College and University Endowments.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Spitz, William T.

    1999-01-01

    College trustees have a responsibility to institute investment policies that preserve real endowment value. The chief financial officer's responsibility varies, but at a minimum should provide the board with essential information and ensure that trustees understand the importance of policy decisions. Critical tasks include establishing and…

  9. 45 CFR 1150.21 - May I ask the Endowment to waive an overpayment that otherwise would be collected by offsetting...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ....21 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF CLAIMS Salary Offset § 1150.21 May I...

  10. 76 FR 10917 - National Endowment for the Arts; Public Availability of the National Endowment for the Arts' FY...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-02-28

    .... The inventory has been developed in accordance with guidance issued on November 5, 2010 by the Office... inventory on its Web site at the following link: http://www.arts.gov/about/Commercial/index.html . FOR...

  11. 45 CFR 1179.2 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES SALARY OFFSET § 1179.2 Definitions. For the purposes of the part the following... government. Chairperson means the Chairperson of the National Endowment for the Humanities or the Chairperson...

  12. 45 CFR 1179.2 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES SALARY OFFSET § 1179.2 Definitions. For the purposes of the part the following... government. Chairperson means the Chairperson of the National Endowment for the Humanities or the Chairperson...

  13. 45 CFR 1170.2 - Application.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN FEDERALLY ASSISTED PROGRAMS OR... assistance from the National Endowment for the Humanities and to each program or activity that receives such...

  14. 45 CFR 1170.2 - Application.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN FEDERALLY ASSISTED PROGRAMS OR... assistance from the National Endowment for the Humanities and to each program or activity that receives such...

  15. 45 CFR 1177.2 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES CLAIMS COLLECTION § 1177.2 Definitions. For the purpose of this part the... Endowment for the Humanities. (d) Administrative offset means satisfying a debt by withholding money payable...

  16. 45 CFR 1176.1 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES PART-TIME CAREER EMPLOYMENT § 1176.1 General. (a) Purpose. Many individuals in... National Endowment for the Humanities will operate a part-time career employment program, consistent with...

  17. 45 CFR 1177.2 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES CLAIMS COLLECTION § 1177.2 Definitions. For the purpose of this part the... Endowment for the Humanities. (d) Administrative offset means satisfying a debt by withholding money payable...

  18. 77 FR 2095 - Charter Renewal for Humanities Panel

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-01-13

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES Charter Renewal for Humanities Panel AGENCY: The National Endowment for the Humanities. ACTION: Notice of Charter Renewal for Humanities Panel...-463, 86 Stat. 770), as amended, the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) gives notice that the...

  19. 45 CFR 1156.15 - Complaints.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... discrimination. However, for good cause, the Endowment may extend this time limit. The Endowment will consider... complainant and the recipient of their rights and obligations under the complaint procedure, including the right to have a representative at all stages of the complaint procedure. (3) Notifying the complainant...

  20. Endowments: Investing in the Future.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    O'Donnell, Michael; Ambler, Marjane

    1996-01-01

    Reports that tribal colleges face annual deficits since Congress fails to provide the support authorized by the Tribally Controlled Community College Assistance Act. Discusses the use of endowments as a means of covering those deficits, covering investment philosophies and policies, investment manager selection, and investment monitoring. (MAB)

  1. 45 CFR 1150.21 - May I ask the Endowment to waive an overpayment that otherwise would be collected by offsetting...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ....21 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS COLLECTION OF CLAIMS Salary Offset § 1150.21 May I...

  2. The Rich Get Richer.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lively, Kit; Street, Scott

    2000-01-01

    Reports on the spectacular returns on investments (especially in venture capital) reported by American universities with high endowments in 1999. Lists endowment performance by the nation's wealthiest 25 universities noting such returns as almost 60 percent by Duke University (North Carolina) and the University of Notre Dame (Indiana). Considers…

  3. 45 CFR 1176.1 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES PART-TIME CAREER EMPLOYMENT § 1176.1 General. (a) Purpose. Many individuals in... of a standard workweek. Permanent part-time employment also provides benefits to other individuals in... National Endowment for the Humanities will operate a part-time career employment program, consistent with...

  4. 7 CFR 3052.205 - Basis for determining Federal awards expended.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... this part, loans made from the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund and the Central Liquidity..., cooperative agreements, and direct appropriations; the disbursement of funds passed through to subrecipients... repay the loans. (e) Endowment funds. The cumulative balance of Federal awards for endowment funds which...

  5. 45 CFR 1177.5 - Collection.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Collection. 1177.5 Section 1177.5 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES CLAIMS COLLECTION § 1177.5 Collection. (a) The Endowment will take aggressive...

  6. 45 CFR 1177.5 - Collection.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Collection. 1177.5 Section 1177.5 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES CLAIMS COLLECTION § 1177.5 Collection. (a) The Endowment will take aggressive...

  7. 45 CFR 1179.5 - Hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES SALARY OFFSET § 1179.5 Hearing. (a) Request for hearing. (1) An employee must... National Endowment for the Humanities stating why the employee disputes the existence or amount of the debt...

  8. 45 CFR 1179.5 - Hearing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES SALARY OFFSET § 1179.5 Hearing. (a) Request for hearing. (1) An employee must... National Endowment for the Humanities stating why the employee disputes the existence or amount of the debt...

  9. 45 CFR 1153.150 - Program accessibility: Existing facilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS...), alternative methods of achieving program accessibility include— (i) Using audio-visual materials and devices...

  10. 45 CFR 1153.150 - Program accessibility: Existing facilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS...), alternative methods of achieving program accessibility include— (i) Using audio-visual materials and devices...

  11. 45 CFR 1153.150 - Program accessibility: Existing facilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS...), alternative methods of achieving program accessibility include— (i) Using audio-visual materials and devices...

  12. 45 CFR 1153.150 - Program accessibility: Existing facilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS...), alternative methods of achieving program accessibility include— (i) Using audio-visual materials and devices...

  13. 45 CFR 1153.150 - Program accessibility: Existing facilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS...), alternative methods of achieving program accessibility include— (i) Using audio-visual materials and devices...

  14. Endowment Investing: Time for a Sustainability Play?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Pelletier, Stephen G.

    2010-01-01

    Managers of university endowment funds are paying closer attention to investing in "green" industries, commonly bundled under the umbrella "cleantech." Cleantech offers the possibility of buying in while prices are low "and" making a "green" investment play, but it also harbors the risks inherent in any emerging industry. Cleantech has varying…

  15. 76 FR 13672 - National Endowment for the Arts; Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-14

    ... of Qualitative Feedback on Agency Service Delivery AGENCY: The National Endowment for the Arts, NFAH... Qualitative Feedback on Agency Service Delivery'' to OMB for approval under the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA.... SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Title: Generic Clearance for the Collection of Qualitative Feedback on Agency Service...

  16. As Endowment Values Plummet, Some Institutions Consider Suing Brokers

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Masterson, Kathryn

    2008-01-01

    This article reports that as many as five colleges or charitable foundations whose endowments have suffered significant investment losses or were unable to access money in their accounts in recent months are considering legal action against their brokers or investment managers, alleging misrepresentation of risk or mismanagement. Jacob H.…

  17. National Endowment for the Humanities. 1975-1976. Program Announcement.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    National Endowment for the Humanities (NFAH), Washington, DC.

    The National Endowment for the Humanities is an independent federal agency whose principal function is to encourage the understanding and use of the humanities to national concerns. It serves its various constituencies by supporting the work of individual humanists and of nonprofit institutions and organizations engaged in projects involving the…

  18. 45 CFR 1179.7 - Coordinating offset with another Federal agency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES SALARY OFFSET § 1179.7... for the Humanities, the Chairperson shall as appropriate: (i) Arrange for a hearing upon the proper... notice that the National Endowment for the Humanities has received a certified debt claim from the...

  19. 45 CFR 1179.7 - Coordinating offset with another Federal agency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES SALARY OFFSET § 1179.7... for the Humanities, the Chairperson shall as appropriate: (i) Arrange for a hearing upon the proper... notice that the National Endowment for the Humanities has received a certified debt claim from the...

  20. 45 CFR 1179.9 - Refunds.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Refunds. 1179.9 Section 1179.9 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES SALARY OFFSET § 1179.9 Refunds. (a) The National Endowment for the Humanities...

  1. 45 CFR 1179.9 - Refunds.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 45 Public Welfare 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Refunds. 1179.9 Section 1179.9 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES SALARY OFFSET § 1179.9 Refunds. (a) The National Endowment for the Humanities...

  2. The Payout Method: A Spending Policy That Enhances Return.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Morrell, Louis R.

    1991-01-01

    College and university business officers are encouraged to implement an endowment distribution method that increases the amount distributed by a fixed annual percentage based on asset mix, inflation, and expected return. Such a payout system provides a predictable, steadily increasing level of endowment income yet maintains the purchasing power of…

  3. Challenging the Conventional Wisdom on Endowment Risk.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Spitz, William T.

    2001-01-01

    The conventional wisdom suggests that colleges and universities that are highly dependent on endowment income should be risk-averse because a significant decrease in the value of the fund could potentially prove fatal. This article suggests that a conservative strategy may actually be self-defeating to institutions that rely heavily on endowment…

  4. Offshore Investments by Colleges Draw Scrutiny

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Fain, Paul; Wolverton, Brad

    2007-01-01

    Billions of dollars in untaxed, offshore investments by college endowments could be subject to taxation under a proposal being considered by the leaders of the U.S. Senate Finance Committee. The proposed change, which targets hedge funds, a popular investing strategy for many colleges, would affect the largest college endowments, including those…

  5. 26 CFR 53.4942(b)-1 - Operating foundations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... which, in addition to satisfying the assets test, the endowment test or the support test set forth in... disabled persons, elderly persons, needy widows, or children, and (B) Satisfies the endowment test set... determined on the basis of the facts and circumstances of each particular case. The test applied is a...

  6. 26 CFR 53.4942(b)-1 - Operating foundations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... which, in addition to satisfying the assets test, the endowment test or the support test set forth in... disabled persons, elderly persons, needy widows, or children, and (B) Satisfies the endowment test set... determined on the basis of the facts and circumstances of each particular case. The test applied is a...

  7. 26 CFR 53.4942(b)-1 - Operating foundations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... which, in addition to satisfying the assets test, the endowment test or the support test set forth in... disabled persons, elderly persons, needy widows, or children, and (B) Satisfies the endowment test set... determined on the basis of the facts and circumstances of each particular case. The test applied is a...

  8. 26 CFR 53.4942(b)-1 - Operating foundations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... which, in addition to satisfying the assets test, the endowment test or the support test set forth in... disabled persons, elderly persons, needy widows, or children, and (B) Satisfies the endowment test set... determined on the basis of the facts and circumstances of each particular case. The test applied is a...

  9. 26 CFR 53.4942(b)-1 - Operating foundations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... which, in addition to satisfying the assets test, the endowment test or the support test set forth in... disabled persons, elderly persons, needy widows, or children, and (B) Satisfies the endowment test set... determined on the basis of the facts and circumstances of each particular case. The test applied is a...

  10. Is the Endowment Model Still Working?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Jarvis, William

    2010-01-01

    When Commonfund and the National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO) announced in late 2008 that they would join forces to combine their two endowment studies, which had historically been fielded and reported separately, they had high hopes for the venture, but those hopes were tempered with caution. The financial…

  11. Global Custody of Endowment Funds

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Palfreyman, David

    2007-01-01

    This article explores the law relating to the global custodianship of funds, notably as managed for endowed charities such as universities and independent schools. Is global custody based on the legal concept of bailment or of trusts? Just how secure are the legal underpinnings of this financial mechanism? The conclusions are that the legal…

  12. Endowments Up 27 Pct. in Fiscal '86 for Second Straight Year of Big Growth.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Desruisseaux, Paul

    1987-01-01

    The preliminary findings of a broad national study indicate that the value of college and university endowments has risen substantially for the second year in a row, outpacing inflation, due mostly to the rise in stock prices in the past year. (MSE)

  13. 1991 NACUBO Endowment Study.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    National Association of College and University Business Officers, Washington, DC.

    This report presents the results of a 1991 study of the performance and management of endowments of colleges and universities. Part I offers information on the data collection and describes several definitions and formula used in the analysis. Part II presents the report's exhibits in two sections the first of which treats endowment…

  14. 75 FR 51116 - National Endowment for the Arts;

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-18

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory..., notice is hereby given that five meetings of the Arts Advisory Panel to the National Council on the Arts... (ending times are approximate): Arts Education (application review): September 14-15, 2010 in Room 714. A...

  15. 76 FR 16842 - National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory Panel

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-25

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory..., notice is hereby given that one meeting of the Arts Advisory Panel to the National Council on the Arts... (ending time is approximate): Arts Education (application review): April 14, 2011, by teleconference. This...

  16. Endowment Spending Rates, Intergenerational Equity and the Sources of Capital Gains

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Woglom, Geoffrey

    2003-01-01

    This paper analyzes how James Tobin's widely cited concept of "intergenerational equity" for university endowments relates to the economic concepts of intertemporal substitutability and risk aversion. I show that Tobin's concept of intergenerational equity is a very special case of intertemporal substitutability; a special case that implies very…

  17. 75 FR 67164 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request for Revenue Procedure 2001-42

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-01

    ... Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13 (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A)). Currently, the IRS is soliciting comments concerning Revenue Procedure 2001-42, Modified Endowment Contract Correction Program Extension... Internet, at [email protected] . SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Title: Modified Endowment Contract...

  18. Managing the Endowment

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Ellis, R. L.

    1975-01-01

    The treasurer of Smith College describes their use of the unit method of investment, in which each endowment is given shares in the total investment pool, and the total return concept, which emphasizes the use of a modest portion of investment appreciation for operating purposes to supplement the yield from interest and dividends. (JT)

  19. Divesting from Fossil Fuels Makes Sense Morally… and Financially

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cleveland, Cutler J.; Reibstein, Richard

    2015-01-01

    Should university endowments divest from fossil fuels? A public discussion of this question has seen some university presidents issuing statements that they would not divest--that investments should not be used for "political action." Many universities hold large endowments that have significant positions in fossil fuel companies or…

  20. Plasticity-Driven Self-Organization under Topological Constraints Accounts for Non-random Features of Cortical Synaptic Wiring

    PubMed Central

    Miner, Daniel; Triesch, Jochen

    2016-01-01

    Understanding the structure and dynamics of cortical connectivity is vital to understanding cortical function. Experimental data strongly suggest that local recurrent connectivity in the cortex is significantly non-random, exhibiting, for example, above-chance bidirectionality and an overrepresentation of certain triangular motifs. Additional evidence suggests a significant distance dependency to connectivity over a local scale of a few hundred microns, and particular patterns of synaptic turnover dynamics, including a heavy-tailed distribution of synaptic efficacies, a power law distribution of synaptic lifetimes, and a tendency for stronger synapses to be more stable over time. Understanding how many of these non-random features simultaneously arise would provide valuable insights into the development and function of the cortex. While previous work has modeled some of the individual features of local cortical wiring, there is no model that begins to comprehensively account for all of them. We present a spiking network model of a rodent Layer 5 cortical slice which, via the interactions of a few simple biologically motivated intrinsic, synaptic, and structural plasticity mechanisms, qualitatively reproduces these non-random effects when combined with simple topological constraints. Our model suggests that mechanisms of self-organization arising from a small number of plasticity rules provide a parsimonious explanation for numerous experimentally observed non-random features of recurrent cortical wiring. Interestingly, similar mechanisms have been shown to endow recurrent networks with powerful learning abilities, suggesting that these mechanism are central to understanding both structure and function of cortical synaptic wiring. PMID:26866369

  1. Egocentric empathy gaps between owners and buyers: misperceptions of the endowment effect.

    PubMed

    Van Boven, L; Dunning, D; Loewenstein, G

    2000-07-01

    In 5 studies, the authors examined people's perceptions of the endowment effect, or the tendency to value an object more once one owns it. In the 1st 2 studies, the authors documented egocentric empathy gaps between owners and buyers regarding the endowment effect: Both owners and buyers overestimated the similarity between their own valuation of a commodity and the valuation of people in the other role. The next 2 studies showed that these empathy gaps may lead to reduced earnings in a market setting. The final study showed that egocentric empathy gaps stem partly from people's misprediction of what their own valuation would be if they were in the other role.

  2. Heart strings and purse strings: Carryover effects of emotions on economic decisions.

    PubMed

    Lerner, Jennifer S; Small, Deborah A; Loewenstein, George

    2004-05-01

    We examined the impact of specific emotions on the endowment effect, the tendency for selling prices to exceed buying or "choice" prices for the same object. As predicted by appraisal-tendency theory, disgust induced by a prior, irrelevant situation carried over to normatively unrelated economic decisions, reducing selling and choice prices and eliminating the endowment effect. Sadness also carried over, reducing selling prices but increasing choice prices--producing a "reverse endowment effect" in which choice prices exceeded selling prices. The results demonstrate that incidental emotions can influence decisions even when real money is at stake, and that emotions of the same valence can have opposing effects on such decisions.

  3. Colleges Lower Their Expectations for Endowments

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Masterson, Kathryn

    2008-01-01

    This article reports that after years of double-digit gains, college endowments are feeling the pinch from distressed financial markets. Some colleges are reporting negative rates of return for the fiscal year that just ended, and even those that performed better are wondering what the current financial crisis will mean. If the market's slide…

  4. Unequal Education, Poverty and Low Growth--A Theoretical Framework for Rural Education of China

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wu, Fangwei; Zhang, Deyuan; Zhang, Jinghua

    2008-01-01

    This paper constructs an intertemporal substitution educational model based on endogenous growth theory and examines the rural education, farmer income and rural economic growth problems in China. It shows that the households originally with the same economic endowment but different education endowment take different growth routes, the income…

  5. 76 FR 70765 - National Endowment for the Arts; Submission of OMB Review: Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-11-15

    ... submission of responses. Agency: National Endowment for the Arts. Title: General Social Survey Arts... Annualized Capital/Startup Costs: 0. Total Annual Costs (Operating/Maintaining Systems or Purchasing Services): 0. This request is for clearance of an arts supplement for the 2012 General Social Survey (GSS), to...

  6. 26 CFR 1.264-4 - Other life insurance, endowment, or annuity contracts.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 26 Internal Revenue 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Other life insurance, endowment, or annuity... (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Items Not Deductible § 1.264-4 Other life insurance... taxable year on indebtedness incurred or continued to purchase or continue in effect a life insurance...

  7. Dynamic Vision for Control

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-02-05

    the best of our knowledge, the first approach to design a proper filter (observer) in the infinite - dimensional space of shapes (closed Jordan...curves). This is based on endowing the space with a Riemaimian (Sobolev) metric , then shooting geodesies from the current best estimate of the state...handing nuisance transformations and endowing the models with a

  8. 26 CFR 1.264-4 - Other life insurance, endowment, or annuity contracts.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 26 Internal Revenue 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Other life insurance, endowment, or annuity... (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Items Not Deductible § 1.264-4 Other life... during the taxable year on indebtedness incurred or continued to purchase or continue in effect a life...

  9. 26 CFR 1.264-4 - Other life insurance, endowment, or annuity contracts.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 26 Internal Revenue 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Other life insurance, endowment, or annuity... (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Items Not Deductible § 1.264-4 Other life... during the taxable year on indebtedness incurred or continued to purchase or continue in effect a life...

  10. 78 FR 35837 - National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities Research Endowments

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-06-14

    ... DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES National Institutes of Health 42 CFR Part 52i [Docket Number NIH-2007-0931] RIN 0925-AA61 National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities Research Endowments AGENCY: National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services. ACTION: Notice of...

  11. Giftedness and Genetics: The Emergenic-Epigenetic Model and Its Implications

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Simonton, Dean Keith

    2005-01-01

    The genetic endowment underlying giftedness may operate in a far more complex manner than often expressed in most theoretical accounts of the phenomenon. First, an endowment may be emergenic. That is, a gift may consist of multiple traits (multidimensional) that are inherited in a multiplicative (configurational), rather than an additive (simple)…

  12. The Impact of Inflation on Endowment Assets

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Birkeland, Kathryn; Carr, David L.; Lavin, Angeline M.

    2013-01-01

    Maintaining spending power in real terms (current) while preserving an endowment's value in real terms (future) is the crux of intergenerational equity. Tobin's (1974) model provides the conceptual basis on which simulations were developed to study the impact of various inflation (0%, TIPS, CPI, HECA, and HEPI) and new giving scenarios ($0, $4…

  13. 34 CFR 628.43 - What investment standards shall a grantee follow?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ...— (1) Certificates of deposit; (2) Mutual funds; (3) Stocks; or (4) Bonds. (e) An institution may not... endowment fund established under this part in savings accounts or in low-risk securities in which a...) When investing the endowment fund, the grantee shall exercise the judgment and care, under the...

  14. Results of the 1974 NACUBO Comparative Performance Study and Investment Questionnaire.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    National Association of College and University Business Officers, Washington, DC.

    The 1974 Comparative Performance Study includes 150 endowment pools representing 136 institutions. The market value of the pools which provided information as of June 30, 1974, was 6.9 billion dollars. The study identifies endowment pools by code and indicates each pool's investment objective, approximate market value, the percentage in cash and…

  15. 26 CFR 1.1035-1 - Certain exchanges of insurance policies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... providing for regular payments beginning at a date not later than the date payments would have begun under... contract of life insurance for another contract of life insurance or for an endowment or annuity contract... exchange of an endowment contract or annuity contract for a life insurance contract, nor an annuity...

  16. 26 CFR 1.264-4 - Other life insurance, endowment, or annuity contracts.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 26 Internal Revenue 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Other life insurance, endowment, or annuity... (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Items Not Deductible § 1.264-4 Other life... during the taxable year on indebtedness incurred or continued to purchase or continue in effect a life...

  17. 26 CFR 1.264-4 - Other life insurance, endowment, or annuity contracts.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 26 Internal Revenue 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Other life insurance, endowment, or annuity... (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Items Not Deductible § 1.264-4 Other life... during the taxable year on indebtedness incurred or continued to purchase or continue in effect a life...

  18. 75 FR 44815 - National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory Panel

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-07-29

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory..., notice is hereby given that one meeting of the Arts Advisory Panel to the National Council on the Arts... National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965, as amended, including information given in...

  19. 75 FR 41902 - National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory Panel

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-07-19

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory..., notice is hereby given that three meetings of the Arts Advisory Panel to the National Council on the Arts... financial assistance under the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965, as amended...

  20. 76 FR 70510 - National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory Panel

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-11-14

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory..., notice is hereby given that ten meetings of the Arts Advisory Panel to the National Council on the Arts... (ending times are approximate): Arts Education (application review): November 29-December 2, 2011 in Room...

  1. 75 FR 11940 - National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory Panel

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-12

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory..., notice is hereby given that a meeting of the Arts Advisory Committee will be held by teleconference from... National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965, as amended, including information given in...

  2. 75 FR 19664 - National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory Panel

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-04-15

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory..., notice is hereby given that four meetings of the Arts Advisory Panel to the National Council on the Arts... recommendations on financial assistance under the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965...

  3. 75 FR 63516 - National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory Panel

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-10-15

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory..., notice is hereby given that twelve meetings of the Arts Advisory Panel to the National Council on the Arts will be held at the Nancy Hanks Center, 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20506 as...

  4. 76 FR 35049 - National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory Panel

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-06-15

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory..., notice is hereby given that eleven meetings of the Arts Advisory Panel to the National Council on the Arts will be held at the Nancy Hanks Center, 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., Washington, DC, 20506 as...

  5. 75 FR 35845 - National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory Panel

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-23

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory..., notice is hereby given that three meetings of the Arts Advisory Panel to the National Council on the Arts... the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965, as amended, including information...

  6. 75 FR 69474 - National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory Panel

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-12

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory..., notice is hereby given that eleven meetings of the Arts Advisory Panel to the National Council on the Arts will be held at the Nancy Hanks Center, 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., Washington, DC, 20506 as...

  7. 76 FR 28101 - National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory Panel

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-05-13

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory..., notice is hereby given that eleven meetings of the Arts Advisory Panel to the National Council on the Arts will be held at the Nancy Hanks Center, 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20506 as...

  8. 76 FR 81542 - National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory Panel

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-28

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory..., notice is hereby given that a meeting of the Arts Advisory Panel to the National Council on the Arts will... (ending times are approximate): Media Arts (application review): January 24-26, 2012 in Room 716. A...

  9. 76 FR 28244 - National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory Panel

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-05-16

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory..., notice is hereby given that one meeting of the Arts Advisory Panel to the National Council on the Arts... Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965, as amended, including information given in confidence...

  10. 76 FR 78316 - National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory Panel

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-16

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory..., notice is hereby given that eleven meetings of the Arts Advisory Panel to the National Council on the Arts will be held at the Nancy Hanks Center, 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue NW., Washington, DC, 20506 as...

  11. 76 FR 20719 - National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory Panel

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-04-13

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory..., notice is hereby given that nine meetings of the Arts Advisory Panel to the National Council on the Arts..., evaluation, and recommendations on financial assistance under the National Foundation on the Arts and the...

  12. 76 FR 41308 - National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory Panel

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-07-13

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory..., notice is hereby given that two meetings of the Arts Advisory Panel to the National Council on the Arts... recommendations on financial assistance under the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965...

  13. 78 FR 63249 - National Council on the Arts 180th Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-10-23

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Council on the Arts 180th Meeting AGENCY: National Endowment for the Arts, National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities. ACTION: Notice...-463), as amended, notice is hereby given that the National Endowment for the Arts will hold a virtual...

  14. Macalester is Rich on Paper, But It Doesn't Control Its Wealth.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Healy, Patrick

    1997-01-01

    Half the endowment of Macalester College (Minnesota) is controlled by the Readers Digest Association, not the college. Macalester can not sell the poorly-performing stocks. Income from the stocks supports a need-blind admissions policy. Some faculty feel the endowment should be used to further enhance the college's distinctiveness. (MSE)

  15. The Duke Endowment Child Abuse Prevention Initiative: A Midpoint Assessment

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Daro, Deborah; Huang, Lee Ann; English, Brianna

    2009-01-01

    The Duke Endowment launched its Child Abuse Prevention Initiative in 2002 by funding two program sites, the Durham Family Initiative in Durham, North Carolina, and Strong Communities in Greenville, South Carolina. Both sites aimed to reduce rates of child abuse, improve parenting practices and behaviors, strengthen community service systems, and…

  16. 76 FR 13673 - National Endowment for the Arts; Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-14

    ... generalized to the overall population. This type of generic clearance for qualitative information will not be... of Qualitative Feedback on Agency Service Delivery AGENCY: The National Endowment for the Arts, NFAH... Qualitative Feedback on Agency Service Delivery'' to OMB for approval under the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA...

  17. Two Feathers Endowment Scholarship Program: Program Evaluation

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Pierce, Alexandra

    2004-01-01

    The Saint Paul Foundation contracted with the Wilder Research Center to conduct an evaluation of their Two Feathers Scholarship Program. The Two Feathers Scholarship Program is funded through the Two Feathers Endowment, which is one part of the Foundation's SpectrumTrust. SpectrumTrust is a unique partnership between communities of color and The…

  18. Marketing Strategies for a Low Endowment Private University in the 1990's.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wallingford, Harlan P.; Berger, Karen

    1993-01-01

    It is suggested that low-endowment private universities must apply better marketing techniques in strategic planning to ensure survival. Recommendations are made for using market research effectively, identifying new markets, and directing media communication accurately. The student's role as consumer is seen as the starting point for product and…

  19. [An Extraction and Recognition Method of the Distributed Optical Fiber Vibration Signal Based on EMD-AWPP and HOSA-SVM Algorithm].

    PubMed

    Zhang, Yanjun; Liu, Wen-zhe; Fu, Xing-hu; Bi, Wei-hong

    2016-02-01

    Given that the traditional signal processing methods can not effectively distinguish the different vibration intrusion signal, a feature extraction and recognition method of the vibration information is proposed based on EMD-AWPP and HOSA-SVM, using for high precision signal recognition of distributed fiber optic intrusion detection system. When dealing with different types of vibration, the method firstly utilizes the adaptive wavelet processing algorithm based on empirical mode decomposition effect to reduce the abnormal value influence of sensing signal and improve the accuracy of signal feature extraction. Not only the low frequency part of the signal is decomposed, but also the high frequency part the details of the signal disposed better by time-frequency localization process. Secondly, it uses the bispectrum and bicoherence spectrum to accurately extract the feature vector which contains different types of intrusion vibration. Finally, based on the BPNN reference model, the recognition parameters of SVM after the implementation of the particle swarm optimization can distinguish signals of different intrusion vibration, which endows the identification model stronger adaptive and self-learning ability. It overcomes the shortcomings, such as easy to fall into local optimum. The simulation experiment results showed that this new method can effectively extract the feature vector of sensing information, eliminate the influence of random noise and reduce the effects of outliers for different types of invasion source. The predicted category identifies with the output category and the accurate rate of vibration identification can reach above 95%. So it is better than BPNN recognition algorithm and improves the accuracy of the information analysis effectively.

  20. OPERATION OF A PUBLIC GEOLOGIC CORE AND SAMPLE REPOSITORY IN HOUSTION, TEXAS

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Scott W. Tinker; Beverly Blakeney DeJarnett

    2006-04-14

    The Bureau of Economic Geology's Houston Research Center (HRC) is well established as a premier regional research center for geologic research serving not only Houston, but geoscientists from around Texas, the US, and even the world. As reported in the 2004-2005 technical progress report to the DOE, the HRC provides a state-of-the-art core viewing facility, two fully equipped conference rooms, and a comprehensive technical library, all available for public use. In addition, the HRC currently now houses over 600,000 boxes of rock material, and has space to hold approximately 300,000 more boxes. Use of the facility has remained strong during this fourth year of operation; the number of patrons averaged nearly 150 per month from June 1, to 2005 May 31, 2006. This usage is a combination of individuals describing core, groups of geoscientists holding seminars and workshops, and various industry and government-funded groups holding short courses, workshops, and seminars. These numbers are in addition to the numerous daily requests from patrons desiring to have rock material shipped offsite to their own offices. The BEG/HRC secured several substantial donations of rock materials and cash totaling approximatelymore » $2.2 million during the 2005-2006 operating period. All of these funds went directly into an endowment that will, when complete, endow the HRC in perpetuity. Specific details regarding the funds in the endowment are addressed in a table later in this report. Outreach during 2005 and 2006 included many technical presentations and several publications on the HRC. Several field trips to the facility were held for geoscience professionals and grade school students alike. Goals for the upcoming year include securing donations of rock material and cash to approach full funding of the HRC endowment. Thanks to donations totaling $2.2 million from Shea Homes (heritage Unocal rock material), Chevron and others this operating year, the HRC endowment now totals $8,015,621. A major project underway for the HRC in FY2007 is improvement of the existing online core/log database into a Geoinformatics-compatible, GIS-driven online system. Usage of the HRC has gone up every year and is now very respectable. This year we will strive to raise awareness of the HRC's 100,000-volume geoscience technical library. Our original business model targeted $10 million in endowment; after several years of operation we realize we require an $11 million endowment. We are ''on plan'' and need only $$3 million to fully fund the endowment. To meet these goals in the 2006-2007 operating year will require DOE support for the fifth and final year. DOE support will allow for {approx}$$600k in endowment growth and save using the fund for operation; lack of support will result in a net negative spread of up to $1 million, and set the plan way back. We recognize that DOE budgets for oil and gas research, against best efforts, have been cut substantially this year. Any support available for HRC operation, during continuing resolution or otherwise, would have a very positive impact on this critical final year of the original business plan.« less

  1. The Inception of the Meaning and Significance of Endowment in American Higher Education, 1890-1930

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kimball, Bruce A.; Johnson, Benjamin Ashby

    2012-01-01

    Background/Context: Endowments of institutions of higher education in the United States have attracted widespread attention in recent decades due to their meteoric rise in value and their precipitous decline during the recent recession. But there has been little research on the beginnings of the significant interest in and importance of…

  2. The endowment effect and WTA: a quasi-experimental test

    Treesearch

    H.F. MacDonald; J. Michael Bowker

    1993-01-01

    This paper reports a test of the endowment effect in an economic analysis of localized air pollution. Regression techniques are used to test the significance of perceived property rights on household WTP for improved air quality versus WTA compensation to forgo an improvement in air quality. Our experimental contributes to the research into WTP/WTA divergence by...

  3. 26 CFR 1.817-5 - Diversification requirements for variable annuity, endowment, and life insurance contracts.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... insurance contract for any calendar quarter period for which the investments of any such account are not... subsequent period even if the investments are adequately diversified for such subsequent period. If a... foreign) law is not treated as a life insurance or endowment contract under section 7702(a), the income on...

  4. 34 CFR 628.2 - Which institutions are eligible to apply for an endowment challenge grant?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... institution is eligible to apply for an endowment challenge grant if— (a) It qualifies as an eligible institution for the Strengthening Institutions Program under 34 CFR 607.2; (b) It qualifies as an eligible institution for the Strengthening Historically Black Colleges and Universities Program under 34 CFR 608.2; (c...

  5. 34 CFR 628.2 - Which institutions are eligible to apply for an endowment challenge grant?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... institution is eligible to apply for an endowment challenge grant if— (a) It qualifies as an eligible institution for the Strengthening Institutions Program under 34 CFR 607.2; (b) It qualifies as an eligible institution for the Strengthening Historically Black Colleges and Universities Program under 34 CFR 608.2; (c...

  6. 34 CFR 628.2 - Which institutions are eligible to apply for an endowment challenge grant?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... institution is eligible to apply for an endowment challenge grant if— (a) It qualifies as an eligible institution for the Strengthening Institutions Program under 34 CFR 607.2; (b) It qualifies as an eligible institution for the Strengthening Historically Black Colleges and Universities Program under 34 CFR 608.2; (c...

  7. 34 CFR 628.2 - Which institutions are eligible to apply for an endowment challenge grant?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... institution is eligible to apply for an endowment challenge grant if— (a) It qualifies as an eligible institution for the Strengthening Institutions Program under 34 CFR 607.2; (b) It qualifies as an eligible institution for the Strengthening Historically Black Colleges and Universities Program under 34 CFR 608.2; (c...

  8. 34 CFR 628.2 - Which institutions are eligible to apply for an endowment challenge grant?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... institution is eligible to apply for an endowment challenge grant if— (a) It qualifies as an eligible institution for the Strengthening Institutions Program under 34 CFR 607.2; (b) It qualifies as an eligible institution for the Strengthening Historically Black Colleges and Universities Program under 34 CFR 608.2; (c...

  9. For Berkeley's Sports Endowment, a Goal of $1-Billion

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Keller, Josh

    2009-01-01

    Most athletics programs, if forced to raise $300-million to renovate a football stadium, would not set an ambitious endowment goal at the same time. The University of California at Berkeley is trying to do both. The university's California Memorial Stadium sits directly over an earthquake fault: it needs a major seismic retrofit that will take…

  10. 78 FR 40664 - Statement for the Guidance of the Public-Organization, Procedure and Availability of Information

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-07-08

    ...--STATEMENT FOR THE GUIDANCE OF THE PUBLIC--ORGANIZATION, PROCEDURE AND AVAILABILITY OF INFORMATION 0 1. The...-AA31; 3137-AA23 Statement for the Guidance of the Public--Organization, Procedure and Availability of Information AGENCY: National Endowment for the Arts, National Endowment for the Humanities, and Institute of...

  11. Peace through History? The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace's Inquiry into European Schoolbooks, 1921-1924

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Irish, Tomás

    2016-01-01

    In 1924 the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace published a volume investigating the teaching of school history in former belligerent states in Europe. The project sought to reconcile former enemies through mutual understanding and educational exchange and reflected a widely held belief that although the military conflict had finished, its…

  12. 45 CFR 1150.31 - What are the Endowment's procedures for collecting debts by tax refund offset?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... debts by tax refund offset? 1150.31 Section 1150.31 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public... COLLECTION OF CLAIMS Tax Refund Offset § 1150.31 What are the Endowment's procedures for collecting debts by tax refund offset? (a) The Chairperson will be the point of contact with the Treasury for...

  13. President's Committee on the Arts and the Humanities 2009-2016: A Legacy of Action

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    President's Committee on the Arts and the Humanities, 2016

    2016-01-01

    The "President's Committee on the Arts and the Humanities 2009-2016: A Legacy of Action" highlights the results of the synergy of collaboration the President's Committee on the Arts and the Humanities (PCAH) forged with the private sector and each of the cultural agencies--National Endowment for the Arts, National Endowment for the…

  14. Advocacy in National Endowment for the Humanities' Projects Funded by Five State Councils.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    General Accounting Office, Washington, DC.

    In response to a congressional inquiry, the General Accounting Office reviewed the work of five state humanities councils: California, Florida, Idaho, Maryland, and Oregon. Out of about 700 projects funded by these state councils during fiscal years 1982 and 1983, ten were judged by the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) or state council…

  15. Essential Not Optional: A Strategic Approach to Fund-Raising for Endowments

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Griswold, John S.; Jarvis, William F.

    2012-01-01

    This overview of the state of endowment giving comes at a time of urgent need in the nonprofit sector. With market returns uncertain, and spending restraint difficult, the moderate but measurable increase in donations in the previous year invites institutions to consider elevating fund-raising to a more strategic position within the organization.…

  16. Modesty Can Be a Virtue for Endowments in Hard Times

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Masterson, Kathryn

    2008-01-01

    While the wealthiest institutions are making headlines with announcements of hiring freezes or possible layoffs to cope with endowment losses in the billions of dollars, colleges of more modest means, like Widener University, are more dependent on tuition to pay the bills. They may actually find themselves in a less nerve-racking position as the…

  17. An Ongoing Experiment: State Councils, the Humanities, and the American Public

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lynn, Elizabeth; Levine, Peter

    2013-01-01

    In 1965, President Johnson signed the National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities Act, giving birth to the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Endowment for the Arts. The act declared, "Democracy demands wisdom and vision in its citizens. It must therefore foster and support a form of education, and access to the arts…

  18. deKieffer International Fellowship Award Receives Endowment

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cornell, Dick

    2009-01-01

    The AECT International Division held its 22nd annual dinner and auction on November 6, 2008 in Orlando, Florida. During this event it was announced that the "ect" Foundation is now the recipient of a $10,000 endowment intended to further enhance the annual monetary award of the Robert E. deKieffer International Fellowship Award. The gift…

  19. 75 FR 26284 - National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory Panel

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-05-11

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts; Arts Advisory..., notice is hereby given that nine meetings of the Arts Advisory Panel to the National Council on the Arts... meeting, from 3 p.m. to 3:30 p.m. EDT, will be closed. Folk and Traditional Arts (application review...

  20. Effects of Organizational Characteristics and Human Capital Endowments on Pay of Female and Male Middle School Principals

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Young, Phillip; Reimer, Don; Young, Karen Holsey

    2010-01-01

    Background: Studies addressing pay discrimination for females in education have relied on main effect regression models, mostly examining amount (intercept values) rather than rate of pay (slope coefficients). Purpose: The purpose is to determine if organizational characteristics and human capital endowments purported to influence pay are facially…

  1. 26 CFR 1.817-5 - Diversification requirements for variable annuity, endowment, and life insurance contracts.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ...) and (h). Likewise, if a variable contract is not treated as an annuity contract under section 72, the... endowment contract under section 7702 (g) and (h). (2) Inadvertent failure to diversify. The investments of... considered adequately diversified for purposes of this section and section 817(h) only if— (A) No more than...

  2. Endowments as a Source of Library Funds.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kane, Frederick A.

    To obtain private endowments as a source of library funds the following needs to be done: (1) work hard with a definite goal in view; (2) plan a course of action; (3) contact those individuals whom investigations show may help; (4) search out help from newspapers, banks, radio and television stations; (5) consider the employment of a full time…

  3. Money, Sociability and Happiness: Are Developed Countries Doomed to Social Erosion and Unhappiness? Time-Series Analysis of Social Capital and Subjective Well-Being in Western Europe, Australia, Canada and Japan

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sarracino, Francesco

    2012-01-01

    Discovering whether social capital endowments in modern societies have been subjected or not to a process of gradual erosion is one of the most debated topics in recent economic literature. Inaugurated by Putnam's pioneering studies, the debate on social capital trends has been recently revived by Stevenson and Wolfers (2008) contending…

  4. Exploring agent-level calculations of risk and returns in relation to observed land-use changes in the US Great Plains, 1870–1940

    PubMed Central

    Sylvester, Kenneth M.; Brown, Daniel G.; Leonard, Susan H.; Merchant, Emily; Hutchins, Meghan

    2015-01-01

    Land-use change in the U.S. Great Plains since agricultural settlement in the second half of the nineteenth century has been well documented. While aggregate historical trends are easily tracked, the decision-making of individual farmers is difficult to reconstruct. We use an agent-based model to tell the history of the settlement of the West by simulating farm-level agricultural decision making based on historical data about prices, yields, farming costs, and environmental conditions. The empirical setting for the model is the period between 1875 and 1940 in two townships in Kansas, one in the shortgrass region and the other in the mixed grass region. Annual historical data on yields and prices determine profitability of various land uses and thereby inform decision-making, in conjunction with the farmer’s previous experience and randomly assigned levels of risk aversion. Results illustrating the level of agreement between model output and unique and detailed household-level records of historical land use and farm size suggest that economic behavior and natural endowments account for land change processes to some degree, but are incomplete. Discrepancies are examined to identify missing processes through model experiments, in which we adjust input and output prices, crop yields, agent memory, and risk aversion. These analyses demonstrate how agent-based modeling can be a useful laboratory for thinking about social and economic behavior in the past. PMID:25729323

  5. An algorithm-based topographical biomaterials library to instruct cell fate

    PubMed Central

    Unadkat, Hemant V.; Hulsman, Marc; Cornelissen, Kamiel; Papenburg, Bernke J.; Truckenmüller, Roman K.; Carpenter, Anne E.; Wessling, Matthias; Post, Gerhard F.; Uetz, Marc; Reinders, Marcel J. T.; Stamatialis, Dimitrios; van Blitterswijk, Clemens A.; de Boer, Jan

    2011-01-01

    It is increasingly recognized that material surface topography is able to evoke specific cellular responses, endowing materials with instructive properties that were formerly reserved for growth factors. This opens the window to improve upon, in a cost-effective manner, biological performance of any surface used in the human body. Unfortunately, the interplay between surface topographies and cell behavior is complex and still incompletely understood. Rational approaches to search for bioactive surfaces will therefore omit previously unperceived interactions. Hence, in the present study, we use mathematical algorithms to design nonbiased, random surface features and produce chips of poly(lactic acid) with 2,176 different topographies. With human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) grown on the chips and using high-content imaging, we reveal unique, formerly unknown, surface topographies that are able to induce MSC proliferation or osteogenic differentiation. Moreover, we correlate parameters of the mathematical algorithms to cellular responses, which yield novel design criteria for these particular parameters. In conclusion, we demonstrate that randomized libraries of surface topographies can be broadly applied to unravel the interplay between cells and surface topography and to find improved material surfaces. PMID:21949368

  6. Amorphous topological insulators constructed from random point sets

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mitchell, Noah P.; Nash, Lisa M.; Hexner, Daniel; Turner, Ari M.; Irvine, William T. M.

    2018-04-01

    The discovery that the band structure of electronic insulators may be topologically non-trivial has revealed distinct phases of electronic matter with novel properties1,2. Recently, mechanical lattices have been found to have similarly rich structure in their phononic excitations3,4, giving rise to protected unidirectional edge modes5-7. In all of these cases, however, as well as in other topological metamaterials3,8, the underlying structure was finely tuned, be it through periodicity, quasi-periodicity or isostaticity. Here we show that amorphous Chern insulators can be readily constructed from arbitrary underlying structures, including hyperuniform, jammed, quasi-crystalline and uniformly random point sets. While our findings apply to mechanical and electronic systems alike, we focus on networks of interacting gyroscopes as a model system. Local decorations control the topology of the vibrational spectrum, endowing amorphous structures with protected edge modes—with a chirality of choice. Using a real-space generalization of the Chern number, we investigate the topology of our structures numerically, analytically and experimentally. The robustness of our approach enables the topological design and self-assembly of non-crystalline topological metamaterials on the micro and macro scale.

  7. Pressure Builds on Wealthy Colleges to Spend More of Their Assets

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Blumenstyk, Goldie

    2007-01-01

    The $5.7-billion endowment at Washington University in St. Louis is a nest egg that makes a lot of things possible. Endowment proceeds begat the whimsical, stainless-steel spherical sculpture now hanging in the lobby of the sleek new art museum, which gives off a fun-house mirror effect from below; the sprawling collection of books on the Third…

  8. Human Capital Endowments and Labor Force Experiences of Southerners: A Ten-Year Perspective. SRDC Series.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Beaulieu, Lionel J.; Barfield, Melissa

    This study examines the link between human capital endowments of Southern workers and their labor force experiences over time. Using a national longitudinal survey, the experiences of 4,566 individuals who left high school in 1982 were traced through 1992. Findings show similar patterns of educational attainment between women and men, but African…

  9. Autonomy or Oligarchy? The Changing Effects of University Endowments in Winner-Take-All Markets

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Meyer, Heinz-Dieter; Zhou, Kai

    2017-01-01

    This paper directs attention to important changes in the role and funding of elite private universities in the USA. At the center of these changes is the private endowment--an institution that has for much of its history been a pivotal element of innovation and autonomy, but which is recently tilting towards the production and reproduction of…

  10. 34 CFR 628.46 - How shall a grantee calculate the amount of endowment fund income that it may withdraw and spend?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 34 Education 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false How shall a grantee calculate the amount of endowment fund income that it may withdraw and spend? 628.46 Section 628.46 Education Regulations of the Offices of the Department of Education (Continued) OFFICE OF POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION...

  11. 45 CFR 1159.16 - Will the Endowment take steps to ensure that its employees involved with its systems of records...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... security to assure the privacy of such records. (b) All employees shall be informed of the civil remedies... Privacy Act? 1159.16 Section 1159.16 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS IMPLEMENTATION OF THE...

  12. What Do University Endowment Managers Worry About? An Analysis of Alternative Asset Investments and Background Income

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rosen, Harvey S.; Sappington, Alexander J. W.

    2016-01-01

    This paper examines whether university endowment managers think only in terms of the assets they manage or also take into account background income, that is, the other flows of income to the university. Specifically, we test whether the level and variability of a university's background income (e.g., from tuition and government grants) affect its…

  13. 76 FR 13240 - National Endowment for the Arts; National Council on the Arts 172nd Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-10

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts; National Council on the Arts 172nd Meeting Pursuant to section 10(a)(2) of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (Pub. L. 92-463), as amended, notice is hereby given that a meeting of the National Council on the Arts...

  14. 76 FR 62094 - National Endowment for the Arts; National Council on the Arts 174th Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-06

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION FOR THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts; National Council on the Arts 174th Meeting Pursuant to section 10(a)(2) of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (Pub. L. 92-463), as amended, notice is hereby given that a meeting of the National Council on the Arts...

  15. 75 FR 34488 - National Endowment for the Arts; National Council on the Arts 170th Meeting; Correction

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-17

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts; National Council on the Arts 170th Meeting; Correction This notice is to correct the previously announced dates of the meeting of the National Council on the Arts. The meeting will be held on June 24-25, 2010 not June...

  16. 75 FR 32818 - National Endowment for the Arts; National Council on the Arts 170th Meeting

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-09

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION FOR THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts; National Council on the Arts 170th Meeting Pursuant to section 10(a)(2) of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (Pub. L. 92-463), as amended, notice is hereby given that a meeting of the National Council on the Arts...

  17. 75 FR 13312 - National Endowment for the Arts; National Council on the Arts 169th Meeting-Addendum

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-19

    ... NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES National Endowment for the Arts; National Council on the Arts 169th Meeting--Addendum Pursuant to section 10(a)(2) of the Federal Advisory Committee... (March 9, 2010--Vol. 75 No. 45) regarding the 169th meeting of the National Council on the Arts. A...

  18. 26 CFR 1.6041-1 - Return of information as to payments of $600 or more.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... specifically included—(1) In general. Amounts paid in respect of life insurance, endowment, or annuity... is made in respect of a life insurance or endowment contract by reason of the death of the insured... a return is required by § 1.6052-1, relating to payment of wages in the form of group-term life...

  19. 38 CFR 6.14 - Cash value; other than special endowment at age 96 plan policy.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... special endowment at age 96 plan policy; all values, reserves, and net single premiums being based on the... shall be the reserve together with any dividend accumulations. For each month after the first policy year the reserve at the end of the preceding policy year shall be increased by one-twelfth of the...

  20. 45 CFR 1150.12 - How will the Endowment use credit reporting agencies to collect its claims?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS... identity of the debtor; (3) The amount, status, and history of the debt; and (4) The program or pertinent... commercial debtor; (2) The amount, status, and history of the debt; and (3) The program or pertinent activity...

  1. 45 CFR 1150.12 - How will the Endowment use credit reporting agencies to collect its claims?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS... identity of the debtor; (3) The amount, status, and history of the debt; and (4) The program or pertinent... commercial debtor; (2) The amount, status, and history of the debt; and (3) The program or pertinent activity...

  2. 45 CFR 1150.12 - How will the Endowment use credit reporting agencies to collect its claims?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... Welfare (Continued) NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS... identity of the debtor; (3) The amount, status, and history of the debt; and (4) The program or pertinent... commercial debtor; (2) The amount, status, and history of the debt; and (3) The program or pertinent activity...

  3. Obesity inequality in Malaysia: decomposing differences by gender and ethnicity using quantile regression.

    PubMed

    Dunn, Richard A; Tan, Andrew K G; Nayga, Rodolfo M

    2012-01-01

    Obesity prevalence is unequally distributed across gender and ethnic group in Malaysia. In this paper, we examine the role of socioeconomic inequality in explaining these disparities. The body mass index (BMI) distributions of Malays and Chinese, the two largest ethnic groups in Malaysia, are estimated through the use of quantile regression. The differences in the BMI distributions are then decomposed into two parts: attributable to differences in socioeconomic endowments and attributable to differences in responses to endowments. For both males and females, the BMI distribution of Malays is shifted toward the right of the distribution of Chinese, i.e., Malays exhibit higher obesity rates. In the lower 75% of the distribution, differences in socioeconomic endowments explain none of this difference. At the 90th percentile, differences in socioeconomic endowments account for no more than 30% of the difference in BMI between ethnic groups. Our results demonstrate that the higher levels of income and education that accrue with economic development will likely not eliminate obesity inequality. This leads us to conclude that reduction of obesity inequality, as well the overall level of obesity, requires increased efforts to alter the lifestyle behaviors of Malaysians.

  4. A Comparison of ICT Knowledge and Usage among Female Distance Learners in Endowed and Deprived Communities of a Developing Country

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kwapong, Olivia Adwoa Tiwaah Frimpong

    2009-01-01

    Working with the premise that information and communications technology (ICT) has the capacity to make or unmake so far as women's empowerment is concerned, this article looks at the ICT situation among female distance learners in both endowed and under-served parts of Ghana, to check the user differentials among the two contrasting groups through…

  5. Resource Endowments and Responses to Regulatory Pressure: Publications of Economics, Management, and Political Science Departments of Turkish Universities in Indexed Journals, 2000-2008

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Onder, Cetin; Kasapoglu-Onder, Rana

    2011-01-01

    This paper investigates how differences in resource endowments of universities shape variation in their response to regulatory pressures. Earlier research on higher education institutions tends to conceive regulatory rules as the primary basis of action and does not attend to differences in the salient characteristics of universities. This paper…

  6. Lawmakers Ease Pressure for Mandatory Endowment Payouts as Colleges Increase Financial Aid for Students

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Field, Kelly

    2008-01-01

    Senator Charles E. Grassley may be backing away from his threat to offer legislation that would require the wealthiest institutions to spend up to 5% of their endowment assets each year. At a panel discussion on Capitol Hill last week, the Iowa senator, who is the senior Republican on the Senate Finance Committee, strongly hinted that he would…

  7. How Art Works: The National Endowment for the Arts' Five-Year Research Agenda, with a System Map and Measurement Model

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    National Endowment for the Arts, 2012

    2012-01-01

    This report stems from a collaborative research inquiry into the nature and consequences of art in American life. Although it culminates in a research agenda for the National Endowment for the Arts, the document also proposes a way for the nation's cultural researchers, arts practitioners, policy-makers, and the general public to view, analyze,…

  8. Assessment of non-financial incentives for volunteer community health workers - the case of Wukro district, Tigray, Ethiopia.

    PubMed

    Haile, Fisaha; Yemane, Dejen; Gebreslassie, Azeb

    2014-09-22

    Volunteer community health workers (VCHW) are health care providers who are trained but do not have any professional certification. They are intended to fill the gap for unmet curative, preventative, and health promotion health needs of communities. This study aims to investigate the non-financial incentives for VCHWs and factors affecting their motivation. A cross-sectional quantitative study was performed from February to March 2013. A total of 400 randomly selected female VCHWs were included using the district health office registers. Finally, multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the independent predictors of VCHW motivation. Significant numbers (48%) of study participants have mentioned future training as a major non-financial incentive. Age between 20 and 36 years old (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.18, 2.13), married VCHWs (AOR = 3.84, 95% CI = 1.73, 5.02), presence of children under five years old (AOR = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.09, 0.71), allowing volunteer withdrawal (AOR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.06, 2.47), and establishment of a local endowment fund for community health workers after they left volunteerism (AOR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.05, 1.91) are all factors associated with VCHW motivation. Future training was mentioned as the prime non-financial incentive. Age, marital status, presence of children under five, allowing volunteer withdrawal, and establishment of a local endowment fund were identified as the independent predictors of motivation. Therefore, considering a non-financial incentive package, including further training and allowing volunteer withdrawal, would be helpful to sustain volunteerism.

  9. How Art Works: The National Endowment for the Arts' Five-Year Research Agenda, with a System Map and Measurement Model. Appendix A & B

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    National Endowment for the Arts, 2012

    2012-01-01

    This paper presents two appendices supporting the "How Art Works: The National Endowment for the Arts' Five-Year Research Agenda, with a System Map and Measurement Model" report. In Appendix A, brief descriptions of relevant studies and datasets for each node in the "How Art Works" system map are presented. This appendix is meant to supply…

  10. Continuous Competition as an Approach to Maximize Performance

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2012-09-01

    for an entire program life-cycle often endows the winner with a very strong monopolistic power that lasts for decades. This paper describes...entrenched practice of one-time competition for an entire program life-cycle often endows the winner with a very strong monopolistic power that lasts for...contract award. Instead, the winning contractor often establishes monopolistic advantages and gains “vendor lock.” As a result, programs can experience

  11. Implementation of an Annual Economic Data Series on Arts and Cultural Organizations. Final Report on Phase I, Volume 1, Narrative [and] Volume 2, Appendices.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Informatics, Inc., Rockville, MD.

    The developmental work or phase 1 of a study which will collect information on the operational and financial conditions of the arts and cultural organizations which make application to the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) for grant support is described. As part of the Economic Data Series, the report will provide the Endowment with…

  12. Valuation of Endowment-Insurance Equity-Linked Contracts for Stocks with Exotic Dynamics

    PubMed Central

    2014-01-01

    We consider the fair martingale prize of insurance contracts with benefit received either at the insurer's demise or at maturity. We show how to modify the dynamics of the underlying so as to incorporate the possibility that the traded stock has a strong support at some level. The resulting dynamics is integrated and the fair prize of several natural endowment-insurance contracts is obtained. PMID:24672305

  13. PH motifs in PAR1&2 endow breast cancer growth.

    PubMed

    Kancharla, A; Maoz, M; Jaber, M; Agranovich, D; Peretz, T; Grisaru-Granovsky, S; Uziely, B; Bar-Shavit, R

    2015-11-24

    Although emerging roles of protease-activated receptor1&2 (PAR1&2) in cancer are recognized, their underlying signalling events are poorly understood. Here we show signal-binding motifs in PAR1&2 that are critical for breast cancer growth. This occurs via the association of the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain with Akt/PKB as a key signalling event of PARs. Other PH-domain signal-proteins such as Etk/Bmx and Vav3 also associate with PAR1 and PAR2 through their PH domains. PAR1 and PAR2 bind with priority to Etk/Bmx. A point mutation in PAR2, H349A, but not in R352A, abrogates PH-protein association and is sufficient to markedly reduce PAR2-instigated breast tumour growth in vivo and placental extravillous trophoblast (EVT) invasion in vitro. Similarly, the PAR1 mutant hPar1-7A, which is unable to bind the PH domain, reduces mammary tumours and EVT invasion, endowing these motifs with physiological significance and underscoring the importance of these previously unknown PAR1 and PAR2 PH-domain-binding motifs in both pathological and physiological invasion processes.

  14. Lattice topology dictates photon statistics.

    PubMed

    Kondakci, H Esat; Abouraddy, Ayman F; Saleh, Bahaa E A

    2017-08-21

    Propagation of coherent light through a disordered network is accompanied by randomization and possible conversion into thermal light. Here, we show that network topology plays a decisive role in determining the statistics of the emerging field if the underlying lattice is endowed with chiral symmetry. In such lattices, eigenmode pairs come in skew-symmetric pairs with oppositely signed eigenvalues. By examining one-dimensional arrays of randomly coupled waveguides arranged on linear and ring topologies, we are led to a remarkable prediction: the field circularity and the photon statistics in ring lattices are dictated by its parity while the same quantities are insensitive to the parity of a linear lattice. For a ring lattice, adding or subtracting a single lattice site can switch the photon statistics from super-thermal to sub-thermal, or vice versa. This behavior is understood by examining the real and imaginary fields on a lattice exhibiting chiral symmetry, which form two strands that interleave along the lattice sites. These strands can be fully braided around an even-sited ring lattice thereby producing super-thermal photon statistics, while an odd-sited lattice is incommensurate with such an arrangement and the statistics become sub-thermal.

  15. Wave scattering from random sets of closely spaced objects through linear embedding via Green's operators

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lancellotti, V.; de Hon, B. P.; Tijhuis, A. G.

    2011-08-01

    In this paper we present the application of linear embedding via Green's operators (LEGO) to the solution of the electromagnetic scattering from clusters of arbitrary (both conducting and penetrable) bodies randomly placed in a homogeneous background medium. In the LEGO method the objects are enclosed within simple-shaped bricks described in turn via scattering operators of equivalent surface current densities. Such operators have to be computed only once for a given frequency, and hence they can be re-used to perform the study of many distributions comprising the same objects located in different positions. The surface integral equations of LEGO are solved via the Moments Method combined with Adaptive Cross Approximation (to save memory) and Arnoldi basis functions (to compress the system). By means of purposefully selected numerical experiments we discuss the time requirements with respect to the geometry of a given distribution. Besides, we derive an approximate relationship between the (near-field) accuracy of the computed solution and the number of Arnoldi basis functions used to obtain it. This result endows LEGO with a handy practical criterion for both estimating the error and keeping it in check.

  16. Polychlorinated biphenyl 138 exposure-mediated lipid droplet enlargement endows adipocytes with resistance to TNF-α-induced cell death.

    PubMed

    Kim, Yeon A; Kim, Hye Young; Oh, Yoo Jin; Kwon, Woo Young; Lee, Mi Hwa; Bae, Ju Yong; Woo, Min Seok; Kim, Jong-Min; Yoo, Young Hyun

    2018-04-25

    Although epidemiological reports have shown the association between polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and obesity, the molecular mechanism of PCB-induced obesity is mostly unknown. The aim of the present study was to further dissect the significance of lipid droplet (LD) enlargement in PCB-induced obesity. For this aim, we hypothesized that PCB-induced LD enlargement endows adipocytes with resistance to cell death, inhibiting the natural loss of adipocytes. Four types of PCBs were screened, and the detailed molecular mechanism was investigated by using PCB-138. We observed that PCB-138-conferred cell death resistance to hypertrophic adipocytes with enlarged LDs. We further observed that PCB-138 prevents Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced apoptosis and necroptosis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and increases the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins, including survivin, in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we demonstrated that fat-specific protein 27 (Fsp27), perilipin, and survivin endow adipocytes with resistance to TNF-α-induced cell death through sustaining enlarged LDs. Thus, the present study suggests that PCB-138-induced LD enlargement endows adipocytes with resistance to TNF-α-induced cell death and that Fsp27, perilipin, and survivin, at least in part, help adipocytes to sustain enlarged LDs, contributing to the induction of obesity. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  17. Bayesian Nonparametric Ordination for the Analysis of Microbial Communities.

    PubMed

    Ren, Boyu; Bacallado, Sergio; Favaro, Stefano; Holmes, Susan; Trippa, Lorenzo

    2017-01-01

    Human microbiome studies use sequencing technologies to measure the abundance of bacterial species or Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) in samples of biological material. Typically the data are organized in contingency tables with OTU counts across heterogeneous biological samples. In the microbial ecology community, ordination methods are frequently used to investigate latent factors or clusters that capture and describe variations of OTU counts across biological samples. It remains important to evaluate how uncertainty in estimates of each biological sample's microbial distribution propagates to ordination analyses, including visualization of clusters and projections of biological samples on low dimensional spaces. We propose a Bayesian analysis for dependent distributions to endow frequently used ordinations with estimates of uncertainty. A Bayesian nonparametric prior for dependent normalized random measures is constructed, which is marginally equivalent to the normalized generalized Gamma process, a well-known prior for nonparametric analyses. In our prior, the dependence and similarity between microbial distributions is represented by latent factors that concentrate in a low dimensional space. We use a shrinkage prior to tune the dimensionality of the latent factors. The resulting posterior samples of model parameters can be used to evaluate uncertainty in analyses routinely applied in microbiome studies. Specifically, by combining them with multivariate data analysis techniques we can visualize credible regions in ecological ordination plots. The characteristics of the proposed model are illustrated through a simulation study and applications in two microbiome datasets.

  18. Operation of a Public Geologic Core and Sample Repository in Houstion, Texas

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Scott Tinker; Beverly DeJarnett

    2007-07-31

    The Bureau of Economic Geology's Houston Research Center (HRC) is well established as a premier regional research center for geologic research serving not only Houston, but geoscientists from around Texas, the U. S., and even the world. As reported in the FY05 and FY06 technical progress reports to the DOE, the HRC provides a state-of-the-art core viewing facility, two fully equipped conference rooms, and a comprehensive technical library, all available for public use. In addition, the HRC currently now houses over 725,000 boxes of rock material (as of January 2008), and has space to hold approximately 300,000 more boxes. Use of the facility has remained strong; the number of patrons averaged over 100 per month from June 1, 2006 to October 2007, and 90,000 boxes of core were donated to, and received by, the HRC during this time. Usage is a combination of individuals describing core, groups of geoscientists holding seminars and workshops, and various industry and government-funded groups holding short courses, workshops, and seminars. These numbers are in addition to the numerous daily requests from patrons desiring to have rock material shipped offsite to their own offices. The BEG/HRC secured several substantial donations of rock materials and cash totaling approximatelymore » $2.2 million during the 2005-2006 operating period. All of these funds went directly into an endowment that UT is building in order to operate the HRC primarily off a portion of the interest generated by the fund. Specific details regarding the funds in the endowment are addressed in a table later in this report. Outreach during 2005 and 2006 included many technical presentations and several publications on the HRC. Several field trips to the facility were held for geoscience professionals and grade school students alike. Goals for the upcoming year involve securing a major donation of rock material and cash in order to approach full funding of the HRC endowment. Thanks to donations totaling $2.2 million from Shea Homes (heritage Unocal rock material),Chevron and others this operating year, the HRC endowment now totals $8,015,621. A major project underway for the HRC in FY2007 is improvement of the existing online core/log database into a geoinformatics-compatible, GIS-driven online system. Usage of the HRC has gone up every year and is now very respectable. This year we will strive to raise awareness of the HRC's 100,000-volume geoscience technical library. Our original business model targeted $10 million in endowment; after several years of operation we realize we require an $11 million endowment. We are 'on plan' and need only $$3 million to fully fund the endowment. To meet these goals in the 2007 operating year will require DOE support for the fifth and final year. DOW support will allow for {approx}$$600K in endowment growth and save using the fund for operation; lack of support will result in a net negative spread of up to $1 million, and set the plan way back. We recognize that DOE budgets for oil and gas research, against best efforts, have been cut substantially this year. Any support available for HRC operation, during continuing resolution or otherwise, would have a very positive impact on this critical final year of the original business plan.« less

  19. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Lambie, F.W.; Yee, S.N.

    The purpose of this and a previous project was to examine the feasibility of estimating intermediate grade uranium (0.01 to 0.05% U/sub 3/O/sub 8/) on the basis of existing, sparsely drilled holes. All data are from the Powder River Basin in Wyoming. DOE makes preliminary estimates of endowment by calculating an Average Area of Influence (AAI) based on densely drilled areas, multiplying that by the thickness of the mineralization and then dividing by a tonnage factor. The resulting tonnage of ore is then multiplied by the average grade of the interval to obtain the estimate of U/sub 3/O/sub 8/ tonnage.more » Total endowment is the sum of these values over all mineralized intervals in all wells in the area. In regions where wells are densely drilled and approximately regularly spaced this technique approaches the classical polygonal estimation technique used to estimate ore reserves and should be fairly reliable. The method is conservative because: (1) in sparsely drilled regions a large fraction of the area is not considered to contribute to endowment; (2) there is a bias created by the different distributions of point grades and mining block grades. A conservative approach may be justified for purposes of ore reserve estimation, where large investments may hinge on local forecasts. But for estimates of endowment over areas as large as 1/sup 0/ by 2/sup 0/ quadrangles, or the nation as a whole, errors in local predictions are not critical as long as they tend to cancel and a less conservative estimation approach may be justified.One candidate, developed for this study and described is called the contoured thickness technique. A comparison of estimates based on the contoured thickness approach with DOE calculations for five areas of Wyoming roll-fronts in the Powder River Basin is presented. The sensitivity of the technique to well density is examined and the question of predicting intermediate grade endowment from data on higher grades is discussed.« less

  20. Nuclear Successor States of the Soviet Union, Nuclear Weapon and Sensitive Export Status Report

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1994-05-01

    EXPORT STATUS REPORT S I VIE T U N il] N A COOPERATIVE PROJECT OF THE CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE, WASHINGTON, DC, AND MOSCOW NUMBER 1...Launch Periodic Report on Nuclear Successor States Leonard S . Spector of the Carnegie Endowment for N U C L E A R International Peace and William C...range, translated in FBIS-SOV-92-232, December 2, 1992, p. 22. 5 Table I-C. -- N -Weapon Systems and Warheads on Territory, con’t. S

  1. Endowments at Birth and Parents’ Investments in Children*

    PubMed Central

    Adhvaryu, Achyuta; Nyshadham, Anant

    2014-01-01

    Do parents invest more in higher quality children, or do they compensate for lower quality by giving more to children with lower endowments? We answer this question in the context of a large-scale iodine supplementation programme in Tanzania. We find that children with higher programme exposure were more likely to receive necessary vaccines and were breastfed for longer. Siblings of treated children were also more likely to be immunised. Fertility behavior and investments at the time of birth were unaffected. PMID:27601732

  2. Robert Halliday Gunning and the Victoria Jubilee prizes.

    PubMed

    Baillie, T W

    2003-05-01

    More than a century after the death of Robert Halliday Gunning, a large number of lectureships and prizes bearing his name continue to be awarded by scientific bodies and learned institutions in Scotland. Most of these awards were endowed in HM Queen Victoria s Jubilee year (1887-88) and bear the additional qualification 'Victoria Jubilee'. An account of the life of Robert Gunning and his various endowments is complemented by an analysis of the factors which determined the nature of his benefactions.

  3. A fluorescent stilbenoid dendrimer for solution-processed blue light emitting diodes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Coya, C.; Álvarez, A. L.; Ramos, M.; de Andrés, A.; Zaldo, C.; Gómez, R.; Segura, J. L.; Seoane, C.

    2008-04-01

    We report a solution processed blue stilbenoid dendrimer based on a 1, 3, 5 - benzene core and endowed with a periphery of electron donating and solubilizing alkoxy chains. Raman analysis it is revealed as a helpful tool to investigate changes from the pristine material to the material in the OLED structure, explaining the differences between the dendrimer single layer thin film photoluminescence (PL) and the electroluminescence (EL) dendrimer active layer emission in the device. We report a blue EL emission (439 nm) and a very promising effective mobility value of 2.55 × 10 -5 cm2/(V•s) suggesting good transport properties for non doped blue OLEDs that use air stable Al as the cathode.

  4. Temporal Dynamics of Hypothesis Generation: The Influences of Data Serial Order, Data Consistency, and Elicitation Timing

    PubMed Central

    Lange, Nicholas D.; Thomas, Rick P.; Davelaar, Eddy J.

    2012-01-01

    The pre-decisional process of hypothesis generation is a ubiquitous cognitive faculty that we continually employ in an effort to understand our environment and thereby support appropriate judgments and decisions. Although we are beginning to understand the fundamental processes underlying hypothesis generation, little is known about how various temporal dynamics, inherent in real world generation tasks, influence the retrieval of hypotheses from long-term memory. This paper presents two experiments investigating three data acquisition dynamics in a simulated medical diagnosis task. The results indicate that the mere serial order of data, data consistency (with previously generated hypotheses), and mode of responding influence the hypothesis generation process. An extension of the HyGene computational model endowed with dynamic data acquisition processes is forwarded and explored to provide an account of the present data. PMID:22754547

  5. Macroscopic assembled, ultrastrong and H2SO4-resistant fibres of polymer-grafted graphene oxide

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhao, Xiaoli; Xu, Zhen; Zheng, Bingna; Gao, Chao

    2013-11-01

    Nacre realizes strength and toughness through hierarchical designs with primary ``brick and mortar'' structures of alternative arrangement of nanoplatelets and biomacromolecules, and these have inspired the fabrication of nanocomposites for decades. However, to simultaneously solve the three critical problems of phase separation, low interfacial strength and random orientation of nanofillers for nanocomposites is a great challenge yet. Here we demonstrate that polymer-grafted graphene oxide sheets are exceptional building blocks for nanocomposites. Their liquid crystalline dispersions can be wet-spun into continuous fibres. Because of well-ordering and efficient load transfer, the composites show remarkable tensile strength (500 MPa), three to four times higher than nacre. The uniform layered microstructures and strong interlayer interactions also endow the fibres good resistance to chemicals including 98% sulfuric acid. We studied the enhancing effect of nanofillers with fraction in a whole range (0-100%), and proposed an equation to depict the relationship.

  6. On the thermodynamics of the Swift-Hohenberg theory

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Espath, L. F. R.; Sarmiento, A. F.; Dalcin, L.; Calo, V. M.

    2017-11-01

    We present the microbalance including the microforces, the first- and second-order microstresses for the Swift-Hohenberg equation concomitantly with their constitutive equations, which are consistent with the free-energy imbalance. We provide an explicit form for the microstress structure for a free-energy functional endowed with second-order spatial derivatives. Additionally, we generalize the Swift-Hohenberg theory via a proper constitutive process. Finally, we present one highly resolved three-dimensional numerical simulation to demonstrate the particular form of the resulting microstresses and their interactions in the evolution of the Swift-Hohenberg equation.

  7. Prospect theory and the decision to move or stay.

    PubMed

    Clark, William A V; Lisowski, William

    2017-09-05

    Migration has always involved stress and risk. More risk-averse households are less likely to move, while less risk-averse households will seek out opportunities and migrate. We investigate how the theoretical contributions of prospect theory, and specifically the endowment effect, can provide new understanding about decisions whether to migrate or not. We test the hypothesis that risk aversion extends the length of stay in the dwelling and, by extension, in the local labor and housing markets. How long people remain in place is a function, we hypothesize, of their independently self-assessed propensity to take risks, after controlling for a range of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. We use the theoretical insights of prospect theory and the endowment effect (the notion of the "use value" differing from the "exchange value") to explain the likelihood of staying after controlling for life-course events. The results confirm the explanatory power of self-assessed risk in the decision to migrate or stay and, equally important, confirm the role of the endowment effect.

  8. Prospect theory and the decision to move or stay

    PubMed Central

    Clark, William A. V.

    2017-01-01

    Migration has always involved stress and risk. More risk-averse households are less likely to move, while less risk-averse households will seek out opportunities and migrate. We investigate how the theoretical contributions of prospect theory, and specifically the endowment effect, can provide new understanding about decisions whether to migrate or not. We test the hypothesis that risk aversion extends the length of stay in the dwelling and, by extension, in the local labor and housing markets. How long people remain in place is a function, we hypothesize, of their independently self-assessed propensity to take risks, after controlling for a range of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. We use the theoretical insights of prospect theory and the endowment effect (the notion of the “use value” differing from the “exchange value”) to explain the likelihood of staying after controlling for life-course events. The results confirm the explanatory power of self-assessed risk in the decision to migrate or stay and, equally important, confirm the role of the endowment effect. PMID:28827341

  9. Creating Long Term Income Streams for the 100 Year Starship Study Initiative

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sylvester, A. J.

    Development and execution of long term research projects are very dependent on a consistent application of funding to maximize the potential for success. The business structure for the 100 Year Starship Study project should allow for multiple income streams to cover the expenses of the research objectives. The following examples illustrate the range of potential avenues: 1) affiliation with a charitable foundation for creating a donation program to fund a long term endowment for research, 2) application for grants to fund initial research projects and establish the core expertise of the research entity, 3) development of intellectual property which can then be licensed for additional revenue, 4) creation of spinout companies with equity positions retained by the lab for funding the endowment, and 5) funded research which is dual use for the technology goals of the interstellar flight research objectives. With the establishment of a diversified stream of funding options, then the endowment can be funded at a level to permit dedicated research on the interstellar flight topics. This paper will focus on the strategy of creating spinout companies to create income streams which would fund the endowment of the 100 Year Starship Study effort. This technique is widely used by universities seeking to commercially develop and market technologies developed by university researchers. An approach will be outlined for applying this technique to potentially marketable technologies generated as a part of the 100 Year Starship Study effort.

  10. Possible Sources for Methane and C2-C5 Organics in the Plume of Enceladus

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    McKay, Chris; Khare, Bishun N.; Amin, Ranjamin; Klasson, Martin; Kral, Timothy A.

    2012-01-01

    In this paper we consider six possible sources of CH4 and other low-mass (C2 - C5) organics in the plume of Enceladus: initial endowments of cometary organics or Titan- like tholin, in situ production by Fisher-Tropsch type reactions, water-rock reactions, or microbiology, and thermogenesis from heavier organics already present. We report on new laboratory results C2 hydrocarbons released on thermogenesis of laboratory tholin and Fisher-Tropsch type synthesis. Tholin heating produced ratios of CH4/C2H4 and CH4/C2H6 of about 2 for temperatures up to 450 C and about 6 for a temperature of 650 C. Low pressure Fisher-Tropsch type experiments produced CH4/C2H4 of approx 1.5, similar to previous results. No C2H2 was produced by either process. Tests of gas production by four strains of methanogens confirmed the absence of any detectable production of non-methane hydrocarbons. Cometary endowment, Fisher-Tropsch type synthesis, and Titan-like tholin incorporation could be primary inputs of organics and subsequent thermal processing of any of these all are possible sources of low mass organics in the plume. Biological production and water-rock reactions are an alternative source of CH4. Neither water-- ]rock reactions or thermal processing of biomass could be a source C2 . C5 organics due to the low interior pressures. The confirmed detection of CO and C2H2 in the plume of Enceladus would provide an important constraint on sources as we have identified no process . other than the initial volatile component of cometary organics which can supply these gases. Precise determination of the relative concentrations of C1 - C5 hydrocarbons may provide additional constraints on sources but a detailed isotopic analysis of C and H in these organics and a search for amino acids constitute the next important steps in resolving the sources of the organics in Enceladus' plume.

  11. Autoassociative memory retrieval and spontaneous activity bumps in small-world networks of integrate-and-fire neurons.

    PubMed

    Anishchenko, Anastasia; Treves, Alessandro

    2006-10-01

    The metric structure of synaptic connections is obviously an important factor in shaping the properties of neural networks, in particular the capacity to retrieve memories, with which are endowed autoassociative nets operating via attractor dynamics. Qualitatively, some real networks in the brain could be characterized as 'small worlds', in the sense that the structure of their connections is intermediate between the extremes of an orderly geometric arrangement and of a geometry-independent random mesh. Small worlds can be defined more precisely in terms of their mean path length and clustering coefficient; but is such a precise description useful for a better understanding of how the type of connectivity affects memory retrieval? We have simulated an autoassociative memory network of integrate-and-fire units, positioned on a ring, with the network connectivity varied parametrically between ordered and random. We find that the network retrieves previously stored memory patterns when the connectivity is close to random, and displays the characteristic behavior of ordered nets (localized 'bumps' of activity) when the connectivity is close to ordered. Recent analytical work shows that these two behaviors can coexist in a network of simple threshold-linear units, leading to localized retrieval states. We find that they tend to be mutually exclusive behaviors, however, with our integrate-and-fire units. Moreover, the transition between the two occurs for values of the connectivity parameter which are not simply related to the notion of small worlds.

  12. Endowing non-cellulolytic microorganisms with cellulolytic activity aiming for consolidated bioprocessing.

    PubMed

    Yamada, Ryosuke; Hasunuma, Tomohisa; Kondo, Akihiko

    2013-11-01

    With the exhaustion of fossil fuels and with the environmental issues they pose, utilization of abundant lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock for biofuels and bio-based chemicals has recently become an attractive option. Lignocellulosic biomass is primarily composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin and has a very rigid and complex structure. It is accordingly much more expensive to process than starchy grains because of the need for extensive pretreatment and relatively large amounts of cellulases for efficient hydrolysis. Efficient and cost-effective methods for the production of biofuels and chemicals from lignocellulose are required. A consolidated bioprocess (CBP), which integrates all biological steps consisting of enzyme production, saccharification, and fermentation, is considered a promising strategy for reducing production costs. Establishing an efficient CBP using lignocellulosic biomass requires both lignocellulose degradation into glucose and efficient production of biofuels or chemicals from glucose. With this aim, many researchers are attempting to endow selected microorganisms with lignocellulose-assimilating ability. In this review, we focus on studies aimed at conferring lignocellulose-assimilating ability not only to yeast strains but also to bacterial strains by recombinant technology. Recent developments in improvement of enzyme productivity by microorganisms and in improvement of the specific activity of cellulase are emphasized. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  13. Hearing on the Reauthorization of the National Endowments for the Arts and Humanities and the Institute of Museum Services. Hearing before the Subcommitee on Postsecondary Education of the Committee on Education and Labor. House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, First Session (Bozeman, Montana, April 1, 1989).

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. House Committee on Education and Labor.

    The hearing was opened by Representative Pat Williams of Montana, who explained that the Subcommittee on Postsecondary Education of which he is chairman, has jurisdiction over the National Endowments for Arts and Humanities and the Institute of Museum Services (IMS), and that programs in these agencies account for the largest portion of federal…

  14. Fixed point theorems for generalized α -β-weakly contraction mappings in metric spaces and applications.

    PubMed

    Latif, Abdul; Mongkolkeha, Chirasak; Sintunavarat, Wutiphol

    2014-01-01

    We extend the notion of generalized weakly contraction mappings due to Choudhury et al. (2011) to generalized α-β-weakly contraction mappings. We show with examples that our new class of mappings is a real generalization of several known classes of mappings. We also establish fixed point results for such mappings in metric spaces. Applying our new results, we obtain fixed point results on ordinary metric spaces, metric spaces endowed with an arbitrary binary relation, and metric spaces endowed with graph.

  15. Synthesis and luminescent properties of uniform monodisperse LuPO4:Eu3+/Tb3+ hollow microspheres

    PubMed Central

    Gao, Yu; Yu, He; Shi, Cheng; Zhao, Guiyan; Bi, Yanfeng; Ding, Fu; Sun, Yaguang; Xu, Zhenhe

    2017-01-01

    Uniform monodisperse LuPO4:Eu3+/Tb3+ hollow microspheres with diameters of about 2.4 µm have been successfully synthesized by the combination of a facile homogeneous precipitation approach, an ion-exchange process and a calcination process. The possible formation mechanism for the hollow microspheres was presented. Furthermore, the luminescence properties revealed that the LuPO4:Eu3+ and LuPO4:Tb3+ phosphors show strong orange-red and green emissions under ultraviolet excitation, respectively, which endows this material with potential application in many fields, such as light display systems and optoelectronic devices. Since the synthetic process can be carried out at mild conditions, it should be straightforward to scale up the entire process for large-scale production of the LuPO4 hollow microspheres. Furthermore, this general and simple method may be of much significance in the synthesis of many other inorganic materials. PMID:29308268

  16. Synthesis and luminescent properties of uniform monodisperse LuPO4:Eu3+/Tb3+ hollow microspheres

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gao, Yu; Yu, He; Shi, Cheng; Zhao, Guiyan; Bi, Yanfeng; Xu, Baotong; Ding, Fu; Sun, Yaguang; Xu, Zhenhe

    2017-12-01

    Uniform monodisperse LuPO4:Eu3+/Tb3+ hollow microspheres with diameters of about 2.4 µm have been successfully synthesized by the combination of a facile homogeneous precipitation approach, an ion-exchange process and a calcination process. The possible formation mechanism for the hollow microspheres was presented. Furthermore, the luminescence properties revealed that the LuPO4:Eu3+ and LuPO4:Tb3+ phosphors show strong orange-red and green emissions under ultraviolet excitation, respectively, which endows this material with potential application in many fields, such as light display systems and optoelectronic devices. Since the synthetic process can be carried out at mild conditions, it should be straightforward to scale up the entire process for large-scale production of the LuPO4 hollow microspheres. Furthermore, this general and simple method may be of much significance in the synthesis of many other inorganic materials.

  17. Genetically predicted milk consumption and bone health, ischemic heart disease and type 2 diabetes: a Mendelian randomization study.

    PubMed

    Yang, Q; Lin, S L; Au Yeung, S L; Kwok, M K; Xu, L; Leung, G M; Schooling, C M

    2017-08-01

    Milk provides protein and micronutrients, and is recommended by some dietary guidelines, particularly for bone health. Meta-analysis of small randomized controlled trials suggests that milk may increase bone mineral density, but they are very heterogeneous. No randomized controlled trial has assessed the effects of milk on major chronic diseases. Previous Mendelian randomization studies of milk did not consider bone health, found no effects on ischemic heart disease (IHD) or type 2 diabetes (T2D) but higher body mass index. Using larger genetic studies, we estimated the effects of milk on osteoporosis, IHD, T2D, adiposity, lipids and glycemic traits. Instrumental variable analysis based on a genetic variant endowing lactase persistence (rs4988235 (MCM6)) was used to obtain estimates for osteoporosis (GEFOS), IHD (CARDIoGRAMplusC4D), T2D (DIAGRAM), adiposity (GIANT), lipids (GLGC) and glycaemic traits (MAGIC). Eye color was a negative control for IHD, as it mirrors the distribution of lactase persistence and IHD in Western Europe. Genetically predicted adult milk consumption was not clearly associated with bone mineral density, IHD (odds ratio (OR): 1.03 per s.d., 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.95-1.12) and or T2D (OR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.83-1.02) but was associated with higher log-transformed fasting insulin (0.05, 95% CI: 0.02-0.07) and body mass index (0.06, 95% CI: 0.03-0.09). Genetically predicted eye color was not associated with IHD. The lack of association of genetically predicted milk consumption with bone health, IHD or T2D suggests few beneficial effects but is more consistent with milk promoting adiposity.

  18. Peel-and-Stick: Fabricating Thin Film Solar Cell on Universal Substrates

    PubMed Central

    Lee, Chi Hwan; Kim, Dong Rip; Cho, In Sun; William, Nemeth; Wang, Qi; Zheng, Xiaolin

    2012-01-01

    Fabrication of thin-film solar cells (TFSCs) on substrates other than Si and glass has been challenging because these nonconventional substrates are not suitable for the current TFSC fabrication processes due to poor surface flatness and low tolerance to high temperature and chemical processing. Here, we report a new peel-and-stick process that circumvents these fabrication challenges by peeling off the fully fabricated TFSCs from the original Si wafer and attaching TFSCs to virtually any substrates regardless of materials, flatness and rigidness. With the peel-and-stick process, we integrated hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) TFSCs on paper, plastics, cell phone and building windows while maintaining the original 7.5% efficiency. The new peel-and-stick process enables further reduction of the cost and weight for TFSCs and endows TFSCs with flexibility and attachability for broader application areas. We believe that the peel-and-stick process can be applied to thin film electronics as well. PMID:23277871

  19. Peel-and-Stick: Fabricating Thin Film Solar Cell on Universal Substrates

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lee, Chi Hwan; Kim, Dong Rip; Cho, In Sun; William, Nemeth; Wang, Qi; Zheng, Xiaolin

    2012-12-01

    Fabrication of thin-film solar cells (TFSCs) on substrates other than Si and glass has been challenging because these nonconventional substrates are not suitable for the current TFSC fabrication processes due to poor surface flatness and low tolerance to high temperature and chemical processing. Here, we report a new peel-and-stick process that circumvents these fabrication challenges by peeling off the fully fabricated TFSCs from the original Si wafer and attaching TFSCs to virtually any substrates regardless of materials, flatness and rigidness. With the peel-and-stick process, we integrated hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) TFSCs on paper, plastics, cell phone and building windows while maintaining the original 7.5% efficiency. The new peel-and-stick process enables further reduction of the cost and weight for TFSCs and endows TFSCs with flexibility and attachability for broader application areas. We believe that the peel-and-stick process can be applied to thin film electronics as well.

  20. Dynamics of Research Team Formation in Complex Networks

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sun, Caihong; Wan, Yuzi; Chen, Yu

    Most organizations encourage the formation of teams to accomplish complicated tasks, and vice verse, effective teams could bring lots benefits and profits for organizations. Network structure plays an important role in forming teams. In this paper, we specifically study the dynamics of team formation in large research communities in which knowledge of individuals plays an important role on team performance and individual utility. An agent-based model is proposed, in which heterogeneous agents from research communities are described and empirically tested. Each agent has a knowledge endowment and a preference for both income and leisure. Agents provide a variable input (‘effort’) and their knowledge endowments to production. They could learn from others in their team and those who are not in their team but have private connections in community to adjust their own knowledge endowment. They are allowed to join other teams or work alone when it is welfare maximizing to do so. Various simulation experiments are conducted to examine the impacts of network topology, knowledge diffusion among community network, and team output sharing mechanisms on the dynamics of team formation.

  1. Episodic formation of the world-class Waihi epithermal Au-Ag vein system, Hauraki Goldfield, New Zealand

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Gasston, Erin; Mauk, Jeffrey L.; Cosca, Michael A.; Morgan, Leah; Hall, Chris M.

    2017-01-01

    The world-class Waihi vein system in New Zealand has produced more than 248,400 kg Au and 1.43 million kg Ag. New high-precision 40Ar/39Ar dates of adularia from different veins show that some veins formed at different times (6.15 Ma Martha vs. 5.83 and 5.85 Ma Empire and Welcome, respectively), even though they have similar mineralogy. The Martha vein formed over a period of approximately 150,000 years. The Moonlight vein, which has a different ore mineral assemblage, appears to have formed over a longer time interval that spanned formation of the Martha, Welcome, and Empire veins. These dates suggest that some veins in the Waihi vein system formed relatively quickly during only part of the lifetime of the hydrothermal system, whereas other veins may have formed over longer periods of time. However, the Au endowment of the Martha vein exceeds the Au endowment of the Moonlight vein, indicating that the total lifetime of the vein-forming hydrothermal system does not determine metal endowment.

  2. Could Intelligent Tutors Anticipate Successfully User Reactions?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kalisz, Eugenia; Florea, Adina Magda

    2006-06-01

    Emotions have been shown to have an important impact on several human processes such as decision-making, planning, cognition, and learning. In an e-learning system, an artificial tutor capable of effectively understanding and anticipating the student emotions during learning will have a significantly enhanced role. The paper presents a model of an artificial tutor endowed with synthesized emotions according to the BDE model, previously developed by the authors. It also analyzes possible student reactions while interacting with the learning material and the way the artificial tutor could anticipate and should respond to these reactions, with adequate actions.

  3. Self-organised synthesis of Rh nanostructures with tunable chemical reactivity

    PubMed Central

    2007-01-01

    Nonequilibrium periodic nanostructures such as nanoscale ripples, mounds and rhomboidal pyramids formed on Rh(110) are particularly interesting as candidate model systems with enhanced catalytic reactivity, since they are endowed with steep facets running along nonequilibrium low-symmetry directions, exposing a high density of undercoordinated atoms. In this review we report on the formation of these novel nanostructured surfaces, a kinetic process which can be controlled by changing parameters such as temperature, sputtering ion flux and energy. The role of surface morphology with respect to chemical reactivity is investigated by analysing the carbon monoxide dissociation probability on the different nanostructured surfaces.

  4. Renewable and superior thermal-resistant cellulose-based composite nonwoven as lithium-ion battery separator.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Jianjun; Liu, Zhihong; Kong, Qingshan; Zhang, Chuanjian; Pang, Shuping; Yue, Liping; Wang, Xuejiang; Yao, Jianhua; Cui, Guanglei

    2013-01-01

    A renewable and superior thermal-resistant cellulose-based composite nonwoven was explored as lithium-ion battery separator via an electrospinning technique followed by a dip-coating process. It was demonstrated that such nanofibrous composite nonwoven possessed good electrolyte wettability, excellent heat tolerance, and high ionic conductivity. The cells using the composite separator displayed better rate capability and enhanced capacity retention, when compared to those of commercialized polypropylene separator under the same conditions. These fascinating characteristics would endow this renewable composite nonwoven a promising separator for high-power lithium-ion battery.

  5. Antiferromagnetic domain wall as spin wave polarizer

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lan, Jin; Yu, Weichao; Xiao, Jiang

    Spin waves are collective excitations of local magnetizations that can effectively propagate information even in magnetic insulators. In antiferromagnet, spin waves are endowed with additional polarization freedom. Here we propose that the antiferromagnetic domain wall can act as a spin wave polarizer, which perfectly passes one linearly polarized spin wave while substantially reflects the perpendicular one. We show that the polarizing effect lies in the suppression of one linear polarization inside domain wall, in close analogy to the wire-grid optical polarizer. Our finding opens up new possibilities in magnonic processing by harnessing spin wave polarization in antiferromagnet.

  6. Secular dynamics of the triple system harboring PSR J0337+1715 and implications for the origin of its orbital configuration

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Rafikov, Roman R., E-mail: rrr@astro.princeton.edu

    2014-10-10

    We explore secular dynamics of a recently discovered hierarchical triple system consisting of the radio pulsar PSR J0337+1715 and two white dwarfs (WDs). We show that three-body interactions endow the inner binary with a large forced eccentricity and suppress its apsidal precession, to about 24% of the rate due to the general relativity. However, precession rate is still quite sensitive to the non-Newtonian effects and may be used to constrain gravity theories if measured accurately. A small value of the free eccentricity of the inner binary e{sub i}{sup free}≈2.6×10{sup −5} and vanishing forced eccentricity of the outer, relatively eccentric binarymore » naturally result in their apsidal near-alignment. In addition, this triple system provides a unique opportunity to explore excitation of both eccentricity and inclination in neutron star-WD binaries, e.g., due to random torques caused by convective eddies in the WD progenitor. We show this process to be highly anisotropic and more effective at driving eccentricity rather than inclination. The outer binary eccentricity and e{sub i}{sup free} exceed by more than an order of magnitude the predictions of the eccentricity-period relation of Phinney, which is not uncommon. We also argue that the non-zero mutual inclination of the two binaries emerges at the end of the Roche lobe overflow of the outer (rather than the inner) binary.« less

  7. Centralized sanctioning and legitimate authority promote cooperation in humans.

    PubMed

    Baldassarri, Delia; Grossman, Guy

    2011-07-05

    Social sanctioning is widely considered a successful strategy to promote cooperation among humans. In situations in which individual and collective interests are at odds, incentives to free-ride induce individuals to refrain from contributing to public goods provision. Experimental evidence from public goods games shows that when endowed with sanctioning powers, conditional cooperators can discipline defectors, thus leading to greater levels of cooperation. However, extant evidence is based on peer punishment institutions, whereas in complex societies, systems of control are often centralized: for instance, we do not sanction our neighbors for driving too fast, the police do. Here we show the effect of centralized sanctioning and legitimate authority on cooperation. We designed an adaptation of the public goods game in which sanctioning power is given to a single monitor, and we experimentally manipulated the process by which the monitor is chosen. To increase the external validity of the study, we conducted lab-in-the-field experiments involving 1,543 Ugandan farmers from 50 producer cooperatives. This research provides evidence of the effectiveness of centralized sanctioning and demonstrates the causal effect of legitimacy on cooperation: participants are more responsive to the authority of an elected monitor than a randomly chosen monitor. Our essay contributes to the literature on the evolution of cooperation by introducing the idea of role differentiation. In complex societies, cooperative behavior is not only sustained by mechanisms of selection and reciprocity among peers, but also by the legitimacy that certain actors derive from their position in the social hierarchy.

  8. Future Oil and Gas Resources of the World: A Coming Supply Crisis?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ahlbrandt, T. S.

    2002-05-01

    Is the world running out of oil? Where will future oil and gas supplies come from? To help answer these questions, the U.S. Geological Survey completed in 2000 a new assessment of the undiscovered conventional oil and gas resources and potential additions to reserves from field growth. One hundred and twenty-eight provinces were assessed in a 100 man-year effort from 1995-2000. The assessed provinces included 76 priority provinces containing 95 percent of the world's discovered oil and gas and an additional 52 "boutique" provinces, many of which may be highly prospective. Total Petroleum Systems (TPS) were identified and described for each of these provinces along with associated Assessment Units (AU) that are the basic units for assessing undiscovered petroleum. The assessment process coupled geologic analysis with a probabilistic methodology to estimate remaining potential. Within the 128 assessed provinces, were 159 TPS and 274 AU. For these provinces, the endowment of recoverable oil, which includes cumulative production, remaining reserves, reserve growth, and undiscovered resources is estimated at about 3 trillion barrels of oil (TBO). The natural gas endowment is estimated at 2.6 trillion barrels of oil equivalent (TBOE). Oil reserves are currently 1.1 TBO; world consumption is about .028 TBO per year. Natural gas reserves are about .8 TBOE; world consumption is about .014 TBOE. Thus, without any additional discoveries of oil, gas or natural gas liquids, we have about 2 TBOE of proved petroleum reserves. Of the oil and gas endowment of about 5.6 TBOE, we estimate that the world has consumed about 1 TBOE, or 18 percent leaving about 82 percent of endowment to be utilized or found. Half of the world's undiscovered potential is offshore. Arctic basins with about 25 percent of undiscovered petroleum resources make up the next great frontier. An additional 279 provinces contain some oil and gas and, if considered, would increase the oil and gas endowment estimates. While petroleum resources in the world appear to be significant, certain countries such as the U.S. may run into import deficits particularly oil imports from Mexico and natural gas from Canada. The new assessment has been used as the reference supply case in energy supply models by the International Energy Agency and the Energy Information Agency of the Department of Energy. Climate energy modeling groups such as Stanford, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and others have also used the estimates in global climate models. Many of these models using the USGS estimates, converge on potential oil shortfalls in 2036-2040. A transition to increased use of natural gas is expected, but gas in turn may experience similar supply concerns in the 2050-2060 time frame. A coal bridge-to-the-future model as well a realistic view of non-renewable resources in the future will be discussed. Non-conventional oil and gas are quite common in the petroleum provinces of the world and represent a significant resource yet to be fully studied and developed. Seventeen non-conventional AU, including coal-bed methane, basin-center gas, continuous oil, and gas hydrate occurrences, have been preliminarily identified for future assessment. Initial efforts to assess heavy oil deposits and other non-conventional oil and gas deposits are also underway. Digital products from the World Energy Project may be downloaded at (http://energy.cr.usgs.gov/energy/WorldEnergy/WEnergy.html).

  9. Exploring the Effects of Working for Endowments on Behaviour in Standard Economic Games

    PubMed Central

    Harrison, Freya; El Mouden, Claire

    2011-01-01

    In recent years, significant advances have been made in understanding the adaptive (ultimate) and mechanistic (proximate) explanations for the evolution and maintenance of cooperation. Studies of cooperative behaviour in humans invariably use economic games. These games have provided important insights into the mechanisms that maintain economic and social cooperation in our species. However, they usually rely on the division of monetary tokens which are given to participants by the investigator. The extent to which behaviour in such games may reflect behaviour in the real world of biological markets – where money must be earned and behavioural strategies incur real costs and benefits – is unclear. To provide new data on the potential scale of this problem, we investigated whether people behaved differently in two standard economic games (public goods game and dictator game) when they had to earn their monetary endowments through the completion of dull or physically demanding tasks, as compared with simply being given the endowment. The requirement for endowments to be ‘earned’ through labour did not affect behaviour in the dictator game. However, the requirement to complete a dull task reduced cooperation in the public goods game among the subset of participants who were not familiar with game theory. There has been some effort to test whether the conclusions drawn from standard, token-based cooperation games adequately reflect cooperative behaviour ‘in the wild.’ However, given the almost total reliance on such games to study cooperation, more exploration of this issue would be welcome. Our data are not unduly worrying, but they do suggest that further exploration is needed if we are to make general inferences about human behaviour from the results of structured economic games. PMID:22110696

  10. Exploring the effects of working for endowments on behaviour in standard economic games.

    PubMed

    Harrison, Freya; El Mouden, Claire

    2011-01-01

    In recent years, significant advances have been made in understanding the adaptive (ultimate) and mechanistic (proximate) explanations for the evolution and maintenance of cooperation. Studies of cooperative behaviour in humans invariably use economic games. These games have provided important insights into the mechanisms that maintain economic and social cooperation in our species. However, they usually rely on the division of monetary tokens which are given to participants by the investigator. The extent to which behaviour in such games may reflect behaviour in the real world of biological markets--where money must be earned and behavioural strategies incur real costs and benefits--is unclear. To provide new data on the potential scale of this problem, we investigated whether people behaved differently in two standard economic games (public goods game and dictator game) when they had to earn their monetary endowments through the completion of dull or physically demanding tasks, as compared with simply being given the endowment. The requirement for endowments to be 'earned' through labour did not affect behaviour in the dictator game. However, the requirement to complete a dull task reduced cooperation in the public goods game among the subset of participants who were not familiar with game theory. There has been some effort to test whether the conclusions drawn from standard, token-based cooperation games adequately reflect cooperative behaviour 'in the wild.' However, given the almost total reliance on such games to study cooperation, more exploration of this issue would be welcome. Our data are not unduly worrying, but they do suggest that further exploration is needed if we are to make general inferences about human behaviour from the results of structured economic games.

  11. First Characterization of Human Amniotic Fluid Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles as a Powerful Paracrine Tool Endowed with Regenerative Potential.

    PubMed

    Balbi, Carolina; Piccoli, Martina; Barile, Lucio; Papait, Andrea; Armirotti, Andrea; Principi, Elisa; Reverberi, Daniele; Pascucci, Luisa; Becherini, Pamela; Varesio, Luigi; Mogni, Massimo; Coviello, Domenico; Bandiera, Tiziano; Pozzobon, Michela; Cancedda, Ranieri; Bollini, Sveva

    2017-05-01

    Human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFS) have shown a distinct secretory profile and significant regenerative potential in several preclinical models of disease. Nevertheless, little is known about the detailed characterization of their secretome. Herein we show for the first time that hAFS actively release extracellular vesicles (EV) endowed with significant paracrine potential and regenerative effect. c-KIT + hAFS were isolated from leftover samples of amniotic fluid from prenatal screening and stimulated to enhance EV release (24 hours 20% O 2 versus 1% O 2 preconditioning). The capacity of the c-KIT + hAFS-derived EV (hAFS-EV) to induce proliferation, survival, immunomodulation, and angiogenesis were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The hAFS-EV regenerative potential was also assessed in a model of skeletal muscle atrophy (HSA-Cre, Smn F7/F7 mice), in which mouse AFS transplantation was previously shown to enhance muscle strength and survival. hAFS secreted EV ranged from 50 up to 1,000 nm in size. In vitro analysis defined their role as biological mediators of regenerative, paracrine effects while their modulatory role in decreasing skeletal muscle inflammation in vivo was shown for the first time. Hypoxic preconditioning significantly induced the enrichment of exosomes endowed with regenerative microRNAs within the hAFS-EV. In conclusion, this is the first study showing that c-KIT + hAFS dynamically release EV endowed with remarkable paracrine potential, thus representing an appealing tool for future regenerative therapy. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:1340-1355. © 2017 The Authors Stem Cells Translational Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of AlphaMed Press.

  12. Regional Analysis of Energy, Water, Land and Climate Interactions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tidwell, V. C.; Averyt, K.; Harriss, R. C.; Hibbard, K. A.; Newmark, R. L.; Rose, S. K.; Shevliakova, E.; Wilson, T.

    2014-12-01

    Energy, water, and land systems interact in many ways and are impacted by management and climate change. These systems and their interactions often differ in significant ways from region-to-region. To explore the coupled energy-water-land system and its relation to climate change and management a simple conceptual model of demand, endowment and technology (DET) is proposed. A consistent and comparable analysis framework is needed as climate change and resource management practices have the potential to impact each DET element, resource, and region differently. These linkages are further complicated by policy and trade agreements where endowments of one region are used to meet demands in another. This paper reviews the unique DET characteristics of land, energy and water resources across the United States. Analyses are conducted according to the eight geographic regions defined in the 2014 National Climate Assessment. Evident from the analyses are regional differences in resources endowments in land (strong East-West gradient in forest, cropland and desert), water (similar East-West gradient), and energy. Demands likewise vary regionally reflecting differences in population density and endowment (e.g., higher water use in West reflecting insufficient precipitation to support dryland farming). The effect of technology and policy are particularly evident in differences in the energy portfolios across the eight regions. Integrated analyses that account for the various spatial and temporal differences in regional energy, water and land systems are critical to informing effective policy requirements for future energy, climate and resource management. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

  13. Gliotransmitters travel in time and space.

    PubMed

    Araque, Alfonso; Carmignoto, Giorgio; Haydon, Philip G; Oliet, Stéphane H R; Robitaille, Richard; Volterra, Andrea

    2014-02-19

    The identification of the presence of active signaling between astrocytes and neurons in a process termed gliotransmission has caused a paradigm shift in our thinking about brain function. However, we are still in the early days of the conceptualization of how astrocytes influence synapses, neurons, networks, and ultimately behavior. In this Perspective, our goal is to identify emerging principles governing gliotransmission and consider the specific properties of this process that endow the astrocyte with unique functions in brain signal integration. We develop and present hypotheses aimed at reconciling confounding reports and define open questions to provide a conceptual framework for future studies. We propose that astrocytes mainly signal through high-affinity slowly desensitizing receptors to modulate neurons and perform integration in spatiotemporal domains complementary to those of neurons. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  14. A visual short-term memory advantage for objects of expertise

    PubMed Central

    Curby, Kim M.; Glazek, Kuba; Gauthier, Isabel

    2014-01-01

    Visual short-term memory (VSTM) is limited, especially for complex objects. Its capacity, however, is greater for faces than for other objects, an advantage that may stem from the holistic nature of face processing. If the holistic processing explains this advantage, then object expertise—which also relies on holistic processing—should endow experts with a VSTM advantage. We compared VSTM for cars among car experts to that among car novices. Car experts, but not car novices, demonstrated a VSTM advantage similar to that for faces; this advantage was orientation-specific and was correlated with an individual's level of car expertise. Control experiments ruled out accounts based solely on verbal- or long-term memory representations. These findings suggest that the processing advantages afforded by visual expertise result in domain-specific increases in VSTM capacity, perhaps by allowing experts to maximize the use of an inherently limited VSTM system. PMID:19170473

  15. Growing perovskite into polymers for easy-processable optoelectronic devices

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Masi, Sofia; Colella, Silvia; Listorti, Andrea; Roiati, Vittoria; Liscio, Andrea; Palermo, Vincenzo; Rizzo, Aurora; Gigli, Giuseppe

    2015-01-01

    Here we conceive an innovative nanocomposite to endow hybrid perovskites with the easy processability of polymers, providing a tool to control film quality and material crystallinity. We verify that the employed semiconducting polymer, poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV), controls the self-assembly of CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) crystalline domains and favors the deposition of a very smooth and homogenous layer in one straightforward step. This idea offers a new paradigm for the implementation of polymer/perovskite nanocomposites towards versatile optoelectronic devices combined with the feasibility of mass production. As a proof-of-concept we propose the application of such nanocomposite in polymer solar cell architecture, demonstrating a power conversion efficiency up to 3%, to date the highest reported for MEH-PPV. On-purpose designed polymers are expected to suit the nanocomposite properties for the integration in diverse optoelectronic devices via facile processing condition.

  16. Growing perovskite into polymers for easy-processable optoelectronic devices

    PubMed Central

    Masi, Sofia; Colella, Silvia; Listorti, Andrea; Roiati, Vittoria; Liscio, Andrea; Palermo, Vincenzo; Rizzo, Aurora; Gigli, Giuseppe

    2015-01-01

    Here we conceive an innovative nanocomposite to endow hybrid perovskites with the easy processability of polymers, providing a tool to control film quality and material crystallinity. We verify that the employed semiconducting polymer, poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV), controls the self-assembly of CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) crystalline domains and favors the deposition of a very smooth and homogenous layer in one straightforward step. This idea offers a new paradigm for the implementation of polymer/perovskite nanocomposites towards versatile optoelectronic devices combined with the feasibility of mass production. As a proof-of-concept we propose the application of such nanocomposite in polymer solar cell architecture, demonstrating a power conversion efficiency up to 3%, to date the highest reported for MEH-PPV. On-purpose designed polymers are expected to suit the nanocomposite properties for the integration in diverse optoelectronic devices via facile processing condition. PMID:25579988

  17. Bim gene dosage is critical in modulating nephron progenitor survival in the absence of microRNAs during kidney development.

    PubMed

    Cerqueira, Débora M; Bodnar, Andrew J; Phua, Yu Leng; Freer, Rachel; Hemker, Shelby L; Walensky, Loren D; Hukriede, Neil A; Ho, Jacqueline

    2017-08-01

    Low nephron endowment at birth has been associated with an increased risk for developing hypertension and chronic kidney disease. We demonstrated in an earlier study that conditional deletion of the microRNA (miRNA)-processing enzyme Dicer from nephron progenitors results in premature depletion of the progenitors and increased expression of the proapoptotic protein Bim (also known as Bcl-2L11). In this study, we generated a compound mouse model with conditional deletion of both Dicer and Bim , to determine the biologic significance of increased Bim expression in Dicer -deficient nephron progenitors. The loss of Bim partially restored the number of nephron progenitors and improved nephron formation. The number of progenitors undergoing apoptosis was significantly reduced in kidneys with loss of a single allele, or both alleles, of Bim compared to mutant kidneys. Furthermore, 2 miRNAs expressed in nephron progenitors ( miR-17 and miR-106b) regulated Bim levels in vitro and in vivo Together, these data suggest that miRNA-mediated regulation of Bim controls nephron progenitor survival during nephrogenesis, as one potential means of regulating nephron endowment.-Cerqueira, D. M., Bodnar, A. J., Phua, Y. L., Freer, R., Hemker, S. L., Walensky, L. D., Hukriede, N. A., Ho, J. Bim gene dosage is critical in modulating nephron progenitor survival in the absence of microRNAs during kidney development. © FASEB.

  18. Engineering CHO cells with an oncogenic KIT improves cells growth, resilience to stress, and productivity.

    PubMed

    Mahameed, Mohamed; Tirosh, Boaz

    2017-11-01

    An optimized biomanufacturing process in mammalian cells is contingent on the ability of the producing cells to reach high viable cell densities. In addition, at the peak of growth, cells need to continue producing the biological entity at a consistent quality. Thus, engineering cells with robust growth performance and resilience to variable stress conditions is highly desirable. The tyrosine kinase receptor, KIT, plays a key role in cell differentiation and the survival of several immune cell types. Its oncogenic mutant, D816V, endows cells with high proliferation capacity, and resistance to kinase inhibitors. Importantly, this onco-KIT mutant when introduced into various cell types is arrested in the endoplasmic reticulum in a constitutively active form. Here, we investigated the effect of oncogenic D816V KIT on the performance of CHO-K1 cells under conventional tissue culture growth settings and when adapted, to shaking conditions. The onco-KIT promoted global protein synthesis, elevated the expression of a secretable transgene, enhanced proliferation, and improved the overall titers of a model glycoprotein. Moreover, the expression of the onco-KIT endowed the cells with a remarkable resistance to various stress conditions. Our data suggest that the introduction of onco-KIT can serve as a strategy for improving glycoprotein biomanufacturing. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 2560-2570. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  19. Be Strong Enough to Say No: Self-Affirmation Increases Rejection to Unfair Offers

    PubMed Central

    Gu, Ruolei; Yang, Jing; Shi, Yuanyuan; Luo, Yi; Luo, Yu L. L.; Cai, Huajian

    2016-01-01

    We propose that self-affirmation may endow people more psychological resources to buffer against the negative influence of rejecting unfair offers in the classic ultimatum game (UG) and further lead to a stronger tendency to reject those offers. We tested this possibility by conducting an event-related potential (ERP) study about the UG, with the ERP component P3 as an indirect indicator of psychological resources. Participants were randomly assigned to the affirmation or control condition and then completed the UG through electrophysiological recording. As expected, the behavioral data indicated that compared with unaffirmed ones, affirmed participants were more likely to reject unfair UG offers; the electrophysiological data indicated that compared to the unaffirmed, affirmed participants showed a greater P3 in response to the presentation of an offer. These findings suggest that psychological resources may play a role in rejecting others beyond the fairness concern, and additionally shed light on the neural mechanisms underlying self-affirmation. PMID:27920742

  20. Macroscopic assembled, ultrastrong and H2SO4-resistant fibres of polymer-grafted graphene oxide

    PubMed Central

    Zhao, Xiaoli; Xu, Zhen; Zheng, Bingna; Gao, Chao

    2013-01-01

    Nacre realizes strength and toughness through hierarchical designs with primary “brick and mortar” structures of alternative arrangement of nanoplatelets and biomacromolecules, and these have inspired the fabrication of nanocomposites for decades. However, to simultaneously solve the three critical problems of phase separation, low interfacial strength and random orientation of nanofillers for nanocomposites is a great challenge yet. Here we demonstrate that polymer-grafted graphene oxide sheets are exceptional building blocks for nanocomposites. Their liquid crystalline dispersions can be wet-spun into continuous fibres. Because of well-ordering and efficient load transfer, the composites show remarkable tensile strength (500 MPa), three to four times higher than nacre. The uniform layered microstructures and strong interlayer interactions also endow the fibres good resistance to chemicals including 98% sulfuric acid. We studied the enhancing effect of nanofillers with fraction in a whole range (0–100%), and proposed an equation to depict the relationship. PMID:24196491

  1. Low Cost Comprehensive Microcomputer-Based Medical History Database Acquisition

    PubMed Central

    Buchan, Robert R. C.

    1980-01-01

    A carefully detailed, comprehensive medical history database is the fundamental essence of patient-physician interaction. Computer generated medical history acquisition has repeatedly been shown to be highly acceptable to both patient and physician while consistantly providing a superior product. Cost justification of machine derived problem and history databases, however, has in the past been marginal, at best. Routine use of the technology has therefore been limited to large clinics, university hospitals and federal installations where feasible volume applications are supported by endowment, research funds or taxes. This paper summarizes the use of a unique low cost device which marries advanced microprocessor technology with random access, variable-frame film projection techniques to acquire a detailed comprehensive medical history database. Preliminary data are presented which compare patient, physician, and machine generated histories for content, discovery, compliance and acceptability. Results compare favorably with the findings in similar studies by a variety of authors. ImagesFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4

  2. Poisson-Like Spiking in Circuits with Probabilistic Synapses

    PubMed Central

    Moreno-Bote, Rubén

    2014-01-01

    Neuronal activity in cortex is variable both spontaneously and during stimulation, and it has the remarkable property that it is Poisson-like over broad ranges of firing rates covering from virtually zero to hundreds of spikes per second. The mechanisms underlying cortical-like spiking variability over such a broad continuum of rates are currently unknown. We show that neuronal networks endowed with probabilistic synaptic transmission, a well-documented source of variability in cortex, robustly generate Poisson-like variability over several orders of magnitude in their firing rate without fine-tuning of the network parameters. Other sources of variability, such as random synaptic delays or spike generation jittering, do not lead to Poisson-like variability at high rates because they cannot be sufficiently amplified by recurrent neuronal networks. We also show that probabilistic synapses predict Fano factor constancy of synaptic conductances. Our results suggest that synaptic noise is a robust and sufficient mechanism for the type of variability found in cortex. PMID:25032705

  3. Inequality and visibility of wealth in experimental social networks.

    PubMed

    Nishi, Akihiro; Shirado, Hirokazu; Rand, David G; Christakis, Nicholas A

    2015-10-15

    Humans prefer relatively equal distributions of resources, yet societies have varying degrees of economic inequality. To investigate some of the possible determinants and consequences of inequality, here we perform experiments involving a networked public goods game in which subjects interact and gain or lose wealth. Subjects (n = 1,462) were randomly assigned to have higher or lower initial endowments, and were embedded within social networks with three levels of economic inequality (Gini coefficient = 0.0, 0.2, and 0.4). In addition, we manipulated the visibility of the wealth of network neighbours. We show that wealth visibility facilitates the downstream consequences of initial inequality-in initially more unequal situations, wealth visibility leads to greater inequality than when wealth is invisible. This result reflects a heterogeneous response to visibility in richer versus poorer subjects. We also find that making wealth visible has adverse welfare consequences, yielding lower levels of overall cooperation, inter-connectedness, and wealth. High initial levels of economic inequality alone, however, have relatively few deleterious welfare effects.

  4. Be Strong Enough to Say No: Self-Affirmation Increases Rejection to Unfair Offers.

    PubMed

    Gu, Ruolei; Yang, Jing; Shi, Yuanyuan; Luo, Yi; Luo, Yu L L; Cai, Huajian

    2016-01-01

    We propose that self-affirmation may endow people more psychological resources to buffer against the negative influence of rejecting unfair offers in the classic ultimatum game (UG) and further lead to a stronger tendency to reject those offers. We tested this possibility by conducting an event-related potential (ERP) study about the UG, with the ERP component P3 as an indirect indicator of psychological resources. Participants were randomly assigned to the affirmation or control condition and then completed the UG through electrophysiological recording. As expected, the behavioral data indicated that compared with unaffirmed ones, affirmed participants were more likely to reject unfair UG offers; the electrophysiological data indicated that compared to the unaffirmed, affirmed participants showed a greater P3 in response to the presentation of an offer. These findings suggest that psychological resources may play a role in rejecting others beyond the fairness concern, and additionally shed light on the neural mechanisms underlying self-affirmation.

  5. Changing perceptions of United States natural-gas resources as shown by successive U. S. Department of the Interior assessments

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Schmoker, James W.; Dyman, Thaddeus S.

    2001-01-01

    Trends in four successive estimates of United States technically recoverable natural gas resources are examined in this report. The effective dates of these assessments were January 1 of 1975, 1980, 1987, and 1994. The 1994 estimate of the U.S. total gas endowment increased significantly over the previous three estimates, indicating that the technically recoverable endowment of gas is not an absolute volume, but rather is a quantity that can increase through time in response to advances in technology and in geologic understanding. Much of this increase was in the category of reserve growth. Reserve growth refers to additions to the estimated ultimate recovery of fields that typically occur as discovered fields are developed and produced. The potential for U.S. reserve growth, rather than being rapidly used up, appears to be sustainable for many years by intensive engineering efforts coupled with improving technology. Potential additions to reserves in continuous (unconventional) accumulations also represent a type of reserve growth, and were estimated (for the first time) in the 1994 assessment at 358 trillion cubic feet of gas. This resource category provides a significant new contribution to the estimated U.S. total gas endowment.

  6. An analysis of the hospitals of Sultan Suleyman and Hurrem: Two different approaches to healthcare in sixteenth-century Ottoman Empire.

    PubMed

    Kayaalp, Pinar

    2016-01-01

    This study concentrates on two monumental Ottoman pious endowments, each with a major component devoted to healing. The first is the hospital of the Haseki Mosque Complex built by the wife of Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent. An examination of the deed and the modus operandi of this endowment will impart a sense of the role that women of the ruling class played in Ottoman society as builders and healers in the sixteenth century. The analysis of the Haseki Hospital will be followed by an examination of the hospital that is part of the Suleymaniye Mosque Complex built by Sultan Suleyman. The differences between the two perspectives in the promotion of public health will be emphasized, arguing that the Sultan's approach to healthcare was academic and research-oriented, whereas his wife's was holistic and devoted to rehabilitation. The endowment deeds and the physical layouts of the two hospitals shed light upon a dual approach to healthcare with gender-specific roles affirmed and shaped by Hurrem and Suleyman the Magnificent, who each built hospitals of their own in Istanbul, the Ottoman capital city.

  7. Optimal protocols for slowly driven quantum systems.

    PubMed

    Zulkowski, Patrick R; DeWeese, Michael R

    2015-09-01

    The design of efficient quantum information processing will rely on optimal nonequilibrium transitions of driven quantum systems. Building on a recently developed geometric framework for computing optimal protocols for classical systems driven in finite time, we construct a general framework for optimizing the average information entropy for driven quantum systems. Geodesics on the parameter manifold endowed with a positive semidefinite metric correspond to protocols that minimize the average information entropy production in finite time. We use this framework to explicitly compute the optimal entropy production for a simple two-state quantum system coupled to a heat bath of bosonic oscillators, which has applications to quantum annealing.

  8. A macro-physics model of depreciation rate in economic exchange

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Marmont Lobo, Rui F.; de Sousa, Miguel Rocha

    2014-02-01

    This article aims at a new approach for a known fundamental result: barter or trade increases economic value. It successfully bridges the gap between the theory of value and the exchange process attached to the transition from endowments to the equilibrium in the core and contract curve. First, we summarise the theory of value; in Section 2, we present the Edgeworth (1881) box and an axiomatic approach and in Section 3, we apply our pure exchange model. Finally (in Section 4), using our open econo-physics pure barter (EPB) model, we derive an improvement in value, which means that pure barter leads to a decline in depreciation rate.

  9. Origin of Nanobubbles Electrochemically Formed in a Magnetic Field: Ionic Vacancy Production in Electrode Reaction

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Aogaki, Ryoichi; Sugiyama, Atsushi; Miura, Makoto; Oshikiri, Yoshinobu; Miura, Miki; Morimoto, Ryoichi; Takagi, Satoshi; Mogi, Iwao; Yamauchi, Yusuke

    2016-07-01

    As a process complementing conventional electrode reactions, ionic vacancy production in electrode reaction was theoretically examined; whether reaction is anodic or cathodic, based on the momentum conservation by Newton’s second law of motion, electron transfer necessarily leads to the emission of original embryo vacancies, and dielectric polarization endows to them the same electric charge as trans- ferred in the reaction. Then, the emitted embryo vacancies immediately receive the thermal relaxation of solution particles to develop steady-state vacancies. After the vacancy production, nanobubbles are created by the collision of the vacancies in a vertical magnetic field.

  10. Discovery of novel rivastigmine-hydroxycinnamic acid hybrids as multi-targeted agents for Alzheimer's disease.

    PubMed

    Chen, Ziwei; Digiacomo, Maria; Tu, Yalin; Gu, Qiong; Wang, Shengnan; Yang, Xiaohong; Chu, Jiaqi; Chen, Qiuhe; Han, Yifan; Chen, Jingkao; Nesi, Giulia; Sestito, Simona; Macchia, Marco; Rapposelli, Simona; Pi, Rongbiao

    2017-01-05

    A series of rivastigmine-caffeic acid and rivastigmine-ferulic acid hybrids were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as multifunctional agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in vitro. The new compounds exerted antioxidant neuroprotective properties and good cholinesterases (ChE) inhibitory activities. Some of them also inhibited amyloid protein (Aβ) aggregation. In particular, compound 5 emerged as promising drug candidates endowed with neuroprotective potential, ChE inhibitory, Aβ self-aggregation inhibitory and copper chelation properties. These data suggest that compound 5 offers an attractive starting point for further lead optimization in the drug-discovery process against AD. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

  11. Process and progress: John Hughlings Jackson's philosophy of science.

    PubMed

    Jacyna, L Stephen

    2011-10-01

    Some scepticism has been voiced over whether the work of John Hughlings Jackson possesses any significant philosophical orientation. This article argues that Hughlings Jackson was acquainted with the work of a wide range of philosophers. In particular, certain aspects of the writings of John Stuart Mill are reflected in Hughlings Jackson's own work. From early in his career, Hughlings Jackson adopted a critical stance in his neurological papers, seeking to expose shortcomings in the conventional practices of his peers and urging greater methodological rigour and sophistication in order to advance their science. This critical and 'procedurist' bias endows Hughlings Jackson's writings with a characteristically modern character.

  12. Mild process to design silk scaffolds with reduced β-sheet structure and various topographies at nanometer scale

    PubMed Central

    Pei, Yazhen; Liu, Xi; Liu, Shanshan; Lu, Qiang; Liu, Jing; Kaplan, David L; Zhu, Hesun

    2014-01-01

    Three-dimensional (3D) porous silk scaffolds with good biocompatibility and minimal immunogenicity, have promising applications in different tissue regenerations. However, a challenge remains to effectively fabricate their microstructures and mechanical properties to satisfy specific requirements of different tissues. In this study, silk scaffolds were fabricated to form extracellular matrix (ECM) mimetic nanofibrous architecture in a mild process. A slowly increasing concentration process was applied to regulate silk self-assembly into nanofibers in aqueous solution. Then glycerol was blended with the nanofiber solution and induced silk crystallization in lyophilization process, endowing freeze-dried scaffolds water-stability. The glycerol was leached from the scaffolds, leaving similar porous structure at a micrometer scale but different topographies at nanoscale. Compared to previous salt-leached and methanol annealed scaffolds, the present scaffolds showed lower β-sheet content, softer mechanical property, and improved cell growth and differentiation behaviors, implying their promising future as platforms for controlling stem cell fate and soft tissue regeneration. PMID:25463497

  13. Photochromic Inorganic/Organic Thermoplastic Elastomers.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Jiuyang; Li, Jing; Huo, Mengmeng; Li, Naixu; Zhou, Jiancheng; Li, Tuoqi; Jiang, Jing

    2017-08-01

    Photochromic materials are an important class of "smart materials" and are broadly utilized in technological devices. However, most photochromic materials reported so far are composed of inorganic compounds that are challenging to process and suffer from poor mechanical performance, severely limiting their applications in various markets. In this paper, inorganic photochromic tungsten trioxide (WO 3 ) nanocrystals are conveniently grafted with polymers to hurdle the deficiency in processability and mechanical properties. This new type of photochromic material can be thermally processed into desired geometries like disks and dog-bone specimens. Fully reversible photochromic response under UV light is also achieved for WO 3 -graft polymers, exhibiting tunable response rate, outperforming the pristine WO 3 nanocrystals. Notably, the resulted graft polymers show extraordinary mechanical performance with excellent ductility (≈800% breaking strain) and relatively high breaking strength (≈2 MPa). These discoveries elucidate an effective pathway to design smart inorganic/organic hybrid thermoplastic elastomers endowed with outstanding photochromic and mechanical properties as well as exceptional processability. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  14. From seed to cooked pasta: influence of traditional and non-conventional transformation processes on total antioxidant capacity and phenolic acid content.

    PubMed

    Martini, Daniela; Ciccoritti, Roberto; Nicoletti, Isabella; Nocente, Francesca; Corradini, Danilo; D'Egidio, Maria Grazia; Taddei, Federica

    2018-02-01

    The aim of this work was to compare the traditional with a non-conventional (i.e. kernel micronisation) durum wheat milling process by monitoring the content of bound, conjugated and free phenolic acids (PAs) and the level of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) occurring in the durum wheat pasta production chain, from seed to cooked pasta. The traditional transformation processes negatively influenced TAC and PA content (40% and 89% decrease from seed to cooked pasta, respectively), mainly during the milling process (25% and 84% decrease of TAC and PA, respectively), which has been related to the removal of external layers of kernels. Conversely, the micronisation applied on durum wheat kernels allowed to obtain whole-wheat pasta that preserved the seed endowment of antioxidant compounds even in cooked pasta. These results indicate the micronisation as a valuable approach to produce pasta with improved nutritional value and potential health-promoting effects compared to the traditional pasta.

  15. The B1 Protein Guides the Biosynthesis of a Lasso Peptide

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhu, Shaozhou; Fage, Christopher D.; Hegemann, Julian D.; Mielcarek, Andreas; Yan, Dushan; Linne, Uwe; Marahiel, Mohamed A.

    2016-10-01

    Lasso peptides are a class of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) with a unique lariat knot-like fold that endows them with extraordinary stability and biologically relevant activity. However, the biosynthetic mechanism of these fascinating molecules remains largely speculative. Generally, two enzymes (B for processing and C for cyclization) are required to assemble the unusual knot-like structure. Several subsets of lasso peptide gene clusters feature a “split” B protein on separate open reading frames (B1 and B2), suggesting distinct functions for the B protein in lasso peptide biosynthesis. Herein, we provide new insights into the role of the RiPP recognition element (RRE) PadeB1, characterizing its capacity to bind the paeninodin leader peptide and deliver its peptide substrate to PadeB2 for processing.

  16. Pervasive randomness in physics: an introduction to its modelling and spectral characterisation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Howard, Roy

    2017-10-01

    An introduction to the modelling and spectral characterisation of random phenomena is detailed at a level consistent with a first exposure to the subject at an undergraduate level. A signal framework for defining a random process is provided and this underpins an introduction to common random processes including the Poisson point process, the random walk, the random telegraph signal, shot noise, information signalling random processes, jittered pulse trains, birth-death random processes and Markov chains. An introduction to the spectral characterisation of signals and random processes, via either an energy spectral density or a power spectral density, is detailed. The important case of defining a white noise random process concludes the paper.

  17. Geology and Nonfuel Mineral Deposits of Africa and the Middle East

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Taylor, Cliff D.; Schulz, Klaus J.; Doebrich, Jeff L.; Orris, Greta; Denning, Paul; Kirschbaum, Michael J.

    2009-01-01

    A nation's endowment of nonfuel mineral resources, relative to the world's endowment, is a fundamental consideration in decisions related to a nation's economic and environmental well being and security. Knowledge of the worldwide abundance, distribution, and general geologic setting of mineral commodities provides a framework within which a nation can make decisions about economic development of its own resources, and the economic and environmental consequences of those decisions, in a global perspective. The information in this report is part of a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) endeavor to evaluate the global endowment of both identified and undiscovered nonfuel mineral resources. The results will delineate areas of the world that are geologically permissive for the occurrence of undiscovered selected nonfuel mineral resources together with estimates of the quantity and quality of the resources. The results will be published as a series of regional reports; this one provides basic data on the identified resources and geologic setting, together with a brief appraisal of the potential for undiscovered mineral resources in Africa and the Middle East. Additional information, such as production statistics, economic factors that affect the mineral industries of the region, and historical information, is available in U.S. Geological Survey publications such as the Minerals Yearbook and the annual Mineral Commodity Summaries (available at http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals).

  18. “Selling” Value: The Influence of Language on Willingness-to-Accept

    PubMed Central

    Manson, Kirk F.; Levy, Ifat

    2015-01-01

    In behavioral economics, the “endowment effect” describes the robust finding that prices people are willing to accept (WTA) for a good exceed prices people are willing to pay (WTP) for the same good. The increase in WTA values is often explained by the sellers’ negative hedonic response to losing their item. Recent studies, however, show that subtle cues may change participants’ perspective, influencing their valuations. We hypothesized that implicit connotations of instructional language may be one of those cues. To test this hypothesis we manipulated the wording of instructions in two conditions: in the Sell condition, subjects were endowed with a set of pens and asked to select an amount of money for which they would sell the pens back and in the Take condition, subjects were endowed with the pens and asked to select an amount of money they would take for the pens. Participants in each condition also estimated the market value of the pens. Consistent with our hypothesis, WTA in the Sell condition was higher than in the Take condition, though there were no differences in market values between conditions. These findings show that instructional language does influence participant valuations. Furthermore, we suggest that those being asked to “sell” use their market estimations as the salient reference point in the transaction. PMID:25822825

  19. Uranium resource assessment through statistical analysis of exploration geochemical and other data. Final report. [Codes EVAL, SURE

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Koch, G.S. Jr.; Howarth, R.J.; Schuenemeyer, J.H.

    1981-02-01

    We have developed a procedure that can help quadrangle evaluators to systematically summarize and use hydrogeochemical and stream sediment reconnaissance (HSSR) and occurrence data. Although we have not provided an independent estimate of uranium endowment, we have devised a methodology that will provide this independent estimate when additional calibration is done by enlarging the study area. Our statistical model for evaluation (system EVAL) ranks uranium endowment for each quadrangle. Because using this model requires experience in geology, statistics, and data analysis, we have also devised a simplified model, presented in the package SURE, a System for Uranium Resource Evaluation. Wemore » have developed and tested these models for the four quadrangles in southern Colorado that comprise the study area; to investigate their generality, the models should be applied to other quandrangles. Once they are calibrated with accepted uranium endowments for several well-known quadrangles, the models can be used to give independent estimates for less-known quadrangles. The point-oriented models structure the objective comparison of the quandrangles on the bases of: (1) Anomalies (a) derived from stream sediments, (b) derived from waters (stream, well, pond, etc.), (2) Geology (a) source rocks, as defined by the evaluator, (b) host rocks, as defined by the evaluator, and (3) Aerial radiometric anomalies.« less

  20. Biopanning and characterization of peptides with Fe3O4 nanoparticles-binding capability via phage display random peptide library technique.

    PubMed

    You, Fei; Yin, Guangfu; Pu, Ximing; Li, Yucan; Hu, Yang; Huang, Zhongbin; Liao, Xiaoming; Yao, Yadong; Chen, Xianchun

    2016-05-01

    Functionalization of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) play an important role in biomedical applications. A proper functionalization of NPs can improve biocompatibility, avoid a loss of bioactivity, and further endow NPs with unique performances. Modification with vairous specific binding biomolecules from random biological libraries has been explored. In this work, two 7-mer peptides with sequences of HYIDFRW and TVNFKLY were selected from a phage display random peptide library by using ferromagnetic NPs as targets, and were verified to display strong binding affinity to Fe3O4 NPs. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, fluorescence microscopy, thermal analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the presence of peptides on the surface of Fe3O4 NPs. Sequence analyses revealed that the probable binding mechanism between the peptide and Fe3O4 NPs might be driven by Pearson hard acid-hard base specific interaction and hydrogen bonds, accompanied with hydrophilic interactions and non-specific electrostatic attractions. The cell viability assay indicated a good cytocompatibility of peptide-bound Fe3O4 NPs. Furthermore, TVNFKLY peptide and an ovarian tumor cell A2780 specific binding peptide (QQTNWSL) were conjugated to afford a liner 14-mer peptide (QQTNWSLTVNFKLY). The binding and targeting studies showed that 14-mer peptide was able to retain both the strong binding ability to Fe3O4 NPs and the specific binding ability to A2780 cells. The results suggested that the Fe3O4-binding peptides would be of great potential in the functionalization of Fe3O4 NPs for the tumor-targeted drug delivery and magnetic hyperthermia. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  1. Neuromimetic Sound Representation for Percept Detection and Manipulation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zotkin, Dmitry N.; Chi, Taishih; Shamma, Shihab A.; Duraiswami, Ramani

    2005-12-01

    The acoustic wave received at the ears is processed by the human auditory system to separate different sounds along the intensity, pitch, and timbre dimensions. Conventional Fourier-based signal processing, while endowed with fast algorithms, is unable to easily represent a signal along these attributes. In this paper, we discuss the creation of maximally separable sounds in auditory user interfaces and use a recently proposed cortical sound representation, which performs a biomimetic decomposition of an acoustic signal, to represent and manipulate sound for this purpose. We briefly overview algorithms for obtaining, manipulating, and inverting a cortical representation of a sound and describe algorithms for manipulating signal pitch and timbre separately. The algorithms are also used to create sound of an instrument between a "guitar" and a "trumpet." Excellent sound quality can be achieved if processing time is not a concern, and intelligible signals can be reconstructed in reasonable processing time (about ten seconds of computational time for a one-second signal sampled at [InlineEquation not available: see fulltext.]). Work on bringing the algorithms into the real-time processing domain is ongoing.

  2. Offshoring of healthcare services: the case of US-India trade in medical transcription services.

    PubMed

    Kshetri, Nir; Dholakia, Nikhilesh

    2011-01-01

    - The issue of offshore outsourcing of healthcare services is a critical but little-examined problem in healthcare research. The purpose of this study is to contribute to filling this void. A library-based study was carried out of the development of the Indian medical transcription offshoring industry. Findings- Cost-saving potential and the degree of outsourceability are higher for medical transcription compared with most services. Offshoring experience, typically in a low-value BPO, helps to enhance productivity and international linkages required for the success of medical transcription. Research limitations/implications - An important area of future research concerns comparing India's factor endowments in medical transcription outsourcing with other services. Further research is also needed to examine how India differs from its regional competitors in terms of factors endowments associated with these services. Another extension would be to investigate the drivers of offshoring of higher value services such as radiological readings. Practical implications - ICT infrastructures needed for outsourcing require much less investment compared with leading capital-intensive industries. The development patterns of the Indian medical and offshoring industries indicate that India may attract higher skilled medical functions in the future. The Indian offshoring industry is shifting its focus from BPO to knowledge process outsourcing (KPO). Developing countries need to shift to greater automation and greater levels of skill training to retain and reinforce their comparative advantages. This paper's greatest value stems from the fact that it examines the drivers of a new but rapidly growing healthcare industry.

  3. Electrospun Superhydrophobic Organic/Inorganic Composite Nanofibrous Membranes for Membrane Distillation.

    PubMed

    Li, Xiong; Yu, Xufeng; Cheng, Cheng; Deng, Li; Wang, Min; Wang, Xuefen

    2015-10-07

    Electrospun superhydrophobic organic/inorganic composite nanofibrous membranes exhibiting excellent direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) performance were fabricated by a facile route combining the hydrophobization of silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) and colloid electrospinning of the hydrophobic silica/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) matrix. Benefiting from the utilization of SiO2 NPs with three different particle sizes, the electrospun nanofibrous membranes (ENMs) were endowed with three different delicate nanofiber morphologies and fiber diameter distribution, high porosity, and superhydrophobic property, which resulted in excellent waterproofing and breathability. Significantly, structural attributes analyses have indicated the major contributing role of fiber diameter distribution on determining the augment of permeate vapor flux through regulating mean flow pore size (MFP). Meanwhile, the extremely high liquid entry pressure of water (LEPw, 2.40 ± 0.10 bar), robust nanofiber morphology of PVDF immobilized SiO2 NPs, remarkable mechanical properties, thermal stability, and corrosion resistance endowed the as-prepared membranes with prominent desalination capability and stability for long-term MD process. The resultant choreographed PVDF/silica ENMs with optimized MFP presented an outstanding permeate vapor flux of 41.1 kg/(m(2)·h) and stable low permeate conductivity (∼2.45 μs/cm) (3.5 wt % NaCl salt feed; ΔT = 40 °C) over a DCMD test period of 24 h without membrane pores wetting detected. This result was better than those of typical commercial PVDF membranes and PVDF and modified PVDF ENMs reported so far, suggesting them as promising alternatives for MD applications.

  4. How rich is Australia's minerals endowment and is it adequate to sustain a major role in meeting international demand?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lambert, I. B.

    2012-04-01

    Dr Ian Lambert, Geoscience Australia and Secretary General 34th International Geological Congress Australia has comparative advantages in production of mineral commodities compared to most other countries. These stem from its rich and diverse mineral endowment; availability of regional scale (pre-competitive) geoscience information to lower the risks of exploration; advances in exploration, mining and processing technologies; skilled work force; generally benign physical conditions; and low population density. Building on these strengths, Australia is a major producer and exporter of a wide range of mineral and energy commodities to global markets. Given that demand for most major commodities is likely to continue, and that there will be growing markets for some other commodities, Australia needs to have a strategic view of what is likely to be available for mining. Further, Australia (and the world) needs to be attuned to issues that need to be faced in meeting international demand for commodities in the long term. This presentation outlines how Australia's national minerals inventory is compiled. It discusses trends for Australia's identified mineral resources for major commodities, and how these compare with other major mining nations. It then considers some significant issues in relation to sustaining a strong mining sector - in the medium to long term this requires a strategic approach to achieve goals such as more effective/lower risk exploration particularly in greenfields regions; well-Informed decisions on mining proposals; ongoing significant improvements in efficiencies of energy, water and land use.

  5. Cell-selective metabolic labeling of biomolecules with bioorthogonal functionalities.

    PubMed

    Xie, Ran; Hong, Senlian; Chen, Xing

    2013-10-01

    Metabolic labeling of biomolecules with bioorthogonal functionalities enables visualization, enrichment, and analysis of the biomolecules of interest in their physiological environments. This versatile strategy has found utility in probing various classes of biomolecules in a broad range of biological processes. On the other hand, metabolic labeling is nonselective with respect to cell type, which imposes limitations for studies performed in complex biological systems. Herein, we review the recent methodological developments aiming to endow metabolic labeling strategies with cell-type selectivity. The cell-selective metabolic labeling strategies have emerged from protein and glycan labeling. We envision that these strategies can be readily extended to labeling of other classes of biomolecules. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  6. Prefrontal contributions to visual selective attention.

    PubMed

    Squire, Ryan F; Noudoost, Behrad; Schafer, Robert J; Moore, Tirin

    2013-07-08

    The faculty of attention endows us with the capacity to process important sensory information selectively while disregarding information that is potentially distracting. Much of our understanding of the neural circuitry underlying this fundamental cognitive function comes from neurophysiological studies within the visual modality. Past evidence suggests that a principal function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is selective attention and that this function involves the modulation of sensory signals within posterior cortices. In this review, we discuss recent progress in identifying the specific prefrontal circuits controlling visual attention and its neural correlates within the primate visual system. In addition, we examine the persisting challenge of precisely defining how behavior should be affected when attentional function is lost.

  7. The origami of life

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lezon, Timothy R.; Banavar, Jayanth R.; Maritan, Amos

    2006-01-01

    All living organisms rely upon networks of molecular interactions to carry out their vital processes. In order for a molecular system to display the properties of life, its constituent molecules must themselves be endowed with several features: stability, specificity, self-organization, functionality, sensitivity, robustness, diversity and adaptability. We argue that these are the emergent properties of a unique phase of matter, and we demonstrate that proteins, the functional molecules of terrestrial life, are perfectly suited to this phase. We explore, through an understanding of this phase of matter, the physical principles that govern the operation of living matter. Our work has implications for the design of functionally useful nanoscale devices and the ultimate development of physically based artificial life.

  8. Weighted Description Logics Preference Formulas for Multiattribute Negotiation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ragone, Azzurra; di Noia, Tommaso; Donini, Francesco M.; di Sciascio, Eugenio; Wellman, Michael P.

    We propose a framework to compute the utility of an agreement w.r.t a preference set in a negotiation process. In particular, we refer to preferences expressed as weighted formulas in a decidable fragment of First-order Logic and agreements expressed as a formula. We ground our framework in Description Logics (DL) endowed with disjunction, to be compliant with Semantic Web technologies. A logic based approach to preference representation allows, when a background knowledge base is exploited, to relax the often unrealistic assumption of additive independence among attributes. We provide suitable definitions of the problem and present algorithms to compute utility in our setting. We also validate our approach through an experimental evaluation.

  9. Neuronal cell fate specification in Drosophila.

    PubMed

    Jan, Y N; Jan, L Y

    1994-02-01

    Recent work indicates that the Drosophila nervous system develops in a progressive process of cell fate specification. Expression of specific proneural genes in clusters of cells (the proneural clusters) in the cellular blastoderm endows these cells with the potential to form certain types of neural precursors. Intercellular interactions that involve both proneural genes and neurogenic genes then allow the neural precursors to be singled out from the proneural clusters. Expression of neural precursor genes in all neural precursors is likely to account for the universal aspects of neuronal differentiation, such as axonal outgrowth. Selective expression of certain neuronal-type selector genes further specifies the type of neuron(s) that a neural precursor will produce.

  10. Biomimetic and bioinspired nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery.

    PubMed

    Gagliardi, Mariacristina

    2017-03-01

    In drug targeting, the urgent need for more effective and less iatrogenic therapies is pushing toward a complete revision of carrier setup. After the era of 'articles used as homing systems', novel prototypes are now emerging. Newly conceived carriers are endowed with better biocompatibility, biodistribution and targeting properties. The biomimetic approach bestows such improved functional properties. Exploiting biological molecules, organisms and cells, or taking inspiration from them, drug vector performances are now rapidly progressing toward the perfect carrier. Following this direction, researchers have refined carrier properties, achieving significant results. The present review summarizes recent advances in biomimetic and bioinspired drug vectors, derived from biologicals or obtained by processing synthetic materials with a biomimetic approach.

  11. Efficient Smart CMOS Camera Based on FPGAs Oriented to Embedded Image Processing

    PubMed Central

    Bravo, Ignacio; Baliñas, Javier; Gardel, Alfredo; Lázaro, José L.; Espinosa, Felipe; García, Jorge

    2011-01-01

    This article describes an image processing system based on an intelligent ad-hoc camera, whose two principle elements are a high speed 1.2 megapixel Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) sensor and a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The latter is used to control the various sensor parameter configurations and, where desired, to receive and process the images captured by the CMOS sensor. The flexibility and versatility offered by the new FPGA families makes it possible to incorporate microprocessors into these reconfigurable devices, and these are normally used for highly sequential tasks unsuitable for parallelization in hardware. For the present study, we used a Xilinx XC4VFX12 FPGA, which contains an internal Power PC (PPC) microprocessor. In turn, this contains a standalone system which manages the FPGA image processing hardware and endows the system with multiple software options for processing the images captured by the CMOS sensor. The system also incorporates an Ethernet channel for sending processed and unprocessed images from the FPGA to a remote node. Consequently, it is possible to visualize and configure system operation and captured and/or processed images remotely. PMID:22163739

  12. Overexpression of prefoldin from the hyperthermophilic archaeum Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3 endowed Escherichia coli with organic solvent tolerance.

    PubMed

    Okochi, Mina; Kanie, Kei; Kurimoto, Masaki; Yohda, Masafumi; Honda, Hiroyuki

    2008-06-01

    Prefoldin is a jellyfish-shaped hexameric chaperone that captures a protein-folding intermediate and transfers it to the group II chaperonin for correct folding. In this work, we characterized the organic solvent tolerance of Escherichia coli cells that overexpress prefoldin and group II chaperonin from a hyperthermophilic archeaum, Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3. The colony-forming efficiency of E. coli cells overexpressing prefoldin increased by 1,000-fold and decreased the accumulation of intracellular organic solvent. The effect was impaired by deletions of the region responsible for the chaperone function of prefoldin. Therefore, we concluded that prefoldin endows E. coli cells by preventing accumulation of intracellular organic solvent through its molecular chaperone activity.

  13. One world, one woman: a transformational leader's approach to primary ovarian insufficiency.

    PubMed

    Nelson, Lawrence M

    2011-05-01

    Lectureship endowment funds are created to honor major contributions that have clearly advanced a field. In some select cases they recognize the contributions of a transformational leader. Such was the case in the creation of the Wulf H. Utian Endowed Lectureship Fund. The express purpose of the fund is to provide travel to the annual meeting by a lecturer selected by the North American Menopause Society Scientific Program Committee. Wulf H. Utian changed the paradigm for menopause by creating an organization whose major purpose was to employ an integrated approach to the condition. Such an approach would benefit many areas of healthcare. This report summarizes my thoughts on how such an integrated approach might advance the field of primary ovarian insufficiency.

  14. Completing the Physical Representation of Quantum Algorithms Provides a Quantitative Explanation of Their Computational Speedup

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Castagnoli, Giuseppe

    2018-03-01

    The usual representation of quantum algorithms, limited to the process of solving the problem, is physically incomplete. We complete it in three steps: (i) extending the representation to the process of setting the problem, (ii) relativizing the extended representation to the problem solver to whom the problem setting must be concealed, and (iii) symmetrizing the relativized representation for time reversal to represent the reversibility of the underlying physical process. The third steps projects the input state of the representation, where the problem solver is completely ignorant of the setting and thus the solution of the problem, on one where she knows half solution (half of the information specifying it when the solution is an unstructured bit string). Completing the physical representation shows that the number of computation steps (oracle queries) required to solve any oracle problem in an optimal quantum way should be that of a classical algorithm endowed with the advanced knowledge of half solution.

  15. High-Level Prediction Signals in a Low-Level Area of the Macaque Face-Processing Hierarchy.

    PubMed

    Schwiedrzik, Caspar M; Freiwald, Winrich A

    2017-09-27

    Theories like predictive coding propose that lower-order brain areas compare their inputs to predictions derived from higher-order representations and signal their deviation as a prediction error. Here, we investigate whether the macaque face-processing system, a three-level hierarchy in the ventral stream, employs such a coding strategy. We show that after statistical learning of specific face sequences, the lower-level face area ML computes the deviation of actual from predicted stimuli. But these signals do not reflect the tuning characteristic of ML. Rather, they exhibit identity specificity and view invariance, the tuning properties of higher-level face areas AL and AM. Thus, learning appears to endow lower-level areas with the capability to test predictions at a higher level of abstraction than what is afforded by the feedforward sweep. These results provide evidence for computational architectures like predictive coding and suggest a new quality of functional organization of information-processing hierarchies beyond pure feedforward schemes. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  16. Predicting green: really radical (plant) predictive processing

    PubMed Central

    Friston, Karl

    2017-01-01

    In this article we account for the way plants respond to salient features of their environment under the free-energy principle for biological systems. Biological self-organization amounts to the minimization of surprise over time. We posit that any self-organizing system must embody a generative model whose predictions ensure that (expected) free energy is minimized through action. Plants respond in a fast, and yet coordinated manner, to environmental contingencies. They pro-actively sample their local environment to elicit information with an adaptive value. Our main thesis is that plant behaviour takes place by way of a process (active inference) that predicts the environmental sources of sensory stimulation. This principle, we argue, endows plants with a form of perception that underwrites purposeful, anticipatory behaviour. The aim of the article is to assess the prospects of a radical predictive processing story that would follow naturally from the free-energy principle for biological systems; an approach that may ultimately bear upon our understanding of life and cognition more broadly. PMID:28637913

  17. The Sensory Neurons of Touch

    PubMed Central

    Abraira, Victoria E.; Ginty, David D.

    2013-01-01

    The somatosensory system decodes a wide range of tactile stimuli and thus endows us with a remarkable capacity for object recognition, texture discrimination, sensory-motor feedback and social exchange. The first step leading to perception of innocuous touch is activation of cutaneous sensory neurons called low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs). Here, we review the properties and functions of LTMRs, emphasizing the unique tuning properties of LTMR subtypes and the organizational logic of their peripheral and central axonal projections. We discuss the spinal cord neurophysiological representation of complex mechanical forces acting upon the skin and current views of how tactile information is processed and conveyed from the spinal cord to the brain. An integrative model in which ensembles of impulses arising from physiologically distinct LTMRs are integrated and processed in somatotopically aligned mechanosensory columns of the spinal cord dorsal horn underlies the nervous system’s enormous capacity for perceiving the richness of the tactile world. PMID:23972592

  18. Humpty Dumpty: reflection and reflective nursing practice.

    PubMed

    Richardson, R

    1995-06-01

    The recent increase in the amount of published work relating reflection and reflective practice to nurses and nursing practice suggests that nurses value the opportunities which this approach is believed to provide. There also appears to be an underlying assumption that we all share the same concepts, hence the association with Humpty Dumpty. Indications of attempts to mechanize the processes and to endow the perceived skills with an élitism are becoming evident. In contrast, there are other attempts to foster the notion of accepting uncertainty, unpredictability and the opportunity for increased understanding to emerge. In this paper, the roots of some of these concepts are traced. The appropriateness of traditional values and assumptions, based on natural science perspectives, in relation to reflective processes and the practice of nursing is questioned. The development of a multi-faceted approach which takes account of differing contexts and the factors which influence them is suggested.

  19. Solution-Processed Flexible Organic Ferroelectric Phototransistor.

    PubMed

    Zhao, Qiang; Wang, Hanlin; Jiang, Lang; Zhen, Yonggang; Dong, Huanli; Hu, Wenping

    2017-12-20

    In this article, we demonstrate ferroelectric insulator, P(VDF-TrFE), can be integrated with red light sensitive polymeric semiconductor, P(DPP-TzBT), toward ferroelectric organic phototransistors (OPTs). This ferroelectricity-modulated phototransistor possesses different nonvolatile and tunable dark current states due to P(VDF-TrFE)'s remnant polarization. As a result, the OPT is endowed with a tunable dark current level ranging from 1 nA to 100 nA. Once the OPT is programmed or electrically polarized, its photo-to-dark (signal-to-noise) ratio can be "flexible" during photodetection process, without gate bias application. This kind of organic ferroelectric phototransistor has great potential in detecting wide ranges of light signals with good linearity. Moreover, its tuning mechanism discussed in this work can be helpful to understand the operation mechanism of organic phototransistor (OPT). It can be promising for novel photodetection application in plastic electronic devices.

  20. Future petroleum energy resources of the world

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Ahlbrandt, T.S.

    2002-01-01

    Is the world running out of oil? Where will future oil and gas supplies come from? To help answer these questions, in 2000 the U.S. Geological Survey completed a new world assessment, exclusive of the United States, of the undiscovered conventional oil and gas resources and potential additions to reserves from field growth.2 One hundred and twenty-eight provinces were assessed in a 100 man-year effort from 1995-2000. The assessed provinces included 76 priority provinces containing 95% of the world's discovered oil and gas and an additional 52 "boutique" provinces, many of which may be highly prospective. Total Petroleum Systems (TPS) were identified and described for each of these provinces along with associated Assessment Units (AU) that are the basic units for assessing undiscovered petroleum. The assessment process coupled geologic analysis with a probabilistic methodology to estimate remaining potential. Within the 128 assessed provinces were 159 TPS and 274 AU. For these provinces, the endowment of recoverable oil-which includes cumulative production, remaining reserves, reserve growth, and undiscovered resources-is estimated at about 3 trillion barrels of oil (TBO). The natural gas endowment is estimated at 2.6 trillion barrels of oil equivalent (TBOE). Oil reserves are currently 1.1 TBO; world consumption is about .028 TBO per year. Natural gas reserves are about 0.8 TBOE; world consumption is about 0.014 TBOE per year. Thus, without any additional discoveries of oil, gas or natural gas liquids, we have about 2 TBOE of proved petroleum reserves. Of the oil and gas endowment of about 5.6 TBOE, we estimate that the world has consumed about 1 TBOE, or 18%, leaving about 82% of the endowment to be utilized or found. Half of the world's undiscovered potential is offshore. Arctic basins with about 25% of undiscovered petroleum resources make up the next great frontier. An additional 279 provinces contain some oil and gas and, if considered, would increase the oil and gas endowment estimates. Whereas petroleum resources in the world appear to be significant, certain countries such as the United States may run into import deficits, particularly oil imports from Mexico and natural gas from both Canada and Mexico. The new assessment has been used as the reference supply case in energy supply models by the International Energy Agency and the Energy Information Agency of the Department of Energy. Climate energy modeling groups such as those at Stanford University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and others have also used USGS estimates in global climate models. Many of these models using the USGS estimates converge on potential oil shortfalls in 2036-2040. However, recent articles using the USGS (2000) estimates suggest peaking of oil in 2020-2035 and peaking of non-OPEC (Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries) oil in 2015-2020. Such a short time framework places greater emphasis on a transition to increased use of natural gas; i.e., a methane economy. Natural gas in turn may experience similar supply concerns in the 2050-2060 time frame according to some authors. Coal resources are considerable and provide significant petroleum potential either by extracting natural gas from them, by directly converting them into petroleum products, or by utilizing them to generate electricity, thereby reducing natural gas and oil requirements by fuel substitution. Non-conventional oil and gas are quite common in petroleum provinces of the world and represent a significant resources yet to be fully studied and developed. Seventeen non-conventional AU including coal-bed methane, basin-center gas, continuous oil, and gas hydrate occurrences have been preliminarily identified for future assessment. Initial efforts to assess heavy oil deposits and other non-conventional oil and gas deposits also are under way.

  1. 45 CFR 1170.14-1170.20 - [Reserved

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN FEDERALLY ASSISTED PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES Discrimination Prohibited §§ 1170.14-1170.20 [Reserved] ...

  2. 45 CFR 1170.14-1170.20 - [Reserved

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN FEDERALLY ASSISTED PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES Discrimination Prohibited §§ 1170.14-1170.20 [Reserved] ...

  3. 45 CFR 1170.14-1170.20 - [Reserved

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN FEDERALLY ASSISTED PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES Discrimination Prohibited §§ 1170.14-1170.20 [Reserved] ...

  4. 45 CFR 1170.14-1170.20 - [Reserved

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN FEDERALLY ASSISTED PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES Discrimination Prohibited §§ 1170.14-1170.20 [Reserved] ...

  5. 45 CFR 1170.14-1170.20 - [Reserved

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN FEDERALLY ASSISTED PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES Discrimination Prohibited §§ 1170.14-1170.20 [Reserved] ...

  6. Highly mesoporous single-crystalline zeolite beta synthesized using a nonsurfactant cationic polymer as a dual-function template.

    PubMed

    Zhu, Jie; Zhu, Yihan; Zhu, Liangkui; Rigutto, Marcello; van der Made, Alexander; Yang, Chengguang; Pan, Shuxiang; Wang, Liang; Zhu, Longfeng; Jin, Yinying; Sun, Qi; Wu, Qinming; Meng, Xiangju; Zhang, Daliang; Han, Yu; Li, Jixue; Chu, Yueying; Zheng, Anmin; Qiu, Shilun; Zheng, Xiaoming; Xiao, Feng-Shou

    2014-02-12

    Mesoporous zeolites are useful solid catalysts for conversion of bulky molecules because they offer fast mass transfer along with size and shape selectivity. We report here the successful synthesis of mesoporous aluminosilicate zeolite Beta from a commercial cationic polymer that acts as a dual-function template to generate zeolitic micropores and mesopores simultaneously. This is the first demonstration of a single nonsurfactant polymer acting as such a template. Using high-resolution electron microscopy and tomography, we discovered that the resulting material (Beta-MS) has abundant and highly interconnected mesopores. More importantly, we demonstrated using a three-dimensional electron diffraction technique that each Beta-MS particle is a single crystal, whereas most previously reported mesoporous zeolites are comprised of nanosized zeolitic grains with random orientations. The use of nonsurfactant templates is essential to gaining single-crystalline mesoporous zeolites. The single-crystalline nature endows Beta-MS with better hydrothermal stability compared with surfactant-derived mesoporous zeolite Beta. Beta-MS also exhibited remarkably higher catalytic activity than did conventional zeolite Beta in acid-catalyzed reactions involving large molecules.

  7. A mild process to design silk scaffolds with reduced β-sheet structure and various topographies at the nanometer scale.

    PubMed

    Pei, Yazhen; Liu, Xi; Liu, Shanshan; Lu, Qiang; Liu, Jing; Kaplan, David L; Zhu, Hesun

    2015-02-01

    Three-dimensional (3-D) porous silk scaffolds with good biocompatibility and minimal immunogenicity show promise in a range of tissue regeneration applications. However, the challenge remains to effectively fabricate their microstructures and mechanical properties to satisfy the specific requirements of different tissues. In this study, silk scaffolds were fabricated to form an extracellular matrix (ECM) mimetic nanofibrous architecture using a mild process. A slowly increasing concentration process was applied to regulate silk self-assembly into nanofibers in aqueous solution. Then glycerol was blended with the nanofiber solution and induced silk crystallization in the lyophilization process, endowing freeze-dried scaffolds with water stability. The glycerol was leached from the scaffolds, leaving a similar porous structure at the micrometer scale but different topographies at the nanoscale. Compared to previous salt-leached and methanol-annealed scaffolds, the present scaffolds showed lower β-sheet content, softer mechanical property and improved cell growth and differentiation behaviors, suggesting their promising future as platforms for controlling stem cell fate and soft tissue regeneration. Copyright © 2014 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  8. Effect of herbicide resistance endowing Ile-1781-Leu and Asp-2078-Gly ACCase gene mutations on ACCase kinetics and growth traits in Lolium rigidum

    PubMed Central

    Vila-Aiub, Martin M.; Yu, Qin; Han, Heping; Powles, Stephen B.

    2015-01-01

    The rate of herbicide resistance evolution in plants depends on fitness traits endowed by alleles in both the presence and absence (resistance cost) of herbicide selection. The effect of two Lolium rigidum spontaneous homozygous target-site resistance-endowing mutations (Ile-1781-Leu, Asp-2078-Gly) on both ACCase activity and various plant growth traits have been investigated here. Relative growth rate (RGR) and components (net assimilation rate, leaf area ratio), resource allocation to different organs, and growth responses in competition with a wheat crop were assessed. Unlike plants carrying the Ile-1781-Leu resistance mutation, plants homozygous for the Asp-2078-Gly mutation exhibited a significantly lower RGR (30%), which translated into lower allocation of biomass to roots, shoots, and leaves, and poor responses to plant competition. Both the negligible and significant growth reductions associated, respectively, with the Ile-1781-Leu and Asp-2078-Gly resistance mutations correlated with their impact on ACCase activity. Whereas the Ile-1781-Leu mutation showed no pleiotropic effects on ACCase kinetics, the Asp-2078-Gly mutation led to a significant reduction in ACCase activity. The impaired growth traits are discussed in the context of resistance costs and the effects of each resistance allele on ACCase activity. Similar effects of these two particular ACCase mutations on the ACCase activity of Alopecurus myosuroides were also confirmed. PMID:26019257

  9. The Camassa-Holm equation as an incompressible Euler equation: A geometric point of view

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gallouët, Thomas; Vialard, François-Xavier

    2018-04-01

    The group of diffeomorphisms of a compact manifold endowed with the L2 metric acting on the space of probability densities gives a unifying framework for the incompressible Euler equation and the theory of optimal mass transport. Recently, several authors have extended optimal transport to the space of positive Radon measures where the Wasserstein-Fisher-Rao distance is a natural extension of the classical L2-Wasserstein distance. In this paper, we show a similar relation between this unbalanced optimal transport problem and the Hdiv right-invariant metric on the group of diffeomorphisms, which corresponds to the Camassa-Holm (CH) equation in one dimension. Geometrically, we present an isometric embedding of the group of diffeomorphisms endowed with this right-invariant metric in the automorphisms group of the fiber bundle of half densities endowed with an L2 type of cone metric. This leads to a new formulation of the (generalized) CH equation as a geodesic equation on an isotropy subgroup of this automorphisms group; On S1, solutions to the standard CH thus give radially 1-homogeneous solutions of the incompressible Euler equation on R2 which preserves a radial density that has a singularity at 0. An other application consists in proving that smooth solutions of the Euler-Arnold equation for the Hdiv right-invariant metric are length minimizing geodesics for sufficiently short times.

  10. Backbone modified TBA analogues endowed with antiproliferative activity.

    PubMed

    Esposito, Veronica; Russo, Annapina; Amato, Teresa; Varra, Michela; Vellecco, Valentina; Bucci, Mariarosaria; Russo, Giulia; Virgilio, Antonella; Galeone, Aldo

    2017-05-01

    The thrombin binding aptamer (TBA) is endowed with antiproliferative properties but its potential development is counteracted by the concomitant anticoagulant activity. Five oligonucleotides (ODNs) based on TBA sequence (GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG) and containing l-residues or both l-residues and inversion of polarity sites have been investigated by NMR and CD techniques for their ability to form G-quadruplex structures. Furthermore, their anticoagulant (PT assay) and antiproliferative properties (MTT assay), and their resistance in fetal bovine serum have been tested. CD and NMR data suggest that the investigated ODNs are able to form right- and left-handed G-quadruplex structures. All ODNs do not retain the anticoagulant activity characteristic of TBA but are endowed with a significant antiproliferative activity against two cancerous cell lines. Their resistance in biological environment after six days is variable, depending on the ODN. A comparison between results and literature data suggests that the antiproliferative activity of the TBA analogues investigated could depends on two factors: a) biological pathways and targets different from those already identified or proposed for other antiproliferative G-quadruplex aptamers, and b) the contribution of the guanine-based degradation products. Modified TBA analogues containing l-residues and inversion of polarity sites lose the anticoagulant activity but gain antiproliferative properties against two cancer cell lines. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "G-quadruplex" Guest Editor: Dr. Concetta Giancola and Dr. Daniela Montesarchio. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  11. The EISCAT_3D Project in Norway: E3DN

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    La Hoz, C.; Oksavik, K.

    2013-12-01

    EISCAT_3D (E3D) is a project to build the next generation of incoherent scatter radars endowed with 3-dimensional scalar and vector capabilities that will replace the current EISCAT radars in Northern Scandinavia. One active (transmitting) site in Norway and four passive (receiving) sites in the Nordic countries will provide 3-D vector imaging capabilities by rapid scanning and multi-beam forming. The unprecedented flexibility of the solid-state transmitter with high duty-cycle, arbitrary wave-forming and polarisation and its pulsed power of 10 MW will provide unrivalled experimental capabilities to investigate the highly non-stationary and non-homogeneous state of the polar upper atmosphere. Aperture Synthesis Imaging Radar (ASIR) will to endow E3D with imaging capabilities in 3-dimensions that includes sub-beam resolution. Complemented by pulse compression, it will provide 3-dimensional images of certain types of incoherent scatter radar targets resolved to about 100 metres at 100 km range, depending on the signal-to-noise ratio. The Norwegian scientific programme is inspired by the pioneer polar scientist Kristian Birkeland (picture) and includes pressing questions on polar upper atmospheric research, among others: (Q1) How to proceed beyond the present simplistic, static, stationary and homogeneous analysis of upper atmospheric and ionospheric processes? (Q2) How does space weather affect ionospheric processes and how to support modelling and space weather services? (Q3) How to advance fundamental plasma physics by employing the ionosphere as a natural plasma physics laboratory? (Q4) How does the influx of extraterrestrial material interact with the upper atmosphere and where does the material originate from? (Q5) How does solar activity couple from geospace into the lower atmosphere and climate system, and does this energy change the wave forcing of geospace from below? Kristian Birkeland, Norwegian scientist and pioneer in polar and auroral research.

  12. 45 CFR 1155.650 - Grant.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS GOVERNMENTWIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE (FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE... of value to the recipient to carry out a public purpose of support or stimulation authorized by a law...

  13. 45 CFR 1173.650 - Grant.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES GOVERNMENTWIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE (FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE... of value to the recipient to carry out a public purpose of support or stimulation authorized by a law...

  14. 45 CFR 1174.10 - Forms for applying for grants.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES UNIFORM ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR... governmental organizations (except hospitals and institutions of higher education operated by a government) in...

  15. 45 CFR 1176.7 - Publicizing vacancies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES PART-TIME CAREER EMPLOYMENT § 1176.7 Publicizing vacancies. When applicants from outside the Federal service are desired, part-time vacanies may be publicized...

  16. Ethnic Inequality

    PubMed Central

    Alesina, Alberto; Michalopoulos, Stelios; Papaioannou, Elias

    2015-01-01

    This study explores the consequences and origins of between-ethnicity economic inequality across countries. First, combining satellite images of nighttime luminosity with the historical homelands of ethnolinguistic groups we construct measures of ethnic inequality for a large sample of countries. We also compile proxies of overall spatial inequality and regional inequality across administrative units. Second, we uncover a strong negative association between ethnic inequality and contemporary comparative development; the correlation is also present when we condition on regional inequality, which is itself related to under-development. Third, we investigate the roots of ethnic inequality and establish that differences in geographic endowments across ethnic homelands explain a sizable fraction of the observed variation in economic disparities across groups. Fourth, we show that ethnic-specific inequality in geographic endowments is also linked to under-development. PMID:27330223

  17. 45 CFR 1157.10 - Forms for applying for grants.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS UNIFORM ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR GRANTS... governmental organizations (except hospitals and institutions of higher education operated by a government) in...

  18. 45 CFR 1174.40 - Monitoring and reporting program performance.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES UNIFORM ADMINISTRATIVE... developments. Events may occur between the scheduled performance reporting dates which have significant impact...

  19. 45 CFR 1176.3 - Criteria.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES PART-TIME CAREER EMPLOYMENT § 1176.3 Criteria. Positions becoming vacant... to part-time. Among the criteria which may be used when conducting this review are: (a) Mission...

  20. Fostering creativity: how the Duke Graduate Medical Education Quasi-Endowment encourages innovation in GME.

    PubMed

    Andolsek, Kathryn M; Murphy, Gwendolyn; Nagler, Alisa; Moore, Peggy R; Schlueter, Joanne; Weinerth, John L; Cuffe, Michael S; Dzau, Victor J

    2013-02-01

    The Duke Medicine Graduate Medical Education Quasi-Endowment, established in 2006, provides infrastructure support and encourages educational innovation. The authors describe Duke's experience with the "grassroots innovation" part of the fund, the Duke Innovation Fund, and discuss the Innovation Fund's processes for application, review, and implementation, and also outcomes, impact, and intended and unintended consequences.In the five years of the Innovation Fund described (2007-2011), 105 projects have been submitted, and 78 have been funded. Thirty-seven projects have been completed. Approved funding ranged from $2,363 to $348,750, with an average award of $66,391. This represents 42% of funding originally requested. Funding could be requested for a period of 6 months to 3 years. The average duration of projects was 27 months, with a range from 6 months to 36 months. Eighty percent of projects were completed on time. Two projects were closed because of lack of progress and failure to adhere to reporting requirements. Thirty-nine are ongoing.Program directors report great success in meeting project outcomes and concrete impacts on resident and faculty attitudes and performance. Ninety-two percent report that their projects would have never been accomplished without this funding. Projects have resulted in at least 68 posters, abstracts, and peer-reviewed presentations. At least 12 peer-reviewed manuscripts were published.There has been tremendous diversity of projects; all 13 clinical departments have been represented. Interdepartmental and intradepartmental program cooperation has increased. This modest seed money has resulted in demonstrable sustainable impacts on teaching and learning, and increased morale and scholarly recognition.

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