Sample records for raw material procurement

  1. Hunter-gatherer mobility and embedded raw-material procurement strategies in the mediterranean upper paleolithic.

    PubMed

    Tomasso, Antonin; Porraz, Guillaume

    2016-05-06

    Since the early 1980s, the sourcing of lithic raw materials has become central to studies of the territorial range and mobility strategies of Pleistocene foraging societies. Results have been fruitful but somehow repetitive. We will discuss the embedded procurement strategy, which presumes that raw material acquisition was part of other subsistence activities rather than an autonomous technological task. We argue that this theoretical assumption, when taken as dogma, restricts the role of technology in human history and also underestimates the way some lithic resources may have affected the organization of past hunter-gatherers. We base our discussion on the Upper Paleolithic (UP) from the Liguro-Provençal arc, with examples from the Proto-Aurignacian and the Epigravettian. Our regional record shows that in this context the movement of rocks over distances greater than 100 km was the norm rather than the exception. We argue that these long-distance procurements mirror technical needs that were oriented toward the selection of high-quality flints. We support the hypothesis that indirect procurement was an important component of regional socio-economic networks. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  2. An integrated production-inventory model for food products adopting a general raw material procurement policy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fauza, G.; Prasetyo, H.; Amanto, B. S.

    2018-05-01

    Studies on an integrated production-inventory model for deteriorating items have been done extensively. Most of the studies define deterioration as physical depletion of some inventories over time. This definition may not represent the deterioration characteristics of food products. The quality of food production decreases over time while the quantity remains the same. Further, in the existing models, the raw material is replenished several times (or at least once) within one production cycle. In food industries, however, a food company, for several reasons (e.g., the seasonal raw materials, discounted price, etc.) sometimes will get more benefit if it orders raw materials in a large quantity. Considering this fact, this research, therefore, is aimed at developing a more representative inventory model by (i) considering the quality losses in food and (ii) adopting a general raw material procurement policy. A mathematical model is established to represent the proposed policy in which the total profit of the system is the objective function. To evaluate the performance of the model, a numerical test was conducted. The numerical test indicates that the developed model has better performance, i.e., the total profit is 2.3% higher compared to the existing model.

  3. Characterization of ZrO2-Y2O3 thermal spray powder systems

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mantkowski, Thomas E.; Rigney, David V.; Froning, Marc J.; Jayaraman, N.

    1985-01-01

    The overall objective is to establish the interrelation between the raw material in the coating process and the performance of the coating deposit. It is anticipated that these interrelations will help establish more precise specifications for the procurement of the raw materials. Some of the preliminary results of the program are presented.

  4. Analysis of Critical Parts and Materials

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1980-12-01

    1 1 1% 1% 1% 1% Large Orders Manual Ordering of Some Critical Parts Order Spares with Original Order Incentives Belter Capital Investment...demand 23 Large orders 24 Long lead procurement funding (including raw materials, facility funding) 25 Manpower analysis and training 26 Manual ... ordering of some critical parts 27 More active role in schedule negotiation 28 Multiple source procurements 29 Multi-year program funding 30 Order

  5. Inorganic raw materials economy and provenance of chipped industry in some stone age sites of northern and central Italy.

    PubMed

    Bietti, Amilcare; Boschian, Giovanni; Crisci, Gino Mirocle; Danese, Ermanno; De Francesco, Anna Maria; Dini, Mario; Fontana, Federica; Giampietri, Alessandra; Grifoni, Renata; Guerreschi, Antonio; Liagre, Jérémie; Negrino, Fabio; Radi, Giovanna; Tozzi, Carlo; Tykot, Robert

    2004-06-01

    An opportunistic and local choice of raw materials is typically attested in the Lower and Middle Paleolithic industries throughout Italy. The quality of the raw material usually affected the flaking technology and quality of the products. In the Upper Paleolithic and the Mesolithic, raw material procurement strategies were more complex. Flint was exploited both locally, in areas where abundant outcrops of raw materials were available (such as the Lessini mountains), and in distant localities, after which it was transported or exchanged over medium/long distances. Different routes of exchange were thus followed in the various periods; good reconstruction of these routes have been provided by a study of the Garfagnana sites in Northern Tuscany, and the Mesolithic deposit of Mondeval de Sora (Dolomites). An interesting example of a Late Upper Paleolithic flint quarry and workshop were found in Abruzzo, in the San Bartolomeo shelter. The extended trade of obsidian from Lipari, Palmarola and Sardinia to the Italian Peninsula is attested in the Neolithic, with some differences concerning the age and different areas.

  6. Incentivizing secondary raw material markets for sustainable waste management.

    PubMed

    Schreck, Maximilian; Wagner, Jeffrey

    2017-09-01

    Notwithstanding several policy initiatives in many countries over a number of years, there remains a general sense that too much municipal solid waste is generated and that too much of the waste that is generated is landfilled. There is an emerging consensus that a sustainable approach to waste management requires further development of secondary raw material markets. The purpose of this paper is to propose a theoretical economic model that focuses upon this stage of a sustainable waste management program and explores policy options that could motivate efficiency in secondary raw material markets. In particular, we show how firm profit and social welfare optimizing objectives can be reconciled in a two-product market of waste management processes: landfilling and material reclamation. Our results provide theoretical support for building out recent Circular Economy initiatives as well as for the relatively recent emergence of landfill mining as a means for procuring secondary raw materials. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  7. One-year assessment of joint procurement of pharmaceuticals in the public health sector in Jordan.

    PubMed

    Al-Abbadi, Ibrahim; Qawwas, Abdelraouf; Jaafreh, Mahmoud; Abosamen, Taher; Saket, Maisa

    2009-06-01

    About 10% of the gross domestic product in Jordan is spent on health care, and almost one third of that is spent on pharmaceuticals. The public health sector in Jordan has 4 main governmental parties that purchase medicines independently through annual tenders (ie, the process of bidding, being awarded, ordering, paying for, and receiving drugs) issued in the generic (or scientific) name of the medicines or therapeutic groups. Double purchasing is a problem that leads to higher spending on drugs and poor availability of medicines throughout the year. To remedy this problem, a joint procurement process was established in Jordan in 2004 and went into practice in 2006. The aim of this research was to assess the first year of purchasing pharmaceuticals in the public health sector in Jordan through the joint procurement process for the 4 participating parties in comparison with purchasing pharmaceuticals independently before the institution of joint procurement. The first tender under the joint procurement process was issued in 2007 for antibiotics, anti-HIV medications, and antituberculosis agents, which represent 15% of the annual pharmaceutical public-sector purchases in Jordan. A research committee solicited lists of purchased quantities and final purchase prices of these pharmaceuticals obtained in 2006 by each participating group and in 2007 through the joint procurement process. The quantity-comparison method was used to compare the costs of drugs purchased in 2006 and 2007, and estimated cost savings were calculated for each product for each party for 2006 and 2007 under the assumption that the same quantities purchased by each participating party in 2006 would be purchased through joint procurement (prices of 2007). Purchasing through the joint procurement process achieved an estimated savings of 2.4%. This savings increased to 8.9% after excluding 1 item (a cephalosporin), the raw material price of which increased markedly in 2007 compared with 2006 because of an international shortage of raw materials. Based on these initial findings, applying a joint procurement system for pharmaceuticals in the public health sector in Jordan has potential to reduce expenditures for the purchase of medicines and provide treatment continuously throughout the year.

  8. 48 CFR 752.7009 - Marking.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... sites and other project locations be suitably marked with the USAID emblem. Shipping containers are also..., marking is not required for raw materials shipped in bulk (such as coal, grain, etc.), or for semifinished... procurement of commodities to be shipped, and as early as possible for project construction sites and other...

  9. 48 CFR 752.7009 - Marking.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... sites and other project locations be suitably marked with the USAID emblem. Shipping containers are also..., marking is not required for raw materials shipped in bulk (such as coal, grain, etc.), or for semifinished... procurement of commodities to be shipped, and as early as possible for project construction sites and other...

  10. 48 CFR 752.7009 - Marking.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... sites and other project locations be suitably marked with the USAID emblem. Shipping containers are also..., marking is not required for raw materials shipped in bulk (such as coal, grain, etc.), or for semifinished... procurement of commodities to be shipped, and as early as possible for project construction sites and other...

  11. 48 CFR 752.7009 - Marking.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... sites and other project locations be suitably marked with the USAID emblem. Shipping containers are also..., marking is not required for raw materials shipped in bulk (such as coal, grain, etc.), or for semifinished... procurement of commodities to be shipped, and as early as possible for project construction sites and other...

  12. 48 CFR 752.7009 - Marking.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... sites and other project locations be suitably marked with the USAID emblem. Shipping containers are also..., marking is not required for raw materials shipped in bulk (such as coal, grain, etc.), or for semifinished... procurement of commodities to be shipped, and as early as possible for project construction sites and other...

  13. Raw material procurement for termite fishing tools by wild chimpanzees in the Issa valley, Western Tanzania.

    PubMed

    Almeida-Warren, Katarina; Sommer, Volker; Piel, Alex K; Pascual-Garrido, Alejandra

    2017-10-01

    Chimpanzee termite fishing has been studied for decades, yet the selective processes preceding the manufacture of fishing tools remain largely unexplored. We investigate raw material selection and potential evidence of forward planning in the chimpanzees of Issa valley, western Tanzania. Using traditional archaeological methods, we surveyed the location of plants from where chimpanzees sourced raw material to manufacture termite fishing tools, relative to targeted mounds. We measured raw material abundance to test for availability and selection. Statistics included Chi-Squared, two-tailed Wilcoxon, and Kruskall-Wallace tests. Issa chimpanzees manufactured extraction tools only from bark, despite availability of other suitable materials (e.g., twigs), and selected particular plant species as raw material sources, which they often also exploit for food. Most plants were sourced 1-16 m away from the mound, with a maximum of 33 m. The line of sight from the targeted mound was obscured for a quarter of these plants. The exclusive use of bark tools despite availability of other suitable materials indicates a possible cultural preference. The fact that Issa chimpanzees select specific plant species and travel some distance to source them suggests some degree of selectivity and, potentially, forward planning. Our results have implications for the reconstruction of early hominin behaviors, particularly with regard to the use of perishable tools, which remain archaeologically invisible. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  14. [Special aspects of quality of Tibetan medicines--insights from over 40 years of manufacturing experience in Switzerland].

    PubMed

    Schwabl, Alexandra; Gämperle, Erich

    2013-01-01

    Tibetan recipes are complex formulas from plant and mineral ingredients. Padma Inc. has been producing selected formulas from Tibetan Medicine in Switzerland since more than 40 years. Modern quality standards and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) guidelines are followed, ensuring the quality of the raw materials through the manufacturing processes to the finished product. The aim is to provide these valuable formulas to people in the West in a consistently high quality 'made in Switzerland'. The production according to modern quality standards is challenging, draws on many resources, and requires specialized expertise, e.g. in the procurement of raw materials and the quality analysis including pharmacognostic and botanical knowledge.

  15. Primary utilization of birch

    Treesearch

    Henry W. Saunders

    1969-01-01

    From an industry point-of-view, procurement of raw material and primary manufacture present problems today and challenges for tomorrow. So that you may become more familiar with the white birch industry and more specifically with Saunders Brothers, I will briefly explain some of the products we manufacture and some of the methods we use to make them. In some ways, we...

  16. Development of an All-Metal Thick Film Cost Effective Metallization System for Solar Cells

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Ross, B.

    1980-01-01

    Materials including copper powders, silver-fluoride, and silicon wafers were procured and copper pastes were prepared. Electrodes made with copper pastes were analyzed and compared with the raw materials. A needle-like structure was observed on the electroded solar cells, and was identified as eutectic copper-silicon by electron probe X-ray spectroscopy. The existence of this phase was thought to benefit electrical and metallurgical properties of the contact. Subsequently electrodes made from new material were also shown to contain this phase while simultaneously having poor adhesion.

  17. Organ procurement organization compliance with 21 CFR 1271: a challenge for allogeneic pancreatic islet cell transplantation programs.

    PubMed

    Winters, J L; Tran, S A; Gastineau, D A; Padley, D J; Dean, P G; Kudva, Y C

    2009-06-01

    In order to protect tissue recipients, the Food and Drug Administration drafted Title 21, Section 1271 of the Code of Federal Regulations 1271 (21 CFR 1271) to address infectious disease risk. These regulations apply to tissues but not vascularized organs. Pancreatic islet cells are regulated under 21 CFR 1271. These regulations require qualification of suppliers of critical materials and services with regard to 21 CFR 1271 compliance. As part of supplier qualification, all organ procurement organizations (OPOs) in the United States were sent a questionnaire covering the key components of these regulations. Of the 57 OPOs, 29 (51%) were in compliance based upon survey results. Twelve (21%) were not compliant in one or more areas. All indicated plans to become compliant. The remaining 15 (27%) either failed or refused to complete the survey, some indicating 21 CFR 1271 did not apply to OPOs. Using 2006 data, OPOs compliant with 21 CFR 1271 recovered 50% of the organs procured in the United States. These findings represent a challenge for allogeneic islet cell transplant programs whose raw material must comply with 21 CFR 1271. OPOs should work toward understanding and complying with 21 CFR 1271. Regulatory agencies should work toward enhancing safety of the pancreas supply by facilitating compliance through harmonization of requirements.

  18. Solid propellant processing factor in rocket motor design

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1971-01-01

    The ways are described by which propellant processing is affected by choices made in designing rocket engines. Tradeoff studies, design proof or scaleup studies, and special design features are presented that are required to obtain high product quality, and optimum processing costs. Processing is considered to include the operational steps involved with the lining and preparation of the motor case for the grain; the procurement of propellant raw materials; and propellant mixing, casting or extrusion, curing, machining, and finishing. The design criteria, recommended practices, and propellant formulations are included.

  19. The Feed Materials Program of the Manhattan Project: A Foundational Component of the Nuclear Weapons Complex

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Reed, B. Cameron

    2014-12-01

    The feed materials program of the Manhattan Project was responsible for procuring uranium-bearing ores and materials and processing them into forms suitable for use as source materials for the Project's uranium-enrichment factories and plutonium-producing reactors. This aspect of the Manhattan Project has tended to be overlooked in comparison with the Project's more dramatic accomplishments, but was absolutely vital to the success of those endeavors: without appropriate raw materials and the means to process them, nuclear weapons and much of the subsequent cold war would never have come to pass. Drawing from information available in Manhattan Engineer District Documents, this paper examines the sources and processing of uranium-bearing materials used in making the first nuclear weapons and how the feed materials program became a central foundational component of the postwar nuclear weapons complex.

  20. Quantifying Oldowan Stone Tool Production at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

    PubMed Central

    Reti, Jay S.

    2016-01-01

    Recent research suggests that variation exists among and between Oldowan stone tool assemblages. Oldowan variation might represent differential constraints on raw materials used to produce these stone implements. Alternatively, variation among Oldowan assemblages could represent different methods that Oldowan producing hominins utilized to produce these lithic implements. Identifying differential patterns of stone tool production within the Oldowan has implications for assessing how stone tool technology evolved, how traditions of lithic production might have been culturally transmitted, and for defining the timing and scope of these evolutionary events. At present there is no null model to predict what morphological variation in the Oldowan should look like. Without such a model, quantifying whether Oldowan assemblages vary due to raw material constraints or whether they vary due to differences in production technique is not possible. This research establishes a null model for Oldowan lithic artifact morphological variation. To establish these expectations this research 1) models the expected range of variation through large scale reduction experiments, 2) develops an algorithm to categorize archaeological flakes based on how they are produced, and 3) statistically assesses the methods of production behavior used by Oldowan producing hominins at the site of DK from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania via the experimental model. Results indicate that a subset of quartzite flakes deviate from the null expectations in a manner that demonstrates efficiency in flake manufacture, while some basalt flakes deviate from null expectations in a manner that demonstrates inefficiency in flake manufacture. The simultaneous presence of efficiency in stone tool production for one raw material (quartzite) and inefficiency in stone tool production for another raw material (basalt) suggests that Oldowan producing hominins at DK were able to mediate the economic costs associated with stone tool procurement by utilizing high-cost materials more efficiently than is expected and low-cost materials in an inefficient manner. PMID:26808429

  1. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) Applications to Identify Iron Sand Reject and Losses in Cement Industry : A Case Study

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Helia, V. N.; Wijaya, W. N.

    2017-06-01

    One of the main raw materials required in the manufacture of cement is iron sand. Data from the Procurement Department on XYZ Company shows that the number of defective iron sand (reject) fluctuates every month. Iron sand is an important raw material in the cement production process, so that the amount of iron sand reject and losses got financial and non-financial impact. This study aims to determine the most dominant activity as the cause of rejection and losses of iron sands and suggest improvements that can be made by using the approach of FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis). Data collection techniques in this study was using the method of observation, interviews, and focus group discussion (FGD) as well as the assessment of the experts to identify it. Results from this study is there are four points of the most dominant cause of the defect of iron sand (mining activities, acceptance, examination and delivery). Recommendation for overcoming these problem is presented (vendor improvement).

  2. Going the distance: Mapping mobility in the Kalahari Desert during the Middle Stone Age through multi-site geochemical provenancing of silcrete artefacts.

    PubMed

    Nash, David J; Coulson, Sheila; Staurset, Sigrid; Ullyott, J Stewart; Babutsi, Mosarwa; Smith, Martin P

    2016-07-01

    This study utilises geochemical provenancing of silcrete raw materials, in combination with chaîne opératoire analyses, to explore lithic procurement and behavioural patterns in the northern Kalahari Desert during the Middle Stone Age (MSA). New data from the sites of Rhino Cave, Corner Cave, and ≠Gi in northwest Botswana, combined with earlier results from White Paintings Shelter, reveal that the long distance transport of silcrete for stone tool manufacture was a repeated and extensively used behaviour in this region. Silcrete was imported over distances of up to 295 km to all four sites, from locations along the Boteti River and around Lake Ngami. Significantly, closer known sources of silcrete of equivalent quality were largely bypassed. Silcrete artefacts were transported at various stages of production (as partially and fully prepared cores, blanks, and finished tools) and, with the exception of ≠Gi, in large volumes. The import occurred despite the abundance of locally available raw materials, which were also used to manufacture the same tool types. On the basis of regional palaeoenvironmental data, the timing of the majority of silcrete import from the Boteti River and Lake Ngami is constrained to regionally drier periods of the MSA. The results of our investigation challenge key assumptions underlying predictive models of human mobility that use distance-decay curves and drop-off rates. Middle Stone Age peoples in the Kalahari appear to have been more mobile than anticipated, and repeatedly made costly choices with regard to both raw material selection and items to be transported. We conclude that (i) base transport cost has been overemphasised as a restrictive factor in predictive models, and (ii) factors such as source availability and preference, raw material quality, and potential sociocultural influences significantly shaped prehistoric landscape use choices. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  3. 41 CFR 101-27.206 - Procurement of shelf-life materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Procurement of shelf-life materials. 101-27.206 Section 101-27.206 Public Contracts and Property Management Federal Property... MANAGEMENT 27.2-Management of Shelf-Life Materials § 101-27.206 Procurement of shelf-life materials. ...

  4. 41 CFR 101-27.206 - Procurement of shelf-life materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 2 2011-07-01 2007-07-01 true Procurement of shelf-life materials. 101-27.206 Section 101-27.206 Public Contracts and Property Management Federal Property... MANAGEMENT 27.2-Management of Shelf-Life Materials § 101-27.206 Procurement of shelf-life materials. ...

  5. 41 CFR 101-27.206 - Procurement of shelf-life materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Procurement of shelf-life materials. 101-27.206 Section 101-27.206 Public Contracts and Property Management Federal Property... MANAGEMENT 27.2-Management of Shelf-Life Materials § 101-27.206 Procurement of shelf-life materials. ...

  6. 41 CFR 101-27.206 - Procurement of shelf-life materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 2 2014-07-01 2012-07-01 true Procurement of shelf-life materials. 101-27.206 Section 101-27.206 Public Contracts and Property Management Federal Property... MANAGEMENT 27.2-Management of Shelf-Life Materials § 101-27.206 Procurement of shelf-life materials. ...

  7. 41 CFR 101-27.206 - Procurement of shelf-life materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 2 2013-07-01 2012-07-01 true Procurement of shelf-life materials. 101-27.206 Section 101-27.206 Public Contracts and Property Management Federal Property... MANAGEMENT 27.2-Management of Shelf-Life Materials § 101-27.206 Procurement of shelf-life materials. ...

  8. A Comparative Study of the Perceived Usefulness of Civilian Institution Contracting-Related Graduate Programs by Graduates and the Perceived Usefulness of the AFIT CAM (Air Force Institute of Technology Contracting and Manufacturing) Program by Graduates

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1985-09-01

    courses for a concentration in procurement and materials management: Procurement and Materials Management Procurement Contract Law Systems Procurement...for contracting in the public sector (Procurement Contract Law ). The respondents did not agree as much with this question as they did with the...the results of this section proved quite different from the group as a whole. Contract Law , Contract Negotiations, Pricing, Procurement Management

  9. An Identification of Problems Relating to Federal Procurement of Library Materials Prepared for Commission on Government Procurement.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Federal Library Committee, Washington, DC.

    The Federal Library Committee through the Task Force on Procurement Procedures in Federal Libraries is examining all problems and is recommending policies, procedures, and practices which will maximize the efficient procurement of library materials. It is suggested that the vehicle for this investigation be the appropriate Commission on Government…

  10. Waste-efficient materials procurement for construction projects: A structural equation modelling of critical success factors.

    PubMed

    Ajayi, Saheed O; Oyedele, Lukumon O

    2018-05-01

    Albeit the understanding that construction waste is caused by activities ranging from all stages of project delivery process, research efforts have been concentrated on design and construction stages, while the possibility of reducing waste through materials procurement process is widely neglected. This study aims at exploring and confirming strategies for achieving waste-efficient materials procurement in construction activities. The study employs sequential exploratory mixed method approach as its methodological framework, using focus group discussion, statistical analysis and structural equation modelling. The study suggests that for materials procurement to enhance waste minimisation in construction projects, the procurement process would be characterised by four features. These include suppliers' commitment to low waste measures, low waste purchase management, effective materials delivery management and waste-efficient Bill of Quantity, all of which have significant impacts on waste minimisation. This implies that commitment of materials suppliers to such measures as take back scheme and flexibility in supplying small materials quantity, among others, are expected of materials procurement. While low waste purchase management stipulates the need for such measures as reduced packaging and consideration of pre-assembled/pre-cut materials, efficient delivery management entails effective delivery and storage system as well as adequate protection of materials during the delivery process, among others. Waste-efficient specification and bill of quantity, on the other hand, requires accurate materials take-off and ordering of materials based on accurately prepared design documents and bill of quantity. Findings of this study could assist in understanding a set of measures that should be taken during materials procurement process, thereby corroborating waste management practices at other stages of project delivery process. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  11. Coastal adaptations and the Middle Stone Age lithic assemblages from Hoedjiespunt 1 in the Western Cape, South Africa.

    PubMed

    Will, Manuel; Parkington, John E; Kandel, Andrew W; Conard, Nicholas J

    2013-06-01

    New excavations at the Middle Stone Age (MSA) open-air site of Hoedjiespunt 1 (HDP1) on the west coast of South Africa advance our understanding of the evolution of coastal adaptations in Homo sapiens. The archaeological site of HDP1 dates to the last interglacial and consists of three phases of occupation, each containing abundant lithic artifacts, shellfish, terrestrial fauna, ostrich eggshell and pieces of ground ocher. The site provides an excellent case study to analyze human behavioral adaptations linked to early exploitation of marine resources. Here we reconstruct human activities through a detailed study of the lithic assemblages, combining analyses of the reduction sequences, artifact attributes and quartz fracturing. These methods provide insights into raw material procurement, lithic reduction sequences, site use and mobility patterns, and foster comparison with other MSA coastal sites. The main characteristics of the lithic assemblages remain constant throughout the use of the site. Quartz dominates silcrete and other raw materials by almost four to one. Knappers at HDP1 produced different forms of flakes using multiple core reduction methods. Denticulates represent the most frequent tool type. The assemblages document complete, bipolar and hard hammer reduction sequences for the locally available quartz, but highly truncated reduction sequences with many isolated end products for silcrete, a material with a minimum transport distance of 10-30km. This observation suggests that well provisioned individuals executed planned movements to the shoreline to exploit shellfish. Our excavations at HDP1 furthermore demonstrate the simultaneous occurrence of flexible raw material use, anticipated long-distance transport, systematic gathering of shellfish and use of ground ocher. The HDP1 lithic assemblages document a robust pattern of land-use that we interpret as a stable adaptation of modern humans to coastal landscapes as early as MIS 5e. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  12. Cost effective aluminum beryllium mirrors for critical optics applications

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Say, Carissa; Duich, Jack; Huskamp, Chris; White, Ray

    2013-09-01

    The unique performance of aluminum-beryllium frequently makes it an ideal material for manufacturing precision optical-grade metal mirrors. Traditional methods of manufacture utilize hot-pressed powder block in billet form which is subsequently machined to final dimensions. Complex component geometries such as lightweighted, non-plano mirrors require extensive tool path programming, fixturing, and CNC machining time and result in a high buy-to-fly ratio (the ratio of the mass of raw material purchased to the mass of the finished part). This increases the cost of the mirror structure as a significant percentage of the procurement cost is consumed in the form of machining, tooling, and scrap material that do not add value to the final part. Inrad Optics, Inc. and IBC Advanced Alloys Corp. undertook a joint study to evaluate the suitability of investment-cast Beralcast® 191 and 363 aluminum-beryllium as a precision mirror substrate material. Net shape investment castings of the desired geometry minimizes machining to just cleanup stock, thereby reducing the recurring procurement cost while still maintaining performance. The thermal stability of two mirrors, (one each of Beralcast® 191 and Beralcast® 363), was characterized from -40°F to +150°F. A representative pocketed mirror was developed, including the creation of a relevant geometry and production of a cast component to validate the approach. Information from the demonstration unit was used as a basis for a comparative cost study of the representative mirror produced in Beralcast® and one machined from a billet of AlBeMet® 162 (AlBeMet® is a registered trademark of Materion Corporation). The technical and financial results of these studies will be discussed in detail.

  13. Impact of sanctions on procurement of medicine and medical devices in Iran; a technical response.

    PubMed

    Hosseini, Seyed Alireza

    2013-12-01

    Following recent sanctions on foreign trade, financial and banking services, Iran has faced major difficulties for importing medicines (both finished products and pharmaceutical raw materials) and medical devices. Problems with money transfer have made it extremely lengthy in time to import medicine and medical devices and these have negatively affected access to and affordability of medicines. Quality of pharmaceuticals and treatment of patients have also been affected due to changing the sources of imported medicines and raw materials for locally produced pharmaceuticals. Several interventions have been employed during the past few months in Iran to overcome the effects imposed by recent sanctions and drug shortages have been managed to some extent with attempts made by Iran Food and Drug Organization (IRI FDO). As recommended by the experts, a specific Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication line should be allocated for transferring money for medicines and medical devices and certain financial institutions are assigned for this purpose. It is also suggested that defining a white list of Iranian pharmaceuticals and medical device companies together with their foreign counterparts would facilitate this process. It appears that, in a public health prospective, ordinary people and patients are hurt and paying the cost for current sanctions. It remains the responsibility of the public health and international communities to separate public health from politics and to ease the pain of public from sanctions.

  14. 49 CFR 110.80 - Procurement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Procurement. 110.80 Section 110.80 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AND OIL TRANSPORTATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS PUBLIC SECTOR...

  15. Berkeley Lab - Materials Sciences Division

    Science.gov Websites

    MSD Support Human Resources Facilities & Space Planning Procurement and Property Proposals & Planning Procurement and Property Proposals & Finance Templates Travel Procurement and Property This

  16. Annual report: Purchasing and Materials Management Organization, Sandia National Laboratories, fiscal year 1992

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Zaeh, R.A.

    1993-04-01

    This report summarizes the purchasing and transportation activities of the Purchasing and Materials Management Organization for Fiscal Year 1992. Activities for both the New Mexico and California locations are included. Topics covered in this report include highlights for fiscal year 1992, personnel, procurements (small business procurements, disadvantaged business procurements, woman-owned business procurements, New Mexico commercial business procurements, Bay area commercial business procurements), commitments by states and foreign countries, and transportation activities. Also listed are the twenty-five commercial contractors receiving the largest dollar commitments, commercial contractors receiving commitments of $1,000 or more, integrated contractor and federal agency commitments of $1,000 ormore » more from Sandia National Laboratories/New Mexico and California, and transportation commitments of $1,000 or more from Sandia National Laboratories/New Mexico and California.« less

  17. Design and engineering analysis of material procurement mobile operation platform

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ding, H.; Li, J.

    2014-03-01

    The material procurement mobile operation platform (MPMOP) consists of six modules, including network operation, truck transportation, remote communication, satellite positioning, power supply and environment regulation. The MPMOP is designed to have six major functions, including online procurement, command control, remote communication, satellite positioning, information management and auxiliary decision. The paper implements an engineering analysis on the MPMOP from three aspects, including transportation transfinite, centroid, and power dissipation.

  18. System simulation application for determining the size of daily raw material purchases at PT XY

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Napitupulu, H. L.

    2018-02-01

    Every manufacturing company needs to implement green production, including PT XY as a marine catchment processing industry in Sumatera Utara Province. The company is engaged in the processing of squid for export purposes. The company’s problem relates to the absence of a decision on the daily purchase amount of the squid. The purchase of daily raw materials in varying quantities has caused companies to face the problem of excess raw materials or otherwise the lack of raw materials. The low purchase of raw materials will result in reduced productivity, while large purchases will lead to increased cooling costs for storage of excess raw materials, as well as possible loss of damage raw material. Therefore it is necessary to determine the optimal amount of raw material purchases every day. This can be determined by applying simulation. Application of system simulations can provide the expected optimal amount of raw material purchases.

  19. 40 CFR 63.1348 - Standards for affected sources other than kilns; in-line kiln/raw mills; clinker coolers; new and...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... than kilns; in-line kiln/raw mills; clinker coolers; new and reconstructed raw material dryers; and raw...; in-line kiln/raw mills; clinker coolers; new and reconstructed raw material dryers; and raw and finish mills. The owner or operator of each new or existing raw material, clinker, or finished product...

  20. 41 CFR 101-26.803-3 - Reporting of discrepancies in transportation, shipments, material, or billings.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... discrepancies in transportation, shipments, material, or billings. 101-26.803-3 Section 101-26.803-3 Public... REGULATIONS SUPPLY AND PROCUREMENT 26-PROCUREMENT SOURCES AND PROGRAM 26.8-Discrepancies or Deficiencies in GSA or DOD Shipments, Material, or Billings § 101-26.803-3 Reporting of discrepancies in...

  1. Toxic substances alert program

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Junod, T. L.

    1978-01-01

    A toxicity profile is provided, of 187 toxic substances procured by NASA Lewis Research Center during a 3 1/2 year period, including 27 known or suspected carcinogens. The goal of the program is to assure that the center's health and safety personnel are aware of the procurement and use of toxic substances and to alert and inform the users of these materials as to the toxic characteristics and the control measures needed to ensure their safe use. The program also provides a continuing record of the toxic substances procured, who procured them, what other toxic substances the user has obtained in the past, and where similar materials have been used elsewhere at the center.

  2. 40 CFR 247.6 - Affirmative procurement programs.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 24 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Affirmative procurement programs. 247.6 Section 247.6 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES COMPREHENSIVE PROCUREMENT GUIDELINE FOR PRODUCTS CONTAINING RECOVERED MATERIALS General § 247.6 Affirmative...

  3. Significance of ITER IWS Material Selection and Qualification

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mehta, Bhoomi K.; Raval, Jigar; Maheshwari, Abha; Laad, Rahul; Singh, Gurlovleen; Pathak, Haresh

    2017-04-01

    In-Wall Shielding (IWS) is one of the important components of ITER Vacuum Vessel (VV) which fills the space between double walls of VV with cooling water. Procurement Arrangement (PA) for IWS has been signed with Indian Domestic Agency (INDA). Procurement of IWS materials, fabrication of IWS blocks and its delivery to respective Domestic Agency (DA) and ITER Organization (IO) are the main scope of this PA. Hence, INDIA is the only country which is contributing to VV IWS among all seven ITER partners. The main functions of the IWS are to provide Neutron Shielding with blanket, VV shells and water during plasma operations and to reduce ripple of the Toroidal Magnetic Field. To meet these functional requirements IWS blocks are made up of special materials (Borated Steels SS304 B4 & SS304 B7, Ferritic Steels SS 430, Austenitic Steel SS 316 L (N)-IG, XM-19 and Inconel-625) which are qualified, reliable and traceable for the design assessment. The choice of these materials has a significant influence on performance, maintainability, licensing, detailed design parameters and waste disposal. The main reasons for the materials selected for IWS are its high mechanical strength at operating temperatures, water chemistry properties, excellent fabrication characteristics and low cost relative to other similar materials. All the materials are qualified with respect to their respective codes (ASTM/EN standards with additional requirements as described in RCC-MR code 2007) and ITER requirements. Agreed Notified Body (ANB) has control conformity of materials certificates with approved material specification and traceability procedure for Safety Important Component (SIC). The procurement strategy for all the IWS materials has been developed in close collaboration with IO, ANB and Industries as per Product Procurement Specification (PPS). The R&D for sample, bulk material production, testing, inspection and handling as required are carried out by IN DA and IO. At present almost all IWS materials (∼2500 Tons) has been procured by IN DA with spares to manufacture ∼9000 IWS blocks. This paper summarizes IWS material selection, qualification and procurement processes in detail.

  4. Developing sustainable food supply chains.

    PubMed

    Smith, B Gail

    2008-02-27

    This paper reviews the opportunities available for food businesses to encourage consumers to eat healthier and more nutritious diets, to invest in more sustainable manufacturing and distribution systems and to develop procurement systems based on more sustainable forms of agriculture. The important factors in developing more sustainable supply chains are identified as the type of supply chain involved and the individual business attitude to extending responsibility for product quality into social and environmental performance within their own supply chains. Interpersonal trust and working to standards are both important to build more sustainable local and many conserved food supply chains, but inadequate to transform mainstream agriculture and raw material supplies to the manufactured and commodity food markets. Cooperation among food manufacturers, retailers, NGOs, governmental and farmers' organizations is vital in order to raise standards for some supply chains and to enable farmers to adopt more sustainable agricultural practices.

  5. 7 CFR 226.22 - Procurement standards.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... pertinent to the following: rationale for the method of procurement, selection of contract type, contractor... competition. The description may include a statement of the qualitative nature of the material, product or... technical resources. (i) Program procurements shall be made by one of the following methods: (1) Small...

  6. 75 FR 6869 - Procurement List; Additions

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-02-12

    ... documents other than rules #0;or proposed rules that are applicable to the public. Notices of hearings #0... Blind or Severely Disabled. ACTION: Additions to the Procurement List. SUMMARY: This action adds to the... Procurement List. After consideration of the material presented to it concerning capability of qualified...

  7. 7 CFR 277.14 - Procurement standards.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... qualitative nature of the material, product or service desired and, when necessary, shall set forth those... technical resources. (g) Procurement methods. State agency procurements made in whole or in part with program funds shall be by one of the following methods: (1) Small purchase procedures are those relatively...

  8. 31 CFR 560.407 - Transactions related to Iranian-origin goods.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... from third countries of goods containing Iranian-origin raw materials or components is not prohibited if those raw materials or components have been incorporated into manufactured products or... Iranian-origin raw materials or components are not prohibited if those raw materials or components have...

  9. 31 CFR 560.407 - Transactions related to Iranian-origin goods.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... United States from third countries of goods containing Iranian-origin raw materials or components is not prohibited if those raw materials or components have been incorporated into manufactured products or... Iranian-origin raw materials or components are not prohibited if those raw materials or components have...

  10. 48 CFR 1323.404 - Agency affirmative procurement programs.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS ENVIRONMENT, ENERGY AND WATER EFFICIENCY, RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES, OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY, AND DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE Use of Recovered Materials 1323.404 Agency affirmative procurement...

  11. 46 CFR 381.2 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ..., material or commodities: (1) Procured, contracted for or otherwise obtained within or outside the United... advances funds or credits or guarantees the convertability of foreign currencies. (4) Procured, contracted...

  12. 46 CFR 381.2 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ..., material or commodities: (1) Procured, contracted for or otherwise obtained within or outside the United... advances funds or credits or guarantees the convertability of foreign currencies. (4) Procured, contracted...

  13. 78 FR 12295 - Procurement List; Additions

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-22

    ... published notices of proposed additions to the Procurement List. After consideration of the material..., 508 Compliant, 12 Digit, Portable, Desktop, Battery Operated NPA: MidWest Enterprises for the Blind...

  14. Governing the postmortem procurement of human body material for research.

    PubMed

    Van Assche, Kristof; Capitaine, Laura; Pennings, Guido; Sterckx, Sigrid

    2015-03-01

    Human body material removed post mortem is a particularly valuable resource for research. Considering the efforts that are currently being made to study the biochemical processes and possible genetic causes that underlie cancer and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, it is likely that this type of research will continue to gain in importance. However, post mortem procurement of human body material for research raises specific ethical concerns, more in particular with regard to the consent of the research participant. In this paper, we attempt to determine which consent regime should govern the post mortem procurement of body material for research. In order to do so, we assess the various arguments that could be put forward in support of a duty to make body material available for research purposes after death. We argue that this duty does in practice not support conscription but is sufficiently strong to defend a policy of presumed rather than explicit consent.

  15. 48 CFR 1323.404-70 - DOC affirmative procurement program.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... COMMERCE SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS ENVIRONMENT, ENERGY AND WATER EFFICIENCY, RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES, OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY, AND DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE Use of Recovered Materials 1323.404-70 DOC affirmative procurement...

  16. A STUDY ON IMPLEMENTATION OF PROCUREMENT MANAGEMENT METHOD THAT DELIVERLY'S UNCERTAINTY OF EQUIPMENTS, MATERIALS AND INSTRUCTIONS

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Asaine, Keita; Asaine, Wataru; Shiratsuchi, Ryoma; Yoshida, Takaichi; Hashimoto, Masaaki

    This paper highlights the issues of procurement management in construction projects, such as late delivery of purchased equipments/materials and missing instructions from customers, which cause delays of construction schedule and over-budget cost. We point that most of these problems are caused by lack of synchronization between procurement activities and process control. Therefore, we propose a managerial method which enables better synchronization between the two by applying this method to a construction company. We discuss the necessary conditions and validity of incorporating it and show the way how to establish the mechanics through the case study. Furthermore, we analyze that the feature of this method is not only addressing procurement issues but also bringing additional benefits, such as shortening project lead time and reducing project cost.

  17. 40 CFR 63.1343 - What standards apply to my kilns, clinker coolers, raw material dryers, and open clinker piles?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ..., clinker coolers, raw material dryers, and open clinker piles? 63.1343 Section 63.1343 Protection of... What standards apply to my kilns, clinker coolers, raw material dryers, and open clinker piles? (a..., clinker cooler, and raw material dryer. All dioxin D/F, HCl, and total hydrocarbon (THC) emission limits...

  18. 26 CFR 1.472-1 - Last-in, first-out inventories.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... may elect to have such method apply to the raw materials only (including those included in goods in... adjustments are confined to costs of the raw material in the inventory and the cost of the raw material in... that the opening inventory had 10 units of raw material, 10 units of goods in process, and 10 units of...

  19. 40 CFR 63.1343 - What standards apply to my kilns, clinker coolers, raw material dryers, and open clinker storage...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ..., clinker coolers, raw material dryers, and open clinker storage piles? 63.1343 Section 63.1343 Protection... Limits § 63.1343 What standards apply to my kilns, clinker coolers, raw material dryers, and open clinker... associated with that kiln, clinker cooler, raw material dryer, and open clinker storage pile. All D/F, HCl...

  20. 40 CFR 63.1343 - What standards apply to my kilns, clinker coolers, raw material dryers, and open clinker storage...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ..., clinker coolers, raw material dryers, and open clinker storage piles? 63.1343 Section 63.1343 Protection... Limits § 63.1343 What standards apply to my kilns, clinker coolers, raw material dryers, and open clinker... associated with that kiln, clinker cooler, raw material dryer, and open clinker storage pile. All D/F, HCl...

  1. 40 CFR 63.1343 - What standards apply to my kilns, clinker coolers, raw material dryers, and open clinker piles?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ..., clinker coolers, raw material dryers, and open clinker piles? 63.1343 Section 63.1343 Protection of... What standards apply to my kilns, clinker coolers, raw material dryers, and open clinker piles? (a..., clinker cooler, and raw material dryer. All dioxin D/F, HCl, and total hydrocarbon (THC) emission limits...

  2. 26 CFR 1.472-1 - Last-in, first-out inventories.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... may elect to have such method apply to the raw materials only (including those included in goods in... adjustments are confined to costs of the raw material in the inventory and the cost of the raw material in... that the opening inventory had 10 units of raw material, 10 units of goods in process, and 10 units of...

  3. 26 CFR 1.472-1 - Last-in, first-out inventories.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... may elect to have such method apply to the raw materials only (including those included in goods in... adjustments are confined to costs of the raw material in the inventory and the cost of the raw material in... that the opening inventory had 10 units of raw material, 10 units of goods in process, and 10 units of...

  4. 26 CFR 1.472-1 - Last-in, first-out inventories.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... may elect to have such method apply to the raw materials only (including those included in goods in... adjustments are confined to costs of the raw material in the inventory and the cost of the raw material in... that the opening inventory had 10 units of raw material, 10 units of goods in process, and 10 units of...

  5. [Which one is more important, raw materials or productive technology?--a case study for quality consistency control of Gegen Qinlian decoction].

    PubMed

    Zhong, Wen; Chen, Sha; Zhang, Jun; Wang, Yu-Sheng; Liu, An

    2016-03-01

    To investigate the effect of Chinese medicine raw materials and production technology on quality consistency of Chinese patent medicines with Gegen Qinlian decoction as an example, and establish a suitable method for the quality consistency control of Chinese patent medicines. The results showed that the effect of production technology on the quality consistency was generally not more than 5%, while the effect of raw materials was even more than 30%, indicating that the effect of raw materials was much greater than that of the production technology. In this study, blend technology was used to improve the quality consistency of raw materials. As a result, the difference between the product produced by raw materials and reference groups was less than 5%, thus increasing the quality consistence of finished products. The results showed that under the current circumstances, the main factor affecting the quality consistency of Chinese patent medicines was raw materials, so we shall pay more attention to the quality of Chinese medicine's raw materials. Finally, a blend technology can improve the quality consistency of Chinese patent medicines. Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.

  6. 21 CFR 1304.31 - Reports from manufacturers importing narcotic raw material.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Reports from manufacturers importing narcotic raw... RECORDS AND REPORTS OF REGISTRANTS Reports § 1304.31 Reports from manufacturers importing narcotic raw material. (a) Every manufacturer which imports or manufactures from narcotic raw material (opium, poppy...

  7. 21 CFR 1304.31 - Reports from manufacturers importing narcotic raw material.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Reports from manufacturers importing narcotic raw... RECORDS AND REPORTS OF REGISTRANTS Reports § 1304.31 Reports from manufacturers importing narcotic raw material. (a) Every manufacturer which imports or manufactures from narcotic raw material (opium, poppy...

  8. 29 CFR 779.333 - Goods sold for use as raw materials in other products.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Goods sold for use as raw materials in other products. 779... Service Establishments Sales Not Made for Resale § 779.333 Goods sold for use as raw materials in other products. Goods are sold for resale where they are sold for use as a raw material in the production of a...

  9. 29 CFR 779.333 - Goods sold for use as raw materials in other products.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Goods sold for use as raw materials in other products. 779... Service Establishments Sales Not Made for Resale § 779.333 Goods sold for use as raw materials in other products. Goods are sold for resale where they are sold for use as a raw material in the production of a...

  10. 40 CFR Table N-1 to Subpart N of... - CO2 Emission Factors for Carbonate-Based Raw Materials

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ...-Based Raw Materials N Table N-1 to Subpart N of Part 98 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... Raw Materials Carbonate-basedraw material—mineral CO2 emission factor a Limestone—CaCO3 0.440 Dolomite... in units of metric tons of CO2 emitted per metric ton of carbonate-based raw material charged to the...

  11. 40 CFR 63.1346 - Standards for new or reconstructed raw material dryers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 11 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Standards for new or reconstructed raw... Industry Emission Standards and Operating Limits § 63.1346 Standards for new or reconstructed raw material dryers. (a) New or reconstructed raw material dryers located at facilities that are major sources can not...

  12. Leveraging “Raw Materials” as Building Blocks and Bioactive Signals in Regenerative Medicine

    PubMed Central

    Renth, Amanda N.

    2012-01-01

    Components found within the extracellular matrix (ECM) have emerged as an essential subset of biomaterials for tissue engineering scaffolds. Collagen, glycosaminoglycans, bioceramics, and ECM-based matrices are the main categories of “raw materials” used in a wide variety of tissue engineering strategies. The advantages of raw materials include their inherent ability to create a microenvironment that contains physical, chemical, and mechanical cues similar to native tissue, which prove unmatched by synthetic biomaterials alone. Moreover, these raw materials provide a head start in the regeneration of tissues by providing building blocks to be bioresorbed and incorporated into the tissue as opposed to being biodegraded into waste products and removed. This article reviews the strategies and applications of employing raw materials as components of tissue engineering constructs. Utilizing raw materials holds the potential to provide both a scaffold and a signal, perhaps even without the addition of exogenous growth factors or cytokines. Raw materials contain endogenous proteins that may also help to improve the translational success of tissue engineering solutions to progress from laboratory bench to clinical therapies. Traditionally, the tissue engineering triad has included cells, signals, and materials. Whether raw materials represent their own new paradigm or are categorized as a bridge between signals and materials, it is clear that they have emerged as a leading strategy in regenerative medicine. The common use of raw materials in commercial products as well as their growing presence in the research community speak to their potential. However, there has heretofore not been a coordinated or organized effort to classify these approaches, and as such we recommend that the use of raw materials be introduced into the collective consciousness of our field as a recognized classification of regenerative medicine strategies. PMID:22462759

  13. Scoping Future Policy Dynamics in Raw Materials Through Scenarios Testing

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Correia, Vitor; Keane, Christopher; Sturm, Flavius; Schimpf, Sven; Bodo, Balazs

    2017-04-01

    The International Raw Materials Observatory (INTRAW) project is working towards a sustainable future for the European Union in access to raw materials, from an availability, economical, and environmental framework. One of the major exercises for the INTRAW project is the evaluation of potential future scenarios for 2050 to frame economic, research, and environmental policy towards a sustainable raw materials supply. The INTRAW consortium developed three possible future scenarios that encompass defined regimes of political, economic, and technological norms. The first scenario, "Unlimited Trade," reflects a world in which free trade continues to dominate the global political and economic environment, with expectations of a growing demand for raw materials from widely distributed global growth. The "National Walls" scenario reflects a world where nationalism and economic protectionism begins to dominate, leading to stagnating economic growth and uneven dynamics in raw materials supply and demand. The final scenario, "Sustainability Alliance," examines the dynamics of a global political and economic climate that is focused on environmental and economic sustainability, leading towards increasingly towards a circular raw materials economy. These scenarios were reviewed, tested, and provided simulations of impacts with members of the Consortium and a panel of global experts on international raw materials issues which led to expected end conditions for 2050. Given the current uncertainty in global politics, these scenarios are informative to identifying likely opportunities and crises. The details of these simulations and expected responses to the research demand, technology investments, and economic components of raw materials system will be discussed.

  14. 40 CFR 428.75 - Standards of performance for new sources.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.26 0.093 TSS 0.50 0.25 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.26 0...— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Lead 0.0017 0.0007 English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Lead...

  15. 40 CFR 428.75 - Standards of performance for new sources.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.26 0.093 TSS 0.50 0.25 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.26 0...— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Lead 0.0017 0.0007 English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Lead...

  16. Study on optimum length of raw material in stainless steel high-lock nuts forging

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cheng, Meiwen; Liu, Fenglei; Zhao, Qingyun; Wang, Lidong

    2018-04-01

    Taking 302 stainless steel (1Cr18Ni9) high-lock nuts for research objects, adjusting the length of raw material, then using DEFORM software to simulate the isothermal forging process of each station and conducting the corresponding field tests to study the effects of raw material size on the stainless steel high-lock nuts forming performance. The tests show that the samples of each raw material length is basically the same as the results of the DEFORM software. When the length of the raw material is 10mm, the appearance size of the parts can meet the design requirements.

  17. Middle Palaeolithic toolstone procurement behaviors at Lusakert Cave 1, Hrazdan valley, Armenia.

    PubMed

    Frahm, Ellery; Feinberg, Joshua M; Schmidt-Magee, Beverly A; Wilkinson, Keith N; Gasparyan, Boris; Yeritsyan, Benik; Adler, Daniel S

    2016-02-01

    Strategies employed by Middle Palaeolithic hominins to acquire lithic raw materials often play key roles in assessing their movements through the landscape, relationships with neighboring groups, and cognitive abilities. It has been argued that a dependence on local resources is a widespread characteristic of the Middle Palaeolithic, but how such behaviors were manifested on the landscape remains unclear. Does an abundance of local toolstone reflect frequent encounters with different outcrops while foraging, or was a particular outcrop favored and preferentially quarried? This study examines such behaviors at a finer geospatial scale than is usually possible, allowing us to investigate hominin movements through the landscape surrounding Lusakert Cave 1 in Armenia. Using our newly developed approach to obsidian magnetic characterization, we test a series of hypotheses regarding the locations where hominins procured toolstone from a volcanic complex adjacent to the site. Our goal is to establish whether the cave's occupants procured local obsidian from preferred outcrops or quarries, secondary deposits of obsidian nodules along a river, or a variety of exposures as encountered while moving through the river valley or across the wider volcanic landscape during the course of foraging activities. As we demonstrate here, it is not the case that one particular outcrop or deposit attracted the cave occupants during the studied time intervals. Nor did they acquire obsidian at random across the landscape. Instead, our analyses support the hypothesis that these hominins collected obsidian from outcrops and exposures throughout the adjacent river valley, reflecting the spatial scale of their day-to-day foraging activities. The coincidence of such behaviors within the resource-rich river valley suggests efficient exploitation of a diverse biome during a time interval immediately preceding the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic "transition," the nature and timing of which has yet to be determined for the region. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  18. Public perspectives on biospecimen procurement: what biorepositories should consider.

    PubMed

    L'Heureux, Jamie; Murray, Jeffrey C; Newbury, Elizabeth; Shinkunas, Laura; Simon, Christian M

    2013-06-01

    Human biospecimens are central to biobanking efforts, yet how members of the public think about biobank procurement strategies is not well understood. This study aimed to explore public perspectives toward the procurement of residual clinical material versus "direct" procurement strategies such as the drawing of blood. Members of the public residing in and beyond the biobank catchment area of the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics were randomly selected to participate in focus groups and a telephone survey. The majority of survey participants (75%, n=559) found both residual and direct procurement strategies equally workable. Small proportions preferred either residual (15%; n=117) or direct (5%; n=40) procurement. Focus group participants (n=48) could identify benefits to both procurement strategies, but raised concerns about possible donor inconvenience/discomfort and reduced biospecimen accrual in the case of direct procurement. Residual procurement raised concerns about lower-quality samples being procured without full donor awareness. Biobanks should consider that members of the public in their research programs may be willing to make specimen donations regardless of whether a residual or direct procurement strategy is employed. Limiting patient discomfort and inconvenience may make direct procurement strategies more acceptable to some members of the public. Ensuring donor awareness through effective informed consent may allay public concerns about the indirectness of donating clinical biospecimens.

  19. Two models of inventory control with supplier selection in case of multiple sourcing: a case of Isfahan Steel Company

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rabieh, Masood; Soukhakian, Mohammad Ali; Mosleh Shirazi, Ali Naghi

    2016-06-01

    Selecting the best suppliers is crucial for a company's success. Since competition is a determining factor nowadays, reducing cost and increasing quality of products are two key criteria for appropriate supplier selection. In the study, first the inventories of agglomeration plant of Isfahan Steel Company were categorized through VED and ABC methods. Then the models to supply two important kinds of raw materials (inventories) were developed, considering the following items: (1) the optimal consumption composite of the materials, (2) the total cost of logistics, (3) each supplier's terms and conditions, (4) the buyer's limitations and (5) the consumption behavior of the buyers. Among diverse developed and tested models—using the company's actual data within three pervious years—the two new innovative models of mixed-integer non-linear programming type were found to be most suitable. The results of solving two models by lingo software (based on company's data in this particular case) were equaled. Comparing the results of the new models to the actual performance of the company revealed 10.9 and 7.1 % reduction in total procurement costs of the company in two consecutive years.

  20. The Earliest Chinese Proto-Porcelain Excavated from Kiln Sites: An Elemental Analysis

    PubMed Central

    Li, Yu; Zhang, Bin; Cheng, Huansheng; Zheng, Jianming

    2015-01-01

    In June 2012, the Piaoshan kiln site was excavated in Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, which hitherto proved to be the earliest known Chinese proto-porcelain kiln. Judging from the decorative patterns of unearthed impressed stoneware and proto-porcelain sherds, the site was determined to date to the late Xia (c. 2070–c. 1600 BC), the first dynasty of China. Here, we report on proton-induced X-ray emission analyses of 118 proto-porcelain and 35 impressed stoneware sherds from Piaoshan and five subsequent kiln sites in the vicinity. Using principal components analysis on the major chemical compositions, we reveal the relationships between impressed stoneware and proto-porcelain samples from the six kiln sites. The sherds from different sites have distinctive chemical profiles. The results indicate that the raw materials were procured locally. We find a developmental tendency for early glazes towards mature calcium-based glaze. It is most likely that woody plant ashes with increased calcia-potash ratios were applied to the formula. PMID:26535583

  1. The Earliest Chinese Proto-Porcelain Excavated from Kiln Sites: An Elemental Analysis.

    PubMed

    Li, Yu; Zhang, Bin; Cheng, Huansheng; Zheng, Jianming

    2015-01-01

    In June 2012, the Piaoshan kiln site was excavated in Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, which hitherto proved to be the earliest known Chinese proto-porcelain kiln. Judging from the decorative patterns of unearthed impressed stoneware and proto-porcelain sherds, the site was determined to date to the late Xia (c. 2070-c. 1600 BC), the first dynasty of China. Here, we report on proton-induced X-ray emission analyses of 118 proto-porcelain and 35 impressed stoneware sherds from Piaoshan and five subsequent kiln sites in the vicinity. Using principal components analysis on the major chemical compositions, we reveal the relationships between impressed stoneware and proto-porcelain samples from the six kiln sites. The sherds from different sites have distinctive chemical profiles. The results indicate that the raw materials were procured locally. We find a developmental tendency for early glazes towards mature calcium-based glaze. It is most likely that woody plant ashes with increased calcia-potash ratios were applied to the formula.

  2. Medicine shortages: a commentary on causes and mitigation strategies.

    PubMed

    Iyengar, Swathi; Hedman, Lisa; Forte, Gilles; Hill, Suzanne

    2016-09-29

    Shortages of medicines and vaccines have been reported in countries of all income levels in recent years. Shortages can result from one or multiple causes, including shortages of raw materials, manufacturing capacity problems, industry consolidation, marketing practices, and procurement and supply chain management. Existing approaches to mitigate shortages include advance notice systems managed through medicine regulatory authorities, special programmes that track medicines, and interventions to improve efficiency of the medicine supply chain. Redistribution of supplies at the national level can mitigate some shortages in the short term. International redistribution and exceptional regulatory approvals may be used in limited circumstances, with the understanding that such approaches are complex and may introduce cost and quality risks. If it is necessary to prioritise patients to receive a medicine that is in shortage, evidence-based practice should be used to ensure optimal allocation. Important steps in reducing medicine shortages and their impact include identifying medicines that are most at risk, developing reporting systems to share information on current and emerging shortages, and improving data from medicine supply chains.

  3. Proceedings: 1990 EPRI gas turbine procurement seminar

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    McDonald, B.L.; Miller, M.N.

    1991-06-01

    This seminar presents information that enables utilities to implement more cost-effective procurements for gas turbine and combined-cycle power generation equipment. A systematic approach to specification and permitting procedures can lower unit life-cycle cost. APPROACH. Thirty-two staff members from 25 utilities met in Danvers, Massachusetts, October 9--11, 1990. Speakers representing utilities, vendors, and EPRI contractors presented material on recent procurement and startup experiences, permitting considerations, specification strategy, bid evaluation techniques, and a vendor's perspective of utility procurements. KEY POINTS. The seminar focused on specification features, procurement procedures, and bid evaluation techniques designed to implement life-cycle cost-effective procurement consistent with the plantmore » mission. Speakers highlighted the following issues: Experiential case histories of recent procurements and startups, emphasizing how to design procurement procedures that improve plant operating economics; Current trends in permitting for NO{sub x} compliance and recent permitting experience; Quantifiable evaluations of vendors' bids for RAM-related characteristics; The means to obtain specifically desired but nonstandard equipment features.« less

  4. 40 CFR 428.55 - Standards of performance for new sources.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.70 0.25 TSS 1.28 0.64 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.70 0.25...— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Lead 0.0017 0.0007 English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Lead...

  5. 40 CFR 428.55 - Standards of performance for new sources.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.70 0.25 TSS 1.28 0.64 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.70 0.25...— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Lead 0.0017 0.0007 English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Lead...

  6. 40 CFR 428.65 - Standards of performance for new sources.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.42 0.15 TSS 0.80 0.40 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.42 0.0...— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Lead 0.0017 0.0007 English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Lead...

  7. 40 CFR 428.65 - Standards of performance for new sources.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.42 0.15 TSS 0.80 0.40 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.42 0.0...— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Lead 0.0017 0.0007 English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Lead...

  8. A Planning Framework for the Deployment of Innovative Information and Communication Technologies in Procurement

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Alard, Robert; Gustafsson, Martin; Nienhaus, Jörg

    The management of buyer-supplier relations is a major topic for many enterprises today. Modern Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) offer interesting perspectives on opportunities and implementation approaches. Today, logistics and procurement departments of numerous enterprises are evaluating the possibilities and opportunities of new ICT solutions and especially of internet-based electronic procurement solutions for the optimisation and re-engineering of their buyer-supplier relationships. Due to the highly innovative character of the new ICT solutions and the scarcely available operational examples in the industry, only little guidance exists to support responsible managers during the evaluation, planning and designing of internet-based electronic procurement solutions. This paper describes a framework for the strategic evaluation and planning of the deployment of internet-based procurement solutions for direct materials. The presented approach supports enterprises in the analysis of procurement objects and procurement structuring, in the definition and management of buyer-supplier-relationships, in the requirements analysis of ICT solutions as well as the assessment of the potential to support procurement with innovative ICT and internet-based electronic procurement solutions.

  9. INTRAW, the EU Observatory for raw materials: fostering international cooperation and developing new opportunities

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Correia, Victor; Allington, Ruth; Keane, Christopher

    2016-04-01

    A secure supply of raw materials is a European priority that extends beyond country borders and national policies. Recent European initiatives have pioneered the development of an EU strategy on raw materials emphasizing the concept of the "added value chain", which continues to pursue the three pillar strategy to: (1) ensure the fair and sustainable supply of raw materials from international markets, promoting international cooperation with developed and developing countries; (2) foster sustainable supply of raw materials from European sources, and (3) reduce consumption of primary raw materials by increasing resource efficiency and promoting recycling. This contribution presents the Horizon 2020 funded project INTRAW, the objective of which is to establish the European Union's International Observatory for Raw Materials. The creation and maintenance of the European Union's International Observatory for Raw Materials is designed to have a strong impact in two dimensions: 1. To narrow the existing gap in aspects of the raw materials knowledge infrastructure in the EU by providing a link with the same knowledge infrastructure in technologically advanced reference countries. This should contribute to the harmonization of mineral policies all over the EU, by providing data that enables evidence-based policies and appropriate, cost-effective management, planning and adaptation decisions by the public sector. This will benefit businesses, industry and society. The Observatory will also provide to policy makers in the EU and its Member States the data they need to facilitate discussion in multilateral forums. 2. To enable a better alignment of the R&I activities among the individual EU members and international cooperation countries AND between the European Union and international cooperation countries by boosting synergies with international research and innovation programmes. This way the EU's role and scientific capabilities in the raw materials area will be reinforced in the mid-term, and the conditions for sustainable access and supply of raw materials in the EU will benefit from the international cooperation. The authors will describe the key stages of the INTRAW project and explain how it aims to establish (and promote the continuation of) international cooperation at every stage of the raw materials value chain and to build a repository of information and analysis to support the development and strengthening of EU raw materials strategies. Key elements of the value chain upon which the project focuses are: industry and trade; education and outreach; and research and innovation. The roles of geoscientists in delivering the aims and objectives of INTRAW will be emphasised.

  10. Methodology for Evaluating Raw Material Changes to RSRM Elastomeric Insulation Materials

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mildenhall, Scott D.; McCool, Alex (Technical Monitor)

    2001-01-01

    The Reusable Solid Rocket Motor (RSRM) uses asbestos and silicon dioxide filled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (AS-NBR) as the primary internal insulation to protect the case from heat. During the course of the RSRM Program, several changes have been made to the raw materials and processing of the AS-NBR elastomeric insulation material. These changes have been primarily caused by raw materials becoming obsolete. In addition, some process changes have been implemented that were deemed necessary to improve the quality and consistency of the AS-NBR insulation material. Each change has been evaluated using unique test efforts customized to determine the potential impacts of the specific raw material or process change. Following the evaluations, the various raw material and process changes were successfully implemented with no detectable effect on the performance of the AS-NBR insulation. This paper will discuss some of the raw material and process changes evaluated, the methodology used in designing the unique test plans, and the general evaluation results. A summary of the change history of RSRM AS-NBR internal insulation is also presented.

  11. Process to create simulated lunar agglutinate particles

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Gustafson, Robert J. (Inventor); Gustafson, Marty A. (Inventor); White, Brant C. (Inventor)

    2011-01-01

    A method of creating simulated agglutinate particles by applying a heat source sufficient to partially melt a raw material is provided. The raw material is preferably any lunar soil simulant, crushed mineral, mixture of crushed minerals, or similar material, and the heat source creates localized heating of the raw material.

  12. 40 CFR 428.72 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.26 0.093 TSS 0.50 0.25 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.26 0.../kkg of raw material) Lead 0.0017 0.0007 English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Lead 0.0017 0.0007...

  13. 40 CFR 428.52 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.70 0.25 TSS 1.28 0.64 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.70 0.25... of raw material) Lead 0.0017 0.0007 English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Lead 0.0017 0.0007 (c...

  14. E-procurement and automatic identification: enhancing supply chain management in the healthcare industry.

    PubMed

    Smith, Alan D; Flanegin, Frank R

    2004-01-01

    The concepts of automated e-procurement, or electronic B2B (business-to-business) trade, are grounded in the strategic leveraging of both tangible/intangible assets for successful implementation and execution of electronic trade, resulting in significant financial benefits for firms. Some of the major reasons for this growth include significant process savings from automation, compliance, and purchasing advantage; and reduced costs that organisations can experience by conducting transactions electronically. Although these are the basic benefits associated with generic e-commerce strategies, a majority of these B2B transactions have focused on the purchase of indirect materials (especially office products and travel services). In fact, more than 93% of medical supplies on hospital shelves appear to have universal product numbers on them--at least while still in their boxes and there is a great potential for huge savings in e-procurement in the healthcare field. However, other types of supply chain-related purchases, including maintenance, repair, and operating and replacement parts, and direct material purchases, are becoming more important operational management considerations. In addition, several other key considerations are: existing procurement strategy, the vendor, technology, suppliers, and total costs of ownership. Companies need to analyse their current procurement strategy before developing an e-procurement plan.

  15. Berkeley Lab - Materials Sciences Division

    Science.gov Websites

    MSD Support Human Resources Facilities & Space Planning Procurement and Property Proposals & ; Finance Templates Travel One-Stop Acknowledging MSD Support Human Resources Facilities & Space Planning Procurement and Property Proposals & Finance Templates Travel Human Resources General

  16. 48 CFR 9903.305 - Materiality.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Section 9903.305 Federal Acquisition Regulations System COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD, OFFICE OF FEDERAL PROCUREMENT POLICY, OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET PROCUREMENT PRACTICES AND COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS... Government funding. Changes in accounting treatment will have more impact if they influence the distribution...

  17. VERAM - Vision and Roadmap for European Raw Materials

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Baumgarten, Wibke; Vashev, Boris

    2017-04-01

    The overall objective of VERAM project is to produce a Vision and Roadmap for European Raw Materials in 2050 based on raw materials research and innovation (R&I) coordination. Two leading European Technology Platforms (ETPs): ETP SMR (Sustainable Minerals Resources) and FTP (Forest Technology Platform) are joining forces to develop a common vison and roadmap with the support of ECTP (European Construction Technology Platform), represented by UNIVPM, SusChem (ETP for Sustainable Chemistry), represented by Cefic, EuMaT (Advanced Materials ETP), represented by VITO, ERAMIN 2, represented by Research Centre JUELICH and WoodWisdom Network Plus represented by the Agency for Renewable Resources (FNR). This partnership provides VERAM with expertise from downstream applications and additional knowledge on non-biotic and biotic raw materials. The project encourages capacity building as well as transfer of knowledge. It expects to provide an innovation reference point for the European Institute of Innovation & Technology (EIT) Raw Materials (formerly the KIC Raw MatTERS), to coordinate the network involved in the European Innovation Partnership (EIP) on Raw Materials Commitments and relevant proposals funded under Horizon 2020. It provides a platform for identifying gaps and complementarities and enables their bridging. VERAM will be able to advise the European Commission and Member States on future research needs and policies to stimulate innovation and assist in overcoming fragmentation in the implementing the EIP Raw Materials Strategic Implementation Plan. VERAM looks for mutually beneficial information exchange, encourages cross-fertilization between actions undertaken by different raw material industries, and expects to accelerate exploitation of breakthrough innovations. One of the main outcomes of the project is the presentation of a common long term 2050 Vision and Roadmap for relevant raw materials including metals, industrial minerals and aggregates and wood. The Vision and Roadmap have the objective of highlighting the path to achieving the European Commission's ambitious target of 80% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2050.

  18. 40 CFR 428.103 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 2.0 0.73 BOD5 3.72 2.20 TSS 6.96 2.90 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 2.0 0.73 BOD5 3.72 2.20 TSS 6... raw material) Chromium 0.0086 0.0036 English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Chromium 0.0086 0...

  19. 40 CFR 428.103 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 2.0 0.73 BOD5 3.72 2.20 TSS 6.96 2.90 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 2.0 0.73 BOD5 3.72 2.20 TSS 6... raw material) Chromium 0.0086 0.0036 English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Chromium 0.0086 0...

  20. 40 CFR 428.102 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 2.0 0.73 BOD5 3.72 2.20 TSS 6.96 2.90 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 2.0 0.73 BOD5... units (kg/kkg of raw material) Chromium 0.0086 0.0036 English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material...

  1. Public Perspectives on Biospecimen Procurement: What Biorepositories Should Consider

    PubMed Central

    L'Heureux, Jamie; Murray, Jeffrey C.; Newbury, Elizabeth; Shinkunas, Laura

    2013-01-01

    Purpose Human biospecimens are central to biobanking efforts, yet how members of the public think about biobank procurement strategies is not well understood. This study aimed to explore public perspectives toward the procurement of residual clinical material versus “direct” procurement strategies such as the drawing of blood. Methods Members of the public residing in and beyond the biobank catchment area of the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics were randomly selected to participate in focus groups and a telephone survey. Results The majority of survey participants (75%, n=559) found both residual and direct procurement strategies equally workable. Small proportions preferred either residual (15%; n=117) or direct (5%; n=40) procurement. Focus group participants (n=48) could identify benefits to both procurement strategies, but raised concerns about possible donor inconvenience/discomfort and reduced biospecimen accrual in the case of direct procurement. Residual procurement raised concerns about lower-quality samples being procured without full donor awareness. Conclusion Biobanks should consider that members of the public in their research programs may be willing to make specimen donations regardless of whether a residual or direct procurement strategy is employed. Limiting patient discomfort and inconvenience may make direct procurement strategies more acceptable to some members of the public. Ensuring donor awareness through effective informed consent may allay public concerns about the indirectness of donating clinical biospecimens. PMID:24850089

  2. Characterization of pore and crystal structure of synthesized LiBOB with varying quality of raw materials as electrolyte for lithium-ion battery

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lestariningsih, Titik; Ratri, Christin Rina; Wigayati, Etty Marty; Sabrina, Qolby

    2016-02-01

    Characterization of pore structure and crystal structure of the LiB(C2O4)2H2O or LIBOB compound has been performed in this study. These recent years, research regarding LiBOB electrolyte salt have been performed using analytical-grade raw materials, therefore this research was aimed to synthesized LiBOB electrolyte salt using the cheaper and abundant technical-grade raw materials. Lithium hydroxide (LiOH), oxalic acid dihydrate (H2C2O4.2H2O), and boric acid (H3BO3) both in technical-grade and analytical-grade quality were used as raw materials for the synthesis of LiBOB. Crystal structure characterization results of synthesized LiBOB from both technical-grade and analytical-grade raw materials have shown the existence of LiBOB and LiBOB hydrate phase with orthorombic structure. These results were also confirmed by FT-IR analysis, which showed the functional groups of LiBOB compounds. SEM analysis results showed that synthesized LiBOB has spherical structure, while commercial LiBOB has cylindrical structure. Synthesized LiBOB has a similar pore size of commercial LiBOB, i.e. 19 nm (mesoporous material). Surface area of synthesized LiBOB from analytical-grade raw materials and technical-grade materials as well as commercial LIBOB were 88.556 m2/g, 41.524 m2/g, and 108.776 m2/g, respectively. EIS analysis results showed that synthesized LiBOB from technical-grade raw materials has lower conductivity than synthesized LiBOB from analytical-grade raw materials.

  3. Bioactive β-carbolines norharman and harman in traditional and novel raw materials for chicory coffee.

    PubMed

    Wojtowicz, Elżbieta; Zawirska-Wojtasiak, Renata; Przygoński, Krzysztof; Mildner-Szkudlarz, Sylwia

    2015-05-15

    The β-carboline compounds norharman and harman exhibit neuroactive activity in the human body. Chicory coffee has proved to be a source of β-carboline compounds. This study assessed the norharman and harman contents of traditional and novel raw materials for the production of chicory coffee, as well as in samples of chicory coffee with novel additives. The highest content of the β-carbolines among the traditional raw materials was recorded in roasted sugar beet (2.26 μg/g), while roasting the chicory caused a 25-fold increase in the content of norharman in this raw material (from 0.05 to 1.25 μg/g). In novel raw materials not subjected to the action of high temperature, β-carboline was not detected. Among the roasted novel raw materials, the highest contents of harman and norharman were found in artichokes. High harman levels were also recorded in roasted chokeberry. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  4. Myths, Misconceptions, and Realities about Public Procurement Automation.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bonner, Larry

    1989-01-01

    Meaningful public procurement and inventory management automation encompasses all purchasing and materials management processes, including bidder selection; bidder responsiveness tracking; preparation of bid solicitations; bid tabulation; the tracking of requisitions, bid solicitations, and deliveries; and item purchasing history reports. (MLH)

  5. Procurement of novel microanalysis equipment for construction materials.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2012-02-01

    The equipment procured (i.e. an Orbis micro X-ray Fluorescence (MXRF) and an APSEX personal Scanning Electron Microscope (PSEM)) is part of the next generation of micro analytical equipment. These tools have the ability to make large volumes of...

  6. A Synopsis of Acquisition Related Topics.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1983-03-01

    ALLOCAriON OF G & A TO CCST OBJECTIVES 65 1. Discussion . .. . . . . . . .. . . 65 2. General and Administr4tive Expense Difinition ... quantitative terms. Ths validity of standards used must bs assessed for each procur=ment office independently, because they will vary wit: materials, markets

  7. Use of in vitro methods to rank surfactants for irritation potential in support of new product development.

    PubMed

    Casterton, P L; Potts, L F; Klein, B D

    1994-08-01

    11 surfactant raw materials with potential applications in light-duty liquid cleaning products were evaluated in vitro using a human skin analogue (ATS SKIN(2) Model ZK1100) for predicting cytotoxicity (MTT reduction) and inflammation [prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) release]. Two of the 11 raw materials, both in the same compound family, were selected to be individually combined with each of the other nine in a 90:10 (raw:selected raw) mixture. Selection criteria were based on desired performance characteristics and low irritation potential as suggested from the individual surfactant assay data. To determine whether irritation potential was mitigated, MTT and PGE(2) scores were again determined for each of the 18 combinations with the resulting data being compared with the untreated raw material data. A plot of the data indicated that one of two selected materials may have an 'anti-irritant' effect. For raw materials with intrinsic MTT scores of less than 50 mug/ml and with the original data corrected for possible dilution effects, a statistical comparison between individual raw materials and the two sets of combinations was done using a one-sample analysis. Both cytotoxicity (MTT) and inflammation (PGE(2)) were significantly decreased by the milder of the two selected raw materials. By factoring the data into future new product decisions, this methodology has become a useful and practical tool for Amway product development.

  8. Synopsis of utilization research on SRIC raw materials

    Treesearch

    John B. Crist

    1983-01-01

    The take-home message of this paper is this: Raw materials produced using SRIC are suitable for many reconstituted end products. Juvenility, rapid growth, and bark contents do not greatly hinder the usefulness of the raw materials. In the future, increased industrial acceptance of SRIC methods and materials should be a major thrust and is discussed.

  9. Cost effective nuclear commercial grade dedication

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Maletz, J.J.; Marston, M.J.

    1991-01-01

    This paper describes a new computerized database method to create/edit/view specification technical data sheets (mini-specifications) for procurement of spare parts for nuclear facility maintenance and to develop information that could support possible future facility life extension efforts. This method may reduce cost when compared with current manual methods. The use of standardized technical data sheets (mini-specifications) for items of the same category improves efficiency. This method can be used for a variety of tasks, including: Nuclear safety-related procurement; Non-safety related procurement; Commercial grade item procurement/dedication; Evaluation of replacement items. This program will assist the nuclear facility in upgrading its procurementmore » activities consistent with the recent NUMARC Procurement Initiative. Proper utilization of the program will assist the user in assuring that the procured items are correct for the applications, provide data to assist in detecting fraudulent materials, minimize human error in withdrawing database information, improve data retrievability, improve traceability, and reduce long-term procurement costs.« less

  10. 7 CFR 58.735 - Quality specifications for raw materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Quality specifications for raw materials. 58.735 Section 58.735 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING... specifications for raw materials. (a) Cheddar colby, washed or soaked curd, granular or stirred curd cheese...

  11. Future Sources of Organic Raw Materials.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Shapiro, Irving S.

    1978-01-01

    Examines the need for industrial organization, academic institutions, and national governments to agree on cooperative roles in planning the future raw materials demands of the chemical industry. Political and social concerns, as well as technical and economic considerations, are important to the raw material future of the industry. (MA)

  12. 7 CFR 58.332 - Segregation of raw material.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Segregation of raw material. 58.332 Section 58.332 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards... Procedures § 58.332 Segregation of raw material. The milk and cream received at the dairy plant shall meet...

  13. 7 CFR 58.332 - Segregation of raw material.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Segregation of raw material. 58.332 Section 58.332 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards... Procedures § 58.332 Segregation of raw material. The milk and cream received at the dairy plant shall meet...

  14. 77 FR 2662 - Airworthiness Directives; Bombardier, Inc. Airplanes

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-01-19

    ... to batches of raw material that did not meet required tensile strength. This proposed AD would..., Avox Systems Inc., revealed that the deformation was attributed to two (2) batches of raw material that... regulator on the oxygen cylinder, which was attributed to batches of raw material that did not meet required...

  15. 77 FR 31174 - Airworthiness Directives; Bombardier, Inc. Airplanes

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-25

    ..., which was attributed to batches of raw material that did not meet required tensile strength. This AD... the deformation was attributed to two (2) batches of raw material that did not meet the required... deformation of the pressure regulator on the oxygen cylinder, which was attributed to batches of raw material...

  16. Influence of man-made aluminosilicate raw materials on physical and mechanical properties of building materials.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Volodchenko, A. A.; Lesovik, V. S.; Stoletov, A. A.; Glagolev, E. S.; Volodchenko, A. N.; Magomedov, Z. G.

    2018-03-01

    It has been identified that man-made aluminosilicate raw materials represented by clay rock of varied genesis can be used as energy-efficient raw materials to obtain efficient highly-hollow non-autoclaved silicate materials. A technique of structure formation in the conditions of pressureless steam treatment has been offered. Cementing compounds of non- autoclaved silicate materials based on man-made aluminosilicate raw materials possess hydraulic properties that are conditioned by the process of further formation and recrystallization of calcium silicate hydrates, which optimizes the ratio between gellike and crystalline components and densifies the cementing compound structure, which leads to improvement of performance characteristics. Increasing the performance characteristics of the obtained products is possible by changing the molding conditions. For this reason, in order to create high-density material packaging and, as a result, to increase the strength properties of the products, it is reasonable to use higher pressure, under which raw brick is formed, which will facilitate the increase of quality of highly-hollow products.

  17. 41 CFR 101-26.310 - Ordering errors.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ....310 Section 101-26.310 Public Contracts and Property Management Federal Property Management Regulations System FEDERAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS SUPPLY AND PROCUREMENT 26-PROCUREMENT SOURCES AND... provisions of this § 101-26.310, GSA may authorize agencies to return for credit material that has been...

  18. 76 FR 62447 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Registration

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-07

    ... narcotic raw material are not appropriate. With regard to all non-Narcotic Raw Material drugs on this...-phenethyl-4-piperidine (8333)... II Phenylacetone (8501) II Opium, raw (9600) II Poppy Straw Concentrate...

  19. Chemical analysis of raw and processed Fructus arctii by high-performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry

    PubMed Central

    Qin, Kunming; Liu, Qidi; Cai, Hao; Cao, Gang; Lu, Tulin; Shen, Baojia; Shu, Yachun; Cai, Baochang

    2014-01-01

    Background: In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), raw and processed herbs are used to treat the different diseases. Fructus Arctii, the dried fruits of Arctium lappa l. (Compositae), is widely used in the TCM. Stir-frying is the most common processing method, which might modify the chemical compositions in Fructus Arctii. Materials and Methods: To test this hypothesis, we focused on analysis and identification of the main chemical constituents in raw and processed Fructus Arctii (PFA) by high-performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Results: The results indicated that there was less arctiin in stir-fried materials than in raw materials. however, there were higher levels of arctigenin in stir-fried materials than in raw materials. Conclusion: We suggest that arctiin reduced significantly following the thermal conversion of arctiin to arctigenin. In conclusion, this finding may shed some light on understanding the differences in the therapeutic values of raw versus PFA in TCM. PMID:25422559

  20. Raw materials in the manufacture of biotechnology products: regulatory considerations.

    PubMed

    Cordoba-Rodriguez, Ruth

    2010-01-01

    The Food and Drug Administration's Pharmaceutical cGMPs for the 21st Century initiative emphasizes science and risk-based approaches in the manufacture of drugs. These approaches are reflected in the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidances ICH Q8, Q9, and Q10 and encourage a comprehensive assessment of the manufacture of a biologic, including all aspects of manufacture that have the potential to affect the finished drug product. Appropriate assessment and management of raw materials are an important part of this initiative. Ideally, a raw materials program should strive to assess and minimize the risk to product quality. With this in mind, risk-assessment concepts and control strategies will be discussed and illustrated by examples, with an emphasis on the impact of raw materials on cell substrates. Finally, the life cycle of the raw material will be considered, including its potential to affect the drug product life cycle. In this framework, the supply chain and the vendor-manufacturer relationship will be explored as important parts of an adequate raw materials control strategy.

  1. Worldwide Mycotoxins Exposure in Pig and Poultry Feed Formulations

    PubMed Central

    Guerre, Philippe

    2016-01-01

    The purpose of this review is to present information about raw materials that can be used in pig and poultry diets and the factors responsible for variations in their mycotoxin contents. The levels of mycotoxins in pig and poultry feeds are calculated based on mycotoxin contamination levels of the raw materials with different diet formulations, to highlight the important role the stage of production and the raw materials used can have on mycotoxins levels in diets. Our analysis focuses on mycotoxins for which maximum tolerated levels or regulatory guidelines exist, and for which sufficient contamination data are available. Raw materials used in feed formulation vary considerably depending on the species of animal, and the stage of production. Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites whose frequency and levels also vary considerably depending on the raw materials used and on the geographic location where they were produced. Although several reviews of existing data and of the literature on worldwide mycotoxin contamination of food and feed are available, the impact of the different raw materials used on feed formulation has not been widely studied. PMID:27886128

  2. Raw material ‘criticality’—sense or nonsense?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Frenzel, M.; Kullik, J.; Reuter, M. A.; Gutzmer, J.

    2017-03-01

    The past decade has seen a resurgence of interest in the supply security of mineral raw materials. A key to the current debate is the concept of ‘criticality’. The present article reviews the criticality concept, as well as the methodologies used in its assessment, including a critical evaluation of their validity in view of classical risk theory. Furthermore, it discusses a number of risks present in global raw materials markets that are not captured by most criticality assessments. Proposed measures for the alleviation of these risks are also presented. We find that current assessments of raw material criticality are fundamentally flawed in several ways. This is mostly due to a lack of adherence to risk theory, and highly limits their applicability. Many of the raw materials generally identified as critical are probably not critical. Still, the flaws of current assessments do not mean that the general issue of supply security can simply be ignored. Rather, it implies that new assessments are required. While the basic theoretical framework for such assessments is outlined in this review, detailed method development will require a major collaborative effort between different disciplines along the raw materials value chain. In the opinion of the authors, the greatest longer-term challenge in the raw materials sector is to stop, or counteract the effects of, the escalation of unit energy costs of production. This issue is particularly pressing due to its close link with the renewable energy transition, requiring more metal and mineral raw materials per unit energy produced. The solution to this problem will require coordinated policy action, as well as the collaboration of scientists from many different fields—with physics, as well as the materials and earth sciences in the lead.

  3. U.S.-Coalition Forces and Host Nations: DOTmLPF-P for Contingency Procurements. Part 2. Conclusion

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2014-08-01

    doesn’t have to be stood up. Examples include textile/cloth- ing/ footwear , construction, and furniture, industries that usu- ally exist in some...meet its needs but be within the HNVs’ capability to manufacture. Finally, materials used by HNVs to manufacture products under U.S. or HNG...procurement efforts should come from reliable sources with processes and physical features in place to prevent substandard or fake material from entering the

  4. 2 CFR 215.40 - Purpose of procurement standards.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Section 215.40 Grants and Agreements OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET CIRCULARS AND GUIDANCE Reserved..., HOSPITALS, AND OTHER NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS (OMB CIRCULAR A-110) Post Award Requirements Procurement... ensure that such materials and services are obtained in an effective manner and in compliance with the...

  5. 77 FR 33269 - Designation of Product Categories for Federal Procurement

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-05

    ... under such a contract.'' Thus, Federal contractors, as well as Federal agencies, are expressly subject... generally to procure such a product composed of the highest percentage of recovered materials content... those product categories that contain the highest biobased content. In addition, as the program matures...

  6. 75 FR 6795 - Designation of Biobased Items for Federal Procurement

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-02-10

    ...The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is proposing to amend the Guidelines for Designating Biobased Products for Federal Procurement (Guidelines) to add nine sections that will designate the following items within which biobased products would be afforded Federal procurement preference: Disposable tableware; expanded polystyrene foam recycling products; heat transfer fluids; ink removers and cleaners; mulch and compost materials; multipurpose lubricants; office paper; topical pain relief products; and turbine drip oils. USDA is also proposing minimum biobased contents for each of these items.

  7. Renewable resources in the chemical industry--breaking away from oil?

    PubMed

    Nordhoff, Stefan; Höcker, Hans; Gebhardt, Henrike

    2007-12-01

    Rising prices for fossil-based raw materials suggest that sooner or later renewable raw materials will, in principle, become economically viable. This paper examines this widespread paradigm. Price linkages like those seen for decades particularly in connection with petrochemical raw materials are now increasingly affecting renewable raw materials. The main driving force is the competing utilisation as an energy source because both fossil-based and renewable raw materials are used primarily for heat, electrical power and mobility. As a result, prices are determined by energy utilisation. Simple observations show how prices for renewable carbon sources are becoming linked to the crude oil price. Whether the application calls for sugar, starch, virgin oils or lignocellulose, the price for the raw material rises with the oil price. Consequently, expectations regarding price trends for fossil-based energy sources can also be utilised for the valuation of alternative processes. However, this seriously calls into question the assumption that a rising crude oil price will favour the economic viability of alternative products and processes based on renewable raw materials. Conversely, it follows that these products and processes must demonstrate economic viability today. Especially in connection with new approaches in white biotechnology, it is evident that, under realistic assumptions, particularly in terms of achievable yields and the optimisation potential of the underlying processes, the route to utilisation is economically viable. This makes the paradigm mentioned at the outset at least very questionable.

  8. Use of raw materials in the United States from 1900 through 2014

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Matos, Grecia R.

    2017-08-22

    The economic growth of an industrialized nation such as the United States requires raw materials for construction (buildings, bridges, highways, and so forth), defense, and processing and manufacture of goods and services. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the types and quantities of raw materials used have increased and changed significantly. This fact sheet quantifies the amounts of raw materials (other than food and fuel) that have been used in the U.S. economy annually for a period of 115 years, from 1900 through 2014. It provides a broad overview of the quantity (weight) of nonfood and nonfuel materials used in the economy and illustrates the use and significance of raw nonfuel minerals in particular as building blocks of society.These data have been compiled to help the public and policymakers understand the changing annual flow of raw materials put into use in the United States. Such information can be helpful in assessing the potential effects of materials use on the environment, assessing materials’ intensity of use, and examining the role that these materials play in the economy. The data presented indicate the substitution and shift in materials usage from renewable to nonrenewable materials during the 20th century. The disaggregated quantities by commodity (not shown in this fact sheet) may be tested against supply adequacy and end of life issues.

  9. Contamination of the cement raw material in a quarry site by seawater intrusion, Darica-Turkey

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Camur, M. Zeki; Doyuran, Vedat

    2008-02-01

    The open pit mining nearby shoreline is planned to be extended into below sea level in order to use additional reserves of the cement raw material (marl). The raw material is currently contaminated by seawater intrusion below a depth of 20 m up to the distance of 90 m from shoreline. Seawater intrusion related contamination of the material used for the cement production was investigated by means of diffusion process for the future two below sea level mining scenarios covering 43 years of period. According to the results, chloride concentrations higher than the tolerable limit of a cement raw material would be present in the material about 10-25 cm inward from each discontinuity surface, controlling groundwater flow, located between 170 and 300 m landward from the shoreline at below sea level mining depths of 0-30 m. The estimations suggest that total amounts of dilution required for the contaminated raw material to reduce its concentration level to the tolerance limit with uncontaminated raw material are about 113- to 124-fold for scenario I (13 years of below sea level mining after 30 years of above sea level mining) and about 126- to 138-fold for scenario II (43 years of simultaneous above and below sea level minings).

  10. 77 FR 21532 - Glycine From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Partial Affirmative Determination of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-04-10

    ... because it is producing glycine from raw materials of Indian origin and exporting such merchandise to the... find that there is no record evidence that AICO self produces glycine from Indian raw materials... exported to the United States glycine that it produced only from Indian raw materials. For a complete...

  11. 78 FR 69130 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Application: Johnson Matthey, Inc.

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-18

    ... Concentrate (9670) II The company plans to import the listed controlled substances as raw materials, to be... requests for hearings on applications to import narcotic raw material are not appropriate. 72 FR 3417 (2007). In reference to the non-narcotic raw material, the company plans to import gram amounts to be used as...

  12. 23 CFR Appendix B to Subpart B of... - Required Contract Provisions, Appalachian Development Highway System and Local Access Roads...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... Opportunity: Employment Practices. IV. Equal Opportunity: Selection of Subcontractors, Procurement of... pay or other forms of compensation; and selection of training, including apprenticeship. The... selection of subcontractors, procurement of materials, and leasing of equipment. During the performance of...

  13. Thorium and Uranium in the Rock Raw Materials Used For the Production of Building Materials

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pękala, Agnieszka

    2017-10-01

    Thorium and uranium are constant components of all soils and most minerals thereby rock raw materials. They belong to the particularly dangerous elements because of their natural radioactivity. Evaluation of the content of the radioactive elements in the rock raw materials seems to be necessary in the early stage of the raw material evaluation. The rock formations operated from deposits often are accumulated in landfills and slag heaps where the concentration of the radioactive elements can be many times higher than under natural conditions. In addition, this phenomenon may refer to buildings where rock raw materials are often the main components of the construction materials. The global control system of construction products draws particular attention to the elimination of used construction products containing excessive quantities of the natural radioactive elements. In the presented study were determined the content of thorium and uranium in rock raw materials coming from the Bełachatów lignite deposit. The Bełchatów lignite deposit extracts mainly lignite and secondary numerous accompanying minerals with the raw material importance. In the course of the field works within the framework of the carried out work has been tested 92 samples of rocks of varied petrographic composition. There were carried out analyses of the content of the radioactive elements for 50 samples of limestone of the Jurassic age, 18 samples of kaolinite clays, and 24 samples of siliceous raw materials, represented by opoka-rocks, diatomites, gaizes and clastic rocks. The measurement of content of the natural radioactive elements thorium and uranium based on measuring the frequency counts of gamma quantum, recorded separately in measuring channels. At the same time performed measurements on volume patterns radioactive: thorium and uranium. The studies were carried out in Mazar spectrometer on the powdered material. Standardly performed ten measuring cycles, after which were calculated the concentration of radioactive elements in the sample. The highest concentration of thorium and uranium has been found in the clayey raw material. Their value was respectively from 8 to 12 mg/kg for thorium and from 2.3 to 3.5 mg/kg for uranium. In carbonate sediments the content of thorium was at the level from 0.5 to 2.1 mg/kg and uranium from 0.5-2.2 mg/kg. From a group of the siliceous raw materials the diatomite had a highest concentrations of radioactive elements where the content of thorium was from 1.5 to 1.8 mg/kg and uranium from 1.3 to 1.7 mg/kg.

  14. A membrane-integrated fermentation reactor system: its effects in reducing the amount of sub-raw materials for D-lactic acid continuous fermentation by Sporolactobacillus laevolacticus.

    PubMed

    Mimitsuka, Takashi; Na, Kyungsu; Morita, Ken; Sawai, Hideki; Minegishi, Shinichi; Henmi, Masahiro; Yamada, Katsushige; Shimizu, Sakayu; Yonehara, Tetsu

    2012-01-01

    Continuous fermentation by retaining cells with a membrane-integrated fermentation reactor (MFR) system was found to reduce the amount of supplied sub-raw material. If the amount of sub-raw material can be reduced, continuous fermentation with the MFR system should become a more attractive process for industrialization, due to decreased material costs and loads during the refinement process. Our findings indicate that the production rate decreased when the amount of the sub-raw material was reduced in batch fermentation, but did not decrease during continuous fermentation with Sporolactobacillus laevolacticus. Moreover, continuous fermentation with a reduced amount of sub-raw material resulted in a productivity of 11.2 g/L/h over 800 h. In addition, the index of industrial process applicability used in the MFR system increased by 6.3-fold as compared with the conventional membrane-based fermentation reactor previously reported, suggesting a potential for the industrialization of this D-lactic acid continuous fermentation process.

  15. 75 FR 67788 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-03

    ... Business Plan is to Purchase and Stockpile Raw Materials or Other Commodities In the case of a Company... stockpile quantities of a raw material or other commodity (``commodity stockpiling companies'' or ``CSCs... invest at least 85% of the net proceeds of the initial public offering in the raw material or other...

  16. Peculiarities of non-autoclaved lime wall materials production using clays

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Volodchenko, A. A.; Lesovik, V. S.; Cherepanova, I. A.; Volodchenko, A. N.; Zagorodnjuk, L. H.; Elistratkin, M. Y.

    2018-03-01

    At present, the development and implementation of energy saving technologies for building materials production, which correspond to modern trends of «green» technologies, become ever more popular. One of the most widely spread wall materials today is a lime brick and stones. The primary raw goods used in production of such materials are quarziferous rocks. However, they have some disadvantages, including low strength index at the intermediate phase of their production, especially in case with a raw brick, which is an issue in the production of high-hollow goods due to low strength index of raw materials and the nonoptimal matrix structure. The conducted experiments confirmed the possibility to control structurization of building composites due to application of nonconventional argillous raw materials. Besides, the material and mineral composition of nonconventional clay rocks ensures the optimal microstructure thus providing for the production of efficient wall building materials via energy saving technology.

  17. Simultaneous planning of the project scheduling and material procurement problem under the presence of multiple suppliers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tabrizi, Babak H.; Ghaderi, Seyed Farid

    2016-09-01

    Simultaneous planning of project scheduling and material procurement can improve the project execution costs. Hence, the issue has been addressed here by a mixed-integer programming model. The proposed model facilitates the procurement decisions by accounting for a number of suppliers offering a distinctive discount formula from which to purchase the required materials. It is aimed at developing schedules with the best net present value regarding the obtained benefit and costs of the project execution. A genetic algorithm is applied to deal with the problem, in addition to a modified version equipped with a variable neighbourhood search. The underlying factors of the solution methods are calibrated by the Taguchi method to obtain robust solutions. The performance of the aforementioned methods is compared for different problem sizes, in which the utilized local search proved efficient. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is carried out to check the effect of inflation on the objective function value.

  18. One step sintering of homogenized bauxite raw material and kinetic study

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gao, Chang-he; Jiang, Peng; Li, Yong; Sun, Jia-lin; Zhang, Jun-jie; Yang, Huan-ying

    2016-10-01

    A one-step sintering process of bauxite raw material from direct mining was completed, and the kinetics of this process was analyzed thoroughly. The results show that the sintering kinetics of bauxite raw material exhibits the liquid-phase sintering behavior. A small portion of impurities existed in the raw material act as a liquid phase. After X-ray diffraction analyses, scanning electron microscopy observations, and kinetics calculations, sintering temperature and heating duration were determined as the two major factors contributing to the sintering process and densification of bauxite ore. An elevated heating temperature and longer duration favor the densification process. The major obstacle for the densification of bauxite material is attributed to the formation of the enclosed blowhole during liquid-phase sintering.

  19. [Quantitative classification in catering trade and countermeasures of supervision and management in Hunan Province].

    PubMed

    Liu, Xiulan; Chen, Lizhang; He, Xiang

    2012-02-01

    To analyze the status quo of quantitative classification in Hunan Province catering industry, and to discuss the countermeasures in-depth. According to relevant laws and regulations, and after referring to Daily supervision and quantitative scoring sheet and consulting experts, a checklist of key supervision indicators was made. The implementation of quantitative classification in 10 cities in Hunan Province was studied, and the status quo was analyzed. All the 390 catering units implemented quantitative classified management. The larger the catering enterprise, the higher level of quantitative classification. In addition to cafeterias, the smaller the catering units, the higher point of deduction, and snack bars and beverage stores were the highest. For those quantified and classified as C and D, the point of deduction was higher in the procurement and storage of raw materials, operation processing and other aspects. The quantitative classification of Hunan Province has relatively wide coverage. There are hidden risks in food security in small catering units, snack bars, and beverage stores. The food hygienic condition of Hunan Province needs to be improved.

  20. Derivation of Xeno-Free and GMP-Grade Human Embryonic Stem Cells – Platforms for Future Clinical Applications

    PubMed Central

    Aizenman, Einat; Kirshberg, Sophie; Ilouz, Nili; Gil, Yaniv; Berman-Zaken, Yael; Perlman, Temima Schnitzer; Geva, Nitshia; Levy, Ora; Arbell, Daniel; Simon, Alex; Ben-Meir, Assaf; Shufaro, Yoel; Laufer, Neri; Reubinoff, Benjamin E.

    2012-01-01

    Clinically compliant human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) should be developed in adherence to ethical standards, without risk of contamination by adventitious agents. Here we developed for the first time animal-component free and good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compliant hESCs. After vendor and raw material qualification, we derived xeno-free, GMP-grade feeders from umbilical cord tissue, and utilized them within a novel, xeno-free hESC culture system. We derived and characterized three hESC lines in adherence to regulations for embryo procurement, and good tissue, manufacturing and laboratory practices. To minimize freezing and thawing, we continuously expanded the lines from initial outgrowths and samples were cryopreserved as early stocks and banks. Batch release criteria included DNA-fingerprinting and HLA-typing for identity, characterization of pluripotency-associated marker expression, proliferation, karyotyping and differentiation in-vitro and in-vivo. These hESCs may be valuable for regenerative therapy. The ethical, scientific and regulatory methodology presented here may serve for development of additional clinical-grade hESCs. PMID:22745653

  1. Trade and Industry at Africa's Hub: Petrography of Pottery from Meroe, Sudan

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mason, R.; Grzymski, K.

    2009-04-01

    The ancient city of Meroë lies about 200 km northeast of Khartoum, on the Nile River. Apart from being the centre of a number of important Nubian kingdoms, such as that of the Kushites (circa 800 BCE - 350 CE), it was always a major hub for trade between ancient Egypt and the rest of Africa, and also for local production of various commodities, particularly including gold. Excavations at the site by a team from the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) of Toronto and the University of Khartoum have continued the research of Peter Shinnie, aimed at unraveling the history of the site and its contact with Egypt and Africa (Grzymski 2003). Petrographic analysis of pottery from the ROM/Khartoum excavations and also Shinnie's excavations, also stored at the ROM, is aimed at examining the diversity of local production and raw material procurement and processing, and also identifying imported ceramics to give a better idea of the archaeologically determinable contacts of Meroë with Egypt and the rest of Africa. Reference: Grzymski, K. A., 2003, "Meroe Reports I," Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities Publication XVII, Toronto.

  2. On the construction of a 2-metre mirror blank for the universal reflecting telescope in Tautenburg (German Title: Über die Fertigung eines 2-Meter-Spiegelträgers für das Universal-Spiegelteleskop in Tautenburg )

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lödel, Wolfgang

    The astronomers' desire to penetrate deeper into space transforms into a demand for larger telescopes. The primary mirror constitutes the main part of a reflecting telescope, and it determines all subsequent activities. Already in the 1930s activities existed in the Schott company to manufacture mirror blanks up to diameters of 2 metres, which could not be pursued because of political constraints. This ambitious goal was again picked up a few years after the war. At a time when the procurement of raw materials was extremely difficult, the glass workers of Schott in Jena attacked this large project. After some failures, a good mirror blank could be delivered to the Carl Zeiss Company in 1951 for further processing and for the construction of the first 2-metre reflecting telescope. From 1960 to 1986, this mirror made from optical glass ZK7 served its purpose at the Karl Schwarzschild Observatory in Tautenburg. lt was then replaced by a zero expansion glass ceramics mirror.

  3. Tracing and control of raw materials sourcing for vaccine manufacturers.

    PubMed

    Faretra Peysson, Laurence

    2010-05-01

    The control of the raw materials used to manufacture vaccines is mandatory; therefore, a very clear process must be in place to guarantee that raw materials are traced. Those who make products or supplies used in vaccine manufacture (suppliers of culture media, diagnostic tests, etc.) must apply quality systems proving that they adhere to certain standards. ISO certification, Good Manufacturing Practices for production sites and the registration of culture media with a 'Certificate of Suitability' from the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and Healthcare are reliable quality systems pertaining to vaccine production. Suppliers must assure that each lot of raw materials used in a product that will be used in vaccine manufacture adheres to the level of safety and traceability required. Incoming materials must be controlled in a single 'Enterprise Resource Planning' system which is used to document important information, such as the assignment of lot number, expiration date, etc. Ingredients for culture media in particular must conform to certain specifications. The specifications that need to be checked vary according to the ingredient, based on the level of risk. The way a raw material is produced is also important, and any aspect relative to cross-contamination, such as the sanitary measures used in producing and storing the raw material must be checked as well. In addition, suppliers can reduce the risk of viral contamination of raw materials by avoiding purchases in countries where a relevant outbreak is currently declared. 2010 The International Association for Biologicals. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  4. 40 CFR 428.62 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.42 0.15 TSS 0.80 0.40 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.42 0.15... material) Lead 0.0017 0.0007 English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Lead 0.0017 0.0007 (c) The...

  5. Oat raw materials and bakery products - amino acid composition and celiac immunoreactivity.

    PubMed

    Mickowska, Barbara; Litwinek, Dorota; Gambuś, Halina

    2016-01-01

    The aim of this study was to compare the biochemical and immunochemical properties of avenins in some special oat raw materials and additionally the possibility of using them as a raw material for the gluten-free bakery products. The compared oat raw materials were - oat flakes, commercial oat flours (including gluten-free oat flour) and residual oat flour, which is by-product of β-glucan preparation. Biochemical characteristic included amino acid compositions and SDS-PAGE profiles of extracted avenins. The immunochemical reactivity with polyclonal anti-gluten and monoclonal anti-gliadin antibodies was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively by immunoblotting and ELISA methods. Additionally, experimental bakery products made of examined raw materials were assessed according to their suitability for the celiac patients' diet. The highest protein content was measured in the β-glucan preparation "Betaven" and gluten-free oat flour. Proteins of all materials are rich in glutamic and aspartic acid, leucine and arginine. Proportions of amino acids in avenins extracted from most of oat raw materials are similar, excluding gluten-free oat flour, which has a very low avenin content and proportions of individual amino acids are different. The SDS-PAGE protein pattern consisted of proteins with molecular weight of about 25-35 kDa. Polyclonal anti-gluten anti-body recognized all protein fractions of molecular weight higher than 20 kDa. Quantitative ELISA analysis shows that the majority of samples has a gliadin-like protein content within the range of 80-260 mg/kg, excluding gluten-free flours and corresponding bakery products. Altogether, β-glucan preparation has extremely high level of gliadin-like proteins. In the examined oat raw materials and foods the contents of immunoreactive amino acid sequences exceeded the limit of 20 mg/kg (considered as gluten-free) except for gluten-free flours (oat and  the prepared mixture) and the bakery products based on gluten-free flours. Unfortunately, the rest of oat raw materials and products cannot be considered gluten-free.

  6. 2 CFR 1532.1205 - What procedures must I follow to have my procurement and nonprocurement eligibility reinstated...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Clean Water Act § 1532.1205 What procedures must I follow to have my procurement and nonprocurement... how those conditions have been corrected, relieved or addressed. Your request must include documentation sufficient to support all material assertions you make. The debarring official must determine that...

  7. 2 CFR 1532.1205 - What procedures must I follow to have my procurement and nonprocurement eligibility reinstated...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Clean Water Act § 1532.1205 What procedures must I follow to have my procurement and nonprocurement... how those conditions have been corrected, relieved or addressed. Your request must include documentation sufficient to support all material assertions you make. The debarring official must determine that...

  8. 48 CFR 9904.407 - Use of standard costs for direct material and direct labor.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD, OFFICE OF FEDERAL PROCUREMENT POLICY, OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET PROCUREMENT PRACTICES AND COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS 9904.407 Use of standard costs for direct... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Use of standard costs for...

  9. Fluorescence of aqueous solutions of commercial humic products

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gosteva, O. Yu.; Izosimov, A. A.; Patsaeva, S. V.; Yuzhakov, V. I.; Yakimenko, O. S.

    2012-01-01

    We have studied the spectral luminescence characteristics of aqueous solutions of humic products obtained from different raw material sources, and their behavior as the excitation wavelength increases from 270 nm to 355 nm. We have identified differences in the spectral properties of industrial humic products from coalified materials, lignin-containing organic waste, and humic products from plant raw material (peat, sapropel, vermicompost). We have shown that humic products from plant raw material have spectral properties closer to those for humic substances in natural water or soil than humic products from coalified materials.

  10. 23 CFR 140.908 - Materials and supplies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... Reimbursement for Railroad Work § 140.908 Materials and supplies. (a) Procurement. Materials and supplies, if... projects where a company actually suffers loss by application of credits, the company shall have the...

  11. Microbiological Spoilage of Spices, Nuts, Cocoa, and Coffee

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pinkas, Joan M.; Battista, Karen; Morille-Hinds, Theodora

    Spices, nuts, cocoa, and coffee are raw materials that may be used alone or as ingredients in the manufacture of processed food products. The control of microbiological spoilage of these raw materials at the ingredient stage will enable the food processor to better assure the production of high-quality foods with an acceptable shelf life. While this chapter is limited to four materials, many of the spoilage control procedures recommended can also be applied to other raw materials of a similar nature.

  12. Quality assessment of baby food made of different pre-processed organic raw materials under industrial processing conditions.

    PubMed

    Seidel, Kathrin; Kahl, Johannes; Paoletti, Flavio; Birlouez, Ines; Busscher, Nicolaas; Kretzschmar, Ursula; Särkkä-Tirkkonen, Marjo; Seljåsen, Randi; Sinesio, Fiorella; Torp, Torfinn; Baiamonte, Irene

    2015-02-01

    The market for processed food is rapidly growing. The industry needs methods for "processing with care" leading to high quality products in order to meet consumers' expectations. Processing influences the quality of the finished product through various factors. In carrot baby food, these are the raw material, the pre-processing and storage treatments as well as the processing conditions. In this study, a quality assessment was performed on baby food made from different pre-processed raw materials. The experiments were carried out under industrial conditions using fresh, frozen and stored organic carrots as raw material. Statistically significant differences were found for sensory attributes among the three autoclaved puree samples (e.g. overall odour F = 90.72, p < 0.001). Samples processed from frozen carrots show increased moisture content and decrease of several chemical constituents. Biocrystallization identified changes between replications of the cooking. Pre-treatment of raw material has a significant influence on the final quality of the baby food.

  13. Energy and raw material potentials of wood residue in the Pacific Coast States: a summary of a preliminary feasibility investigation.

    Treesearch

    John B. Grantham; Eldon Estep; John M. Pierovich; Harold Tarkow; Thomas C. Adams

    1974-01-01

    Results are reported of a preliminary investigation of feasibility of using wood residue to meet energy and raw material needs in the Pacific Coast States. Magnitude of needs was examined and volume of logging-residue and unused mill residue was estimated. Costs of obtaining and preprocessing logging residue for energy and pulp and particle board raw material were...

  14. Perchlorate in Fertilizers

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1999-09-01

    Harrington , showed that with respect to mixed water analysis containing TDS at greater 1,000 ppm, the performance of the AS-5 column is not as robust...to note, these raw test materials were heterogeneous. Regardless of mixing time and mesh quality, dividing the raw test materials for laboratory...raw test material was prepared and shipped to seven laboratories for blind analysis. The suspension was prepared by 4 mixing the solid sample with

  15. Guidelines for the use of fiberglass reinforced plastic in utility FGD systems. [Flue gas desulfurization (FGD); contains glossary

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Rapoza, R.J.; Vollmer, H.R.; Haberly, K.L.

    1992-11-01

    Fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) materials offer excellent corrosion-resistant properties and long-term cost advantages compared to exotic alloys or organic lining systems. This guideline document provides potential buyers of FRP FGD (flue gas desulfurization) equipment with enough knowledge of FRP materials and methods to make informed decisions when procuring FRP equipment or services. It is divided into the following chapters: application criteria, procurement strategies, FRP basics, guidelines for designing FRP equipment, quality management. A glossary and manufacturers information/recommendations are included.

  16. Indonesian CPO availability analysis to support food and energy security: a system dynamic approach

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rahman, T.; Arkeman, Y.; Setyaningsih, D.; Saparita, R.

    2017-05-01

    The development of biofuels could be a solution to overcome the energy problem. One of biofuel that has the potential to be developed, namely palm oil biodiesel that is also the raw material for food. As a provider of CPO raw materials, the production of palm biodiesel could trigger competitions, from biofuels demand growth and utilization of agricultural resources. Thus, it needs to be analyzed to determine the adequency of CPO supply to fulfill the need of food and policy recomendation which sets the development of palm oil biodiesel can be synergies with food need especially for the supply of raw material CPO. To obtain the optimal policy in the synergy between the raw material of CPO for food and energy is a need to establish some policy scenarios that allow to be applied and then chosen the best policy alternative of all scenarios. The purpose of this research were to : 1) analysis the availability of CPO to meet the needs of food and energy, 2) provide policy recommendation with regard biodiesel development of food security. The model made used system dynamic method. Several scenarios that used in the model are: 1) existing condition, 2) The scenario increase biodiesel production capacity and increase land productivity, 3) reduction scenario CPO export by 30%, 4) scenario use othe raw material for biodiesel by 20%. The simulation results showed the availability of CPO raw materials would answer all needs of both food and biodiesel when there was an increase in productivity, diversification of raw materials, and also a reduction in palm oil exports. It was needed an integrated policy from upstream to downstream along with the consistency of implementation. Policy suggestions that could be considered were increased productivity through agricultural intensification, enforcement disincentive policies of CPO to exports, and development of non-CPO biodiesel raw materials and development of renewable energy.

  17. Service Delivery to the Handicapped: The Role of the Federal Procurement Process. Part II. Selecting Contractors by Competitive Award.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Donaldosn, William S.; Stephens, Thomas M.

    1979-01-01

    Sections address the RFP/IFB (Request for Proposals/Invitation for Bids) process and procedures for selecting the "best" contract. In reviewing the federal procurement code, and the recent decision of the Government Accounting Office, particularly regarding the NIMIS (National Instructional Materials Information System contract), inconsistencies…

  18. 48 CFR 23.404 - Agency affirmative procurement programs.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... REGULATION SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS ENVIRONMENT, ENERGY AND WATER EFFICIENCY, RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES... meet the requirement that renewable agricultural materials or forestry materials in such product must...

  19. 48 CFR 23.404 - Agency affirmative procurement programs.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... REGULATION SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS ENVIRONMENT, ENERGY AND WATER EFFICIENCY, RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES... meet the requirement that renewable agricultural materials or forestry materials in such product must...

  20. 77 FR 31388 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Application; Noramco, Inc.

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-25

    ... material are not appropriate. 72 FR 3417 (2007). In regard to the non-narcotic raw material, any bulk... following basic classes of controlled substances: Drug Schedule Phenylacetone (8501) II Opium, raw (9600) II Poppy Straw Concentrate (9670) II Tapentadol (9780) II The company plans to import the raw Opium (9600...

  1. 40 CFR 428.105 - Standards of performance for new sources.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 2.0 0.73 BOD5 3.72 2.20 TSS 6.96 2.90 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 2.0 0.73 BOD5... daily values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Chromium 0...

  2. 40 CFR 428.105 - Standards of performance for new sources.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 2.0 0.73 BOD5 3.72 2.20 TSS 6.96 2.90 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 2.0 0.73 BOD5... daily values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Chromium 0...

  3. Characterization of Thallium Bromide Detectors Made From Material Purified by the Filter Method

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Onodera, Toshiyuki; Hitomi, Keitaro; Tada, Tsutomu; Shoji, Tadayoshi; Mochizuki, Katsumi

    2013-10-01

    Thallium bromide (TlBr) has been regarded as candidate detector materials for the gamma-ray spectrometers operating at room temperature. In this study, a simple and rapid method, the filter method, was performed to purify a raw TlBr material used for fabrication of TlBr detectors. The material was loaded on shards of crashed quartz and installed in a Pyrex tube, and was melted using a furnace. A purified material passing through interspaces of the shards of quartz was collected in a quartz ampoule located at the outlet of the Pyrex tube. After the purification, impurities colored black extracted from the raw material remained. TlBr crystals were then grown by the travelling molten zone method both from the raw material and the purified material. TlBr detectors were fabricated from the grown crystals, and were characterized by measuring mobility-lifetime products (μτ) for carriers and gamma-ray spectra ( 137Cs) at room temperature. μτ for electrons of a TlBr detector fabricated from the purified material was around 5 times higher than that of a detector fabricated from the raw material.

  4. Ethanol Production from Traditional and Emerging Raw Materials

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rudolf, Andreas; Karhumaa, Kaisa; Hahn-Hägerdal, Bärbel

    The ethanol industry of today utilizes raw materials rich in saccharides, such as sugar cane or sugar beets, and raw materials rich in starch, such as corn and wheat. The concern about supply of liquid transportation fuels, which has brought the crude oil price above 100 /barrel during 2006, together with the concern about global warming, have turned the interest towards large-scale ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials, such as agriculture and forestry residues. Baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the preferred fermenting microorganism for ethanol production because of its superior and well-documented industrial performance. Extensive work has been made to genetically improve S. cerevisiae to enable fermentation of lignocellulosic raw materials. Ethanolic fermentation processes are conducted in batch, fed-batch, or continuous mode, with or without cell recycling, the relative merit of which will be discussed.

  5. DNA barcoding for species identification from dried and powdered plant parts: a case study with authentication of the raw drug market samples of Sida cordifolia.

    PubMed

    Vassou, Sophie Lorraine; Kusuma, G; Parani, Madasamy

    2015-03-15

    The majority of the plant materials used in herbal medicine is procured from the markets in the form of dried or powdered plant parts. It is essential to use authentic plant materials to derive the benefits of herbal medicine. However, establishing the identity of these plant materials by conventional taxonomy is extremely difficult. Here we report a case study in which the species identification of the market samples of Sida cordifolia was done by DNA barcoding. As a prelude to species identification by DNA barcoding, 13 species of Sida were collected, and a reference DNA barcode library was developed using rbcL, matK, psbA-trnH and ITS2 markers. Based on the intra-species and inter-species divergence observed, psbA-trnH and ITS2 were found to be the best two-marker combination for species identification of the market samples. The study showed that none of the market samples belonged to the authentic species, S. cordifolia. Seventy-six per cent of the market samples belonged to other species of Sida. The predominant one was Sida acuta (36%) followed by S. spinosa (20%), S. alnifolia (12%), S. scabrida (4%) and S. ravii (4%). Such substitutions may not only fail to give the expected therapeutic effect, but may also give undesirable effects as in case of S. acuta which contains a 6-fold higher amount of ephedrine compared to the roots of S. cordifolia. The remaining 24% of the samples were from other genera such as Abutilon sp. (8%), Ixonanthes sp., Terminalia sp., Fagonia sp., and Tephrosia sp. (4% each). This observation is in contrast to the belief that medicinal plants are generally substituted or adulterated with closely related species. The current study strongly suggests that the raw drug market samples of herbal medicines need to be properly authenticated before use, and DNA barcoding has been found to be suitable for this purpose. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  6. Solutions for Critical Raw Materials under Extreme Conditions: A Review

    PubMed Central

    Grilli, Maria Luisa; Bellezze, Tiziano; Gamsjäger, Ernst; Rinaldi, Antonio; Novak, Pavel; Balos, Sebastian; Piticescu, Radu Robert; Ruello, Maria Letizia

    2017-01-01

    In Europe, many technologies with high socio-economic benefits face materials requirements that are often affected by demand-supply disruption. This paper offers an overview of critical raw materials in high value alloys and metal-matrix composites used in critical applications, such as energy, transportation and machinery manufacturing associated with extreme working conditions in terms of temperature, loading, friction, wear and corrosion. The goal is to provide perspectives about the reduction and/or substitution of selected critical raw materials: Co, W, Cr, Nb and Mg. PMID:28772645

  7. Hydrogenated cottonseed oil as raw material for biobased materials

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    There has been a lot of recent interest in using vegetable oils as biodegradable and renewable raw materials for the syntheses of various biobased materials. Although most of the attention has been paid to soybean oil thus far, cottonseed oil is a viable alternative. An advantage of cottonseed oil...

  8. Identification of Particles in Parenteral Drug Raw Materials.

    PubMed

    Lee, Kathryn; Lankers, Markus; Valet, Oliver

    2018-04-18

    Particles in drug products are not good and are therefore regulated. These particles can come from the very beginning of the manufacturing process, from the raw materials. To prevent particles, it is important to understand what they are and where they come from so the raw material quality, processing, and shipping can be improved. Thus, it is important to correctly identify particles seen in raw materials. Raw materials need to be of a certain quality with respect to physical and chemical composition, and need to have no contaminants in the form of particles which could contaminate the product or indicate the raw materials are not pure enough to make a good quality product. Particles are often seen when handling raw materials due to color, size, or shape characteristics different from those in the raw materials. Particles may appear to the eye to be very different things than they actually are, so microscope, chemical, and elemental analyses are required for accuracy in proper identification. This paper shows how using three different spectroscopy tools correctly and together can be used to identify particles from extrinsic, intrinsic, and inherent particles. Sources of materials can be humans and the environment (extrinsic), from within the process (intrinsic), and part of the formulation (inherent). Microscope versions of Raman spectroscopy, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), and IR spectroscopy are excellent tools for identifying particles because they are fast and accurate techniques needing minimal sample preparation that can provide chemical composition as well as images that can be used for identification. The micro analysis capabilities allow for easy analysis of different portions of samples so multiple components can be identified and sample preparation can be reduced. Using just one of these techniques may not be sufficient to give adequate identification results so that the source of contamination can be adequately identified. The complementarity of the techniques provides the advantage of identifying various chemical and molecular components, as well as elemental and image analyses. Correct interpretation of the results from these techniques is also very important. Copyright © 2018, Parenteral Drug Association.

  9. 23 CFR 140.908 - Materials and supplies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 23 Highways 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Materials and supplies. 140.908 Section 140.908 Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PAYMENT PROCEDURES REIMBURSEMENT Reimbursement for Railroad Work § 140.908 Materials and supplies. (a) Procurement. Materials and supplies, if...

  10. 23 CFR 140.908 - Materials and supplies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 23 Highways 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Materials and supplies. 140.908 Section 140.908 Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PAYMENT PROCEDURES REIMBURSEMENT Reimbursement for Railroad Work § 140.908 Materials and supplies. (a) Procurement. Materials and supplies, if...

  11. 40 CFR 428.73 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.26 0.093 TSS 0.50 0.25 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.26 0.093 TSS 0.50 0.25 pH... Average of daily values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material...

  12. 40 CFR 428.53 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.70 0.25 TSS 1.28 0.64 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.70 0.25 TSS 1.28 0.64 pH... Average of daily values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material...

  13. 40 CFR 428.63 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.42 0.15 TSS 0.80 0.40 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.42 0.15 TSS 0.80 0.40 pH... Average of daily values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material...

  14. 40 CFR 428.53 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.70 0.25 TSS 1.28 0.64 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.70 0.25 TSS 1.28 0.64 pH... Average of daily values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material...

  15. 40 CFR 428.73 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.26 0.093 TSS 0.50 0.25 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.26 0.093 TSS 0.50 0.25 pH... Average of daily values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material...

  16. 40 CFR 428.63 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material) Oil and grease 0.42 0.15 TSS 0.80 0.40 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material) Oil and grease 0.42 0.15 TSS 0.80 0.40 pH... Average of daily values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material...

  17. 7 CFR 58.517 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Plants Approved for USDA Inspection and Grading Service 1 Quality Specifications for Raw Material § 58.517 General. Raw materials used for manufacturing cottage cheese shall meet the following quality...

  18. 7 CFR 58.517 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Plants Approved for USDA Inspection and Grading Service 1 Quality Specifications for Raw Material § 58.517 General. Raw materials used for manufacturing cottage cheese shall meet the following quality...

  19. 40 CFR 122.23 - Concentrated animal feeding operations (applicable to State NPDES programs, see § 123.25).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... with any raw materials, products, or byproducts including manure, litter, feed, milk, eggs or bedding... manure handling system). (5) The term manure is defined to include manure, bedding, compost and raw... storage area, the raw materials storage area, and the waste containment areas. The animal confinement area...

  20. 40 CFR 122.23 - Concentrated animal feeding operations (applicable to State NPDES programs, see § 123.25).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... with any raw materials, products, or byproducts including manure, litter, feed, milk, eggs or bedding... manure handling system). (5) The term manure is defined to include manure, bedding, compost and raw... storage area, the raw materials storage area, and the waste containment areas. The animal confinement area...

  1. 40 CFR 122.23 - Concentrated animal feeding operations (applicable to State NPDES programs, see § 123.25).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... with any raw materials, products, or byproducts including manure, litter, feed, milk, eggs or bedding... manure handling system). (5) The term manure is defined to include manure, bedding, compost and raw... storage area, the raw materials storage area, and the waste containment areas. The animal confinement area...

  2. 40 CFR 122.23 - Concentrated animal feeding operations (applicable to State NPDES programs, see § 123.25).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... with any raw materials, products, or byproducts including manure, litter, feed, milk, eggs or bedding... manure handling system). (5) The term manure is defined to include manure, bedding, compost and raw... storage area, the raw materials storage area, and the waste containment areas. The animal confinement area...

  3. Procurement of Library Materials in the Federal Government; An Orientation Aid Prepared for the Federal Library Committee.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Falk, Leslie K.

    This handbook is designed primarily as a general orientation aid, not an operation manual. It presents the background (mainly regulatory) of Federal procurement work, details, devices and tactics found to be successful, and calls attention to special sources of supply. Although planned as an aid for librarians who are engaged in Federal…

  4. Report on the Installation and Preparedness of a Protochips Fusion in-situ Heating Holder for TEM

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Edmondson, Philip D.

    2017-03-01

    This brief report documents the procurement and installation of a Protochips Fusion (formerly Aduro) high-temperature, high stability transmission electron microscopy (TEM) specimen holder that allows for the high spatial resolution characterization of material specimens at high temperature in situ of an electron microscope. This specimen holder was specifically procured for use with The FEI Talos F200X Scanning/Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) in Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s (ORNL’s) Low Activation Materials Development and Analysis (LAMDA) Laboratory. The Protochips Fusion holder will enable high-resolution structural and chemical analysis of irradiated materials at high temperature, becoming a unique capability worldwide, and would encourage high-qualitymore » in situ experiments to be conducted on irradiated materials.« less

  5. 7 CFR 58.231 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Plants Approved for USDA Inspection and Grading Service 1 Quality Specifications for Raw Materials § 58.231 General. All raw materials received at the drying plant shall meet the following quality...

  6. 7 CFR 58.231 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Plants Approved for USDA Inspection and Grading Service 1 Quality Specifications for Raw Materials § 58.231 General. All raw materials received at the drying plant shall meet the following quality...

  7. 21 CFR 113.81 - Product preparation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... Production and Process Controls § 113.81 Product preparation. (a) Before using raw materials and ingredients susceptible to microbiological contamination, the processor shall ensure that those materials and ingredients... by receiving the raw materials and ingredients under a supplier's guarantee that they are suitable...

  8. 7 CFR 3201.63 - Bioremediation materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 15 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Bioremediation materials. 3201.63 Section 3201.63... Designated Items § 3201.63 Bioremediation materials. (a) Definition. Dry or liquid solutions (including those... with this part, will give a procurement preference for qualifying biobased bioremediation materials. By...

  9. 7 CFR 3201.63 - Bioremediation materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 15 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Bioremediation materials. 3201.63 Section 3201.63... Designated Items § 3201.63 Bioremediation materials. (a) Definition. Dry or liquid solutions (including those... with this part, will give a procurement preference for qualifying biobased bioremediation materials. By...

  10. 7 CFR 3201.63 - Bioremediation materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 15 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Bioremediation materials. 3201.63 Section 3201.63... Designated Items § 3201.63 Bioremediation materials. (a) Definition. Dry or liquid solutions (including those... with this part, will give a procurement preference for qualifying biobased bioremediation materials. By...

  11. Enhancement of efficiency of storage and processing of food raw materials using radiation technologies

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Gracheva, A. Yu.; Zav’yalov, M. A.; Ilyukhina, N. V.

    The work is dedicated to improvement of efficiency of storage and processing of food raw materials using radiation technologies. International practice of radiation processing of food raw materials is presented and an increase in the consumption of irradiated food products is shown. The prospects of using radiation technologies for the processing of food products in Russia are discussed. The results of studies of radiation effects on various food products and packaging film by γ radiation and accelerated electrons are presented.

  12. The Effect of Micro/Nano-metrics Size on the Interaction of Jordanian Aluminosilicate Raw Materials with High pH Solution

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Aldabsheh, Islam; Garcia-Valles, Maite; Martinez, Salvador

    2014-05-01

    Environmental preservation has become a driving force behind the search for new sustainable and environmentally friendly composites to replace conventional concrete produced from ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Current researches concentrate on developing building products (geopolymers) through geopolymerization. The goal is to produce low cost construction materials for green housing. Geopolymerization is the process of polymerizing minerals with high silica and alumina at low temperature by the use of alkali solutions. Dissolution is the most important process for supplying the high initial Al and Si concentrations to produce the gel phase that is responsible for geopolymerization. This study has been focused on the influence of different micrometric particle sizes of three Jordanian raw materials on their dissolution behavior in sodium hydroxide solution. The samples are kaolinite, volcanic tuff and silica sand. The dissolution properties of each material, alone and mixed with the other two materials were studied in different concentrations (5 and 10 M) using (NaOH) at 25ºC, and shaking time for 24 and 168 h. To better understand the dissolution process, the alkaline solution was renewed after the desired time in order to know if the Al-Si raw material is completely dissolved or not. Different analytical techniques were used to characterize raw materials physically, mineralogically, chemically and thermally. All processed samples either centrifuged solutions or solid residues were fully characterized. The leached concentrations of Al and Si were determined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP). X-ray Diffraction Technique (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) were used to evaluate the solid residue characterization compared with the original ones. The three aluminosilicate raw materials have indicated variable degrees of solubility under highly alkaline conditions. The method for the size reduction of the used raw materials achieved by using a ball mill increased the dissolution rate owing to the increased surface area of the material or particle exposed to the solvent. The used Jordanian raw materials are potential to be used for geopolymerization. This work was partly financed by SGR 2009SGR-00444

  13. Material Characterization of Microsphere-Based Scaffolds with Encapsulated Raw Materials

    PubMed Central

    Sridharan, BanuPriya; Mohan, Neethu; Berkland, Cory J.; Detamore, Michael S.

    2016-01-01

    “Raw materials,” or materials capable of serving both as building blocks and as signals, which are often but not always natural materials, are taking center stage in biomaterials for contemporary regenerative medicine. In osteochondral tissue engineering, a field leveraging the underlying bone to facilitate cartilage regeneration, common raw materials include chondroitin sulfate (CS) for cartilage and β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) for bone. Building on our previous work with gradient scaffolds based on microspheres, here we delved deeper into the characterization of individual components. In the current study, the release of CS and TCP from poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microsphere-based scaffolds was evaluated over a time period of 4 weeks. Raw material encapsulated groups were compared to ‘blank’ groups and evaluated for surface topology, molecular weight, and mechanical performance as a function of time. The CS group may have led to increased surface porosity, and the addition of CS improved the mechanical performance of the scaffold. The finding that CS was completely released into the surrounding media by 4 weeks has a significant impact on future in vivo studies, given rapid bioavailability. The addition of TCP seemed to contribute to the rough external appearance of the scaffold. The current study provides an introduction to degradation patterns of homogenous raw material encapsulated scaffolds, providing characterization data to advance the field of microsphere-based scaffolds in tissue engineering. PMID:27040236

  14. Rapid bacteriological screening of cosmetic raw materials by using bioluminescence.

    PubMed

    Nielsen, P; Van Dellen, E

    1989-01-01

    Incoming cosmetic raw materials are routinely tested for microbial content. Standard plate count methods require up to 72 h. A rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive raw material screening method was developed that detects the presence of bacteria by means of ATP (bioluminescence). With a 24-h broth enrichment, the minimum bacterial ATP detection threshold of 1 cfu/g sample can be achieved using purified firefly luciferin-luciferase and an ATP releasing reagent. By using this rapid screen, microbiologically free material may be released for production within 24 h, while contaminated material undergoes further quantitative and identification testing. In order for a raw material to be validated for this method it must be evaluated for (1) a potential nonmicrobial light-contributing reaction resulting in a false positive or, (2) degradation of the ATP giving a false negative, and (3) confirmation that the raw material has not overwhelmed the buffering capacity of the enrichment broth. The key criteria for a rapid screen was the sensitivity to detect less than one colony forming unit per g product, the speed to do this within 24 h, and cost efficiency. Bioluminescence meets these criteria. With an enrichment step, it can detect less than one cfu/g sample. After the enrichment step, analysis time per sample is approximately 2 min and the cost for material and reagents is less than one dollar per sample.

  15. 31 CFR 545.413 - Importation of goods from third countries; transshipments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ...; transshipments. (a) Importation into the United States from third countries of goods containing raw materials or... raw materials or components have been incorporated into manufactured products or otherwise...

  16. Study of materials for space processing. [with emphasis on crystal growth

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Lal, R. B.

    1974-01-01

    A handbook is presented of materials feasible for growth in space in future NASA Missions. Major emphasis was placed on a literature survey concerned with promising materials. Equipment for resistivity and hall effect set-up was procured.

  17. Military handbook: Metallic materials and elements for aerospace vehicle structures, volume 1

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    1994-11-01

    Since many aerospace companies manufacture both commercial and military products, the standardization of metallic materials design data, which are acceptable to government procuring or certification agencies, is very beneficial to those manufacturers as well as governmental agencies. Although the design requirements for military and commercial products may differ greatly, the required design values for the strength of materials and elements and other needed material characteristics are often identical. Therefore this publication is to provide standardized design values and related design information for metallic materials and structural elements used in aerospace structures. The data contained herein or from approved items in the minutes of MIL-RDBK-5 coordination meetings are acceptable to the Air Force, the Navy, the Army, and the Federal Aviation Administration. Approval by the procuring or certificating agency must be obtained for the use of design values for products not contained herein.

  18. Public procurement of health technologies in Greece in an era of economic crisis.

    PubMed

    Kastanioti, Catherine; Kontodimopoulos, Nick; Stasinopoulos, Dionysis; Kapetaneas, Nikolaos; Polyzos, Nikolaos

    2013-01-01

    Public procurement is generally an important sector of the economy and, in most countries, is controlled by the introduction of regulatory and policy mechanisms. In the Greek healthcare sector, recent legislation redefined centralized procurement through the reestablishment of a state Health Procurement Committee (EPY), with an aim to formulate a plan to reduce procurement costs of medical devices and pharmaceuticals, improve payment time, make uniform medical requests, transfer redundant materials from one hospital to another and improve management of expired products. The efforts described in this paper began in early 2010, under the co-ordination of the Ministry of Health (MoH) and with the collaboration of senior staff from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the European Commission (EC) and the European Central Bank (ECB). The procurement practices and policies set forth by EPY and the first measurable outcomes, in terms of cost savings, resulting from these policies are presented. The importance of these measures is discussed in light of the worst economic crisis faced by Greece since the restoration of democracy in 1974, as a result of both the world financial crisis and uncontrolled government spending. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  19. Competitive Advantage Market Analysis | Energy Analysis | NREL

    Science.gov Websites

    Study An NREL market assessment of raw and intermediate materials, equipment, and products for equipment for c-Si PV Abundant raw materials for production of moisture barrier films, glass, aluminum

  20. 7 CFR 58.322 - Cream.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Plants Approved for USDA Inspection and Grading Service 1 Quality Specifications for Raw Material § 58... derived from raw material meeting the requirements as listed under §§ 58.132 through 58.138 of this...

  1. 7 CFR 58.322 - Cream.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Plants Approved for USDA Inspection and Grading Service 1 Quality Specifications for Raw Material § 58... derived from raw material meeting the requirements as listed under §§ 58.132 through 58.138 of this...

  2. 40 CFR 63.1251 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... ingredient means any material that is intended to furnish pharmacological activity or other direct effect in... this section. Consumption means the quantity of all HAP raw materials entering a process in excess of... as added as a raw material, consumption includes the quantity generated in the process. Container, as...

  3. 40 CFR 63.1251 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... ingredient means any material that is intended to furnish pharmacological activity or other direct effect in... this section. Consumption means the quantity of all HAP raw materials entering a process in excess of... as added as a raw material, consumption includes the quantity generated in the process. Container, as...

  4. 40 CFR 63.1251 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... ingredient means any material that is intended to furnish pharmacological activity or other direct effect in... this section. Consumption means the quantity of all HAP raw materials entering a process in excess of... as added as a raw material, consumption includes the quantity generated in the process. Container, as...

  5. The properties of weft knitted fabric medical and preventive treatment action using eco-raw materials

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Halavska, L.; Batrak, O.

    2016-07-01

    A new trend in the world is the clothing production using the new types of ecological raw materials application - milk, pineapple, coconut, hemp, banana, eucalyptus, clams, corn, bamboo, soya, nettle yarn. This makes it possible to create textile materials of new generation with unique antibacterial and antiseptic properties. Such materials have a positive preventive and sometimes therapeutic effect on people, and their health. Eco-raw materials clothing is able to protect the human body from the environment harmful effects: cold, heat, rain, dust, opportunely remove from underclothing layer the steam and gases, sweat; maintain in underclothing layer the necessary microclimate for normal organism functioning. Study of knitwear consumer properties, produced with eco-materials, is an urgent task of the world vector, directed on ecological environmental protection. This paper presents the research results of hygroscopicity and capillarity weft knitted fabrics, what knitted from different types of eco-raw materials: bamboo yarn, yarn containing soybean and nettle yarn. Character of influence of the liquid raising level changes depending on the experiment time and the knitting structure is revealed.

  6. Influence of raw material properties upon critical quality attributes of continuously produced granules and tablets.

    PubMed

    Fonteyne, Margot; Wickström, Henrika; Peeters, Elisabeth; Vercruysse, Jurgen; Ehlers, Henrik; Peters, Björn-Hendrik; Remon, Jean Paul; Vervaet, Chris; Ketolainen, Jarkko; Sandler, Niklas; Rantanen, Jukka; Naelapää, Kaisa; De Beer, Thomas

    2014-07-01

    Continuous manufacturing gains more and more interest within the pharmaceutical industry. The International Conference of Harmonisation (ICH) states in its Q8 'Pharmaceutical Development' guideline that the manufacturer of pharmaceuticals should have an enhanced knowledge of the product performance over a range of raw material attributes, manufacturing process options and process parameters. This fits further into the Process Analytical Technology (PAT) and Quality by Design (QbD) framework. The present study evaluates the effect of variation in critical raw material properties on the critical quality attributes of granules and tablets, produced by a continuous from-powder-to-tablet wet granulation line. The granulation process parameters were kept constant to examine the differences in the end product quality caused by the variability of the raw materials properties only. Theophylline-Lactose-PVP (30-67.5-2.5%) was used as model formulation. Seven different grades of theophylline were granulated. Afterward, the obtained granules were tableted. Both the characteristics of granules and tablets were determined. The results show that differences in raw material properties both affect their processability and several critical quality attributes of the resulting granules and tablets. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  7. The 1995 Medical Device Technology raw materials survey.

    PubMed

    Pearson, L S

    1995-09-01

    Using information supplied by manufacturers, this article reports on the use of raw materials and compounding and conversion practices in the European medical device manufacturing industry. The findings of the survey provide an indication of which materials are being used and how frequently, and the process of selecting suppliers.

  8. NASA LaRC Hazardous Material Pharmacy

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Esquenet, Remy

    1995-01-01

    In 1993-1994 the Office of Environmental Engineering contracted SAIC to develop NASA Langley's Pollution Prevention (P2) Program. One of the priority projects identified in this contract was the development of a hazardous waste minimization (HAZMIN)/hazardous materials reutilization (HAZMART) program in the form of a Hazardous Materials Pharmacy. A hazardous materials pharmacy is designed to reduce hazardous material procurement costs and hazardous waste disposal costs. This is accomplished through the collection and reissue of excess hazardous material. Currently, a rarely used hazardous material may be stored in a shop area, unused, until it passes its expiration date. The material is then usually disposed of as a hazardous waste, often at a greater expense than the original cost of the material. While this material was on the shelf expiring, other shop areas may have ordered new supplies of the same material. The hazardous material pharmacy would act as a clearinghouse for such materials. Material that is not going to be used would be turned in to the pharmacy. Other users could then be issued this material free of charge, thereby reducing procurement costs. The use of this material by another shop prevents it from expiring, thereby reducing hazardous waste disposal costs.

  9. Creating a Learning-Friendly Curriculum.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Donovan, Michael P.

    1997-01-01

    Argues against a type of program evaluation of undergraduate institutions that assumes students are products. Proposes that if students are products, then students are raw materials. Discusses the philosophical problems of considering students as raw materials. (DDR)

  10. 60. INTERIOR VIEW OF THE RAW MATERIALS BUILDING, LOOKING AT ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    60. INTERIOR VIEW OF THE RAW MATERIALS BUILDING, LOOKING AT THE POIDOMETER AND WEIGHING MACHINE. MAY 5, 1919. - United States Nitrate Plant No. 2, Reservation Road, Muscle Shoals, Muscle Shoals, Colbert County, AL

  11. Procurement engineering - the productivity factor

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Bargerstock, S.B.

    1993-01-01

    The industry is several years on the road to implementation of the Nuclear Management and Resources Council (NUMARC) initiatives on commercial-grade item dedication and procurement. Utilities have taken several approaches to involve engineering in the procurement process. A common result for the approaches is the additional operations and maintenance (O M) cost imposed by the added resource requirements. Procurement engineering productivity is a key element in controlling this business area. Experience shows that 400 to 500% improvements in productivity are possible with a 2-yr period. Improving the productivity of the procurement engineering function is important in today's competitive utility environment.more » Procurement engineering typically involves four distinct technical evaluation responsibilities along with several administrative areas. Technical evaluations include the functionally based safety classification of replacement components and parts (lacking a master parts list), the determination of dedication requirements for safety-related commercial-grade items, the preparation of a procurement specification to maintain the licensed design bases, and the equivalency evaluation of alternate items not requiring the design-change process. Administrative duties include obtaining technical review of vendor-supplied documentation, identifying obsolete parts and components, resolving material nonconformances, initiating the design-change process for replacement items (as needed), and providing technical support to O M. Although most utilities may not perform or require all the noted activities, a large percentage will apply to each utility station.« less

  12. Raw material variability of an active pharmaceutical ingredient and its relevance for processability in secondary continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing.

    PubMed

    Stauffer, F; Vanhoorne, V; Pilcer, G; Chavez, P-F; Rome, S; Schubert, M A; Aerts, L; De Beer, T

    2018-06-01

    Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) raw material variability is not always thoroughly considered during pharmaceutical process development, mainly due to low quantities of drug substance available. However, synthesis, crystallization routes and production sites evolve during product development and product life cycle leading to changes in physical material attributes which can potentially affect their processability. Recent literature highlights the need for a global approach to understand the link between material synthesis, material variability, process and product quality. The study described in this article aims at explaining the raw material variability of an API using extensive material characterization on a restricted number of representative batches using multivariate data analysis. It is part of a larger investigation trying to link the API drug substance manufacturing process, the resulting physical API raw material attributes and the drug product continuous manufacturing process. Eight API batches produced using different synthetic routes, crystallization, drying, delumping processes and processing equipment were characterized, extensively. Seventeen properties from seven characterization techniques were retained for further analysis using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Three principal components (PCs) were sufficient to explain 92.9% of the API raw material variability. The first PC was related to crystal length, agglomerate size and fraction, flowability and electrostatic charging. The second PC was driven by the span of the particle size distribution and the agglomerates strength. The third PC was related to surface energy. Additionally, the PCA allowed to summarize the API batch-to-batch variability in only three PCs which can be used in future drug product development studies to quantitatively evaluate the impact of the API raw material variability upon the drug product process. The approach described in this article could be applied to any other compound which is prone to batch-to-batch variability. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  13. Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Four Marketed Formulations of Brahmi

    PubMed Central

    Saini, Neeti; Mathur, Rajani; Agrawal, S. S.

    2012-01-01

    This study was conducted with the aim to compare two batches each of four popular commercial formulations of Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi), and report, if any, inter-batch variations. The formulations were procured from local market and analyzed for label specifications, uniformity of weight of capsule, identity, purity and strength parameters (total ash content test, acid insoluble ash content, water soluble extractive, alcohol soluble extractive, loss on drying). Bacoside A, one of the pharmacologically active saponin present in B. monnieri, was quantified in all the formulations using UV-spectrophotometer. In addition each formulation was assessed and compared for variation in biological activity using in vitro test for hemolytic activity using human erythrocytes. The results of the study show that there is a wide variation in the quality and content of herbal drugs marketed by different manufacturers. More importantly this study demonstrates that there exists a bigger challenge of batch-to-batch variation in the quality and content of herbal formulations of the same manufacturer. This challenge of providing standardized formulations is being faced by not any one manufacturing house but by all, and may be attributed firstly to, lack of stringent regulations and secondly to high variability in raw material quality. PMID:23204618

  14. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of four marketed formulations of brahmi.

    PubMed

    Saini, Neeti; Mathur, Rajani; Agrawal, S S

    2012-01-01

    This study was conducted with the aim to compare two batches each of four popular commercial formulations of Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi), and report, if any, inter-batch variations. The formulations were procured from local market and analyzed for label specifications, uniformity of weight of capsule, identity, purity and strength parameters (total ash content test, acid insoluble ash content, water soluble extractive, alcohol soluble extractive, loss on drying). Bacoside A, one of the pharmacologically active saponin present in B. monnieri, was quantified in all the formulations using UV-spectrophotometer. In addition each formulation was assessed and compared for variation in biological activity using in vitro test for hemolytic activity using human erythrocytes. The results of the study show that there is a wide variation in the quality and content of herbal drugs marketed by different manufacturers. More importantly this study demonstrates that there exists a bigger challenge of batch-to-batch variation in the quality and content of herbal formulations of the same manufacturer. This challenge of providing standardized formulations is being faced by not any one manufacturing house but by all, and may be attributed firstly to, lack of stringent regulations and secondly to high variability in raw material quality.

  15. Sustainability evaluation of essential critical raw materials: cobalt, niobium, tungsten and rare earth elements

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tkaczyk, A. H.; Bartl, A.; Amato, A.; Lapkovskis, V.; Petranikova, M.

    2018-05-01

    The criticality of raw materials has become an important issue in recent years. As the supply of certain raw materials is essential for technologically-advanced economies, the European Commission and other international counterparts have started several initiatives to secure reliable and unhindered access to raw materials. Such efforts include the EU Raw Materials Initiative, European Innovation Partnership on Raw Materials, US Critical Materials Institute, and others. In this paper, the authors present a multi-faceted and multi-national review of the essentials for the critical raw materials (CRMs) Co, Nb, W, and rare earth elements (REEs). The selected CRMs are of specific interest as they are considered relevant for emerging technologies and will thus continue to be of increasing major economic importance. This paper presents a ‘sustainability evaluation’ for each element, including essential data about markets, applications and recycling, and possibilities for substitution have been summarized and analysed. All the presented elements are vital for the advanced materials and processes upon which modern societies rely. These elements exhibit superior importance in ‘green’ applications and products subject to severe conditions. The annual production quantities are quite low compared to common industrial metals. Of the considered CRMs, only Co and REE gross production exceed 100 000 t. At the same time, the prices are quite high, with W and Nb being in the range of 60 USD kg‑1 and some rare earth compounds costing almost 4000 USD kg‑1. Despite valiant effort, in practice some of the considered elements are de facto irreplaceable for many specialized applications, at today’s technological level. Often, substitution causes a significant loss of quality and performance. Furthermore, possible candidates for substitution may be critical themselves or available in considerably low quantities. It can be concluded that one preferred approach for the investigated elements could be the use of secondary resources derived from recycling. W exhibits the highest recycling rate (37%), whereas Co (16%), Nb (11%) and rare earths (~0%) lag behind. In order to promote recycling of these essential elements, financial incentives as well as an improvement of recycling technologies would be required.

  16. 31 CFR 538.410 - Imports of Sudanese goods from third countries; transshipments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ...; transshipments. (a) Importation into the United States from third countries of goods containing raw materials or components of Sudanese origin is not prohibited if those raw materials or components have been incorporated...

  17. 78 FR 69132 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Registration; Noramco, Inc.

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-18

    ... on applications to import narcotic raw material are not appropriate. 72 FR 3417(2007). In reference to the non-narcotic raw material, any bulk manufacturer who is presently, or is applying to be...

  18. 31 CFR 538.410 - Imports of Sudanese goods from third countries; transshipments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ...; transshipments. (a) Importation into the United States from third countries of goods containing raw materials or components of Sudanese origin is not prohibited if those raw materials or components have been incorporated...

  19. 78 FR 51747 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Application; NORAMCO, Inc.

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-08-21

    ... on applications to import narcotic raw material are not appropriate. 72 FR 3417 (2007). In reference to the non-narcotic raw material, any bulk manufacturer who is presently, or is applying to be...

  20. The U.S. Chemical Industry, the Raw Materials It Uses

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Chemical and Engineering News, 1972

    1972-01-01

    The raw materials used by the industry are considered in this section of the annual chemical industry report, including data covering: natural gas, lead, mercury, phosphate rock, potash, salt, petroleum products including petrochemical feedstocks. (PR)

  1. Loglines. May - June 2010

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-06-01

    able to get construction materials, food and spare parts into a land-locked country . More than 80 percent of the containers shipped through this...procurement management at DLA Oklahoma City, has developed a strategic roadmap for DLR decision-makers. “Trying to get our arms around all the contracts...currently in place and develop - ing a comprehensive approach to future support has been challenging,” Yort said. Transferring procurement of DLRs to

  2. Cellulose acetate fibers prepared from different raw materials with rapid synthesis method.

    PubMed

    Chen, Jinghuan; Xu, Jikun; Wang, Kun; Cao, Xuefei; Sun, Runcang

    2016-02-10

    Transesterification is a mild process to prepare cellulose acetate (CA) as compared with the traditional method. In this study, CA fibers were produced from six cellulose raw materials based on a simple and rapid transesterification method. The properties of the CA solutions and the obtained CA fibers were investigated in detail. Results showed that all of the cellulose raw materials were esterified within 15 min, and spinning dopes could be obtained by concentrating the CA solutions via vacuum distillation. The XRD, FT-IR, (1)H, (13)C and HSQC NMR analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of CA. The degree of substitution (DS) of the obtained CA was significantly affected by the degree of polymerization (DP) of cellulose raw materials, which further influenced the viscosity of CA solutions as well as the structural, thermal and mechanical properties of the CA fibers. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  3. Method of fabricating a honeycomb structure

    DOEpatents

    Holleran, Louis M.; Lipp, G. Daniel

    1999-01-01

    A method of fabricating a monolithic honeycomb structure product involves shaping a first mixture of raw materials and a binder into a green honeycomb, extruding a second mixture of raw materials and a binder into one or more green members that each define an opening extending longitudinally therethrough. The raw materials of the second mixture are compatible with the raw materials of the first mixture. The green honeycomb and member(s) are dried. The binders of the green honeycomb and member(s) are softened at the surfaces that are to be bonded. The green member(s) is inserted into the honeycomb and bonded to the honeycomb to form an assembly thereof, which is then dried and fired to form a unified monolithic honeycomb structure. The insertion is best carried out by mounting a member in the shape of a tube on a mandrel, and inserting the mandrel into the honeycomb opening to bond the tube to the honeycomb.

  4. Method of fabricating a honeycomb structure

    DOEpatents

    Holleran, L.M.; Lipp, G.D.

    1999-08-03

    A method of fabricating a monolithic honeycomb structure product involves shaping a first mixture of raw materials and a binder into a green honeycomb, extruding a second mixture of raw materials and a binder into one or more green members that each define an opening extending longitudinally therethrough. The raw materials of the second mixture are compatible with the raw materials of the first mixture. The green honeycomb and member(s) are dried. The binders of the green honeycomb and member(s) are softened at the surfaces that are to be bonded. The green member(s) is inserted into the honeycomb and bonded to the honeycomb to form an assembly thereof, which is then dried and fired to form a unified monolithic honeycomb structure. The insertion is best carried out by mounting a member in the shape of a tube on a mandrel, and inserting the mandrel into the honeycomb opening to bond the tube to the honeycomb. 7 figs.

  5. Theoretical backgrounds of non-tempered materials production based on new raw materials

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lesovik, V. S.; Volodchenko, A. A.; Glagolev, E. S.; Chernysheva, N. V.; Lashina, I. V.; Feduk, R. S.

    2018-03-01

    One of the trends in construction material science is development and implementation of highly effective finish materials which improve architectural exterior of cities. Silicate materials widely-used in the construction today have rather low decorative properties. Different coloring agents are used in order to produce competitive materials, but due to the peculiarities of the production, process very strict specifications are applied to them. The use of industrial wastes or variety of rock materials as coloring agents is of great interest nowadays. The article shows that clay rock can be used as raw material in production of finish materials of non-autoclaved solidification. This raw material due to its material composition actively interacts with cementing component in steam treatment at 90–95 °C with formation of cementing joints that form a firm coagulative-cristalized and crystallization structure of material providing high physic-mechanical properties of silicate goods. It is determined that energy-saving, colored finish materials with compression strength up to 16 MPa can be produced from clay rocks.

  6. 40 CFR 63.1345 - Emissions limits for affected sources other than kilns; in-line kiln/raw mills; clinker coolers...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... other than kilns; in-line kiln/raw mills; clinker coolers; new and reconstructed raw material dryers; and raw and finish mills, and open clinker piles. 63.1345 Section 63.1345 Protection of Environment... for affected sources other than kilns; in-line kiln/raw mills; clinker coolers; new and reconstructed...

  7. Materials data handbook: Aluminum alloy 6061

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Muraca, R. F.; Whittick, J. S.

    1972-01-01

    A summary of the materials property information for aluminum alloy 6061 is presented. The scope of the information includes physical and mechanical properties of the alloy at cryogenic, ambient, and elevated temperatures. Information on material procurement, metallurgy, corrosion, environmental effects, fabrication, and joining techniques is developed.

  8. Materials data handbook: Stainless steel type 301

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Muraca, R. F.; Whittick, J. S.

    1972-01-01

    A summary of the materials property information for stainless steel type 301 is presented. The scope of the information includes physical and mechanical properties at cryogenic, ambient, and elevated temperatures. Information on material procurement, metallurgy of the alloy, corrosion, environmental effects, fabrication, and bonding is developed.

  9. Materials data handbook: Aluminum alloy 2219

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Muraca, R. F.; Whittick, J. S.

    1972-01-01

    A summary of the materials property information for aluminum 2219 alloy is presented. The scope of the information includes physical and mechanical properties at cryogenic, ambient, and elevated temperatures. Information on material procurement, metallurgy of the alloy, corrosion, environmental effects, fabrication, and joining techniques is developed.

  10. Materials data handbook: Aluminum alloy 7075

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Muraca, R. F.; Whittick, J. S.

    1972-01-01

    A summary of the materials property information on aluminum alloy 7075 is presented. The scope of the information includes physical and mechanical properties of the alloy at cryogenic, ambient, and elevated temperatures. Information on material procurement, metallurgy, corrosion, environmental effects, fabrication, and joining techniques is developed.

  11. Materials data handbook: Aluminum alloy 5456

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Muraca, R. F.; Whittick, J. S.

    1972-01-01

    A summary of the materials property information for aluminum alloy 5456 is presented. The scope of the information includes physical and mechanical property data at cryogenic, ambient, and elevated temperatures. Information on material procurement, metallurgy of the alloy, corrosion, environmental effects, fabrication, and joining techniques is developed.

  12. Materials data handbook: Inconel alloy 718

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Muraca, R. F.; Whittick, J. S.

    1972-01-01

    A summary of the materials property information for Inconel alloy 718 is presented. The scope of the information includes physical and mechanical properties at cryogenic, ambient, and elevated temperatures. Information on material procurement, metallurgy of the alloy, corrosion, environmental effects, fabrication, and joining techniques is developed.

  13. Development of Product Availability Monitoring System In Production Unit In Automotive Component Industry

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hartono, Rachmad; Raharno, Sri; Yuwana Martawirya, Yatna; Arthaya, Bagus

    2018-03-01

    This paper described a methodology to monitor the availability of products in a production unit in the automotive component industry. Automotive components made are automotive components made through sheet metal working. Raw material coming into production unit in the form of pieces of plates that have a certain size. Raw materials that come stored in the warehouse. Data of raw each material in the warehouse are recorded and stored in a data base system. The material will then undergo several production processes in the production unit. When the material is taken from the warehouse, material data are also recorded and stored in a data base. The data recorded are the amount of material, material type, and date when the material is out of the warehouse. The material coming out of the warehouse is labeled with information related to the production processes that the material must pass. Material out of the warehouse is a product will be made. The products have been completed, are stored in the warehouse products. When the product is entered into the product warehouse, product data is also recorded by scanning the barcode contained on the label. By recording the condition of the product at each stage of production, we can know the availability of the product in a production unit in the form of a raw material, the product being processed and the finished product.

  14. Needs assessment for nondestructive testing and materials characterization for improved reliability in structural ceramics for heat engines

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Johnson, D.R.; McClung, R.W.; Janney, M.A.

    1987-08-01

    A needs assessment was performed for nondestructive testing and materials characterization to achieve improved reliability in ceramic materials for heat engine applications. Raw materials, green state bodies, and sintered ceramics were considered. The overall approach taken to improve reliability of structural ceramics requires key inspections throughout the fabrication flowsheet, including raw materials, greed state, and dense parts. The applications of nondestructive inspection and characterization techniques to ceramic powders and other raw materials, green ceramics, and sintered ceramics are discussed. The current state of inspection technology is reviewed for all identified attributes and stages of a generalized flowsheet for advanced structuralmore » ceramics, and research and development requirements are identified and listed in priority order. 164 refs., 3 figs.« less

  15. 75 FR 65658 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Application

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-10-26

    ... Raw Opium (9600) II Concentrate of Poppy Straw (9670) II The company plans to import narcotic raw... a manufacturer of several controlled substances that are manufactured from raw opium, poppy straw... narcotic raw material are not appropriate. As noted in a previous notice published in the Federal Register...

  16. 7 CFR 58.519 - Dairy products.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Specifications for Dairy Plants Approved for USDA Inspection and Grading Service 1 Quality Specifications for Raw Material § 58.519 Dairy products. (a) Raw skim milk. All raw skim milk obtained from a secondary source... used, shall be prepared from raw milk or skim milk that meets the same quality requirements outlined...

  17. Hardwood pallet cant quality and pallet part yields

    Treesearch

    Hal L. Mitchell; Marshall White; Philip Araman; Peter Hamner

    2005-01-01

    Raw materials are the largest cost component in pallet manufacturing. The primary raw material used to produce pallet parts are pallet cants. Therefore, pallet cant quality directly impacts pallet part processing and material costs. By knowing the quality of the cants being processed, pallet manufacturers can predict these costs and improve manufacturing efficiency....

  18. Methodology for the Assessment of the Ecotoxicological Potential of Construction Materials

    PubMed Central

    Rodrigues, Patrícia; Silvestre, José D.; Flores-Colen, Inês; Viegas, Cristina A.; de Brito, Jorge; Kurad, Rawaz; Demertzi, Martha

    2017-01-01

    Innovation in construction materials (CM) implies changing their composition by incorporating raw materials, usually non-traditional ones, which confer the desired characteristics. However, this practice may have unknown risks. This paper discusses the ecotoxicological potential associated with raw and construction materials, and proposes and applies a methodology for the assessment of their ecotoxicological potential. This methodology is based on existing laws, such as Regulation (European Commission) No. 1907/2006 (REACH—Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals) and Regulation (European Commission) No. 1272/2008 (CLP—Classification, Labelling and Packaging). Its application and validation showed that raw material without clear evidence of ecotoxicological potential, but with some ability to release chemicals, can lead to the formulation of a CM with a slightly lower hazardousness in terms of chemical characterization despite a slightly higher ecotoxicological potential than the raw materials. The proposed methodology can be a useful tool for the development and manufacturing of products and the design choice of the most appropriate CM, aiming at the reduction of their environmental impact and contributing to construction sustainability. PMID:28773011

  19. 77 FR 73426 - Glycine From the People's Republic of China: Final Partial Affirmative Determination of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-10

    ... the Order because it is producing glycine from raw materials of Indian origin and exporting such... Order because it produced glycine from raw materials of Indian origin and exported such merchandise to...

  20. Critical thinking: assessing the risks to the future security of supply of critical metals

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gunn, Gus

    2015-04-01

    Increasing world population, the spread of prosperity across the globe and the demands of new technologies have led to a revival of concerns about the availability of raw materials needed by society. Despite scare stories about resource depletion, physical exhaustion of minerals is considered to be unlikely. However, we do need to know which materials might be of concern so that we can develop strategies to secure adequate supplies and to mitigate the effects of supply disruption. This requirement has led to renewed interest in criticality, a term that is generally used to refer to metals and minerals of high economic importance that have a relatively high likelihood of supply disruption. The European Union (EU) developed a quantitative methodology for the assessment of criticality which led to the definition of 14 raw materials as critical to the EU economy (EC, 2010). This has succeeded in raising awareness of potential supply issues and in helping to prioritise requirements for new policies and supporting research. The EU has recently assessed a larger number of candidate materials of which 20 are now identified as critical to the EU (EC, 2014). These include metals such as indium, mostly used in flat-screen displays, antimony for flame retardants and cobalt for rechargeable batteries, alloys and a host of other products. Although there is no consensus on the methodology for criticality assessments and broad analyses at this scale are inevitably imperfect, they can, nevertheless, provide early warning of supply problems. However, in order to develop more rigorous and dynamic assessments of future availability detailed analysis of the whole life-cycle of individual metals to identify specific problems and develop appropriate solutions is required. New policies, such as the Raw Materials Initiative (2008) and the European Innovation Partnership on Raw Materials (2013), have been developed by the European Commission (EC) and are aimed at securing sustainable supplies of raw materials. These have led to major new programmes of research throughout the minerals value chain, in order to improve the raw materials knowledge base, to develop best practices and promote international collaboration. Although recycling will make an increasingly important contribution to supply, it can never meet the total requirement when demand is increasing. Therefore, new resources of primary materials, identified through geological research, will continue to be required. The availability of regional baseline datasets, comprising geological, geophysical and geochemical data, is fundamental to the identification of exploration targets. However, in order to focus exploration we also require robust mineral deposit models for the critical metals which hitherto these have been largely neglected because of their limited economic importance. For commodities such as the platinum-group metals (PGM), cobalt, niobium, indium, rare earth elements (REE) and cobalt we have some knowledge of the processes controlling their mobilisation and concentration under certain conditions although we have little understanding of the mechanisms of deposit formation elsewhere. We also need effective techniques to explore for these metals. This may involve the development of new geophysical techniques to explore on the sea-floor or beneath thick cover, or new analytical methods for the determination of these elements in exploration samples. Improved metallurgical techniques are also required for effective and energy-efficient recovery of critical metals from ores and concentrates. References European Commission (2010). Critical raw materials for the EU. Report of the Ad-hoc Working Group on Defining Critical Raw Materials. European Commission (2014). Report on Critical raw materials for the EU. Report of the Ad-hoc Working Group on Defining Critical Raw Materials.

  1. 7 CFR 1726.175 - General plant materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 11 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false General plant materials. 1726.175 Section 1726.175... AGRICULTURE ELECTRIC SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION POLICIES AND PROCEDURES General Plant § 1726.175 General plant... determine the procurement method that best meets its needs for purchase of general plant material and...

  2. 7 CFR 1726.175 - General plant materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 11 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false General plant materials. 1726.175 Section 1726.175... AGRICULTURE ELECTRIC SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION POLICIES AND PROCEDURES General Plant § 1726.175 General plant... determine the procurement method that best meets its needs for purchase of general plant material and...

  3. 7 CFR 1726.175 - General plant materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 11 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false General plant materials. 1726.175 Section 1726.175... AGRICULTURE ELECTRIC SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION POLICIES AND PROCEDURES General Plant § 1726.175 General plant... determine the procurement method that best meets its needs for purchase of general plant material and...

  4. 7 CFR 1726.175 - General plant materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 11 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false General plant materials. 1726.175 Section 1726.175... AGRICULTURE ELECTRIC SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION POLICIES AND PROCEDURES General Plant § 1726.175 General plant... determine the procurement method that best meets its needs for purchase of general plant material and...

  5. Materials data handbook: Stainless steel alloy A-286

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Muraca, R. F.; Whittick, J. S.

    1972-01-01

    A summary of the materials property information for stainless steel alloy A-286 is presented. The scope of the information includes physical and mechanical properties at cryogenic, ambient, and elevated temperatures. Information on material procurement, metallurgy of the alloy, corrosion, environmental effects, fabrication, and bonding is developed.

  6. 77 FR 34069 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Application; Research Triangle Institute

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-08

    ... activities. Comments and requests for hearings on applications to import narcotic raw material are not appropriate. 72 FR 3417 (2007). In regard to the non-narcotic raw material, any bulk manufacturer who is... [[Page 34072

  7. Evaluation of physicochemical properties as supporting information on quality control of raw materials and veterinary pharmaceutical formulations.

    PubMed

    Anacleto, Sara da Silva; Borges, Marcella Matos Cordeiro; de Oliveira, Hanna Leijoto; Vicente, Andressa Reis; de Figueiredo, Eduardo Costa; de Oliveira, Marcone Augusto Leal; Borges, Bárbara Juliana Pinheiro; de Oliveira, Marcelo Antonio; Borges, Warley de Souza; Borges, Keyller Bastos

    2018-06-01

    This study aimed to show that the physicochemical proprieties obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry (TG), and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) can be useful tools for evaluating the quality of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and pharmaceutical products. In addition, a simple, sensitive, and efficient method employing HPLC-DAD was developed for simultaneous determination of lidocaine (LID), ciprofloxacin (CFX) and enrofloxacin (EFX) in raw materials and in veterinary pharmaceutical formulations. Compounds were separated using a Gemini C 18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) Phenomenex ® column, at a temperature of 25 °C, with a mobile phase containing 10 mM of phosphoric acid (pH 3.29): acetonitrile (85.7:14.3, v/v) and a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. Physicochemical characterization by TG, FTIR, and SEM of raw materials of LID, CFX, and EFX provided information useful for the evaluation, differentiation, and qualification of raw materials. Finally, the HPLC method was proved to be useful for evaluation of raw material and finished products, besides satisfying the need for an analytical method that allows simultaneous determination of EFX, CFX, and LID, which can also be extended to other matrices and applications.

  8. Colour of ground beef as influenced by raw materials, addition of sodium chloride and low oxygen packaging.

    PubMed

    Sørheim, O; Westad, F; Larsen, H; Alvseike, O

    2009-03-01

    The study aimed at examining the effects of freezing of raw materials, holding time for fresh raw materials post mortem and addition of 0.5-1.0% NaCl on the colour of ground beef under low oxygen (O2) modified atmosphere storage. The samples were exposed to 0.1-3.0% O2 at 4°C for up to 10 days, and analysed for O2 concentrations, instrumental and visual colour. Residual O2 in the headspace of the packages oxidizes myoglobin and discolours the meat. Meat may have the ability to scavenge residual O2, and ground beef differs from intact muscles by having a much higher capacity for O2 consumption. In this experiment, the use of frozen/thawed raw materials and addition of NaCl both decreased the rate of O2 consumption and increased discolouration. Using raw materials from 2 days rather than 7 days post mortem greatly increased the rate of removal of O2 and improved redness. In low O2 packaging, ground beef preferably should be stored for at least 2 days in an atmosphere with less than 0.1% residual O2 to produce a purple pigment predominantly consisting of deoxymyoglobin.

  9. Effects and detection of raw material variability on the performance of near-infrared calibration models for pharmaceutical products.

    PubMed

    Igne, Benoit; Shi, Zhenqi; Drennen, James K; Anderson, Carl A

    2014-02-01

    The impact of raw material variability on the prediction ability of a near-infrared calibration model was studied. Calibrations, developed from a quaternary mixture design comprising theophylline anhydrous, lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose, and soluble starch, were challenged by intentional variation of raw material properties. A design with two theophylline physical forms, three lactose particle sizes, and two starch manufacturers was created to test model robustness. Further challenges to the models were accomplished through environmental conditions. Along with full-spectrum partial least squares (PLS) modeling, variable selection by dynamic backward PLS and genetic algorithms was utilized in an effort to mitigate the effects of raw material variability. In addition to evaluating models based on their prediction statistics, prediction residuals were analyzed by analyses of variance and model diagnostics (Hotelling's T(2) and Q residuals). Full-spectrum models were significantly affected by lactose particle size. Models developed by selecting variables gave lower prediction errors and proved to be a good approach to limit the effect of changing raw material characteristics. Hotelling's T(2) and Q residuals provided valuable information that was not detectable when studying only prediction trends. Diagnostic statistics were demonstrated to be critical in the appropriate interpretation of the prediction of quality parameters. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association.

  10. Multiyear Procurement (MYP) and Block Buy Contracting in Defense Acquisition: Background and Issues for Congress

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-03-16

    principle reduce the cost of the weapons being procured in two primary ways:  Contractor optimization of workforce and production facilities. An...MYP contract gives the contractor (e.g., an airplane manufacturer or shipbuilder) confidence that a multiyear stream of business of a known volume...will very likely materialize. This confidence can permit the contractor to make investments in the firm’s workforce and production facilities that are

  11. Materials, critical materials and clean-energy technologies

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Eggert, R.

    2017-07-01

    Modern engineered materials, components and systems depend on raw materials whose properties provide essential functionality to these technologies. Some of these raw materials are subject to supply-chain risks, and such materials are known as critical materials. This paper reviews corporate, national and world perspectives on material criticality. It then narrows its focus to studies that assess "what is critical" to clean-energy technologies. The focus on supply-chain risks is not meant to be alarmist but rather to encourage attention to monitoring these risks and pursuing technological innovation to mitigate the risks.

  12. Raw liquid waste treatment process

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Humphrey, Marshall F. (Inventor)

    1980-01-01

    A raw sewage treatment process is disclosed in which substantially all the non-dissolved matter, which is suspended in the sewage water is first separated from the water, in which at least organic matter is dissolved. The non-dissolved material is pyrolyzed to form an activated carbon and ash material without the addition of any conditioning agents. The activated carbon and ash material is added to the water from which the non-dissolved matter was removed. The activated carbon and ash material absorbs organic matter and heavy metal ions, it is believed, are dissolved in the water and is thereafter supplied in a counter current flow direction and combined with the incoming raw sewage to facilitate the separation of the non-dissolved settleable materials from the sewage water. The used carbon and ash material together with the non-dissolved matter which was separated from the sewage water are pyrolyzed to form the activated carbon and ash material.

  13. Raw Liquid Waste Treatment System and Process

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Humphrey, M. F. (Inventor)

    1974-01-01

    A raw sewage treatment process is disclosed in which substantially all the non-dissolved matter, suspended in the sewage water is first separated from the water, in which at least organic matter remains dissolved. The non-dissolved material is pyrolyzed to form an activated carbon and ash material without the addition of any conditioning agents. The activated carbon and ash material is added to the water from which the non-dissolved matter was removed. The activated carbon and ash material adsorbs the organic matter dissolved in the water and is thereafter supplied in a counter flow direction and combined with the incoming raw sewage to at least facilitate the separation of the non-dissolved settleable materials from the sewage water. Carbon and ash material together with the non-dissolved matter which was separated from the sewage water are pyrolyzed to form the activated carbon and ash material.

  14. 23 CFR 140.908 - Materials and supplies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... Reimbursement for Railroad Work § 140.908 Materials and supplies. (a) Procurement. Materials and supplies, if... job, less a consideration for loss in service life at 10 percent for rails, angle bars, tie plates and... measures for restoration of affected areas as required by the physical construction or by reason of safety...

  15. Materials data handbook. Titanium 6Al-4V

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Muraca, R. F.; Whittick, J. S.

    1972-01-01

    A summary of the materials property information for Titanium 6Al-4V alloy is presented. The scope of the information includes physical and mechanical properties at cryogenic, ambient, and elevated temperatures. Information on material procurement, metallurgy of the alloy, corrosion, environmental effects, fabrication, and bonding is developed.

  16. 21 CFR 1303.23 - Procedure for fixing individual manufacturing quotas.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... economic and physical availability of raw materials for use in manufacturing and for inventory purposes, yield and stability problems, potential disruptions to production (including possible labor strikes... current inventory position, the economic and physical availability of raw materials for use in...

  17. Use of outer planet satellites and asteroids as sources of raw materials for life support systems

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Molton, P.M.; Divine, T.E.

    1977-01-01

    Industrialization of space and other space activities depend entirely on supply of materials from the Earth. This is a high cost route for materials supply. Space industrialization will require life support systems for maintenance and operation staff and these will of necessity be of a sophisticated nature. Use of raw materials obtained by an unmanned space shuttle, initially, and by manned shuttles later could significantly reduce the cost of life support in space. These raw materials could be obtained from small asteroids and satellites, and would consist of primary nutrients. Future development of such sources is discussed, including food productionmore » in automated asteroid-based facilities. The level of technology required is available now, and should become economical within a century.« less

  18. Evaluation of critical indicators in the process of acquiring supplies and services LAC-UFPE

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Caetano, V. F.; Ferreira, C. V.; dos Santos, M. J.; Honorato, F. A.

    2015-01-01

    In laboratories linked to public universities and accredited by the NBR ISO/IEC 17025, to meet efficiently item 4.6 (procurement of supplies and services) is a challenge that can be accomplished by programming based on historical purchases and services. In this study, we evaluated the critical procurement items to meet the quality management system of the LAC-UFPE: reagents, certified reference material, of equipment parts, maintenance and calibration of equipment and instruments. It was found that the most critical item is the certified reference material, the purchase or repair of which must be expedited within 125 days prior to the receipt to occur within the desired period.

  19. Rambutan Seed (Nephelium Lappaceum L.) Optimization as Raw Material of High Nutrition Value Processed Food

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wahini, M.; Miranti, M. G.; Lukitasari, F.; Novela, L.

    2018-02-01

    Rambutan (Nephelium Lappaceum L.) is a plant that identical with Southeast Asian countries, in some areas of Indonesia no exception, but rambutan seed is considered as a waste. Therefore, it needs to be optimized into raw materials of food and processed with high nutritional value and has economic value. The purpose of this research were: 1) to find the best rambutan seed immersion formula; 2) to know the nutritional value of the best immersed rambutan seed; 3) to produce raw material and various processed of rambutan seed product. The research method was quasi experiment with 6 treatments and 2 factorial design, materials for immersion was NaCl and Ca(OH)2. The results showed that: 1) the best rambutan seed immersion formula was using Ca(OH)2; 2) the best rambutan seed contains 1,6 ash, 31,2 protein, 26,9 fat; 3) the best rambutan seed produce flour and processed of seasoned nuts. This research indicates that rambutan seed is very potential to be an alternative high-value raw materials.

  20. 21 CFR 1315.23 - Procedure for fixing individual manufacturing quotas.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ...) The economic and physical availability of raw materials for use in manufacturing and for inventory purposes, (iv) Yield and stability problems, (v) Potential disruptions to production (including possible... cycle and current inventory position. (iii) The economic and physical availability of raw materials for...

  1. 40 CFR 63.1251 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, or to... this section. Consumption means the quantity of all HAP raw materials entering a process in excess of... as added as a raw material, consumption includes the quantity generated in the process. Container, as...

  2. 40 CFR 63.1251 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, or to... this section. Consumption means the quantity of all HAP raw materials entering a process in excess of... as added as a raw material, consumption includes the quantity generated in the process. Container, as...

  3. VIEW ALONG RAW MATERIAL CONVEYOR AT RIGHT WITH CRUSHED SHELL ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    VIEW ALONG RAW MATERIAL CONVEYOR AT RIGHT WITH CRUSHED SHELL CONVEYOR ABOVE. ENGINE AND RADIATOR AT LOWER LEFT. - F. & H. Benning Company Oyster Mill, 14430 Solomons Island Road (moved from 1014 Benning Road, Galesville, Anne Arundel County, Maryland), Solomons, Calvert County, MD

  4. 40 CFR 415.91 - Specialized definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... of any raw material, intermediate product, finished product, by-product, or waste product. The term... contact with any raw material, intermediate product, finished product, by-product or waste product by... this subpart. (b) The term product shall mean hydrogen peroxide as a one hundred percent hydrogen...

  5. Aluminium content of some processed foods, raw materials and food additives in China by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.

    PubMed

    Deng, Gui-Fang; Li, Ke; Ma, Jing; Liu, Fen; Dai, Jing-Jing; Li, Hua-Bin

    2011-01-01

    The level of aluminium in 178 processed food samples from Shenzhen city in China was evaluated using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Some processed foods contained a concentration of up to 1226 mg/kg, which is about 12 times the Chinese food standard. To establish the main source in these foods, Al levels in the raw materials were determined. However, aluminium concentrations in raw materials were low (0.10-451.5 mg/kg). Therefore, aluminium levels in food additives used in these foods was determined and it was found that some food additives contained a high concentration of aluminium (0.005-57.4 g/kg). The results suggested that, in the interest of public health, food additives containing high concentrations of aluminium should be replaced by those containing less. This study has provided new information on aluminium levels in Chinese processed foods, raw materials and a selection of food additives.

  6. Trends in organ donor management: 2002 to 2012.

    PubMed

    Callahan, Devon S; Kim, Dennis; Bricker, Scott; Neville, Angela; Putnam, Brant; Smith, Jennifer; Bongard, Frederic; Plurad, David

    2014-10-01

    Refinements in donor management have resulted in increased numbers and quality of grafts after neurologic death. We hypothesize that the increased use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been accompanied by improved outcomes over time. Using the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network donor database, all brain-dead donors procured from July 1, 2001 to June 30, 2012 were studied. Hormone replacement therapy was identified by an infusion of thyroid hormone. An expanded criteria donor was defined as age 60 years or older. Incidence of HRT administration and number of donors and organs recovered were calculated. Using the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network thoracic recipient database transplant list, wait times were examined. There were 74,180 brain-dead donors studied. Hormone replacement therapy use increased substantially from 25.6% to 72.3% of donors. However, mean number of organs procured per donor remained static (3.51 to 3.50; p = 0.083), and the rate of high-yield donors decreased (46.4% to 43.1%; p < 0.001). Incidence of traumatic brain injury donors decreased (42.1% to 33.9%; p < 0.001) relative to an increased number of expanded criteria donors (22.1% to 26%). Despite this, there has been an increase in the raw number of donors (20,558 to 24,308; p < 0.001) and organs (5,857 to 6,945; p < 0.001). There has been an increase in organs per traumatic brain injury donor (4.02 to 4.12; p = 0.002) and a decrease in days on the waiting list (462.2 to 170.4 days; p < 0.001) for a thoracic transplant recipient. The marked increase in the use of HRT in the management of brain-dead donors has been accompanied by increased organ availability overall. Potential mechanisms might include successful conversion of previously unacceptable donors and improved recovery in certain subsets of donors. Copyright © 2014 American College of Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  7. Raw materials exploitation in Prehistory of Georgia: sourcing, processing and distribution

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tushabramishvili, Nikoloz; Oqrostsvaridze, Avthandil

    2016-04-01

    Study of raw materials has a big importance to understand the ecology, cognition, behavior, technology, culture of the Paleolithic human populations. Unfortunately, explorations of the sourcing, processing and distribution of stone raw materials had a less attention until the present days. The reasons of that were: incomplete knowledge of the archaeologists who are doing the late period archaeology (Bronze Age-Medieval) and who are little bit far from the Paleolithic technology and typology; Ignorance of the stone artifacts made on different kind of raw-materials, except flint and obsidians. Studies on the origin of the stone raw materials are becoming increasingly important since in our days. Interesting picture and situation have been detected on the different sites and in different regions of Georgia. In earlier stages of Middle Paleolithic of Djruchula Basin caves the number of basalt, andesite, argillite etc. raw materials are quite big. Since 130 000 a percent of the flint raw-material is increasing dramatically. Flint is an almost lonely dominated raw-material in Western Georgia during thousand years. Since approximately 50 000 ago the first obsidians brought from the South Georgia, appeared in Western Georgia. Similar situation has been detected by us in Eastern Georgia during our excavations of Ziari and Pkhoveli open-air sites. The early Lower Paleolithic layers are extremely rich by limestone artifacts while the flint raw-materials are dominated in the Middle Paleolithic layers. Study of these issues is possible to achieve across chronologies, the origins of the sources of raw-materials, the sites and regions. By merging archaeology with anthropology, geology and geography we are able to acquire outstanding insights about those populations. New approach to the Paleolithic stone materials, newly found Paleolithic quarries gave us an opportunities to try to achieve some results for understanding of the behavior of Paleolithic populations, geology and geomorphology of different regions of Georgia. References: 1. 2015. Tushabramishvili N. Ziari. Online Archaeology 8. Tbilisi, Georgia. Pp. 41-43 2. 2012. M François-Xavier Le Bourdonnec, Sébastien Nomade, Gérard Poupeau, Hervé Guillou, Nikolos Tushabramishvili, Marie-Hélène Moncel, David Pleurdeau, Tamar Agapishvili, Pierre Voinchet, Ana Mgeladze, David Lordkipanidze). Multiple origins of Bondi Cave and Ortvale Klde (NW Georgia) obsidians and human mobility in Transcaucasia during the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic. Journal of Archaeological Science xxx (2012) 1-14 3. 2011. Mercier N., Valladas H., Meignen L., Joron J. L., Tushabramishvili N., Adler D.S., Bar Yosef O. Dating the early Middle Palaeolithic Laminar Industry from Djruchula cave, Republic of Georgia. Paléorient Volume 36. Issue 36-2, pp. 163-173 4. 2010. L. Meignen&Nicholas Tushabramishvili. Djruchula Cave, on the Southern Slopes of the Great Caucasus: An Extension of the Near Eastern Middle Paleolithic Blady Phenomenon to the North. Journal of The Israel Prehistoric Society 40 (2010), 35-61 5. 2007. Tushabramishvili N.,Pleurdeau D., Moncel M.-H., Mgeladze A. Le complexe Djruchula-Koudaro au sud Caucase (Géorgie). Remarques sur les assemblages lithiques pléistocenes de Koudaro I, Tsona et Djruchula . Anthropologie • 45/1 • pp. 1-18 6. Tushabramishvili, D., 1984. Paleolit Gruzii. (Palaeolithic of Georgia). Newsletter of the Georgian State Museum 37B, 5e27

  8. Alternative of raw material’s suppliers using TOPSIS method in chicken slaughterhouse industry

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sari, R. M.; Rizkya, I.; Syahputri, K.; Anizar; Siregar, I.

    2018-02-01

    Chicken slaughterhouse industry is one of the fastest growing industries that depends on the freshness of raw materials. The raw materials quality arrive at the company depends heavily on the suppliers. Fresh chicken and frozen chicken meat are the main raw materials for this industry. Problems occurred by the suppliers are catering the amount of raw material needs that are not appropriate and also delay during delivery process. This condition causes disruption of the production process in the company. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the best suppliers to supply the main raw materials of fresh and frozen chicken meat on the slaughterhouse chicken industry. This study analyze the supplier’s capability by using TOPSIS method. This method use to find out the best supplier. The TOPSIS method is performed using the principle that chosen alternative must have the shortest distance from the positive solution and furthest from the ideal solution of the geometric point by using the Euclidean distance to determine the relative proximity of the optimum solution alternative. TOPSIS method found the rank of best supplier’s order is supplier A followed by supplier D, supplier B, supplier C, supplier E, supplier F, and supplier G. Based on the rank order obtained from each company, it will assist the company in prioritizing the order to the supplier with the best rank. Total supply from All suppliers are 885,994 kg per month. Based on the results of research, the top five suppliers have been sufficient to meet the needs of the company.

  9. Development of an Assessment Method for Building Materials Under Euratom Scope.

    PubMed

    de With, Govert

    2017-11-01

    In 2013, the European Commission published its basic safety standards for protection against the dangers arising from exposure to ionizing radiation (Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom)-also known as EU-BSS. As a result, the use of raw materials with potentially elevated activity concentrations such as fly ash, phosphogypsum, and slags will now fall under EU-BSS scope when applied in building materials. In light of this new policy, a variety of tools are available to assess compliance with the 1-mSv y reference level for building materials. At the heart of these tools is a gamma-spectrometric determination of the naturally occurring radionuclides Ra, Th, and K in the material of concern. As a large number of construction products contain a certain amount of the raw material that falls under the scope of the EU regulation, this policy will lead to substantial measurement of building materials that pose little radiation risk. For this reason, a method is developed to enable assessment against the 1-mSv value not on the basis of gamma-spectrometric analysis but rather based on the product's material composition. The proposed method prescribes a maximum permitted content of raw materials with potentially elevated activity concentrations in terms of a weight percentage of the end product, where the raw materials of concern are defined as those listed in Annex XIII of the EU-BSS. The permitted content is a function of the product's surface density. Therefore, a product with a low surface density of up to 25 kg m can consist of nearly 100% raw materials with potentially elevated activity concentrations, and this percentage drops to around 15% for products with a surface density of around 500 kg m. Building materials that comply with these requirements on product composition are exempt from testing, while products that do not comply must perform regular gamma-spectrometric analysis. A full validation and testing of the method is provided. In addition, the paper discusses issues relevant for regulatory implementation.

  10. Biotechnologies for critical raw material recovery from primary and secondary sources: R&D priorities and future perspectives.

    PubMed

    Hennebel, Tom; Boon, Nico; Maes, Synthia; Lenz, Markus

    2015-01-25

    Europe is confronted with an increasing supply risk of critical raw materials. These can be defined as materials of which the risks of supply shortage and their impacts on the economy are higher compared to most of other raw materials. Within the framework of the EU Innovation Partnership on raw materials Initiative, a list of 14 critical materials was defined, including some bulk metals, industrial minerals, the platinum group metals and rare earth elements. To tackle the supply risk challenge, innovation is required with respect to sustainable primary mining, substitution of critical metals, and urban mining. In these three categories, biometallurgy can play a crucial role. Indeed, microbe-metal interactions have been successfully applied on full scale to win materials from primary sources, but are not sufficiently explored for metal recovery or recycling. On the one hand, this article gives an overview of the microbial strategies that are currently applied on full scale for biomining; on the other hand it identifies technologies, currently developed in the laboratory, which have a perspective for large scale metal recovery and the needs and challenges on which bio-metallurgical research should focus to achieve this ambitious goal. Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier B.V.

  11. Total materials consumption; an estimation methodology and example using lead; a materials flow analysis

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Biviano, Marilyn B.; Wagner, Lorie A.; Sullivan, Daniel E.

    1999-01-01

    Materials consumption estimates, such as apparent consumption of raw materials, can be important indicators of sustainability. Apparent consumption of raw materials does not account for material contained in manufactured products that are imported or exported and may thus under- or over-estimate total consumption of materials in the domestic economy. This report demonstrates a methodology to measure the amount of materials contained in net imports (imports minus exports), using lead as an example. The analysis presents illustrations of differences between apparent and total consumption of lead and distributes these differences into individual lead-consuming sectors.

  12. Application of thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) technique to study the ancient potteries from Vellore dist, Tamilnadu, India

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ravisankar, R.; Naseerutheen, A.; Rajalakshmi, A.; Raja Annamalai, G.; Chandrasekaran, A.

    2014-08-01

    The characterization of archeological ceramic and pottery can be studied for the determination of firing temperature and the presence of raw materials by thermal analysis. Clay minerals are the main material for the production of ceramic and pottery and show some characteristic reactions such as dehydration, dehydroxylation and transformation. This is key point of criteria for the elucidation of firing temperature and raw material analysis. In the present work, DTA-TG, XRD and EDXRF technique are applied on representative potsherds from Vellore dist., Tamilnadu, India to derive the information about the production technology, raw materials and firing temperature. From the analysis, all the samples were considered to be fired from 800 °C to 900 °C and organic material might be added intestinally as a binder in the preparation of pottery.

  13. 41 CFR 101-25.103 - Promotional materials, trading stamps, or bonus goods.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 2 2011-07-01 2007-07-01 true Promotional materials, trading stamps, or bonus goods. 101-25.103 Section 101-25.103 Public Contracts and Property Management... PROCUREMENT 25-GENERAL 25.1-General Policies § 101-25.103 Promotional materials, trading stamps, or bonus...

  14. Kentucky Virtual High School 2004/2005 Prerequisite and Course Materials List.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kentucky Department of Education, 2004

    2004-01-01

    This document is a compilation of Kentucky Virtual High School's (KVHS) 2004/2005 prerequisite and course materials listed by content area and subject and provides access information for KVHS's online professional development programs. After the Material and Textbook Procurement Policy, entries for the following KVHS course subject areas are…

  15. 41 CFR 101-25.103 - Promotional materials, trading stamps, or bonus goods.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 2 2014-07-01 2012-07-01 true Promotional materials, trading stamps, or bonus goods. 101-25.103 Section 101-25.103 Public Contracts and Property Management... PROCUREMENT 25-GENERAL 25.1-General Policies § 101-25.103 Promotional materials, trading stamps, or bonus...

  16. 41 CFR 101-25.103 - Promotional materials, trading stamps, or bonus goods.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 2 2013-07-01 2012-07-01 true Promotional materials, trading stamps, or bonus goods. 101-25.103 Section 101-25.103 Public Contracts and Property Management... PROCUREMENT 25-GENERAL 25.1-General Policies § 101-25.103 Promotional materials, trading stamps, or bonus...

  17. 41 CFR 101-25.103 - Promotional materials, trading stamps, or bonus goods.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Promotional materials, trading stamps, or bonus goods. 101-25.103 Section 101-25.103 Public Contracts and Property Management... PROCUREMENT 25-GENERAL 25.1-General Policies § 101-25.103 Promotional materials, trading stamps, or bonus...

  18. 41 CFR 101-25.103 - Promotional materials, trading stamps, or bonus goods.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Promotional materials, trading stamps, or bonus goods. 101-25.103 Section 101-25.103 Public Contracts and Property Management... PROCUREMENT 25-GENERAL 25.1-General Policies § 101-25.103 Promotional materials, trading stamps, or bonus...

  19. Procurement performance measurement system in the health care industry.

    PubMed

    Kumar, Arun; Ozdamar, Linet; Ng, Chai Peng

    2005-01-01

    The rising operating cost of providing healthcare is of concern to health care providers. As such, measurement of procurement performance will enable competitive advantage and provide a framework for continuous improvement. The objective of this paper is to develop a procurement performance measurement system. The paper reviews the existing literature in procurement performance measurement to identify the key areas of purchasing performance. By studying the three components in the supply chain collectively with the resources, procedures and output, a model is been developed. Additionally, a balanced scorecard is proposed by establishing a set of generic measures and six perspectives. A case study conducted at the Singapore Hospital applies the conceptual model to describe the purchasing department and the activities within and outside the department. The results indicate that the material management department has already made a good start in measuring the procurement process through the implementation of the balanced scorecard. There are many data that are collected but not properly collated and utilized. Areas lacking measurement include cycle time of delivery, order processing time, effectiveness, efficiency and reliability. Though a lot of hard work was involved, the advantages of establishing a measurement system outweigh the costs and efforts involved in its implementation. Results of balanced scorecard measurements provide decision-makers with critical information on efficiency and effectiveness of the purchasing department's work. The measurement model developed could be used for any hospital procurement system.

  20. 49 CFR 661.11 - Rolling stock procurements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... article, material, or supply, whether manufactured or unmanufactured, that is directly incorporated into... into a new and functionally different article. (f) Except as provided in paragraph (k) of this section, a subcomponent is any article, material, or supply, whether manufactured or unmanufactured, that is...

  1. 49 CFR 661.11 - Rolling stock procurements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... article, material, or supply, whether manufactured or unmanufactured, that is directly incorporated into... into a new and functionally different article. (f) Except as provided in paragraph (k) of this section, a subcomponent is any article, material, or supply, whether manufactured or unmanufactured, that is...

  2. 7 CFR 1753.1 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... unacceptable loan security risks to RUS. (4) The P&S or contract have been modified. (e) The requirements and... Telecommunications Loan Documents contain provisions regarding procurement of materials and equipment and... and procedures whenever using loan funds to purchase materials and equipment or perform construction...

  3. Pulpwood production in the Northeast 1968

    Treesearch

    James T. Bones; Neal P. Kingsley

    1969-01-01

    This report is based on a canvass of all pulpmills in the Northeast that use wood-either round wood or chips-as a basic raw material for a variety of products. Mills that use woodpulp as a raw material for insulation board and hardboard were also included in the canvass. However, the canvass did not include mills that use waste paper, rags, or pulping material other...

  4. 77 FR 5846 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Registration

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-06

    ... import narcotic raw material are not appropriate, in accordance with 72 FR 3417 (2007). DEA has... basic classes of controlled substances: Drug Schedule Phenylacetone (8501) II Opium, raw (9600) II Poppy... to use it as a base material in the bulk manufacture of another controlled substance. No comments or...

  5. Indonesian Politics and Economics (Selected Translations).

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1961-01-10

    the’rise of industries to such a proportion, particularly’in England, that it brought about the " industrial revolution ".. ’ -: Surplus capital...only limited sources of raw materials. The industrial revolution , in iEngland required an inöreased supply of raw materials, and at the sam§ time the

  6. 40 CFR 63.2550 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... definition of reconstruction in § 63.2. Consumption means the quantity of all HAP raw materials entering a... the process as well as added as a raw material, consumption includes the quantity generated in the... contain primarily carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Organic peroxides means organic compounds containing...

  7. 40 CFR 63.2550 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... definition of reconstruction in § 63.2. Consumption means the quantity of all HAP raw materials entering a... the process as well as added as a raw material, consumption includes the quantity generated in the... contain primarily carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Organic peroxides means organic compounds containing...

  8. 40 CFR 63.2550 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... definition of reconstruction in § 63.2. Consumption means the quantity of all HAP raw materials entering a... the process as well as added as a raw material, consumption includes the quantity generated in the... contain primarily carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Organic peroxides means organic compounds containing...

  9. 40 CFR 63.2550 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... definition of reconstruction in § 63.2. Consumption means the quantity of all HAP raw materials entering a... the process as well as added as a raw material, consumption includes the quantity generated in the... contain primarily carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Organic peroxides means organic compounds containing...

  10. Reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract with a bovine jugular vein graft fixed with a naturally occurring crosslinking agent (genipin) in a canine model.

    PubMed

    Chang, Y; Tsai, C C; Liang, H C; Sung, H W

    2001-12-01

    This study was designed to evaluate a newly developed biologic valved conduit fixed with genipin used to reconstruct the right ventricular outflow tract in a canine model. Fresh bovine jugular veins with a retained native valve procured from a slaughterhouse were used as raw materials to fabricate the valved conduits. A naturally occurring crosslinking agent, genipin, was used to fix the procured jugular veins. The glutaraldehyde-fixed counterpart was used as a control. A canine model was used in the study. Echocardiography revealed that the motion of the valvular leaflets in both the glutaraldehyde- and genipin-fixed conduits was satisfactory. The transvalvular pressure gradients of both studied groups were minimal. No endothelium-like cells were observed on the luminal surface of the conduit and the valvular leaflet for the glutaraldehyde-fixed group throughout the entire course of the study. In contrast, endothelium-like cells were observed on the entire surface of the genipin-fixed valved conduit retrieved at 6 months postoperatively in all the cases studied. There was no evidence of luminal fibrous peel in any the valved conduits studied. Degradation of valvular leaflet in one of the glutaraldehyde-fixed conduits was observed. In this particular case, thrombus formation was also observed on the surface of the valvular leaflet. On the other hand, no apparent degradation or thrombus formation was observed on the surfaces of the genipin-fixed valvular leaflet and conduit. A significantly more severe inflammatory reaction was observed for the glutaraldehyde-fixed conduit than for its genipin-fixed counterpart throughout the entire course of the study. The calcium contents of the samples before implantation and those retrieved at distinct implantation duration were minimal for both the glutaraldehyde- and genipin-fixed tissues. Although further studies are necessary, the genipin-fixed valved conduit appears to have great potential in helping mitigate the complications observed in the commercially available conduits.

  11. The metaphysical basis of a liberal organ procurement policy.

    PubMed

    Hershenov, David B; Delaney, James J

    2010-08-01

    There remains a need to properly analyze the metaphysical assumptions underlying two organ procurement policies: presumed consent and organ sales. Our contention is that if one correctly understands the metaphysics of both the human body and material property, then it will turn out that while organ sales are illiberal, presumed consent is not. What we mean by illiberal includes violating rights of bodily integrity, property, or autonomy, as well as arguing for or against a policy in a manner that runs afoul of Rawlsian public reason.

  12. Berkeley Lab - Materials Sciences Division

    Science.gov Websites

    ; Finance Templates Travel One-Stop Acknowledging MSD Support Human Resources Facilities & Space Planning Procurement and Property Proposals & Finance Templates Travel Facilities & Space Planning

  13. 75 FR 10460 - Improving Tracing Procedures for E. coli O157:H7 Positive Raw Beef Product

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-08

    ... Tracing Procedures for E. coli O157:H7 Positive Raw Beef Product AGENCY: Food Safety and Inspection... Agency procedures for identifying suppliers of source material used to produce raw beef product that FSIS... that raw beef is positive for E. coli O157:H7, and whether the Agency takes the appropriate steps to...

  14. Stump Harvesting

    Treesearch

    Dana Mitchell

    2009-01-01

    Increased use of forest fuel requires larger and larger procurement areas. Inclusion of stump material within the shorter distances could make this unusual source of biomass more economical to harvest. Land clearing activities are also helping to raise interest in stump harvesting. Processing stump material for biomass is an alternative...

  15. Influence of boiling point range of feedstock on properties of derived mesophase pitch

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yu, Ran; Liu, Dong; Lou, Bin; Chen, Qingtai; Zhang, Yadong; Li, Zhiheng

    2018-06-01

    The composition of raw material was optimized by vacuum distillation. The carbonization behavior of two kinds of raw material was followed by polarizing microscope, softening point, carbon yield and solubility. Two kinds of mesophase pitch have been monitored by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), elemental analysis and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). The analysis results suggested that raw material B (15wt% of A was distillated out and the residue named B) could form large domain mesophase pitch earlier. The shortened heat treat time favored the retaining of alkyl group in mesophase pitch and reduced the softening point of masophase pitch.

  16. Sensitization to fragrance materials in Indonesian cosmetics.

    PubMed

    Roesyanto-Mahadi, I D; Geursen-Reitsma, A M; van Joost, T; van den Akker, T W

    1990-04-01

    2 different groups of patients were patch tested with 2 test series (A and B) containing extracts of fragrance raw materials, traditionally used in Indonesian cosmetics. Series A consisted of diluted extracts of commercially available Indonesian fragrances. Series B consisted of extracts prepared in our department from corresponding indigenous flowers and fruits. Group 1 consisted of 32 patients positive to fragrance-mix, of whom 8 (25%) had positive tests to 1 or more of the different extracts of fragrance raw materials. Reactions were observed to extracts of: Rosa hybrida Hort (7); Canangium odoratum Baill (5); Citrus aurantifolia Swingle (4); Jasminum sambac Ait (2). 6 of the 8 patients had reactions to 1 or more of the components of fragrance-mix: oakmoss (3); cinnamic alcohol (2), isoeugenol (1); cinnamic aldehyde (1) and geraniol (1). Group 2 consisted of 159 patients patch tested on suspicion of contact dermatitis, who were fragrance-mix negative. Only 2 (1.2%) had a positive patch test to the extracts of fragrance raw materials. Specimens taken (as is) from the flowers and citrus fruits (being the basis sources of the fragrance raw materials) were less antigenic. The use of additional test series in Indonesia to detect allergy to traditional cosmetics and perfumes merits further investigation.

  17. 77 FR 5846 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Registration

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-06

    ... following basic classes of controlled substances: Drug Schedule Opium, raw (9600) II Poppy Straw Concentrate (9670) II The company plans to import narcotic raw materials for manufacturing and further distribution... substances that are manufactured from opium, raw, and poppy straw concentrate. Comments and requests for...

  18. Reduction of CO2 diffuse emissions from the traditional ceramic industry by the addition of Si-Al raw material.

    PubMed

    González, I; Barba-Brioso, C; Campos, P; Romero, A; Galán, E

    2016-09-15

    The fabrication of ceramics can produce the emission of several gases, denominated exhaust gases, and also vapours resulting from firing processes, which usually contain metals and toxic substances affecting the environment and the health of workers. Especially harmful are the diffuse emissions of CO2, fluorine, chlorine and sulphur from the ceramics industry, which, in highly industrialized areas, can suppose an important emission focus of dangerous effects. Concerning CO2, factories that use carbonate-rich raw materials (>30% carbonates) can emit high concentrations of CO2 to the atmosphere. Thus, carbonate reduction or substitution with other raw materials would reduce the emissions. In this contribution, we propose the addition of Al-shales to the carbonated ceramic materials (marls) for CO2 emission reduction, also improving the quality of the products. The employed shales are inexpensive materials of large reserves in SW-Spain. The ceramic bodies prepared with the addition of selected Al-shale to marls in variable proportions resulted in a 40%-65% CO2 emission reduction. In addition, this research underlines at the same time that the use of a low-price raw material can also contribute to obtaining products with higher added value. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  19. Quality assurance of herbal raw materials in supply chain: challenges and opportunities.

    PubMed

    Govindaraghavan, Suresh

    2008-01-01

    The herbal medicine industry is presently adopting modern scientific tools to substantiate the guarantee of efficacy that, in the past, rested only on anecdotal evidence derived from traditional knowledge systems. This is particularly true for the processes of identification of herbal raw materials adopting modern tools for phytochemical fingerprinting. The successful adaptation of available technologies and practices depends on an understanding of the phytochemical complexity and variability innate in biological material. It challenges the "mainstream medicinal mindset" that "tend(s) to reject …. therapies for which mechanisms of action do not fit within Newtonian, biochemical orientation" (Dumoff, 2003). The herbal medicinal industry is independently evolving its own rigid quality assurance and control systems using Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) and Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) guidelines, but it faces unique difficulties. These include lack of Good Agricultural and Collection Practice (GACP), lack of transparency in the raw material supply chain so as to preclude the use of unsafe practices, problems in the authentication of herbal raw materials, and a general lack of understanding of the need to reduce phytochemical variability in these materials. This paper explores these difficulties and outlines strategies to overcome them, but these strategies will require coordinated international government regulations to be fully effective.

  20. Recycling of the product of thermal inertization of cement-asbestos for various industrial applications

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Gualtieri, Alessandro F., E-mail: alessandro.gualtieri@unimore.it; Giacobbe, Carlotta; Sardisco, Lorenza

    Recycling of secondary raw materials is a priority of waste handling in the countries of the European community. A potentially important secondary raw material is the product of the thermal transformation of cement-asbestos, produced by prolonged annealing at 1200-1300 {sup o}C. The product is chemically comparable to a Mg-rich clinker. Previous work has assured the reliability of the transformation process. The current challenge is to find potential applications as secondary raw material. Recycling of thermally treated asbestos-containing material (named KRY.AS) in traditional ceramics has already been studied with successful results. The results presented here are the outcome of a longmore » termed project started in 2005 and devoted to the recycling of this secondary raw materials in various industrial applications. KRY.AS can be added in medium-high percentages (10-40 wt%) to commercial mixtures for the production of clay bricks, rock-wool glasses for insulation as well as Ca-based frits and glass-ceramics for the production of ceramic tiles. The secondary raw material was also used for the synthesis of two ceramic pigments; a green uvarovite-based pigment [Ca{sub 3}Cr{sub 2}(SiO{sub 4}){sub 3}] and a pink malayaite-based pigment [Ca(Sn,Cr)SiO{sub 5}]. The latter is especially interesting as a substitute for cadmium-based pigments. This work also shows that KRY.AS can replace standard fillers in polypropylene plastics without altering the properties of the final product. For each application, a description and relevant results are presented and discussed.« less

  1. Research and development in pilot plant production of granular NPK fertilizer

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Failaka, Muhamad Fariz; Firdausi, Nadia Zahrotul; Chairunnisa, Altway, Ali

    2017-05-01

    PT Pupuk Kaltim (Pupuk Kaltim) as one of the biggest fertilizer manufacturer in Indonesia, always striving to improve the product quality and achieve the optimal performance while facing the challenges of global competition NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium) market. In order to continuously improve operations and processes of two units NPK compound plant, Pupuk Kaltim has successfully initiated a new facility which is referred to as a NPK pilot-scale research facility with design capacity of 30 kg/hr. This mini-plant is used to assist in the scale up of new innovations from laboratory research to better understand the effect of using new raw materials and experiment with process changes to improve quality and efficiency. The pilot installation is composed of the following main parts: mixer, screw feeder, granulator, dryer and cooler. The granulator is the equipment where NPK granules is formed by spraying appropriate steam and water onto raw materials in a rotating drum. The rotary dryer and cooler are intended for the drying process where temperature reduction and the final moisture are obtained. As a part of innovations project since 2014, the pilot plant has conducted many of experiments such as trials using Ammonium Sulfate (ZA) as a new raw material, alternative raw materials of Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Potassium Chloride (KCl) and clay, and using a novel material of fly ash. In addition, the process engineering staff also conduct the trials of raw materials ratio so that an ideal formulation with lower cost can be obtained especially when it is applied in the existing full-scale plant.

  2. Pulpwood - 1976

    Treesearch

    James T. Bones; David R. Dickson

    1977-01-01

    This annual report is based on a canvass of all pulpmills in the Northeast that use wood-either roundwood or plant residues-as a basic raw material. Cross-boundary shipments are traced by exchanging information with neighboring experiment stations that conduct similar canvasses. Mills that use pulpwood as a raw material in producing insulation board and hardboard were...

  3. 9 CFR 351.14 - Processes to be supervised; extent of examinations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... examinations. 351.14 Section 351.14 Animals and Animal Products FOOD SAFETY AND INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT... be at least once a month if the plant consistently handles only raw materials acceptable under § 351... consistently handles some raw materials that are acceptable, and some that are unacceptable, under § 351.3, for...

  4. 40 CFR Table N-1 to Subpart N of... - CO2 Emission Factors for Carbonate-Based Raw Materials

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... Raw Materials Carbonate-basedraw material—mineral CO2 emission factor a Limestone—CaCO3 0.440 Dolomite—CaMg(CO3)2 0.477 Sodium carbonate/soda ash—Na2CO3 0.415 Barium carbonate—BaCO3 0.223 Potassium...

  5. 40 CFR Table N-1 to Subpart N of... - CO2 Emission Factors for Carbonate-Based Raw Materials

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... Raw Materials Carbonate-basedraw material—mineral CO2 emission factor a Limestone—CaCO3 0.440 Dolomite—CaMg(CO3)2 0.477 Sodium carbonate/soda ash—Na2CO3 0.415 Barium carbonate—BaCO3 0.223 Potassium...

  6. 40 CFR Table N-1 to Subpart N of... - CO2 Emission Factors for Carbonate-Based Raw Materials

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... Raw Materials Carbonate-basedraw material—mineral CO2 emission factor a Limestone—CaCO3 0.440 Dolomite—CaMg(CO3)2 0.477 Sodium carbonate/soda ash—Na2CO3 0.415 Barium carbonate—BaCO3 0.223 Potassium...

  7. 76 FR 14910 - Small Diameter Graphite Electrodes From the People's Republic of China: Initiation of Anti...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-18

    ... correct grade of petroleum coke mix, and have been baked, formed, carbonized, impregnated, and graphitized... required for the production of SDGE (e.g., raw material handling, mixing, forming, baking, impregnating... production process, demonstrating how raw materials are formed, baked, impregnated (if needed), re-baked...

  8. 49 CFR 700.2 - Organization and functioning of Amtrak.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ..., finance and treasurer, personnel, passenger and operating services, government affairs, operations and... presidents, such as corporate communications, safety, real estate, procurement, materials management, police...

  9. Characteristics and production of tantalum powders for solid-electrolyte capacitors

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yoon, Jae Sik; Kim, Byung Il

    The effects of using K 2TaF 7 as the raw material and sodium as the reducing agent on the characteristics of tantalum powder are investigated. Batch-type metallothermic reduction (BTMR) is used to charge the reactor with the raw material and the reducing agent, and external continuous supply metallothermic reduction (ESMR) is used to supply the raw material and the reducing agent at a constant rate at the temperature of the reduction reaction. In the case of ESMR, the yield increases by several tens of percent because of the uniform reaction between the raw material and the reducing agent. It is possible to obtain a powder of over 99.5% purity. The powder particles obtained with BTMR are relatively large (4-6 μm) and have a coarse lamellar shape, while those prepared via ESMR are of uniform 1-2 μm size with a coral-like shape. Measurements of the electric properties show that the leakage current and the dielectric dissipation are low with higher reliability in ESMR than in BTMR, and the capacitance is 26,000 and 8400 CV for ESMR and in BTMR, respectively.

  10. Recycling the product of thermal transformation of cement-asbestos for the preparation of calcium sulfoaluminate clinker.

    PubMed

    Viani, Alberto; Gualtieri, Alessandro F

    2013-09-15

    According to recent resolutions of the European Parliament (2012/2065(INI)), the need for environmentally friendly alternative solutions to landfill disposal of hazardous wastes, such as asbestos-containing materials, prompts their recycling as secondary raw materials (end of waste concept). In this respect, for the first time, we report the recycling of the high temperature product of cement-asbestos, in the formulation of calcium sulfoaluminate cement clinkers (novel cementitious binders designed to reduce CO₂ emissions), as a continuation of a previous work on their systematic characterization. Up to 29 wt% of the secondary raw material was successfully introduced into the raw mix. Different clinker samples were obtained at 1250 °C and 1300 °C, reproducing the phase composition of industrial analogues. As an alternative source of Ca and Si, this secondary raw material allows for a reduction of the CO₂ emissions in cement production, mitigating the ecological impact of cement manufacturing, and reducing the need for natural resources. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  11. 77 FR 64142 - Importer of Controlled Substances, Notice of Application, Noramco, Inc.

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-18

    ... following basic classes of controlled substances: Drug Schedule Phenylacetone (8501) II Opium, raw (9600) II Poppy Straw Concentrate (9670) II Tapentadol (9780) II The company plans to import raw Opium (9600) and... substance. Comments and requests for hearings on applications to import narcotic raw material are not...

  12. 76 FR 62447 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Application

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-07

    ... registration as an importer of the following basic classes of controlled substances: Drug Schedule Opium, raw (9600) II Poppy Straw Concentrate (9670) II The company plans to import narcotic raw materials for... several controlled substances that are manufactured from raw opium, poppy straw, and concentrate of poppy...

  13. 77 FR 60143 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Registration; Cody Laboratories, Inc.

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-02

    ... importer of the following basic classes of controlled substances: Drug Schedule Opium, raw (9600) II Concentrate Poppy Straw (9670) II Tapentadol (9780) II The company plans to import narcotic raw materials for... several controlled substances that are manufactured from opium raw, and poppy straw concentrate. The...

  14. 76 FR 17967 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Registration

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-31

    ... basic classes of controlled substances: Drug Schedule Raw Opium (9600) II Concentrate of Poppy Straw (9670) II The company plans to import narcotic raw materials for manufacturing and further distribution... substances that are manufactured from raw opium, poppy straw, and concentrate of poppy straw. No comments or...

  15. 75 FR 32506 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Registration

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-08

    ... of controlled substances listed in schedule II: Drug Schedule Raw Opium (9600) II Concentrate of Poppy Straw (9670) II The company plans to import narcotic raw materials for manufacturing and further... substances that are manufactured from raw opium, poppy straw, and concentrate of poppy straw. No comments or...

  16. Effects of mixing and covering with mature compost on gaseous emissions during composting.

    PubMed

    Luo, Wen Hai; Yuan, Jing; Luo, Yi Ming; Li, Guo Xue; Nghiem, Long D; Price, William E

    2014-12-01

    This study investigated effects of mature compost on gaseous emissions during composting using pig manure amended with corn stalks. Apart from a control treatment, three treatments were conducted with the addition of 5% (wet weight of raw materials) of mature compost: (a) mixing raw materials with mature compost at the beginning of composting; (b) covering raw materials with mature compost throughout the experimental period; and (c) covering raw materials with mature compost at the start of composting, but incorporating it into composting pile on day 6 of composting. Mature compost used for the last treatment was inoculated with 2% (wet weight) of raw materials of strain M5 (a methanotrophic bacterium) solution. During 30-d of composting, three treatments with the addition of mature compost could reduce CH4 emission by 53-64% and N2O emission by 43-71%. However, covering with mature compost throughout the experimental period increased cumulative NH3 emission by 61%, although it could reduce 34% NH3 emission in the first 3d. Inoculating strain M5 in mature compost covered on the top of composting pile within first 6d enhanced CH4 oxidation, but simultaneously increased N2O emission. In addition, mixing with mature compost could improve compost maturity. Given the operational convenience in practice, covering with mature compost and then incorporating it into composting pile is a suitable approach to mitigate gaseous emissions during composting. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  17. Determination of Coenzyme Q10 Content in Raw Materials and Dietary Supplements by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-UV: Collaborative Study

    PubMed Central

    Lunetta, Steven; Roman, Mark

    2008-01-01

    An international collaborative study was conducted of a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC)-UV method for the determination of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10, ubidecarenone) in raw materials and dietary supplements. Ten collaborating laboratories determined the total CoQ10 content in 8 blind duplicate samples. Sample materials included CoQ10 raw material and 4 finished product dietary supplements representing softgels, hardshell gelatin capsules, and chewable wafers. In addition, collaborating laboratories received a negative control and negative control spiked with CoQ10 at low and high levels to determine recovery. Materials were extracted with an acetonitrile–tetrahydrofuran–water mixture. Ferric chloride was added to the test solutions to ensure all CoQ10 was in the oxidized form. The HPLC analyses were performed on a C18 column using UV detection at 275 nm. Repeatability relative standard deviations (RSDr) ranged from 0.94 to 5.05%. Reproducibility relative standard deviations (RSDR) ranged from 3.08 to 17.1%, with HorRat values ranging from 1.26 to 5.17. Recoveries ranged from 74.0 to 115%. Based on these results, the method is recommended for Official First Action for determination of CoQ10 in raw materials and dietary supplement finished products containing CoQ10 at a concentration of >100 mg CoQ10/g test material. PMID:18727527

  18. Determination of coenzyme Q10 content in raw materials and dietary supplements by high-performance liquid chromatography-UV: collaborative study.

    PubMed

    Lunetta, Steven; Roman, Mark

    2008-01-01

    An international collaborative study was conducted of a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC)-UV method for the determination of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10, ubidecarenone) in raw materials and dietary supplements. Ten collaborating laboratories determined the total CoQ10 content in 8 blind duplicate samples. Sample materials included CoQ10 raw material and 4 finished product dietary supplements representing softgels, hardshell gelatin capsules, and chewable wafers. In addition, collaborating laboratories received a negative control and negative control spiked with CoQ10 at low and high levels to determine recovery. Materials were extracted with an acetonitrile-tetrahydrofuran-water mixture. Ferric chloride was added to the test solutions to ensure all CoQ10 was in the oxidized form. The HPLC analyses were performed on a C18 column using UV detection at 275 nm. Repeatability relative standard deviations (RSDr) ranged from 0.94 to 5.05%. Reproducibility relative standard deviations (RSDR) ranged from 3.08 to 17.1%, with HorRat values ranging from 1.26 to 5.17. Recoveries ranged from 74.0 to 115%. Based on these results, the method is recommended for Official First Action for determination of CoQ10 in raw materials and dietary supplement finished products containing CoQ10 at a concentration of >100 mg CoQ10/g test material.

  19. The oldest Stone Age occupation of coastal West Africa and its implications for modern human dispersals: New insight from Tiémassas

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Niang, Khady; Blinkhorn, James; Ndiaye, Matar

    2018-05-01

    Examinations of modern human dispersals are typically focused on expansions from South, East or North Africa into Eurasia, with more limited attention paid to dispersals within Africa. The paucity of the West African fossil record means it has typically been overlooked in appraisals of human expansions in the Late Pleistocene, yet regions such as Senegal occur in key biogeographic transitional zones that may offer significant corridors for human occupation and expansion. Here, we report the first evidence for Middle Stone Age occupation of the West African littoral from Tiémassas, dating to ∼44 thousand years ago, coinciding with a period of enhanced humidity across the region. Prehistoric populations mainly procured raw material from exposed Ypresian limestone horizons with Levallois, discoidal and informal reduction sequences producing flake blanks for retouched tools. We discuss this mid-Marine Isotope Stage 3 occupation in the context of the site's unique, ecotonal position amongst Middle Stone Age sites across West Africa, and its significance for Later Stone Age colonization of near coastal forests in the region. The results also support previous suggestions for connections between Middle Stone Age populations in West Africa and the Maghreb, for which the coastline may also have played a significant role.

  20. 40 CFR 247.11 - Vehicular products.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... PROCUREMENT GUIDELINE FOR PRODUCTS CONTAINING RECOVERED MATERIALS Item Designations § 247.11 Vehicular... fluids, and gear oils, excluding marine and aviation oils. (b) Tires, excluding airplane tires. (c...

  1. 40 CFR 247.11 - Vehicular products.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... PROCUREMENT GUIDELINE FOR PRODUCTS CONTAINING RECOVERED MATERIALS Item Designations § 247.11 Vehicular... fluids, and gear oils, excluding marine and aviation oils. (b) Tires, excluding airplane tires. (c...

  2. 40 CFR 247.11 - Vehicular products.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... PROCUREMENT GUIDELINE FOR PRODUCTS CONTAINING RECOVERED MATERIALS Item Designations § 247.11 Vehicular... fluids, and gear oils, excluding marine and aviation oils. (b) Tires, excluding airplane tires. (c...

  3. The use of foresight methods in strategic raw materials intelligence - an international review

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Konrat Martins, Marco Antonio; Bodo, Balazs; Falck, Eberhard

    2017-04-01

    Foresight methods are systematic attempts to look into the longer term future of science, society, economy and technology. There is a range of tools and techniques that can be used individually or combined, most commonly classified into qualitative, quantitative or semi-quantitative methods, that follow an exploratory or normative approach. These tools can help to identify the longer term visions, orienting policy formulation and decisions, triggering actions, among other objectives. There is an identified lack of European strategic foresight knowledge in the raw materials domain. Since the European Raw Materials Initiative was launched in 2008, the EU has been attempting to overcome challenges related to the future access of non-energy and non-agricultural raw materials. In this context, the ongoing H2020 project, MICA (Mineral Intelligence Capacity Analysis, Grant Agreement No. 689648), has been launched to answer to stakeholders needs by consolidating relevant data, determining relevant methods and tools, and investigating Raw Materials Intelligence options for European mineral policy development, all tailored to fit under the umbrella of a European Raw Materials Intelligence Capacity Platform (EU-RMICP). As part of the MICA activities, an assessment of best practices and benchmarks of international raw materials foresight case studies has been carried out in order to review how EU and non-EU countries have employed foresight. A pool of 30 case studies has been collected and reviewed internationally, one third of which were selected for detailed assessment. These were classified according to their background and goals, in function of methods employed, and to the purpose of each method in the study: a total of 12 different methods were identified in these studies. For longer time frames, qualitative predictive methods such as Scenario Development have been repeatedly observed for mineral raw materials foresight studies. Substantial variations were observed in terms of use and deployment of the scenarios. Pre-defined global scenarios can be used to explore futures thinking over a given theme - a step in the process - whereas the development of specific scenarios can be the main element of the study. The former was used to consider future strategies at different levels and how different futures influence the sector, whilst the latter was preferably used as means of assessment of sector capabilities and the current readiness for future challenges. Other methods such as SWOT, STEEP (Social, Technological, Economical, Environmental and Political scanning) and Brainstorming can be observed supporting the Scenarios, helping to provide either input for its development or post-processing its outcomes towards overall objectives. The volatility of the mineral raw materials sector presents a natural inclination towards more explorative and creativity-based methods. Such methods can address the necessity of understanding how different factors may play out in the future, where critical uncertainties can dictate a range of possible futures. Therefore, having a solid backdrop for alternative paths is extremely useful for policy and decision-makers to propose actions and respond in a timely manner to the future challenges of the sector.

  4. Green biorefinery - Industrial implementation.

    PubMed

    Kamm, B; Schönicke, P; Hille, Ch

    2016-04-15

    Oil refineries currently generate a multitude of products for almost every sphere of life at very high efficiency. However, fossil raw materials are just available in limited quantities. The development of comparable BIOREFINERIES is necessary to make a variety of competitive biological products regarding their equivalent products based on fossil raw materials. The product range of a biorefinery comprises products that can be manufactured on the basis of crude oil, as well as such products that cannot be produced on the basis of crude oil (Kamm, Gruber, & Kamm, 2011). GREEN BIOREFINERIES [GBR's] are complex systems of sustainable, environment- and resource-friendly technologies for a comprehensive material and energy use or recovery of renewable raw materials in form of green and waste biomasses from a sustainable land use as target (Kamm et al., 2009; Digman, Runge, Shinners, & Hatfield, 2013). Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  5. The utilization of nonterrestrial materials. [resources for solar power satellite construction

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1981-01-01

    The development of research and technology programs on the user of nonterrestrial materials for space applications was considered with emphasis on the space power satellite system as a model of large space systems for which the use of nonterrestrial materials may be economically viable. Sample topics discussed include the mining of raw materials and the conversion of raw materials into useful products. These topics were considered against a background of the comparative costs of using terrestrial materials. Exploratory activities involved in the preparation of a nonterrestrial materials utilization program, and the human factors involved were also addressed. Several recommendations from the workshop are now incorporated in NASA activities.

  6. Applying value stream mapping techniques to eliminate non-value-added waste for the procurement of endovascular stents.

    PubMed

    Teichgräber, Ulf K; de Bucourt, Maximilian

    2012-01-01

    OJECTIVES: To eliminate non-value-adding (NVA) waste for the procurement of endovascular stents in interventional radiology services by applying value stream mapping (VSM). The Lean manufacturing technique was used to analyze the process of material and information flow currently required to direct endovascular stents from external suppliers to patients. Based on a decision point analysis for the procurement of stents in the hospital, a present state VSM was drawn. After assessment of the current status VSM and progressive elimination of unnecessary NVA waste, a future state VSM was drawn. The current state VSM demonstrated that out of 13 processes for the procurement of stents only 2 processes were value-adding. Out of the NVA processes 5 processes were unnecessary NVA activities, which could be eliminated. The decision point analysis demonstrated that the procurement of stents was mainly a forecast driven push system. The future state VSM applies a pull inventory control system to trigger the movement of a unit after withdrawal by using a consignment stock. VSM is a visualization tool for the supply chain and value stream, based on the Toyota Production System and greatly assists in successfully implementing a Lean system. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  7. Manufacture of mold of polymeric composite water pipe reinforced charcoal

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zulfikar; Misdawati; Idris, M.; Nasution, F. K.; Harahap, U. N.; Simanjuntak, R. K.; Jufrizal; Pranoto, S.

    2018-03-01

    In general, household wastewater pipelines currently use thermoplastic pipes of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC). This material is known to be not high heat resistant, contains hazardous chemicals (toxins), relatively inhospitable, and relatively more expensive. Therefore, researchers make innovations utilizing natural materials in the form of wood charcoal as the basic material of making the water pipe. Making this pipe requires a simple mold design that can be worked in the scale of household and intermediate industries. This research aims to produce water pipe mold with simple design, easy to do, and making time relatively short. Some considerations for molding materials are weight of mold, ease of raw material, strong, sturdy, and able to cast. Pipe molds are grouped into 4 (four) main parts, including: outer diameter pipe molding, pipe inside diameter, pipe holder, and pipe alignment control. Some materials have been tested as raw materials for outer diameter of pipes, such as wood, iron / steel, cement, and thermoset. The best results are obtained on thermoset material, where the process of disassembling is easier and the resulting mold weight is relatively lighter. For the inside diameter of the pipe is used stainless steel, because in addition to be resistant to chemical processes that occur, in this part of the mold must hold the press load due to shrinkage of raw materials of the pipe during the process of hardening (polymerization). Therefore, it needs high pressure resistant material and does not blend with the raw material of the pipe. The base of the mold is made of stainless steel material because it must be resistant to corrosion due to chemical processes. As for the adjustment of the pipe is made of ST 37 carbon steel, because its function is only as a regulator of the alignment of the pipe structure.

  8. 48 CFR 23.404 - Agency affirmative procurement programs.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... REGULATION SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS ENVIRONMENT, ENERGY AND WATER EFFICIENCY, RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES, OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY, AND DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE Use of Recovered Materials and Biobased Products 23.404 Agency...

  9. 48 CFR 23.404 - Agency affirmative procurement programs.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... REGULATION SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS ENVIRONMENT, ENERGY AND WATER EFFICIENCY, RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES, OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY, AND DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE Use of Recovered Materials and Biobased Products 23.404 Agency...

  10. Berkeley Lab - Materials Sciences Division

    Science.gov Websites

    ; Finance Templates Travel One-Stop Acknowledging MSD Support Human Resources Facilities & Space Planning Procurement and Property Proposals & Finance Templates Travel Travel This page has been moved

  11. North Carolina Forest Resources and Industries

    Treesearch

    J.W. Cruikshank

    1944-01-01

    Dependable information on the supply of all raw materials is vital to the conduct of the war and to the success of current and future efforts at post-war planning. This economic survey of our forests which are an integral part of the Nation's reservoir of raw material is essential to a complete understanding of resource potentialities and of the industries...

  12. Preparation of wood for energy use

    Treesearch

    Donald L. Sirois; Bryce J. Stokes

    1985-01-01

    This paper presents an overview & current sources and forms of raw materials for wood energy use and the types of machines available to convert them to the desired form for boiler fuel. Both the fuel source or raw material, and the combustion furnace will dictate the requirements for the processing system. Because of the wide range of processing equipment...

  13. The pallet industry: a changing hardwood market

    Treesearch

    G.P. Dempsey; D.G. Martens

    1991-01-01

    From its inception during World War II, the wooden pallet industry has grown to become the Nation's largest industrial consumer of hardwood lumber products. Since most of the raw material in wooden pallets is lower grade lumber, the pallet industry's growth, efficiency, and changing raw material inputs must be of concern to the grade hardwood lumber industry...

  14. Acoustic assessment of wood quality of raw forest materials : a path to increased profitability

    Treesearch

    Xiping Wang; Peter Carter; Robert J. Ross; Brian K. Brashaw

    2007-01-01

    Assessment of the quality of raw wood materials has become a crucial issue in the operational value chain as forestry and the wood processing industry are increasingly under economic pressure to maximize extracted value. A significant effort has been devoted toward developing robust nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technologies capable of predicting the intrinsic wood...

  15. Pulpwood production in the Northeast - 1974

    Treesearch

    James T. Bones; David R. Dickson

    1976-01-01

    This annual report is based on a canvass of all pulpmills in the Northeast that use wood-either roundwood or plant residues-as a basic raw material for a variety of products. Cross-boundary shipments were traced by exchanging information with neighboring experiment stations that conduct similar canvasses. Mills that use pulpwood as a raw material in producing...

  16. Pulpwood production in the Northeast - 1975

    Treesearch

    James T. Bones; David R. Dickson

    1976-01-01

    This annual report is based on a canvass of all pulpmills in the Northeast that use wood-either roundwood or plant residues-as a basic raw material for a variety of products. Cross-boundary shipments are traced by exchanging information with neighboring experiment stations that conduct similar canvasses. Mills that use pulpwood as a raw material in producing insulation...

  17. Metabolic Noise, Vestigial Metabolites or the Raw Material of Ecological Adaptation? Opportunitistic Enzymes, Catalytic Promiscuity and the Evolution of Chemodiversity in Nature (2010 JGI User Meeting)

    ScienceCinema

    Noel, Joseph

    2018-04-26

    Joseph Noel from the Salk Institute on "Metabolic Noise, Vestigial Metabolites or the Raw Material of Ecological Adaptation? Enzymes, Catalytic Promiscuity and the Evolution of Chemodiversity in Nature" on March 26, 2010 at the 5th Annual DOE JGI User Meeting.

  18. Navy Fact File 1984

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1984-10-01

    Textile Fibers/Products Foods , Feeds, Beverages Industrial Supplies Value of Goods Exported ($ billions) 1958 1968 1978 $18.1 billion...character of its government, the soundness of its economy, its industrial efficiency, the development of its internal communications, the quality...decades the United States produced more raw materials than its growing industrial complex could consume. From a raw-materials-surplus-nation we

  19. Lagrange multiplier for perishable inventory model considering warehouse capacity planning

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Amran, Tiena Gustina; Fatima, Zenny

    2017-06-01

    This paper presented Lagrange Muktiplier approach for solving perishable raw material inventory planning considering warehouse capacity. A food company faced an issue of managing perishable raw materials and marinades which have limited shelf life. Another constraint to be considered was the capacity of the warehouse. Therefore, an inventory model considering shelf life and raw material warehouse capacity are needed in order to minimize the company's inventory cost. The inventory model implemented in this study was the adapted economic order quantity (EOQ) model which is optimized using Lagrange multiplier. The model and solution approach were applied to solve a case industry in a food manufacturer. The result showed that the total inventory cost decreased 2.42% after applying the proposed approach.

  20. Carbon source in the future chemical industries

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hofmann, Peter; Heinrich Krauch, Carl

    1982-11-01

    Rising crude oil prices favour the exploitation of hitherto unutilised energy carriers and the realisation of new technologies in all sectors where carbon is used. These changed economic constraints necessitate both savings in conventional petrochemistry and a change to oil-independent carbon sources in the chemical industry. While, in coal chemistry, the synthesis and process principles of petrochemistry — fragmentation of the raw material and subsequent buildup of molecular structures — can be maintained, the raw material structure largely remains unchanged in the chemistry of renewable raw materials. This lecture is to demonstrate the structural as well as the technological and energy criteria of the chemistry of alternative carbon sources, to forecast the chances of commercial realization and to discuss some promising fields of research and development.

  1. 48 CFR 9904.411 - Cost accounting standard-accounting for acquisition costs of material.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Cost accounting standard-accounting for acquisition costs of material. 9904.411 Section 9904.411 Federal Acquisition Regulations System COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD, OFFICE OF FEDERAL PROCUREMENT POLICY, OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND...

  2. 10 CFR 33.15 - Requirements for the issuance of a Type C specific license of broad scope.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... bachelor level, or equivalent training and experience, in the physical or biological sciences or in..., radiation detection instrumentation, and biological hazards of exposure to radiation appropriate to the type... controls and provisions relating to procurement of byproduct material, procedures, record keeping, material...

  3. The cellulose resource matrix.

    PubMed

    Keijsers, Edwin R P; Yılmaz, Gülden; van Dam, Jan E G

    2013-03-01

    The emerging biobased economy is causing shifts from mineral fossil oil based resources towards renewable resources. Because of market mechanisms, current and new industries utilising renewable commodities, will attempt to secure their supply of resources. Cellulose is among these commodities, where large scale competition can be expected and already is observed for the traditional industries such as the paper industry. Cellulose and lignocellulosic raw materials (like wood and non-wood fibre crops) are being utilised in many industrial sectors. Due to the initiated transition towards biobased economy, these raw materials are intensively investigated also for new applications such as 2nd generation biofuels and 'green' chemicals and materials production (Clark, 2007; Lange, 2007; Petrus & Noordermeer, 2006; Ragauskas et al., 2006; Regalbuto, 2009). As lignocellulosic raw materials are available in variable quantities and qualities, unnecessary competition can be avoided via the choice of suitable raw materials for a target application. For example, utilisation of cellulose as carbohydrate source for ethanol production (Kabir Kazi et al., 2010) avoids the discussed competition with easier digestible carbohydrates (sugars, starch) deprived from the food supply chain. Also for cellulose use as a biopolymer several different competing markets can be distinguished. It is clear that these applications and markets will be influenced by large volume shifts. The world will have to reckon with the increase of competition and feedstock shortage (land use/biodiversity) (van Dam, de Klerk-Engels, Struik, & Rabbinge, 2005). It is of interest - in the context of sustainable development of the bioeconomy - to categorize the already available and emerging lignocellulosic resources in a matrix structure. When composing such "cellulose resource matrix" attention should be given to the quality aspects as well as to the available quantities and practical possibilities of processing the feedstock and the performance in the end-application. The cellulose resource matrix should become a practical tool for stakeholders to make choices regarding raw materials, process or market. Although there is a vast amount of scientific and economic information available on cellulose and lignocellulosic resources, the accessibility for the interested layman or entrepreneur is very difficult and the relevance of the numerous details in the larger context is limited. Translation of science to practical accessible information with modern data management and data integration tools is a challenge. Therefore, a detailed matrix structure was composed in which the different elements or entries of the matrix were identified and a tentative rough set up was made. The inventory includes current commodities and new cellulose containing and raw materials as well as exotic sources and specialties. Important chemical and physical properties of the different raw materials were identified for the use in processes and products. When available, the market data such as price and availability were recorded. Established and innovative cellulose extraction and refining processes were reviewed. The demands on the raw material for suitable processing were collected. Processing parameters known to affect the cellulose properties were listed. Current and expected emerging markets were surveyed as well as their different demands on cellulose raw materials and processes. The setting up of the cellulose matrix as a practical tool requires two steps. Firstly, the reduction of the needed data by clustering of the characteristics of raw materials, processes and markets and secondly, the building of a database that can provide the answers to the questions from stakeholders with an indicative character. This paper describes the steps taken to achieve the defined clusters of most relevant and characteristic properties. These data can be expanded where required. More detailed specification can be obtained from the background literature and handbooks. Where gaps of information are identified, the research questions can be defined that will require further investigation. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  4. 7 CFR 3201.68 - Erosion control materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GUIDELINES FOR DESIGNATING BIOBASED PRODUCTS FOR FEDERAL PROCUREMENT... manufactured for use on construction, demolition, or other sites to prevent wind or water erosion of loose...

  5. 7 CFR 3201.68 - Erosion control materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GUIDELINES FOR DESIGNATING BIOBASED PRODUCTS FOR FEDERAL PROCUREMENT... manufactured for use on construction, demolition, or other sites to prevent wind or water erosion of loose...

  6. 7 CFR 3201.68 - Erosion control materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GUIDELINES FOR DESIGNATING BIOBASED PRODUCTS FOR FEDERAL PROCUREMENT... manufactured for use on construction, demolition, or other sites to prevent wind or water erosion of loose...

  7. Outfit Planning

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1979-12-01

    ETC.ronments where, in most cases, it is difficult or time consum - ing to get tools and materials. The natural result is more lost-time accidents, increased...is already on-hand and the time consuming vendor-drawing approval cycle is eliminated from the pro- curement process. The flow of design information...SYSTEM/STAGE TO SPECIFICATION BY MATERIA !L/DELIVERY DATE - TO PLAN MATERIAL PROCUREMENT ON SCHEOULE - TO MINIMIZE ST0CKED MATERIAL MATERIAL CONTROL

  8. Influence of Oxidation in Starting Material Sn on Electric Transport Properties of SnSe Single Crystals

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yamashita, Aichi; Ogiso, Osamu; Matsumoto, Ryo; Tanaka, Masashi; Hara, Hiroshi; Tanaka, Hiromi; Takeya, Hiroyuki; Lee, Chul-Ho; Takano, Yoshihiko

    2018-06-01

    We found that the electronic transport property of SnSe single crystals was sensitively affected by oxidation in raw Sn. Semiconducting SnSe single crystals were obtained by using Sn of grain form as a starting material while powder Sn resulted in metallic SnSe. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed that the surfaces of raw Sn were oxidized, which volume fraction is lower in grain Sn. This indicates that the amount of oxygen in raw Sn is the key factor for the electronic transport property of SnSe.

  9. Knowledge about conception, sexual behavior, and procurement of abortion among female undergraduate students in a Nigerian university.

    PubMed

    Moronkola, O A; Amosu, A; Okonkwo, C

    Of 1,200 questionnaires administered in a cross-sectional study involving University of Ibadan female students, 1000 were found useable for data analysis. Analysis found that a majority of respondents (56.4%) had little knowledge about conception and frequently engaged in sexual intercourse for many reasons, including: to have fun; to show they were mature; and to seek material reward. Also, 61.1% had procured abortion before and most of them did not procure it from government-owned hospitals/clinics, which may likely make them prone to health consequences of unsafe abortion. Part of our recommendations are the need to introduce health education (incorporating sexuality education) into the General Studies Program of the university and that home training on aspects relating to sexuality education be given to and promoted among young people.

  10. Thermal Curing Process Monitoring of the Composite Material Using the FBG sensor

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Youhong; Chang, Xinlong; Zhang, Xiaojun; He, Xiangyong

    2018-03-01

    The raw composite material will suffer complex chemical and morphological changes during the thermal curing process, and it is difficult to monitor the curing process and curing effect. In this paper, the FBG sensor was embedded in the raw composite material to monitor the whole curing process. The experiment results showed that the FBG sensor can monitor the resin transformation and residual deformation of the composite material, and the FBG sensor can be applied to monitor the thermal curing process of the composite structure.

  11. Analysis of waste coal from the enterprises of Kemerovo region as raw materials for production of ceramic materials

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stolboushkin, A. Yu; Akst, D. V.; Fomina, O. A.; Ivanov, A. I.; Syromyasov, V. A.

    2017-09-01

    The analysis of waste coal from mining enterprises of Kemerovo region as raw materials for production of building ceramics is given. The results of studies of material, chemical and mineralogical compositions of waste coal from Abashevskaya processing plant (Novokuznetsk) are presented. It was established that the chemical composition of waste coal refers to aluminosilicate raw materials with a high content of alumina and coloring oxides, the residual carbon content in the wastes is 12-25 %. According to the granulometric composition the waste coal is basically a sandy-dusty fraction with a small amount of clay particles (1-3 %). Additional grinding of coal waste and the introduction of a clay additive in an amount of up to 30 % are recommended. The results of the study of the mineral composition of waste coal are presented. Clay minerals are represented in the descending order by hydromuscovite, montmorillonite and kaolinite, minerals-impurities consist of quartz, feldspar fine-dispersed carbonates. The results of the investigation of ceramic-technological properties of waste coal, which belong to the group of moderately plastic low-melting raw materials, are given. As a result of a comprehensive study it was been established that with chemical, granulometric and mineralogical compositions waste coal with the reduced residual carbon can be used in the production of ceramic bricks.

  12. 25 CFR 276.12 - Procurement standards.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... the purchases of supplies or materials or articles ordinarily available on the open market, or... fields which directly concern public health, safety, or welfare; or constraints in the field of science...

  13. 25 CFR 276.12 - Procurement standards.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... the purchases of supplies or materials or articles ordinarily available on the open market, or... fields which directly concern public health, safety, or welfare; or constraints in the field of science...

  14. 25 CFR 276.12 - Procurement standards.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... the purchases of supplies or materials or articles ordinarily available on the open market, or... fields which directly concern public health, safety, or welfare; or constraints in the field of science...

  15. Lunar mineral feedstocks from rocks and soils: X-ray digital imaging in resource evaluation

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Chambers, John G.; Patchen, Allan; Taylor, Lawrence A.; Higgins, Stefan J.; Mckay, David S.

    1994-01-01

    The rocks and soils of the Moon provide raw materials essential to the successful establishment of a lunar base. Efficient exploitation of these resources requires accurate characterization of mineral abundances, sizes/shapes, and association of 'ore' and 'gangue' phases, as well as the technology to generate high-yield/high-grade feedstocks. Only recently have x-ray mapping and digital imaging techniques been applied to lunar resource evaluation. The topics covered include inherent differences between lunar basalts and soils and quantitative comparison of rock-derived and soil-derived ilmenite concentrates. It is concluded that x-ray digital-imaging characterization of lunar raw materials provides a quantitative comparison that is unattainable by traditional petrographic techniques. These data are necessary for accurately determining mineral distributions of soil and crushed rock material. Application of these techniques will provide an important link to choosing the best raw material for mineral beneficiation.

  16. 7 CFR 58.430 - Milk.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Plants Approved for USDA Inspection and Grading Service 1 Quality Specifications for Raw Material § 58... milk used. Such dairy products shall have originated from raw milk meeting the same requirements as...

  17. 7 CFR 58.430 - Milk.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Plants Approved for USDA Inspection and Grading Service 1 Quality Specifications for Raw Material § 58... milk used. Such dairy products shall have originated from raw milk meeting the same requirements as...

  18. Non-Formal Education in Ethiopia: The Modern Sector. Program of Studies in Non-Formal Education. Discussion Papers. No. 6.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Niehoff, Richard O.; Wilder, Bernard

    Nonformal education programs operating in the modern sector in Ethiopia are described in a perspective relevant to the Ethiopian context. The modern sector is defined as those activities concerned with the manufacture of goods, extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials, the provision of services, and the creation and maintenance…

  19. 40 CFR 418.52 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... from nitric acid production in which all the raw material ammonia is in the gaseous form: [Metric units... limitations Maximum for any 1 day Average of daily values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Ammonia... all the raw material ammonia is in the shipped liquid form: [Metric units, kg/kkg of product; English...

  20. 40 CFR 418.52 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... from nitric acid production in which all the raw material ammonia is in the gaseous form: [Metric units... limitations Maximum for any 1 day Average of daily values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Ammonia... all the raw material ammonia is in the shipped liquid form: [Metric units, kg/kkg of product; English...

  1. 40 CFR 418.52 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... from nitric acid production in which all the raw material ammonia is in the gaseous form: [Metric units... limitations Maximum for any 1 day Average of daily values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Ammonia... all the raw material ammonia is in the shipped liquid form: [Metric units, kg/kkg of product; English...

  2. 40 CFR 418.52 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... from nitric acid production in which all the raw material ammonia is in the gaseous form: [Metric units... limitations Maximum for any 1 day Average of daily values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Ammonia... all the raw material ammonia is in the shipped liquid form: [Metric units, kg/kkg of product; English...

  3. 40 CFR 418.52 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... from nitric acid production in which all the raw material ammonia is in the gaseous form: [Metric units... limitations Maximum for any 1 day Average of daily values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed— Ammonia... all the raw material ammonia is in the shipped liquid form: [Metric units, kg/kkg of product; English...

  4. Catalysis: A Potential Alternative to Kraft Pulping

    Treesearch

    Alan W. Rudie; Peter W. Hart

    2014-01-01

    A thorough analysis of the kraft pulping process makes it obvious why it has dominated for over a century as an industrial process with no replacement in sight. It uses low cost raw materials, collects and regenerates over 90% of the chemicals needed in the process, is indifferent to wood raw material and good at preserving the cellulose portion of the wood which is...

  5. Catalysis: A Potential Alternative to Kraft Pulping

    Treesearch

    Alan W. Rudie; Peter W. Hart

    2014-01-01

    A thorough analysis of the kraft pulping process makes it obvious why it has dominated for over a century as an industrial process with no replacement in sight. It uses low-cost raw materials; collects and regenerates over 90% of the chemicals needed in the process; and is indifferent to wood raw material and good at preserving the cellulose portion of the wood, the...

  6. Pulpwood production in the Northeast 1969

    Treesearch

    James T. Bones; David R. Dickson

    1970-01-01

    This annual report is based on a canvass of all pulpmills in the Northeast that use wood-either from roundwood or plant residues-as a basic raw material for a variety of products. Mills that use pulpwood as a raw material in producing insulation board and hardboard were also included in the canvass. The production-from-roundwood statistics reported in this bulletin are...

  7. Pulpwood production in the Northeast 1970

    Treesearch

    James T. Bones; David R. Dickson

    1971-01-01

    This annual report is based on a canvass of all pulpmills in the Northeast that use wood-either roundwood or plant residues-as a basic raw material for a variety of products. Mills that use pulpwood as a raw material in producing insulation board and hardboard were also included in the canvass. The statistics for production from roundwood reported in this bulletin are...

  8. 2. EXTERIOR VIEW, LOOKING NORTHEAST FROM THE CUPOLA (RIGHT) TO ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    2. EXTERIOR VIEW, LOOKING NORTHEAST FROM THE CUPOLA (RIGHT) TO COKE BIN (LEFT), OF RAW MATERIALS YARD. FOUNDRY IRON IS FROM SCRAP, NOT BASIC ORE. RAW MATERIALS ASSEMBLED, IN PILES, FOR SMELTING ARE AUTOMOTIVE SCRAP (CENTER), STRUCTURAL STEEL AND RAILROAD RAIL (RIGHT) AND LIMESTONE (LEFT). - Stockham Pipe & Fittings Company, Grey Iron Foundry, 4000 Tenth Avenue North, Birmingham, Jefferson County, AL

  9. Successes, shortcomings in using production wastes as raw material

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Glushenkova, L.

    1983-10-01

    The economical and rational use of all forms of resources under modern conditions is a task of nationwide significance. Its urgency is caused by factors such as the progressively growing need for raw material, fuel, energy, and supplies, the limited and non-renewable nature of many minerals, and the difficult conditions of mining them and transporting them to where they are needed.

  10. Strategy to Overcome Effect of Raw Materials on Enzymatic Process of Biodiesel from Non-edible Oils Using Candida sp. 99-125 Lipase.

    PubMed

    Nie, Kaili; Wang, Fang; Tan, Tianwei; Liu, Luo

    2015-11-01

    Non-edible oils are preferred raw materials for biodiesel production. However, the properties of raw materials significantly affect the synthesis process, leading to difficulties to design one process suitable for any kind of raw material. In this study, the composition of five typical non-edible oils was analyzed. The major difference was the content of free fatty acids, reflected from their acid values. The influence of different oils was investigated by using lipase from Candida sp. 99-125. At low lipase dosage and low water content, the conversion was found proportional to the acid value. However, by increasing the water content or lipase dosage, we observed that the conversions for all kinds of oils used in this study could exceed 80%. Time course analysis indicates that the lipase used in this study catalyzed hydrolysis followed by esterification, rather than direct transesterification. Accumulation of free fatty acids at the very beginning was necessary. A high water content facilitated the hydrolysis of oils with low acid value. This lipase showed capability to transform all the oils by controlling the water content.

  11. Industrial bioconversion of renewable resources as an alternative to conventional chemistry.

    PubMed

    Willke, Th; Vorlop, K-D

    2004-12-01

    There are numerous possibilities for replacing chemical techniques with biotechnological methods based on renewable resources. The potential of biotechnology (products, technologies, metabolic pathways) is for the most part well known. Often the costs are still the problem. Biotechnological advances have the best chances for replacing some fine chemicals. While the raw material costs are less of a consideration here, the environmental benefit is huge, as chemical-technical processes often produce a wide range of undesirable/harmful by-products or waste. In the case of bulk chemicals (<1 US dollar/kg) the product price is affected mainly by raw material costs. As long as fossil raw materials are still relatively inexpensive, alternatives based on renewable resources cannot establish themselves. Residues and waste, which are available even at no cost in some cases, are an exception. The introduction of new technologies for the efficient use of such raw materials is currently being promoted. The utilisation of residual wood, plant parts, waste fat, and crude glycerol, for example, provides great potential. For industrial chemicals (2-4 US dollars/kg), process and recovery costs play a greater role. Here, innovative production technologies and product recovery techniques (e.g. on-line product separation) can increase competitiveness.

  12. Optimization of formulation and processing of Moringa oleifera and spirulina complex tablets.

    PubMed

    Zheng, Yi; Zhu, Fan; Lin, Dan; Wu, Jun; Zhou, Yichao; Mark, Bohn

    2017-01-01

    Objective: To prepare a more comprehensive nutrition, more balanced proportion of natural nutritional supplement tablets with Moringa oleifera leaves and spirulina the two nutrients which have complementary natural food ingredients. Method: On the basis of research M. oleifera leaves with spirulina nutrient composition was determined on M. oleifera leaves and spirulina ratio of raw materials, and the choice of microcrystalline cellulose, sodium salt of caboxy methyl cellulose(CMC),magnesium stearate excipient, through single factor and orthogonal experiment, selecting the best formula tablets prepared by powder direct compression technology, for preparation of M. oleifera and spirulina complex tablets. Results: The best ratio of raw material for the M. oleifera leaves powder: spirulina powder was 7:3, the best raw materials for the tablet formulation was 88.5%, 8.0% microcrystalline cellulose, CMC 2.0%, stearin magnesium 1.5%, the optimum parameters for the raw material crushing 200-300 mesh particle size, moisture content of 7%, tableting pressure 40 kN. Conclusion: Through formulation and process optimization, we can prepare more comprehensive and balanced nutrition M. oleifera and spirulina complex tablets, its sheet-shaped appearance, piece weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration and other indicators have reached the appropriate quality requirements.

  13. Effect of synthesis route on electrical and ethanol sensing characteristics for LaFeO3-δ nanoparticles by citric sol-gel method

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cao, Ensi; Yang, Yuqing; Cui, Tingting; Zhang, Yongjia; Hao, Wentao; Sun, Li; Peng, Hua; Deng, Xiao

    2017-01-01

    LaFeO3-δ nanoparticles were prepared by citric sol-gel method with different raw material choosing and calcination process. The choosing of polyethylene glycol instead of ethylene glycol as raw material and additional pre-calcination at 400 °C rather than direct calcination at 600 °C could result in the decrease of resistance due to the reduction of activation energy Ea. Meanwhile, the choosing of ethylene glycol as raw material and additional pre-calcination leads to the enhancement of sensitivity to ethanol. Comprehensive analysis on the sensitivity and XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS results indicates that the sensing performance of LaFeO3-δ should be mainly determined by the adsorbed oxygen species on Fe ions, with certain contribution from native active oxygen. The best sensitivity of 46.1-200 ppm ethanol at prime working temperature of 112 °C is obtained by the sample using ethylene glycol as raw material with additional pre-calcination, which originates from its uniformly-sized and well-dispersed particles as well as high atomic ratio of Fe/La at surface region.

  14. Efficient sugar release by acetic acid ethanol-based organosolv pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Hongdan; Wu, Shubin

    2014-12-03

    Acetic acid ethanol-based organosolv pretreatment of sugar cane bagasse was performed to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis. The effect of different parameters (including temperature, reaction time, solvent concentration, and acid catalyst dose) on pretreatment prehydrolyzate and subsequent enzymatic digestibility was determined. During the pretreatment process, 11.83 g of xylose based on 100 g of raw material could be obtained. After the ethanol-based pretreatment, the enzymatic hydrolysis was enhanced and the highest glucose yield of 40.99 g based on 100 g of raw material could be obtained, representing 93.8% of glucose in sugar cane bagasse. The maximum total sugar yields occurred at 190 °C, 45 min, 60:40 ethanol/water, and 5% dosage of acetic acid, reaching 58.36 g (including 17.69 g of xylose and 40.67 g of glucose) based on 100 g of raw material, representing 85.4% of total sugars in raw material. Furthermore, characterization of the pretreated sugar cane bagasse using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses were also developed. The results suggested that ethanol-based organosolv pretreatment could enhance enzymatic digestibilities because of the delignification and removal of xylan.

  15. Study to develop improved fire resistant aircraft passenger seat materials, phase 1

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Trabold, E. L.

    1977-01-01

    The procurement and testing of a wide range of candidate materials is reported. Improved fire resistant nonmetallic materials were subjected to tests to evaluate their thermal characteristics, such as burn, smoke generation, heat release rate and toxicity. In addition, candidate materials were evaluated for mechanical, physical and aesthetic properties. Other properties considered included safety, comfort, durability and maintainability. The fiscal year 1977 and the projected 1980 cost data were obtained for aircraft seat materials.

  16. Environmental analysis of raw cork extraction in cork oak forests in southern Europe (Catalonia--Spain).

    PubMed

    Rives, Jesús; Fernandez-Rodriguez, Ivan; Rieradevall, Joan; Gabarrell, Xavier

    2012-11-15

    Cork oak grows endemically in a narrow region bordering the western Mediterranean, and especially in the Iberian Peninsula. The importance of cork agro-forestry systems lies in the fact that a natural and renewable raw material - cork - can be extracted sustainably without endangering the tree or affecting biodiversity. This paper describes an environmental analysis of the extraction of raw cork in cork oak forests in Catalonia, using data from five representative local forest exploitations. The evaluation was carried out using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, and all the forestry management required to obtain a tonne of raw cork was included. The aim of the study was to evaluate the environmental impacts - in terms of global warming, acidification, eutrophication, human toxicity, and so on - caused by cork extraction and determine the carbon dioxide balance of these forestry systems, with a tree lifespan of about 200 years. During the life cycle extraction of cork in Catalonia, 0.2 kg of CO(2) eq. was emitted per kg of raw cork extracted. Moreover, cork cannot be extracted without the tree, which will be fixing carbon dioxide throughout its technological useful life (200 years), despite the fact that the bark is removed periodically: every 13-14 years. If the emission from extraction and the carbon contained in the material is discounted, the carbon dioxide balance indicates that 18 kg of CO(2) are fixed per kg of raw cork extracted. Therefore, cork is a natural, renewable and local material that can replace other non-renewable materials, at local level, to reduce the environmental impacts of products, and particularly to reduce their carbon footprint. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  17. 48 CFR 908.7121 - Special materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... reporting. (c) Lithium. Lithium is available from Y-12 at no cost other than normal packing, handling, and... procurement of lithium compounds from any other source. [77 FR 74387, Dec. 14, 2012] ...

  18. 48 CFR 908.7121 - Special materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... reporting. (c) Lithium. Lithium is available from Y-12 at no cost other than normal packing, handling, and... procurement of lithium compounds from any other source. [77 FR 74387, Dec. 14, 2012] ...

  19. Optical and spectroscopic characterizations of Algerian silica raw material to predict high quality solar-grade silicon

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kheloufi, A.; Bobocioiu, E.; Kerkar, F.; Kefaifi, A.; Anas, S.; Medjahed, S. A.; Belkacem, Y.; Keffous, A.

    2017-03-01

    We assess the potential use as raw material for photovoltaics of Algerian silica samples from the quartz veins of the Tirek deposit and quartz sandstones of the Ain Barda deposit. With 97-98% purity, they all require enrichment before their industrial utilization. Acid leaching and gravimetric separation are used to remove the impurities at the grain boundaries and within the crystal lattice. We obtain course, middle, and fine products. The acid leaching process and the gravimetric separation increase the content of SiO2 up to 99.68%; the residue concentration of iron, alumina and zirconium is decreased to 70, 72 and 58 ppm respectively. These values are in agreement with requirements for silica as raw material destined for solar-grade silicon production.

  20. Agaves as a raw material: recent technologies and applications.

    PubMed

    Narváez-Zapata, J A; Sánchez-Teyer, L F

    2009-01-01

    Agave plants are a valuable source of raw material due to its fibrous and complex sugar content of their leaves and core, and their bagasse waste can be use for several aims. This plant genus belongs to the Agavaceae family and until now more than 200 species have been described. A large number of Agave species are currently used as raw material in several biotechnological processes. This review shows the reported applications and patents on fields like alcoholic brewages with special reference to Tequila and Mezcal, the isolation and use of compounds such as saponins and agave fructans, and their potential biotechnological application on several human demands. The process to obtain fibers and cellulose, stock feeds, and several miscellaneous extractives are also reviewed. Some possibilities and problems of cultivation are discussed.

  1. 49 CFR 238.103 - Fire safety.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Fire safety. 238.103 Section 238.103... § 238.103 Fire safety. (a) Materials. (1) Materials used in constructing a passenger car or a cab of a... section at the time it was tested. (c) Fire safety analysis for procuring new passenger cars and...

  2. 49 CFR 238.103 - Fire safety.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Fire safety. 238.103 Section 238.103... § 238.103 Fire safety. (a) Materials. (1) Materials used in constructing a passenger car or a cab of a... section at the time it was tested. (c) Fire safety analysis for procuring new passenger cars and...

  3. 49 CFR 238.103 - Fire safety.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Fire safety. 238.103 Section 238.103... § 238.103 Fire safety. (a) Materials. (1) Materials used in constructing a passenger car or a cab of a... section at the time it was tested. (c) Fire safety analysis for procuring new passenger cars and...

  4. 7 CFR 1753.48 - Procurement procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... that is estimated to cost $250,000, or less, inclusive of labor and materials. (2) The procedures to be...) Materials on hand, until released to the contractor, shall be covered by fire and either wind-storm or... construction are necessary, and the cost of such changes or corrections is properly chargeable to the borrower...

  5. 7 CFR 1753.48 - Procurement procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... that is estimated to cost $250,000, or less, inclusive of labor and materials. (2) The procedures to be...) Materials on hand, until released to the contractor, shall be covered by fire and either wind-storm or... construction are necessary, and the cost of such changes or corrections is properly chargeable to the borrower...

  6. 7 CFR 1753.48 - Procurement procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... that is estimated to cost $250,000, or less, inclusive of labor and materials. (2) The procedures to be...) Materials on hand, until released to the contractor, shall be covered by fire and either wind-storm or... construction are necessary, and the cost of such changes or corrections is properly chargeable to the borrower...

  7. 7 CFR 1753.48 - Procurement procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... that is estimated to cost $250,000, or less, inclusive of labor and materials. (2) The procedures to be...) Materials on hand, until released to the contractor, shall be covered by fire and either wind-storm or... construction are necessary, and the cost of such changes or corrections is properly chargeable to the borrower...

  8. Operating Hours Based Inventory Management.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1986-12-01

    forecasting can be based on the expert opinion. The Delphi technique is one such method of forecasting which uses a group of decision makers with a...errors occ.ur. If larce a’nounts of’ material are procured and warehoused, there could be a greater chance that the material will no longer be needed

  9. Surface electrical properties experiment study phase, volume 3

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1973-01-01

    The reliability and quality assurance system and procedures used in developing test equipment for the Lunar Experiment projects are described. The subjects discussed include the following: (1) documentation control, (2) design review, (3) parts and materials selection, (4) material procurement, (5) inspection procedures, (6) qualification and special testing, and failure modes and effects analysis.

  10. Operation HARDTACK. Phase 2

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1959-07-01

    Nevada Test Site. ditions, available equipment and material , and late criteria changes requesifd by the partici- "The Nevada tests will e held during...by visory personnel. H&N Field Engineers or the H&N Material TestsResident Engineer. The majority of material tests consisted of 3. Reports and...procurement of material and hol, date of request, date rquired, work to be equipment to be used in the test facilities pro- performed, and site or station

  11. 14 CFR 29.621 - Casting factors.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... established. (3) For castings procured to a specification that guarantees the mechanical properties of the material in the casting and provides for demonstration of these properties by test of coupons cut from the...

  12. 14 CFR 27.621 - Casting factors.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... established. (3) For castings procured to a specification that guarantees the mechanical properties of the material in the casting and provides for demonstration of these properties by test of coupons cut from the...

  13. 14 CFR 29.621 - Casting factors.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... established. (3) For castings procured to a specification that guarantees the mechanical properties of the material in the casting and provides for demonstration of these properties by test of coupons cut from the...

  14. 14 CFR 27.621 - Casting factors.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... established. (3) For castings procured to a specification that guarantees the mechanical properties of the material in the casting and provides for demonstration of these properties by test of coupons cut from the...

  15. Optical-electronic system for express analysis of mineral raw materials dressability by color sorting method

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Alekhin, Artem A.; Gorbunova, Elena V.; Chertov, Aleksandr N.; Petuhova, Darya B.

    2013-04-01

    Due to the depletion of solid minerals ore reserves and the involvement in the production of the poor and refractory ores a process of continuous appreciation of minerals is going. In present time at the market of enrichment equipment are well represented optical sorters of various firms. All these sorters are essentially different from each other by parameters of productivity, classes of particles sizes for processed raw, nuances of decision algorithm, as well as by color model (RGB, YUV, HSB, etc.) chosen to describe the color of separating mineral samples. At the same time there is no dressability estimation method for mineral raw materials without direct semi-industrial test on the existing type of optical sorter, as well as there is no equipment realizing mentioned dressability estimation method. It should also be note the lack of criteria for choosing of one or another manufacturer (or type) of optical sorter. A direct consequence of this situation is the "opacity" of the color sorting method and the rejection of its potential customers. The proposed solution of mentioned problems is to develop the dressability estimation method, and to create an optical-electronic system for express analysis of mineral raw materials dressability by color sorting method. This paper has the description of structure organization and operating principles of experimental model optical-electronic system for express analysis of mineral raw material. Also in this work are represented comparison results of the proposed optical-electronic system and the real color sorter.

  16. 7 CFR 58.232 - Milk.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Plants Approved for USDA Inspection and Grading Service 1 Quality Specifications for Raw Materials § 58.232 Milk. Raw milk shall meet the requirements as outlined in §§ 58.132 through 58.138 and, unless...

  17. 7 CFR 58.232 - Milk.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Plants Approved for USDA Inspection and Grading Service 1 Quality Specifications for Raw Materials § 58.232 Milk. Raw milk shall meet the requirements as outlined in §§ 58.132 through 58.138 and, unless...

  18. 40 CFR 409.21 - Specialized definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... AND STANDARDS SUGAR PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Crystalline Cane Sugar Refining Subcategory § 409... raw material (raw sugar) contained within aqueous solution at the beginning of the process for production of refined cane sugar. ...

  19. Extraterrestrial materials processing and construction

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Criswell, D. R.

    1978-01-01

    Applications of available terrestrial skills to the gathering of lunar materials and the processing of raw lunar materials into industrial feed stock were investigated. The literature on lunar soils and rocks was reviewed and the chemical processes by which major oxides and chemical elements can be extracted were identified. The gathering of lunar soil by means of excavation equipment was studied in terms of terrestrial experience with strip mining operations on earth. The application of electrostatic benefication techniques was examined for use on the moon to minimize the quantity of materials requiring surface transport and to optimize the stream of raw materials to be transported off the moon for subsequent industrial use.

  20. [Russian and foreign legal-standards bases for guaranteeing the parasitic safety of raw produce and food products].

    PubMed

    Lovgalev, A S

    1998-01-01

    The paper analyzes the standard legal and methodological assurance of the quality and safety of animal food raw materials and foodstuffs (meat, meat products, fish, shellfish, crayfish and their processing products) by the parasitic purity rates according the requirements under the Russian Federation's laws "On Sanitary and Epidemiological Well-Being of the Population", "On Protection of Consumer's Rights", "On Certification of Products and Services", those of SanPiN, such as 2.3.2.560-96 "Sanitary Requirements for the Quality and Safety of Food Raw Materials and Foodstuffs" and 3.2.569-96 "Prevention of Parasitic Diseases in the Russian Federation".

  1. Comparative analysis of non-destructive methods to control fissile materials in large-size containers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Batyaev, V. F.; Sklyarov, S. V.

    2017-09-01

    The analysis of various non-destructive methods to control fissile materials (FM) in large-size containers filled with radioactive waste (RAW) has been carried out. The difficulty of applying passive gamma-neutron monitoring FM in large containers filled with concreted RAW is shown. Selection of an active non-destructive assay technique depends on the container contents; and in case of a concrete or iron matrix with very low activity and low activity RAW the neutron radiation method appears to be more preferable as compared with the photonuclear one. Note to the reader: the pdf file has been changed on September 22, 2017.

  2. JPRS Report East Asia Southeast Asia

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1987-06-03

    the Philippines and Japan experienced production problems. The Philippines lacked supplies of raw materials while Japan’s currency rose so high as...Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore Squid: Greece, Spain, the Philippines , Saudi Arabia, U.S. Clams: U.S., Canada, Malaysia, Japan, Italy, West Germany...raw material caught under joint venture fisheries enter- prises, while Thailand’s competitors like the Philippines and Taiwan remain unable to

  3. Effect of the raw material composition of fabrics on the Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI)

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Jeler, S.; Ceric, B.

    1986-01-01

    The raw material composition of fabrics is one of the most important factors for LOI value. LOI value was determined in samples of varying composition composed of cellulose, protein, and synthetic fibers and their mixtures, based on ASTM D 2863-76. Cellulose fibers and their mixtures exhibited the lowest value, while synthetic fibers had the highest LOI value.

  4. JPRS Report, Near East and South Asia, India

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1992-05-13

    withdrawal of the RBI import policy for capital goods, raw materials, compo- nents and industrial consumables . Also, the licensing of host of industrial ...fully capable of establishing consumer production industries and providing raw materials for it. This would also benefit India, because a huge market...which two- thirds of population depends for their livelihood, demand base for the industrial sector, especially essen- tial consumer goods is likely

  5. Hook tool manufacture in New Caledonian crows: behavioural variation and the influence of raw materials.

    PubMed

    Klump, Barbara C; Sugasawa, Shoko; St Clair, James J H; Rutz, Christian

    2015-11-18

    New Caledonian crows use a range of foraging tools, and are the only non-human species known to craft hooks. Based on a small number of observations, their manufacture of hooked stick tools has previously been described as a complex, multi-stage process. Tool behaviour is shaped by genetic predispositions, individual and social learning, and/or ecological influences, but disentangling the relative contributions of these factors remains a major research challenge. The properties of raw materials are an obvious, but largely overlooked, source of variation in tool-manufacture behaviour. We conducted experiments with wild-caught New Caledonian crows, to assess variation in their hooked stick tool making, and to investigate how raw-material properties affect the manufacture process. In Experiment 1, we showed that New Caledonian crows' manufacture of hooked stick tools can be much more variable than previously thought (85 tools by 18 subjects), and can involve two newly-discovered behaviours: 'pulling' for detaching stems and bending of the tool shaft. Crows' tool manufactures varied significantly: in the number of different action types employed; in the time spent processing the hook and bending the tool shaft; and in the structure of processing sequences. In Experiment 2, we examined the interaction of crows with raw materials of different properties, using a novel paradigm that enabled us to determine subjects' rank-ordered preferences (42 tools by 7 subjects). Plant properties influenced: the order in which crows selected stems; whether a hooked tool was manufactured; the time required to release a basic tool; and, possibly, the release technique, the number of behavioural actions, and aspects of processing behaviour. Results from Experiment 2 suggested that at least part of the natural behavioural variation observed in Experiment 1 is due to the effect of raw-material properties. Our discovery of novel manufacture behaviours indicates a plausible scenario for the evolutionary origins, and gradual refinement, of New Caledonian crows' hooked stick tool making. Furthermore, our experimental demonstration of a link between raw-material properties and aspects of tool manufacture provides an alternative hypothesis for explaining regional differences in tool behaviours observed in New Caledonian crows, and some primate species.

  6. Characterization of mammalian cell culture raw materials by combining spectroscopy and chemometrics

    PubMed Central

    Trunfio, Nicholas; Lee, Haewoo; Starkey, Jason; Agarabi, Cyrus; Liu, Jay

    2017-01-01

    Two of the primary issues with characterizing the variability of raw materials used in mammalian cell culture, such as wheat hydrolysate, is that the analyses of these materials can be time consuming, and the results of the analyses are not straightforward to interpret. To solve these issues, spectroscopy can be combined with chemometrics to provide a quick, robust and easy to understand methodology for the characterization of raw materials; which will improve cell culture performance by providing an assessment of the impact that a given raw material will have on final product quality. In this study, four spectroscopic technologies: near infrared spectroscopy, middle infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy were used in conjunction with principal component analysis to characterize the variability of wheat hydrolysates, and to provide evidence that the classification of good and bad lots of raw material is possible. Then, the same spectroscopic platforms are combined with partial least squares regressions to quantitatively predict two cell culture critical quality attributes (CQA): integrated viable cell density and IgG titer. The results showed that near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy are capable of characterizing the wheat hydrolysate's chemical structure, with NIR performing slightly better; and that they can be used to estimate the raw materials’ impact on the CQAs. These results were justified by demonstrating that of all the components present in the wheat hydrolysates, six amino acids: arginine, glycine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine and threonine; and five trace elements: copper, phosphorus, molybdenum, arsenic and aluminum, had a large, statistically significant effect on the CQAs, and that NIR and fluorescence spectroscopy performed the best for characterizing the important amino acids. It was also found that the trace elements of interest were not characterized well by any of the spectral technologies used; however, the trace elements were also shown to have a less significant effect on the CQAs than the amino acids. © 2017 The Authors Biotechnology Progress published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 33:1127–1138, 2017 PMID:28393480

  7. Phenotyping the quality of complex medium components by simple online-monitored shake flask experiments.

    PubMed

    Diederichs, Sylvia; Korona, Anna; Staaden, Antje; Kroutil, Wolfgang; Honda, Kohsuke; Ohtake, Hisao; Büchs, Jochen

    2014-11-07

    Media containing yeast extracts and other complex raw materials are widely used for the cultivation of microorganisms. However, variations in the specific nutrient composition can occur, due to differences in the complex raw material ingredients and in the production of these components. These lot-to-lot variations can affect growth rate, product yield and product quality in laboratory investigations and biopharmaceutical production processes. In the FDA's Process Analytical Technology (PAT) initiative, the control and assessment of the quality of critical raw materials is one key aspect to maintain product quality and consistency. In this study, the Respiration Activity Monitoring System (RAMOS) was used to evaluate the impact of different yeast extracts and commercial complex auto-induction medium lots on metabolic activity and product yield of four recombinant Escherichia coli variants encoding different enzymes. Under non-induced conditions, the oxygen transfer rate (OTR) of E. coli was not affected by a variation of the supplemented yeast extract lot. The comparison of E. coli cultivations under induced conditions exhibited tremendous differences in OTR profiles and volumetric activity for all investigated yeast extract lots of different suppliers as well as lots of the same supplier independent of the E. coli variant. Cultivation in the commercial auto-induction medium lots revealed the same reproducible variations. In cultivations with parallel offline analysis, the highest volumetric activity was found at different cultivation times. Only by online monitoring of the cultures, a distinct cultivation phase (e.g. glycerol depletion) could be detected and chosen for comparable and reproducible offline analysis of the yield of functional product. This work proves that cultivations conducted in complex media may be prone to significant variation in final product quality and quantity if the quality of the raw material for medium preparation is not thoroughly checked. In this study, the RAMOS technique enabled a reliable and reproducible screening and phenotyping of complex raw material lots by online measurement of the respiration activity. Consequently, complex raw material lots can efficiently be assessed if the distinct effects on culture behavior and final product quality and quantity are visualized.

  8. Management of a Statewide Textbook and Materials Center for the Visually Impaired.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Rossi, Peter

    1979-01-01

    The activities described include production and/or procurement of special media textbooks (tape, large print, and braille) and specialized equipment, as well as the administrative service function. (Author)

  9. 48 CFR 908.7121 - Special materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ...) Lithium. Lithium is available at no cost other than normal packing, handling, and shipping charges from... to procurement of lithium compounds from any other source. [54 FR 27646, June 30, 1989, as amended at...

  10. 48 CFR 908.7121 - Special materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ...) Lithium. Lithium is available at no cost other than normal packing, handling, and shipping charges from... to procurement of lithium compounds from any other source. [54 FR 27646, June 30, 1989, as amended at...

  11. 48 CFR 908.7121 - Special materials.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ...) Lithium. Lithium is available at no cost other than normal packing, handling, and shipping charges from... to procurement of lithium compounds from any other source. [54 FR 27646, June 30, 1989, as amended at...

  12. Utilization of flotation wastes of copper slag as raw material in cement production.

    PubMed

    Alp, I; Deveci, H; Süngün, H

    2008-11-30

    Copper slag wastes, even if treated via processes such as flotation for metal recovery, still contain heavy metals with hazardous properties posing environmental risks for disposal. This study reports the potential use of flotation waste of a copper slag (FWCS) as iron source in the production of Portland cement clinker. The FWCS appears a suitable raw material as iron source containing >59% Fe(2)O(3) mainly in the form of fayalite (Fe(2)SiO(4)) and magnetite (Fe(3)O(4)). The clinker products obtained using the FWCS from the industrial scale trial operations over a 4-month period were characterised for the conformity of its chemical composition and the physico-mechanical performance of the resultant cement products was evaluated. The data collected for the clinker products produced using an iron ore, which is currently used as the cement raw material were also included for comparison. The results have shown that the chemical compositions of all the clinker products including those of FWCS are typical of a Portland cement clinker. The mechanical performance of the standard mortars prepared from the FWCS clinkers were found to be similar to those from the iron ore clinkers with the desired specifications for the industrial cements e.g. CEM I type cements. Furthermore, the leachability tests (TCLP and SPLP) have revealed that the mortar samples obtained from the FWCS clinkers present no environmental problems while the FWCS could act as the potential source of heavy metal contamination. These findings suggest that flotation wastes of copper slag (FWCS) can be readily utilised as cement raw material due to its availability in large quantities at low cost with the further significant benefits for waste management/environmental practices of the FWCS and the reduced production and processing costs for cement raw materials.

  13. Identifying Major Transitions in the Evolution of Lithic Cutting Edge Production Rates

    PubMed Central

    Clarkson, Chris

    2016-01-01

    The notion that the evolution of core reduction strategies involved increasing efficiency in cutting edge production is prevalent in narratives of hominin technological evolution. Yet a number of studies comparing two different knapping technologies have found no significant differences in edge production. Using digital analysis methods we present an investigation of raw material efficiency in eight core technologies broadly representative of the long-term evolution of lithic technology. These are bipolar, multiplatform, discoidal, biface, Levallois, prismatic blade, punch blade and pressure blade production. Raw material efficiency is assessed by the ratio of cutting edge length to original core mass. We also examine which flake attributes contribute to maximising raw material efficiency, as well as compare the difference between expert and intermediate knappers in terms of cutting edge produced per gram of core. We identify a gradual increase in raw material efficiency over the broad sweep of lithic technological evolution. The results indicate that the most significant transition in efficiency likely took place with the introduction of small foliate biface, Levallois and prismatic blade knapping, all introduced in the Middle Stone Age / Middle Palaeolithic among early Homo sapiens and Neanderthals. This suggests that no difference in raw material efficiency existed between these species. With prismatic blade technology securely dated to the Middle Palaeolithic, by including the more recent punch and pressure blade technology our results dispel the notion that the transition to the Upper Palaeolithic was accompanied by an increase in efficiency. However, further increases in cutting edge efficiency are evident, with pressure blades possessing the highest efficiency in this study, indicating that late/epi-Palaeolithic and Neolithic blade technologies further increased efficiency. PMID:27936135

  14. Incidence, populations and diversity of fungi from raw materials, final products and air of processing environment of multigrain whole meal bread.

    PubMed

    Santos, Juliana Lane Paixão Dos; Bernardi, Angélica Olivier; Pozza Morassi, Letícia L; Silva, Beatriz S; Copetti, Marina Venturini; S Sant'Ana, Anderson

    2016-09-01

    This study aimed to assess the incidence, to quantify and to assess the diversity of fungi in a multigrain whole meal bread processing plant. Two hundred and eight one (n=281) samples were analyzed, including raw materials (n=120), air samples (n=136) and multigrain breads (n=25). Among the raw materials, the whole corn flour showed the highest counts of fungi (4.8logCFU/g), followed by whole-wheat flour (3.1logCFU/g). The counts of fungi in the air of processing environment were higher in post-baking steps (oven output, cooling, slicing, packaging) than in pre-baking steps (weighing and mixer) (p<0.05). Species of fungi isolated from spoiled bread samples stored at 5, 20, 25 and 30, and 40°C corresponded mostly to Penicillium paneum and Penicillium polonicum isolated from 20 and 24% of samples, respectively. These species were also isolated from raw materials (P. paneum and P. polonicum) and air collected at different processing sampling points (P. polonicum). The high counts of filamentous fungi in raw materials and air samples in processing steps such as cooling, slicing, and packaging, suggest that contamination that may occur in these steps can be critical for the shelf life of breads. The results of this study highlight that the prevention of contamination of breads by fungal spores is still a challenge for bakery industries and that other strategies such as control of germination and growth of spoilage fungi through the development of more stable formulations have to be developed. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  15. Identifying Major Transitions in the Evolution of Lithic Cutting Edge Production Rates.

    PubMed

    Muller, Antoine; Clarkson, Chris

    2016-01-01

    The notion that the evolution of core reduction strategies involved increasing efficiency in cutting edge production is prevalent in narratives of hominin technological evolution. Yet a number of studies comparing two different knapping technologies have found no significant differences in edge production. Using digital analysis methods we present an investigation of raw material efficiency in eight core technologies broadly representative of the long-term evolution of lithic technology. These are bipolar, multiplatform, discoidal, biface, Levallois, prismatic blade, punch blade and pressure blade production. Raw material efficiency is assessed by the ratio of cutting edge length to original core mass. We also examine which flake attributes contribute to maximising raw material efficiency, as well as compare the difference between expert and intermediate knappers in terms of cutting edge produced per gram of core. We identify a gradual increase in raw material efficiency over the broad sweep of lithic technological evolution. The results indicate that the most significant transition in efficiency likely took place with the introduction of small foliate biface, Levallois and prismatic blade knapping, all introduced in the Middle Stone Age / Middle Palaeolithic among early Homo sapiens and Neanderthals. This suggests that no difference in raw material efficiency existed between these species. With prismatic blade technology securely dated to the Middle Palaeolithic, by including the more recent punch and pressure blade technology our results dispel the notion that the transition to the Upper Palaeolithic was accompanied by an increase in efficiency. However, further increases in cutting edge efficiency are evident, with pressure blades possessing the highest efficiency in this study, indicating that late/epi-Palaeolithic and Neolithic blade technologies further increased efficiency.

  16. Characterization of products obtained from pyrolysis and steam gasification of wood waste, RDF, and RPF.

    PubMed

    Hwang, In-Hee; Kobayashi, Jun; Kawamoto, Katsuya

    2014-02-01

    Pyrolysis and steam gasification of woody biomass chip (WBC) obtained from construction and demolition wastes, refuse-derived fuel (RDF), and refuse paper and plastic fuel (RPF) were performed at various temperatures using a lab-scale instrument. The gas, liquid, and solid products were examined to determine their generation amounts, properties, and the carbon balance between raw material and products. The amount of product gas and its hydrogen concentration showed a considerable difference depending on pyrolysis and steam gasification at higher temperature. The reaction of steam and solid product, char, contributed to an increase in gas amount and hydrogen concentration. The amount of liquid products generated greatly depended on temperature rather than pyrolysis or steam gasification. The compositions of liquid product varied relying on raw materials used at 500°C but the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons became the major compounds at 900°C irrespective of the raw materials used. Almost fixed carbon (FC) of raw materials remained as solid products under pyrolysis condition whereas FC started to decompose at 700°C under steam gasification condition. For WBC, both char utilization by pyrolysis at low temperature (500°C) and syngas recovery by steam gasification at higher temperature (900°C) might be practical options. From the results of carbon balance of RDF and RPF, it was confirmed that the carbon conversion to liquid products conspicuously increased as the amount of plastic increased in the raw material. To recover feedstock from RPF, pyrolysis for oil recovery at low temperature (500°C) might be one of viable options. Steam gasification at 900°C could be an option but the method of tar reforming (e.g. catalyst utilization) should be considered. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  17. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Boussaa, S. Anas, E-mail: sabiha.anas@gmail.com; Kheloufi, A.; Kefaifi, A.

    Raw materials are essential for the functioning of modern societies, and access to these raw materials is vital to the world economy. Sustainable development, both globally level, raises important new challenges associated with access and efficient use of raw materials. High purity quartz, is consider as a critical raw material and it is a rare commodity that only forms under geological conditions where a narrow set of chemical and physical parameters is fulfilled. When identified and following special beneficiation techniques, high purity quartz obtains very attractive prices and is applied in high technology sectors that currently are under rapid expansionmore » such as photovoltaic solar cells, silicon metal - oxide wafers in the semiconductor industry and long distance optical fibers that are used in communication networks. Crystalline silicon remains the principal material for photovoltaic technology. Metallurgical silicon is produced industrially by the reduction of silica with carbon in an electric arc furnace at temperatures higher than 2000 °C in the hottest parts, by a reaction that can be written ideally as: SiO{sub 2} + 2C = Si + 2CO. The aim of this study has been to test experimental methods for investigating the various physical and chemical proprieties of Hoggar quartz with different techniques: X Ray Fluorescence, infra-red spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Optic Microscopy, Carbon Analyzer and Vickers Hardness. The results show finally that the quartz has got good result in purity but need enrichment for the photovoltaic application.« less

  18. The effects of fabric type, fabric width and model type on the cost of unit raw material in terms of apparel

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bilgiç, H.; Duru Baykal, P.

    2017-10-01

    The cost of the fabric which is the raw material of apparel constitutes approximately the half of the total product cost. So, it is highly important that the fabric should be used with the greatest productivity. Cost analysis are of great importance in terms of competitiveness of readymade clothing and apparel sector both in national and international markets. The proximity of costs to international average and the average cost of the countries that are competitors of Turkey in clothing market is essential for Turkey to sustain its effect in textile sector. In the contrary case, the sector won’t be able to maintain its competitive capacity sustainably [1].The main cost elements of textile and apparel sector consist of raw material, labor, energy and financing [2].

  19. Determination of Chondroitin Sulfate Content in Raw Materials and Dietary Supplements by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with UV Detection After Enzymatic Hydrolysis: Single-Laboratory Validation First Action 2015.11.

    PubMed

    Brunelle, Sharon L

    2016-01-01

    A previously validated method for determination of chondroitin sulfate in raw materials and dietary supplements was submitted to the AOAC Expert Review Panel (ERP) for Stakeholder Panel on Dietary Supplements Set 1 Ingredients (Anthocyanins, Chondroitin, and PDE5 Inhibitors) for consideration of First Action Official Methods(SM) status. The ERP evaluated the single-laboratory validation results against AOAC Standard Method Performance Requirements 2014.009. With recoveries of 100.8-101.6% in raw materials and 105.4-105.8% in finished products and precision of 0.25-1.8% RSDr within-day and 1.6-4.72% RSDr overall, the ERP adopted the method for First Action Official Methods status and provided recommendations for achieving Final Action status.

  20. Measurement of the isotope ratio of acetic acid in vinegar by HS-SPME-GC-TC/C-IRMS.

    PubMed

    Hattori, Ryota; Yamada, Keita; Shibata, Hiroki; Hirano, Satoshi; Tajima, Osamu; Yoshida, Naohiro

    2010-06-23

    Acetic acid is the main ingredient of vinegar, and the worth of vinegar often depends on the fermentation of raw materials. In this study, we have developed a simple and rapid method for discriminating the fermentation of the raw materials of vinegar by measuring the hydrogen and carbon isotope ratio of acetic acid using head space solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-high temperature conversion or combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-TC/C-IRMS). The measurement of acetic acid in vinegar by this method was possible with repeatabilities (1sigma) of +/-5.0 per thousand for hydrogen and +/-0.4 per thousand for carbon, which are sufficient to discriminate the origin of acetic acid. The fermentation of raw materials of several vinegars was evaluated by this method.

  1. Making the Case for a Model-Based Definition of Engineering Materials (Postprint)

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-09-12

    MBE relies on digi- tal representations, or a model-based definition (MBD), to define a product throughout design , manufacturing and sus- tainment...discovery through development, scale-up, product design and qualification, manufacture and sustainment have changed little over the past decades. This...testing data provided a certifiable material definition, so as to minimize risk and simplify procurement of materials during the design , manufacture , and

  2. Consumer mechatronics: a challenging playground for transducing materials and devices

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Skjolstrup, Carl E.; Vonsild, Asbjorn L.

    2003-03-01

    The authors of this article are characterised by having a background within robotics technology, and have within the last 2-3 years moved into a material & process dominated environment. The authors are among other things responsible within LEGO Company; an internationally known toy developer and producer, for identification, prioritisation and procurement of new technological opportunities within materials, processes and devices providing new functionalities for the LEGO product.

  3. Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2014-02-14

    yarns and raw or processed spun fibers, paper, carpeting, home furnishings, construction and insulation materials, auto parts, and composites. The...interior stalk (hurd) is used in various applications such as animal bedding, raw material inputs, low-quality papers, and composites. Hemp seed and...oilcake are used in a range of foods and beverages, and can be an alternative food protein source. Oil from the crushed hemp seed is an ingredient in a

  4. VIEW IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION AS MD1351 AND MD1352. RAW MATERIAL ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    VIEW IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION AS MD-135-1 AND MD-135-2. RAW MATERIAL CONVEYOR AT LEFT DEPOSITS SHELL INTO MILLING MACHINE AT LOWER LEFT. ENGINE IS AT LOWER RIGHT AND RADIATOR AT LOWER CENTER. ROLLER SORTER IS AT TOP OF CONVEYOR. - F. & H. Benning Company Oyster Mill, 14430 Solomons Island Road (moved from 1014 Benning Road, Galesville, Anne Arundel County, Maryland), Solomons, Calvert County, MD

  5. Behavior or Nonmetallic Materials in Shale Oil Derived Jet Fuels and in High Aromatic and High Sulfur Petroleum Fuels

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1978-07-01

    degrades thermal stability and forms undesirable sulfur dioxide emissions . Although the original premises for controlling total sulfur may not still...eliminate corrosive trace contamination, presence of surfactants which deactivate filter/ separators, carry-over of refinery processing materials, and...increase raw vapor emissions from ground fuel handling facilities and during refueling operations. Controlling raw vapor emissions is difficult at 3

  6. Coal gasification systems engineering and analysis. Appendix A: Coal gasification catalog

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1980-01-01

    The scope of work in preparing the Coal Gasification Data Catalog included the following subtasks: (1) candidate system subsystem definition, (2) raw materials analysis, (3) market analysis for by-products, (4) alternate products analysis, (5) preliminary integrated facility requirements. Definition of candidate systems/subsystems includes the identity of and alternates for each process unit, raw material requirements, and the cost and design drivers for each process design.

  7. Determination of platinum in mineral raw materials by switching chronoamperometry

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pakrieva, E.; Oskina, Y.; Ustinova, E.

    2014-08-01

    The technique of platinum (IV) determination in mineral raw materials with the application of switching chronoamperometry has been offered. The graphite electrode impregnated with polyethylene was used as the working electrode. The hydrolytic precipitation method with 3% NaOH solution has been developed to separate platinum from the sample matrix. The use of switching chronoamperometry applied to the assessment of the platinum content in geological objects has been demonstrated.

  8. Electrical Ground Support Equipment Fabrication, Specification for

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Denson, Erik C.

    2014-01-01

    This document specifies parts, materials, and processes used in the fabrication, maintenance, repair, and procurement of electrical and electronic control and monitoring equipment associated with ground support equipment (GSE) at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC).

  9. 41 CFR 101-26.506-1 - Types of service.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... PROGRAM 26.5-GSA Procurement Programs § 101-26.506-1 Types of service. GSA interior planning and design...; softline space plans; development of an interior design program (to include finish materials, furniture and...

  10. The Enhanced Red Emission and Improved Thermal Stability of CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ Phosphors by Using Nano-EuB6 as Raw Material

    PubMed Central

    Liu, Wen-Quan; Wu, Dan; Chang, Hugejile; Duan, Ru-Xia; Wu, Wen-Jie; Amu, Guleng; Bao, Fu-Quan; Tegus, Ojiyed

    2018-01-01

    Synthesizing phosphors with high performance is still a necessary work for phosphor-converted white light-emitting diodes (W-LEDs). In this paper, three series of CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ (denoted as CASN:Eu2+) phosphors using Eu2O3, EuN and EuB6 as raw materials respectively are fabricated by under the alloy precursor normal pressure nitridation synthesis condition. We demonstrate that CASN:Eu2+ using nano-EuB6 as raw material shows higher emission intensity than others, which is ascribed to the increment of Eu2+ ionic content entering into the crystal lattice. An improved thermal stability can also be obtained by using nano-EuB6 due to the structurally stable status, which is assigned to the partial substitution of Eu–O (Eu–N) bonds by more covalent Eu–B ones that leads to a higher structural rigidity. In addition, the W-LEDs lamp was fabricated to explore its possible application in W-LEDs based on blue LEDs. Our results indicate that using EuB6 as raw materials can provide an effective way of enhancing the red emission and improving the thermal stability of the CASN:Eu2+ red phosphor. PMID:29370148

  11. Provenance study of ancient Chinese Yaozhou porcelain by neutron activation analysis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, G. X.; Y Gao, Z.; Li, R. W.; Zhao, W. J.; Xie, J. Z.; Feng, S. L.; Zhuo, Z. X.; Y Fan, D.; Zhang, Y.; Cai, Z. F.; Liu, H.

    2003-09-01

    This paper reports our study of the provenance of ancient Chinese Yaozhou porcelain. The content of 29 elements in the Yaozhou porcelain samples was measured by neutron activation analysis (NAA). The NAA data were further analysed using fuzzy cluster analysis to obtain the trend fuzzy cluster diagrams. These samples with different glaze colour, ranging over more than 700 years, were fired in different kilns. Our analysis indicates the relatively concentrated distribution of the sources of the raw material for the Yaozhou porcelain body samples. They can be classified into two independent periods, i.e. the Tang (AD 618-907) and the Five Dynasties (AD 907-960) period, and the Song (AD 960-1279) and Jin (AD 1115-1234) period. Our analysis also indicates that the sources of the raw material for the ancient Yaozhou porcelain glaze samples are quite scattered and those for the black glaze in the Tang Dynasty are very concentrated. The sources of the raw material for the celadon glaze and the white glaze in the Tang Dynasty are widely distributed and those for the celadon glaze in the Song Dynasty are close to those of the bluish white glaze in the Jin Dynasty, and they are very concentrated. The sources of the raw material for the porcelain glazes cover those of the porcelain bodies.

  12. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Asphalt Pavement Construction: A Case Study in China

    PubMed Central

    Ma, Feng; Sha, Aimin; Lin, Ruiyu; Huang, Yue; Wang, Chao

    2016-01-01

    In China, the construction of asphalt pavement has a significant impact on the environment, and energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from asphalt pavement construction have been receiving increasing attention in recent years. At present, there is no universal criterion for the evaluation of GHG emissions in asphalt pavement construction. This paper proposes to define the system boundaries for GHG emissions from asphalt pavement by using a process-based life cycle assessment method. A method for evaluating GHG emissions from asphalt pavement construction is suggested. The paper reports a case study of GHG emissions from a typical asphalt pavement construction project in China. The results show that the greenhouse gas emissions from the mixture mixing phase are the highest, and account for about 54% of the total amount. The second highest GHG emission phase is the production of raw materials. For GHG emissions of cement stabilized base/subbase, the production of raw materials emits the most, about 98%. The GHG emission for cement production alone is about 92%. The results indicate that any measures to reduce GHG emissions from asphalt pavement construction should be focused on the raw materials manufacturing stage. If the raw materials production phase is excluded, the measures to reduce GHG emissions should be aimed at the mixture mixing phase. PMID:27011196

  13. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Asphalt Pavement Construction: A Case Study in China.

    PubMed

    Ma, Feng; Sha, Aimin; Lin, Ruiyu; Huang, Yue; Wang, Chao

    2016-03-22

    In China, the construction of asphalt pavement has a significant impact on the environment, and energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from asphalt pavement construction have been receiving increasing attention in recent years. At present, there is no universal criterion for the evaluation of GHG emissions in asphalt pavement construction. This paper proposes to define the system boundaries for GHG emissions from asphalt pavement by using a process-based life cycle assessment method. A method for evaluating GHG emissions from asphalt pavement construction is suggested. The paper reports a case study of GHG emissions from a typical asphalt pavement construction project in China. The results show that the greenhouse gas emissions from the mixture mixing phase are the highest, and account for about 54% of the total amount. The second highest GHG emission phase is the production of raw materials. For GHG emissions of cement stabilized base/subbase, the production of raw materials emits the most, about 98%. The GHG emission for cement production alone is about 92%. The results indicate that any measures to reduce GHG emissions from asphalt pavement construction should be focused on the raw materials manufacturing stage. If the raw materials production phase is excluded, the measures to reduce GHG emissions should be aimed at the mixture mixing phase.

  14. 76 FR 35239 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Application

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-06-16

    ... (9040) II Raw Opium (9600) II Poppy Straw (9650) II Concentrate of Poppy Straw (9670) II The company... narcotic raw material are not appropriate. As noted in a previous notice published in the Federal Register...

  15. 76 FR 25374 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Application

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-05-04

    ...), comments and requests for hearings on applications to import narcotic raw material are not appropriate. As... Schedule Raw Opium (9600) I Concentrate of Poppy Straw (9670) II The company plans to import the listed...

  16. 77 FR 19717 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Registration Mallinckrodt LLC

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-04-02

    ... raw material are not appropriate, 72 FR 3417 (2007). Regarding all other basic classes of controlled...) II Opium, raw (9600) II Poppy Straw Concentrate (9670) II The company plans to import the listed...

  17. 75 FR 36680 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Application

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-28

    ... requests for hearings on applications to import narcotic raw material are not appropriate. As noted in a... as an importer of the basic classes of controlled substances listed in schedule II: Drug Schedule Raw...

  18. 75 FR 22844 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Application

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-04-30

    ... narcotic raw material are not appropriate. As noted in a previous notice published in the Federal Register... Coca Leaves (9040) II Raw Opium (9600) II Poppy Straw (9650) II Concentrate of Poppy Straw (9670) II...

  19. 77 FR 24984 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Application; Rhodes Technologies

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-04-26

    .... Comments and requests for hearings on applications to import narcotic raw material are not appropriate. 72... schedule II: Drug Schedule Opium, Raw (9600) II Poppy Straw Concentrate (9670) II The company plans to...

  20. 75 FR 53718 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Application

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-09-01

    ... 3417 (2007), comments and requests for hearings on applications to import narcotic raw material are not... Opium, raw (9600) II Poppy Straw Concentrate (9670) II The company plans to import the basic classes of...

  1. 78 FR 12101 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Application; Mallinckrodt, LLC.

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-21

    ... Coca Leaves (9040) II Opium, raw (9600) II Poppy Straw Concentrate (9670) II The company plans to... or coca leaves. Comments and requests for hearings on applications to import narcotic raw material...

  2. Materials and manufacturing processes for increased life/reliability. [of turbine wheels

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Duttweiler, R. E.

    1977-01-01

    Improvements in both quality and durability of disk raw material for both military and commercial engines necessitated an entirely new concept in raw material process control which imposes careful selection, screening and sampling of the basic alloy ingredients, followed by careful monitoring of the melting parameters in all phases of the vacuum melting sequence. Special care is taken to preclude solidification conditions that produce adverse levels of segregation. Melt furnaces are routinely cleaned and inspected for contamination. Ingots are also cleaned and inspected before entering the final melt step.

  3. Exopolysaccharide production from Sclerotium glucanicum NRRL 3006 and Botryosphaeria rhodina DABAC-P82 on raw and hydrolysed starchy materials.

    PubMed

    Selbmann, L; Crognale, S; Petruccioli, M

    2002-01-01

    Evaluation of fermentative usage of raw starchy materials for exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by Sclerotium glucanicum NRRL 3006 and Botryosphaeria rhodina DABAC-P82. Non-hydrolysed corn starch, soft wheat flour, potato flour, cassava flour, sweet and industrial potato flours, and corn starch hydrolysed to different dextrose equivalent (DE) were tested in shaken culture for EPS production. Both fungal strains produced EPS on all tested materials but the production was maximum on hydrolysed corn starch (30.5 and 19.8 g l(-1) by B. rhodina and S. glucanicum on corn starch at 100 and 62 DE, respectively). Raw starchy materials as such and, in particular, partially or totally hydrolysed corn starch could be used profitably for EPS production by S. glucanicum and B. rhodina. The excellent EPS production, productivity and yield of B. rhodina DABAC-P82 when grown on 60 g l(-1) of totally hydrolysed corn starch.

  4. A small scale lunar launcher for early lunar material utilization

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Snow, W. R.; Kubby, J. A.; Dunbar, R. S.

    1981-01-01

    A system for the launching of lunar derived oxygen or raw materials into low lunar orbit or to L2 for transfer to low earth orbit is presented. The system described is a greatly simplified version of the conventional and sophisticated approach suggested by O'Neill using mass drivers with recirculating buckets. An electromagnetic accelerator is located on the lunar surface which launches 125 kg 'smart' containers of liquid oxygen or raw materials into a transfer orbit. Upon reaching apolune a kick motor is fired to circularize the orbit at 100 km altitude or L2. These containers are collected and their payloads transferred to a tanker OTV. The empty containers then have their kick motors refurbished and then are returned to the launcher site on the lunar surface for reuse. Initial launch capability is designed for about 500T of liquid oxygen delivered to low earth orbit per year with upgrading to higher levels, delivery of lunar soil for shielding, or raw materials for processing given the demand.

  5. Lime kiln dust as a potential raw material in portland cement manufacturing

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Miller, M. Michael; Callaghan, Robert M.

    2004-01-01

    In the United States, the manufacture of portland cement involves burning in a rotary kiln a finely ground proportional mix of raw materials. The raw material mix provides the required chemical combination of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron, and small amounts of other ingredients. The majority of calcium is supplied in the form of calcium carbonate usually from limestone. Other sources including waste materials or byproducts from other industries can be used to supply calcium (or lime, CaO), provided they have sufficiently high CaO content, have low magnesia content (less than 5 percent), and are competitive with limestone in terms of cost and adequacy of supply. In the United States, the lime industry produces large amounts of lime kiln dust (LKD), which is collected by dust control systems. This LKD may be a supplemental source of calcium for cement plants, if the lime and cement plants are located near enough to each other to make the arrangement economical.

  6. Deformation of metal brackets: a comparative study.

    PubMed

    Flores, D A; Choi, L K; Caruso, J M; Tomlinson, J L; Scott, G E; Jeiroudi, M T

    1994-01-01

    The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of material and design on the force and stress required to permanently deform metal brackets. Fourteen types of metal brackets were categorized according to raw material composition, slot torque degree, and wing type. Five types of raw materials, three types of slot torque degree, and four types of wing design were tested using an archwire torque test developed by Flores. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-test showed that all three categories had a significant effect on the force and stress needed to permanently deform metal brackets. Of the three, raw material had the greatest effect on the amount of force. Results showed that 17-4PH and 303S had higher yield strengths and regular twin brackets had higher resistance to deformation. Also, as slot torque degree increased, brackets deformed with less force. Result confirmed that brackets requiring the greatest stress to permanently deform were made of steel with the greatest hardness.

  7. Synthesized Li4Ti5O12 from Technical Grade Raw Material by Excess LiOH.H2O as Anode Lithium Ion Battery

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Priyono, S.; Primasari, R. D.; Saptari, S. A.; Prihandoko, B.

    2017-07-01

    Li4Ti5O12 powder as anode lithium ion battery was synthesized via solid state reaction with excess LiOH.H2O. Technical grades raw materials like LiOH.H2O and TiO2 were used as starting materials. LiOH.H2O excess was varied from 0; 2.5; 5 and 7.5% to get higher optimum phases and capacity of Li4Ti5O12. All raw materials were mixed stoichiometry then followed by calcination and sintering process to get final products. The obtained products were characterized by XRD, SEM, and PSA to get properties of active materials and the electrochemical properties were done by cyclic voltametry and charge-discharge test. The XRD test showed that 5% excess have highest Li4Ti5O12 phases. All samples have same in morphology, agglomerate and same in particle size distribution. Sample with 5% excess showed good reversible process and chargedischarge test showed that increasing Li4Ti5O12 phase can improve specific capacity.

  8. Prospects of rice straw as a raw material for paper making.

    PubMed

    Kaur, Daljeet; Bhardwaj, Nishi Kant; Lohchab, Rajesh Kumar

    2017-02-01

    Pulp and paper mills are indispensable for any nation as far as the growth of the nation is concerned. Due to fast growth in population, urbanization and industrialization, the demand and consumption of paper has increased tremendously. These put high load on our natural resources and force the industry to look for alternative raw material. Rice straw is a lignocellulosic material abundantly available in wood short countries like China, India, Bangladesh, etc. and can be used as raw material for this industry. Open burning of rice straw releases noxious green house gases to the air and poses serious threats to global air chemistry and human health. So, it is a dual benefit option (for farmers and industries) to use rice straw as a raw material in pulp and paper industry. Organosolv pulping using acids are the prominent choices of researchers to convert this residue into valuable pulp but in developed countries only. Developing world favours the soda and soda-AQ processes as these are economical. As a virtue of less lignin content in comparison to wood, rice straw requires less harsh conditions for cooking and can be easily pulped. Bleaching is a crucial step of paper making but also responsible for causing water pollution. Many studies revealed that during the process more than 500 chlorinated compounds are released that are highly toxic, bioaccumulative and carcinogenic in nature. Most of the industries over the globe switch on to the elemental chlorine free short sequence bleaching methods using chlorine dioxide, hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide. This paper presented the effective need of ecofriendly, economically reliable pulping and bleaching sequences in case of rice straw to eliminate the problems of chlorinated compounds in wastewater of paper mills. Such approach of using waste as a raw material with its environmentally safe processing for making paper can prove to be valuable towards sustainable growth. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  9. ERA-MIN: The European network (ERA-NET) on non-energy raw materials

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    vidal, o.; christmann, p.; Bol, d.; Goffé, b.; Groth, m.; Kohler, e.; Persson Nelson, k.; Schumacher, k.

    2012-04-01

    Non-energy raw materials are vital for the EU's economy, and for the development of environmentally friendly technologies. The EU is the world's largest consumers of non-energy minerals, but it remains dependent on the importation of many metals, as its domestic production is limited to about 3% of world production. We will present the project ERA-MIN, which is an ERA-NET on the Industrial Handling of Raw Materials for European industries, financially supported by the European Commission. The main objectives of ERA-MIN are: 1) Mapping and Networking: interconnecting the members of the currently fragmented European mineral resources research area, to the aim of fostering convergence of public research programs, industry, research institutes, academia and the European Commission, 2) Coordinating: establishing a permanent mechanism for planning and coordination of the European non-energy mineral raw materials research community (ENERC). 3) Roadmapping: defining the most important scientific and technological challenges that should be supported by the EU and its state members, 4) Programming: designing a Joint European Research Programme model and implementating it into a call for proposals open to academic and industrial research. The topics of interest in ERA-MIN are the primary continental and marine resources, the secondary resources and their related technologies, substitution and material efficiency, along with transversal topics such as environmental impact, public policy support, mineral intelligence, and public education and teaching. Public scientific research is very central in the scope of the ERA-MIN activity, whose consortium is indeed lead by a public organisation of fundamental research. Thus, universities and public research organisations are warmly invited to play an active role in defining the scientific questions and challenges that shall determine the European Raw Materials Roadmap and should be addressed by joint programming at the European scale. The various levels of possible involvement in ERA-MIN for the interested stakeholders will be presented.

  10. Textile-reinforced concrete using composite binder based on new types of mineral raw materials

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lesovik, V. S.; Glagolev, E. S.; Popov, D. Y.; Lesovik, G. A.; Ageeva, M. S.

    2018-03-01

    To determine the level of development of science, it is necessary to start with a particular stage in the development of society. At present, the purpose of building materials science is to create composites, which ensure safety of buildings and structures, including their protection against certain natural and man-made impacts. A new stage in construction materials science envisages the development of a technology for creating composites comfortable for a particular person. To implement this, a new paradigm for designing and synthesizing building materials with a new raw material base is needed. The optimization of the “human-material-habitat” system is a complex task, for the solution of which transdisciplinary approaches are required.

  11. VERAM, for a sustainable and competitive future for EU Raw Materials

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mobili, A.; Tittarelli, F.; Revel, G. M.; Wall, P.

    2018-03-01

    The project, VERAM “Vision and Roadmap for European Raw Materials”, aims to deliver a mapping of on-going initiatives on non-food, non-energy raw materials (including metals, industrial minerals, aggregates and wood) at European, Member State, and regional levels both from the Research and Innovation (R&I), industry, and policy perspectives. Moreover, based on a comprehensive gap analysis, VERAM will propose a common long term 2050 Vision and Roadmap in coordination and cooperation with all stakeholders across the value chain. For the first time, two European Technology Platforms (ETPs) together with their corresponding European Research Area Networks (ERA-NETs) are joining forces to develop a common roadmap.

  12. FROZEN RAW FOODS AS SKIN-TESTING MATERIALS—Further Studies of Use in Cases of Allergic Disorders

    PubMed Central

    Ancona, Giacomo R.; Schumacher, Irwin C.

    1954-01-01

    In further studies on the use of frozen raw food as skin-testing material in patients with allergic disorders, the results of previous work were confirmed in a greater number of subjects using a larger number of foods: Tests with frozen raw foods by the scratch method induce true positive reactions of a larger size and in greater frequency than the corresponding commercial extracts by either the scratch or the intracutaneous method. Storage in the frozen state for several years does not affect the antigenic potency of the materials. The frozen preparations have caused no harmful effects in the subjects, are free from irritant properties, and are not urticariogenic. PMID:13126823

  13. Map of critical raw material deposits in Europe

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Guillaume, Bertrand

    2016-04-01

    Map of critical raw material deposits in Europe Guillaume BERTRAND1, Daniel CASSARD1, Nikolaos ARVANITIDIS2, Gerry STANLEY3 and the EuroGeoSurvey Mineral Resources Expert Group4. 1 - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), Georesources Divison, 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060 Orléans cedex 2, FRANCE. 2 - Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning (SGU), Box 670, SE-751 28, Uppsala, SWEDEN 3 - Geological Survey of Ireland (GSI), Beggars Bush, Haddington Road, Dublin D04 K7X4, IRELAND 4 - EuroGeoSurveys, Rue Joseph II 36-38, 1000 Brussels, BELGIUM The Critical Raw Material (CRM) Deposit Map of Europe, prepared by EuroGeoSurvey's Mineral Resources Expert Group (MREG), shows European mineral deposits from the ProMine Mineral Deposit database containing critical commodities, according to the 2014 list of critical raw materials of the European Commission. EuroGeoSurveys (EGS), The Geological Surveys of Europe, is a not-for-profit organization representing 37 National Geological Surveys and some regional Geological Surveys in Europe. It provides the European Institutions with expert, independent, balanced and practical pan-European advice and information as an aid to problem-solving, policy development, regulatory and programme formulation in areas such as natural resources, energy and geo-hazards. The EGS MREG is actively involved in contributing to policy and strategy-making processes aimed at identifying, characterizing and safeguarding resource potential, especially for critical raw materials through data provision, research, technological development and innovation. The European Union aspires to reducing the import dependency of raw materials, especially CRM, that are essential to Europe's industries. In this respect, mineral resource information, data sharing and networking by European Geological Surveys is crucial. The Strategic Implementation Plan of the European Innovation Partnership on Raw Materials highlights the need for establishing and maintaining a common interoperable EU Geological Knowledge Base. Such a Knowledge Base will support exploration for indigenous mineral resources and strengthen policy and decision making. In 2010, the European Commission identified 14 non energy non-agricultural raw materials as being critical. Criticality is based on both the scarcity of supply and the importance to European industry. This list was updated in 2014 to include 7 new commodities with one being dropped from the original list. The list now comprises: antimony, beryllium, borates, chromium, cobalt, coking coal, fluorspar, gallium, germanium, graphite, indium, magnesite, magnesium, niobium, phosphate rock, platinum group metals, light and heavy rare earth elements (separately), silicon metal and tungsten. ProMine was a European Union (EU) co-funded project, which had as its main objective the stimulation of the extractive industry to deliver new products to manufacturing industry. A major deliverable of the project was the ProMine Mineral Deposit (MD) database that contains information related to almost 13,000 mineral deposits in Europe. In order to extract data to be displayed on the CRM map of Europe, the ProMine MD database was queried for all commodities on the EC CRM list which were in the medium to super-large deposit size. Following this, the dataset was circulated to MREG in order to verify, validate and update the list.

  14. 78 FR 19016 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Registration; Johnson Matthey, Inc.

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-28

    ... Schedule Coca Leaves (9040) II Thebaine (9333) II Opium, raw (9600) II Noroxymorphone (9668) II Poppy Straw Concentrate (9670) II The company plans to import the listed controlled substances as raw materials, to be...

  15. 76 FR 51400 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Registration

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-08-18

    ... narcotic raw material are not appropriate. DEA has considered the factors in 21 U.S.C. 823(a) and 952(a... classes of controlled substances: Drug Schedule Raw Opium (9600) II Concentrate of Poppy Straw II (9670...

  16. 77 FR 55503 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Registration; Cambrex Charles City, Inc.

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-09-10

    ... hearings on applications to import narcotic raw material are not appropriate. 72 FR 3417 (2007). DEA has...-piperidine (8333).. II Phenylacetone (8501) II Opium, raw (9600) II Poppy Straw Concentrate (9670) II The...

  17. 78 FR 39337 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice Of Registration; Mallinckrodt, LLC.

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-07-01

    ... narcotic raw material are not appropriate, 72 FR 3417 (2007). Regarding Phenylacetone (8501), a basic class... Phenylacetone (8501) II Coca Leaves (9040) II Opium, raw (9600) II Poppy Straw Concentrate (9670) II The company...

  18. 78 FR 23594 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Application; Rhodes Technologies

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-19

    ... requests for hearings on applications to import narcotic raw material are not appropriate. 72 FR 3417 (2007... Schedule Opium, Raw (9600) II Poppy Straw Concentrate (9670) II The company plans to import the listed...

  19. 77 FR 24983 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Application Penick Corporation

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-04-26

    ... import narcotic raw material are not appropriate. 72 FR 3417(2007). As noted in a previous notice... Schedule Coca Leaves (9040) II Raw Opium (9600) II Poppy Straw (9650) II Concentrate of Poppy Straw (9670...

  20. Causes and consequences of anti-infective drug stock-outs.

    PubMed

    Luans, C; Cardiet, I; Rogé, P; Baslé, B; Le Corre, P; Revest, M; Michelet, C; Tattevin, P

    2014-10-01

    Anti-infective drugs stock-outs are increasingly frequent, and this is unlikely to change. There are numerous causes for this, mostly related to parameters difficult to control: i) 60 to 80% of raw material or components are produced outside of Europe (compared to 20% 30 years ago), with subsequent loss of independence for their procurement; ii) the economic crisis drives the pharmaceutical companies to stop producing drugs of limited profitability (even among important drugs); iii) the enforcement of regulatory requirements and quality control procedures result in an increasing number of drugs being blocked during production. The therapeutic class most affected by drug stock-outs is that of anti-infective drugs, especially injectable ones, and many therapeutic dead ends have recently occurred. We provide an update on this issue, and suggest 2 major actions for improvement: i) to implement a group dedicated to anticipating drug stock-outs within the anti-infective committee in each health care center, with the objectives of organizing and coordinating the response whenever a drug stock-out is deemed at risk (i.e., contingency plans, substitution, communication to prescribers); ii) a national reflection lead by scientific societies, in collaboration with government agencies, upstream of the most problematic drug stock-outs, to elaborate and disseminate consensus guidelines for the management of these stock-outs. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier SAS.

  1. The Lower Tiers of the Space Transportation Industrial Base

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1995-08-01

    The U.S. space transportation industry includes large and small providers of subsystems, components, and materials in areas such as propulsion, avionics, guidance, and structures. For each dollar spent on the procurement of space transportation syste...

  2. Rational preparation of waste coal mixture for production of bricks by the method of compression molding

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stolboushkin, A. Yu; Ivanov, A. I.; Temlyantsev, M. V.; Fomina, O. A.

    2016-10-01

    Rational preparation of the mixture containing technogenic raw material - waste coal for the production of wall ceramics is developed. It was established that the technology of high-quality ceramic bricks requires: grinding of raw materials to class 0.3 + 0 mm, its aggregation in the intensive mixers into granules 1-3 mm, compression molding of adobe to plastic deformation of granules, drying and firing.

  3. Computer Vision Hardware System for Automating Rough Mills of Furniture Plants

    Treesearch

    Richard W. Conners; Chong T. Ng; Thomas H. Drayer; Joe G. Tront; D. Earl Kline; C.J. Gatchell

    1990-01-01

    The rough mill of a hardwood furniture or fixture plant is the place where dried lumber is cut into the rough parts that will be used in the rest of the manufacturing process. Approximately a third of the cost of operating the rough mill is the cost of the raw material. Hence any increase in the number of rough parts produced from a given volume of raw material can...

  4. Increasing the Efficiency of the Recycling of Propylene—Polyethylene Raw Materials

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Belokon', T. D.; Kurganova, Yu. A.; Bragin, D. A.; Kovalev, M. N.

    2017-12-01

    The problem of the recycling of plastic wastes is discussed. The polypropylene needs of the modern Russian market are analyzed. The necessity of recycling of plastic wastes is revealed, and its advantages over reclamation are substantiated. The problems of a real enterprise regarding the recycling of polypropylene—polyethylene raw materials for increasing the properties of the end product and optimizing its production are considered, and methods for their solution are proposed.

  5. 40 CFR 406.105 - Standards of performance for new sources.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS GRAIN MILLS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Wheat Starch and Gluten Subcategory... units (kg/kkg of raw material (wheat flour)) BOD5 3.0 1.0 TSS 3.0 1.0 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material (wheat flour)) BOD5 3.0 1.0 TSS 3.0 1.0 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0 to 9.0. ...

  6. Mitigating the risk of Zika virus contamination of raw materials and cell lines in the manufacture of biologicals.

    PubMed

    Zmurko, Joanna; Vasey, Douglas B; Donald, Claire L; Armstrong, Alison A; McKee, Marian L; Kohl, Alain; Clayton, Reginald F

    2018-02-01

    Ensuring the virological safety of biologicals is challenging due to the risk of viral contamination of raw materials and cell banks, and exposure during in-process handling to known and/or emerging viral pathogens. Viruses may contaminate raw materials and biologicals intended for human or veterinary use and remain undetected until appropriate testing measures are employed. The outbreak and expansive spread of the mosquito-borne flavivirus Zika virus (ZIKV) poses challenges to screening human- and animal -derived products used in the manufacture of biologicals. Here, we report the results of an in vitro study where detector cell lines were challenged with African and Asian lineages of ZIKV. We demonstrate that this pathogen is robustly detectable by in vitro assay, thereby providing assurance of detection of ZIKV, and in turn underpinning the robustness of in vitro virology assays in safety testing of biologicals.

  7. A Technological Comparison of Six Processes for the Production of Reduction-Grade Alumina from Non-Bauxitic Raw Materials

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bengtson, K. B.

    The U. S. Bureau of Mines, by means of a contract with Kaiser Engineers and with Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corporation as a subcontractor, has sponsored a technological and an economic evaluation of six candidate processes for the manufacture of alumina from certain U. S. raw materials other than bauxite. This paper describes each process. Flow diagrams and the total energy requirement for each process are included. Important characteristics affecting the economics of producing alumina by each process are discussed, and some presently unsolved technical problems are identified. The extraction of alumina from clay via hydrochloric acid with iron separation by solvent extraction, and the crystallization of intermediate AlCl3·6H2O through the introduction of HCl gas into the pregnant mother liquor, appears to be technically feasible and the most attractive of the six raw material/process combinations.

  8. The effect of commercial processing on the paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) content of naturally-contaminated Acanthocardia tuberculatum L.

    PubMed

    Berenguer, J A; Gonzalez, L; Jimenez, I; Legarda, T M; Olmedo, J B; Burdaspal, P A

    1993-01-01

    A study was undertaken to determine if any reduction in contamination of Acanthocardia tuberculatum L. (Mediterranean cockle) by paralytic shellfish poisons (PSP) could be enhanced by operations carried out during the industrial canning process, allowing contaminated raw material to be commercially marketed in safe conditions for edible purposes. A general decrease in PSP levels was consistently observed when comparing raw materials and their corresponding final products, these dropping to acceptable levels. PSP levels were determined by mouse bioassay and a fluorometric method, and saxitoxin was determined by HPLC. The detoxifying effects averaged over 71.7% and 81.8% (mouse bioassay), 70.6% and 90.9% (fluorometric method), 77.9% and 83.5% (HPLC), for boiling and sterilizing operations respectively. The highest level detected in raw material was 800 micrograms/100 g by mouse bioassay.

  9. Chemical and biotechnological processing of collagen-containing raw materials into functional components of feed suitable for production of high-quality meat from farm animals

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Baburina, M. I.; Ivankin, A. N.; Stanovova, I. A.

    2017-09-01

    The process of chemical biotechnological processing of collagen-containing raw materials into functional components of feeds for effective pig rearing was studied. Protein components of feeds were obtained as a result of hydrolysis in the presence of lactic acid of the animal collagen from secondary raw materials, which comprised subcutaneous collagen (cuticle), skin and veined mass with tendons from cattle. For comparison, a method is described for preparing protein components of feeds by cultivating Lactobacillus plantarum. Analysis of the kinetic data of the conversion of a high-molecular collagen protein to an aminolyte polypeptide mixture showed the advantage of microbiological synthesis in obtaining a protein for feeds. Feed formulations have been developed to include the components obtained, and which result in high quality pork suitable for the production of quality meat products.

  10. Economic and environmental assessment of propionic acid production by fermentation using different renewable raw materials.

    PubMed

    Tufvesson, Pär; Ekman, Anna; Sardari, Roya R R; Engdahl, Kristina; Tufvesson, Linda

    2013-12-01

    Production of propionic acid by fermentation of glycerol as a renewable resource has been suggested as a means for developing an environmentally-friendly route for this commodity chemical. However, in order to quantify the environmental benefits, life cycle assessment of the production, including raw materials, fermentation, upstream and downstream processing is required. The economic viability of the process also needs to be analysed to make sure that any environmental savings can be realised. In this study an environmental and economic assessment from cradle-to-gate has been conducted. The study highlights the need for a highly efficient bioprocess in terms of product titre (more than 100g/L and productivity more than 2g/(L · h)) in order to be sustainable. The importance of the raw materials and energy production for operating the process to minimize emissions of greenhouse gases is also shown. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  11. Typification of cider brandy on the basis of cider used in its manufacture.

    PubMed

    Rodríguez Madrera, Roberto; Mangas Alonso, Juan J

    2005-04-20

    A study of typification of cider brandies on the basis of the origin of the raw material used in their manufacture was conducted using chemometric techniques (principal component analysis, linear discriminant analysis, and Bayesian analysis) together with their composition in volatile compounds, as analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization to detect the major volatiles and by mass spectrometric to detect the minor ones. Significant principal components computed by a double cross-validation procedure allowed the structure of the database to be visualized as a function of the raw material, that is, cider made from fresh apple juice versus cider made from apple juice concentrate. Feasible and robust discriminant rules were computed and validated by a cross-validation procedure that allowed the authors to classify fresh and concentrate cider brandies, obtaining classification hits of >92%. The most discriminating variables for typifying cider brandies according to their raw material were 1-butanol and ethyl hexanoate.

  12. Exploiting epoxidized natural rubber latex (ENRL) as a starting raw material for latex-based products

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Siti Nor Qamarina, M.; Fatimah Rubaizah, M. R.; Nurul Suhaira, A.; Norhanifah, M. Y.

    2017-12-01

    Epoxidized natural rubber latex (ENRL) is a chemically modified natural rubber latex produced from epoxidation process that involves usage of organic peracids. Conversion of the ENRL into dry rubber products has been known to exhibit many beneficial properties, however limited published works were found on diversifiying the ENRL latex-based products applications. In this preliminary work, different source of raw materials and neutralization systems were investigated. The objective was to explore possibilities in producing distinctive ENRL. Findings have demonstrated that different source of raw materials and neutralization systems influenced the typical ENRL specifications, stability behavior and particle size distribution. Morphological observations performed on these ENRL systems appeared to agree with the ENRL characteristics achieved. Since experimenting these two main factors resulted in encouraging ENRL findings, detailed work shall be further scrutinized to search for an optimum condition in producing marketable ENRL specifically for latex-based products applications.

  13. On the usage of agricultural raw materials--energy or food? An assessment from an economics perspective.

    PubMed

    Lenk, Fabian; Bröring, Stefanie; Herzog, Philipp; Leker, Jens

    2007-12-01

    Bioenergies are promoted across the globe as the answer for global warming and the chance to reduce dependency from fossil energy sources. Despite the fact that renewable energy sources offer the opportunity to reduce CO2 emission and present a chance to increase agricultural incomes, they also come along with some drawbacks that have been mostly neglected in the current discussion. This paper seeks to build a basis for discussing the impacts of the growing subsidization of bioenergy and the resulting usage competition of agricultural raw materials between foods and energy. To assess the usage competition and the subsidization of bioenergy, this article employs a welfare economics perspective associated with an emphasize on the construct of externalities. This will help to foster the discussion on the further subsidization of bioenergy, where funding for R&D on new ways of using non-food raw materials ought to play a significant role.

  14. Materials data handbook: Aluminum alloy 2014, 2nd edition

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Muraca, R. F.; Whittick, J. S.

    1972-01-01

    A revised edition of the materials data handbook on the aluminum alloy 2014 is presented. The scope of the information presented includes physical and mechanical property data at cryogenic, ambient and elevated temperatures, supplemented with useful information in such areas as material procurement, metallurgy of the alloy, corrosion, environmental effects, fabrication and joining techniques. Design data are presented, as available, and these data are complemented with information on the typical behavior of the alloy.

  15. Correlation between hardness and water absorption properties of Saudi kaolin and white clay geopolymer coating

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ramasamy, Shamala; Abdullah, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri; Huang, Yue; Hussin, Kamarudin; Wang, Jin; Shahedan, Noor Fifinatasha

    2017-09-01

    Geopolymer is an uprising technology that is being studied worldwide. Geopolymer raw materials are basically aluminosilicate source materials. However, this technology is yet to infiltrate into pipelines and coating industries which initiated our research idea. The idea of creating universal geopolymer based coating material is mainly to help oil and gas industry reduce its maintenance cost. Kaolin based geopolymer paste was coated on glass reinforced epoxy (GRE) substrates which are majorly used as pipeline material in the oil and gas industry at Saudi Arabia. Kaolin and white clay was chosen as raw material to study the possibilities of utilizing underused aluminosilicate raw materials for geopolymer coating. To obtain suitable formulation, Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio was varied from 0.40 untill 0.60 while other parameters such as solid/liquid ratio and NaOH molarity were kept constant at values as per previous works. Geopolymer coated GRE substrates were then subjected to water absorption, flexural strength and hardness test to validate our findings. Water absorption is a crucial test as for coating materials which justifies the pratical usability of the coating product. Upon testing, kaolin and white clay based geopolymer coating each shows promising properties at Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio of 0.45 and 0.50 each.

  16. Correlation between thermal behavior of clays and their chemical and mineralogical composition: a review

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dwi Yanti, Evi; Pratiwi, I.

    2018-02-01

    Clay's abundance has been widely used as industrial raw materials, especially ceramic and tile industries. Utilization of these minerals needs a thermal process for producing ceramic products. Two studies conducted by Septawander et al. and Chin C et al., showed the relationship between thermal behavior of clays and their chemical and mineralogical composition. Clays are characterized by XRD analysis and thermal analysis, ranging from 1100°C to 1200°C room temperature. Specimen of raw materials of clay which is used for the thermal treatment is taken from different geological conditions and formation. In raw material, Quartz is almost present in all samples. Halloysite, montmorillonite, and feldspar are present in Tanjung Morawa raw clay. KC and MC similar kaolinite and illite are present in the samples. The research illustrates the interrelationships of clay minerals and chemical composition with their heat behavior. As the temperature of combustion increases, the sample reduces a significant weight. The minerals which have undergone a transformation phase became mullite, cristobalite or illite and quartz. Under SEM analysis, the microstructures of the samples showed irregularity in shape; changes occurred due the increase of heat.

  17. Pavement marking demonstration projects : state of Alaska and state of Tennessee.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2013-11-01

    This project evaluates the safety impacts, environmental impacts, and cost effectiveness of different pavement marking : systems as well as the effect of State bidding and procurement processes on the quality of pavement marking material : employed i...

  18. Berkeley Lab - Materials Sciences Division

    Science.gov Websites

    MSD Support Human Resources Facilities & Space Planning Procurement and Property Proposals & ; Finance Templates Travel One-Stop Acknowledging MSD Support Human Resources Facilities & Space Operations For information regarding Human Resources, procedures for acknowledging MSD support, division

  19. Statistical analysis of the Nb3Sn strand production for the ITER toroidal field coils

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vostner, A.; Jewell, M.; Pong, I.; Sullivan, N.; Devred, A.; Bessette, D.; Bevillard, G.; Mitchell, N.; Romano, G.; Zhou, C.

    2017-04-01

    The ITER toroidal field (TF) strand procurement initiated the largest Nb3Sn superconducting strand production hitherto. The industrial-scale production started in Japan in 2008 and finished in summer 2015. Six ITER partners (so-called Domestic Agencies, or DAs) are in charge of the procurement and involved eight different strand suppliers all over the world, of which four are using the bronze route (BR) process and four the internal-tin (IT) process. In total more than 500 tons have been produced including excess material covering losses during the conductor manufacturing process, in particular the cabling. The procurement is based on a functional specification where the main strand requirements like critical current, hysteresis losses, Cu ratio and residual resistance ratio are specified but not the strand production process or layout. This paper presents the analysis on the data acquired during the quality control (QC) process that was carried out to ensure the same conductor performance requirements are met by the different strand suppliers regardless of strand design. The strand QC is based on 100% billet testing and on applying statistical process control (SPC) limits. Throughout the production, samples adjacent to the strand pieces tested by the suppliers are cross-checked (‘verified’) by their respective DAs reference labs. The level of verification was lowered from 100% at the beginning of the procurement progressively to approximately 25% during the final phase of production. Based on the complete dataset of the TF strand production, an analysis of the SPC limits of the critical strand parameters is made and the related process capability indices are calculated. In view of the large-scale production and costs, key manufacturing parameters such as billet yield, number of breakages and piece-length distribution are also discussed. The results are compared among all the strand suppliers, focusing on the difference between BR and IT processes. Following the completion of the largest Nb3Sn strand production, our experience gained from monitoring the execution of the QC activities and from auditing the results from the measurements is summarised for future superconducting strand material procurement activities.

  20. [Plants' materials and synthetic agonists of cannabinoid receptors use as a substitute of Marihuana, appearing in a current forensic toxicology practice of evidence materials].

    PubMed

    Geppert, Bogna; Tezyk, Artur; Florek, Ewa; Zaba, Czesław

    2010-01-01

    Cannabis sativa species Indica (Marihuana) is nowadays one of the most common plant drug, with psychoactive activity, presently appearing on the illegal market in Poland. It is reported that frequency of securing evidential materials so called substitute of Marihuana, is growing rapidly during the last few years. The substitutes of Marihuana occurring on the market are of natural or synthetic origins, for example different species of raw plants' materials having action similar to Cannabis or raw plants' materials with no psychoactive properities but with an addition of components so called synthetic cannabinoids. The review presents recent developments in drug market and current problems of forensic toxicology on the example of Marihuana.

  1. 48 CFR 52.211-5 - Material Requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Material Requirements. 52....211-5 Material Requirements. As prescribed in 11.304, insert the following clause: Material... components, whether manufactured from virgin material, recovered material in the form of raw material, or...

  2. 48 CFR 52.211-5 - Material Requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Material Requirements. 52....211-5 Material Requirements. As prescribed in 11.304, insert the following clause: Material... components, whether manufactured from virgin material, recovered material in the form of raw material, or...

  3. The Use of Combustion Reactions for Processing Mineral Raw Materials: Metallothermy and Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis (Review)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Urakaev, Farit Kh.; Akmalaev, Kenzhebek A.; Orynbekov, Eljan S.; Balgysheva, Beykut D.; Zharlykasimova, Dinar N.

    2016-02-01

    The use of metallothermy (MT) and self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) is considered for processing different geological and technogenic materials. Traditional MT and SHS processes for production of various metals and nonmetal materials are widely known. Another rapidly developing direction is that connected with the use of ores, concentrates, minerals, and technogenic waste products as one of the components of a thermite mixture, both for the treatment of mineral raw by means of MT or SHS resulting in semi-products and for technological, analytical, and ecological purposes.

  4. 77 FR 16262 - Importer of Controlled Substances, Notice of Registration; Johnson Matthey, Inc., Pharmaceutical...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-03-20

    ... substances: Drug Schedule Coca Leaves (9040) II Thebaine (9333) II Opium, raw (9600) II Noroxymorphone (9668... raw materials, to be used in the manufacture of bulk controlled substances, for distribution to its customers. In regard [[Page 16263

  5. The Pattern of Soviet Conduct in the Third World, Review and Preview. Part I

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1983-03-07

    vital raw materials is concerned. This interest relates however above all to the rich, oil -producing countries, whereas the East German and Cuban...was economic - the extraction of cheap raw materials and the wish to find markets. Nor is it true, as he predicted, that the. imperialist powers...disappointment in the non- oil producing Third World countries than should have been expected because the Soviet leaders never made excessive. promises. They

  6. 20th century U.S. mineral prices decline in constant dollars

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Sullivan, Daniel E.; Sznopek, John L.; Wagner, Lorie A.

    2000-01-01

    Price indexes developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) indicate that the long-term constant dollar price of key U.S. mineral raw materials declined over the last century, even though the need for mineral raw materials increased during the same period. Technologies and reduced production costs have allowed mineral production to remain profitable, while lower priced mineral products from domestic and foreign sources helped fuel growth in other sectors of the economy.

  7. Selected Translations on East European Foreign Trade, Number 5.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1961-08-31

    Bulgaria, openly prefer these raw materials, mainly grain, livestock for meat, and scarce oil - seeds , but show very little interest in, for instance...over I960 — for imports from the USSR of fuel raw mineral materials, and metals. This is because the quantities of oil derivatives and cast iron are...metals will increase by 28 percent because of the enlarged contingents of oil and manganese ore Consumer goods show a more significant growth, as

  8. 40 CFR 406.102 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS GRAIN MILLS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Wheat Starch and...— Metric units (kg/kkg of raw material (wheat flour)) BOD5 6.0 2.0 TSS 6.0 2.0 pH (1) (1) English units (lb/1,000 lb of raw material (wheat flour)) BOD5 6.0 2.0 TSS 6.0 2.0 pH (1) (1) 1 Within the range 6.0...

  9. Utilization of household food waste for the production of ethanol at high dry material content.

    PubMed

    Matsakas, Leonidas; Kekos, Dimitris; Loizidou, Maria; Christakopoulos, Paul

    2014-01-08

    Environmental issues and shortage of fossil fuels have turned the public interest to the utilization of renewable, environmentally friendly fuels, such as ethanol. In order to minimize the competition between fuels and food production, researchers are focusing their efforts to the utilization of wastes and by-products as raw materials for the production of ethanol. household food wastes are being produced in great quantities in European Union and their handling can be a challenge. Moreover, their disposal can cause severe environmental issues (for example emission of greenhouse gasses). On the other hand, they contain significant amounts of sugars (both soluble and insoluble) and they can be used as raw material for the production of ethanol. Household food wastes were utilized as raw material for the production of ethanol at high dry material consistencies. A distinct liquefaction/saccharification step has been included to the process, which rapidly reduced the viscosity of the high solid content substrate, resulting in better mixing of the fermenting microorganism. This step had a positive effect in both ethanol production and productivity, leading to a significant increase in both values, which was up to 40.81% and 4.46 fold, respectively. Remaining solids (residue) after fermentation at 45% w/v dry material (which contained also the unhydrolyzed fraction of cellulose), were subjected to a hydrothermal pretreatment in order to be utilized as raw material for a subsequent ethanol fermentation. This led to an increase of 13.16% in the ethanol production levels achieving a final ethanol yield of 107.58 g/kg dry material. In conclusion, the ability of utilizing household food waste for the production of ethanol at elevated dry material content has been demonstrated. A separate liquefaction/saccharification process can increase both ethanol production and productivity. Finally, subsequent fermentation of the remaining solids could lead to an increase of the overall ethanol production yield.

  10. Utilization of household food waste for the production of ethanol at high dry material content

    PubMed Central

    2014-01-01

    Background Environmental issues and shortage of fossil fuels have turned the public interest to the utilization of renewable, environmentally friendly fuels, such as ethanol. In order to minimize the competition between fuels and food production, researchers are focusing their efforts to the utilization of wastes and by-products as raw materials for the production of ethanol. household food wastes are being produced in great quantities in European Union and their handling can be a challenge. Moreover, their disposal can cause severe environmental issues (for example emission of greenhouse gasses). On the other hand, they contain significant amounts of sugars (both soluble and insoluble) and they can be used as raw material for the production of ethanol. Results Household food wastes were utilized as raw material for the production of ethanol at high dry material consistencies. A distinct liquefaction/saccharification step has been included to the process, which rapidly reduced the viscosity of the high solid content substrate, resulting in better mixing of the fermenting microorganism. This step had a positive effect in both ethanol production and productivity, leading to a significant increase in both values, which was up to 40.81% and 4.46 fold, respectively. Remaining solids (residue) after fermentation at 45% w/v dry material (which contained also the unhydrolyzed fraction of cellulose), were subjected to a hydrothermal pretreatment in order to be utilized as raw material for a subsequent ethanol fermentation. This led to an increase of 13.16% in the ethanol production levels achieving a final ethanol yield of 107.58 g/kg dry material. Conclusions In conclusion, the ability of utilizing household food waste for the production of ethanol at elevated dry material content has been demonstrated. A separate liquefaction/saccharification process can increase both ethanol production and productivity. Finally, subsequent fermentation of the remaining solids could lead to an increase of the overall ethanol production yield. PMID:24401142

  11. On development of an inexpensive, lightweight thermal micrometeroid garment for space suits

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1975-01-01

    A lightweight and inexpensive coverlayer developed for space suits is described. Material selection, procurement, and testing, pattern design, and prototype fabrication are discussed. By using the minimum required cross section necessary for earth orbital mission, by utilizing the lightest weight materials possible, and by decreasing the use of weight costly taping a lightweight and economical thermal micrometeroid garment was developed. Simplification of manufacturing techniques and use of off-the-shelf materials helped to reduce costs.

  12. Analytical methods to characterize heterogeneous raw material for thermal spray process: cored wire Inconel 625

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lindner, T.; Bonebeau, S.; Drehmann, R.; Grund, T.; Pawlowski, L.; Lampke, T.

    2016-03-01

    In wire arc spraying, the raw material needs to exhibit sufficient formability and ductility in order to be processed. By using an electrically conductive, metallic sheath, it is also possible to handle non-conductive and/or brittle materials such as ceramics. In comparison to massive wire, a cored wire has a heterogeneous material distribution. Due to this fact and the complex thermodynamic processes during wire arc spraying, it is very difficult to predict the resulting chemical composition in the coating with sufficient accuracy. An Inconel 625 cored wire was used to investigate this issue. In a comparative study, the analytical results of the raw material were compared to arc sprayed coatings and droplets, which were remelted in an arc furnace under argon atmosphere. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis were used to determine the chemical composition. The phase determination was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results were related to the manufacturer specifications and evaluated in respect to differences in the chemical composition. The comparison between the feedstock powder, the remelted droplets and the thermally sprayed coatings allows to evaluate the influence of the processing methods on the resulting chemical and phase composition.

  13. Discriminative illumination: per-pixel classification of raw materials based on optimal projections of spectral BRDF.

    PubMed

    Liu, Chao; Gu, Jinwei

    2014-01-01

    Classifying raw, unpainted materials--metal, plastic, ceramic, fabric, and so on--is an important yet challenging task for computer vision. Previous works measure subsets of surface spectral reflectance as features for classification. However, acquiring the full spectral reflectance is time consuming and error-prone. In this paper, we propose to use coded illumination to directly measure discriminative features for material classification. Optimal illumination patterns--which we call "discriminative illumination"--are learned from training samples, after projecting to which the spectral reflectance of different materials are maximally separated. This projection is automatically realized by the integration of incident light for surface reflection. While a single discriminative illumination is capable of linear, two-class classification, we show that multiple discriminative illuminations can be used for nonlinear and multiclass classification. We also show theoretically that the proposed method has higher signal-to-noise ratio than previous methods due to light multiplexing. Finally, we construct an LED-based multispectral dome and use the discriminative illumination method for classifying a variety of raw materials, including metal (aluminum, alloy, steel, stainless steel, brass, and copper), plastic, ceramic, fabric, and wood. Experimental results demonstrate its effectiveness.

  14. 75 FR 28751 - Airworthiness Directives; Bell Helicopter Textron (Bell) Model 205A, 205A-1, 205B, 212, 412...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-05-24

    ... the raw material used in manufacturing certain crosstubes. The actions specified in this AD are... these model helicopters. This amendment is prompted by AAI's discovery of a defect in a batch of raw...

  15. 40 CFR 63.1352 - Additional test methods.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From the Portland Cement Manufacturing Industry Monitoring and... rates of emission of HCl from kilns and associated bypass stacks at portland cement manufacturing... specific organic HAP from raw material dryers, kilns and in-line kiln/raw mills at Portland cement...

  16. 40 CFR 63.1352 - Additional test methods.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From the Portland Cement Manufacturing Industry Monitoring and... rates of emission of HCl from kilns and associated bypass stacks at portland cement manufacturing... specific organic HAP from raw material dryers, kilns and in-line kiln/raw mills at Portland cement...

  17. Study of Catalyst Variation Effect in Glycerol Conversion Process to Hydrogen Gas by Steam Reforming

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Widayat; Hartono, R.; Elizabeth, E.; Annisa, A. N.

    2018-04-01

    Along with the economic development, needs of energy being increase too. Hydrogen as alternative energy has many usages. Besides that, hydrogen is one source of energy that is a clean fuel, but process production of hydrogen from natural gas as a raw material has been used for a long time. Therefore, there is need new invention to produce hydrogen from the others raw material. Glycerol, a byproduct of biodiesel production, is a compound which can be used as a raw material for hydrogen production. By using glycerol as a raw material of hydrogen production, we can get added value of glycerol as well as an energy source solution. The process production of hydrogen by steam reforming is a thermochemical process with efficiency 70%. This process needs contribution of catalyst to improve its efficiency and selectivity of the process. In this study will be examined the effect variation of catalyst for glycerol conversion process to hydrogen by steam reforming. The method for catalyst preparation was variation of catalyst impregnation composition, catalyst calcined with difference concentration of hydrochloric acid and calcined with difference hydrochloric acid ratio. After that, all of catalyst which have been prepared, used for steam reforming process for hydrogen production from glycerol as a raw material. From the study, the highest yield of hydrogen gas showed in the process production by natural zeolite catalyst with 1:15 Hydrochloric acid ratio was 42.28%. Hydrogen yield for 2M calcined natural zeolite catalyst was 38.37%, for ZSM-5 catalyst was 15.83%, for 0.5M calcined natural zeolite was 13.09% and for ultrasonic natural zeolite was 11.43%. The lowest yield of hydrogen gas showed in catalyst 2Zn/ZSM-5 with 11.22%. This result showed that hydrogen yield product was affected by catalyst variation because of the catalyst has difference characteristic and difference catalytic activity after the catalyst preparation process.

  18. Microbiological sampling plan based on risk classification to verify supplier selection and production of served meals in food service operation.

    PubMed

    Lahou, Evy; Jacxsens, Liesbeth; Van Landeghem, Filip; Uyttendaele, Mieke

    2014-08-01

    Food service operations are confronted with a diverse range of raw materials and served meals. The implementation of a microbial sampling plan in the framework of verification of suppliers and their own production process (functionality of their prerequisite and HACCP program), demands selection of food products and sampling frequencies. However, these are often selected without a well described scientifically underpinned sampling plan. Therefore, an approach on how to set-up a focused sampling plan, enabled by a microbial risk categorization of food products, for both incoming raw materials and meals served to the consumers is presented. The sampling plan was implemented as a case study during a one-year period in an institutional food service operation to test the feasibility of the chosen approach. This resulted in 123 samples of raw materials and 87 samples of meal servings (focused on high risk categorized food products) which were analyzed for spoilage bacteria, hygiene indicators and food borne pathogens. Although sampling plans are intrinsically limited in assessing the quality and safety of sampled foods, it was shown to be useful to reveal major non-compliances and opportunities to improve the food safety management system in place. Points of attention deduced in the case study were control of Listeria monocytogenes in raw meat spread and raw fish as well as overall microbial quality of served sandwiches and salads. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  19. Weld procedure produces quality welds for thick sections of Hastelloy-X

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Flens, F. J.; Fletcher, C. W.; Glasier, L. F., Jr.

    1967-01-01

    Welding program produces premium quality, multipass welds in heavy tube sections of Hastelloy-X. It develops semiautomatic tungsten/inert gas procedures, weld wire procurement specifications material weld properties, welder-operator training, and nondestructive testing inspection techniques and procedures.

  20. 34 CFR 5.72 - Records available.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Department or not. (c) Contracts. (1) Contract instruments. (2) Portions of offers reflecting final prices submitted in negotiated procurements. (d) Reports on grantee, contractor, or provider performance. Final... projects, such as films, computer software, other copyrightable materials and reports of inventions, will...

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