New approach to 'top-and-bottom' whole blood separation using the multiunit TACSI WB system: quality of blood components.

PubMed

Lotens, A; Najdovski, T; Cellier, N; Ernotte, B; Lambermont, M; Rapaille, A

2014-10-01

TACSI whole blood system is designed to combine primary and secondary processing of six whole blood bags into plasma units, buffy coat and red blood cell concentrates. The aim of this study was to investigate the specifications and in vitro storage parameters of blood components compared with standard centrifugation and separation processing. Whole blood bags, collected in CRC kits, were treated on a TACSI whole blood system. They were compared with whole blood bags collected in Composelect kits. In addition to routine quality control analyses, conservation studies were performed on red blood cell concentrates for 42 days and on plasma for 6 months. Platelets pools with five buffy coats were also created, and cellular contamination was evaluated. Red blood cell concentrates produced from TACSI whole blood met European quality requirements. For white blood cell count, one individual result exceeded 1 × 10(6) cells/unit. All plasma units fell within specifications for residual cellular contamination and storage parameters. The performances of the TACSI whole blood system allow for the preparation of low volume buffy coats with a recovery of 90% of whole blood platelets. Haemoglobin losses in TACSI BC are smaller, but this did not result in higher haemoglobin content of red cells. These BC are suitable for the production of platelet concentrates. From these in vitro data, red blood cell concentrates produced using TACSI whole blood are suitable for clinical use with a quality at least equivalent to the control group. © 2014 International Society of Blood Transfusion.

Identification of malaria infected red blood samples by digital holographic quantitative phase microscope

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Patel, Nimit R.; Chhaniwal, Vani K.; Javidi, Bahram; Anand, Arun

2015-07-01

Development of devices for automatic identification of diseases is desired especially in developing countries. In the case of malaria, even today the gold standard is the inspection of chemically treated blood smears through a microscope. This requires a trained technician/microscopist to identify the cells in the field of view, with which the labeling chemicals gets attached. Bright field microscopes provide only low contrast 2D images of red blood cells and cell thickness distribution cannot be obtained. Quantitative phase contrast microscopes can provide both intensity and phase profiles of the cells under study. The phase information can be used to determine thickness profile of the cell. Since cell morphology is available, many parameters pertaining to the 3D shape of the cell can be computed. These parameters in turn could be used to decide about the state of health of the cell leading to disease diagnosis. Here the investigations done on digital holographic microscope, which provides quantitative phase images, for comparison of parameters obtained from the 3D shape profile of objects leading to identification of diseased samples is described.

Effects of helicopter transport on red blood cell components.

PubMed

Otani, Taiichi; Oki, Ken-ichi; Akino, Mitsuaki; Tamura, Satoru; Naito, Yuki; Homma, Chihiro; Ikeda, Hisami; Sumita, Shinzou

2012-01-01

There are no reported studies on whether a helicopter flight affects the quality and shelf-life of red blood cells stored in mannitol-adenine-phosphate. Seven days after donation, five aliquots of red blood cells from five donors were packed into an SS-BOX-110 container which can maintain the temperature inside the container between 2 °C and 6 °C with two frozen coolants. The temperature of an included dummy blood bag was monitored. After the box had been transported in a helicopter for 4 hours, the red blood cells were stored again and their quality evaluated at day 7 (just after the flight), 14, 21 and 42 after donation. Red blood cell quality was evaluated by measuring adenosine triphosphate, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, and supernatant potassium, as well as haematocrit, intracellular pH, glucose, supernatant haemoglobin, and haemolysis rate at the various time points. During the experiment the recorded temperature remained between 2 and 6 °C. All data from the red blood cells that had undergone helicopter transportation were the same as those from a control group of red blood cell samples 7 (just after the flight), 14, 21, and 42 days after the donation. Only supernatant Hb and haemolysis rate 42 days after the donation were slightly increased in the helicopter-transported group of red blood cell samples. All other parameters at 42 days after donation were the same in the two groups of red blood cells. These results suggest that red blood cells stored in mannitol-adenine-phosphate are not significantly affected by helicopter transportation. The differences in haemolysis by the end of storage were small and probably not of clinical significance.

Effects of helicopter transport on red blood cell components

PubMed Central

Otani, Taiichi; Oki, Ken-ichi; Akino, Mitsuaki; Tamura, Satoru; Naito, Yuki; Homma, Chihiro; Ikeda, Hisami; Sumita, Shinzou

2012-01-01

Background There are no reported studies on whether a helicopter flight affects the quality and shelf-life of red blood cells stored in mannitol-adenine-phosphate. Materials and methods Seven days after donation, five aliquots of red blood cells from five donors were packed into an SS-BOX-110 container which can maintain the temperature inside the container between 2 °C and 6 °C with two frozen coolants. The temperature of an included dummy blood bag was monitored. After the box had been transported in a helicopter for 4 hours, the red blood cells were stored again and their quality evaluated at day 7 (just after the flight), 14, 21 and 42 after donation. Red blood cell quality was evaluated by measuring adenosine triphosphate, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, and supernatant potassium, as well as haematocrit, intracellular pH, glucose, supernatant haemoglobin, and haemolysis rate at the various time points. Results During the experiment the recorded temperature remained between 2 and 6 °C. All data from the red blood cells that had undergone helicopter transportation were the same as those from a control group of red blood cell samples 7 (just after the flight), 14, 21, and 42 days after the donation. Only supernatant Hb and haemolysis rate 42 days after the donation were slightly increased in the helicopter-transported group of red blood cell samples. All other parameters at 42 days after donation were the same in the two groups of red blood cells. Discussion These results suggest that red blood cells stored in mannitol-adenine-phosphate are not significantly affected by helicopter transportation. The differences in haemolysis by the end of storage were small and probably not of clinical significance. PMID:22153688

Mechanisms Linking Red Blood Cell Disorders and Cardiovascular Diseases

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

The present paper aims to review the main pathophysiological links between red blood cell disorders and cardiovascular diseases, provides a brief description of the latest studies in this area, and considers implications for clinical practice and therapy. Anemia is associated with a special risk in proatherosclerotic conditions and heart disease and became a new therapeutic target. Guidelines must be updated for the management of patients with red blood cell disorders and cardiovascular diseases, and targets for hemoglobin level should be established. Risk scores in several cardiovascular diseases should include red blood cell count and RDW. Complete blood count and hemorheological parameters represent useful, inexpensive, widely available tools for the management and prognosis of patients with coronary heart disease, heart failure, hypertension, arrhythmias, and stroke. Hypoxia and iron accumulation cause the most important cardiovascular effects of sickle cell disease and thalassemia. Patients with congenital chronic hemolytic anemia undergoing splenectomy should be monitored, considering thromboembolic and cardiovascular risk. PMID:25710019

Performance evaluation of Samsung LABGEO(HC10) Hematology Analyzer.

PubMed

Park, Il Joong; Ahn, Sunhyun; Kim, Young In; Kang, Seon Joo; Cho, Sung Ran

2014-08-01

The Samsung LABGEO(HC10) Hematology Analyzer (LABGEO(HC10)) is a recently developed automated hematology analyzer that uses impedance technologies. The analyzer provides 18 parameters including 3-part differential at a maximum rate of 80 samples per hour. To evaluate the performance of the LABGEO(HC10). We evaluated precision, linearity, carryover, and relationship for complete blood cell count parameters between the LABGEO(HC10) and the LH780 (Beckman Coulter Inc) in a university hospital in Korea according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Sample stability and differences due to the anticoagulant used (K₂EDTA versus K₃EDTA) were also evaluated. The LABGEO(HC10) showed linearity over a wide range and minimal carryover (<1%) for white blood cell, hemoglobin, red blood cell, and platelet parameters. Correlation between the LABGEO(HC10) and the LH780 was good for all complete blood cell count parameters (R > 0.92) except for mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. The bias estimated was acceptable for all parameters investigated except for monocyte count. Most parameters were stable until 24 hours both at room temperature and at 4°C. The difference by anticoagulant type was statistically insignificant for all parameters except for a few red cell parameters. The accurate results achievable and simplicity of operation make the unit recommendable for small to medium-sized laboratories.

Automatic detection of malaria parasite in blood images using two parameters.

PubMed

Kim, Jong-Dae; Nam, Kyeong-Min; Park, Chan-Young; Kim, Yu-Seop; Song, Hye-Jeong

2015-01-01

Malaria must be diagnosed quickly and accurately at the initial infection stage and treated early to cure it properly. The malaria diagnosis method using a microscope requires much labor and time of a skilled expert and the diagnosis results vary greatly between individual diagnosticians. Therefore, to be able to measure the malaria parasite infection quickly and accurately, studies have been conducted for automated classification techniques using various parameters. In this study, by measuring classification technique performance according to changes of two parameters, the parameter values were determined that best distinguish normal from plasmodium-infected red blood cells. To reduce the stain deviation of the acquired images, a principal component analysis (PCA) grayscale conversion method was used, and as parameters, we used a malaria infected area and a threshold value used in binarization. The parameter values with the best classification performance were determined by selecting the value (72) corresponding to the lowest error rate on the basis of cell threshold value 128 for the malaria threshold value for detecting plasmodium-infected red blood cells.

Automated high resolution full-field spatial coherence tomography for quantitative phase imaging of human red blood cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Singla, Neeru; Dubey, Kavita; Srivastava, Vishal; Ahmad, Azeem; Mehta, D. S.

2018-02-01

We developed an automated high-resolution full-field spatial coherence tomography (FF-SCT) microscope for quantitative phase imaging that is based on the spatial, rather than the temporal, coherence gating. The Red and Green color laser light was used for finding the quantitative phase images of unstained human red blood cells (RBCs). This study uses morphological parameters of unstained RBCs phase images to distinguish between normal and infected cells. We recorded the single interferogram by a FF-SCT microscope for red and green color wavelength and average the two phase images to further reduced the noise artifacts. In order to characterize anemia infected from normal cells different morphological features were extracted and these features were used to train machine learning ensemble model to classify RBCs with high accuracy.

Metabolic aspects and viability of heparin/CPDA-1-stored red cell concentrate as a by-product of a high-yield factor VIII production method.

PubMed

de Jonge, J; Smit Sibinga, C T; Das, P C

1983-01-01

As a by-product of a new high-yield method of production of freeze-dried factor VIII, red cell concentrate (RCC) containing a small amount of heparin besides CPDA-1 was studied. Compared to CPDA-1 stored RCC no difference was found in hematology parameters and 2,3-DPG levels during 28 days storage. Although still in the normal range for transfusion, ATP levels were significantly lower compared to CPDA-1-stored RCC after 30 days shelf life. A survival study with 51Cr-labelled red cells showed good recovery and normal red cell half-life. Rapid transfusion of heparin/CPDA-1 RCC in 6 volunteers did not have any effect on aPTT. Heparin could not be detected in posttransfusion plasma samples.

Characteristic point algorithm in laser ektacytometry of red blood cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nikitin, S. Yu.; Ustinov, V. D.

2018-01-01

We consider the problem of measuring red blood cell deformability by laser diffractometry in shear flow (ektacytometry). A new equation is derived that relates the parameters of the diffraction pattern to the width of the erythrocyte deformability distribution. The numerical simulation method shows that this equation provides a higher accuracy of measurements in comparison with the analogous equation obtained by us earlier.

Red cell density is sex and race dependent in the adult.

PubMed

Blumenfeld, N; Fabry, M E; Thysen, B; Nagel, R L

1988-09-01

Using a highly sensitive method for the determination of red cell densities (Percoll-Stractan continuous isopyknic gradients), we find that, in adults, this parameter varies with sex and race. Whites have red cell densities (expressed as mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration [MCHC]) that are, on the average, 0.7 gm/dl higher than those in blacks (the difference of the means has p less than 2 x 10(-7]. White men have, on the average, 0.6 gm/dl higher MCHC than white women (the difference of the means has p less than 6 x 10(-5]. We find a strong correlation between all red cell densities and intracellular K+ and a slightly weaker correlation between red cell density and intracellular Na+ + K+. Men have an average intraerythrocytic K+ that is approximately 4.5 mmol/L of red cells less than that of women among whites as well as blacks (p less than 10(-5) and p less than 9 x 10(-4), respectively). Blacks have significantly higher plasma ferritin levels than do whites (in addition to the sex difference). Future work will have to dissect the possible causes of these differences, which include the high incidence of deletional alpha-thalassemia (-a/aa) among blacks, menstruation, hormonal effects, and the red cell transport and volume regulation differences between sexes and races. Whatever the cause of the sex and racial differences reported here, they are bound to affect the pathophysiologic expression of genetic red cell diseases that are particularly sensitive to the MCHC, such as the sickle cell syndromes.

Hematologic parameters of astrorats flown on SL-3

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lange, R. D.; Andrews, R. B.; Gibson, L. A.; Wright, P.; Dunn, C. D. R.

1985-01-01

Hematologic studies were performed on a group of large and small rats which were sacrificed after flying in life sciences shuttle engineering flight SL-3. The results are presented on flight (F) and control (C) 200 gm rats. The small flight animals demonstrated a significant increase in hematocrits, red blood cell counts, hemoglobins and peripheral blood percentages of neutrophils as well as a decrease in percentage of lymphocytes. Erythropoietin (Ep) determinations were similar for the two groups as were the bone marrow an spleen differential counts. In vitro cultures for erythroid colonies of bone marrow showed that in response to different doses of Ep, in all cases where differnces were statistically significant, the F rats had increased colony counts. The changes in red cell parameters could be caused by a decrease in plasma volume. However, no isotopic studies were possible on this flight and this lack points up the need for such studies to determine the red cell mass and plasma volume.

Daily consumption of red grape cell powder in a dietary dose improves cardiovascular parameters: a double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study.

PubMed

Vaisman, Nachum; Niv, Eva

2015-05-01

Consumption of polyphenol-rich food and food ingredient such as grape and grape products improved various cardiovascular parameters. In this study, we investigate the effect of dietary daily consumption of red grape cell powder (RGC) on blood pressure (BP) and flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) as well as on oxidative stress in 50 subjects with prehypertension and mild hypertension. The subjects were randomized into groups that consumed 200, 400 mg RGC or placebo daily for 12 weeks. RGC consumption was associated with an improvement of FMD (p = 0.013). There was a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation (p = 0.013) after 12 weeks in a combined RGC-treated group. The diastolic BP decreased significantly in the 200 mg RGC group compared to the placebo group (p = 0.032). Our results indicate that a daily supplementation, of red grape cell powder, for 12 weeks affects endothelial function, diastolic BP and oxidative stress without any adverse effects.

Inhibition of sickle red cell adhesion and vasoocclusion in the microcirculation by antioxidants.

PubMed

Kaul, Dhananjay K; Liu, Xiao-du; Zhang, Xiaoqin; Ma, Li; Hsia, Carleton J C; Nagel, Ronald L

2006-07-01

In sickle cell anemia (SCA), inflammatory (i.e., intravascular sickling and transient vasoocclusive) events result in chronic endothelial activation. In addition to sickling behavior, sickle (SS) red blood cells exhibit abnormal interaction with the vascular endothelium, which is considered to have an important role in initiation of vasoocclusion. Upregulation of endothelial adhesion molecules caused by oxidants (and cytokines) may lead to increased SS red cell adhesion. We hypothesize that endothelial activation is indispensable in SS red cell adhesion to the endothelium and that antioxidants will have an inhibitory effect on this interaction. We examined the effect of selected antioxidants in ex vivo mesocecum vasculature, a well-established model that allows measurement of hemodynamic parameters and, by intravital microscopy, can allow quantification of adhesion. We tested antioxidant enzymes (SOD and catalase) and an intravascular SOD mimetic, polynitroxyl albumin (PNA), in the presence of platelet-activating factor (PAF); the latter causes endothelial oxidant generation and endothelial activation, which characterize SCA. In ex vivo preparations, PAF not only induced marked endothelial oxidant generation, it also enhanced SS red cell adhesion, resulting in frequent blockage of small-diameter venules. The adhesion, inversely related to venular diameter, and vasoocclusion were markedly inhibited by antioxidants, resulting in improved hemodynamics. PNA, the most effective antioxidant, also abolished SS red cell adhesion in non-PAF-activated preparations. Thus SS red cell adhesion and related vasoocclusion may be ameliorated by antioxidant therapy with a stable and long-acting molecule (e.g., PNA).

Previous cryopreservation alters the natural history of the red blood cell storage lesion

PubMed Central

Chang, Alex L.; Hoehn, Richard S.; Jernigan, Peter; Cox, Daniel; Schreiber, Martin; Pritts, Timothy A.

2016-01-01

Background During storage, packed red blood cells (pRBCs) undergo a number of biochemical, metabolic and morphologic changes, collectively known as the “storage lesion”. We aimed to determine the effect of cryopreservation on the red blood cell storage lesion compared to traditional 4°C storage. Methods Previously cryopreserved human packed red blood cells were compared to age matched never frozen packed red blood cells obtained from the local blood bank. The development of the red cell storage lesion was evaluated after 7, 14, 21, 28, and 42 days of storage at 4°C in AS-3 storage medium. We measured physiological parameters including cell counts, lactic acid and potassium concentrations as well as signs of eryptosis including loss of phosphatidylserine (PS) asymmetry, microparticle production and osmotic fragility in hypotonic saline. Results Compared to controls, previously cryopreserved pRBC at 7 days of storage in AS-3 showed lower red cell counts (3.7 vs 5.3 ×10^6 cells/uL, p(<0.01), hemoglobin (12.0 vs 16.5 g/dL, p<0.01), hematocrit (33.0 vs 46.5%, p<0.01), and pH (6.27 vs 6.72, p<0.01). Over 28 days of storage, storage cryopreserved pRBC developed increased cell free hemoglobin (0.7 vs 0.3 g/dL, p<0.01), greater PS exposure (10.1 vs 3.3%, p<0.01), and microparticle production (30,836 vs 1,802 MP/uL, p<0.01). Previously cryopreserved cells were also less resistant to osmotic stress. Conclusion The red blood cell storage lesion is accelerated in previously cryopreserved pRBC after thawing. Biochemical deterioration of thawed and deglycerolized red cells suggests that storage time prior to transfusion should be limited in order to achieve similar risk profiles as never frozen standard liquid storage pRBC units. PMID:27380532

Separation of whole blood into plasma and red cells by using a hollow-fibre filtration system.

PubMed

Hornsey, V S; McColl, K; Drummond, O; Prowse, C V

2005-08-01

The aim of this study was to assess the separation of whole blood into red cells and plasma by using the Sangofer device, which is a gravity-fed, hollow-fibre system. The components would then be compared with those produced by the use of more elaborate technical equipment. Ten whole-blood units were leucoreduced by using a WBF2 filter and immediately separated into red cells and plasma by using the Sangofer blood-separation device. Red cells were stored in additive solution and tested on days 1 and 42. The plasma was assayed for levels of various coagulation factors and for markers of both coagulation and complement activation. The red-cell parameters were similar to those obtained when routine centrifugation methods were used. The filter did not cause haemolysis. Levels of plasma factor VIII and factor XI were lower than those seen in routinely produced leucoreduced plasma units but there was no evidence of activation of the coagulation and complement systems. The Sangofer device is simple and straightforward to use and eliminates the need for both centrifugation and automated separation steps during the processing of whole blood into red cells and plasma components. Minor changes are required to make the procedure easier to incorporate into routine use.

Effects of occupational exposure of X-Ray on hematological parameters of diagnostic technicians

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Taqi, Ali H.; Faraj, Kharman A.; Zaynal, Sarah A.; Hameed, Ahmed M.; Mahmood, Abd-Alkader A.

2018-06-01

The aim of this study was to identify the effects of long term exposure of X-ray on diagnostic technicians which they work at Kirkuk hospitals through examining some hematological parameters which are white blood cells (WBC), Neutrophils, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Eosinophil, Basophil, Reactive Lymphocyte, red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), Mean Cell Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH), Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW), Platelet (PLT). The study included 54 male diagnostic technicians and 54 male healthy controls match with the first group to show any alteration of the hematological parameters. The diagnostic technicians divided into two groups depending on their work experience and hours working per day. The statistical analysis was performed using (Graph-pad) program. Our results showed that the Complete blood cells count (CBC) parameters (Neutrophil, Monocytes, Basophile, MCV, RDW and PLT) significantly (P<.05) decreased while the parameters (Lymphocytes, RBC, Hb and HCT) significantly (P<.05) increased and strong significantly (P<.0001) increasing was recorded for the parameter Reactive lymphocytes mostly in all groups of the diagnostic technicians compared with their controls. We concluded that chronic exposure of X-ray can significantly alter some hematological parameters and the number of hours working per day has observable effects on the some hematological parameters. We recommended training and courses about hazard of ionizing radiation should be organized for enhance the healthcare quality of the technicians and to improve their knowledge about benefit of radiation protection tools to protect themselves from any overexposure during the daily life.

The dynamics of health in wild field vole populations: a haematological perspective

PubMed Central

Beldomenico, Pablo M.; Telfer, Sandra; Gebert, Stephanie; Lukomski, Lukasz; Bennett, Malcolm; Begon, Michael

2010-01-01

Summary Pathogens have been proposed as potentially important drivers of population dynamics, but while a few studies have investigated the impact of specific pathogens, the wealth of information provided by general indices of health has hardly been exploited. By evaluating haematological parameters in wild populations, our knowledge of the dynamics of health and infection may be better understood. Here, haematological dynamics in natural populations of field voles are investigated to determine environmental and host factors associated with indicators of inflammatory response (counts of monocytes and neutrophils) and of condition: measures of immunological investment (lymphocyte counts) and aerobic capacity (red blood cell counts). Individuals from three field vole populations were sampled monthly for 2 years. Comparisons with individuals kept under controlled conditions facilitated interpretation of field data. Mixed effects models were developed for each cell type to evaluate separately the effects of various factors on post-juvenile voles and mature breeding females. There were three well-characterized ‘physiological’ seasons. The immunological investment appeared lowest in winter (lowest lymphocyte counts), but red blood cells were at their highest levels and indices of inflammatory response at their lowest. Spring was characterized by a fall in red blood cell counts and peaks in indicators of inflammatory response. During the course of summer—autumn, red blood cell counts recovered, the immunological investment increased and the indicators of inflammatory response decreased. Poor body condition appeared to affect the inflammatory response (lower neutrophil and monocyte peaks) and the immunological investment (lower lymphocyte counts), providing evidence that the capacity to fight infection is dependent upon host condition. Breeding early in the year was most likely in females in better condition (high lymphocyte and red blood cell counts). All the haematological parameters were affected adversely by high population densities. PMID:18564292

A mild transient decrease of peripheral red blood cell counts induced by a suprapharmacological dose of pegylated human megakaryocyte growth and development factor in rats.

PubMed

Harada, K; Ide, Y; Tazunoki, Y; Imai, A; Yanagida, M; Kikuchi, Y; Imai, A; Ishii, H; Kawahara, J; Izumi, H; Kusaka, M; Tokiwa, T

1999-07-01

Previous studies have shown that pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor (PEG-rHuMGDF) at suprapharmacological dose induces a mild transient decrease of red blood cell counts according to thrombopoiesis in normal mice. To unravel the mechanism underlying this mild transient decrease of red blood cells, we have studied the effect of PEG-rHuMGDF on the circulating plasma and blood volume, and the serum biochemical parameters of anaemia and splenectomy. Also, we have performed histological studies of the bone marrow and the spleen of PEG-rHuMGDF-treated rats. PEG-rHuMGDF (300 microg kg(-1)]) or vehicle was subcutaneously administered to rats once a day for up to five days. From day 6 after the start of PEG-rHuMGDF administration, the platelet counts and plateletcrit levels were significantly increased, reaching peak values on day 10, and recovering to normal by day 20. The red blood cell counts and the haematocrit levels were significantly decreased on day 6 to 13. The decreases in red blood cell levels and haematocrit produced by PEG-rHuMGDF treatment were mild and had recovered by day 15. The plasma and blood volumes were significantly increased on day 10 in PEG-rHuMGDF-treated rats. No alteration of the serum biochemical parameters for anaemia, iron or total bilirubin, were observed on day 10. The histological examination on day 10 revealed a marked increase in megakaryocytes and a slight decrease in erythropoiesis in the bone marrow of rats that received PEG-rHuMGDF (300 microg kg(-1)). There was also a slight increase in splenic megakaryocytes and erythropoiesis. The decrease of red blood cells by PEG-rHuMGDF was not affected by splenectomy. These results suggest that the mild transient decrease of red blood cells induced by PEG-rHuMGDF treatment for up to five days is based mainly on the increases in the plasma and blood volume. These events are secondary changes due to the regulation of the excess production of megakaryocytes in the marrow and the peripheral platelets.

Assessment of red blood cell parameters and peripheral smear at different temperatures in case of cold agglutination disease.

PubMed

Gupta, V

2014-03-01

Cold agglutination disease (CAD) is characterized by an auto-antibody which is able to agglutinate red blood cells (RBCs) at temperatures lower than that of the body, and subsequently to activate the complement system responsible for lysis of RBCs. Patients show hemolytic anemia of varying degrees of severity, which arise or worsen upon exposure to low temperatures. We describe a case who presented with fever and symptoms of asthenia. His investigations yielded bizarre RBC parameters which led to suspicion of a rare CAD, which was confirmed on reviewing RBC parameters, peripheral smear and direct Coomb's test at different temperatures. Hence, we suggest assessment of bizarre RBC parameters and peripheral smear can help in laboratory testing and diagnosis of CAD. It should also not pose embarrassment in laboratory testing to the pathologist for making an early and accurate diagnosis, thus emphasizing the need for an early treatment of CAD.

Refractive index tomograms and dynamic membrane fluctuations of red blood cells from patients with diabetes mellitus.

PubMed

Lee, SangYun; Park, HyunJoo; Kim, Kyoohyun; Sohn, YongHak; Jang, Seongsoo; Park, YongKeun

2017-04-21

In this paper, we present the optical characterisations of diabetic red blood cells (RBCs) in a non-invasive manner employing three-dimensional (3-D) quantitative phase imaging. By measuring 3-D refractive index tomograms and 2-D time-series phase images, the morphological (volume, surface area and sphericity), biochemical (haemoglobin concentration and content) and mechanical (membrane fluctuation) parameters were quantitatively retrieved at the individual cell level. With simultaneous measurements of individual cell properties, systematic correlative analyses on retrieved RBC parameters were also performed. Our measurements show there exist no statistically significant alterations in morphological and biochemical parameters of diabetic RBCs, compared to those of healthy (non-diabetic) RBCs. In contrast, membrane deformability of diabetic RBCs is significantly lower than that of healthy, non-diabetic RBCs. Interestingly, non-diabetic RBCs exhibit strong correlations between the elevated glycated haemoglobin in RBC cytoplasm and decreased cell deformability, whereas diabetic RBCs do not show correlations. Our observations strongly support the idea that slow and irreversible glycation of haemoglobin and membrane proteins of RBCs by hyperglycaemia significantly compromises RBC deformability in diabetic patients.

Prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia and thalassaemia trait among undergraduate medical students.

PubMed

Azma, R Z; Ainoon, O; Azlin, I; Hamenuddin, H; Hadi, N A; Tatt, W K; Syazana, I N; Asmaliza, A M; Das, S; Hamidah, N H

2012-07-01

Anaemia is a global health problem including Malaysia. In adults, anaemia may affect work productivity. Iron deficiency anaemia and thalassaemia are common causes of anaemia in Malaysia. However, there is scarcity of data on national prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia and thalassaemia, especially in young adults. This cross sectional study was performed to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia and thalassaemia among medical students of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC). Blood samples collected in EDTA tubes were analyzed for haemoglobin level and red cell parameters such as MCV, MCH and red cell counts. Samples with abnormal red cell indices were sent for analysis of RBC morphology, iron status, haemoglobin analysis and DNA analysis. A total of 400 samples were available for this study. Fifty-eight (14.5%) students had hypochromic microcytic red cell indices in which 44 (11%) showed thalassaemia red cell indices while 14 (3.5%) had iron deficiency red cell indices which were finally confirmed by serum iron/TIBC analysis. Amongst those suspected to have thalassaemia, 12 (27.3%) were confirmed as alpha thalassaemia trait (αα/--(SEA)), 11 (25%) as Haemoglobin-E trait, 8 (18.2%) as beta thalassaemia trait and 2 (4.5%) as Haemoglobin Constant Spring (αα/α(CS)α). However, eleven students (25%) with thalassaemia red cell indices could not be confirmed with the common thalassaemia primers available, thus causes have yet to be established. Our prevalence of thalassaemia was high and thus we opine that better screening methods should be adopted.

Hereditary stomatocytosis: association of low 2,3-diphosphoglycerate with increased cation pumping by the red cell.

PubMed

Wiley, J S; Cooper, R A; Adachi, K; Asakura, T

1979-01-01

The levels of glycolytic intermediates have been measured in red cells from patients with both overhydrated and dehydrated varieties of the hereditary stomatocytosis syndrome. Red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate was reduced by 33% below normal in all patients with either stomatocyte or target cell morphologies (i.e. over or under hydrated varieties respectively). The relative decrement in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate was even greater when abnormal cells were compared with control cells with similar reticulocytosis. Red cell ADP concentrations in stomatocytosis were significantly increased above normal but ATP concentrations were not significantly changed. Whole blood oxygen affinity in stomatocytosis was increased in proportion to the lowered content of diphosphoglycerate. Some new parameters of membrane transport in hereditary stomatocytosis have been measured. Platelet K+ and Na+ concentrations and platelet K+ permeability were normal in stomatocytosis. The number of 3H-uridine transport sites in stomatocytes were increased by 9-39% above normal and this increment was the same as the increment in red cell lipids (0-38%). Hereditary stomatocytes contain 2-10-fold more cation pumps than normal and the increased active cation pumping may explain the high ADP, the low 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration and the increased oxygen affinity in this syndrome.

Prolonged red cell storage before transfusion increases extravascular hemolysis

PubMed Central

Rapido, Francesca; Brittenham, Gary M.; Bandyopadhyay, Sheila; La Carpia, Francesca; L’Acqua, Camilla; McMahon, Donald J.; Rebbaa, Abdelhadi; Wojczyk, Boguslaw S.; Netterwald, Jane; Wang, Hangli; Schwartz, Joseph; Eisenberger, Andrew; Soffing, Mark; Yeh, Randy; Divgi, Chaitanya; Ginzburg, Yelena Z.; Shaz, Beth H.; Sheth, Sujit; Francis, Richard O.; Spitalnik, Steven L.; Hod, Eldad A.

2016-01-01

BACKGROUND. Some countries have limited the maximum allowable storage duration for red cells to 5 weeks before transfusion. In the US, red blood cells can be stored for up to 6 weeks, but randomized trials have not assessed the effects of this final week of storage on clinical outcomes. METHODS. Sixty healthy adult volunteers were randomized to a single standard, autologous, leukoreduced, packed red cell transfusion after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 weeks of storage (n = 10 per group). 51-Chromium posttransfusion red cell recovery studies were performed and laboratory parameters measured before and at defined times after transfusion. RESULTS. Extravascular hemolysis after transfusion progressively increased with increasing storage time (P < 0.001 for linear trend in the AUC of serum indirect bilirubin and iron levels). Longer storage duration was associated with decreasing posttransfusion red cell recovery (P = 0.002), decreasing elevations in hematocrit (P = 0.02), and increasing serum ferritin (P < 0.0001). After 6 weeks of refrigerated storage, transfusion was followed by increases in AUC for serum iron (P < 0.01), transferrin saturation (P < 0.001), and nontransferrin-bound iron (P < 0.001) as compared with transfusion after 1 to 5 weeks of storage. CONCLUSIONS. After 6 weeks of refrigerated storage, transfusion of autologous red cells to healthy human volunteers increased extravascular hemolysis, saturated serum transferrin, and produced circulating nontransferrin-bound iron. These outcomes, associated with increased risks of harm, provide evidence that the maximal allowable red cell storage duration should be reduced to the minimum sustainable by the blood supply, with 35 days as an attainable goal. REGISTRATION. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02087514. FUNDING. NIH grant HL115557 and UL1 TR000040. PMID:27941245

Hematologic responses to hypobaric hyperoxia.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Larkin, E. C.; Adams, J. D.; Williams, W. T.; Duncan, D. M.

1972-01-01

Study of the effects of hypoxia, activity, and G forces on human hematopoiesis in an attempt to elucidate these phenomena more precisely. Eight subjects were exposed to an atmosphere of 100% O2 at 258 mm Hg for 30 days, and thereafter immediately exposed to transverse G forces, simulating the Gemini flights' reentry profile. All subjects displayed a significant continuous decline in red cell mass during the exposure period, as measured by the carbon monoxide-dilution method. The Cr51 method also indicated a decline in red blood corpuscle mass. The decrease in red cell mass was due to suppression of erythropoiesis and to hemolysis. After exposure to hyperoxia, all subjects exhibited elevated plasma hemoglobin levels, decreased reticulocyte counts, and decreased red cell survivals. CO production rates and urine erythropoietin levels were unchanged. Two hours after termination of exposure to hyperoxia, all subjects exhibited increased reticulocyte counts which were sustained for longer than two weeks. The progressive decrease in red cell mass was promptly arrested on return to ground level atmospheres. Within 116 days after exposure to hyperoxia, the hematologic parameters of all eight subjects had returned to control levels.

Red blood cell-deformability measurement: review of techniques.

PubMed

Musielak, M

2009-01-01

Cell-deformability characterization involves general measurement of highly complex relationships between cell biology and physical forces to which the cell is subjected. The review takes account of the modern technical solutions simulating the action of the force applied to the red blood cell in macro- and microcirculation. Diffraction ektacytometers and rheoscopes measure the mean deformability value for the total red blood cell population investigated and the deformation distribution index of individual cells, respectively. Deformation assays of a whole single cell are possible by means of optical tweezers. The single cell-measuring setups for micropipette aspiration and atomic force microscopy allow conducting a selective investigation of deformation parameters (e.g., cytoplasm viscosity, viscoelastic membrane properties). The distinction between instrument sensitivity to various RBC-rheological features as well as the influence of temperature on measurement are discussed. The reports quoted confront fascinating possibilities of the techniques with their medical applications since the RBC-deformability has the key position in the etiology of a wide range of conditions.

Fragmented red cells reference range for the Sysmex XN®-series of automated blood cell counters.

PubMed

Lesesve, J-F; Speyer, E; Perol, J-P

2015-10-01

Fragmented red cells (FRCs) are a new parameter determined automatically by the latest generation of blood cell counters. FRC counts may be of interest as they may reflect schistocyte counts measured on a stained peripheral blood smear observed under the microscope. However, FRC counts depend on the technical procedure used to detect them so that reference ranges are device dependent. The XN-9000® is one of the latest models from the Sysmex series of analysers. We aimed to establish a reference range for FRCs based on 1366 normal patient samples. The mean ± SD was 0.14 ± 0.35% and the median was 0% (95% confidence interval of the mean: 0.12-0.16%). We observed that the percentage of red blood cells with <17 pg of haemoglobin content (Hypo-He) was correlated to an FRC increase and that flagged results relating to red blood cells, reticulocytes or platelets might have presented with artefactually increased FRCs. The FRCs reference range (healthy subjects) should be useful for laboratory staff for selecting which blood smears to check optically. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Morphological analysis of red blood cells by polychromatic interference microscopy of thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dyachenko, A. A.; Malinova, L. I.; Ryabukho, V. P.

2016-11-01

Red blood cells (RBC) distribution width (RDW) is a promising hematological parameter with broadapplications in clinical practice; in various studies RDWhas been shown to be associated with increased risk of heart failure (HF) in general population. It predicts mortality and other major adverse events in HF patients. In this report new method of RDWmeasurement is presented. It's based on interference color analysis of red blood cells in blood smear and further measurement of its optical thickness. Descriptive statistics of the of the RBC optical thickness distribution in a blood smear were used for RDW estimation in every studied sample. Proposed method is considered to be avoiding type II errors and minimizing the variability of measured RDW.

The influence of time in captivity, food intake and acute trauma on blood analytes of juvenile Steller sea lions, Eumetopias jubatus

PubMed Central

Skinner, John P.; Tuomi, Pam A.; Mellish, Jo-Ann E.

2015-01-01

The Steller sea lion, Eumetopias jubatus, has experienced regionally divergent population trends over recent decades. One potential mechanism for this disparity is that local factors cause reduced health and, therefore, reduced survival of individuals. The use of blood parameters to assess sea lion health may help to identify whether malnutrition, disease and stress are important drivers of current trends, but such assessments require species-specific knowledge of how parameters respond to various health challenges. We used principal components analysis to identify which key blood parameters (principal analytes) best described changes in health for temporarily captive juvenile Steller sea lions in known conditions. Generalized additive mixed models were used to estimate the changes in principal analytes with food intake, time in captivity and acute trauma associated with hot-iron branding and transmitter implant surgery. Of the 17 blood parameters examined, physiological changes for juvenile sea lions were best described using the following six principal analytes: red blood cell counts, white blood cell counts, globulin, platelets, glucose and total bilirubin. The white blood cell counts and total bilirubin declined over time in captivity, whereas globulin increased. Elevated red blood cell counts, white blood cell counts and total bilirubin and reduced globulin values were associated with lower food intake. After branding, white blood cell counts were elevated for the first 30 days, while globulin and platelets were elevated for the first 15 days only. After implant surgery, red blood cell counts and globulin remained elevated for 30 days, while white blood cell counts remained elevated during the first 15 days only. Glucose was unassociated with the factors we studied. These results were used to provide expected ranges for principal analytes at different levels of food intake and in response to the physical challenges of branding and implant surgery. These results provide a more detailed reference for future evaluations of health-related assessments. PMID:27293693

Reactivity of retinal blood flow to 100% oxygen breathing after lipopolysaccharide administration in healthy subjects.

PubMed

Kolodjaschna, Julia; Berisha, Fatmire; Lasta, Michael; Polska, Elzbieta; Fuchsjäger-Mayrl, Gabriele; Schmetterer, Leopold

2008-08-01

Administration of low doses of Escherichia coli endotoxin (LPS) to humans enables the study of inflammatory mechanisms. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the retinal vascular reactivity after LPS infusion. In a randomized placebo-controlled cross-over study, 18 healthy male volunteers received 20 IU/kg LPS or placebo as an intravenous bolus infusion. Outcome parameters were measured at baseline and 4h after LPS/placebo administration. At baseline and at 4h after administration a short period of 100% oxygen inhalation was used to assess retinal vasoreactivity to this stimulus. Perimacular white blood cell velocity, density and flux were assessed with the blue-field entoptic technique, retinal branch arterial and venous diameters were measured with a retinal vessel analyzer and red blood cell velocity in retinal branch veins was measured with laser Doppler velocimetry. LPS is associated with peripheral blood leukocytosis and increased white blood cell density in ocular microvessels (p<0.001). In addition, retinal arterial (p=0.02) and venous (p<0.01) diameters were increased. All retinal hemodynamic parameters showed a decrease during 100% oxygen breathing. This decrease was significantly blunted by LPS for all retinal outcome parameters except venous diameter (p=0.04 for white blood cell velocity, p=0.0002 for white blood cell density, p<0.0001 for white blood cell flux, p=0.01 for arterial diameter, p=0.02 for red blood cell velocity and p=0.006 for red blood cell flux). These data indicate that LPS-induced inflammation induces vascular dysregulation in the retina. This may provide a link between inflammation and vascular dysregulation. Further studies are warranted to investigate whether this model may be suitable to study inflammation induced vascular dysregulation in the eye.

Adaptive and automatic red blood cell counting method based on microscopic hyperspectral imaging technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Xi; Zhou, Mei; Qiu, Song; Sun, Li; Liu, Hongying; Li, Qingli; Wang, Yiting

2017-12-01

Red blood cell counting, as a routine examination, plays an important role in medical diagnoses. Although automated hematology analyzers are widely used, manual microscopic examination by a hematologist or pathologist is still unavoidable, which is time-consuming and error-prone. This paper proposes a full-automatic red blood cell counting method which is based on microscopic hyperspectral imaging of blood smears and combines spatial and spectral information to achieve high precision. The acquired hyperspectral image data of the blood smear in the visible and near-infrared spectral range are firstly preprocessed, and then a quadratic blind linear unmixing algorithm is used to get endmember abundance images. Based on mathematical morphological operation and an adaptive Otsu’s method, a binaryzation process is performed on the abundance images. Finally, the connected component labeling algorithm with magnification-based parameter setting is applied to automatically select the binary images of red blood cell cytoplasm. Experimental results show that the proposed method can perform well and has potential for clinical applications.

Cellular biophysical markers of hydroxyurea treatment in sickle cell disease

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

So, Peter T. C.; Hosseini, Poorya; Abidi, Sabia Z.; Du, E.; Papageorgiou, Dimitrios P.; Park, YongKeun; Higgins, John; Kato, Gregory J.; Suresh, Subra; Dao, Ming; Yaqoob, Zahid

2017-04-01

Using a common-path interferometric technique, we measure biomechanical and morphological properties of individual red blood cells in SCD patients as a function of cell density, and investigate the correlation of these biophysical properties with drug intake as well as other clinically measured parameters.

Effect of polyphenols extracted from tamarind ( Tamarindus indica L.) seed coat on pathophysiological changes and red blood cell glutathione peroxidase activity in heat-stressed broilers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aengwanich, Worapol; Suttajit, Maitree

2013-01-01

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of polyphenols extracted from the tamarind seed coat (PETSC) on glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, red blood cell parameters and bilirubin in heat-stressed broilers. One hundred forty-seven broilers, 18-days old were divided into two groups. In group 1, broilers were maintained at an environmental temperature of 26 ± 2 °C throughout the experimental period. In group 2, the broilers were maintained at 38 ± 2 °C (cyclic temperature: 26 ± 2 °C; -38 ± 2 °C; and -26 ± 2 °C, and broilers were maintained at 38 ± 2 °C for 6 h/ day) and received PETSC at a concentration of 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 or 500 mg/kg in their diet ad libitum. Parameters were investigated on days 1, 7, 14 and 21 of the experimental period. Results showed that GPx activity of heat-stressed broilers that received 100 mg/kg of PETSC in their diet was lower ( P < 0.05) than that in broilers fed the other concentrations. The mean total red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentration of heat-stressed broilers that received 100 mg/kg PETSC was higher ( P < 0.05) than those in broilers in group 1 and those fed the other concentrations. The mean bilirubin level in the excreta of heat-stressed broilers that received 100 mg/kg of PETSC was lower ( P < 0.05) than that in broilers that received 0, 300, 400 and 500 mg/kg of PETSC. This showed that PETSC could reduce GPx activity and bilirubin in feces, and increase red blood cell parameters in heat-stressed broilers.

Effect of Prolonged Exposure to Elevated Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide Levels on Red Blood Cell Parameters during Submarine Patrols

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-12-01

rise in Hb, Hct. and red cells, to compensate for the anoxic stress induced by higher carboxyhemoglobin levels (HbCO). Inhalation of CO2 in higher...expected to cause an equilibrium value of 8-50% carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO). Under these conditions, Schulte (1961) did not find any gross changes in...according to Stewart (1974). Carboxyhemoglobin levels of 1-5% cause an increased blood Cow to vital organs, which compensates for the loss of oxygen

Effects of hydration level and heat stress on thermoregulatory responses, hematological and blood rheological properties in growing pigs.

PubMed

Waltz, Xavier; Baillot, Michelle; Connes, Philippe; Bocage, Bruno; Renaudeau, David

2014-01-01

Heat stress is one of the major limiting factors of production efficiency in the swine industry. The aims of the present study were 1) to observe if hemorheological and hematological parameters could be associated to physiological acclimation during the first days of heat stress exposure and 2) to determine if water restriction could modulate the effect of thermal heat stress on physiological, hematological and hemorheological parameters. Twelve Large White male pigs were divided into an ad libitum and a water restricted group. All pigs were submitted to one week at 24 °C (D-7 to D-1). Then, at D0, temperature was progressively increased until 32 °C and maintained during one week (D1 to D7). We performed daily measurements of water and feed intake. Physiological (i.e., skin temperature, rectal temperature, respiratory rate), hematological and hemorheological parameters were measured on D-6, D-5, D0, D1, D2 and D7. Water restriction had no effect on physiological, hematological and hemorheological parameters. The first days of heat stress caused an increase in the three physiological parameters followed by a reduction of these parameters suggesting a successful acclimation of pigs to heat stress. We showed an increase in hematocrit, red blood cell aggregation and red blood cell aggregation strength during heat stress. Further, we observed an important release of reticulocytes, an increase of red blood cell deformability and a reduction of feed intake and blood viscosity under heat stress. This study suggests that physiological acute adaptation to heat stress is accompanied by large hematological and hemorheological changes.

Red Cell Distribution Width and Other Red Blood Cell Parameters in Patients with Cancer: Association with Risk of Venous Thromboembolism and Mortality

PubMed Central

Riedl, Julia; Posch, Florian; Königsbrügge, Oliver; Lötsch, Felix; Reitter, Eva-Maria; Eigenbauer, Ernst; Marosi, Christine; Schwarzinger, Ilse; Zielinski, Christoph; Pabinger, Ingrid; Ay, Cihan

2014-01-01

Background Cancer patients are at high risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE). Red cell distribution width (RDW) has been reported to be associated with arterial and venous thrombosis and mortality in several diseases. Here, we analyzed the association between RDW and other red blood cell (RBC) parameters with risk of VTE and mortality in patients with cancer. Methods RBC parameters were measured in 1840 patients with cancers of the brain, breast, lung, stomach, colon, pancreas, prostate, kidney; lymphoma, multiple myeloma and other tumor sites, that were included in the Vienna Cancer and Thrombosis Study (CATS), which is an ongoing prospective, observational cohort study of patients with newly diagnosed or progressive cancer after remission. Primary study outcome is occurrence of symptomatic VTE and secondary outcome is death during a maximum follow-up of 2 years. Results During a median follow-up of 706 days, 131 (7.1%) patients developed VTE and 702 (38.2%) died. High RDW (>16%) was not associated with a higher risk of VTE in the total study cohort; in competing risk analysis accounting for death as competing variable the univariable subhazard ratio (SHR) was 1.34 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.80–2.23, p = 0.269). There was also no significant association between other RBC parameters and risk of VTE. High RDW was associated with an increased risk of mortality in the total study population (hazard ratio [HR, 95% CI]: 1.72 [1.39–2.12], p<0.001), and this association prevailed after adjustment for age, sex, hemoglobin, leukocyte and platelet count (HR [95% CI]: 1.34 [1.06–1.70], p = 0.016). Conclusions RDW and other RBC parameters were not independently associated with risk of VTE in patients with cancer and might therefore not be of added value for estimating risk of VTE in patients with cancer. We could confirm that high RDW is an independent predictor of poor overall survival in cancer. PMID:25347577

21 CFR 864.8625 - Hematology quality control mixture.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... parameters such as white cell count (WBC), red cell count (RBC), platelet count (PLT), hemoglobin, hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). (b) Classification. Class II (performance standards). [45 FR 60637, Sept. 12...

Previous Cryopreservation Alters the Natural History of the Red Blood Cell Storage Lesion.

PubMed

Chang, Alex L; Hoehn, Richard S; Jernigan, Peter; Cox, Daniel; Schreiber, Martin; Pritts, Timothy A

2016-09-01

During storage, packed red blood cells (pRBCs) undergo a number of biochemical, metabolic, and morphologic changes, collectively known as the "storage lesion." We aimed to determine the effect of cryopreservation on the red blood cell storage lesion compared with traditional 4°C storage. Previously cryopreserved human pRBCs were compared with age-matched never-frozen pRBCs obtained from the local blood bank. The development of the red cell storage lesion was evaluated after 7, 14, 21, 28, and 42 days of storage at 4°C in AS-3 storage medium. We measured physiological parameters including cell counts, lactic acid, and potassium concentrations as well as signs of eryptosis including loss of phosphatidylserine (PS) asymmetry, microparticle production, and osmotic fragility in hypotonic saline. Compared with controls, previously cryopreserved pRBC at 7 days of storage in AS-3 showed lower red cell counts (3.7 vs. 5.3 × 10 cells/μL, P < 0.01), hemoglobin (Hgb) (12.0 vs. 16.5 g/dL, P < 0.01), hematocrit (33.0% vs. 46.5%, P < 0.01), and pH (6.27 vs. 6.72, P < 0.01). Over 28 days of storage, storage cryopreserved pRBC developed increased cell-free Hgb (0.7 vs. 0.3 g/dL, P < 0.01), greater PS exposure (10.1% vs. 3.3%, P < 0.01), and microparticle production (30,836 vs. 1,802 MP/μL, P < 0.01). Previously cryopreserved cells were also less resistant to osmotic stress. The red blood cell storage lesion is accelerated in previously cryopreserved pRBC after thawing. Biochemical deterioration of thawed and deglycerolized red cells suggests that storage time before transfusion should be limited to achieve similar risk profiles as never-frozen standard liquid storage pRBC units.

Relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and red blood cell indices in German adolescents.

PubMed

Doudin, Asmma; Becker, Andreas; Rothenberger, Aribert; Meyer, Thomas

2018-04-01

Since the impact of vitamin D on red blood cell formation has not been well studied, we aimed at assessing the putative link between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations and hematological markers of erythropoiesis in a large cohort of German adolescents aged 11 to 17 years. In total, 5066 participants from the population-based, nationally representative KiGGS study (Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurvey, German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents) were grouped into either tertiles or clinically accepted cutoff levels for serum 25(OH)D. Results demonstrated significant and inverse correlations between 25(OH)D levels and several hematological parameters including hemoglobin concentration (r = - 0.04, p = 0.003), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (r = - 0.11, p < 0.001), red blood cell count (r = - 0.04, p = 0.002), and soluble transferrin receptor (r = - 0.1, p < 0.001), whereas, in contrast, serum 25(OH)D was positively correlated to the mean corpuscular volume of erythrocytes (r = 0.08, p < 0.001). Multinomial regression models adjusted for clinically relevant confounders confirmed statistically significant differences between the two strata of 25(OH)D groups with respect to red blood cell markers (hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume, and corpuscular hemoglobin, as well as iron and soluble transferrin receptor). The link between serum 25(OH)D and several important hematological parameters may point to an inhibitory role of vitamin D in the regulation of erythropoiesis in adolescents. What is Known: • The physiological effects of vitamin D on calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism have been established. • However, much less is known about the impact of circulating vitamin D on erythropoiesis. What is New: • Data from the KiGGS study in German adolescents demonstrated significant associations between serum vitamin D concentrations and red blood cell indices. • Further studies should be conducted to decipher the underlying mechanisms of vitamin D on erythropoiesis.

Age- and gender-related hemorheological alterations in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion in the rat.

PubMed

Mester, Anita; Magyar, Zsuzsanna; Molnar, Akos; Somogyi, Viktoria; Tanczos, Bence; Peto, Katalin; Nemeth, Norbert

2018-05-01

Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is a life-threatening clinical disorder. During I/R, the microrheological parameters of blood (red blood cell deformability and aggregation) worsen, which may contribute to microcirculatory deterioration. Age and gender also have a great influence on hemorheological parameters. We aimed to investigate the gender and age-related microrheological alterations during intestinal I/R. After the cannulation of the left femoral artery, median laparotomy was performed in Crl:WI rats under general anesthesia. In the young control animals there were no other interventions (female n = 7; male n = 7). In the young (female n = 7; male n = 7) and older I/R groups (female n = 6; male n = 6), the superior mesenteric artery was clipped for 30 min, and a 120-min reperfusion period was observed afterward. Blood samples were taken before and at the 30-min ischemia, in the 30th, 60th, and 120th min of the reperfusion. Hematological parameters, erythrocyte deformability, and aggregation were determined. Hematocrit increased significantly in the younger female I/R group. Red blood cell count was higher in male and older animals. In case of white blood cell count, male animals had higher values compared with females. Platelet count elevated in the younger male and older female I/R animals. Red blood cell deformability worsened, mainly in the male and older I/R groups. Enhanced erythrocyte aggregation was seen in all groups, being more expressed in the female I/R groups. Microrheological parameters show gender and age-related differences during intestinal I/R. These observations have importance in the planning and evaluation of experimental data. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Imaging the effect of hemoglobin on properties of RBCs using common-path digital holographic microscope

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Joglekar, M.; Shah, H.; Trivedi, V.; Mahajan, S.; Chhaniwal, V.; Leitgeb, R.; Javidi, B.; Anand, A.

2017-07-01

Adequate supply of oxygen to the body is the most essential requirement. In vertebrate species this function is performed by Hemoglobin contained in red blood cells. The mass concentration of the Hb determines the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. Thus it becomes necessary to determine its concentration in the blood, which helps in monitoring the health of a person. If the amount of Hb crosses certain range, then it is considered critical. As the Hb constitutes upto 96% of red blood cells dry content, it would be interesting to examine various physical and mechanical parameters of RBCs which depends upon its concentration. Various diseases bring about significant variation in the amount of hemoglobin which may alter certain parameters of the RBC such as surface area, volume, membrane fluctuation etc. The study of the variations of these parameters may be helpful in determining Hb content which will reflect the state of health of a human body leading to disease diagnosis. Any increase or decrease in the amount of Hb will change the density and hence the optical thickness of the RBCs, which affects the cell membrane and thereby changing its mechanical and physical properties. Here we describe the use of lateral shearing digital holographic microscope for quantifying the cell parameters for studying the change in biophysical properties of cells due to variation in hemoglobin concentration.

The effect of prefreeze rejuvenation on postthaw storage of red blood cells in AS-3 and SAGM.

PubMed

Lelkens, Charles C M; Lagerberg, Johan W M; de Korte, Dirk

2017-06-01

We investigated whether improving the metabolic status of red blood cell concentrates before freezing could extend the postthaw shelf life beyond 14 days while still meeting the requirements for hemolysis (0.8%) and total adenylate (>82% of original values). At Day 8 after collection, four leukoreduced red blood cell concentrates in saline-adenine-glucose-mannitol (SAGM) were pooled, mixed, and split (n = 4). Of these concentrates, two were rejuvenated in Rejuvesol. In addition, two leukoreduced red blood cell concentrates in phosphate-adenine-glucose-guanosine-gluconate-mannitol (PAGGGM) were pooled, mixed, and split at Day 8 after collection (n = 4). All concentrates were glycerolized, frozen, and stored for at least 2 weeks at -80°C. After thawing and deglycerolization, from each pair, one red blood cell concentrate was resuspended in SAGM, and one was suspended in AS-3. During postthaw storage at 2 to 6°C for 35 days, all concentrates were sampled weekly and analyzed for hematologic, metabolic, and morphologic parameters. Both Rejuvesol and PAGGGM treatment produced increased adenosine triphosphate and total adenylate and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels compared with untreated red blood cell concentrates. Regardless of prefreeze Rejuvesol or PAGGGM treatment, postthaw hemolysis remained below 0.8% during 7 days in SAGM and during 35 days in AS-3. At Day 35 of postthaw storage in AS-3, total adenylate in nonrejuvenated red blood cell concentrates had decreased to 72% of the original values; whereas, in prefreeze Rejuvesol-treated and PAGGGM-treated concentrates, adenylate values were still were at 101% and 98%, respectively. Based on maximum allowable hemolysis of 0.8% and total adenylate content greater than 82% of the original value, thawed, prefreeze Rejuvesol-treated or PAGGGM-treated red blood cell concentrates can be stored for 35 days at 2 to 6ºC in AS-3. © 2017 AABB.

Protective effect of total flavonoids of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) in simulated high-altitude polycythemia in rats.

PubMed

Zhou, Ji-Yin; Zhou, Shi-Wen; Du, Xiao-Huang; Zeng, Sheng-Ya

2012-09-28

Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) has been used to treat high altitude diseases. The effects of five-week treatment with total flavonoids of seabuckthorn (35, 70, 140 mg/kg, ig) on cobalt chloride (5.5 mg/kg, ip)- and hypobaric chamber (simulating 5,000 m)-induced high-altitude polycythemia in rats were measured. Total flavonoids decreased red blood cell number, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin levels, span of red blood cell electrophoretic mobility, aggregation index of red blood cell, plasma viscosity, whole blood viscosity, and increased deformation index of red blood cell, erythropoietin level in serum. Total flavonoids increased pH, pO₂, Sp(O₂), pCO₂ levels in arterial blood, and increased Na⁺, HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, but decreased K⁺ concentrations. Total flavonoids increased mean arterial pressure, left ventricular systolic pressure, end-diastolic pressure, maximal rate of rise and decrease, decreased heart rate and protected right ventricle morphology. Changes in hemodynamic, hematologic parameters, and erythropoietin content suggest that administration of total flavonoids from seabuckthorn may be useful in the prevention of high altitude polycythaemia in rats.

Some Considerations on the Number of Erythrocytes; ALGUMAS CONSIDERACOES SOBRE O NUMERO DE ERITROCITOS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pieroni, R.R.; Maspes, V.; Jamra, M.A.

1959-05-01

The number of red blood cells present in the circulatory system of an individual at any given instant depends on various facts, some of which are related to characteristics of the red cells themselves and some to the processes of formation and destruction. An attempt is made to establish on precise experimental data analytical expressions which relate the number of erythrocytes to parameters defined by the life span of the erythrocytes, the processes of formation and destruction, and time. (J.S.R)

Anesthetics and red blood cell rheology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aydogan, Burcu; Aydogan, Sami

2014-05-01

There are many conditions where it is useful for anesthetists to have a knowledge of blood rheology. Blood rheology plays an important role in numerous clinical situations. Hemorheologic changes may significantly affect the induction and recovery times with anesthetic agents. But also, hemorheologic factors are directly or indirectly affected by many anesthetic agents or their metabolites. In this review, the blood rheology with special emphasis on its application in anesthesiology, the importance hemorheological parameters in anesthesiology and also the effect of some anesthetic substances on red blood cell rheology were presented.

Detection of silver nanoparticles in cells by flow cytometry using light scatter and far-red fluorescence.

PubMed

Zucker, R M; Daniel, K M; Massaro, E J; Karafas, S J; Degn, L L; Boyes, W K

2013-10-01

The cellular uptake of different sized silver nanoparticles (AgNP) (10, 50, and 75 nm) coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or citrate on a human derived retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19) was detected by flow cytometry following 24-h incubation of the cells with AgNP. A dose dependent increase of side scatter and far red fluorescence was observed with both PVP and citrate-coated 50 nm or 75 nm silver particles. Using five different flow cytometers, a far red fluorescence signal in the 700-800 nm range increased as much as 100 times background as a ratio comparing the intensity measurements of treated sample and controls. The citrate-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNP) revealed slightly more side scatter and far red fluorescence than did the PVP coated silver nanoparticles. This increased far red fluorescence signal was observed with 50 and 75 nm particles, but not with 10 nm particles. Morphological evaluation by dark field microscopy showed silver particles (50 and 75 nm) clumped and concentrated around the nucleus. One possible hypothesis to explain the emission of far red fluorescence from cells incubated with silver nanoparticles is that the silver nanoparticles inside cells agglomerate into small nano clusters that form surface plasmon resonance which interacts with laser light to emit a strong far red fluorescence signal. The results demonstrate that two different parameters (side scatter and far red fluorescence) on standard flow cytometers can be used to detect and observe metallic nanoparticles inside cells. The strength of the far red fluorescence suggests that it may be particularly useful for applications that require high sensitivity. © Published 2013 Wiley-Periodicals, Inc. Published 2013 Wiley‐Periodicals, Inc. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.

Processing of Cells' Trajectories Data for Blood Flow Simulation Model*

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Slavík, Martin; Kovalčíková, Kristína; Bachratý, Hynek; Bachratá, Katarína; Smiešková, Monika

2018-06-01

Simulations of the red blood cells (RBCs) flow as a movement of elastic objects in a fluid, are developed to optimize microfluidic devices used for a blood sample analysis for diagnostic purposes in the medicine. Tracking cell behaviour during simulation helps to improve the model and adjust its parameters. For the optimization of the microfluidic devices, it is also necessary to analyse cell trajectories as well as likelihood and frequency of their occurrence in a particular device area, especially in the parts, where they can affect circulating tumour cells capture. In this article, we propose and verify several ways of processing and analysing the typology and trajectory stability in simulations with single or with a large number of red blood cells (RBCs) in devices with different topologies containing cylindrical obstacles.

Prognostic significance of red cell distribution width and other red cell parameters in patients with chronic heart failure during two years of follow-up.

PubMed

Wołowiec, Łukasz; Rogowicz, Daniel; Banach, Joanna; Buszko, Katarzyna; Surowiec, Agnieszka; Błażejewski, Jan; Bujak, Robert; Sinkiewicz, Władysław

Studies published during the last decade seem to indicate red blood cell parameters as inexpensive, rapidly available, and simple tools for the assessment of prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). To evaluate the prognostic value of red cell parameters determined in a routine blood count in patients with CHF. The study group included 165 patients with the New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II-IV CHF hospitalised in the 2nd Department of Cardiology in Bydgoszcz. On the first day of hospitalisation, all patients in the study group underwent a complete blood count with an assessment of haemoglobin (Hb) level, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and red blood cell distribution width (RDW). Follow-up was carried over 24 months by phone calls every 3 months. MCV, MCH and MCHC were not shown to be significant predictors of mortality in CHF patients at 1 and 2 years of follow-up. In univariate analysis at 1-year follow-up, the following variables were significantly associated with the occurrence of the study endpoint: Hb level (p = 0.022; HR = 0.80), RDW (p = 0.004; HR = 1.257), and N-terminal pro-B-type na-triuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level (p = 0.0001; HR = 1). At 2 years of follow-up, the following variables were significantly associated with the occurrence of the study endpoint: left ventricular ejection fraction (p = 0.018; HR = 0.956), NYHA class (p = 0.007; HR = 0.378), RDW (p = 0.044; HR = 1.175), and NT-proBNP level (p < 0.001; HR = 1). Multivariate analysis for 1-year follow-up showed that RDW and NT-proBNP level were independent significant predictors of mortality, while NT-proBNP level (p = 0.006; HR = 1) and NYHA class (p = 0.024; HR = 0.439) were significant predictors of mortality at 2 years of follow-up. Based on receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the cut-off RDW was 15.00% (AUC = 0.63; 0.523-0.737), at 12 months of follow-up and 14.00% (AUC = 0.6; 0.504-0.697), at 24 months of follow-up. The cut-off for Hb level was 13.9 g/dL (AUC = 0.662; 0.553-0.77), at 12 months of follow-up and 12.2 g/dL (AUC = 0.581; 0.482-0.681), at 24 months of follow-up. Baseline RDW and Hb level in patients hospitalised with the diagnosis of NYHA class II-IV CHF seem to be important predictors of mortality in this population. Among the red blood cell parameters, only RDW was shown to be an independent prognostic factor at 1 year of follow-up but it appeared to lose its significance during longer-term follow-up.

A Comparison of Mindray BC-6800, Sysmex XN-2000, and Beckman Coulter LH750 Automated Hematology Analyzers: A Pediatric Study.

PubMed

Ciepiela, Olga; Kotuła, Iwona; Kierat, Szymon; Sieczkowska, Sandra; Podsiadłowska, Anna; Jenczelewska, Anna; Księżarczyk, Karolina; Demkow, Urszula

2016-11-01

Modern automated laboratory hematology analyzers allow the measurement of over 30 different hematological parameters useful in the diagnostic and clinical interpretation of patient symptoms. They use different methods to measure the same parameters. Thus, a comparison of complete blood count made by Mindray BC-6800, Sysmex XN-2000 and Beckman Coulter LH750 was performed. A comparison of results obtained by automated analysis of 807 anticoagulated blood samples from children and 125 manual microscopic differentiations were performed. This comparative study included white blood cell count, red blood cell count, and erythrocyte indices, as well as platelet count. The present study showed a poor level of agreement between white blood cell enumeration and differentiation of the three automated hematology analyzers under comparison. A very good agreement was found when comparing manual blood smear and automated granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes differentiation. Red blood cell evaluation showed better agreement than white blood cells between the studied analyzers. To conclude, studied instruments did not ensure satisfactory interchangeability and did not facilitate a substitution of one analyzer by another. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Light scattering method to measure red blood cell aggregation during incubation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grzegorzewski, B.; Szołna-Chodór, A.; Baryła, J.; DreŻek, D.

2018-01-01

Red blood cell (RBC) aggregation can be observed both in vivo as well as in vitro. This process is a cause of alterations of blood flow in microvascular network. Enhanced RBC aggregation makes oxygen and nutrients delivery difficult. Measurements of RBC aggregation usually give a description of the process for a sample where the state of a solution and cells is well-defined and the system reached an equilibrium. Incubation of RBCs in various solutions is frequently used to study the effects of the solutions on the RBC aggregation. The aggregation parameters are compared before and after incubation while the detailed changes of the parameters during incubation remain unknown. In this paper we have proposed a method to measure red blood cell aggregation during incubation based on the well-known technique where backscattered light is used to assess the parameters of the RBC aggregation. Couette system consisting of two cylinders is adopted in the method. The incubation is observed in the Couette system. In the proposed method following sequence of rotations is adapted. Two minutes rotation is followed by two minutes stop. In this way we have obtained a time series of back scattered intensity consisting of signals respective for disaggregation and aggregation. It is shown that the temporal changes of the intensity manifest changes of RBC aggregation during incubation. To show the ability of the method to assess the effect of incubation time on RBC aggregation the results are shown for solutions that cause an increase of RBC aggregation as well as for the case where the aggregation is decreased.

The response of MRI contrast parameters in in vitro tissues and tissue mimicking phantoms to fractionation by histotripsy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Allen, Steven P.; Vlaisavljevich, Eli; Shi, Jiaqi; Hernandez-Garcia, Luis; Cain, Charles A.; Xu, Zhen; Hall, Timothy L.

2017-09-01

Histotripsy is a non-invasive, focused ultrasound lesioning technique that can ablate precise volumes of soft tissue using a novel mechanical fractionation mechanism. Previous research suggests that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be a sensitive image-based feedback mechanism for histotripsy. However, there are insufficient data to form some unified understanding of the response of the MR contrast mechanisms in tissues to histotripsy. In this paper, we investigate the response of the MR contrast parameters R1, R2, and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) to various treatment levels of histotripsy in in vitro porcine liver, kidney, muscle, and blood clot as well in formulations of bovine red blood cells suspended in agar gel. We also make a histological analysis of histotripsy lesions in porcine liver. We find that R2 and the ADC are both sensitive to ablation in all materials tested here, and the degree of response varies with tissue type. Correspondingly, under histologic analysis, the porcine liver exhibited various levels of mechanical disruption and necrotic debris that are characteristic of histotripsy. While the area of intact red blood cells and nuclei found within these lesions both decreased with increasing amounts of treatment, the area of red blood cells decreased much more rapidly than the area of intact nuclei. Additionally, the decrease in area of intact red blood cells saturated at the same treatment levels at which the response of the R2 saturated while the area of intact nuclei appeared to vary linearly with the response of the ADC.

Niceritrol prevents the decrease in red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and neuropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

PubMed

Hotta, N; Nakamura, J; Kakuta, H; Fukasawa, H; Koh, N; Sakakibara, F; Mori, K; Sakamoto, N

1995-01-01

Nerve ischemia/hypoxia has been linked to the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate is an important regulator of peripheral tissue oxygenation; however, the relationship between 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration and diabetic complications has not been studied in detail. This investigation focused on the relationship between red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and diabetic neuropathy, by measuring motor nerve conduction velocity and sciatic nerve blood flow in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The effect of treatment with niceritrol, a nicotinic acid derivative that acts as a vasodilator and reduces serum lipid concentrations, on 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration and diabetic neuropathy was also examined. Untreated diabetic rats had significantly lower concentrations of red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, higher concentrations of serum total cholesterol and triglyceride, as well as reduced motor nerve conduction velocity and sciatic nerve blood flow, compared to untreated normal rats. Niceritrol prevented these abnormalities without correcting hyperglycemia in diabetic rats, but had no effect on these parameters in normal rats. Red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration and motor nerve conduction velocity showed a positive correlation with sciatic nerve blood flow and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, respectively. These observations suggest that ischemia/hypoxia plays an important role in the development of diabetic neuropathy, and that niceritrol has a therapeutic effect on this condition by improving endoneurial ischemia/hypoxia.

Establishment of baseline haematology and biochemistry parameters in wild adult African penguins (Spheniscus demersus).

PubMed

Parsons, Nola J; Schaefer, Adam M; van der Spuy, Stephen D; Gous, Tertius A

2015-03-25

There are few publications on the clinical haematology and biochemistry of African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) and these are based on captive populations. Baseline haematology and serum biochemistry parameters were analysed from 108 blood samples from wild, adult African penguins. Samples were collected from the breeding range of the African penguin in South Africa and the results were compared between breeding region and sex. The haematological parameters that were measured were: haematocrit, haemoglobin, red cell count and white cell count. The biochemical parameters that were measured were: sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, inorganic phosphate, creatinine, cholesterol, serum glucose, uric acid, bile acid, total serum protein, albumin, aspartate transaminase and creatine kinase. All samples were serologically negative for selected avian diseases and no blood parasites were detected. No haemolysis was present in any of the analysed samples. Male African penguins were larger and heavier than females, with higher haematocrit, haemoglobin and red cell count values, but lower calcium and phosphate values. African penguins in the Eastern Cape were heavier than those in the Western Cape, with lower white cell count and globulin values and a higher albumin/globulin ratio, possibly indicating that birds are in a poorer condition in the Western Cape. Results were also compared between multiple penguin species and with African penguins in captivity. These values for healthy, wild, adult penguins can be used for future health and disease assessments.

Low intensity red laser action on Escherichia coli cultures submitted to stress conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Santos, J. N.; Roos, C.; Barboza, L. L.; Paoli, F.; Fonseca, A. S.

2014-12-01

Clinical applications of low intensity lasers are based on the biostimulation effect and considered to occur mainly at cells under stressful conditions. Also, although the cytochrome is a chromophore to red and near infrared radiations, there are doubts whether indirect effects of these radiations could occur on the DNA molecule by oxidative mechanisms. Thus, this work evaluated the survival, filamentation and morphology of Escherichia coli cultures proficient and deficient in oxidative DNA damage repair exposed to low intensity red laser under stress conditions. Wild type and endonuclease III deficient E. coli cells were exposed to laser (658 nm, 1 and 8 J cm-2) under hyposmotic stress and bacterial survival, filamentation and cell morphology were evaluated. Laser exposure: (i) does not alter the bacterial survival in 0.9% NaCl, but increases the survival of wild type and decreases the survival of endonuclease III deficient cells under hyposmotic stress; (ii) increases filamentation in 0.9% NaCl but decreases in wild type and increases in endonuclease III deficient cells under hyposmotic stress; (iii) decreases the area and perimeter of wild type, does not alter these parameters in endonuclease III deficient cells under hyposmotic stress but increases the area of these in 0.9% NaCl. Low intensity red laser exposure has different effects on survival, filamentation phenotype and morphology of wild type and endonuclease III deficient cells under hyposmotic stress. Thus, our results suggest that therapies based on low intensity red lasers could take into account physiologic conditions and genetic characteristics of cells.

Effect of simulated weightlessness on the immune system in rats

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Caren, L. D.; Mandel, A. D.; Nunes, J. A.

1980-01-01

Rats suspended in a model system designed to simulate many aspects of weightlessness were immunized with sheep red blood cells. Parameters measured on these and control rats included titers of anti-sheep red blood cell antibodies, serum immunoglobulin levels, spleen and thymus weights, hematocrits, and leukocyte differential counts on peripheral blood. No significant differences were found between test and weight-bearing, harnessed controls; however, the thymuses of animals in both these groups were significantly smaller than untreated cage controls. The lack of an effect of simulated weightlessness on the immune system is an interesting result, and its significance is discussed.

ESR (electron spin resonance)-determined osmotic behavior of bull spermatozoa

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Du, J.; Kleinhans, F.W.; Spitzer, V.J.

1990-01-01

Our laboratories are pursuing a fundamental approach to the problems of semen cryopreservation. For many cell types (human red cells, yeast, HeLa) it has been demonstrated that there is an optimum cooling rate for cryopreservation. Faster rates allow insufficient time for cell dehydration and result in intracellular ice formation and cell death. It is possible to predict this optimal rate provided that the cell acts as an ideal osmometer and several other cell parameters are known such as the membrane hydraulic conductivity. It is the purpose of this work to examine the osmotic response of bull sperm to sucrose andmore » NaCl utilizing electron spin resonance (ESR) to measure cell volume. For calibration purposes we also measured the ESR response of human red cells (RBC), the osmotic response of which is well documented with other methods. 15 refs., 1 fig.« less

Fragmented red cells reference range (Sysmex XN(®) automated blood cell counter).

PubMed

Lesesve, Jean-François; Daigney, Amandine; Henry, Sylvain; Speyer, Elodie

2015-01-01

Fragmented red cells (FRCs) is a new parameter automatedly determined by recent blood cell counters. Their count might be of interest because FRCs are supposed to reflect schistocytes counts measured on a stained peripheral blood smear observed under the microscope. But FRCs depend from the technical procedure used to detect them and thus reference ranges are device-dependent. The XN-9000(®) is one of the last model from Sysmex series. We aimed to establish reference range for FRCs, from 2389 controls. The mean ± SD was 0.32% ± 0.81, the median 0.02% (95% confidence interval ot the mean: 0.29-0.35%). We observed that the percentage of red blood cells with less than 17 pg of hemoglobin content (Hypo-He) was correlated to FRC increase, Hypo-He increase resulting in spurious FRCs majoration. FRCs reference range should be useful for: 1) laboratory staff in order to select which blood smears to check optically; 2) Sysmex company to set-up more optimal rules proposed with the counter (automated making of blood smear).

A comparison of neonatal Gram-negative rod and Gram-positive cocci meningitis.

PubMed

Smith, P B; Cotten, C M; Garges, H P; Tiffany, K F; Lenfestey, R W; Moody, M A; Li, J S; Benjamin, D K

2006-02-01

Neonatal meningitis is an illness with potentially devastating consequences. Early identification of potential risk factors for Gram-negative rod (GNR) infections versus Gram-positive cocci (GPC) infection prior to obtaining final culture results is of value in order to appropriately guide expirical therapy. We sought to compare laboratory and clinical parameters of GNR and GPC meningitis in a cohort of term and premature infants. We evaluated lumbar punctures from neonates cared for at 150 neonatal intensive care units managed by the Pediatrix Medical Group Inc. We compared cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) parameters (white blood cell count, red blood cell count, glucose, and protein), demographics, and outcomes between infants with GNR and GPC meningitis. CSF cultures positive with coagulase-negative staphylococci were excluded. We identified 77 infants with GNR and 86 with GPC meningitis. There were no differences in gestational age, birth weight, infant sex, race, or rate of Caesarean section. GNR meningitis was more often diagnosed after the third postnatal day and was associated with higher white blood cell and red blood cell counts. GNR meningitis diagnosed in the first 3 days of life was associated with antepartum antibiotic exposure. No difference was noted in either CSF protein or glucose levels. After correcting for gestational age, there was no observed difference in mortality between infants infected with GNR or GPC. Compared to GPC meningitis, GNR meningitis was associated with several aspects of the clinical history and laboratory findings including older age of presentation, antepartum exposure to antibiotics, and elevated CSF white blood cell and red blood cell counts.

Stretching of red blood cells using an electro-optics trap.

PubMed

Haque, Md Mozzammel; Moisescu, Mihaela G; Valkai, Sándor; Dér, András; Savopol, Tudor

2015-01-01

The stretching stiffness of Red Blood Cells (RBCs) was investigated using a combination of an AC dielectrophoretic apparatus and a single-beam optical tweezer. The experiments were performed at 10 MHz, a frequency high enough to avoid conductivity losses, but below the second turnover point between positive and negative dielectrophoresis. By measuring the geometrical parameters of single healthy human RBCs as a function of the applied voltage, the elastic modulus of RBCs was determined (µ = 1.80 ± 0.5 µN/m) and compared with similar values of the literature got by other techniques. The method is expected to be an easy-to-use, alternative tool to determine the mechano-elastic properties of living cells, and, on this basis, to distinguish healthy and diseased cells.

The effect of picosecond laser pulses on redox-dependent processes in mice red blood cells studied in vivo

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Voronova, Olga; Gening, Tatyana; Abakumova, Tatyana; Sysolyatin, Aleksey; Zolotovskiy, Igor; Antoneeva, Inna; Ostatochnikov, Vladimir; Gening, Snezhanna

2014-02-01

The study highlights the effect of different modes of in vivo laser irradiation of mice using a PFL8LA laser with λ = 1560 nm, pulse duration of 1,4•10-12 s, peak power of 3,72•103 W and average output power of 20•10-3 W on the lipid peroxidation parameters: conjugated dienes, ketodienes and conjugated trienes, malondialdehyde, Schiff bases and the activity of antioxidant enzymes - catalase, glutathione -S-transferase and superoxide dismutase in erythrocytes and plasma of mice. Two groups of mice received a total dose of 3.8 J/cm2 per group, but the 1st group was irradiated only once, while the 2nd - four times. Significant differences in the parameters of the 1st and 2nd groups indicate different effects of the irradiation modes on redox-dependent processes in red blood cells of mice.

High-cell-density cultivation of recombinant Escherichia coli, purification and characterization of a self-sufficient biosynthetic octane ω-hydroxylase.

PubMed

Bordeaux, Mélanie; de Girval, Diane; Rullaud, Robin; Subileau, Maeva; Dubreucq, Eric; Drone, Jullien

2014-01-01

We have recently described the biocatalytic characterization of a self-sufficent biosynthetic alkane hydroxylase based on CYP153A13a from Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2 (thereafter A13-Red). Despite remarkable regio- and chemo-selectivity, A13-Red suffers of a difficult-to-reproduce expression and moderate operational stability. In this study, we focused our efforts on the production of A13-Red using high-cell-density cultivation (HCDC) of recombinant Escherichia coli. We achieved 455 mg (5,000 nmol) of functional enzyme per liter of culture. Tight control of cultivation parameters rendered the whole process highly reproducible compared with flask cultivations. We optimized the purification of the biocatalyst that can be performed in either two or three steps depending on the application needed to afford A13-Red up to 95 % homogeneous. We investigated different reaction conditions and found that the total turnover numbers of A13-Red during the in vitro hydroxylation of n-octane could reach up to 3,250 to produce 1-octanol (1.6 mM) over a period of 78 h.

Drugs for preventing red blood cell dehydration in people with sickle cell disease.

PubMed

Nagalla, Srikanth; Ballas, Samir K

2012-07-11

Sickle cell disease is an inherited disorder of hemoglobin, resulting in abnormal red blood cells. These are rigid and may block blood vessels leading to acute painful crises and other complications. Recent research has focused on therapies to rehydrate the sickled cells by reducing the loss of water and ions from them. Little is known about the effectiveness and safety of such drugs. To assess the relative risks and benefits of drugs to rehydrate sickled red blood cells. We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group's Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register.Last search of the Group's Trials Register: 25 October 2011. Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials of drugs to rehydrate sickled red blood cells compared to placebo or an alternative treatment. Both authors independently selected studies for inclusion, assessed study quality and extracted data. Of the 51 studies identified, three met the inclusion criteria. The first study tested the effectiveness of zinc sulphate to prevent sickle cell-related crises in a total of 145 participants and showed a significant reduction in painful crises over one and a half years, mean difference -2.83 (95% confidence interval -3.51 to -2.15). However, analysis was restricted due to limited statistical data. Changes to red cell parameters and blood counts were inconsistent. No serious adverse events were noted in the study.The second study was a Phase II dose-finding study of senicapoc (a Gardos channel blocker) compared to placebo. Compared to the placebo group the high dose senicapoc showed significant improvement in change in hemoglobin level, number and proportion of dense red blood cells, red blood cell count and indices and hematocrit. The results with low-dose senicapoc were similar to the high-dose senicapoc group but of lesser magnitude. There was no difference in the frequency of painful crises between the three groups. A subsequent Phase III study of senicapoc was terminated early since there was no difference observed between the treatment and control groups in the primary end point of painful crises. While the results of zinc for reducing sickle-related crises are encouraging, larger and longer-term multicenter studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of this therapy for people with sickle cell disease.While the Phase II and the prematurely terminated phase III studies of senicapoc showed that the drug improved red cell survival (depending on dose), this did not lead to fewer painful crises.

Haematological values in pregnant women in Port Harcourt, Nigeria II: Serum iron and transferrin, total and unsaturated iron binding capacity and some red cell and platelet indices.

PubMed

Amah-Tariah, F S; Ojeka, S O; Dapper, D V

2011-12-20

Previous studies on the normal values of serum iron, unsaturated iron binding capacity, total iron binding capacity, serum transferrin, percent transferrin saturation, red cell distribution width, and various platelet indices: Platelet count, mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width, plateletcrit and platelet larger cell ratio in pregnant subjects in Nigeria are relatively scanty. Present study aims to determine the values of these parameters in apparently healthy pregnant subjects residing in Port Harcourt south eastern Nigeria; and help establish normal reference ranges of these parameters for the population under reference. Cross sectional prospective study involving 220 female subjects attending for the first time, the ante-natal clinics of a tertiary health care facility in Port Harcourt. Subjects were divided into 73, 75 and 72 subjects in the first, second and third trimester of pregnancy respectively. Serum iron and unsaturated iron binding capacity, red cell distribution width, platelet count and platelet distribution width were determined by automated methods; total iron binding capacity, serum transferrin concentrations, percent transferrin saturation, mean platelet volume and plateletcrit were calculated using appropriate formulas. The values of serum iron, unsaturated iron binding capacity, total iron binding capacity and serum transferrin concentrations were found to show significant variations between the various trimesters of pregnancy. However, while serum iron showed significant decreases during pregnancy; unsaturated iron binding capacity, total iron binding capacity and serum transferrin concentrations were found to show significant increases during pregnancy amongst our subjects (p<0.05). By contrast the values of red cell distribution width, platelet count, mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width, plateletcrit and platelet larger cell ratio did not show any significant differences at the different trimesters of pregnancy in our subjects (p>0.05). The present study reports, for the first time, normative values for these parameters in apparently healthy pregnant subjects in Port Harcourt south eastern Nigeria. Apparently, increases in unsaturated and total iron binding capacity and serum transferrin values seen amongst our subjects with increasing gestation may perhaps be a mechanism to ensure a fetal adequate iron delivery on account of the decreasing serum iron concentration with gestation in our subjects. The study suggests that values of serum transferrin are perhaps a more useful screening tool for iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy amongst our subjects.

Evaluation of nonsurgical periodontal therapy in chronic periodontitis patients with anemia by estimating hematological parameters and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels

PubMed Central

Musalaiah, S. V. V. S.; Anupama, M.; Nagasree, M.; Krishna, Ch. Murali; Kumar, Aravind; Kumar, P. Mohan

2014-01-01

Background: Periodontal tissues mount an immune inflammatory response to bacteria and their products. Certain inflammatory cytokines produced during periodontal inflammation increase the production of acute phase proteins like high‑sensitivity C‑reactive protein (hs‑CRP) and can depress erythropoietin production leading to the development of anemia. Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on red blood cell (RBC) parameters and hs-CRP in chronic periodontitis patients with anemia. Materials and Methods: This is a longitudinal, interventional study with 6-month follow-up. A total of 30 subjects with anemia and chronic periodontitis with age group of 33-55 years were selected by screening hemoglobin (Hb) levels and examining periodontal findings. The clinical parameters plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded at baseline. Laboratory blood investigations were performed to evaluate RBC count, Hb, packed cell volume (PCV), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and red cell indices, hs-CRP at baseline. Nonsurgical periodontal therapy was performed for all patients. Patients were recalled after 6 months. The clinical and hematological parameters were re-evaluated to analyze the changes after nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Results: The results showed that there was a significant increase in Hb levels, RBC count and PCV from baseline to 6 months after nonsurgical periodontal therapy. There is significant decrease in levels of ESR and hs-CRP levels after nonsurgical periodontal therapy indicating resolution of periodontal inflammation. There is a significant decrease in PPD, scores of PI and GI and significant increase in CAL gain. Minimal changes in mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and MCH concentration indicated that the lower values of red cell parameters are not due to any vitamin and mineral deficiencies, but secondary to the chronic inflammatory changes associated with chronic periodontal disease. Conclusion: The present study strengthens the hypothesis that chronic periodontitis may lead to anemia and provides evidence that nonsurgical periodontal therapy can improve the anemic status and reduce levels of hs-CRP in patients with chronic periodontitis. PMID:25210388

Evaluation of nonsurgical periodontal therapy in chronic periodontitis patients with anemia by estimating hematological parameters and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels.

PubMed

Musalaiah, S V V S; Anupama, M; Nagasree, M; Krishna, Ch Murali; Kumar, Aravind; Kumar, P Mohan

2014-07-01

Periodontal tissues mount an immune inflammatory response to bacteria and their products. Certain inflammatory cytokines produced during periodontal inflammation increase the production of acute phase proteins like high‑sensitivity C‑reactive protein (hs‑CRP) and can depress erythropoietin production leading to the development of anemia. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on red blood cell (RBC) parameters and hs-CRP in chronic periodontitis patients with anemia. This is a longitudinal, interventional study with 6-month follow-up. A total of 30 subjects with anemia and chronic periodontitis with age group of 33-55 years were selected by screening hemoglobin (Hb) levels and examining periodontal findings. The clinical parameters plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded at baseline. Laboratory blood investigations were performed to evaluate RBC count, Hb, packed cell volume (PCV), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and red cell indices, hs-CRP at baseline. Nonsurgical periodontal therapy was performed for all patients. Patients were recalled after 6 months. The clinical and hematological parameters were re-evaluated to analyze the changes after nonsurgical periodontal therapy. The results showed that there was a significant increase in Hb levels, RBC count and PCV from baseline to 6 months after nonsurgical periodontal therapy. There is significant decrease in levels of ESR and hs-CRP levels after nonsurgical periodontal therapy indicating resolution of periodontal inflammation. There is a significant decrease in PPD, scores of PI and GI and significant increase in CAL gain. Minimal changes in mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and MCH concentration indicated that the lower values of red cell parameters are not due to any vitamin and mineral deficiencies, but secondary to the chronic inflammatory changes associated with chronic periodontal disease. The present study strengthens the hypothesis that chronic periodontitis may lead to anemia and provides evidence that nonsurgical periodontal therapy can improve the anemic status and reduce levels of hs-CRP in patients with chronic periodontitis.

Secretion of Ipa proteins by Shigella flexneri: inducer molecules and kinetics of activation.

PubMed Central

Bahrani, F K; Sansonetti, P J; Parsot, C

1997-01-01

The type III Mxi-Spa secretion machinery of Shigella flexneri is responsible for secretion of Ipa proteins, which are involved in the entry of bacteria into epithelial cells. Ipa proteins accumulate within bacteria growing in laboratory media, and their secretion is activated upon contact of bacteria with eukaryotic cells. In this study, we have identified a group of chemical compounds, including Congo red, Evans blue, and direct orange, which are able to induce secretion of Ipa proteins by bacteria suspended in phosphate-buffered saline. Parameters of kinetics of activation of Ipa secretion by Congo red were determined by measuring by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay the amount of IpaC secreted and by investigating the increase in susceptibility of Ipa proteins to proteinase K degradation. Ipa secretion occurred at 37 degrees C, was obtained with 5 to 10 microM Congo red, and was complete within 30 min. In addition, activation of Ipa secretion by Congo red was observed with bacteria harvested throughout the exponential phase of growth but not with bacteria in the stationary phase. The interactions of Congo red and Congo red-related compounds with the Mxi-Spa secretion apparatus might be specific hydrophobic interactions similar to those involved in binding of Congo red to amyloid proteins. PMID:9316999

Influence of classical and rock music on red blood cell rheological properties in rats.

PubMed

Erken, Gulten; Bor Kucukatay, Melek; Erken, Haydar Ali; Kursunluoglu, Raziye; Genc, Osman

2008-01-01

A number of studies have reported physiological effects of music. Different types of music have been found to induce different alterations. Although some physiological and psychological parameters have been demonstrated to be influenced by music, the effect of music on hemorheological parameters such as red blood cell (RBC) deformability and aggregation are unknown. This study aimed at investigating the effects of classical and rock music on hemorheological parameters in rats. Twenty-eight rats were divided into four groups: the control, noise-applied, and the classical music- and rock music-applied groups. Taped classical or rock music were played repeatedly for 1 hour a day for 2 weeks and 95-dB machine sound was applied to the noise-applied rats during the same period. RBC deformability and aggregation were measured using an ektacytometer. RBC deformability was found to be increased in the classical music group. Exposure to both classical and rock music resulted in a decrement in erythrocyte aggregation, but the decline in RBC aggregation was of a higher degree of significance in the classical music group. Exposure to noise did not have any effect on the parameters studied. The results of this study indicate that the alterations in hemorheological parameters were more pronounced in the classical music group compared with the rock music group.

Beneficial effects of mangiferin isolated from Salacia chinensis on biochemical and hematological parameters in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes.

PubMed

Sellamuthu, Periyar Selvam; Arulselvan, Palanisamy; Fakurazi, Sharida; Kandasamy, Murugesan

2014-01-01

Salacia chinensis L. is a traditional Southeast Asian herbal medicine and used in the treatment of diabetes. To investigate the antidiabetic properties of mangiferin from Salacia chinensis and its beneficial effect on toxicological and hematological parameters in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Mangiferin was orally treated with the dose of 40 mg/kg body weight/day for 30 days to diabetic rats. Biochemical (blood glucose, uric acid, urea and creatinine), toxicological (AST, ALT and ALP) and hematological parameters (red and white blood cells) and their functional indices were evaluated in diabetic treated groups with mangiferin and glibenclamide. Mangiferin treated diabetic rats significantly (p<0.05) lowered the level of blood glucose, in addition, altered the levels of biochemical parameters including urea, uric acid, and creatinine. Toxicological parameters including AST, ALT and ALP were also significantly reduced after treatment with mangiferin in diabetic rats. Similarly, the levels of red blood, white blood cells and their functional indices were significantly improved through the administration of mangiferin. Thus, our results indicate that mangiferin present in S. chinensis possesses antidiabetic properties and nontoxic nature against chemically induced diabetic rats. Further experimental investigations are warrant to make use of its relevant therapeutic effect to substantiate its ethno-medicinal usage.

A new approach for the estimation of phytoplankton cell counts associated with algal blooms.

PubMed

Nazeer, Majid; Wong, Man Sing; Nichol, Janet Elizabeth

2017-07-15

This study proposes a method for estimating phytoplankton cell counts associated with an algal bloom, using satellite images coincident with in situ and meteorological parameters. Satellite images from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), Operational Land Imager (OLI) and HJ-1 A/B Charge Couple Device (CCD) sensors were integrated with the meteorological observations to provide an estimate of phytoplankton cell counts. All images were atmospherically corrected using the Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum (6S) atmospheric correction method with a possible error of 1.2%, 2.6%, 1.4% and 2.3% for blue (450-520nm), green (520-600nm), red (630-690nm) and near infrared (NIR 760-900nm) wavelengths, respectively. Results showed that the developed Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model yields a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.95 with the in situ validation data with Sum of Squared Error (SSE) of 0.34cell/ml, Mean Relative Error (MRE) of 0.154cells/ml and a bias of -504.87. The integration of the meteorological parameters with remote sensing observations provided a promising estimation of the algal scum as compared to previous studies. The applicability of the ANN model was tested over Hong Kong as well as over Lake Kasumigaura, Japan and Lake Okeechobee, Florida USA, where algal blooms were also reported. Further, a 40-year (1975-2014) red tide occurrence map was developed and revealed that the eastern and southern waters of Hong Kong are more vulnerable to red tides. Over the 40 years, 66% of red tide incidents were associated with the Dinoflagellates group, while the remainder were associated with the Diatom group (14%) and several other minor groups (20%). The developed technology can be applied to other similar environments in an efficient and cost-saving manner. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

[The effect of vegetarian diet on selected biochemical and blood morphology parameters].

PubMed

Nazarewicz, Rafał

2007-01-01

The objective was to examine whether vegetarian diet influence biochemical parameters of blood and plasma urea in selective vegetarian group. The investigation covered 41 subject, 22 of them had been applying vegetarian diet and 19 were omnivorous. The study shows statistically significant lower values of white blood cells, % and amounts of neutrocytes and insignificant lower level of red blood cells, hemoglobine, hematocrit and platelet in vegetarian group. Significant lower plasma urea level was observed in that group. These changes indicate that high quality deficiency protein was due to vegetarian diet.

[Acute toxicity effects of three red tide algae on Brachionus plicatilis].

PubMed

Zhou, Wen-Li; Xiao, Hui; Wang, You; Zhai, Hong-Chang; Tang, Xue-Xi

2008-11-01

Acute toxicity testing method was used to study effects of different density of Prorocentrum donghaiense, Heterosigma akashiwo and Alexandrium tamarense on mortality rates and population growth parameter of Brachionus plicatilis under controlled experimental conditions. Results showed that 24 h LC50 values of Prorocentrum donghaiense, Heterosigma akashiwo and Alexandrium tamarense treatment to mortality rate of Brachionus plicatilis were 3.56, 1.21 and 0.49 (x 10(4) cells/mL) respectively. Marked density effects were presented when three species of red tide microalga showed their toxicity to Brachionus plicatilis. There were significant inhibitory effects on Brachionus plicatilis when it was exposed to cells of Prorocentrum donghaiense at the concentration of 10(4) cells/mL, filtrate and cell contents of Heterosigma akashiwo at the concentration of 10(5) cells/mL, and cells, filtrate and cell contents of Alexandrium tamarense at the concentration of 10(3) cells/mL respectively. Inhibitory effects of three species of microalga on Brachionus plicatilis were enhanced with increasing of microalgal density.

Patient-specific modeling and analysis of dynamic behavior of individual sickle red blood cells under hypoxic conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Xuejin; Du, E.; Li, Zhen; Tang, Yu-Hang; Lu, Lu; Dao, Ming; Karniadakis, George

2015-11-01

Sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disorder exhibiting heterogeneous morphology and abnormal dynamics under hypoxic conditions. We developed a time-dependent cell model that is able to simulate the dynamic processes of repeated sickling and unsickling of red blood cells (RBCs) under physiological conditions. By using the kinetic cell model with parameters derived from patient-specific data, we present a mesoscopic computational study of the dynamic behavior of individual sickle RBCs flowing in a microfluidic channel with multiple microgates. We investigate how individual sickle RBCs behave differently from healthy ones in channel flow, and analyze the alteration of cellular behavior and response to single-cell capillary obstruction induced by cell rheologic rigidification and morphological change due to cell sickling under hypoxic conditions. We also simulate the flow dynamics of sickle RBCs treated with hydroxyurea (HU) and quantify the relative enhancement of hemodynamic performance of HU. This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Grant U01HL114476.

Fragmented red blood cells automated measurement is a useful parameter to exclude schistocytes on the blood film.

PubMed

Lesesve, J-F; Asnafi, V; Braun, F; Zini, G

2012-12-01

  The diagnosis of thrombotic microangiopathies (TMA) or disorders that may mimic their features remains difficult. Mechanical hemolytic anemia with the detection of shistocytes on the blood smear is a cornerstone finding to assess the diagnosis, but microscopic evaluation of shistocytes is still problematic with wide interobserver variations. Some of the latest generation automated blood cell counters (ABCC) propose an original quantitative approach of fragmented red cells (FRC), aiming to be equivalent to the microscopic count. This parameter has been poorly evaluated.   To assess the predictive value (PV) of this test, we conducted studies comparing automated and microscopic counts of FRC/schistocytes, based on the analysis of thousands samples in four university hospitals and using the 2 ABCC currently available (Siemens ADVIA series, Sysmex XE-2100). Reference range for FRC was <0.3% for the ADVIA and <0.5% for the XE-2100. The presence of FRC below a threshold determined at 1% (ADVIA and XE-2100) had a negative PV close to 100% to exclude the presence of schistocyte on the blood smear, but in relationship with a poor PV value. Our study validated the utility of the immediately available FRC parameter on ABCC to exclude schistocytes and the diagnosis of TMA. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

The combined effects of real or simulated microgravity and red-light photoactivation on plant root meristematic cells.

PubMed

Valbuena, Miguel A; Manzano, Aránzazu; Vandenbrink, Joshua P; Pereda-Loth, Veronica; Carnero-Diaz, Eugénie; Edelmann, Richard E; Kiss, John Z; Herranz, Raúl; Medina, F Javier

2018-06-08

Red light is able to compensate for deleterious effects of microgravity on root cell growth and proliferation. Partial gravity combined with red light produces differential signals during the early plant development. Light and gravity are environmental cues used by plants throughout evolution to guide their development. We have investigated the cross-talk between phototropism and gravitropism under altered gravity in space. The focus was on the effects on the meristematic balance between cell growth and proliferation, which is disrupted under microgravity in the dark. In our spaceflight experiments, seedlings of three Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes, namely the wild type and mutants of phytochrome A and B, were grown for 6 days, including red-light photoactivation for the last 2 days. Apart from the microgravity and the 1g on-board control conditions, fractional gravity (nominally 0.1g, 0.3g, and 0.5g) was created with on-board centrifuges. In addition, a simulated microgravity (random positioning machine, RPM) experiment was performed on ground, including both dark-grown and photostimulated samples. Photoactivated samples in spaceflight and RPM experiments showed an increase in the root length consistent with phototropic response to red light, but, as gravity increased, a gradual decrease in this response was observed. Uncoupling of cell growth and proliferation was detected under microgravity in darkness by transcriptomic and microscopic methods, but red-light photoactivation produced a significant reversion. In contrast, the combination of red light and partial gravity produced small but consistent variations in the molecular markers of cell growth and proliferation, suggesting an antagonistic effect between light and gravity signals at the early plant development. Understanding these parameters of plant growth and development in microgravity will be important as bioregenerative life support systems for the colonization of the Moon and Mars.

Hitchhiker's guide to the red cell storage galaxy: Omics technologies and the quality issue.

PubMed

D'Alessandro, Angelo; Seghatchian, Jerard

2017-04-01

Red blood cell storage in the blood bank makes millions of units of available for transfusion to civilian and military recipients every year. From glass bottles to plastic bags, from anticoagulants to complex additives, from whole blood to leukocyte filtered packed red blood cells: huge strides have been made in the field of blood component processing and storage in the blood bank during the last century. Still, refrigerated preservation of packed red blood cells under blood bank conditions results in the progressive accumulation of a wide series of biochemical and morphological changes to the stored erythrocytes, collectively referred to as the storage lesion(s). Approximately ten years ago, retrospective clinical evidence had suggested that such lesion(s) may be clinically relevant and mediate some of the untoward transfusion-related effects observed especially in some categories of recipients at risk (e.g. massively or chronically transfused recipients). Since then, randomized clinical trials have failed to prospectively detect any signal related to red cell storage duration and increased morbidity and mortality in several categories of recipients, at the limits of the statistical power of these studies. While a good part of the transfusion community has immediately adopted the take-home message "if it isn't broken, don't fix it" (i.e. no change to the standard of practice should be pursued), decision makers have been further questioning whether there may be room for further improvements in this field. Provocatively, we argue that consensus has yet to be unanimously reached on what makes a good quality marker of the red cell storage lesion and transfusion safety/efficacy. In other words, if it is true that "you can't manage what you can't measure", then future advancements in the field of transfusion medicine will necessarily rely on state of the art analytical omics technologies of well-defined quality parameters. Heavily borrowing from Douglas Adam's imaginary repertoire from the world famous "Hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy", we briefly summarize how some of the principles for intergalactic hitchhikers may indeed apply to inform navigation through the complex universe of red cell storage quality, safety and efficacy. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Using mechanobiological mimicry of red blood cells to extend circulation times of hydrogel microparticles

PubMed Central

Merkel, Timothy J.; Jones, Stephen W.; Herlihy, Kevin P.; Kersey, Farrell R.; Shields, Adam R.; Napier, Mary; Luft, J. Christopher; Wu, Huali; Zamboni, William C.; Wang, Andrew Z.; Bear, James E.; DeSimone, Joseph M.

2011-01-01

It has long been hypothesized that elastic modulus governs the biodistribution and circulation times of particles and cells in blood; however, this notion has never been rigorously tested. We synthesized hydrogel microparticles with tunable elasticity in the physiological range, which resemble red blood cells in size and shape, and tested their behavior in vivo. Decreasing the modulus of these particles altered their biodistribution properties, allowing them to bypass several organs, such as the lung, that entrapped their more rigid counterparts, resulting in increasingly longer circulation times well past those of conventional microparticles. An 8-fold decrease in hydrogel modulus correlated to a greater than 30-fold increase in the elimination phase half-life for these particles. These results demonstrate a critical design parameter for hydrogel microparticles. PMID:21220299

Drugs for preventing red blood cell dehydration in people with sickle cell disease.

PubMed

Nagalla, Srikanth; Ballas, Samir K

2016-03-04

Sickle cell disease is an inherited disorder of hemoglobin, resulting in abnormal red blood cells. These are rigid and may block blood vessels leading to acute painful crises and other complications. Recent research has focused on therapies to rehydrate the sickled cells by reducing the loss of water and ions from them. Little is known about the effectiveness and safety of such drugs. This is an updated version of a previously published review. To assess the relative risks and benefits of drugs to rehydrate sickled red blood cells. We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group's Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register.Last search of the Group's Trials Register: 28 November 2015. Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials of drugs to rehydrate sickled red blood cells compared to placebo or an alternative treatment. Both authors independently selected studies for inclusion, assessed study quality and extracted data. Of the 51 studies identified, three met the inclusion criteria. The first study tested the effectiveness of zinc sulphate to prevent sickle cell-related crises in a total of 145 participants and showed a significant reduction in painful crises over one and a half years, mean difference -2.83 (95% confidence interval -3.51 to -2.15). However, analysis was restricted due to limited statistical data. Changes to red cell parameters and blood counts were inconsistent. No serious adverse events were noted in the study.The second study was a Phase II dose-finding study of senicapoc (a Gardos channel blocker) compared to placebo. Compared to the placebo group the high dose senicapoc showed significant improvement in change in hemoglobin level, number and proportion of dense red blood cells, red blood cell count and indices and hematocrit. The results with low-dose senicapoc were similar to the high-dose senicapoc group but of lesser magnitude. There was no difference in the frequency of painful crises between the three groups. A subsequent Phase III study of senicapoc was terminated early since there was no difference observed between the treatment and control groups in the primary end point of painful crises. While the results of zinc for reducing sickle-related crises are encouraging, larger and longer-term multicenter studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of this therapy for people with sickle cell disease.While the Phase II and the prematurely terminated phase III studies of senicapoc showed that the drug improved red cell survival (depending on dose), this did not lead to fewer painful crises.We will continue to run searches to identify any potentially relevant trials; however, we do not plan to update other sections of the review until new trials are published.

Modulation of RBC volume distributions by oxidants (phenazine methosulfate and tert-butyl hydroperoxide): role of Gardos channel activation.

PubMed

Lisovskaya, Irina L; Shcherbachenko, Irina M; Volkova, Rimma I; Tikhonov, Vladimir P

2008-06-01

A study was made comparing the effects of two oxidants--phenazine methosulfate (50-1500 microM)+10 mM ascorbate and t-butyl hydroperoxide (1-3 mM)--on the volume-related parameters of normal human red blood cells. Incubation with either oxidative system for 20-30 min resulted in red blood cell density and osmotic resistance distribution shifts. Treatment with the phenazine methosulfate+ascorbate system in the presence of Ca(2+) led to cell shrinking, with the maximum effect being more than 20%. In contrast, under the same conditions, t-BHP caused cell swelling by up to 15%. Modification of the suspending medium (Ca(2+) removing, clotrimazole addition, or enrichment with K(+)) modulated the redistribution effects, suggesting that they were mediated to some extent by Gardos channel activation. These findings are important for understanding how oxidants modulate RBC cation channels.

Radiation pressure on a biconcave human Red Blood Cell and the resulting deformation in a pair of parallel optical traps.

PubMed

Liao, Guan-Bo; Chen, Yin-Quan; Bareil, Paul B; Sheng, Yunlong; Chiou, Arthur; Chang, Ming-Shien

2014-10-01

We calculated the three-dimensional optical stress distribution and the resulting deformation on a biconcave human red blood cell (RBC) in a pair of parallel optical trap. We assumed a Gaussian intensity distribution with a spherical wavefront for each trapping beam and calculated the optical stress from the momentum transfer associated with the reflection and refraction of the incident photons at each interface. The RBC was modelled as a biconcave thin elastic membrane with uniform elasticity and a uniform thickness of 0.25 μm. The resulting cell deformation was determined from the optical stress distribution by finite element software, Comsol Structure Mechanics Module, with Young's modulus (E) as a fitting parameter in order to fit the theoretical results for cell elongation to our experimental data. Copyright © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Blood doping and its detection.

PubMed

Jelkmann, Wolfgang; Lundby, Carsten

2011-09-01

Hemoglobin mass is a key factor for maximal exercise capacity. Some athletes apply prohibited techniques and substances with intent to increase hemoglobin mass and physical performance, and this is often difficult to prove directly. Autologous red blood cell transfusion cannot be traced on reinfusion, and also recombinant erythropoietic proteins are detectable only within a certain timeframe. Novel erythropoietic substances, such as mimetics of erythropoietin (Epo) and activators of the Epo gene, may soon enter the sports scene. In addition, Epo gene transfer maneuvers are imaginable. Effective since December 2009, the World Anti-Doping Agency has therefore implemented "Athlete Biologic Passport Operating Guidelines," which are based on the monitoring of several parameters for mature red blood cells and reticulocytes. Blood doping may be assumed, when these parameters change in a nonphysiologic way. Hematologists should be familiar with blood doping practices as they may play an important role in evaluating blood profiles of athletes with respect to manipulations, as contrasted with the established diagnosis of clinical disorders and genetic variations.

Establishment of reference intervals for complete blood count parameters during normal pregnancy in Beijing.

PubMed

Li, Aiwei; Yang, Shuo; Zhang, Jie; Qiao, Rui

2017-11-01

To observe the changes of complete blood count (CBC) parameters during pregnancy and establish appropriate reference intervals for healthy pregnant women. Healthy pregnant women took the blood tests at all trimesters. All blood samples were processed on Sysmex XE-2100. The following CBC parameters were analyzed: red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), white blood cell count (WBC), and leukocyte differential count. Reference intervals were established using the 2.5th and 97.5th percentile of the distribution. Complete blood count parameters showed dynamic changes during trimesters. RBC, Hb, Hct declined at trimester 1, reaching their lowest point at trimester 2, and began to rise again at trimester 3. WBC, neutrophil count (Neut), monocyte count (MONO), RDW, and PDW went up from trimester 1 to trimester 3. On the contrary, MCHC, lymphocyte count (LYMPH), PLT, and MPV gradually descended during pregnancy. There were statistical significances in all CBC parameters between pregnant women and normal women, regardless of the trimesters (P<.001). The median obtained were (normal vs pregnancy) as follows: RBC 4.50 vs 3.94×10 12 /L, Hb 137 vs 120 g/L, WBC 5.71 vs 9.06×10 9 /L, LYMPH% 32.2 vs 18.0, Neut% 58.7 vs 75.0, and PLT 251 vs 202×10 9 /L. The changes of CBC parameters during pregnancy are described, and reference intervals for Beijing pregnant women are demonstrated in this study. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lossless and lossy compression of quantitative phase images of red blood cells obtained by digital holographic imaging.

PubMed

Jaferzadeh, Keyvan; Gholami, Samaneh; Moon, Inkyu

2016-12-20

In this paper, we evaluate lossless and lossy compression techniques to compress quantitative phase images of red blood cells (RBCs) obtained by an off-axis digital holographic microscopy (DHM). The RBC phase images are numerically reconstructed from their digital holograms and are stored in 16-bit unsigned integer format. In the case of lossless compression, predictive coding of JPEG lossless (JPEG-LS), JPEG2000, and JP3D are evaluated, and compression ratio (CR) and complexity (compression time) are compared against each other. It turns out that JP2k can outperform other methods by having the best CR. In the lossy case, JP2k and JP3D with different CRs are examined. Because some data is lost in a lossy way, the degradation level is measured by comparing different morphological and biochemical parameters of RBC before and after compression. Morphological parameters are volume, surface area, RBC diameter, sphericity index, and the biochemical cell parameter is mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH). Experimental results show that JP2k outperforms JP3D not only in terms of mean square error (MSE) when CR increases, but also in compression time in the lossy compression way. In addition, our compression results with both algorithms demonstrate that with high CR values the three-dimensional profile of RBC can be preserved and morphological and biochemical parameters can still be within the range of reported values.

The Effects of Acute High-Intensity Interval Training on Hematological Parameters in Sedentary Subjects.

PubMed

Belviranli, Muaz; Okudan, Nilsel; Kabak, Banu

2017-07-19

The objective of the study was to determine the effects of acute high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on hematological parameters in sedentary men. Ten healthy, non-smoker, and sedentary men aged between 18 and 24 years participated in the study. All subjects performed four Wingate tests with 4 min intervals between the tests. Blood samples were collected at pre-exercise, immediately after, 3 and 6 h after the fourth Wingate test. Hematological parameters were analyzed in these samples. The results showed that hematocrit percentage, hemoglobin values, red cell count, mean cell volume, platelet count, total white cell count, and counts of the white cell subgroups increased immediately after the acute HIIT and their values began to return to resting levels 3 h after exercise, and completely returned to resting levels 6 h after exercise. In conclusion, acute HIIT causes an inflammatory response in blood.

Hydrostatic Compression of 2,4,6,8,10,12 hexanitrohexaaza isowurtzitane (CL20) Co Crystals

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-12-01

crystal with analyses of the unit cell volume, band structure , elastic coefficients, and optical absorption Approved for public release...studied and for each system the high pressure (to 50 GPa) unit cell parameters, bulk modulus, and estimates of the shock, particle, and sound ...List of Figures Fig. 1 Experimental unit cell structures of ε-CL20 and co-crystals. For each structure , the CL20 molecules are red and the guest

Finite Element Model of Oxygen Transport for the Design of Geometrically Complex Microfluidic Devices Used in Biological Studies

PubMed Central

Fraser, Graham M.; Goldman, Daniel; Ellis, Christopher G.

2016-01-01

Red blood cells play a crucial role in the local regulation of oxygen supply in the microcirculation through the oxygen dependent release of ATP. Since red blood cells serve as an oxygen sensor for the circulatory system, the dynamics of ATP release determine the effectiveness of red blood cells to relate the oxygen levels to the vessels. Previous work has focused on the feasibility of developing a microfluidic system to measure the dynamics of ATP release. The objective was to determine if a steep oxygen gradient could be developed in the channel to cause a rapid decrease in hemoglobin oxygen saturation in order to measure the corresponding levels of ATP released from the red blood cells. In the present study, oxygen transport simulations were used to optimize the geometric design parameters for a similar system which is easier to fabricate. The system is composed of a microfluidic device stacked on top of a large, gas impermeable flow channel with a hole to allow gas exchange. The microfluidic device is fabricated using soft lithography in polydimethyl-siloxane, an oxygen permeable material. Our objective is twofold: (1) optimize the parameters of our system and (2) develop a method to assess the oxygen distribution in complex 3D microfluidic device geometries. 3D simulations of oxygen transport were performed to simulate oxygen distribution throughout the device. The simulations demonstrate that microfluidic device geometry plays a critical role in molecule exchange, for instance, changing the orientation of the short wide microfluidic channel results in a 97.17% increase in oxygen exchange. Since microfluidic devices have become a more prominent tool in biological studies, understanding the transport of oxygen and other biological molecules in microfluidic devices is critical for maintaining a physiologically relevant environment. We have also demonstrated a method to assess oxygen levels in geometrically complex microfluidic devices. PMID:27829071

Finite Element Model of Oxygen Transport for the Design of Geometrically Complex Microfluidic Devices Used in Biological Studies.

PubMed

Sové, Richard J; Fraser, Graham M; Goldman, Daniel; Ellis, Christopher G

2016-01-01

Red blood cells play a crucial role in the local regulation of oxygen supply in the microcirculation through the oxygen dependent release of ATP. Since red blood cells serve as an oxygen sensor for the circulatory system, the dynamics of ATP release determine the effectiveness of red blood cells to relate the oxygen levels to the vessels. Previous work has focused on the feasibility of developing a microfluidic system to measure the dynamics of ATP release. The objective was to determine if a steep oxygen gradient could be developed in the channel to cause a rapid decrease in hemoglobin oxygen saturation in order to measure the corresponding levels of ATP released from the red blood cells. In the present study, oxygen transport simulations were used to optimize the geometric design parameters for a similar system which is easier to fabricate. The system is composed of a microfluidic device stacked on top of a large, gas impermeable flow channel with a hole to allow gas exchange. The microfluidic device is fabricated using soft lithography in polydimethyl-siloxane, an oxygen permeable material. Our objective is twofold: (1) optimize the parameters of our system and (2) develop a method to assess the oxygen distribution in complex 3D microfluidic device geometries. 3D simulations of oxygen transport were performed to simulate oxygen distribution throughout the device. The simulations demonstrate that microfluidic device geometry plays a critical role in molecule exchange, for instance, changing the orientation of the short wide microfluidic channel results in a 97.17% increase in oxygen exchange. Since microfluidic devices have become a more prominent tool in biological studies, understanding the transport of oxygen and other biological molecules in microfluidic devices is critical for maintaining a physiologically relevant environment. We have also demonstrated a method to assess oxygen levels in geometrically complex microfluidic devices.

Decolourization and biodegradation of azo dye methyl red by Rhodococcus strain UCC 0016.

PubMed

Maniyam, Maegala Nallapan; Ibrahim, Abdul Latif; Cass, Anthony E G

2018-06-20

In the present study, locally isolated Rhodococcus strains were attempted as biological tools for methyl red removal, a mutagenic azo dye posing threat to the environment if left untreated. Rhodococcus strain UCC 0016 demonstrated superior methyl red-decolourizing activity of 100% after 24 hours at static condition in comparison to Rhodococcus strain UCC 0008 which recorded 65% decolourization after 72 hours. Optimization of physicochemical parameters at 30 °C, pH 7 and supplementing glucose as the carbon source resulted in improved methyl red-decolourizing activity at static condition and reduced the time taken to achieve complete decolourization by 80%. Higher concentration of methyl red (5 g/L) was able to be decolourized completely within 10 hours by adopting the technology of immobilization. The encapsulated cells of Rhodococcus strain UCC 0016 demonstrated higher substrate affinity (K m =0.6995 g/L) and accelerated rate of disappearance of methyl red (V max = 0.3203 g/L/h) compared to the free cells. Furthermore, the gellan gum beads could be reused up to 9 batches without substantial loss in the catalytic activity indicating the economic importance of this protocol. Analysis of methyl red degradation products revealed no germination inhibition on Triticum aestivum and Vigna radiata demonstrating complete toxicity removal of the parent dye after biological treatment. The occurrence of new and altered peaks (UV-Vis and FTIR) further supported the notion that the removal of methyl red by Rhodococcus strain UCC 0016 was indeed through biodegradation. Therefore, this strain has a huge potential as a candidate for efficient bioremediation of wastewater containing methyl red.

Is red cell distribution width a novel biomarker of breast cancer activity? Data from a pilot study.

PubMed

Seretis, Charalampos; Seretis, Fotios; Lagoudianakis, Emmanouil; Gemenetzis, George; Salemis, Nikolaos S

2013-04-01

Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a parameter of the standard full blood count tests, measuring the size variability of erythrocytes. Recently, its elevation has been proven to reliably reflect the extent systematic inflammation, mainly in cardiometabolic diseases. Up to date, its association with solid malignancies has been scarcely investigated. We performed a retrospective study, in order to examine if RDW values comparing elevation is correlated with the histopathological parameters of breast cancer (tumor size, grade, lymphatic spread, overexpression of hormonal receptors and HER2 protein), as well as to assess the existence of any differences in RDW comparing two age-matched groups of patients with benign and malignant breast lesions respectively. RDW was significantly higher in patients with breast cancer, when compared to the enrolled patients with fibroadenomas. Moreover, in the breast cancer group, RDW elevation was significantly correlated with larger primary tumors, higher number of infiltrated axillary lymph nodes and HER2 overexpression, while it was inversely associated with the tumor grade. Our pilot study demonstrated tha Red cell distribution width may be a novel biomarker of the activity of breast cancer. Although our preliminary findings need to be evaluated by studies with larger samples of patients, based on commonly accepted pathophysiological principles, we presume that they will be applicable not only in breast cancer, but also in other types of solid cancers, providing a simple and cost-effective biomarker of cancer surveillance.

Is Red Cell Distribution Width a Novel Biomarker of Breast Cancer Activity? Data From a Pilot Study

PubMed Central

Seretis, Charalampos; Seretis, Fotios; Lagoudianakis, Emmanouil; Gemenetzis, George; Salemis, Nikolaos S.

2013-01-01

Background Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a parameter of the standard full blood count tests, measuring the size variability of erythrocytes. Recently, its elevation has been proven to reliably reflect the extent systematic inflammation, mainly in cardiometabolic diseases. Up to date, its association with solid malignancies has been scarcely investigated. Methods We performed a retrospective study, in order to examine if RDW values comparing elevation is correlated with the histopathological parameters of breast cancer (tumor size, grade, lymphatic spread, overexpression of hormonal receptors and HER2 protein), as well as to assess the existence of any differences in RDW comparing two age-matched groups of patients with benign and malignant breast lesions respectively. Results RDW was significantly higher in patients with breast cancer, when compared to the enrolled patients with fibroadenomas. Moreover, in the breast cancer group, RDW elevation was significantly correlated with larger primary tumors, higher number of infiltrated axillary lymph nodes and HER2 overexpression, while it was inversely associated with the tumor grade. Conclusions Our pilot study demonstrated tha Red cell distribution width may be a novel biomarker of the activity of breast cancer. Although our preliminary findings need to be evaluated by studies with larger samples of patients, based on commonly accepted pathophysiological principles, we presume that they will be applicable not only in breast cancer, but also in other types of solid cancers, providing a simple and cost-effective biomarker of cancer surveillance. PMID:23518817

Temperature Dependence of Nonelectrolyte Permeation across Red Cell Membranes

PubMed Central

Galey, W. R.; Owen, J. D.; Solomon, A. K.

1973-01-01

The temperature dependence of permeation across human red cell membranes has been determined for a series of hydrophilic and lipophilic solutes, including urea and two methyl substituted derivatives, all the straight-chain amides from formamide through valeramide and the two isomers, isobutyramide and isovaleramide. The temperature coefficient for permeation by all the hydrophilic solutes is 12 kcal mol-1 or less, whereas that for all the lipophilic solutes is 19 kcal mol-1 or greater. This difference is consonant with the view that hydrophilic molecules cross the membrane by a path different from that taken by the lipophilic ones. The thermodynamic parameters associated with lipophile permeation have been studied in detail. ΔG is negative for adsorption of lipophilic amides onto an oil-water interface, whereas it is positive for transfer of the polar head from the aqueous medium to bulk lipid solvent. Application of absolute reaction rate theory makes it possible to make a clear distinction between diffusion across the water-red cell membrane interface and diffusion within the membrane. Diffusion coefficients and apparent activation enthalpies and entropies have been computed for each process. Transfer of the polar head from the solvent into the interface is characterized by ΔG ‡ = 0 kcal mol-1 and ΔS ‡ negative, whereas both of these parameters have large positive values for diffusion within the membrane. Diffusion within the membrane is similar to what is expected for diffusion through a highly associated viscous fluid. PMID:4708405

Preliminary evaluation of optical glucose sensing in red cell concentrations using near-infrared diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Suzuki, Yusuke; Maruo, Katsuhiko; Zhang, Alice W.; Shimogaki, Kazushige; Ogawa, Hideto; Hirayama, Fumiya

2012-01-01

Bacterial contamination of blood products is one of the most frequent infectious complications of transfusion. Since glucose levels in blood supplies decrease as bacteria proliferate, it should be possible to detect the presence of bacterial contamination by measuring the glucose concentrations in the blood components. Hence this study is aimed to serve as a preliminary study for the nondestructive measurement of glucose level in transfusion blood. The glucose concentrations in red blood cell (RBC) samples were predicted using near-infrared diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy in the 1350 to 1850 nm wavelength region. Furthermore, the effects of donor, hematocrit level, and temperature variations among the RBC samples were observed. Results showed that the prediction performance of a dataset which contained samples that differed in all three parameters had a standard error of 29.3 mg/dL. Multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) preprocessing method was also found to be effective in minimizing the variations in scattering patterns created by various sample properties. The results suggest that the diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy may provide another avenue for the detection of bacterial contamination in red cell concentrations (RCC) products.

Enhancing uniformity and overall quality of red cell concentrate with anaerobic storage

PubMed Central

Yoshida, Tatsuro; Blair, Abbejane; D'Alessandro, Angelo; Nemkov, Travis; Dioguardi, Michael; Silliman, Christopher C.; Dunham, Andrew

2017-01-01

Background Recent research focused on understanding stored red blood cell (RBC) quality has demonstrated high variability in measures of RBC function and health across units. Studies have historically linked this high variability to variations in processing, storage method, and age. More recently, a large number of studies have focused on differences in donor demographics, donor iron sufficiency, and genetic predisposition of the donor to poor storage, particularly through mechanisms of accelerated oxidative damage. A study was undertaken to evaluate a potential additional source of unit to unit variation in stored RBC: the role of variable percent oxygen saturation (%SO2) levels on blood quality parameters during storage. Materials and methods %SO2 data from 492 LR-RBC/AS-3 units used for internal and external collaborative research was included in the analysis. Whole blood units were processed into red blood cells, AS-3 added, leucocyte reduced, in compliance with American Association of Blood Banks guidelines. LR-RBC/AS-3 products were subsequently analysed for %SO2 levels within 3–24 hours of phlebotomy using a co-oximeter. Separately, to evaluate the impact of pre-storage as well as increasing levels of %SO2 during storage, a pool-and-split study was performed. Four units of LR-RBC/AS-3 were split 6 ways; “as is” (control), hyperoxygenated to more than 90%, and four levels of pre-storage %SO2. The units were periodically sampled up to 42 days and analysed for %SO2, pCO2, methaemoglobin, ATP, 2,3-BPG as well as with the metabolomics workflow. Results The measured mean %SO2 in LR-RBC/AS-3 within 24 hours of collection was 45.9±17.5% with (32.7–61.0 IQR). %SO2 in all products increased to approximately 95–100% in three weeks. Measured blood quality parameters including ATP, % haemolysis, methaemoglobin, oxidised lipids, and GSH/GSSG indicated suppressed cellular metabolism and increased red cell degradation in response to higher %SO2 levels. Discussion The surprisingly high variability in starting %SO2 levels, coupled with negative impacts of high oxygen saturation on red blood cell quality indicates that oxygen levels may be an important and under-appreciated source of unit-to-unit variability in RBC quality. PMID:28263176

Enhancing uniformity and overall quality of red cell concentrate with anaerobic storage.

PubMed

Yoshida, Tatsuro; Blair, Abbejane; D'alessandro, Angelo; Nemkov, Travis; Dioguardi, Michael; Silliman, Christopher C; Dunham, Andrew

2017-03-01

Recent research focused on understanding stored red blood cell (RBC) quality has demonstrated high variability in measures of RBC function and health across units. Studies have historically linked this high variability to variations in processing, storage method, and age. More recently, a large number of studies have focused on differences in donor demographics, donor iron sufficiency, and genetic predisposition of the donor to poor storage, particularly through mechanisms of accelerated oxidative damage. A study was undertaken to evaluate a potential additional source of unit to unit variation in stored RBC: the role of variable percent oxygen saturation (%SO 2 ) levels on blood quality parameters during storage. %SO 2 data from 492 LR-RBC/AS-3 units used for internal and external collaborative research was included in the analysis. Whole blood units were processed into red blood cells, AS-3 added, leucocyte reduced, in compliance with American Association of Blood Banks guidelines. LR-RBC/AS-3 products were subsequently analysed for %SO 2 levels within 3-24 hours of phlebotomy using a co-oximeter. Separately, to evaluate the impact of pre-storage as well as increasing levels of %SO 2 during storage, a pool-and-split study was performed. Four units of LR-RBC/AS-3 were split 6 ways; "as is" (control), hyperoxygenated to more than 90%, and four levels of pre-storage %SO 2 . The units were periodically sampled up to 42 days and analysed for %SO 2 , pCO 2 , methaemoglobin, ATP, 2,3-BPG as well as with the metabolomics workflow. The measured mean %SO 2 in LR-RBC/AS-3 within 24 hours of collection was 45.9±17.5% with (32.7-61.0 IQR). %SO 2 in all products increased to approximately 95-100% in three weeks. Measured blood quality parameters including ATP, % haemolysis, methaemoglobin, oxidised lipids, and GSH/GSSG indicated suppressed cellular metabolism and increased red cell degradation in response to higher %SO 2 levels. The surprisingly high variability in starting %SO 2 levels, coupled with negative impacts of high oxygen saturation on red blood cell quality indicates that oxygen levels may be an important and under-appreciated source of unit-to-unit variability in RBC quality.

Red blood cells promote survival and cell cycle progression of human peripheral blood T cells independently of CD58/LFA-3 and heme compounds.

PubMed

Fonseca, Ana Mafalda; Pereira, Carlos Filipe; Porto, Graça; Arosa, Fernando A

2003-07-01

Red blood cells (RBC) are known to modulate T cell proliferation and function possibly through downregulation of oxidative stress. By examining parameters of activation, division, and cell death in vitro, we show evidence that the increase in survival afforded by RBC is due to the maintenance of the proliferative capacity of the activated T cells. We also show that the CD3+CD8+ T cell subset was preferentially expanded and rescued from apoptosis both in bulk peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures and with highly purified CD8+ T cells. The ability of RBC to induce survival of dividing T cells was not affected by blocking the CD58/CD2 interaction. Moreover, addition of hemoglobin, heme or protoporphyrin IX to cultures of activated T cells did not reproduce the effect of intact RBC. Considering that RBC circulate throughout the body, they could play a biological role in the modulation of T cell differentiation and survival in places of active cell division. Neither CD58 nor the heme compounds studied seem to play a direct relevant role in the modulation of T cell survival.

Transport of particles by magnetic forces and cellular blood flow in a model microvessel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Freund, J. B.; Shapiro, B.

2012-05-01

The transport of particles (diameter 0.56 μm) by magnetic forces in a small blood vessel (diameter D = 16.9 μm, mean velocity U = 2.89 mm/s, red cell volume fraction Hc = 0.22) is studied using a simulation model that explicitly includes hydrodynamic interactions with realistically deformable red blood cells. A biomedical application of such a system is targeted drug or hyperthermia delivery, for which transport to the vessel wall is essential for localizing therapy. In the absence of magnetic forces, it is seen that interactions with the unsteadily flowing red cells cause lateral particle velocity fluctuations with an approximately normal distribution with variance σ = 140 μm/s. The resulting dispersion is over 100 times faster than expected for Brownian diffusion, which we neglect. Magnetic forces relative to the drag force on a hypothetically fixed particle at the vessel center are selected to range from Ψ = 0.006 to 0.204. The stronger forces quickly drive the magnetic particles to the vessel wall, though in this case the red cells impede margination; for weaker forces, many of the particles are marginated more quickly than might be predicted for a homogeneous fluid by the apparently chaotic stirring induced by the motions of the red cells. A corresponding non-dimensional parameter Ψ', which is based on the characteristic fluctuation velocity σ rather than the centerline velocity, explains the switch-over between these behaviors. Forces that are applied parallel to the vessel are seen to have a surprisingly strong effect due to the streamwise-asymmetric orientation of the flowing blood cells. In essence, the cells act as low-Reynolds number analogs of turning vanes, causing streamwise accelerated particles to be directed toward the vessel center and streamwise decelerated particles to be directed toward the vessel wall.

Numerical-experimental observation of shape bistability of red blood cells flowing in a microchannel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guckenberger, Achim; Kihm, Alexander; John, Thomas; Wagner, Christian; Gekle, Stephan

Red blood cells flowing through capillaries assume a wide variety of different shapes owing to their high deformability. Predicting the realized shapes is a complex field as they are determined by the intricate interplay between the flow conditions and the membrane mechanics. In this work we construct the shape phase diagram of a single red blood cell with a physiological viscosity ratio flowing in a microchannel. We use both experimental in-vitro measurements as well as 3D numerical simulations to complement the respective other one. Numerically, we have easy control over the initial starting configuration and natural access to the full 3D shape. With this information we obtain the phase diagram as a function of initial position, starting shape and cell velocity. Experimentally, we measure the occurrence frequency of the different shapes as a function of the cell velocity to construct the experimental diagram which is in good agreement with the numerical observations. Two different major shapes are found, namely croissants and slippers. Notably, both shapes show coexistence at low (<1 mm/s) and high velocities (>3 mm/s) while in-between only croissants are stable. This pronounced bistability indicates that RBC shapes are not only determined by system parameters such as flow velocity or channel size, but also strongly depend on the initial conditions.

The Effects of Ethanol on the Morphological and Biochemical Properties of Individual Human Red Blood Cells.

PubMed

Lee, Sang Yun; Park, Hyun Joo; Best-Popescu, Catherine; Jang, Seongsoo; Park, Yong Keun

2015-01-01

Here, we report the results of a study on the effects of ethanol exposure on human red blood cells (RBCs) using quantitative phase imaging techniques at the level of individual cells. Three-dimensional refractive index tomograms and dynamic membrane fluctuations of RBCs were measured using common-path diffraction optical tomography, from which morphological (volume, surface area, and sphericity); biochemical (hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and Hb content); and biomechanical (membrane fluctuation) parameters were retrieved at various concentrations of ethanol. RBCs exposed to the ethanol concentration of 0.1 and 0.3% v/v exhibited cell sphericities higher than those of normal cells. However, mean surface area and sphericity of RBCs in a lethal alcoholic condition (0.5% v/v) are not statistically different with those of healthy RBCs. Meanwhile, significant decreases of Hb content and concentration in RBC cytoplasm at the lethal condition were observed. Furthermore, dynamic fluctuation of RBC membranes increased significantly upon ethanol treatments, indicating ethanol-induced membrane fluidization.

Ameliorative Effects of Operculina turpethum and its Isolated Stigma-5,22dien-3-o-β-D-glucopyranoside on the Hematological Parameters of Male Mice Exposed to N-Nitrosodimethylamine, a Potent Carcinogen

PubMed Central

Sharma, Veena; Singh, Manu

2014-01-01

Objectives: Enormous propensity of plants to synthesize a variety of structurally diverse bioactive compounds, has made the plant kingdom a potential source of chemical constituents with various therapeutic values, including antitumor and cytotoxic activities. Blood is a good indicator to determine the physiological and pathological status of man and animal. The objective of the present study is to determine the effect of Operculina turpethum root extract and its isolated glycoside treatment on the hematological parameters in the mice with N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) induced cancer. Materials and Methods: The body weights of the animals were recorded before and after the experiment. Non-coagulated blood was tested for total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, hemoglobin, differential leukocyte count (DLC) and for other blood indices. Results: A significant (P < 0.01), (P < 0.001) recovery of the red blood cell and white blood cell counts, packed cell volume and hemoglobin content in the host after 21 day treatment was shown. Conclusion: These results show that the extract of Operculina turpethum is relatively safe following oral administration and have possible stimulatory effect on red blood cell production and there was dose dependent therapeutic effect. PMID:24748732

High-altitude haematology: Quechua-Aymara comparisons.

PubMed

Arnaud, J; Quilici, J C; Rivière, G

1981-01-01

Haematological studies have been carried out at various altitudes between 450 m and 4800 m, on two separate human groups (Quechuas and Aymaras) living in South America. Changes in the haematological parameters do not develop linearly in relation to the attitude. Th impact of chronic hypoxia on erythropoiesis is greater above 3000 m. The haemogram varies quantitatively and not qualitatively (mean corpuscular volume and mean haemoglobin concentration remain constant). The haematological study also reveals the greater adaptability to high altitude of the Aymaras, an adaptability characterized by an increase in red cell count and concentration and a decrease in red cell volume. The adaptative phenomena observed in the Quechuas are reversible, whereas they persist in the Aymaras when they migrate to the lowlands (450 m).

Rejuvenation of allogenic red cells: benefits and risks.

PubMed

Aujla, H; Woźniak, M; Kumar, T; Murphy, G J

2018-06-04

To review preclinical and clinical studies that have evaluated the effects of red cell rejuvenation in vivo and in vitro and to assess the potential risks and benefits from their clinical use. A systematic review and narrative synthesis of the intervention of red cell rejuvenation using a red cell processing solution containing inosine, pyruvate, phosphate and adenine. Outcomes of interest in vitro were changes in red cell characteristics including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), deformability and the accumulation of oxidized lipids and other reactive species in the red cell supernatant. Outcomes in vivo were 24-h post-transfusion survival and the effects on oxygen delivery, organ function and inflammation in transfused recipients. The literature search identified 49 studies evaluating rejuvenated red cells. In vitro rejuvenation restored cellular properties including 2,3-DPG and ATP to levels similar to freshly donated red cells. In experimental models, in vivo transfusion of rejuvenated red cells improved oxygen delivery and myocardial, renal and pulmonary function when compared to stored red cells. In humans, in vivo 24-h survival of rejuvenated red cells exceeded 75%. In clinical studies, rejuvenated red cells were found to be safe, with no reported adverse effects. In one adult cardiac surgery trial, transfusion of rejuvenated red cells resulted in improved myocardial performance. Transfusion of rejuvenated red cells reduces organ injury attributable to the red cell storage lesion without adverse effects in experimental studies in vivo. The clinical benefits of this intervention remain uncertain. © 2018 International Society of Blood Transfusion.

Evaluation of Stem Cell-Derived Red Blood Cells as a Transfusion Product Using a Novel Animal Model.

PubMed

Shah, Sandeep N; Gelderman, Monique P; Lewis, Emily M A; Farrel, John; Wood, Francine; Strader, Michael Brad; Alayash, Abdu I; Vostal, Jaroslav G

2016-01-01

Reliance on volunteer blood donors can lead to transfusion product shortages, and current liquid storage of red blood cells (RBCs) is associated with biochemical changes over time, known as 'the storage lesion'. Thus, there is a need for alternative sources of transfusable RBCs to supplement conventional blood donations. Extracorporeal production of stem cell-derived RBCs (stemRBCs) is a potential and yet untapped source of fresh, transfusable RBCs. A number of groups have attempted RBC differentiation from CD34+ cells. However, it is still unclear whether these stemRBCs could eventually be effective substitutes for traditional RBCs due to potential differences in oxygen carrying capacity, viability, deformability, and other critical parameters. We have generated ex vivo stemRBCs from primary human cord blood CD34+ cells and compared them to donor-derived RBCs based on a number of in vitro parameters. In vivo, we assessed stemRBC circulation kinetics in an animal model of transfusion and oxygen delivery in a mouse model of exercise performance. Our novel, chronically anemic, SCID mouse model can evaluate the potential of stemRBCs to deliver oxygen to tissues (muscle) under resting and exercise-induced hypoxic conditions. Based on our data, stem cell-derived RBCs have a similar biochemical profile compared to donor-derived RBCs. While certain key differences remain between donor-derived RBCs and stemRBCs, the ability of stemRBCs to deliver oxygen in a living organism provides support for further development as a transfusion product.

Characterization of malaria infected blood cells by scanning confocal laser and acoustic vector contrast microscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ahmed Mohamed, E. T.; Schubert, S.; Gilberger, T. W.; Kamanyi, A., Jr.; Wannemacher, R.; Grill, W.

2006-03-01

Acoustic and optical multiple contrast microscopy has been employed in order to explore characterizable parameters of red blood cells, including cells infected by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum, in order to investigate cellular modifications caused by the infection and to identify possible detection schemes for disease monitoring. Imaging schemes were based on fluorescence, optical transmission, optical reflection, and amplitude and phase of ultrasound reflected from the cells. Contrast variations observed in acoustic microscopy, but not in optical microscopy, were tentatively ascribed to changes caused by the infection.

21 CFR 640.10 - Red Blood Cells.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Red Blood Cells § 640.10 Red Blood Cells. The proper name of this product shall be Red Blood Cells. The product is defined as red blood cells remaining... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Red Blood Cells. 640.10 Section 640.10 Food and...

21 CFR 640.10 - Red Blood Cells.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Red Blood Cells § 640.10 Red Blood Cells. The proper name of this product shall be Red Blood Cells. The product is defined as red blood cells remaining... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Red Blood Cells. 640.10 Section 640.10 Food and...

21 CFR 640.10 - Red Blood Cells.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Red Blood Cells § 640.10 Red Blood Cells. The proper name of this product shall be Red Blood Cells. The product is defined as red blood cells remaining... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2011-04-01 2010-04-01 true Red Blood Cells. 640.10 Section 640.10 Food and...

21 CFR 640.10 - Red Blood Cells.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Red Blood Cells § 640.10 Red Blood Cells. The proper name of this product shall be Red Blood Cells. The product is defined as red blood cells remaining... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Red Blood Cells. 640.10 Section 640.10 Food and...

21 CFR 640.10 - Red Blood Cells.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Red Blood Cells. 640.10 Section 640.10 Food and... ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Red Blood Cells § 640.10 Red Blood Cells. The proper name of this product shall be Red Blood Cells. The product is defined as red blood cells remaining...

Correlation between normal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase level and haematological parameters.

PubMed

Ajlaan, S K; al-Naama, L M; al-Naama, M M

2000-01-01

The study involved 143 individuals and aimed to correlate normal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) level with haematological parameters. A statistically significant negative correlation was found between G6PD level and haemoglobin, packed cell volume, red blood cell count, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between G6PD level and white blood cell count and reticulocyte count, but no significant correlation was found between G6PD level and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration. The negative correlation between G6PD level and haemoglobin suggests that anaemic people have higher G6PD levels than normal individuals. The positive correlation between G6PD level and white blood cell count indicates that white blood cells may play an important role in contributing to G6PD level.

Real time blood testing using quantitative phase imaging.

PubMed

Pham, Hoa V; Bhaduri, Basanta; Tangella, Krishnarao; Best-Popescu, Catherine; Popescu, Gabriel

2013-01-01

We demonstrate a real-time blood testing system that can provide remote diagnosis with minimal human intervention in economically challenged areas. Our instrument combines novel advances in label-free optical imaging with parallel computing. Specifically, we use quantitative phase imaging for extracting red blood cell morphology with nanoscale sensitivity and NVIDIA's CUDA programming language to perform real time cellular-level analysis. While the blood smear is translated through focus, our system is able to segment and analyze all the cells in the one megapixel field of view, at a rate of 40 frames/s. The variety of diagnostic parameters measured from each cell (e.g., surface area, sphericity, and minimum cylindrical diameter) are currently not available with current state of the art clinical instruments. In addition, we show that our instrument correctly recovers the red blood cell volume distribution, as evidenced by the excellent agreement with the cell counter results obtained on normal patients and those with microcytic and macrocytic anemia. The final data outputted by our instrument represent arrays of numbers associated with these morphological parameters and not images. Thus, the memory necessary to store these data is of the order of kilobytes, which allows for their remote transmission via, for example, the cellular network. We envision that such a system will dramatically increase access for blood testing and furthermore, may pave the way to digital hematology.

Hematology, plasma biochemistry, and tissue enzyme activities of invasive red lionfish captured off North Carolina, USA.

PubMed

Anderson, E T; Stoskopf, M K; Morris, J A; Clarke, E O; Harms, C A

2010-12-01

The red lionfish Pterois volitans is important not only in the aquarium trade but also as an invasive species in the western Atlantic. Introduced to waters off the southeastern coast of the United States, red lionfish have rapidly spread along much of the East Coast and throughout Bermuda, the Bahamas, and much of the Caribbean. Hematology and plasma biochemistry were evaluated in red lionfish captured from the offshore waters of North Carolina to establish baseline parameters for individual and population health assessment. Blood smears were evaluated for total and differential white blood cell counts, and routine clinical biochemical profiles were performed on plasma samples. To improve the interpretive value of routine plasma biochemistry profiles, tissue enzyme activities (alkaline phosphatase [ALP], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT], lactate dehydrogenase [LD], and creatine kinase [CK]) were analyzed from liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, gastrointestinal tract, and heart tissues from five fish. The hematological and plasma biochemical values were similar to those of other marine teleosts except that the estimated white blood cell counts were much lower than those routinely found in many species. The tissue enzyme activity findings suggest that plasma LD, CK, and AST offer clinical relevance in the assessment of red lionfish.

A Novel Automated Slide-Based Technology for Visualization, Counting, and Characterization of the Formed Elements of Blood: A Proof of Concept Study.

PubMed

Winkelman, James W; Tanasijevic, Milenko J; Zahniser, David J

2017-08-01

- A novel automated slide-based approach to the complete blood count and white blood cell differential count is introduced. - To present proof of concept for an image-based approach to complete blood count, based on a new slide preparation technique. A preliminary data comparison with the current flow-based technology is shown. - A prototype instrument uses a proprietary method and technology to deposit a precise volume of undiluted peripheral whole blood in a monolayer onto a glass microscope slide so that every cell can be distinguished, counted, and imaged. The slide is stained, and then multispectral image analysis is used to measure the complete blood count parameters. Images from a 600-cell white blood cell differential count, as well as 5000 red blood cells and a variable number of platelets, that are present in 600 high-power fields are made available for a technologist to view on a computer screen. An initial comparison of the basic complete blood count parameters was performed, comparing 1857 specimens on both the new instrument and a flow-based hematology analyzer. - Excellent correlations were obtained between the prototype instrument and a flow-based system. The primary parameters of white blood cell, red blood cell, and platelet counts resulted in correlation coefficients (r) of 0.99, 0.99, and 0.98, respectively. Other indices included hemoglobin (r = 0.99), hematocrit (r = 0.99), mean cellular volume (r = 0.90), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (r = 0.97), and mean platelet volume (r = 0.87). For the automated white blood cell differential counts, r values were calculated for neutrophils (r = 0.98), lymphocytes (r = 0.97), monocytes (r = 0.76), eosinophils (r = 0.96), and basophils (r = 0.63). - Quantitative results for components of the complete blood count and automated white blood cell differential count can be developed by image analysis of a monolayer preparation of a known volume of peripheral blood.

Effects of ethanol on red blood cell rheological behavior.

PubMed

Rabai, M; Detterich, J A; Wenby, R B; Toth, K; Meiselman, H J

2014-01-01

Consumption of red wine is associated with a decreased risk of several cardiovascular diseases (e.g., coronary artery disease, stroke), but unfortunately literature reports regarding ethanol's effects on hemorheological parameters are not concordant. In the present study, red blood cell (RBC) deformability was tested via laser ektacytometry (LORCA, 0.3-30 Pa) using two approaches: 1) addition of ethanol to whole blood at 0.25%-2% followed by incubation and testing in ethanol-free LORCA medium; 2) addition of ethanol to the LORCA medium at 0.25%-6% then testing untreated native RBC in these media. The effects of ethanol on deformability for oxidatively stressed RBC were investigated as were changes of RBC aggregation (Myrenne Aggregometer) for cells in autologous plasma or 3% 70 kDa dextran. Significant dose-related increases of RBC deformability were observed at 0.25% (p < 0.05) and higher concentrations only if ethanol was in the LORCA medium; no changes occurred for cells previously incubated with ethanol then tested in ethanol-free medium. The impaired deformability of cells pre-exposed to oxidative stress was improved only if ethanol was in the LORCA medium. RBC aggregation decreased with concentration at 0.25% and higher for cells in both autologous plasma and dextran 70. Our results indicate that ethanol reversibly improves erythrocyte deformability and irreversibly decreases erythrocyte aggregation; the relevance of these results to the health benefits of moderate wine consumption require further investigation.

Red blood cell membrane water permeability increases with length of ex vivo storage.

PubMed

Alshalani, Abdulrahman; Acker, Jason P

2017-06-01

Water transport across the red blood cell (RBC) membrane is an essential cell function that needs to be preserved during ex vivo storage. Progressive biochemical depletion during storage can result in significant conformational and compositional changes to the membrane. Characterizing the changes to RBC water permeability can help in evaluating the quality of stored blood products and aid in the development of improved methods for the cryopreservation of red blood cells. This study aimed to characterize the water permeability (L p ), osmotically inactive fraction (b), and Arrhenius activation energy (E a ) at defined storage time-points throughout storage and to correlate the observed results with other in vitro RBC quality parameters. RBCs were collected from age- and sex-matched blood donors. A stopped flow spectrophotometer was used to determine L p and b by monitoring changes in hemoglobin autofluorescence when RBCs were exposed to anisotonic solutions. Experimental values of L p were characterized at three different temperatures (4, 20 and 37 °C) to determine the E a . Results showed that L p , b, and E a of stored RBCs significantly increase by day 21 of storage. Degradation of the RBC membrane with length of storage was seen as an increase in hemolysis and supernatant potassium, and a decrease in deformability, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and supernatant sodium. RBC osmotic characteristics were shown to change with storage and correlate with changes in RBC membrane quality metrics. Monitoring water parameters is a predictor of membrane damage and loss of membrane integrity in ex vivo stored RBCs. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

21 CFR 864.8185 - Calibrator for red cell and white cell counting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Calibrator for red cell and white cell counting... Calibrator for red cell and white cell counting. (a) Identification. A calibrator for red cell and white cell counting is a device that resembles red or white blood cells and that is used to set instruments intended...

A Comparison of Red Cell Rejuvenation versus Mechanical Washing for the Prevention of Transfusion-associated Organ Injury in Swine.

PubMed

Woźniak, Marcin J; Qureshi, Saqib; Sullo, Nikol; Dott, William; Cardigan, Rebecca; Wiltshire, Michael; Nath, Mintu; Patel, Nishith N; Kumar, Tracy; Goodall, Alison H; Murphy, Gavin J

2018-02-01

We evaluated the effects of two interventions that modify the red cell storage lesion on kidney and lung injury in experimental models of transfusion. White-landrace pigs (n = 32) were allocated to receive sham transfusion (crystalloid), 14-day stored allogeneic red cells, 14-day red cells washed using the red cells washing/salvage system (CATS; Fresenius, Germany), or 14-day red cells rejuvenated using the inosine solution (Rejuvesol solution; Zimmer Biomet, USA) and washed using the CATS device. Functional, biochemical, and histologic markers of organ injury were assessed for up to 24 h posttransfusion. Transfusion of 14 day red cells resulted in lung injury (lung injury score vs. sham, mean difference -0.3 (95% CI, -0.6 to -0.1; P = 0.02), pulmonary endothelial dysfunction, and tissue leukocyte sequestration. Mechanical washing reduced red cell-derived microvesicles but increased cell-free hemoglobin in 14-day red cell units. Transfusion of washed red cells reduced leukocyte sequestration but did not reduce the lung injury score (mean difference -0.2; 95% CI, -0.5 to 0.1; P = 0.19) relative to 14-day cells. Transfusion of washed red cells also increased endothelial activation and kidney injury. Rejuvenation restored adenosine triphosphate to that of fresh red cells and reduced microvesicle concentrations without increasing cell-free hemoglobin release. Transfusion of rejuvenated red cells reduced plasma cell-free hemoglobin, leukocyte sequestration, and endothelial dysfunction in recipients and reduced lung and kidney injury relative to 14-day or washed 14-day cells. Reversal of the red cell storage lesion by rejuvenation reduces transfusion-associated organ injury in swine.

An improved high-throughput Nile red fluorescence assay for estimating intracellular lipids in a variety of yeast species

PubMed Central

Sitepu, I.R.; Ignatia, L.; Franz, A. K.; Wong, D. M.; Faulina, S.A.; Tsui, M.; Kanti, A.; Boundy-Mills, K.

2012-01-01

A rapid and inexpensive method for estimating lipid content of yeasts is needed for screening large numbers of yeasts samples. Nile red is a fluorescent lipophilic dye used for detection and quantification of intracellular lipid droplets in various biological system including algae, yeasts and filamentous fungi. However, a published assay for yeast is affected by variable diffusion across the cell membrane, and variation in the time required to reach maximal fluorescence emission. In this study, parameters that may influence the emission were varied to determine optimal assay conditions. An improved assay with a high-throughput capability was developed that includes the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent to improve cell permeability, elimination of the washing step, the reduction of Nile red concentration, kinetic readings rather than single time-point reading, and utilization of a black 96-well microplate. The improved method was validated by comparison to gravimetric determination of lipid content of a broad variety of ascomycete and basidiomycete yeast species. PMID:22985718

Associations between blood BTEXS concentrations and hematologic parameters among adult residents of the U.S. Gulf States.

PubMed

Doherty, Brett T; Kwok, Richard K; Curry, Matthew D; Ekenga, Christine; Chambers, David; Sandler, Dale P; Engel, Lawrence S

2017-07-01

Studies of workers exposed to benzene at average air concentrations below one part per million suggest that benzene, a known hematotoxin, causes hematopoietic damage even at low exposure levels. However, evidence of such effects outside of occupational settings and for other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is limited. To investigate associations between ambient exposures to five VOCs, including benzene, and hematologic parameters among adult residents of the U.S. Gulf Coast. Blood concentrations of selected VOCs were measured in a sample of adult participants in the Gulf Long-term Follow-up Study (GuLF STUDY) during 2012 and 2013. Complete blood counts with differentials were also performed on a subset of participants (n=406). We used these data together with detailed questionnaire data to estimate adjusted associations between blood BTEXS (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m/p-xylene, and styrene) concentrations and hematologic parameters using generalized linear models. We observed inverse associations between blood benzene concentrations and hemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and a positive association with red cell distribution width among tobacco smoke-unexposed participants (n=146). Among tobacco smoke-exposed participants (n=247), we observed positive associations between blood VOC concentrations and several hematologic parameters, including increased white blood cell and platelet counts, suggestive of hematopoietic stimulation typically associated with tobacco smoke exposure. Most associations were stronger for benzene than for the other VOCs. Our results suggest that ambient exposure to BTEXS, particularly benzene, may be associated with hematologic effects, including decreased hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and increased red cell distribution width. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Mössbauer studies of malaria

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bauminger, E. R.; Ginsburg, H.; Ofer, S.; Yayon, A.

1983-12-01

Mössbauer studies of rat and human erythrocytes infected by malarial parasites have been carried out. Different parameters of the pigment iron were obtained in human and rat infected red blood cells. No difference was found between the parameters obtained in rat erythrocytes infected by drug sensitive and drug resistant strains of p. berghei, both before and after the treatment with chloroquine. The pigment was shown to contain a trivalent, high spin iron compound, which is different from hematin.

Effects of aging and gender on micro-rheology of blood in 3 to 18 months old male and female Wistar (Crl:WI) rats.

PubMed

Somogyi, Viktoria; Peto, Katalin; Deak, Adam; Tanczos, Bence; Nemeth, Norbert

2018-01-01

Age- and gender-related alterations of hemorheological parameters have not been completely elucidated to date. Experiments on older animals may give valuable information on this issue. However, the majority of rheological studies have been performed in young rodents. We aimed to investigate the influence of aging and gender on hemorheological parameters in rats. Coeval male (n=10) and female (n=10) Wistar (Crl:WI) rats were followed-up over 15 months. Blood samples were obtained from the lateral tail vein at 3, 4, 5, 9, 12, 15 and 18 months of age. Hematological parameters, red blood cell deformability (elongation under shear), osmotic gradient deformability and erythrocyte aggregation were tested. Body weight and the estrus cycle (in females) were also examined. Erythrocyte aggregation showed age- and gender-related variations. Red blood cell deformability was greater in females and gradually decreased over the 15-month period in both genders. Erythrocyte aggregation was greater in male rats at most ages, but did not show consistent changes with age. The micro-rheological parameters showed age-related alterations with gender differences. The effect of the estrous cycle cannot be excluded in female rats. The results provide reference data for studies of aging in rats and of the mechanism related to age and gender differences in hemorheology.

Kinetic parameters of rubidium transport pathways are normal in cystic fibrosis red cells.

PubMed

Joiner, C H

1988-10-01

The abnormalities in ion transport in cystic fibrosis (CF) respiratory and sweat duct epithelia have prompted studies of ion permeability in CF red blood cells (RBC) although previous reports have been contradictory. In this study, the kinetic characteristics of the three major cation transport systems in RBC were evaluated by measuring rubidium (Rb) uptake at various external Rb concentrations. The maximal velocity and affinity for external Rb (K1/2) of the NaK pump were normal in CF RBC, as were the maximal velocity and Km for Rb of the NaK cotransport system. Residual (ouabain and bumetanide insensitive) Rb uptake, and steady state RBC Na and K contents were also normal. These data indicate the NaK pump and cotransport system do not exhibit primary or secondary perturbations in CF RBC, and suggest that the noncarrier-mediated membrane permeability to cations is also normal in these cells.

Rheologic and hemodynamic characteristics of red cells of mouse, rat and human.

PubMed

Chen, D; Kaul, D K

1994-01-01

The present study compares hematologic, rheologic and hemodynamic characteristics of red cells from mouse, rat and human. Red cells in these species are biconcave discs that show significant differences in diameter and mean corpuscular volume (MCV). However, differences in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) are not significant. Viscosity measurement of washed red cell suspensions (in each case the medium osmolarity adjusted to match plasma osmolarity) showed significant interspecies differences at shear rates of 37.5 and 750 sec-1 as follows: Human > rat > mouse. Hemodynamic and microcirculatory behavior of these red cells was investigated in the artificially perfused ex vivo mesocecum vasculature of the rat. Hemodynamic measurements in the whole ex vivo mesocecum preparation revealed maximal increase in the peripheral resistance unit (PRU) for the human red cells followed by the rat and mouse red cells, respectively at a hematocrit (Hct) of 40%. Further, measurements of red cell velocities (Vrbc) in single arterioles of the mesocecum vasculature, during sustained perfusion with washed red cell suspensions, showed that at any given perfusion pressure (Pa), Vrbc for both mouse and rat red cells was higher than that for human red cells, while Vrbc for mouse red cells was higher than that for the rat. These results demonstrate that the microvascular flow behavior of these red cells is likely to be influenced by both physical and rheologic characteristics.

High-power, red-light-emitting diode irradiation enhances proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and mineralization of human periodontal ligament stem cells via ERK signaling pathway.

PubMed

Yamauchi, Nobuhiro; Taguchi, Yoichiro; Kato, Hirohito; Umeda, Makoto

2018-03-01

Light-emitting diode (LED) is attracting attention as a new light source for phototherapy. However, its effects on periodontal tissue regeneration remain unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of high-power, red LED irradiation on human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), which play an important role in periodontal tissue regeneration. PDLSCs were derived from adult human third molars. The light source was red LED (peak wavelength: 650 nm). Energy densities ranging from 0 to 10 J/cm 2 were tested to determine the optimal dose. PDLSC proliferation was measured using two parameters: live cell protease and ATP levels. After the cells were induced to differentiate, the effect of LED irradiation on osteogenic differentiation and mineralization was examined, with particular focus on the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signaling pathway using an ERK inhibitor (PD98059). LED irradiation at 8 J/cm 2 led to a significant increase in PDLSC proliferation and enhanced Runx2 and Osterix mRNA expression, Alkaline phosphatase activity, procollagen type I C-peptide and osteocalcin production, calcium deposition, and alizarin red S staining. In addition, LED induced the activation of ERK1/2, and the effects of LED on PDLSC proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization could be suppressed by treatment with PD98059. The results of this study show that 650-nm high-power, red, LED irradiation increases PDLSCs proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation and mineralization, mediated by ERK1/2 activation. These findings suggest that LED may be a useful tool for periodontal tissue regeneration. © 2018 American Academy of Periodontology.

Comprehensive haematological indices reference intervals for a healthy Omani population: First comprehensive study in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and Middle Eastern countries based on age, gender and ABO blood group comparison.

PubMed

Al-Mawali, Adhra; Pinto, Avinash Daniel; Al-Busaidi, Raiya; Al-Lawati, Rabab H; Morsi, Magdi

2018-01-01

Reference intervals for venous blood parameters differs with age, gender, geographic region, and ethnic groups. Hence local laboratory reference intervals are important to improve the diagnostic accuracy of health assessments and diseases. However, there have been no comprehensive published reference intervals established in Oman, the Gulf Cooperation Council or Middle Eastern countries. Hence, the aim of this study was to establish reference intervals for full blood count in healthy Omani adults. Venous blood specimens were collected from 2202 healthy individuals aged 18 to 69 years from January 2012 to April 2017, and analysed by Sysmex XS-1000i and Cell-Dyn Sapphire automated haematology analysers. Results were statistically analysed and compared by gender, age, and ABO blood group. The lower and upper reference limits of the haematology reference intervals were established at the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles respectively. Reference intervals were calculated for 17 haematology parameters which included red blood cell, white blood cell, and platelet parameters. Red blood cell (RBC), haemoglobin (HGB), haematocrit (HCT), platelet and platelet haematocrit counts of the healthy donors were significantly different between males and females at all ages (p < 0.05), with males having higher mean values of RBC, HGB and HCT than females. Other complete blood count parameters showed no significant differences between genders, age groups, instruments, or blood groups. Our study showed a lower haemoglobin limit for the normal reference interval in males and females than the currently used in Oman. Data from this study established specific reference intervals which could be considered for general use in Oman. The differences in haematology reference intervals highlights the necessity to establish reference intervals for venous blood parameters among the healthy population in each country or at least in each region.

In vivo studies of sickle red blood cells.

PubMed

Kaul, Dhananjay K; Fabry, Mary E

2004-03-01

The defining clinical feature of sickle cell anemia is periodic occurrence of painful vasoocclusive crisis. Factors that promote trapping and sickling of red cells in the microcirculation are likely to trigger vasoocclusion. The marked red cell heterogeneity in sickle blood and abnormal adhesion of sickle red cells to vascular endothelium would be major disruptive influences. Using ex vivo and in vivo models, the authors show how to dissect the relative contribution of heterogeneous sickle red cell classes to adhesive and obstructive events. These studies revealed that (1) both rheological abnormalities and adhesion of sickle red cells contribute to their abnormal hemodynamic behavior, (2) venules are the sites of sickle cell adhesion, and (3) sickle red cell deformability plays an important role in adhesive and obstructive events. Preferential adhesion of deformable sickle red cells in postcapillary venules followed by selective trapping of dense sickle red cells could result in vasoocclusion. An updated version of this 2-step model is presented. The multifactorial nature of sickle red cell adhesion needs to be considered in designing antiadhesive therapy in vivo.

The ratio of hemoglobin to red cell distribution width as a novel prognostic parameter in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective study from southern China

PubMed Central

Bi, Xiwen; Yang, Hang; An, Xin; Wang, Fenghua; Jiang, Wenqi

2016-01-01

Background We propose a novel prognostic parameter for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC)—hemoglobin/red cell distribution width (HB/RDW) ratio. Its clinical prognostic value and relationship with other clinicopathological characteristics were investigated in ESCC patients. Results The optimal cut-off value was 0.989 for the HB/RDW ratio. The HB/RDW ratio (P= 0.035), tumor depth (P = 0.020) and lymph node status (P<0.001) were identified to be an independent prognostic factors of OS by multivariate analysis, which was validated by bootstrap resampling. Patients with a low HB/RDW ratio had a 1.416 times greater risk of dying during follow-up compared with those with a high HB/RDW (95% CI = 1.024–1.958, P = 0.035). Materials and Methods We retrospectively analyzed 362 patients who underwent curative treatment at a single institution between January 2007 and December 2008. The chi-square test was used to evaluate relationships between the HB/RDW ratio and other clinicopathological variables; the Kaplan–Meier method was used to analyze the 5-year overall survival (OS); and the Cox proportional hazards models were used for univariate and multivariate analyses of variables related to OS. Conclusion A significant association was found between the HB/RDW ratio and clinical characteristics and survival outcomes in ESCC patients. Based on these findings, we believe that the HB/RDW ratio is a novel and promising prognostic parameter for ESCC patients. PMID:27223088

Seasonal variations in red deer (Cervus elaphus) hematology related to antler growth and biometrics measurements.

PubMed

Gaspar-López, Enrique; Landete-Castillejos, Tomás; Estevez, Jose Antonio; Ceacero, Francisco; Gallego, Laureano; García, Andrés Jose

2011-04-01

The aim of the study was to relate seasonal hematology changes with the rest of physiological variations suffered by red deer, such as antler and biometrics cycle, and to assess the relationship between hematology and the effort performed in antler development. Blood samples were taken from 21 male red deer every 4 weeks during 18 months. Samples were analyzed for the main hematological parameters. Simultaneously, biometrics measurements were taken, such as antler length, body weight, body condition score, testicular diameter (TD), and thoracic and neck girth. All the blood cell types (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets) showed seasonal variations, increasing as antler cleaning approached, as did hematocrit and hemoglobin. The final size of antlers was negatively related to leukocyte count, nonlymphoid leukocyte count, red cell distribution width, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean platelet volume, and TD, whereas it was positively related to body condition during antler growth. Huge seasonal variations in some hematological values have been found to be related to changes in antler and biometrics measurements. Since these variations are even greater than the caused by deer handling, they should be taken into account when evaluating hematology in deer populations. Copyright © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company.

Comparison between human and porcine thromboelastograph parameters in response to ex-vivo changes to platelets, plasma, and red blood cells.

PubMed

Sondeen, Jill L; de Guzman, Rodolfo; Amy Polykratis, Irene; Dale Prince, Malcolm; Hernandez, Orlando; Cap, Andrew P; Dubick, Michael A

2013-12-01

In the acute care setting, both the tracings and numeric outputs (R time, angle, and MA) of thrombelastography (TEG) may be used to inform treatment decisions. The objective was to determine the sensitivity of TEG to isolated changes in platelet count, hematocrit and fibrinogen concentration in human blood. As pigs have a similar coagulation system, we also compared the responses of the pig blood. Eight volunteers (>18 years of age, no anticoagulation or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy, not pregnant) were enrolled into this study. Four female anesthetized donor pigs were instrumented percutaneously with a catheter for blood collection. All blood was collected into sodium citrate. The concentration of each component (platelets, fibrinogen, and red blood cells) was changed while keeping the other components constant by use of centrifugation or preparation of each individual's plasma into platelet poor plasma, platelet rich plasma, cryoprecipitate, purified washed platelets, and packed red blood cells as appropriate. TEG (Haemoscope) analysis was performed and compared with the patients' whole blood diluted with lactated Ringer's solution. We demonstrated that the major factor affecting the MA and angle was the platelet count. In fact, reducing platelets alone resulted in TEG profiles and parameters that were similar to lactated Ringer's dilution profiles. Swine blood responses were parallel to that of human blood, although there were offsets especially of TEG-R and angle that confirmed that the swine are hypercoagulable compared with humans. Superficially similar TEG tracing patterns can be produced by divergent mechanisms associated with altered concentrations of blood components.

Effect of N′-nitrosodimethylamine on red blood cell rheology and proteomic profiles of brain in male albino rats

PubMed Central

Ahmad, Areeba; Fatima, Ravish; Maheshwari, Veena; Ahmad, Riaz

2011-01-01

We investigated the effects of N'-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) induced toxicity on red blood cell rheology in male rats and identified bands in proteomic profiles of brain which can be used as novel markers. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) profiles exhibited constitutive as well as induced expression of the polypeptides. Remarkably, the molecular weight range of the polypeptides (8–150 kDa) corresponded to that of the family of heat shock proteins. Our results revealed significant changes in blood parameters and showed the presence of acanthocytes, tear drop cells, spicules and cobot rings in the treated categories. Lactate dehydrogenase and esterase zymograms displayed a shift to anaerobic metabolism generating hypoxia-like conditions. This study strongly suggests that NDMA treatment causes acute toxicity leading to cell membrane destruction and alters protein profiles in rats. It is therefore recommended that caution should be exercised in using NDMA to avoid risks, and if at all necessary strategies should be designed to combat such conditions. PMID:22058653

Quantifying the biophysical characteristics of Plasmodium-falciparum-parasitized red blood cells in microcirculation

PubMed Central

Fedosov, D. A.; Caswell, B.; Suresh, S.; Karniadakis, G. E.

2011-01-01

The pathogenicity of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria results from the stiffening of red blood cells (RBCs) and its ability to adhere to endothelial cells (cytoadherence). The dynamics of Pf-parasitized RBCs is studied by three-dimensional mesoscopic simulations of flow in cylindrical capillaries in order to predict the flow resistance enhancement at different parasitemia levels. In addition, the adhesive dynamics of Pf-RBCs is explored for various parameters revealing several types of cell dynamics such as firm adhesion, very slow slipping along the wall, and intermittent flipping. The parasite inside the RBC is modeled explicitly in order to capture phenomena such as “hindered tumbling” motion of the RBC and the sudden transition from firm RBC cytoadherence to flipping on the endothelial surface. These predictions are in quantitative agreement with recent experimental observations, and thus the three-dimensional modeling method presented here provides new capabilities for guiding and interpreting future in vitro and in vivo studies of malaria. PMID:21173269

Red cell metabolism studies on Skylab

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mengel, C. E.

1977-01-01

Blood samples from Spacelab crewmembers were studied for possible environment effects on red cell components. Analysis involved peroxidation of red cell lipids, enzymes of red cell metabolism, and levels of 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid and adenosine triphosphate. Results show that there is no evidence of lipid peroxidation, that biochemical effect known to be associated with irreversible red cell damage. Changes observed in glycolytic intermediates and enzymes cannot be directly implicated as indicating evidence of red cell damage.

Neocytolysis: physiological down-regulator of red-cell mass

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Alfrey, C. P.; Rice, L.; Udden, M. M.; Driscoll, T. B.

1997-01-01

It is usually considered that red-cell mass is controlled by erythropoietin-driven bone marrow red-cell production, and no physiological mechanisms can shorten survival of circulating red cells. In adapting to acute plethora in microgravity, astronauts' red-cell mass falls too rapidly to be explained by diminished red-cell production. Ferrokinetics show no early decline in erythropolesis, but red cells radiolabelled 12 days before launch survive normally. Selective destruction of the youngest circulating red cells-a process we call neocytolysis-is the only plausible explanation. A fall in erythropoietin below a threshold is likely to initiate neocytolysis, probably by influencing surface-adhesion molecules. Recognition of neocytolysis will require re-examination of the pathophysiology and treatment of several blood disorders, including the anaemia of renal disease.

Method using CO for extending the useful shelf-life of refrigerated red blood cells

DOEpatents

Bitensky, Mark W.

1995-01-01

Method using CO for extending the useful shelf-life of refrigerated red blood cells. Carbon monoxide is utilized for stabilizing hemoglobin in red blood cells to be stored at low temperature. Changes observed in the stored cells are similar to those found in normal red cell aging in the body, the extent thereof being directly related to the duration of refrigerated storage. Changes in cell buoyant density, vesiculation, and the tendency of stored cells to bind autologous IgG antibody directed against polymerized band 3 IgG, all of which are related to red blood cell senescence and increase with refrigerated storage time, have been substantially slowed when red blood cells are treated with CO. Removal of the carbon monoxide from the red blood cells is readily and efficiently accomplished by photolysis in the presence of oxygen so that the stored red blood cells may be safely transfused into a recipient.

[Establishment and identification of mouse lymphoma cell line EL4 expressing red fluorescent protein].

PubMed

Li, Yan-Jie; Cao, Jiang; Chen, Chong; Wang, Dong-Yang; Zeng, Ling-Yu; Pan, Xiu-Ying; Xu, Kai-Lin

2010-02-01

This study was purposed to construct a lentiviral vector encoding red fluorescent protein (DsRed) and transfect DsRed into EL4 cells for establishing mouse leukemia/lymphoma model expressing DsRed. The bicistronic SIN lentiviral transfer plasmid containing the genes encoding neo and internal ribosomal entry site-red fluorescent protein (IRES-DsRed) was constructed. Human embryonic kidney 293FT cells were co-transfected with the three plasmids by liposome method. The viral particles were collected and used to transfect EL4 cells, then the cells were selected by G418. The results showed that the plasmid pXZ208-neo-IRES-DsRed was constructed successfully, and the viral titer reached to 10(6) U/ml. EL4 cells were transfected by the viral solution efficiently. The transfected EL4 cells expressing DsRed survived in the final concentration 600 microg/ml of G418. The expression of DsRed in the transfected EL4 cells was demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. In conclusion, the EL4/DsRed cell line was established successfully.

Investigation of laser Doppler techniques using the Monte Carlo method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ruetten, Walter; Gellekum, Thomas; Jessen, Katrin

1995-01-01

Laser Doppler techniques are increasingly used in research and clinical applications to study perfusion phenomena in the skin, yet the influences of changing scattering parameters and geometry on the measure of perfusion are not well explored. To investigate these influences, a simulation program based on the Monte Carlo method was developed, which is capable of determining the Doppler spectra caused by moving red blood cells. The simulation model allows for the definition of arbitrary networks of blood vessels with individual velocities. The volume is represented by a voxel tree with adaptive spatial resolution which contains references to the optical properties and is used to store the location dependent photon fluence determined during the simulation. Two evaluation methods for Doppler spectra from biological tissue described in the literate were investigated with the simulation program. The results obtained suggest that both methods give a measure of perfusion nearly proportional to the velocity of the red blood cells. However, simulations done with different geometries of the blood vessels seem to indicate a nonlinear behavior concerning the concentration of red blood cells in the measurement volume. Nevertheless these simulation results may help in the interpretation of measurements obtained from devices using the investigated evaluation methods.

21 CFR 864.8540 - Red cell lysing reagent.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

...) MEDICAL DEVICES HEMATOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY DEVICES Hematology Reagents § 864.8540 Red cell lysing reagent. (a) Identification. A red cell lysing reagent is a device used to lyse (destroy) red blood cells for... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Red cell lysing reagent. 864.8540 Section 864.8540...

21 CFR 864.8540 - Red cell lysing reagent.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

...) MEDICAL DEVICES HEMATOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY DEVICES Hematology Reagents § 864.8540 Red cell lysing reagent. (a) Identification. A red cell lysing reagent is a device used to lyse (destroy) red blood cells for... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Red cell lysing reagent. 864.8540 Section 864.8540...

21 CFR 864.8540 - Red cell lysing reagent.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

...) MEDICAL DEVICES HEMATOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY DEVICES Hematology Reagents § 864.8540 Red cell lysing reagent. (a) Identification. A red cell lysing reagent is a device used to lyse (destroy) red blood cells for... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Red cell lysing reagent. 864.8540 Section 864.8540...

21 CFR 864.8540 - Red cell lysing reagent.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

...) MEDICAL DEVICES HEMATOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY DEVICES Hematology Reagents § 864.8540 Red cell lysing reagent. (a) Identification. A red cell lysing reagent is a device used to lyse (destroy) red blood cells for... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Red cell lysing reagent. 864.8540 Section 864.8540...

21 CFR 864.5300 - Red cell indices device.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Red cell indices device. 864.5300 Section 864.5300....5300 Red cell indices device. (a) Identification. A red cell indices device, usually part of a larger... corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The red cell indices...

21 CFR 864.8540 - Red cell lysing reagent.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Red cell lysing reagent. 864.8540 Section 864.8540...) MEDICAL DEVICES HEMATOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY DEVICES Hematology Reagents § 864.8540 Red cell lysing reagent. (a) Identification. A red cell lysing reagent is a device used to lyse (destroy) red blood cells for...

21 CFR 864.5300 - Red cell indices device.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Red cell indices device. 864.5300 Section 864.5300....5300 Red cell indices device. (a) Identification. A red cell indices device, usually part of a larger... corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The red cell indices...

21 CFR 864.5300 - Red cell indices device.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Red cell indices device. 864.5300 Section 864.5300....5300 Red cell indices device. (a) Identification. A red cell indices device, usually part of a larger... corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The red cell indices...

21 CFR 864.5300 - Red cell indices device.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Red cell indices device. 864.5300 Section 864.5300....5300 Red cell indices device. (a) Identification. A red cell indices device, usually part of a larger... corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The red cell indices...

21 CFR 864.5300 - Red cell indices device.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Red cell indices device. 864.5300 Section 864.5300....5300 Red cell indices device. (a) Identification. A red cell indices device, usually part of a larger... corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The red cell indices...

Human red blood cells have an enhancing effect on the relative expansion of CD8+ T lymphocytes in vitro.

PubMed

Porto, B; Fonseca, A M; Godinho, I; Arosa, F A; Porto, G

2001-12-01

The present study was designed to analyse the effect of red blood cells on T-cell proliferation and expansion. A comparative study was done in peripheral blood cell cultures stimulated with phytohemagglutinin, with or without red blood cells. The presence of red blood cells had a consistent enhancing effect on T lymphocyte proliferation, as determined by an increase in both the mitotic index and thymidine uptake. Phenotypic characterization of T cell blasts by flow cytometry revealed that, in the presence of red blood cells, expanding cells were preferentially CD8+ cells. Accordingly, proliferation of CD8+ lymphocytes from two patients with CD8+ hyperlymphocytosis was dependent on the presence of red blood cells. In contrast, proliferation of CD4+ lymphocytes from two patients with CD4+ hyperlymphocytosis was strongly inhibited by the presence of red blood cells. This is the first reported evidence that human red blood cells have an enhancing effect on the expansion of CD8+ lymphocytes in vitro.

[Full blood count reference values in children of 8 to 12 years old residing at 2,760 m above sea level].

PubMed

Armando García-Miranda, L; Contreras, I; Estrada, J A

2014-04-01

To determine reference values for full blood count parameters in a population of children 8 to 12 years old, living at an altitude of 2760 m above sea level. Our sample consisted of 102 individuals on whom a full blood count was performed. The parameters included: total number of red blood cells, platelets, white cells, and a differential count (millions/μl and %) of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. Additionally, we obtained values for hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, concentration of corpuscular hemoglobin and red blood cell distribution width. The results were statistically analyzed with a non-parametric test, to divide the sample in quartiles and obtain the lower and upper limits for our intervals. Moreover, the values for the intervals obtained from this analysis were compared to intervals obtained estimating+- 2 standard deviations above and below from our mean values. Our results showed significant differences compared to normal interval values reported for the adult Mexican population in most of the parameters studied. The full blood count is an important laboratory test used routinely for the initial assessment of a patient. Values of full blood counts in healthy individuals vary according to gender, age and geographic location; therefore, each population should have its own reference values. Copyright © 2013 Asociación Española de Pediatría. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.

Phosphatidylserine exposure and red cell viability in red cell aging and in hemolytic anemia.

PubMed

Boas, F E; Forman, L; Beutler, E

1998-03-17

Phosphatidylserine (PS) normally localizes to the inner leaflet of cell membranes but becomes exposed in abnormal or apoptotic cells, signaling macrophages to ingest them. Along similar lines, it seemed possible that the removal of red cells from circulation because of normal aging or in hemolytic anemias might be triggered by PS exposure. To investigate the role of PS exposure in normal red cell aging, we used N-hydroxysuccinimide-biotin to tag rabbit red cells in vivo, then used phycoerythrin-streptavidin to label the biotinylated cells, and annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) to detect the exposed PS. Flow cytometric analysis of these cells drawn at 10-day intervals up to 70 days after biotinylation indicated that older, biotinylated cells expose more PS. Furthermore, our data match a simple model of red cell senescence that assumes both an age-dependent destruction of senescent red cells preceded by several hours of PS exposure and a random destruction of red cells without PS exposure. By using this model, we demonstrated that the exposure of PS parallels the rate at which biotinylated red cells are removed from circulation. On the other hand, using an annexin V-FITC label and flow cytometry demonstrates that exposed PS does not cause the reduced red cell life span of patients with hemolytic anemia, with the possible exception of those with unstable hemoglobins or sickle cell anemia. Thus, in some cases PS exposure on the cell surface may signal the removal of red cells from circulation, but in other cases some other signal must trigger the sequestration of cells.

Superior survival of ex vivo cultured human reticulocytes following transfusion into mice.

PubMed

Kupzig, Sabine; Parsons, Stephen F; Curnow, Elinor; Anstee, David J; Blair, Allison

2017-03-01

The generation of cultured red blood cells from stem cell sources may fill an unmet clinical need for transfusion-dependent patients, particularly in countries that lack a sufficient and safe blood supply. Cultured red blood cells were generated from human CD34 + cells from adult peripheral blood or cord blood by ex vivo expansion, and a comprehensive in vivo survival comparison with standard red cell concentrates was undertaken. Significant amplification (>10 5 -fold) was achieved using CD34 + cells from both cord blood and peripheral blood, generating high yields of enucleated cultured red blood cells. Following transfusion, higher levels of cultured red cells could be detected in the murine circulation compared to standard adult red cells. The proportions of cultured blood cells from cord or peripheral blood sources remained high 24 hours post-transfusion (82±5% and 78±9%, respectively), while standard adult blood cells declined rapidly to only 49±9% by this time. In addition, the survival time of cultured blood cells in mice was longer than that of standard adult red cells. A paired comparison of cultured blood cells and standard adult red blood cells from the same donor confirmed the enhanced in vivo survival capacity of the cultured cells. The study herein represents the first demonstration that ex vivo generated cultured red blood cells survive longer than donor red cells using an in vivo model that more closely mimics clinical transfusion. Cultured red blood cells may offer advantages for transfusion-dependent patients by reducing the number of transfusions required. Copyright© Ferrata Storti Foundation.

The Use of an Acellular Oxygen Carrier in a Human Liver Model of Normothermic Machine Perfusion.

PubMed

Laing, Richard W; Bhogal, Ricky H; Wallace, Lorraine; Boteon, Yuri; Neil, Desley A H; Smith, Amanda; Stephenson, Barney T F; Schlegel, Andrea; Hübscher, Stefan G; Mirza, Darius F; Afford, Simon C; Mergental, Hynek

2017-11-01

Normothermic machine perfusion of the liver (NMP-L) is a novel technique that preserves liver grafts under near-physiological conditions while maintaining their normal metabolic activity. This process requires an adequate oxygen supply, typically delivered by packed red blood cells (RBC). We present the first experience using an acellular hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier (HBOC) Hemopure in a human model of NMP-L. Five discarded high-risk human livers were perfused with HBOC-based perfusion fluid and matched to 5 RBC-perfused livers. Perfusion parameters, oxygen extraction, metabolic activity, and histological features were compared during 6 hours of NMP-L. The cytotoxicity of Hemopure was also tested on human hepatic primary cell line cultures using an in vitro model of ischemia reperfusion injury. The vascular flow parameters and the perfusate lactate clearance were similar in both groups. The HBOC-perfused livers extracted more oxygen than those perfused with RBCs (O2 extraction ratio 13.75 vs 9.43 % ×10 per gram of tissue, P = 0.001). In vitro exposure to Hemopure did not alter intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species, and there was no increase in apoptosis or necrosis observed in any of the tested cell lines. Histological findings were comparable between groups. There was no evidence of histological damage caused by Hemopure. Hemopure can be used as an alternative oxygen carrier to packed red cells in NMP-L perfusion fluid.

New Developments in Red Blood Cell Preservation Using Liquid and Freezing Procedures.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-04-02

restore or improve the red cell 2,3 DPG and ATP levels . Biochemically modified red blood cells may be cryopreserved for indefinite storage, or they may...salvage outdated red blood cells. However,,-ndated red blood cells are also being biochemically modified to increase’the 2,3 DPG levels to 2 to 3...restore or improve the edcell 2,3 DPG and ATP levels . Biochemically modified red blood cells iay-be cryopreserved for indefinite storage. or-thy my be

[South American camelids in Switzerland. II. Reference values for blood parameters].

PubMed

Hengrave Burri, I; Tschudi, P; Martig, J; Liesegang, A; Meylan, M

2005-08-01

In order to establish reference values for blood parameters of South American camelids in Switzerland, 273 blood samples were collected from 141 llamas and 132 alpacas. These animals were classified in three categories (young animals < six months, adult females and males). Forty-one parameters were measured (red blood cell count, white blood cell count, electrolytes, metabolites and enzymes). Significant differences between llamas and alpacas were evident for 26 parameters. This study also showed that differences between young animals, females and males must be taken into consideration. A comparison of blood values with the results of fecal analysis for parasite eggs showed that an infestation with Dicrocoelium dendriticum was associated with elevated activity of two liver enzymes (GLDH and gamma-GT) in the serum. In contrast, no differences were found in the results of blood analyses between animals shedding eggs of gastrointestinal strongyles or not.

Blood volume changes. [weightlessness effects

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, P. C.; Driscoll, T. B.; Leblance, A. D.

1974-01-01

Analysis of radionuclide volume determinations made for the crewmembers of selected Gemini and Apollo missions showed that orbital spaceflight has an effect on red cell mass. Because the methods and the protocol developed for earlier flights were used for the crews of the three Skylab missions, direct comparisons are possible. After each Skylab mission, decreases were found in crewmembers' red cell masses. The mean red cell mass decrease of 11 percent or 232 milliliters was approximately equal to the 10 percent mean red cell mass decrease of the Apollo 14 to 17 crewmembers. The red cell mass drop was greatest and the postrecovery reticulocyte response least for crewmembers of the 28-day Skylab 2 mission. Analyses of data from the red cell mass determinations indicate that the red cell mass drops occurred in the first 30 days of flight and that a gradual recovery of the red cell mass deficits began approximately 60 days after launch. The beginning of red cell mass regeneration during the Skylab 4 flight may explain the higher postmission reticulocyte counts.

The predictive value of mean platelet volume, plateletcrit and red cell distribution width in the differentiation of autoimmune gastritis patients with and without type I gastric carcinoid tumors.

PubMed

Tüzün, Ali; Keskin, Onur; Yakut, Mustafa; Kalkan, Cagdas; Soykan, Irfan

2014-01-01

Autoimmune gastritis is an autoimmune and inflammatory condition that may predispose to gastric carcinoid tumors or adenocarcinomas. The early diagnosis of these tumors is important in order to decrease morbidity and mortality. Platelet indices such as mean platelet volume and plateletcrit levels increase in inflammatory, infectious and malign conditions. The primary aim of this study was to explore wheter platelet indices and red cell distribution width have any predictive role in the discrimination of autoimmune gastritis patients with and without gastric carcinoid tumors. Also secondary aim of this study was to investigate whether any changes exist betwenn autoimmune gastritis and functional dyspepsia patients by means of platelet indices. Plateletcrit (0.22 ± 0.06 vs. 0.20 ± 0.03%, p < 0.001) and red cell distribution width (16.11 ± 3.04 vs. 13.41 ± 0.95%, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in autoimmune gastritis patients compared to control group. Receiver operating curve analysis suggested that optimum plateletcrit cut-off point was 0.20% (AUC: 0.646), and 13.95% as the cut off value for red cell distribution width (AUC: 0.860). Although plateletcrit (0.22 ± 0.06 vs. 0.21 ± 0.04%, p = 0.220) and mean platelet volume (8.94 ± 1.44 vs. 8.68 ± 0.89 fl, p = 0.265) were higher in autoimmune gastritis patients without carcinoid tumor compared to patients with carcinoid tumors, these parameters were not statistically significant. Changes in plateletcrit and red cell distribution width values may be used as a marker in the discrimination of autoimmune gastritis and fucntional dyspepsia patients but not useful in patients with gastric carcinoid tumor type I.

Age-associated and breed-associated variations in haematological and biochemical variables in young labrador retriever and miniature schnauzer dogs

PubMed Central

Brenten, Thomas; Morris, Penelope J.; Salt, Carina; Raila, Jens; Kohn, Barbara; Schweigert, Florian J.; Zentek, Jürgen

2016-01-01

Breed, sex and age effects on haematological and biochemical variables were investigated in 24 labrador retriever and 25 miniature schnauzer dogs during the first year of life. Blood samples were taken regularly between weeks 8 and 52. White blood cell and red blood cell counts, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, mean cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin concentration, platelet count as well as total protein, albumin, calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, total cholesterol, triglycerides, creatine and urea were evaluated. For all haematological and biochemical parameters, there were significant effects of age on test results. Statistically significant effects for breed and the breed×age interaction on test results were observed for most of the parameters with the exception of haemoglobin. Variations in test results illustrate growth related alterations in body tissue and metabolism leading to dynamic and marked changes in haematological and biochemical parameters, which have to be considered for the interpretation of clinical data obtained from dogs in the first year of life. PMID:27252875

Age-associated and breed-associated variations in haematological and biochemical variables in young labrador retriever and miniature schnauzer dogs.

PubMed

Brenten, Thomas; Morris, Penelope J; Salt, Carina; Raila, Jens; Kohn, Barbara; Schweigert, Florian J; Zentek, Jürgen

2016-01-01

Breed, sex and age effects on haematological and biochemical variables were investigated in 24 labrador retriever and 25 miniature schnauzer dogs during the first year of life. Blood samples were taken regularly between weeks 8 and 52. White blood cell and red blood cell counts, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, mean cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin concentration, platelet count as well as total protein, albumin, calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, total cholesterol, triglycerides, creatine and urea were evaluated. For all haematological and biochemical parameters, there were significant effects of age on test results. Statistically significant effects for breed and the breed×age interaction on test results were observed for most of the parameters with the exception of haemoglobin. Variations in test results illustrate growth related alterations in body tissue and metabolism leading to dynamic and marked changes in haematological and biochemical parameters, which have to be considered for the interpretation of clinical data obtained from dogs in the first year of life.

Pre-treatment red blood cell distribution width provides prognostic information in multiple myeloma.

PubMed

Zhou, Di; Xu, Peipei; Peng, Miaoxin; Shao, Xiaoyan; Wang, Miao; Ouyang, Jian; Chen, Bing

2018-06-01

The red blood cell distribution width (RDW), a credible marker for abnormal erythropoiesis, has recently been studied as a prognostic factor in oncology, but its role in multiple myeloma (MM) hasn't been thoroughly investigated. We performed a retrospective study in 162 patients with multiple myeloma. Categorical parameters were analyzed using Pearson chi-squared test. The Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests were used for group comparisons. Comparisons of repeated samples data were analyzed with the general linear model repeated-measures procedure. The Kaplan-Meier product-limit method was used to determine OS and PFS, and the differences were assessed by the log-rank test. High RDW baseline was significantly associated with indexes including haemoglobin, bone marrow plasma cell infiltration, and cytogenetics risk stratification. After chemotherapy, the overall response rate (ORR) decreased as RDW baseline increased. In 24 patients with high RDW baseline, it was revealed RDW value decreased when patients achieved complete remission (CR), but increased when the disease progressed. The normal-RDW baseline group showed both longer overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) than the high-RDW baseline group. Our study suggests pre-treatment RDW level is a prognostic factor in MM and should be regarded as an important parameter for assessment of therapeutic efficiency. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling of methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine in adults and children. Part 2: 6-mercaptopurine and its interaction with methotrexate.

PubMed

Ogungbenro, Kayode; Aarons, Leon

2014-04-01

6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) is a purine antimetabolite and prodrug that undergoes extensive intracellular metabolism to produce thionucleotides, active metabolites which have cytotoxic and immunosuppressive properties. Combination therapies involving 6-MP and methotrexate have shown remarkable results in the cure of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in the last 30 years. 6-MP undergoes very extensive intestinal and hepatic metabolism following oral dosing due to the activity of xanthine oxidase leading to very low and highly variable bioavailability and methotrexate has been demonstrated as an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. Despite the success recorded in the use of 6-MP in ALL, there is still lack of effect and life threatening toxicity in some patients due to variability in the pharmacokinetics of 6-MP. Also, dose adjustment during treatment is still based on toxicity. The aim of the current work was to develop a mechanistic model that can be used to simulate trial outcomes and help to improve dose individualisation and dosage regimen optimisation. A physiological based pharmacokinetic model was proposed for 6-MP, this model has compartments for stomach, gut lumen, enterocyte, gut tissue, spleen, liver vascular, liver tissue, kidney vascular, kidney tissue, skin, bone marrow, thymus, muscle, rest of body and red blood cells. The model was based on the assumption of the same elimination pathways in adults and children. Parameters of the model include physiological parameters and drug-specific parameter which were obtained from the literature or estimated using plasma and red blood cell concentration data. Age-dependent changes in parameters were implemented for scaling and variability was also introduced on the parameters for prediction. Inhibition of 6-MP first-pass effect by methotrexate was implemented to predict observed clinical interaction between the two drugs. The model was developed successfully and plasma and red blood cell concentrations were adequately predicted both in terms of mean prediction and variability. The predicted interaction between 6-MP and methotrexate was slightly lower than the reported clinical interaction between the two drugs. The model can be used to predict plasma and tissue concentration in adults and children following oral and intravenous dosing and may ultimately help to improve treatment outcome in childhood ALL patients.

Method using CO for extending the useful shelf-life of refrigerated red blood cells

DOEpatents

Bitensky, M.W.

1995-12-19

A method is disclosed using CO for extending the useful shelf-life of refrigerated red blood cells. Carbon monoxide is utilized for stabilizing hemoglobin in red blood cells to be stored at low temperature. Changes observed in the stored cells are similar to those found in normal red cell aging in the body, the extent thereof being directly related to the duration of refrigerated storage. Changes in cell buoyant density, vesiculation, and the tendency of stored cells to bind autologous IgG antibody directed against polymerized band 3 IgG, all of which are related to red blood cell senescence and increase with refrigerated storage time, have been substantially slowed when red blood cells are treated with CO. Removal of the carbon monoxide from the red blood cells is readily and efficiently accomplished by photolysis in the presence of oxygen so that the stored red blood cells may be safely transfused into a recipient. 5 figs.

The in vitro comparative study of the effect of BPA, BPS, BPF and BPAF on human erythrocyte membrane; perturbations in membrane fluidity, alterations in conformational state and damage to proteins, changes in ATP level and Na+/K+ ATPase and AChE activities.

PubMed

Maćczak, Aneta; Duchnowicz, Piotr; Sicińska, Paulina; Koter-Michalak, Maria; Bukowska, Bożena; Michałowicz, Jaromir

2017-12-01

Bisphenols are massively used in the industry, and thus the exposure of biota including humans to these substances has been noted. In this study we have assessed the effect of BPA and its selected analogs, i.e. BPS, BPF and BPAF on membrane of human red blood cells, which is the first barrier that must be overcome by xenobiotics penetrating the cell, and is commonly utilized as a model in the investigation of the effect of different xenobiotics on various cell types. Red blood cells were incubated with BPA and its analogs in the concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 250 μg/ml for 4 h and 24 h. We have noted that the compounds studied altered membrane fluidity at its hydrophobic region, increased internal viscosity and osmotic fragility of the erythrocytes and altered conformational state of membrane proteins. Moreover, bisphenols examined increased thiol groups level, caused oxidative damage to membrane proteins, decreased ATP level, depleted the activity of Na+/K + ATPase and changed the activity of AChE in human red blood cells. It has been shown that the strongest changes were noted in cells treated with BPAF, while BPS caused the weakest (or none) alterations in the parameters studied. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Red blood cells in sports: effects of exercise and training on oxygen supply by red blood cells

PubMed Central

Mairbäurl, Heimo

2013-01-01

During exercise the cardiovascular system has to warrant substrate supply to working muscle. The main function of red blood cells in exercise is the transport of O2 from the lungs to the tissues and the delivery of metabolically produced CO2 to the lungs for expiration. Hemoglobin also contributes to the blood's buffering capacity, and ATP and NO release from red blood cells contributes to vasodilation and improved blood flow to working muscle. These functions require adequate amounts of red blood cells in circulation. Trained athletes, particularly in endurance sports, have a decreased hematocrit, which is sometimes called “sports anemia.” This is not anemia in a clinical sense, because athletes have in fact an increased total mass of red blood cells and hemoglobin in circulation relative to sedentary individuals. The slight decrease in hematocrit by training is brought about by an increased plasma volume (PV). The mechanisms that increase total red blood cell mass by training are not understood fully. Despite stimulated erythropoiesis, exercise can decrease the red blood cell mass by intravascular hemolysis mainly of senescent red blood cells, which is caused by mechanical rupture when red blood cells pass through capillaries in contracting muscles, and by compression of red cells e.g., in foot soles during running or in hand palms in weightlifters. Together, these adjustments cause a decrease in the average age of the population of circulating red blood cells in trained athletes. These younger red cells are characterized by improved oxygen release and deformability, both of which also improve tissue oxygen supply during exercise. PMID:24273518

Destruction of newly released red blood cells in space flight

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Alfrey, C. P.; Udden, M. M.; Huntoon, C. L.; Driscoll, T.

1996-01-01

Space flight results in a rapid change in total blood volume, plasma volume, and red blood cell mass because the space to contain blood is decreased. The plasma volume and total blood volume decreases during the first hours in space and remain at a decreased level for the remainder of the flight. During the first several hours following return to earth, plasma volume and total blood volume increase to preflight levels. During the first few days in space recently produced red blood cells disappear from the blood resulting in a decrease in red blood cell mass of 10-15%. Red cells 12 d old or older survive normally and production of new cells continues at near preflight levels. After the first few days in space, the red cell mass is stable at the decreased level. Following return to earth the hemoglobin and red blood cell mass concentrations decrease reflecting the increase in plasma volume. The erythropoietin levels increase responding to "postflight anemia"; red cell production increases, and the red cell mass is restored to preflight levels after several weeks.

Phosphate Ion Exchange Resin Used in the Liquid Preservation of Baboon Red Blood Cells.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-06-08

absence of resin. The addition of a phosphate anion exchange resin to the CPD anticoagulant provided better maintenance of red cell 23 DPG and P50 levels ...than red blood cells S.prepared from blood without resin. Red blood cell ATP levels and 24-hour post- transfusion survival values were similar whether or...coagulant provided better maintenance of red cell 2,3 DPG and P50 levels during storage of whole blood at 4 C, and red blood cells prepared from whole

The Effect of Iron Deficiency on Osmotic Sensitivity of Red Blood Cells from Neonatal Rats and Their Mothers.

PubMed

Al-Hashimi, L Mossa; Gambling, Lorraine; McArdle, H J

2015-12-01

Iron deficiency during pregnancy has many effects on both the mother and her developing foetus. These can be both short and long term. One effect is an alteration in fatty acid metabolism and we hypothesised that these changes may result in alterations in membrane function and structure. In order to test this hypothesis, we measured osmotic sensitivity in red blood cells isolated from neonates and their mothers at different times following birth. We fed female rats control or iron-deficient diets for 4 weeks prior to mating and kept them on the same diet until term. At that time, we returned one group of deficient dams to the control diet. The others were kept on the same diet. We showed that iron deficiency results in a decrease in osmotic sensitivity in the mothers but not in their neonates. Returning the dams to the control diet resulted in a return of their red cell osmotic sensitivity to control levels. In the neonates, there was no recovery in haematocrit or in any other parameter, though they did not get any worse, in contrast to the pups being suckled by deficient mothers. The data show two things. The first is that following birth, the mother restores her own iron stores at the expense of the pups, and secondly, there are differences in properties and sensitivities between red cells from mothers and their neonates. This latter observation cannot be explained by differences in the membrane fatty acid profiles, which were not significantly different.

Trpc2 Depletion Protects RBC from Oxidative Stress-Induced Hemolysis

PubMed Central

Hirschler-Laszkiewicz, Iwona; Zhang, Wenyi; Keefer, Kerry; Conrad, Kathleen; Tong, Qin; Chen, Shu-jen; Bronson, Sarah; Cheung, Joseph Y.; Miller, Barbara A.

2011-01-01

Transient receptor potential channels Trpc2 and Trpc3 are expressed on normal murine erythroid precursors, and erythropoietin stimulates an increase in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) through TRPC2 and TRPC3. Because modulation of [Ca2+]i is an important signaling pathway in erythroid proliferation and differentiation, Trpc2, Trpc3, and Trpc2/Trpc3 double knockout mice were utilized to explore the roles of these channels in erythropoiesis. Trpc2, Trpc3, and Trpc2/Trpc3 double knockout mice were not anemic, and had similar red blood cell counts, hemoglobins, and reticulocyte counts as wild type littermate controls. Although the erythropoietin induced increase in [Ca2+]i was reduced, these knockout mice showed no defects in red cell production. The major phenotypic difference at steady state was that the mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and hematocrit of red cells were significantly greater in Trpc2 and Trpc2/Trpc3 double knockout mice, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was significantly reduced. All hematological parameters in Trpc3 knockout mice were similar to controls. When exposed to phenyhydrazine, unlike the Trpc3 knockouts, Trpc2 and Trpc2/Trpc3 double knockout mice showed significant resistance to hemolysis. This was associated with significant reduction in hydrogen peroxide-induced calcium influx in erythroblasts. While erythropoietin induced calcium influx through TRPC2 or TRPC3 is not critical for erythroid production, these data demonstrate that TRPC2 plays an important role in oxidative stress-induced hemolysis which may be related to reduced calcium entry in red cells in the presence of Trpc2 depletion. PMID:21924222

21 CFR 864.8185 - Calibrator for red cell and white cell counting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... counting is a device that resembles red or white blood cells and that is used to set instruments intended to count red cells, white cells, or both. It is a suspension of particles or cells whose size, shape... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Calibrator for red cell and white cell counting...

21 CFR 864.8185 - Calibrator for red cell and white cell counting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... counting is a device that resembles red or white blood cells and that is used to set instruments intended to count red cells, white cells, or both. It is a suspension of particles or cells whose size, shape... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Calibrator for red cell and white cell counting...

21 CFR 864.8185 - Calibrator for red cell and white cell counting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... counting is a device that resembles red or white blood cells and that is used to set instruments intended to count red cells, white cells, or both. It is a suspension of particles or cells whose size, shape... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Calibrator for red cell and white cell counting...

21 CFR 864.8185 - Calibrator for red cell and white cell counting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... counting is a device that resembles red or white blood cells and that is used to set instruments intended to count red cells, white cells, or both. It is a suspension of particles or cells whose size, shape... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Calibrator for red cell and white cell counting...

Growth and replication of red rain cells at 121°C and their red fluorescence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gangappa, Rajkumar; Wickramasinghe, Chandra; Wainwright, Milton; Kumar, A. Santhosh; Louis, Godfrey

2010-09-01

We have shown that the red cells found in the Red Rain (which fell on Kerala, India, in 2001) survive and grow after incubation for periods of up to two hours at 121°C . Under these conditions daughter cells appear within the original mother cells and the number of cells in the samples increases with length of exposure to 121°C. No such increase in cells occurs at room temperature, suggesting that the increase in daughter cells is brought about by exposure of the Red Rain cells to high temperatures. This is an independent confirmation of results reported earlier by two of the present authors, claiming that the cells can replicate under high pressure at temperatures upto 300°C. The flourescence behaviour of the red cells is shown to be in remarkable correspondence with the extended red emission observed in the Red Rectagle planetary nebula and other galactic and extragalactic dust clouds, suggesting, though not proving an extraterrestrial origin.

Effects of supplementation of threshed sorghum top with selected browse plant foliage on haematology and serum biochemical parameters of Red Sokoto goats.

PubMed

Okunade, Sunday Adewale; Isah, Olubukola Ajike; Oyekunle, Mufutau Atanda; Olafadehan, Olurotimi Ayobami; Makinde, Olayinka John

2016-06-01

The haematological and biochemical parameters of 24 growing Red Sokoto bucks (9.00 ± 0.25 kg body weight) fed threshed sorghum top (TST) with or without five different browse plant foliage Afzelia africana (AA), Daniellia oliveri (DO), Piliostigma thonningii (PT), Pterocarpus erinaceus (PE) and Annona senegalensis (AS) supplements were studied using a completely randomized design. All haematological parameters were (P < 0.05) lower in TST-fed goats compared with TST-supplemented goats, except for mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), lymphocytes and monocytes which did not follow a particular pattern. Packed cell volume, haemoglobin and monocytes were higher for AA-supplemented goats while MCHC was reduced relative to other supplements (P < 0.05). White blood cell counts were increased in DO lambs compared to other supplements (P < 0.05). Serum proteins, creatinine, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphate were reduced in TST compared with the supplements (P < 0.05). Cholesterol was higher for PT and AA than other diets (P < 0.05). Aspartate transaminase was reduced in TST goats relative to the supplements (P < 0.05). Except for potassium which was reduced in AS (P < 0.05), all serum major minerals were similar among diets. Results indicate that the entire browse fodder are good supplements to low-quality TST, though A. africana appears to have a better supplementary effect on haematological and biochemical parameters of the goats.

The investigation of interspecies diversity of erythrocyte aggregation properties by two different photometric methods in four animal species.

PubMed

Kiss, F; Toth, E; Peto, K; Miko, I; Nemeth, N

2015-12-01

Among the haemorheological parameters, red blood cell (RBC) aggregation shows the largest interspecies diversity, and often controversial data can be found in the literature, besides the methodology-dependent issues. In this present investigation, we compared four experimental/laboratory animal species' RBC aggregation by two different photometric methods for better revealing the differences. Blood samples (K3-EDTA, 1.5 mg/ml) were taken from female animals: 16 inbred mice (Mus musculus, cardiac puncture), 15 outbred rats (Rattus norvegicus, caudal caval vein puncture), 15 beagle dogs (Canis canis, cephalic vein) and 23 juvenile pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus, medial saphenous vein). Haematological parameters (microcell counter) and RBC aggregation (light transmission and syllectometry-laser backscatter methods) were determined within 2 h after sampling. Describing the first 5-10 s of the aggregation process, additional parameters were calculated out of the syllectometric raw data. Standardized difference was calculated to determine the sensitivity of the two devices. Parameters describing the extent and magnitude of red blood cell aggregation showed the lowest values in the rat and the highest in the pig and canine blood. In turn, parameters describing the kinetics of aggregation showed the lowest values in the mouse and the highest in the rat. The standardized difference values for the laser backscattering method were 2-4 times larger vs. the light transmission one. The magnitude of the differences was not consequent in the aggregation parameters. These comparative results show that the laser backscattering method can detect the RBC aggregation differences between the investigated species more sensitively than the light transmission method. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition © 2015 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

Comparison Between Human and Porcine Thromboelastograph Parameters in Response to Ex-Vivo Changes to Platelets, Plasma, and Red Blood Cells

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

diluted with lactated Ringer’s solution. We demonstrated that the major factor affecting the MA and angle was the platelet count. In fact, reducing...with an accelerant, either kaolin or tissue factor or both as in the case of ‘rapid’ TEG. The TEG tracing represents the cell-based theory of...There are claims in the trauma literature that the pro- longation of the R-time reflects clotting factor deficiency or dilution, prolongation of K

Red Blood Cell Immune Complex Binding Capacity in Children with Sickle Cell Trait (HbAS) Living in P. falciparum Malaria Holoendemic Region of Western Kenya

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-12-08

the erythrocytes in normal individuals and also in certain disease states such as systemic lupus erythematosus, HIV and some hemolytic anemia. In these...chronic conditions including malaria, HIV infection and others are known to interfere with the parameters under investigation such as complement...Craig M, Deichmann U, Marsh K. Estimating mortality, morbidity and disability due to malaria among Africa’s non- pregnant population. Bull World Health

Red Cell Properties after Different Modes of Blood Transportation

PubMed Central

Makhro, Asya; Huisjes, Rick; Verhagen, Liesbeth P.; Mañú-Pereira, María del Mar; Llaudet-Planas, Esther; Petkova-Kirova, Polina; Wang, Jue; Eichler, Hermann; Bogdanova, Anna; van Wijk, Richard; Vives-Corrons, Joan-Lluís; Kaestner, Lars

2016-01-01

Transportation of blood samples is unavoidable for assessment of specific parameters in blood of patients with rare anemias, blood doping testing, or for research purposes. Despite the awareness that shipment may substantially alter multiple parameters, no study of that extent has been performed to assess these changes and optimize shipment conditions to reduce transportation-related artifacts. Here we investigate the changes in multiple parameters in blood of healthy donors over 72 h of simulated shipment conditions. Three different anticoagulants (K3EDTA, Sodium Heparin, and citrate-based CPDA) for two temperatures (4°C and room temperature) were tested to define the optimal transportation conditions. Parameters measured cover common cytology and biochemistry parameters (complete blood count, hematocrit, morphological examination), red blood cell (RBC) volume, ion content and density, membrane properties and stability (hemolysis, osmotic fragility, membrane heat stability, patch-clamp investigations, and formation of micro vesicles), Ca2+ handling, RBC metabolism, activity of numerous enzymes, and O2 transport capacity. Our findings indicate that individual sets of parameters may require different shipment settings (anticoagulants, temperature). Most of the parameters except for ion (Na+, K+, Ca2+) handling and, possibly, reticulocytes counts, tend to favor transportation at 4°C. Whereas plasma and intraerythrocytic Ca2+ cannot be accurately measured in the presence of chelators such as citrate and EDTA, the majority of Ca2+-dependent parameters are stabilized in CPDA samples. Even in blood samples from healthy donors transported using an optimized shipment protocol, the majority of parameters were stable within 24 h, a condition that may not hold for the samples of patients with rare anemias. This implies for as short as possible shipping using fast courier services to the closest expert laboratory at reach. Mobile laboratories or the travel of the patients to the specialized laboratories may be the only option for some groups of patients with highly unstable RBCs. PMID:27471472

21 CFR 660.30 - Reagent Red Blood Cells.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2011-04-01 2010-04-01 true Reagent Red Blood Cells. 660.30 Section 660.30 Food... ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR LABORATORY TESTS Reagent Red Blood Cells § 660.30 Reagent Red Blood Cells. (a) Proper name and definition. The proper name of the product shall be Reagent Red...

Altered expression of blood group A and H antigens on red cells from an acute leukemic patient.

PubMed

Matsuki, T; Shimano, S; Furukawa, K

1992-01-01

Alternate expressions of the blood group A and H antigens on red cells are described in a patient with acute myelocytic leukemia. The patient's red cells showed mixed field agglutination with anti-A and anti-H sera and lectins, and no agglutination with anti-B serum. The agglutinability of the A red cells with Dolichos biflorus lectin was between A1 and A2 (A intermediate). Inagglutinable red cells were separated with anti-A agglutinin, and the proportion was about 80% of total cells. The agglutinating activity with Ulex europaeus anti-H of red cells, which were inagglutinable with anti-A, was 16 times weaker than that of group O cells. The weaker reaction with Ricinus communis lectin and the stronger reaction with Psathyrella velutina lectin on the inagglutinable cells with anti-A than those on the group O cells suggest that fucosyl alpha (1-2) and galactosyl beta (1-4) residues at the nonreducing end of carbohydrate chains of H antigens on the red cells were diminished, and N-acetylglucosaminyl beta (1-3) residues were sequentially exposed. His saliva contained A and H substances in normal amounts of a secretor. Serum alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity which converts O red cells to A red cells was the same as those in sera from A1 individuals. These results suggest that the synthesis of H precursors is partially blocked in this patient's red cells.

Retrospective population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis of pyridostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, in Chinese males.

PubMed

Seng, Kok-Yong; Loke, Weng-Keong; Moochhala, Shabbir; Zhao, Bin; Lee, Jon-Deoon Edmund

2009-09-01

We have characterised the population pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of pyridostigmine given as pyridostigmine bromide. Over three days 50 healthy Chinese male subjects each received seven doses of 30 mg pyridostigmine bromide orally (3 x 10 mg every 8 h). Plasma concentrations of pyridostigmine and red blood cell acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were determined at various times within the eight hours after the first and the seventh doses. The resulting pharmacokinetic data were fitted to a single compartment open model with first-order absorption and elimination. The pharmacodynamics were modelled using an inhibitory E(max) model. The potential influence of demographic and biological covariates on the model parameters was investigated. Nonlinear mixed effects modelling was performed using NONMEM. The apparent clearance and volume of distribution as well as absorption rate constant of plasma pyridostigmine were estimated to be 136 l/h, 130 l and 0.68 1/h, respectively. The maximum red blood cell AChE activity decrease (E(max)) and plasma pyridostigmine concentration producing 50% of this reduction (EC50) were estimated to be 9.32 AChE units per gram haemoglobin and 51.9 ng/ml, respectively. None of the tested covariates were found to be correlated with any of the model parameters. Dosing simulations suggested that 30 mg repeated every six hours might be needed to achieve steady-state trough percentage inhibition above the recommended 10% in healthy Chinese males. The pharmacokinetics and the effects of pyridostigmine on red blood cell AChE activity were described using a mixed effects model. For Chinese males, the dosing interval may have been shorter than that recommended for the Caucasian population. Additional studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Quality and safety of red blood cells stored in two additive solutions subjected to multiple room temperature exposures.

PubMed

de Grandmont, M J; Ducas, E; Girard, M; Méthot, M; Brien, M; Thibault, L

2014-10-01

Many international standards state that red blood cell (RBC) products should be discarded if left out of controlled temperature storage for longer than 30 min to reduce the risk of bacterial growth and RBC loss of viability. This study aimed to verify whether repeated short-time exposures to room temperature (RT) influence RBCs quality and bacterial proliferation. Saline-adenine-glucose-mannitol (SAGM) and AS-3 RBC units were split and exposed to RT for 30 or 60 min on day 2, 7, 14, 21, and 42 of storage while reference units remained stored at 1-6°C. Red blood cell in vitro quality parameters were evaluated after each exposure. In a second experiment, SAGM and AS-3 RBC units were split and inoculated with Staphylococcus epidermidis (5 CFU/ml), Serratia marcescens (1 CFU/ml), and Serratia liquefaciens (1 CFU/ml). Reference units remained in storage while test units were exposed as described previously. Bacterial concentrations were investigated after each exposure. No differences were noticed between reference and test units in any of the in vitro parameters investigated. S. epidermidis did not grow in either reference or exposed RBCs. While S. marcescens did not grow in AS-3, bacterial growth was observed in RT-exposed SAGM RBCs on day 42. Similar growth was obtained for S. liquefaciens in the two additive solutions for both reference and test units. Short-time exposures to RT do not affect RBC quality and do not significantly influence bacterial growth. An expansion of the '30-minute' rule to 60 min should be considered by regulatory agencies. © 2014 International Society of Blood Transfusion.

Prevention of retinal capillary basement membrane thickening in diabetic dogs by a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

PubMed

Gardiner, T A; Anderson, H R; Degenhardt, T; Thorpe, S R; Baynes, J W; Archer, D B; Stitt, A W

2003-09-01

To investigate the effect of treatment with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Sulindac on the early vascular pathology of diabetic retinopathy in the dog, and it's effect on recognised biochemical indices of hyperglycaemia-related pathophysiology. Experimental diabetes (streptozotocin/alloxan) was induced in 22 male beagle dogs and 12 of the animals were assigned at random to receive oral Sulindac (10 mg/kg daily). Age- and sex-matched control animals were maintained as non-diabetic controls. After 4 years, several morphological parameters were quantified in the retinal microvasculature of each animal group using an established stereological method. Also, the following diabetes-associated biochemical parameters were analysed: accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), red blood cell polyol levels and antioxidant status. Diabetes increased red blood cell sorbitol levels when compared to non-diabetic controls (p< or =0.05), however, there was no difference in sorbitol levels between the untreated and the treated diabetic animals. No significant differences were found in red blood cell myoinositol levels between the three groups of animals. Pentosidine and other AGEs were increased two- to three-fold in the diabetic animals (p< or =0.001) although treatment with Sulindac did not affect their accumulation in diabetic skin collagen or alter diabetes-induced rises in plasma malondialdehyde. Retinal capillary basement membrane volume was significantly increased in the untreated diabetic dogs compared to non-diabetic controls or Sulindac-treated diabetic animals (p< or =0.0001). This study has confirmed the beneficial effect of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug on the early vascular pathology of diabetic retinopathy. However the treatment benefit was not dependent on inhibition of polyol pathway activity, advanced glycation, or oxidative stress.

Red Blood Cell Susceptibility to Pneumolysin

PubMed Central

Bokori-Brown, Monika; Petrov, Peter G.; Khafaji, Mawya A.; Mughal, Muhammad K.; Naylor, Claire E.; Shore, Angela C.; Gooding, Kim M.; Casanova, Francesco; Mitchell, Tim J.; Titball, Richard W.; Winlove, C. Peter

2016-01-01

This study investigated the effect of the biochemical and biophysical properties of the plasma membrane as well as membrane morphology on the susceptibility of human red blood cells to the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin pneumolysin, a key virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae, using single cell studies. We show a correlation between the physical properties of the membrane (bending rigidity and surface and dipole electrostatic potentials) and the susceptibility of red blood cells to pneumolysin-induced hemolysis. We demonstrate that biochemical modifications of the membrane induced by oxidative stress, lipid scrambling, and artificial cell aging modulate the cell response to the toxin. We provide evidence that the diversity of response to pneumolysin in diabetic red blood cells correlates with levels of glycated hemoglobin and that the mechanical properties of the red blood cell plasma membrane are altered in diabetes. Finally, we show that diabetic red blood cells are more resistant to pneumolysin and the related toxin perfringolysin O relative to healthy red blood cells. Taken together, these studies indicate that the diversity of cell response to pneumolysin within a population of human red blood cells is influenced by the biophysical and biochemical status of the plasma membrane and the chemical and/or oxidative stress pre-history of the cell. PMID:26984406

Monitoring dynamic reactions of red blood cells to UHF electromagnetic waves radiation using a novel micro-imaging technology.

PubMed

Ruan, Ping; Yong, Junguang; Shen, Hongtao; Zheng, Xianrong

2012-12-01

Multiple state-of-the-art techniques, such as multi-dimensional micro-imaging, fast multi-channel micro-spetrophotometry, and dynamic micro-imaging analysis, were used to dynamically investigate various effects of cell under the 900 MHz electromagnetic radiation. Cell changes in shape, size, and parameters of Hb absorption spectrum under different power density electromagnetic waves radiation were presented in this article. Experimental results indicated that the isolated human red blood cells (RBCs) do not have obviously real-time responses to the ultra-low density (15 μW/cm(2), 31 μW/cm(2)) electromagnetic wave radiation when the radiation time is not more than 30 min; however, the cells do have significant reactions in shape, size, and the like, to the electromagnetic waves radiation with power densities of 1 mW/cm(2) and 5 mW/cm(2). The data also reveal the possible influences and statistical relationships among living human cell functions, radiation amount, and exposure time with high-frequency electromagnetic waves. The results of this study may be significant on protection of human being and other living organisms against possible radiation affections of the high-frequency electromagnetic waves.

[Impact of oxygen toxic action on the erythrocyte membrane and possibility of estimating central nervous system function disturbances].

PubMed

Belić, Branislava; Cincović, Marko R

2011-07-01

BACKGROUND/AIM; Prolonged exposure to hyperbaric oxygen leads to changes of erythrocytes shape as a consequence of toxic effects of oxygen on the erythrocyte membrane. The aim of this study was to examine the association between occurance of pathological forms of erythrocytes at different time from the start of hyperbaric oxygenation and the moment of convulsions occurrence, an interrelationship of different pathological forms of erythrocytes during exposure to hyperbaric oxygenation, as well as the correlation between the presence of ruptured erythrocytes and function of central nervous system (CNS) after completion of hyperbaric treatment. Sixty laboratory mice, Mus musculus, were exposed to the wholly-oxygen pressure of 3.5 absolute atmospheres (ATA). Blood was collected at the 32nd, 34th, 36th, 38th and 40th minutes after the exposure to oxygen. Pathological forms of erythrocytes were examined by electron microscopy. A moment of convulsions occurrence was registered in all animals. After decompression neurological examinations of experimental animals were perfomed. The Pearson's coefficient of correlation, and linear regression equations for the parameters outlined in the aim of the study were calculated. Hyperbaric oxygen caused damages of erythrocytes at the 34th minute after beginning of the treatment. Various forms of abnormal red blood cells occured, and immediately before the occurrence of irreversible changes (erythrocyte membrane rupture) echinocyte shape was dominated. A significant correlation between the number of damaged red blood cells at 34th minute and their number at the 36th, 38th and 40th minute was found. Convulsions were diagnosed significantly earlier in mice with a greater number of damaged red blood cells (p < 0.01). There was a negative correlation between the number of irreversiblly damaged red blood cells (ruptured) at the 40th minute and neurological score in the studied animals (p < 0.05). The analysis of altered erythrocytes during hyperbaric oxygenation could predict a moment of seizures occurrence, and therefore the duration of the therapy with hyperbaric oxygen. Ehinocytes indicate impending rupture of red blood cells and a possible occurrence of seizures. An increased number of ruptured red blood cells may also even indicate the potential burden of CNS after cessation of hyperbaric oxygenation.

[Effects of water stress on red-edge parameters and yield in wheat cropping].

PubMed

He, Ke-Xun; Zaho, Shu-He; Lai, Jian-Bin; Luo, Yun-Xiao; Qin, Zhi-Hao

2013-08-01

The objective of the present paper is to study the influence of water stress on wheat spectrum red edge parameters by using field wheat spectrum data obtained from water stress experiment. Firstly, the authors analyzed the influence of water stress on wheat spectrum reflectance. Then the authors got the wheat red edge position and red edge peak through calculating wheat spectrum first-order differential and analyzed the influence of water stress on wheat red edge parameters. Finally the authors discussed the relationship between red peak and wheat yield. The results showed that the wheat red edge position shows "red shift" at the beginning of the wheat growth period and "blue shift" at the later period of the wheat growth period under the water stress experiment. Also, the red edge peak of the wheat showed that red edge peak increased with the water stress sharpening at the beginning of the wheat growth period, and then the red edge peak reduced with the water stress sharpening. The wheat red edge peak presented positive correlation with the wheat yield before the elongation period, and exhibited negative correlation after that period.

[Studies on red orpiment induction of NB4 and HL-60 cell apoptosis].

PubMed

Bai, Y; Huang, S

1998-09-01

To study the possible mechanism of red orpiment, which is main component of composite indigo naturalis tablets, in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia(APL). The effect of red orpiment on induction of APL cell line NB4 and HL-60 apoptosis were studied by cell morphology, DNA gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry assay. Red orpiment induced NB4 and HL-60 cell apoptosis. When treated with different concentration of red orpiment(25-200 micrograms/ml) for 16 hours, both NB4 and HL-60 cells showed typical apoptosis features. If decreased the concentration of red orpiment to 12.5 micrograms/ml, the NB4 cell still showed apoptosis features while the HL-60 cell did not when cultured for 72 hours. Arsenic disulfide(As2S2) had the same effect as red orpiment did under the same experiment condition. It is the main component, As2S2 of the red orpiment that can induces NB4 and HL-60 cell apoptosis. and the red orpiment is responsible for the high CR rate of APL induced by the composite indigo naturalis tablets.

Prevention of red cell storage lesion: a comparison of five different additive solutions.

PubMed

Lagerberg, Johan W; Korsten, Herbert; Van Der Meer, Pieter F; De Korte, Dirk

2017-09-01

In Europe, red cell concentrates (RCC) are usually stored in SAGM (saline-adenine-glucose-mannitol). During storage, in vitro red cell quality declines, including lowered energy status and increased cell lysis. Recently, several additive solutions (ASs), designed to diminish the decline in in vitro quality during storage, have been developed. These new solutions have mainly been developed to better maintain red blood cell (RBC) 2,3-biphosphoglycerate (2,3 BPG) levels and energy status during storage. High levels of 2,3 BPG allow for better oxygen release while high energy status is necessary for function and survival of RBC in vivo. In a paired study design, RBC ASs were compared for their ability to provide improved in vitro quality during hypothermic storage. For each experiment, 5 whole blood units held overnight were pooled and split. The whole blood units were processed according to the buffy coat method. RBCs were resuspended in either SAGM, PAGGSM, PAG3M, E-Sol 5 or AS-7 and leucoreduced by filtration. RCCs were stored for eight weeks at 2-6 °C and sampled weekly for analysis of in vitro quality parameters. Red cell concentrates stored in PAG3M, E-Sol 5 and AS-7 showed significantly higher lactate production and higher levels of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and total adenylate. 2,3 BPG levels rapidly declined during storage in SAGM and PAGGSM. The decline in 2,3 BPG was inhibited during storage in E-Sol 5 and AS-7, while in PAG3M, 2,3 BPG level increased above the initial level till day 35 and remained detectable till day 56. Haemolysis was comparable for all ASs until day 35, upon prolonged storage, haemolysis in SAGM was higher than with the other ASs. As compared to SAGM, storage in PAGGSM, PAG3M, E-Sol 5 and AS-7 better maintained morphological properties. Storage of RBCs in the new generation ASs yield RBCs with more stable metabolite levels and improved overall quality during storage as compared with RBCs stored in SAGM.

Red blood cell vesiculation in hereditary hemolytic anemia

PubMed Central

Alaarg, Amr; Schiffelers, Raymond M.; van Solinge, Wouter W.; van Wijk, Richard

2013-01-01

Hereditary hemolytic anemia encompasses a heterogeneous group of anemias characterized by decreased red blood cell survival because of inherited membrane, enzyme, or hemoglobin disorders. Affected red blood cells are more fragile, less deformable, and more susceptible to shear stress and oxidative damage, and show increased vesiculation. Red blood cells, as essentially all cells, constitutively release phospholipid extracellular vesicles in vivo and in vitro in a process known as vesiculation. These extracellular vesicles comprise a heterogeneous group of vesicles of different sizes and intracellular origins. They are described in literature as exosomes if they originate from multi-vesicular bodies, or as microvesicles when formed by a one-step budding process directly from the plasma membrane. Extracellular vesicles contain a multitude of bioactive molecules that are implicated in intercellular communication and in different biological and pathophysiological processes. Mature red blood cells release in principle only microvesicles. In hereditary hemolytic anemias, the underlying molecular defect affects and determines red blood cell vesiculation, resulting in shedding microvesicles of different compositions and concentrations. Despite extensive research into red blood cell biochemistry and physiology, little is known about red cell deformability and vesiculation in hereditary hemolytic anemias, and the associated pathophysiological role is incompletely assessed. In this review, we discuss recent progress in understanding extracellular vesicles biology, with focus on red blood cell vesiculation. Also, we review recent scientific findings on the molecular defects of hereditary hemolytic anemias, and their correlation with red blood cell deformability and vesiculation. Integrating bio-analytical findings on abnormalities of red blood cells and their microvesicles will be critical for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of hereditary hemolytic anemias. PMID:24379786

Red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) ethanolic extract as prevention against atherosclerosis based on the level of Low-Density Lipoprotein and histopathological feature of aorta in male Sprague-Dawley rats

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pradana, Dimas Adhi; Pondawinata, Marizki; Widyarini, Sitarina

2017-03-01

This study aimed to determine the potential activity of standardized ethanolic extract of red spinach as prevention against atherosclerosis based on the level of Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and histopathological feature of aorta in male Sprague-Dawley rats induced by high-fat, high-cholesterol diet. A total of 42 animals was divided into 6 groups: normal control group, negative control group, positive control group (0.9 mg/kgBW of simvastatin), first intervention group (200 mg/kgBW of red spinach extract), second intervention group (400 mg/kgBW of red spinach extract), and third intervention group (800 mg/kgBW of red spinach extract). From the first day up to the 66th day, all the groups, except the normal control group and negative control group, were administered simvastatin (positive control) and extract of amaranth (intervention). Then, from the eighth day until Day 66, induction of high-fat and high-cholesterol diet was given in two hours after the simvastatin and red spinach extract administration. The determination of LDL parameters was conducted on Day 0, Day 35, and Day 67. On the 67th day, the animals were dissected to examine the aortic histopathological parameters. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of red spinach with a dose of 200 mg/kgBW, 400 mg/kgBW, and 800 mg/kgBW statistically demonstrated a significant difference (p<0.05). The histopathological feature of the aorta in the treatment indicated the absence of fat in the blood vessel walls or even of foam cells supporting thereby the result of LDL level. This means there was a significant effect of ethanolic extract of red spinach on the prevention against atherosclerosis based on the level of Low-Density Lipoprotein and the histopathological feature of aorta in male Sprague-Dawley rats.

Inflight Assay of Red Blood Cell Deformability

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ingram, M.; Paglia, D. E.; Eckstein, E. C.; Frazer, R. E.

1985-01-01

Studies on Soviet and American astronauts have demonstrated that red blood cell production is altered in response to low gravity (g) environment. This is associated with changes in individual red cells including increased mean cell volume and altered membrane deformability. During long orbital missions, there is a tendency for the red cell mass deficit to be at least partly corrected although the cell shape anomalies are not. Data currently available suggest that the observed decrease in red cell mass is the result of sudden suppression of erythropoieses and that the recovery trend observed during long missions reflects re-establishment of erythropoietic homeostasis at a "set point" for the red cell mass that is slightly below the normal level at 1 g.

Novel noninvasive point-of-care device for real time hemoglobin monitoring

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Timm, Ulrich; Gewiss, Helge; Kraitl, Jens; Stuepmann, Kirstin; Hinz, Michael; Koball, Sebastian; Ewald, Hartmut

2014-02-01

During the perioperative period, which includes the period before surgery and after surgery (postoperative), it is essential to measure diagnostic parameters such as: blood oxygen saturation; hemoglobin (Hb) concentration; and pulse rate. The Hb concentration in human blood is an important parameter to evaluate the physiological condition of an individual, as Hb is the oxygen carrying component of red blood cells. By determining the Hb concentration, it is possible, for example, to observe intraoperative or postoperative bleeding, and use this information as a trigger for autologous/ allogenic blood transfusions. In blood donation center it is also an essential parameter for the decision regarding the acceptance of the donor.

Estimation of polydispersity in aggregating red blood cells by quantitative ultrasound backscatter analysis.

PubMed

de Monchy, Romain; Rouyer, Julien; Destrempes, François; Chayer, Boris; Cloutier, Guy; Franceschini, Emilie

2018-04-01

Quantitative ultrasound techniques based on the backscatter coefficient (BSC) have been commonly used to characterize red blood cell (RBC) aggregation. Specifically, a scattering model is fitted to measured BSC and estimated parameters can provide a meaningful description of the RBC aggregates' structure (i.e., aggregate size and compactness). In most cases, scattering models assumed monodisperse RBC aggregates. This study proposes the Effective Medium Theory combined with the polydisperse Structure Factor Model (EMTSFM) to incorporate the polydispersity of aggregate size. From the measured BSC, this model allows estimating three structural parameters: the mean radius of the aggregate size distribution, the width of the distribution, and the compactness of the aggregates. Two successive experiments were conducted: a first experiment on blood sheared in a Couette flow device coupled with an ultrasonic probe, and a second experiment, on the same blood sample, sheared in a plane-plane rheometer coupled to a light microscope. Results demonstrated that the polydisperse EMTSFM provided the best fit to the BSC data when compared to the classical monodisperse models for the higher levels of aggregation at hematocrits between 10% and 40%. Fitting the polydisperse model yielded aggregate size distributions that were consistent with direct light microscope observations at low hematocrits.

A retrospective analysis of biochemical and haematological parameters in patients with eating disorders.

PubMed

Barron, Leanne J; Barron, Robert F; Johnson, Jeremy C S; Wagner, Ingrid; Ward, Cameron J B; Ward, Shannon R B; Barron, Faye M; Ward, Warren K

2017-01-01

The objective of the study was to determine whether levels of biochemical and haematological parameters in patients with eating disorders (EDs) varied from the general population. Whilst dietary restrictions can lead to nutritional deficiencies, specific abnormalities may be relevant to the diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment of EDs. With ethics approval and informed consent, a retrospective chart audit was conducted of 113 patients with EDs at a general practice in Brisbane, Australia. This was analysed first as a total group (TG) and then in 4 ED subgroups: Anorexia nervosa (AN), Bulimia nervosa (BN), ED Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS), and AN/BN. Eighteen parameters were assessed at or near first presentation: cholesterol, folate, vitamin B12, magnesium, manganese, zinc, calcium, potassium, urate, sodium, albumin, phosphate, ferritin, vitamin D, white cell count, neutrophils, red cell count and platelets. Results were analysed using IBM SPSS 21 and Microsoft Excel 2013 by two-tailed, one-sample t-tests (TG and 4 subgroups) and chi-square tests (TG only) and compared to the population mean standards. Results for the TG and each subgroup individually were then compared with the known reference interval (RI). For the total sample, t-tests showed significant differences for all parameters ( p  < 0.05) except cholesterol. Most parameters gave results below population levels, but folate, phosphate, albumin, calcium and vitamin B12 were above. More patients than expected were below the RI for most parameters in the TG and subgroups. At diagnosis, in patients with EDs, there are often significant differences in multiple haematological and biochemical parameters. Early identification of these abnormalities may provide additional avenues of ED treatment through supplementation and dietary guidance, and may be used to reinforce negative impacts on health caused by the ED to the patient, their family and their treatment team (general practitioner, dietitian and mental health professionals). Study data would support routine measurement of a full blood count and electrolytes, phosphate, magnesium, liver function tests, ferritin, vitamin B12, red cell folate, vitamin D, manganese and zinc for all patients at first presentation with an ED.

Effect of reconstructive vascular surgery on red cell deformability--preliminary results.

PubMed Central

Irwin, S T; Rocks, M J; McGuigan, J A; Patterson, C C; Morris, T C; O'Reilly, M J

1983-01-01

Using a simple filtration method, red cell deformability was measured in healthy control subjects and in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Impaired red cell deformability was demonstrated in patients with rest pain or gangrene and in patients with intermittent claudication. An improvement in red cell deformability was demonstrated after successful reconstructive vascular surgery in both patient groups. An improvement in red cell deformability was demonstrated in patients undergoing major limb amputation. PMID:6619311

The Use of an Acellular Oxygen Carrier in a Human Liver Model of Normothermic Machine Perfusion

PubMed Central

Wallace, Lorraine; Boteon, Yuri; Neil, Desley AH; Smith, Amanda; Stephenson, Barney TF; Schlegel, Andrea; Hübscher, Stefan G; Mirza, Darius F

2017-01-01

Background Normothermic machine perfusion of the liver (NMP-L) is a novel technique that preserves liver grafts under near-physiological conditions whilst maintaining their normal metabolic activity. This process requires an adequate oxygen supply, typically delivered by packed red blood cells (RBC). We present the first experience using an acellular hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier (HBOC) Hemopure in a human model of NMP-L. Methods Five discarded high-risk human livers were perfused with HBOC-based perfusion fluid and matched to 5 RBC-perfused livers. Perfusion parameters, oxygen extraction, metabolic activity and histological features were compared during 6 hours of NMP-L. The cytotoxicity of Hemopure was also tested on human hepatic primary cell line cultures using an in vitro model of ischemia reperfusion injury. Results The vascular flow parameters and the perfusate lactate clearance were similar in both groups. The HBOC-perfused livers extracted more oxygen than those perfused with RBCs (O2ER 13.75 vs 9.43 % x105 per gram of tissue, p=0.001). In vitro exposure to Hemopure did not alter intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species and there was no increase in apoptosis or necrosis observed in any of the tested cell lines. Histological findings were comparable between groups. There was no evidence of histological damage caused by Hemopure. Conclusion Hemopure can be used as an alternative oxygen carrier to packed red cells in NMP-L perfusion fluid. PMID:28520579

Red blood cell aggregation, aggregate strength and oxygen transport potential of blood are abnormal in both homozygous sickle cell anemia and sickle-hemoglobin C disease.

PubMed

Tripette, Julien; Alexy, Tamas; Hardy-Dessources, Marie-Dominique; Mougenel, Daniele; Beltan, Eric; Chalabi, Tawfik; Chout, Roger; Etienne-Julan, Maryse; Hue, Olivier; Meiselman, Herbert J; Connes, Philippe

2009-08-01

Recent evidence suggests that red blood cell aggregation and the ratio of hematocrit to blood viscosity (HVR), an index of the oxygen transport potential of blood, might considerably modulate blood flow dynamics in the microcirculation. It thus seems likely that these factors could play a role in sickle cell disease. We compared red blood cell aggregation characteristics, blood viscosity and HVR at different shear rates between sickle cell anemia and sickle cell hemoglobin C disease (SCC) patients, sickle cell trait carriers (AS) and control individuals (AA). Blood viscosity determined at high shear rate was lower in sickle cell anemia (n=21) than in AA (n=52), AS (n=33) or SCC (n=21), and was markedly increased in both SCC and AS. Despite differences in blood viscosity, both sickle cell anemia and SCC had similar low HVR values compared to both AA and AS. Sickle cell anemia (n=21) and SCC (n=19) subjects had a lower red blood cell aggregation index and longer time for red blood cell aggregates formation than AA (n=16) and AS (n=15), and a 2 to 3 fold greater shear rate required to disperse red blood cell aggregates. The low HVR levels found in sickle cell anemia and SCC indicates a comparable low oxygen transport potential of blood in both genotypes. Red blood cell aggregation properties are likely to be involved in the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease: the increased shear forces needed to disperse red blood cell aggregates may disturb blood flow, especially at the microcirculatory level, since red blood cell are only able to pass through narrow capillaries as single cells rather than as aggregates.

Blood volume and red cell life span (M113), part C

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, P. C., Jr.

1973-01-01

Prechamber, in-chamber, and postchamber blood samples taken from Skylab simulation crewmembers did not indicate significant shortening of the red cell life span during the mission. This does not suggest that the space simulation environment could not be associated with red cell enzyme changes. It does show that any changes in enzymes were not sufficiently great to significantly shorten red cell survival. There was no evidence of bone marrow erythropoetic suppression nor was there any evidence of increased red cell destruction.

Method for extending the useful shelf-life of refrigerated red blood cells by flushing with inert gas

DOEpatents

Bitensky, M.W.; Yoshida, Tatsuro

1997-04-29

A method is disclosed using oxygen removal for extending the useful shelf-life of refrigerated red blood cells. A cost-effective, 4 C storage procedure that preserves red cell quality and prolongs post-transfusion in vivo survival is described. Preservation of adenosine triphosphate levels and reduction in hemolysis and in membrane vesicle production of red blood cells stored at 4 C for prolonged periods of time is achieved by removing oxygen from the red blood cells at the time of storage; in particular, by flushing with an inert gas. Adenosine triphosphate levels of the stored red blood cells are boosted in some samples by addition of ammonium phosphate. 4 figs.

Protease inhibitors-based therapy induces acquired spherocytic-like anaemia and ineffective erythropoiesis in chronic hepatitis C virus patients.

PubMed

Lupo, Francesca; Russo, Roberta; Iolascon, Achille; Ieluzzi, Donatella; Siciliano, Angela; Toniutto, Pierluigi; Matté, Alessandro; Piovesan, Sara; Raffetti, Elena; Turrini, Francesco; Dissegna, Denis; Donato, Francesco; Alberti, Alfredo; Zuliani, Valeria; Fattovich, Giovanna; De Franceschi, Lucia

2016-01-01

The addition of protease inhibitors, boceprevir (BOC) or telaprevir (TRV), to peg-interferon and ribavirin (PR) increases the incidence of anaemia in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Although genetic variants in inosine triphosphatase (ITPA) gene have been linked to the haemolytic anaemia induced by PR, the mechanism sustaining severe anaemia during triple therapy is still unknown. This study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying anaemia in chronic HCV patients with combined therapy. We studied 59 patients with chronic HCV genotype-1: 29 treated with TRV/PR and 30 with BOC/PR. We evaluated biochemical and haematological parameters, red cell index at baseline, 4, 12, 16 and 24 weeks of treatment; in a subgroup, we performed functional studies: osmotic fragility, red cell membrane protein separation, mass spectrometry analysis, quantification of erythroid microparticles release. IL28B and ITPA polymorphisms were also evaluated. We found early acute normochromic normocytic haemolytic anaemia (4-8 weeks) followed by a late macrocytic hypo-regenerative anaemia with inappropriate low reticulocyte count (12-24 weeks). Studies on red cells revealed: (i) presence of spherocytes; (ii) increased osmotic fragility; (iii) abnormalities in red cell membrane protein composition; (iv) reduced membrane-cytoskeleton stability; (v) increased release of erythroid microparticles. ITPA polymorphisms impacted only the early phase of anaemia. The bimodal pattern of anaemia in chronic HCV patients on triple therapy might be because of acquired spherocytic-like anaemia in the early phase, followed by hyporegenerative anaemia, most likely related to the combined effects of PR and TRV or BOC on erythropoiesis. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

[Optimization of trehalose loading in red blood cells before freeze-drying].

PubMed

Zhuang, Yuan; Liu, Jing-Han; Ouyang, Xi-Lin; Chen, Lin-Feng; Che, Ji

2007-04-01

The key points for better protection of trehalose in freeze-drying red blood cells (RBCs) are to resolve non-osmosis of trehalose to red blood cells and to make cytoplasmic trehalose to reach effective concentration. This study was aimed to investigate the regularity of loading RBCs with trehalose, screen out optimal loading condition and evaluate the effect of trehalose on physico-chemical parameters of RBCs during the period of loading. The cytoplasmic trehalose concentration in red blood cells, free hemoglobin and ATP level were determined at different incubation temperatures (4, 22 and 37 degrees C), different trehaolse concentrations (0, 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mmol/L) and different incubation times (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours), the cytoplasmic trehalose, free hemoglobin (FHb), hemoglobin (Hb) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) in fresh RBCs and RBCs stored for 72 hours at 4 degrees C were compared, when loading condition was ensured. The results showed that with increase of incubation temperature, time and extracellular trehalose concentration, the loading of trehalose in RBCs also increased. Under the optimal loading condition, cytoplasmic trehalose concentration and free hemoglobin level of fresh RBCs and RBCs stored for 72 hours at 4 degrees C were 65.505 +/- 6.314 mmol/L, 66.2 +/- 5.002 mmol/L and 6.567 +/- 2.568 g/L, 16.168 +/- 3.922 g/L respectively. It is concluded that the most optimal condition of loading trehalose is that fresh RBCs incubate in 800 mmol/L trehalose solution for 8 hours at 37 degrees C. This condition can result in a efficient cytoplasmic trehalose concentration. The study provides an important basis for long-term preservation of RBCs.

Regulation of hematopoiesis in rats exposed to antiorthostatic, hypokinetic/hypodynamia. I - Model description

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dunn, C. D. R.; Johnson, P. C.; Lange, R. D.; Perez, L.; Nessel, R.

1985-01-01

The effect of a 7-day suspension in a jacket and harness with 20-deg head-down tilt on body weight, food and water consumption, and hematological parameters is investigated experimentally in male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 150-175 g. The results are presented in graphs and compared with those for unsuspended controls and with published data on rats and humans exposed to microgravity in space flight. Suspended rats are found to have reduced red-blood-cell mass, erythropoiesis, plasma volume (leading to temporarily increased hematocrit), body weight, and food and water consumption; rightward-shifted oxyhemoglobin-dissociation curves; and unchanged platelet count, leucocyte count or PHA reactivity, and red-blood-cell shape distribution. Since many of these effects are also seen in space flight, the present experimental model is considered a promising technique for simulating the hematopoietic effects of microgravity at 1 g.

Measurement of the temperature-dependent threshold shear-stress of red blood cell aggregation.

PubMed

Lim, Hyun-Jung; Nam, Jeong-Hun; Lee, Yong-Jin; Shin, Sehyun

2009-09-01

Red blood cell (RBC) aggregation is becoming an important hemorheological parameter, which typically exhibits temperature dependence. Quite recently, a critical shear-stress was proposed as a new dimensional index to represent the aggregative and disaggregative behaviors of RBCs. The present study investigated the effect of the temperature on the critical shear-stress that is required to keep RBC aggregates dispersed. The critical shear-stress was measured at various temperatures (4, 10, 20, 30, and 37 degrees C) through the use of a transient microfluidic aggregometry. The critical shear-stress significantly increased as the blood temperature lowered, which accorded with the increase in the low-shear blood viscosity with the lowering of the temperature. Furthermore, the critical shear-stress also showed good agreement with the threshold shear-stress, as measured in a rotational Couette flow. These findings assist in rheologically validating the critical shear-stress, as defined in the microfluidic aggregometry.

21 CFR 660.30 - Reagent Red Blood Cells.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Reagent Red Blood Cells. 660.30 Section 660.30...) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR LABORATORY TESTS Reagent Red Blood Cells § 660.30 Reagent Red Blood Cells. (a) Proper name and definition. The proper name of the product shall be...

21 CFR 660.30 - Reagent Red Blood Cells.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Reagent Red Blood Cells. 660.30 Section 660.30...) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR LABORATORY TESTS Reagent Red Blood Cells § 660.30 Reagent Red Blood Cells. (a) Proper name and definition. The proper name of the product shall be...

21 CFR 660.30 - Reagent Red Blood Cells.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Reagent Red Blood Cells. 660.30 Section 660.30...) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR LABORATORY TESTS Reagent Red Blood Cells § 660.30 Reagent Red Blood Cells. (a) Proper name and definition. The proper name of the product shall be...

21 CFR 660.30 - Reagent Red Blood Cells.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 7 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Reagent Red Blood Cells. 660.30 Section 660.30...) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR LABORATORY TESTS Reagent Red Blood Cells § 660.30 Reagent Red Blood Cells. (a) Proper name and definition. The proper name of the product shall be...

Estimation of the Hematological Change of Red Blood Cell and Platelet Count of Healthy Pregnant Women in Saudi Arabia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hana, M. M.; Ramzun, M. R.; Nabela, Z.; Zahirah, N. A. N.; Razak, Nik Noor Ashikin Nik Abdul; Azhar, A. R.; Iskandar, S. M.; Nursakinah, S.

2018-04-01

Tremendous changes in hematological values were noticed throughout trimesters of pregnancy. This study is aimed to provide a reference for hematological values based on trimesters, focused on the parameter of red blood cell (RBCs) and platelets (PLTs). There were 4075 local Saudi pregnant women were involved, attending the Maternity and Children Hospital in Dammam and King Fahad University Hospital in Al-Khobar, between 2013 to 2015. The statistical analysis, such as frequency and descriptive were performed. Overall, this study revealed a decline in RBCs and PLTs throughout pregnancy. The RBC, HCT, MPV and MCH mean values were found decreases in the 2nd trimester but increased in the 3rd trimester. On the contrary, the MCV, MCHC, and RDW showed increases in the 2nd trimester and decreased in the 3rd trimester. The changes of the RBCs parameters in 3rd trimester compared to 1st trimester shows increased for MCV while the RBC, HCT, MCH and MCHC decreased. Besides that, most of the respondent suffering from anemia. The hematological values after delivery show decreased for RBC, HCT, MCV, MCH and MPV but an increase in the MCHC, RDW and PLT. Thus, it is highly recommended to request for a complete blood cell screening during pregnancy to provide a better healthcare of the maternal and fetus.

Haemoglobin variants, iron status and anaemia in Sri Lankan adolescents with low red cell indices: A cross sectional survey.

PubMed

Rodrigo, Rexan; Allen, Angela; Manampreri, Aresha; Perera, Luxman; Fisher, Christopher A; Allen, Stephen; Weatherall, David J; Premawardhena, Anuja

2018-07-01

Iron deficiency complicates the use of red cell indices to screen for carriers of haemoglobin variants in many populations. In a cross sectional survey of 7526 secondary school students from 25 districts of Sri Lanka, 1963 (26.0%) students had low red cell indices. Iron deficiency, identified by low serum ferritin, was the major identifiable cause occurring in 550/1806 (30.5%) students. Low red cell indices occurred in iron-replete students with alpha-thalassaemia including those with single alpha-globin gene deletions. Anaemia and low red cell indices were also common in beta-thalassaemia trait. An unexpected finding was that low red cell indices occurred in 713 iron-replete students with a normal haemoglobin genotype. It is common practice to prescribe iron supplements to individuals with low red cell indices. Since low red cell indices were a feature of all forms of α thalassaemia and also of iron deficiency, in areas where both conditions are common, such as Sri Lanka, it is imperative to differentiate between the two, to allow targeted administration of iron supplements and avoid the possible deleterious effects of increased iron availability in iron replete individuals with low red cell indices due to other causes such as α thalassaemia. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Hematological alterations and thymic function in newborns of HIV-infected mothers receiving antiretroviral drugs.

PubMed

Wongnoi, Rotjanee; Penvieng, Nawaporn; Singboottra, Panthong; Kingkeow, Doungnapa; Oberdorfer, Peninnah; Sirivatanapa, Pannee; Pornprasert, Sakorn

2013-06-08

To investigate the effects of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs on hematological parameters and thymic function in HIV-uninfected newborns of HIV-infected mothers. Cross sectional study. Chiang-Mai University Hospital, Chiang-Mai, Thailand. 49 HIV-uninfected and 26 HIV-infected pregnancies. Cord blood samples of newborns from HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected mothers were collected. Hematological parameters were measured using automatic blood cell count. T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) levels in cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs), CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells were quantified using real-time PCR.. Hemotological parameters and thymic function. Newborn of HIV-infected mother tended to have lower mean levels of hemoglobin than those of HIV-uninfected mother (137 ±22 vs 146 ±17 g/L, P = 0.05). Furthermore, mean of red blood cell (RBC) counts and hematocrit and median of TRECs in CD4+ T-cells in the newborns of the former were significantly lower than those of the latter [3.6 ±0.7 vs 4.8 ±0.6 x 1012 cells/L, P <0.001; 0.40 ±0.07 vs 0.46 ±0.05 L/L, P < 0.001 and 0.53 (IQR: 0.03-5.76) vs 13.20 (IQR: 2.77-27.51) x 10-3 pg/uL, P = 0.02, respectively]. ARV drugs altered hematological parameters and thymic function (TRECs CD4+ T-cells) in HIV-uninfected newborns of HIV-infected mothers.

Red Dot Basal Cell Carcinoma: An Unusual Variant of a Common Malignancy.

PubMed

Loh, Tiffany Y; Cohen, Philip R

2016-05-01

Red dot basal cell carcinoma is a distinct but rare subtype of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). It presents as a red macule or papule; therefore, in most cases, it may easily be mistaken for a benign vascular lesion, such as a telangiectasia or angioma.
A red dot BCC in an older woman is described. Clinical and histological differences between red dot BCCs and telangiectasias are described.
A 72-year-old woman initially presented with a painless red macule on her nose. Biopsy of the lesion established the diagnosis of a red dot BCC. Pubmed was searched for the following terms: angioma, basal cell carcinoma, dermoscope, diascopy, red dot, non-melanoma skin cancer, telangiectasia, and vascular. The papers were reviewed for cases of red dot basal cell carcinoma. Clinical and histological characteristics of red dot basal cell carcinoma and telangiectasias were compared.
Red dot BCC is an extremely rare variant of BCC that may be confused with benign vascular lesions. Although BCCs rarely metastasize and are associated with low mortality, they have the potential to become locally invasive and destructive if left untreated. Thus, a high index of suspicion for red dot BCC is necessary.

J Drugs Dermatol. 2016;15(5):645-647.

Reduced DIDS-sensitive chloride conductance in Ae1-/- mouse erythrocytes

PubMed Central

Alper, Seth L.; Vandorpe, David H.; Peters, Luanne L.; Brugnara, Carlo

2008-01-01

The resting membrane potential of the human erythrocyte is largely determined by a constitutive Cl- conductance ∼100-fold greater than the resting cation conductance. The 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (DIDS)-sensitive electroneutral Cl- transport mediated by the human erythroid Cl-/HCO3- exchanger, AE1 (SLC4A1, band 3) is ≥10,000-fold greater than can be accounted for by the Cl- conductance of the red cell. The molecular identities of conductive anion pathways across the red cell membrane remain poorly defined. We have examined red cell Cl- conductance in the Ae1-/- mouse as a genetic test of the hypothesis that Ae1 mediates DIDS-sensitive Cl- conductance in mouse red cells. We report here that wildtype mouse red cell membrane potential resembles that of human red cells in the predominance of its Cl- conductance. We show with four technical approaches that the DIDS-sensitive component of erythroid Cl- conductance is reduced or absent from Ae1-/- red cells. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the Ae1 anion exchanger polypeptide can operate infrequently in a conductive mode. However, the fragile red cell membrane of the Ae1-/- mouse red cell exhibits reduced abundance or loss of multiple polypeptides. Thus, loss of one or more distinct, DIDS-sensitive anion channel polypeptide(s) from the Ae1-/- red cell membrane cannot be ruled out as an explanation for the reduced DIDS-sensitive anion conductance. PMID:18329299

Novel, high-yield red blood cell production methods from CD34-positive cells derived from human embryonic stem, yolk sac, fetal liver, cord blood, and peripheral blood.

PubMed

Olivier, Emmanuel; Qiu, Caihong; Bouhassira, Eric E

2012-08-01

The current supply of red blood cells expressing rare blood groups is not sufficient to cover all the existing transfusion needs for chronically transfused patients, such as sickle cell disease homozygous carriers, because of alloimmunization. In vitro production of cultured red blood cells is slowly emerging as a possible complement to the existing collection-based red blood cell procurement system. The yield of cultured red blood cells can theoretically be maximized by amplifying the stem, progenitor, or precursor compartment. Here, we combined methods designed to expand these three compartments to optimize the yield of cultured red blood cells and found that exposing CD34(+) cells to a short pulse of cytokines favorable for erythroid differentiation prior to stem cell expansion followed by progenitor expansion produced the highest yield of erythroid cells. This novel serum-free red blood cell production protocol was efficient on CD34(+) cells derived from human embryonic stem cells, 6-8-week yolk sacs, 16-18-week fetal livers, cord blood, and peripheral blood. The yields of cells obtained with these new protocols were larger by an order of magnitude than the yields observed previously. Globin expression analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that these expansion protocols generally yielded red blood cells that expressed a globin profile similar to that expected for the developmental age of the CD34(+) cells.

Chaos in an Eulerian Based Model of Sickle Cell Blood Flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Apori, Akwasi; Harris, Wesley

2001-11-01

A novel Eulerian model describing the manifestation of sickle cell blood flow in the capillaries has been formulated to study the apparently chaotic onset of sickle cell crises. This Eulerian model was based on extending previous models of sickle cell blood flow which were limited due to their Lagrangian formulation. Oxygen concentration, red blood cell velocity, cell stiffness, and plasma viscosity were modeled as system state variables. The governing equations of the system were expressed in canonical form. The non-linear coupling of velocity-viscosity and viscosity- stiffness proved to be the origin of chaos in the system. The system was solved with respect to a control parameter representing the unique rheology of the sickle cell erythrocytes. Results of chaos tests proved positive for various ranges of the control parameter. The results included con-tinuous patterns found in the Poincare section, spectral broadening of the Fourier power spectrum, and positive Lyapunov exponent values. The onset of chaos predicted by this sickle cell flow model as the control parameter was varied appeared to coincide with the change from a healthy state to a crisis state in a sickle cell patient. This finding that sickle cell crises may be caused from the well understood change of a solution from a steady state to chaotic could point to new ways in preventing and treating crises and should be validated in clinical trials.

Hypoxia modulates the purine salvage pathway and decreases red blood cell and supernatant levels of hypoxanthine during refrigerated storage.

PubMed

Nemkov, Travis; Sun, Kaiqi; Reisz, Julie A; Song, Anren; Yoshida, Tatsuro; Dunham, Andrew; Wither, Matthew J; Francis, Richard O; Roach, Robert C; Dzieciatkowska, Monika; Rogers, Stephen C; Doctor, Allan; Kriebardis, Anastasios; Antonelou, Marianna; Papassideri, Issidora; Young, Carolyn T; Thomas, Tiffany A; Hansen, Kirk C; Spitalnik, Steven L; Xia, Yang; Zimring, James C; Hod, Eldad A; D'Alessandro, Angelo

2018-02-01

Hypoxanthine catabolism in vivo is potentially dangerous as it fuels production of urate and, most importantly, hydrogen peroxide. However, it is unclear whether accumulation of intracellular and supernatant hypoxanthine in stored red blood cell units is clinically relevant for transfused recipients. Leukoreduced red blood cells from glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-normal or -deficient human volunteers were stored in AS-3 under normoxic, hyperoxic, or hypoxic conditions (with oxygen saturation ranging from <3% to >95%). Red blood cells from healthy human volunteers were also collected at sea level or after 1-7 days at high altitude (>5000 m). Finally, C57BL/6J mouse red blood cells were incubated in vitro with 13 C 1 -aspartate or 13 C 5 -adenosine under normoxic or hypoxic conditions, with or without deoxycoformycin, a purine deaminase inhibitor. Metabolomics analyses were performed on human and mouse red blood cells stored for up to 42 or 14 days, respectively, and correlated with 24 h post-transfusion red blood cell recovery. Hypoxanthine increased in stored red blood cell units as a function of oxygen levels. Stored red blood cells from human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient donors had higher levels of deaminated purines. Hypoxia in vitro and in vivo decreased purine oxidation and enhanced purine salvage reactions in human and mouse red blood cells, which was partly explained by decreased adenosine monophosphate deaminase activity. In addition, hypoxanthine levels negatively correlated with post-transfusion red blood cell recovery in mice and - preliminarily albeit significantly - in humans. In conclusion, hypoxanthine is an in vitro metabolic marker of the red blood cell storage lesion that negatively correlates with post-transfusion recovery in vivo Storage-dependent hypoxanthine accumulation is ameliorated by hypoxia-induced decreases in purine deamination reaction rates. Copyright© 2018 Ferrata Storti Foundation.

Hypoxia modulates the purine salvage pathway and decreases red blood cell and supernatant levels of hypoxanthine during refrigerated storage

PubMed Central

Nemkov, Travis; Sun, Kaiqi; Reisz, Julie A.; Song, Anren; Yoshida, Tatsuro; Dunham, Andrew; Wither, Matthew J.; Francis, Richard O.; Roach, Robert C.; Dzieciatkowska, Monika; Rogers, Stephen C.; Doctor, Allan; Kriebardis, Anastasios; Antonelou, Marianna; Papassideri, Issidora; Young, Carolyn T.; Thomas, Tiffany A.; Hansen, Kirk C.; Spitalnik, Steven L.; Xia, Yang; Zimring, James C.; Hod, Eldad A.; D’Alessandro, Angelo

2018-01-01

Hypoxanthine catabolism in vivo is potentially dangerous as it fuels production of urate and, most importantly, hydrogen peroxide. However, it is unclear whether accumulation of intracellular and supernatant hypoxanthine in stored red blood cell units is clinically relevant for transfused recipients. Leukoreduced red blood cells from glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-normal or -deficient human volunteers were stored in AS-3 under normoxic, hyperoxic, or hypoxic conditions (with oxygen saturation ranging from <3% to >95%). Red blood cells from healthy human volunteers were also collected at sea level or after 1–7 days at high altitude (>5000 m). Finally, C57BL/6J mouse red blood cells were incubated in vitro with 13C1-aspartate or 13C5-adenosine under normoxic or hypoxic conditions, with or without deoxycoformycin, a purine deaminase inhibitor. Metabolomics analyses were performed on human and mouse red blood cells stored for up to 42 or 14 days, respectively, and correlated with 24 h post-transfusion red blood cell recovery. Hypoxanthine increased in stored red blood cell units as a function of oxygen levels. Stored red blood cells from human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient donors had higher levels of deaminated purines. Hypoxia in vitro and in vivo decreased purine oxidation and enhanced purine salvage reactions in human and mouse red blood cells, which was partly explained by decreased adenosine monophosphate deaminase activity. In addition, hypoxanthine levels negatively correlated with post-transfusion red blood cell recovery in mice and – preliminarily albeit significantly - in humans. In conclusion, hypoxanthine is an in vitro metabolic marker of the red blood cell storage lesion that negatively correlates with post-transfusion recovery in vivo. Storage-dependent hypoxanthine accumulation is ameliorated by hypoxia-induced decreases in purine deamination reaction rates. PMID:29079593

Red Dot Basal Cell Carcinoma: Report of Cases and Review of This Unique Presentation of Basal Cell Carcinoma.

PubMed

Cohen, Philip R

2017-03-22

Red dot basal cell carcinoma is a unique variant of basal cell carcinoma. Including the three patients described in this report, red dot basal cell carcinoma has only been described in seven individuals. This paper describes the features of two males and one female with red dot basal cell carcinoma and reviews the characteristics of other patients with this clinical subtype of basal cell carcinoma. A 70-year-old male developed a pearly-colored papule with a red dot in the center on his nasal tip. A 71-year-old male developed a red dot surrounded by a flesh-colored papule on his left nostril. Lastly, a 74-year-old female developed a red dot within an area of erythema on her left mid back. Biopsy of the lesions all showed nodular and/or superficial basal cell carcinoma. Correlation of the clinical presentation and pathology established the diagnosis of red dot basal cell carcinoma. The tumors were treated by excision using the Mohs surgical technique. Pubmed was searched with the keyword: basal, cell, cancer, carcinoma, dot, red, and skin. The papers generated by the search and their references were reviewed. Red dot basal cell carcinoma has been described in three females and two males; the gender was not reported in two patients. The tumor was located on the nose (five patients), back (one patient) and thigh (one patient). Cancer presented as a solitary small red macule or papule; often, the carcinoma was surrounded by erythema or a flesh-colored papule. Although basal cell carcinomas usually do not blanch after a glass microscope slide is pressed against them, the red dot basal cell carcinoma blanched after diascopy in two of the patients, resulting in a delay of diagnosis in one of these individuals. Dermoscopy may be a useful non-invasive modality for evaluating skin lesions when the diagnosis of red dot basal cell carcinoma is considered. Mohs surgery is the treatment of choice; in some of the patients, the ratio of the area of the postoperative wound to that of the preoperative cancer was greater than 12:1, demonstrating a significant lateral spread of the tumor beyond the observed clinical margins of the neoplasm. In conclusion, in a patient with a personal history of actinic keratosis or nonmelanoma skin cancer, the appearance of a new red dot in a sun-exposed site should prompt additional evaluation of the skin lesion to exclude or establish the diagnosis of red dot basal cell carcinoma.

Red Dot Basal Cell Carcinoma: Report of Cases and Review of This Unique Presentation of Basal Cell Carcinoma

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

Red dot basal cell carcinoma is a unique variant of basal cell carcinoma. Including the three patients described in this report, red dot basal cell carcinoma has only been described in seven individuals. This paper describes the features of two males and one female with red dot basal cell carcinoma and reviews the characteristics of other patients with this clinical subtype of basal cell carcinoma. A 70-year-old male developed a pearly-colored papule with a red dot in the center on his nasal tip. A 71-year-old male developed a red dot surrounded by a flesh-colored papule on his left nostril. Lastly, a 74-year-old female developed a red dot within an area of erythema on her left mid back. Biopsy of the lesions all showed nodular and/or superficial basal cell carcinoma. Correlation of the clinical presentation and pathology established the diagnosis of red dot basal cell carcinoma. The tumors were treated by excision using the Mohs surgical technique. Pubmed was searched with the keyword: basal, cell, cancer, carcinoma, dot, red, and skin. The papers generated by the search and their references were reviewed. Red dot basal cell carcinoma has been described in three females and two males; the gender was not reported in two patients. The tumor was located on the nose (five patients), back (one patient) and thigh (one patient). Cancer presented as a solitary small red macule or papule; often, the carcinoma was surrounded by erythema or a flesh-colored papule. Although basal cell carcinomas usually do not blanch after a glass microscope slide is pressed against them, the red dot basal cell carcinoma blanched after diascopy in two of the patients, resulting in a delay of diagnosis in one of these individuals. Dermoscopy may be a useful non-invasive modality for evaluating skin lesions when the diagnosis of red dot basal cell carcinoma is considered. Mohs surgery is the treatment of choice; in some of the patients, the ratio of the area of the postoperative wound to that of the preoperative cancer was greater than 12:1, demonstrating a significant lateral spread of the tumor beyond the observed clinical margins of the neoplasm. In conclusion, in a patient with a personal history of actinic keratosis or nonmelanoma skin cancer, the appearance of a new red dot in a sun-exposed site should prompt additional evaluation of the skin lesion to exclude or establish the diagnosis of red dot basal cell carcinoma. PMID:28465868

Quantification of the fraction poorly deformable red blood cells using ektacytometry.

PubMed

Streekstra, G J; Dobbe, J G G; Hoekstra, A G

2010-06-21

We describe a method to obtain the fraction of poorly deformable red blood cells in a blood sample from the intensity pattern in an ektacytometer. In an ektacytometer red blood cells are transformed into ellipsoids by a shear flow between two transparent cylinders. The intensity pattern, due to a laser beam that is sent through the suspension, is projected on a screen. When measuring a healthy red blood cell population iso-intensity curves are ellipses with an axial ratio equal to that of the average red blood cell. In contrast poorly deformable cells result in circular iso-intensity curves. In this study we show that for mixtures of deformable and poorly deformable red blood cells, iso-intensity curves in the composite intensity pattern are neither elliptical nor circular but obtain cross-like shapes. We propose a method to obtain the fraction of poorly deformable red blood cells from those intensity patterns. Experiments with mixtures of poorly deformable and deformable red blood cells validate the method and demonstrate its accuracy. In a clinical setting our approach is potentially of great value for the detection of the fraction of sickle cells in blood samples of patients with sickle cell disease or to find a measure for the parasitemia in patients infected with malaria.

Integration of red cell genotyping into the blood supply chain: a population-based study.

PubMed

Flegel, Willy A; Gottschall, Jerome L; Denomme, Gregory A

2015-07-01

When problems with compatibility arise, transfusion services often use time-consuming serological tests to identify antigen-negative red cell units for safe transfusion. New methods have made red cell genotyping possible for all clinically relevant blood group antigens. We did mass-scale genotyping of donor blood and provided hospitals with access to a large red cell database to meet the demand for antigen-negative red cell units beyond ABO and Rh blood typing. We established a red cell genotype database at the BloodCenter of Wisconsin on July 17, 2010. All self-declared African American, Asian, Hispanic, and Native American blood donors were eligible irrespective of their ABO and Rh type or history of donation. Additionally, blood donors who were groups O, A, and B, irrespective of their Rh phenotype, were eligible for inclusion only if they had a history of at least three donations in the previous 3 years, with one donation in the previous 12 months at the BloodCenter of Wisconsin. We did red cell genotyping with a nanofluidic microarray system, using 32 single nucleotide polymorphisms to predict 42 blood group antigens. An additional 14 antigens were identified via serological phenotype. We monitored the ability of the red cell genotype database to meet demand for compatible blood during 3 years. In addition to the central database at the BloodCenter of Wisconsin, we gave seven hospitals online access to a web-based antigen query portal on May 1, 2013, to help them to locate antigen-negative red cell units in their own inventories. We analysed genotype data for 43,066 blood donors. Requests were filled for 5661 (99.8%) of 5672 patient encounters in which antigen-negative red cell units were needed. Red cell genotyping met the demand for antigen-negative blood in 5339 (94.1%) of 5672 patient encounters, and the remaining 333 (5.9%) requests were filled by use of serological data. Using the 42 antigens represented in our red cell genotype database, we were able to fill 14,357 (94.8%) of 15,140 requests for antigen-negative red cell units from hospitals served by the BloodCenter of Wisconsin. In the pilot phase, the seven hospitals identified 71 units from 52 antigen-negative red cell unit requests. Red cell genotyping has the potential to transform the way antigen-negative red cell units are provided. An antigen query portal could reduce the need for transportation of blood and serological screening. If this wealth of genotype data can be made easily accessible online, it will help with the supply of affordable antigen-negative red cell units to ensure patient safety. BloodCenter of Wisconsin Diagnostic Laboratories Strategic Initiative and the NIH Clinical Center Intramural Research Program. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sickle red cell-endothelium interactions.

PubMed

Kaul, Dhananjay K; Finnegan, Eileen; Barabino, Gilda A

2009-01-01

Periodic recurrence of painful vaso-occlusive crisis is the defining feature of sickle cell disease. Among multiple pathologies associated with this disease, sickle red cell-endothelium interaction has been implicated as a potential initiating mechanism in vaso-occlusive events. This review focuses on various interrelated mechanisms involved in human sickle red cell adhesion. We discuss in vitro and microcirculatory findings on sickle red cell adhesion, its potential role in vaso-occlusion, and the current understanding of receptor-ligand interactions involved in this pathological phenomenon. In addition, we discuss the contribution of other cellular interactions (leukocytes recruitment and leukocyte-red cell interaction) to vaso-occlusion, as observed in transgenic sickle mouse models. Emphasis is given to recently discovered adhesion molecules that play a predominant role in mediating human sickle red cell adhesion. Finally, we analyze various therapeutic approaches for inhibiting sickle red cell adhesion by targeting adhesion molecules and also consider therapeutic strategies that target stimuli involved in endothelial activation and initiation of adhesion.

Novel type of red-shifted chlorophyll a antenna complex from Chromera velia. I. Physiological relevance and functional connection to photosystems.

PubMed

Kotabová, Eva; Jarešová, Jana; Kaňa, Radek; Sobotka, Roman; Bína, David; Prášil, Ondřej

2014-06-01

Chromera velia is an alveolate alga associated with scleractinian corals. Here we present detailed work on chromatic adaptation in C. velia cultured under either blue or red light. Growth of C. velia under red light induced the accumulation of a light harvesting antenna complex exhibiting unusual spectroscopic properties with red-shifted absorption and atypical 710nm fluorescence emission at room temperature. Due to these characteristic features the complex was designated "Red-shifted Chromera light harvesting complex" (Red-CLH complex). Its detailed biochemical survey is described in the accompanying paper (Bina et al. 2013, this issue). Here, we show that the accumulation of Red-CLH complex under red light represents a slow acclimation process (days) that is reversible with much faster kinetics (hours) under blue light. This chromatic adaptation allows C. velia to maintain all important parameters of photosynthesis constant under both light colors. We further demonstrated that the C. velia Red-CLH complex is assembled from a 17kDa antenna protein and is functionally connected to photosystem II as it shows variability of chlorophyll fluorescence. Red-CLH also serves as an additional locus for non-photochemical quenching. Although overall rates of oxygen evolution and carbon fixation were similar for both blue and red light conditions, the presence of Red-CLH in C. velia cells increases the light harvesting potential of photosystem II, which manifested as a doubled oxygen evolution rate at illumination above 695nm. This data demonstrates a remarkable long-term remodeling of C. velia light-harvesting system according to light quality and suggests physiological significance of 'red' antenna complexes. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

21 CFR 864.7100 - Red blood cell enzyme assay.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Red blood cell enzyme assay. 864.7100 Section 864... enzyme assay. (a) Identification. Red blood cell enzyme assay is a device used to measure the activity in... kinase or 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. A red blood cell enzyme assay is used to determine the enzyme defects...

21 CFR 864.7100 - Red blood cell enzyme assay.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... enzyme assay. (a) Identification. Red blood cell enzyme assay is a device used to measure the activity in... kinase or 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. A red blood cell enzyme assay is used to determine the enzyme defects... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Red blood cell enzyme assay. 864.7100 Section 864...

42 CFR 410.161 - Part B blood deductible.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... deductible. (a) General rules. (1) As used in this section, packed red cells means the red blood cells that remain after plasma is separated from whole blood. (2) A unit of packed red cells is treated as the... beneficiary is responsible for the first three units of whole blood or packed red cells received during a...

21 CFR 864.7100 - Red blood cell enzyme assay.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... enzyme assay. (a) Identification. Red blood cell enzyme assay is a device used to measure the activity in... kinase or 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. A red blood cell enzyme assay is used to determine the enzyme defects... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Red blood cell enzyme assay. 864.7100 Section 864...

42 CFR 410.161 - Part B blood deductible.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... deductible. (a) General rules. (1) As used in this section, packed red cells means the red blood cells that remain after plasma is separated from whole blood. (2) A unit of packed red cells is treated as the... beneficiary is responsible for the first three units of whole blood or packed red cells received during a...

42 CFR 410.161 - Part B blood deductible.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... deductible. (a) General rules. (1) As used in this section, packed red cells means the red blood cells that remain after plasma is separated from whole blood. (2) A unit of packed red cells is treated as the... beneficiary is responsible for the first three units of whole blood or packed red cells received during a...

42 CFR 410.161 - Part B blood deductible.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... deductible. (a) General rules. (1) As used in this section, packed red cells means the red blood cells that remain after plasma is separated from whole blood. (2) A unit of packed red cells is treated as the... beneficiary is responsible for the first three units of whole blood or packed red cells received during a...

21 CFR 864.7100 - Red blood cell enzyme assay.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... enzyme assay. (a) Identification. Red blood cell enzyme assay is a device used to measure the activity in... kinase or 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. A red blood cell enzyme assay is used to determine the enzyme defects... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Red blood cell enzyme assay. 864.7100 Section 864...

21 CFR 864.7100 - Red blood cell enzyme assay.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Red blood cell enzyme assay. 864.7100 Section 864...) MEDICAL DEVICES HEMATOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY DEVICES Hematology Kits and Packages § 864.7100 Red blood cell enzyme assay. (a) Identification. Red blood cell enzyme assay is a device used to measure the activity in...

Red blood cell sedimentation of Apheresis Granulocytes.

PubMed

Lodermeier, Michelle A; Byrne, Karen M; Flegel, Willy A

2017-10-01

Sedimentation of Apheresis Granulocyte components removes red blood cells. It is used to increase the blood donor pool when blood group-compatible donors cannot be recruited for a patient because of a major ABO incompatibility or incompatible red blood cell antibodies in the recipient. Because granulocytes have little ABO and few other red blood cell antigens on their membrane, such incompatibility lies mostly with the contaminating red blood cells. Video Clip S1 shows the process of red blood cell sedimentation of an Apheresis Granulocyte component. This video was filmed with a single smart phone attached to a commercial tripod and was edited on a tablet computer with free software by an amateur videographer without prior video experience. © 2017 AABB.

Improving dynamic phytoplankton reserve-utilization models with an indirect proxy for internal nitrogen.

PubMed

Malerba, Martino E; Heimann, Kirsten; Connolly, Sean R

2016-09-07

Ecologists have often used indirect proxies to represent variables that are difficult or impossible to measure directly. In phytoplankton, the internal concentration of the most limiting nutrient in a cell determines its growth rate. However, directly measuring the concentration of nutrients within cells is inaccurate, expensive, destructive, and time-consuming, substantially impairing our ability to model growth rates in nutrient-limited phytoplankton populations. The red chlorophyll autofluorescence (hereafter "red fluorescence") signal emitted by a cell is highly correlated with nitrogen quota in nitrogen-limited phytoplankton species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of including flow cytometric red fluorescence as a proxy for internal nitrogen status to model phytoplankton growth rates. To this end, we used the classic Quota model and designed three approaches to calibrate its model parameters to data: where empirical observations on cell internal nitrogen quota were used to fit the model ("Nitrogen-Quota approach"), where quota dynamics were inferred only from changes in medium nutrient depletion and population density ("Virtual-Quota approach"), or where red fluorescence emission of a cell was used as an indirect proxy for its internal nitrogen quota ("Fluorescence-Quota approach"). Two separate analyses were carried out. In the first analysis, stochastic model simulations were parameterized from published empirical relationships and used to generate dynamics of phytoplankton communities reared under nitrogen-limited conditions. Quota models were fitted to the dynamics of each simulated species with the three different approaches and the performance of each model was compared. In the second analysis, we fit Quota models to laboratory time-series and we calculate the ability of each calibration approach to describe the observed trajectories of internal nitrogen quota in the culture. Results from both analyses concluded that the Fluorescence-Quota approach including per-cell red fluorescence as a proxy of internal nitrogen substantially improved the ability of Quota models to describe phytoplankton dynamics, while still accounting for the biologically important process of cell nitrogen storage. More broadly, many population models in ecology implicitly recognize the importance of accounting for storage mechanisms to describe the dynamics of individual organisms. Hence, the approach documented here with phytoplankton dynamics may also be useful for evaluating the potential of indirect proxies in other ecological systems. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Red blood cell production

MedlinePlus Videos and Cool Tools

... body's tissues in exchange for carbon dioxide, which is carried to and eliminated by the lungs. Red blood cells are formed in the red bone marrow ... 2 days. The body makes about two million red blood cells every second. Blood is made up of both cellular and liquid components. ...

Stably Fluorescent Cell Line of Human Ovarian Epithelial Cancer Cells SK-OV-3ip-red.

PubMed

Konovalova, E V; Shulga, A A; Chumakov, S P; Khodarovich, Yu M; Woo, Eui-Jeon; Deev, S M

2017-11-01

Stable red fluorescing line of human ovarian epithelial cancer cells SK-OV-3ip-red was generated expressing gene coding for protein TurboFP635 (Katushka) fluorescing in the far-red spectrum region with excitation and emission peaks at 588 and 635 nm, respectively. Fluorescence of SK-OV-3ip-red line remained high during long-term cell culturing and after cryogenic freezing. The obtained cell line SK-OV-3ip-red can serve a basis for a model of a scattered tumor with numerous/extended metastases and used both for testing anticancer drugs inhibiting metastasis growth and for non-invasive monitoring of the growth dynamics with high precision.

A Two-Dimensional Numerical Investigation of Transport of Malaria-Infected Red Blood Cells in Stenotic Microchannels

PubMed Central

Tao, Yong; Rongin, Uwitije; Xing, Zhongwen

2016-01-01

The malaria-infected red blood cells experience a significant decrease in cell deformability and increase in cell membrane adhesion. Blood hemodynamics in microvessels is significantly affected by the alteration of the mechanical property as well as the aggregation of parasitized red blood cells. In this study, we aim to numerically study the connection between cell-level mechanobiological properties of human red blood cells and related malaria disease state by investigating the transport of multiple red blood cell aggregates passing through microchannels with symmetric stenosis. Effects of stenosis magnitude, aggregation strength, and cell deformability on cell rheology and flow characteristics were studied by a two-dimensional model using the fictitious domain-immersed boundary method. The results indicated that the motion and dissociation of red blood cell aggregates were influenced by these factors and the flow resistance increases with the increase of aggregating strength and cell stiffness. Further, the roughness of the velocity profile was enhanced by cell aggregation, which considerably affected the blood flow characteristics. The study may assist us in understanding cellular-level mechanisms in disease development. PMID:28105411

Neutral-red reaction is related to virulence and cell wall methyl-branched lipids in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

PubMed

Cardona, P-J; Soto, C Y; Martín, C; Giquel, B; Agustí, G; Andreu, Núria; Guirado, E; Sirakova, T; Kolattukudy, P; Julián, E; Luquin, M

2006-01-01

Searching for virulence marking tests for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Dubos and Middlebrook reported in 1948 that in an alkaline aqueous solution of neutral-red, the cells of the virulent H37Rv M. tuberculosis strain fixed the dye and became red in color, whereas the cells of the avirulent H37Ra M. tuberculosis strain remained unstained. In the 1950 and 1960s, fresh isolates of M. tuberculosis were tested for this neutral-red cytochemical reaction and it was reported that they were neutral-red positive, whereas other mycobacteria of diverse environmental origins that were non-pathogenic for guinea pigs were neutral-red negative. However, neutral-red has not really been proven to be a virulence marker. To test if virulence is in fact correlated to neutral-red, we studied a clinical isolate of M. tuberculosis that was originally neutral-red positive but, after more than 1 year passing through culture mediums, turned neutral-red negative. We found that, in comparison to the original neutral-red positive strain, this neutral-red negative variant was attenuated in two murine models of experimental tuberculosis. Lipid analysis showed that this neutral-red negative natural mutant lost the capacity to synthesize pthiocerol dimycocerosates, a cell wall methyl-branched lipid that has been related to virulence in M. tuberculosis. We also studied the neutral-red of different gene-targeted M. tuberculosis mutants unable to produce pthiocerol dimycocerosates or other cell wall methyl-branched lipids such as sulfolipids, and polyacyltrehaloses. We found a negative neutral-red reaction in mutants that were deficient in more than one type of methyl-branched lipids. We conclude that neutral-red is indeed a marker of virulence and it indicates important perturbations in the external surface of M. tuberculosis cells.

Innovative parameters obtained for digital analysis of microscopic images to evaluate in vitro hemorheological action of anesthetics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alet, Analía. I.; Basso, Sabrina; Delannoy, Marcela; Alet, Nicolás. A.; D'Arrigo, Mabel; Castellini, Horacio V.; Riquelme, Bibiana D.

2015-06-01

Drugs used during anesthesia could enhance microvascular flow disturbance, not only for their systemic cardiovascular actions but also by a direct effect on the microcirculation and in particular on hemorheology. This is particularly important in high-risk surgical patients such as those with vascular disease (diabetes, hypertension, etc.). Therefore, in this work we propose a set of innovative parameters obtained by digital analysis of microscopic images to study the in vitro hemorheological effect of propofol and vecuronium on red blood cell from type 2 diabetic patients compared to healthy donors. Obtained innovative parameters allow quantifying alterations in erythrocyte aggregation, which can increase the in vivo risk of microcapillary obstruction.

A Novel Mechanism for the Pathogenesis of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Resulting from Early Exposure to Ultraviolet Light

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-09-01

hybrid mice show a large population of cells that fluoresce with Tomato Red and few cells that fluoresce with GFP only or GFP/ Tomato Red double positive...percent of total cells Double Negative GFP Tomato Red Double Positive 15 Figure 3. Fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) shows slight...Negative Tomato Red Double Positive 17 Figure 5. Fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) shows no K14-GFP expressing cells and slight expression of

Red blood cell decreases of microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, P. C.

1985-01-01

Postflight decreases in red blood cell mass (RBCM) have regularly been recorded after exposure to microgravity. These 5-25 percent decreases do not relate to the mission duration, workload, caloric intake or to the type of spacecraft used. The decrease is accompanied by normal red cell survivals, increased ferritin levels, normal radioactive iron studies, and increases in mean red blood cell volume. Comparable decreases in red blood cell mass are not found after bed rest, a commonly used simulation of the microgravity state. Inhibited bone marrow erythropoiesis has not been proven to date, although reticulocyte numbers in the peripheral circulation are decreased about 50 percent. To date, the cause of the microgravity induced decreases in RBCM is unknown. Increased splenic trapping of circulating red blood cells seem the most logical way to explain the results obtained.

Combinatorial Screening Of Inorganic And Organometallic Materials

DOEpatents

Li, Yi , Li, Jing , Britton, Ted W.

2002-06-25

A method for differentiating and enumerating nucleated red blood cells in a blood sample is described. The method includes the steps of lysing red blood cells of a blood sample with a lytic reagent, measuring nucleated blood cells by DC impedance measurement in a non-focused flow aperture, differentiating nucleated red blood cells from other cell types, and reporting nucleated red blood cells in the blood sample. The method further includes subtracting nucleated red blood cells and other interference materials from the count of remaining blood cells, and reporting a corrected white blood cell count of the blood sample. Additionally, the method further includes measuring spectrophotometric absorbance of the sample mixture at a predetermined wavelength of a hemoglobin chromogen formed upon lysing the blood sample, and reporting hemoglobin concentration of the blood sample.

Sickle red cell adhesion: many issues and some answers.

PubMed

Kaul, D K

2008-01-01

Among multiple pathologies associated with sickle cell disease, sickle red cell-endothelial interaction has been implicated as a potential initiating mechanism in vaso-occlusive events that characterize this disease. Vast literature exists on various aspects of sickle red cell adhesion, but many issues remain unresolved, especially pertaining to the role of sickle red cell heterogeneity, the relative role of multiple adhesion mechanisms and targets of antiadhesive therapy. This review briefly analyzes these issues.

21 CFR 640.17 - Modifications for specific products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... (CONTINUED) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Red Blood Cells § 640.17 Modifications for specific products. Red Blood Cells Frozen: A cryophylactic substance may be added to the Red... safety, purity, and potency for Red Blood Cells, and that the frozen product will maintain those...

21 CFR 640.17 - Modifications for specific products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... (CONTINUED) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Red Blood Cells § 640.17 Modifications for specific products. Red Blood Cells Frozen: A cryophylactic substance may be added to the Red... safety, purity, and potency for Red Blood Cells, and that the frozen product will maintain those...

21 CFR 640.17 - Modifications for specific products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... (CONTINUED) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Red Blood Cells § 640.17 Modifications for specific products. Red Blood Cells Frozen: A cryophylactic substance may be added to the Red... safety, purity, and potency for Red Blood Cells, and that the frozen product will maintain those...

Density increment and decreased survival of rat red blood cells induced by cadmium

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kunimoto, M.; Miura, T.

1986-01-01

Male Wistar rats were injected with CdCl/sub 2/ subcutaneously to examine in vivo effects of Cd on density and survival of red blood cells. During the 7 days after administration of 1.0 mg Cd/kg, the following sequence of events occurred: (1) a progressive increase in the amount of more dense red blood cells concomitant with a decrease in that of light red blood cells from the first to the third day; (2) an increase in the spleen weight at the third day; (3) a decrease in the hematocrit value and an increase in the amount of light red blood cellsmore » at the fifth day; and (4) a recovery of the hematocrit value at the seventh day. Five days after administration, the hematocrit value decreased in a dose-dependent mode and the decrease was significant at the 1% level at 1.0 and 1.5 mg Cd/kg. A highly significant splenomegaly was also observed at 0.5 to 1.5 mg Cd/kg. In order to label red blood cells in vivo, (/sup 3/H) diisopropylfluorophosphate ((/sup 3/H)DFP) was injected into rats. At Day 11, Cd at either 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg was administered to (/sup 3/H)DFP-prelabeled animals. Cd administration accelerated /sup 3/H-labeled red cell clearance from the blood. Six days after Cd administration, the radioactivity of red blood cells was 76 and 68% of the control at 0.5 and 1.0 mg Cd/kg, respectively. In vitro treatment of rat red density and accelerated in vivo clearance of red blood cells from the recipient circulation. These results show that Cd at low dose can cause anemia by increasing red cell density and by accelerating red cell sequestration, presumably in the spleen.« less

Quantitative analysis of optical properties of flowing blood using a photon-cell interactive Monte Carlo code: effects of red blood cells' orientation on light scattering.

PubMed

Sakota, Daisuke; Takatani, Setsuo

2012-05-01

Optical properties of flowing blood were analyzed using a photon-cell interactive Monte Carlo (pciMC) model with the physical properties of the flowing red blood cells (RBCs) such as cell size, shape, refractive index, distribution, and orientation as the parameters. The scattering of light by flowing blood at the He-Ne laser wavelength of 632.8 nm was significantly affected by the shear rate. The light was scattered more in the direction of flow as the flow rate increased. Therefore, the light intensity transmitted forward in the direction perpendicular to flow axis decreased. The pciMC model can duplicate the changes in the photon propagation due to moving RBCs with various orientations. The resulting RBC's orientation that best simulated the experimental results was with their long axis perpendicular to the direction of blood flow. Moreover, the scattering probability was dependent on the orientation of the RBCs. Finally, the pciMC code was used to predict the hematocrit of flowing blood with accuracy of approximately 1.0 HCT%. The photon-cell interactive Monte Carlo (pciMC) model can provide optical properties of flowing blood and will facilitate the development of the non-invasive monitoring of blood in extra corporeal circulatory systems.

Isolation and partial characterization of mutants with elevated lipid content in Chlorella sorokiniana and Scenedesmus obliquus.

PubMed

Vigeolas, Hélène; Duby, Francéline; Kaymak, Esra; Niessen, Guillaume; Motte, Patrick; Franck, Fabrice; Remacle, Claire

2012-11-30

This paper describes the isolation and partial biomass characterization of high triacylglycerol (TAG) mutants of Chlorella sorokiniana and Scenedesmus obliquus, two algal species considered as potential source of biodiesel. Following UV mutagenesis, 2000 Chlorella and 2800 Scenedesmus colonies were screened with a method based on Nile Red fluorescence. Several mutants with high Nile Red fluorescence were selected by this high-throughput method in both species. Growth and biomass parameters of the strongest mutants were analyzed in detail. All of the four Chlorella mutants showed no significant changes in growth rate, cell weight, cell size, protein and chlorophyll contents on a per cell basis. Whereas all contained elevated total lipid and TAG content per unit of dry weight, two of them were also affected for starch metabolism, suggesting a change in biomass/storage carbohydrate composition. Two Scenedesmus mutants showed a 1.5 and 2-fold increased cell weight and larger cells compared to the wild type, which led to a general increase of biomass including total lipid and TAG content on a per cell basis. Such mutants could subsequently be used as commercial oleaginous algae and serve as an alternative to conventional petrol. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Partial Red Blood Cell Exchange in Children and Young Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: Manual Versus Automated Procedure.

PubMed

Escobar, Carlos; Moniz, Marta; Nunes, Pedro; Abadesso, Clara; Ferreira, Teresa; Barra, António; Lichtner, Anabela; Loureiro, Helena; Dias, Alexandra; Almeida, Helena

2017-10-31

The benefits of manual versus automated red blood cell exchange have rarely been documented and studies in young sickle cell disease patients are scarce. We aim to describe and compare our experience in these two procedures. Young patients (≤ 21 years old) who underwent manual- or automated-red blood cell exchange for prevention or treatment of sickle cell disease complications were included. Clinical, technical and hematological data were prospectively recorded and analyzed. Ninety-four red blood cell exchange sessions were performed over a period of 68 months, including 57 manual and 37 automated, 63 for chronic complications prevention, 30 for acute complications and one in the pre-operative setting. Mean decrease in sickle hemoglobin levels was higher in automated-red blood cell exchange (p < 0.001) and permitted a higher sickle hemoglobin level decrease per volume removed (p < 0.001), while hemoglobin and hematocrit remained stable. Ferritin levels on chronic patients decreased 54%. Most frequent concern was catheter outflow obstruction on manual-red blood cell exchange and access alarm on automated-red blood cell exchange. No major complication or alloimunization was recorded. Automated-red blood cell exchange decreased sickle hemoglobin levels more efficiently than manual procedure in the setting of acute and chronic complications of sickle cell disease, with minor technical concerns mainly due to vascular access. The threshold of sickle hemoglobin should be individualized for clinical and hematological goals. In our cohort of young patients, the need for an acceptable venous access was a limiting factor, but iron-overload was avoided. Automated red blood cell exchange is safe and well tolerated. It permits a higher sickle hemoglobin removal efficacy, better volume status control and iron-overload avoidance.

Effects of dietary administration of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) on the growth performance, biochemical, hematological and immunological parameters in juvenile and adult Victoria Labeo (Labeo victorianus) challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila.

PubMed

Ngugi, Charles C; Oyoo-Okoth, Elijah; Mugo-Bundi, James; Orina, Paul Sagwe; Chemoiwa, Emily Jepyegon; Aloo, Peninah A

2015-06-01

We investigated effects of dietary administration of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) on growth performance, biochemical, hematological and immunological parameters in juvenile and adult Victoria Labeo (Labeo victorianus) against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish were divided into 4 groups and fed for 4 and 16 weeks with 0%, 1%, 2% and 5% of U. dioica incorporated into the diet. Use of U. dioica in the diet resulted in improved biochemical, hematological and immunological parameters. Among the biochemical parameters; plasma cortisol, glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol decreased while total protein and albumin in fish increased with increasing dietary inclusion of U. dioica. Among the haematology parameters: red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC) counts, haematocrit (Htc), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH), mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and netrophiles increased with increasing dietary inclusion levels of U. dioica, some depending on the fish age. Serum immunoglobulins, lysozyme activity and respiratory burst were the main immunological parameters in the adult and juvenile L. victorianus measured and they all increased with increasing herbal inclusion of U. dioica in the diet. Dietary incorporation of U. dioica at 5% showed significantly higher relative percentage survival (up to 95%) against A. hydrophila. The current results demonstrate that using U. dioica can stimulate fish immunity and make L. victorianus more resistant to bacterial infection (A. hydrophila). Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Parallel Microchannel-Based Measurements of Individual Erythrocyte Areas and Volumes

PubMed Central

Gifford, Sean C.; Frank, Michael G.; Derganc, Jure; Gabel, Christopher; Austin, Robert H.; Yoshida, Tatsuro; Bitensky, Mark W.

2003-01-01

We describe a microchannel device which utilizes a novel approach to obtain area and volume measurements on many individual red blood cells. Red cells are aspirated into the microchannels much as a single red blood cell is aspirated into a micropipette. Inasmuch as there are thousands of identical microchannels with defined geometry, data for many individual red cells can be rapidly acquired, and the fundamental heterogeneity of cell membrane biophysics can be analyzed. Fluorescent labels can be used to quantify red cell surface and cytosolic features of interest simultaneously with the measurement of area and volume for a given cell. Experiments that demonstrate and evaluate the microchannel measuring capabilities are presented and potential improvements and extensions are discussed. PMID:12524315

Red blood cells upregulate cytoprotective proteins and the labile iron pool in dividing human T cells despite a reduction in oxidative stress.

PubMed

Fonseca, Ana Mafalda; Pereira, Carlos F; Porto, Graça; Arosa, Fernando A

2003-12-01

We have recently reported that red blood cells (RBC) promote T cell growth and survival by inhibiting activation-induced T cell death. In the present study, we have examined parameters of oxidative stress and intracellular iron in activated T cells and correlated these data with the expression of ferritin, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and the transferrin receptor CD71. T cells growing in the presence of RBC had reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidatively modified proteins, suggesting that RBC efficiently counteracted ROS production on the activated T cells. Flow cytometry and immunodetection demonstrated that T cells dividing in the presence of RBC had increased levels of intracellular ferritin rich in L-subunits and HO-1 along with a downmodulation in CD71 expression. Finally, using the fluorescent iron indicator calcein and flow cytometry analysis, we were able to show that a relative amount of the labile iron pool (LIP) was upregulated in T cells growing in the presence of RBC. These findings are consistent with a typical response to iron overload. However, neither heme compounds nor ferric iron reproduced the levels of expansion and survival of T cells induced by intact RBC. Altogether, these data suggest that RBC inhibit apoptosis of activated T cells by a combination of ROS scavenging and upregulation of cytoprotective proteins such as ferritin and HO-1, which may counteract a possible toxic effect of the increased intracellular free iron.

GENE CONTROL OF HEMATOPOIESIS

PubMed Central

Mintz, Beatrice; Palm, Joy

1969-01-01

Erythropoietic cells of two unrelated strains, C3H (or C3Hf) and C57BL/6, can coexist throughout hematopoiesis in allophenic mice experimentally produced from aggregated, undifferentiated blastomeres of separate genotypes. The presence of two red cell genotypes in these circumstances signifies that the erythroid population must normally be multiclonal, i.e., derived mitotically from at least two genetically determined cells. The two strains were detected by hemagglutination and absorption tests of erythrocytes for the specific histocompatibility antigens dictated by the H-2k and H-2b alleles. Of 34 C3H(f) ↔ C57BL/6 allophenics tested, 16 had both red cell types; the remaining 18 showed only C3H or C57 red cells and included 12 mice with both cell strains present in some other tissues. All animals with evidence of two H-2 phenotypes among circulating erythrocytes were permanently immunologically tolerant of both antigenic types and remained free of runt disease. They lived a full lifespan, up to 2 yr 7½ months of age. The data suggest a possible specific selective advantage of C57BL/6 over C3H erythropoietic tissue. There is considerable individual variability, not only in proportions of antigenically distinct erythrocytes, but also in strain composition of other tissues in the same animals. A broad spectrum of distinctive situations is found, in which parameters are varied within or outside of the circulatory system. Allophenic mice can therefore serve as investigative tools for entirely new kinds of experimental studies of gene control mechanisms and blood physiology in normal hematopoiesis and in a number of hereditary blood diseases. PMID:5778785

Nine color eleven parameter immunophenotyping using three laser flow cytometry.

PubMed

Bigos, M; Baumgarth, N; Jager, G C; Herman, O C; Nozaki, T; Stovel, R T; Parks, D R; Herzenberg, L A

1999-05-01

This study describes a three laser flow cytometer, reagents, and software used to simultaneously evaluate nine distinct fluorescent parameters on one cell sample. We compare the quality of data obtained with (1) full software compensation and (2) the use of partial spectral compensation of selected pairs of parameters in analog hardware, in combination with final software compensation. An application characterizing low frequency murine B cell subpopulations is given. The fluorochromes used are: fluorescein (FITC), phycoerythrin (PE), Cy5PE and Cy7PE, excited at 488 nm by an argon laser; Texas Red (TR), allophycocyanin (APC), and Cy7APC excited at 595 nm by a pumped dye laser; and cascade blue (CB) and cascade yellow (CY) excited at 407 nm by a violet-enhanced krypton laser. Custom additions to commercial electronics and an extended optical bench allow the measurement of these nine parameters plus forward and side scatter light signals. We find the use of partial analog compensation reduces the variation in the background staining levels introduced by the compensation process. Novel B cell populations with frequencies below 1% are characterized. Nine color flow cytometry is capable of providing measurements with high information content. The choice of reagent-dye combinations and the ability to compensate in multi-parameter measurement space are crucial to obtaining satisfactory results.

Red cell exchange to mitigate a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction in a patient transfused with incompatible red blood cells.

PubMed

Irani, Mehraboon S; Karafin, Matthew S; Ernster, Luke

2017-02-01

A red cell exchange was performed to prevent a potentially fatal hemolytic transfusion reaction in a patient with anti-e who was transfused with e-antigen unscreened red blood cells during liver transplant surgery. A 64-year-old woman with cirrhosis due to hepatitis C was scheduled to receive a liver transplant. She had a previously documented anti-e, an antibody to the Rh(e)-antigen that is known to cause delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions. Pre-operatively and intra-operatively, she had massive hemorrhage which required transfusion of 34 e-antigen unscreened red blood cells (RBCs) most of which were incompatible. The hemoglobin dropped from 9.1 g/dL on post-operative day (POD)1 to 6.6 g/dL on POD6, with no evidence of blood loss. The bilirubin also increased from 5.0 mg/dL on POD 1 to 11.0 mg/dL on POD 6. As she was also becoming more hemodynamically unstable, a red cell exchange with 10 units of e-negative RBCs was performed on POD 6. She improved clinically and was extubated the following day. A few residual transfused e-positive red cells were detected after the red cell exchange until POD 13. This case illustrates how a red cell exchange can mitigate the potentially harmful effects of a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction caused by red cell antibodies. With massive intraoperative blood loss it may not be possible to have antigen-negative RBCs immediately available, particularly for the e-antigen, which is present in 98% of the donor population. The ability to perform such a procedure may be life-saving in such patients. J. Clin. Apheresis 32:59-61, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Effects of acute hypoxic exposure on oxygen affinity of human red blood cells.

PubMed

Chowdhury, Aniket; Dasgupta, Raktim

2017-01-20

Adaptation of red blood cells subjected to acute hypoxia, crucial for managing high altitude syndrome and pulmonary diseases, has been investigated. For this, red blood cells were exposed to the acute hypoxic condition by purging nitrogen over increasing time periods from 15 to 60 min and thereafter equilibrated with atmospheric oxygen for 10 min. Raman spectra of these red blood cells were then recorded and analyzed to look for changes in the level of oxygenation compared to unexposed cells. A decreasing oxygen affinity for the cells was observed with increasing time of exposure to the hypoxic condition. This change in oxygen affinity for the red blood cells may result from metabolic adjustment of the cells under the hypoxic condition to promote increased concentration of intracellular 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate.

Basal cell adhesion molecule/lutheran protein. The receptor critical for sickle cell adhesion to laminin.

PubMed Central

Udani, M; Zen, Q; Cottman, M; Leonard, N; Jefferson, S; Daymont, C; Truskey, G; Telen, M J

1998-01-01

Sickle red cells bind significant amounts of soluble laminin, whereas normal red cells do not. Solid phase assays demonstrate that B-CAM/LU binds laminin on intact sickle red cells and that red cell B-CAM/LU binds immobilized laminin, whereas another putative laminin binding protein, CD44, does not. Ligand blots also identify B-CAM/LU as the only erythrocyte membrane protein(s) that binds laminin. Finally, transfection of murine erythroleukemia cells with human B-CAM cDNA induces binding of both soluble and immobilized laminin. Thus, B-CAM/LU appears to be the major laminin-binding protein of sickle red cells. Previously reported overexpression of B-CAM/LU by epithelial cancer cells suggests that this protein may also serve as a laminin receptor in malignant tumors. PMID:9616226

Congo red agar, a differential medium for Aeromonas salmonicida, detects the presence of the cell surface protein array involved in virulence.

PubMed Central

Ishiguro, E E; Ainsworth, T; Trust, T J; Kay, W W

1985-01-01

Strains of the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida which possess the cell surface protein array known as the A-layer (A+) involved in virulence formed deep red colonies on tryptic soy agar containing 30 micrograms of Congo red per ml. These were readily distinguished from colorless or light orange colonies of avirulent mutants lacking A-layer (A-). The utility of Congo red agar for quantifying A+ and A- cells in the routine assessment of culture virulence was demonstrated. Intact A+ cells adsorbed Congo red, whereas A- mutants did not bind Congo red unless first permeabilized with EDTA. The dye-binding component of A+ cells was shown to be the 50,000-Mr A-protein component of the surface array. Purified A-protein avidly bound Congo red at a dye-to-protein molar ratio of about 30 by a nonspecific hydrophobic mechanism enhanced by high salt concentrations. Neither A+ nor A- cells adsorbed to Congo red-Sepharose columns at low salt concentrations. On the other hand, A+ (but not A-) cells were avidly bound at high salt concentrations. Images PMID:3934141

The effect of xanthine oxidase and hypoxanthine on the permeability of red cells from patients with sickle cell anemia.

PubMed

Al Balushi, Halima W M; Rees, David C; Brewin, John N; Hannemann, Anke; Gibson, John S

2018-03-01

Red cells from patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA) are under greater oxidative challenge than those from normal individuals. We postulated that oxidants generated by xanthine oxidase (XO) and hypoxanthine (HO) contribute to the pathogenesis of SCA through altering solute permeability. Sickling, activities of the main red cell dehydration pathways (P sickle , Gardos channel, and KCl cotransporter [KCC]), and cell volume were measured at 100, 30, and 0 mmHg O 2 , together with deoxygenation-induced nonelectrolyte hemolysis. Unexpectedly, XO/HO mixtures had mainly inhibitory effects on sickling, P sickle , and Gardos channel activities, while KCC activity and nonelectrolyte hemolysis were increased. Gardos channel activity was significantly elevated in red cells pharmacologically loaded with Ca 2+ using the ionophore A23187, consistent with an effect on the transport system per se as well as via Ca 2+ entry likely via the P sickle pathway. KCC activity is controlled by several pairs of conjugate protein kinases and phosphatases. Its activity, however, was also stimulated by XO/HO mixtures in red cells pretreated with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), which is thought to prevent regulation via changes in protein phosphorylation, suggesting that the oxidants formed could also have direct effects on this transporter. In the presence of XO/HO, red cell volume was better maintained in deoxygenated red cells. Overall, the most notable effect of XO/HO mixtures was an increase in red cell fragility. These findings increase our understanding of the effects of oxidative challenge in SCA patients and are relevant to the behavior of red cells in vivo. © 2018 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Physiological Society and the American Physiological Society.

A multiscale red blood cell model with accurate mechanics, rheology, and dynamics.

PubMed

Fedosov, Dmitry A; Caswell, Bruce; Karniadakis, George Em

2010-05-19

Red blood cells (RBCs) have highly deformable viscoelastic membranes exhibiting complex rheological response and rich hydrodynamic behavior governed by special elastic and bending properties and by the external/internal fluid and membrane viscosities. We present a multiscale RBC model that is able to predict RBC mechanics, rheology, and dynamics in agreement with experiments. Based on an analytic theory, the modeled membrane properties can be uniquely related to the experimentally established RBC macroscopic properties without any adjustment of parameters. The RBC linear and nonlinear elastic deformations match those obtained in optical-tweezers experiments. The rheological properties of the membrane are compared with those obtained in optical magnetic twisting cytometry, membrane thermal fluctuations, and creep followed by cell recovery. The dynamics of RBCs in shear and Poiseuille flows is tested against experiments and theoretical predictions, and the applicability of the latter is discussed. Our findings clearly indicate that a purely elastic model for the membrane cannot accurately represent the RBC's rheological properties and its dynamics, and therefore accurate modeling of a viscoelastic membrane is necessary. Copyright 2010 Biophysical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Pf155/RESA protein influences the dynamic microcirculatory behavior of ring-stage Plasmodium falciparum infected red blood cells

PubMed Central

Diez-Silva, Monica; Park, YongKeun; Huang, Sha; Bow, Hansen; Mercereau-Puijalon, Odile; Deplaine, Guillaume; Lavazec, Catherine; Perrot, Sylvie; Bonnefoy, Serge; Feld, Michael S.; Han, Jongyoon; Dao, Ming; Suresh, Subra

2012-01-01

Proteins exported by Plasmodium falciparum to the red blood cell (RBC) membrane modify the structural properties of the parasitized RBC (Pf-RBC). Although quasi-static single cell assays show reduced ring-stage Pf-RBCs deformability, the parameters influencing their microcirculatory behavior remain unexplored. Here, we study the dynamic properties of ring-stage Pf-RBCs and the role of the parasite protein Pf155/Ring-Infected Erythrocyte Surface Antigen (RESA). Diffraction phase microscopy revealed RESA-driven decreased Pf-RBCs membrane fluctuations. Microfluidic experiments showed a RESA-dependent reduction in the Pf-RBCs transit velocity, which was potentiated at febrile temperature. In a microspheres filtration system, incubation at febrile temperature impaired traversal of RESA-expressing Pf-RBCs. These results show that RESA influences ring-stage Pf-RBCs microcirculation, an effect that is fever-enhanced. This is the first identification of a parasite factor influencing the dynamic circulation of young asexual Pf-RBCs in physiologically relevant conditions, offering novel possibilities for interventions to reduce parasite survival and pathogenesis in its human host. PMID:22937223

Pf155/RESA protein influences the dynamic microcirculatory behavior of ring-stage Plasmodium falciparum infected red blood cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Diez-Silva, Monica; Park, Yongkeun; Huang, Sha; Bow, Hansen; Mercereau-Puijalon, Odile; Deplaine, Guillaume; Lavazec, Catherine; Perrot, Sylvie; Bonnefoy, Serge; Feld, Michael S.; Han, Jongyoon; Dao, Ming; Suresh, Subra

2012-08-01

Proteins exported by Plasmodium falciparum to the red blood cell (RBC) membrane modify the structural properties of the parasitized RBC (Pf-RBC). Although quasi-static single cell assays show reduced ring-stage Pf-RBCs deformability, the parameters influencing their microcirculatory behavior remain unexplored. Here, we study the dynamic properties of ring-stage Pf-RBCs and the role of the parasite protein Pf155/Ring-Infected Erythrocyte Surface Antigen (RESA). Diffraction phase microscopy revealed RESA-driven decreased Pf-RBCs membrane fluctuations. Microfluidic experiments showed a RESA-dependent reduction in the Pf-RBCs transit velocity, which was potentiated at febrile temperature. In a microspheres filtration system, incubation at febrile temperature impaired traversal of RESA-expressing Pf-RBCs. These results show that RESA influences ring-stage Pf-RBCs microcirculation, an effect that is fever-enhanced. This is the first identification of a parasite factor influencing the dynamic circulation of young asexual Pf-RBCs in physiologically relevant conditions, offering novel possibilities for interventions to reduce parasite survival and pathogenesis in its human host.

Phenol and chlorinated phenols exhibit different apoptotic potential in human red blood cells (in vitro study).

PubMed

Michałowicz, Jaromir; Włuka, Anna; Cyrkler, Monika; Maćczak, Aneta; Sicińska, Paulina; Mokra, Katarzyna

2018-05-23

Phenol and chlorinated phenols are widely spread in the environment and human surrounding, which leads to a common environmental and occupational exposure of humans to these substances. The aim of this study was to assess eryptotic changes in human red blood cells treated with phenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP). The erythrocytes were incubated with phenols studied in the concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 μg/mL for 24 h or 48 h. The results of the study revealed that all compounds studied caused phosphatidylserine translocation and increased cytosolic calcium ions level in human erythrocytes. It was also noticed that phenol and chlorophenols caused an increase in caspase-3 and calpain activation, which confirmed that they were capable of inducing suicidal death of erythrocytes. The results also revealed that PCP most strongly altered the parameters studied, while phenol exhibited the weakest eryptotic potential in the incubated cells. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A Multiscale Red Blood Cell Model with Accurate Mechanics, Rheology, and Dynamics

PubMed Central

Fedosov, Dmitry A.; Caswell, Bruce; Karniadakis, George Em

2010-01-01

Abstract Red blood cells (RBCs) have highly deformable viscoelastic membranes exhibiting complex rheological response and rich hydrodynamic behavior governed by special elastic and bending properties and by the external/internal fluid and membrane viscosities. We present a multiscale RBC model that is able to predict RBC mechanics, rheology, and dynamics in agreement with experiments. Based on an analytic theory, the modeled membrane properties can be uniquely related to the experimentally established RBC macroscopic properties without any adjustment of parameters. The RBC linear and nonlinear elastic deformations match those obtained in optical-tweezers experiments. The rheological properties of the membrane are compared with those obtained in optical magnetic twisting cytometry, membrane thermal fluctuations, and creep followed by cell recovery. The dynamics of RBCs in shear and Poiseuille flows is tested against experiments and theoretical predictions, and the applicability of the latter is discussed. Our findings clearly indicate that a purely elastic model for the membrane cannot accurately represent the RBC's rheological properties and its dynamics, and therefore accurate modeling of a viscoelastic membrane is necessary. PMID:20483330

Relative enhanced diffusivity: noise sensitivity, protocol optimization, and the relation to intravoxel incoherent motion.

PubMed

While, Peter T; Teruel, Jose R; Vidić, Igor; Bathen, Tone F; Goa, Pål Erik

2018-06-01

To explore the relationship between relative enhanced diffusivity (RED) and intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM), as well as the impact of noise and the choice of intermediate diffusion weighting (b value) on the RED parameter. A mathematical derivation was performed to cast RED in terms of the IVIM parameters. Noise analysis and b value optimization was conducted by using Monte Carlo calculations to generate diffusion-weighted imaging data appropriate to breast and liver tissue at three different signal-to-noise ratios. RED was shown to be approximately linearly proportional to the IVIM parameter f, inversely proportional to D and to follow an inverse exponential decay with respect to D*. The choice of intermediate b value was shown to be important in minimizing the impact of noise on RED and in maximizing its discriminatory power. RED was shown to be essentially a reparameterization of the IVIM estimates for f and D obtained with three b values. RED imaging in the breast and liver should be performed with intermediate b values of 100 and 50 s/mm 2 , respectively. Future clinical studies involving RED should also estimate the IVIM parameters f and D using three b values for comparison.

[Correlation between red blood cell count and liver function status].

PubMed

Xie, Xiaomeng; Wang, Leijie; Yao, Mingjie; Wen, Xiajie; Chen, Xiangmei; You, Hong; Jia, Jidong; Zhao, Jingmin; Lu, Fengmin

2016-02-01

To investigate the changes in red blood cell count in patients with different liver diseases and the correlation between red blood cell count and degree of liver damage. The clinical data of 1427 patients with primary liver cancer, 172 patients with liver cirrhosis, and 185 patients with hepatitis were collected, and the Child-Pugh class was determined for all patients. The differences in red blood cell count between patients with different liver diseases were retrospectively analyzed, and the correlation between red blood cell count and liver function status was investigated. The Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, rank sum test, Spearman rank sum correlation test, and chi-square test were performed for different types of data. Red blood cell count showed significant differences between patients with chronic hepatitis, liver cancer, and liver cirrhosis and was highest in patients with chronic hepatitis and lowest in patients with liver cirrhosis (P < 0.05). In the patients with liver cirrhosis, red blood cell count tended to decrease in patients with a higher Child-Pugh class (P < 0.05). For patients with liver cirrhosis, red blood cell count can reflect the degree of liver damage, which may contribute to an improved liver function prediction model for these patients.

Directly observed reversible shape changes and hemoglobin stratification during centrifugation of human and Amphiuma red blood cells.

PubMed

Hoffman, Joseph F; Inoué, Shinya

2006-02-21

This paper describes changes that occur in human and Amphiuma red blood cells observed during centrifugation with a special microscope. Dilute suspensions of cells were layered, in a centrifuge chamber, above an osmotically matched dense solution, containing Nycodenz, Ficoll, or Percoll (Pharmacia) that formed a density gradient that allowed the cells to slowly settle to an equilibrium position. Biconcave human red blood cells moved downward at low forces with minimum wobble. The cells oriented vertically when the force field was increased and Hb sedimented as the lower part of each cell became bulged and assumed a "bag-like" shape. The upper centripetal portion of the cell became thinner and remained biconcave. These changes occurred rapidly and were completely reversible upon lowering the centrifugal force. Bag-shaped cells, upon touching red cells in rouleau, immediately reverted to biconcave disks as they flipped onto a stack. Amphiuma red cells displayed a different type of reversible stratification and deformation at high force fields. Here the cells became stretched, with the nucleus now moving centrifugally, the Hb moving centripetally, and the bottom of the cells becoming thinner and clear. Nevertheless, the distribution of the marginal bands at the cells' rim was unchanged. We conclude that centrifugation, per se, while changing a red cell's shape and the distribution of its intracellular constituents, does so in a completely reversible manner. Centrifugation of red cells harboring altered or missing structural elements could provide information on shape determinants that are still unexplained.

The negative regulation of red cell mass by neocytolysis: physiologic and pathophysiologic manifestations.

PubMed

Rice, Lawrence; Alfrey, Clarence P

2005-01-01

We have uncovered a physiologic process which negatively regulates the red cell mass by selectively hemolyzing young circulating red blood cells. This allows fine control of the number of circulating red blood cells under steady-state conditions and relatively rapid adaptation to new environments. Neocytolysis is initiated by a fall in erythropoietin levels, so this hormone remains the major regulator of red cell mass both with anemia and with red cell excess. Physiologic situations in which there is increased neocytolysis include the emergence of newborns from the hypoxic uterine environment and the descent of polycythemic high-altitude dwellers to sea level. The process first became apparent while investigating the mechanism of the anemia that invariably occurs after spaceflight. Astronauts experience acute central plethora on entering microgravity resulting in erythropoietin suppression and neocytolysis, but the reduced blood volume and red cell mass become suddenly maladaptive on re-entry to earth's gravity. The pathologic erythropoietin deficiency of renal disease precipitates neocytolysis, which explains the prolongation of red cell survival consistently resulting from erythropoietin therapy and points to optimally efficient erythropoietin dosing schedules. Implications should extend to a number of other physiologic and pathologic situations including polycythemias, hemolytic anemias, 'blood-doping' by elite athletes, and oxygen therapy. It is likely that erythropoietin influences endothelial cells which in turn signal reticuloendothelial phagocytes to destroy or permit the survival of young red cells marked by surface molecules. Ongoing studies to identify the molecular targets and cytokine intermediaries should facilitate detection, dissection and eventual therapeutic manipulation of the process. Copyright (c) 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Blood bank issues associated with red cell exchanges in sickle cell disease.

PubMed

Sarode, Ravindra; Altuntas, Fevzi

2006-12-01

Sickle cell disease (SCD) patients are prone to develop complications that include stroke, acute chest syndrome, and other crises. Some of these complications require chronic transfusion therapy or red cell exchange (RCE), either for therapeutic or prophylactic reasons. Due to a discrepancy of red cell antigens between African Americans and Caucasians (majority blood donors), the incidence of alloantibody formation is very high, which makes it difficult to find compatible red cell units, especially for urgent RCE. Some of the above conditions require immediate oxygen delivery to the tissues. Thus, SCD patients undergoing RCE should receive red blood cells with special attributes that include matching for Rh and Kell blood group antigens; RBCs should be fresh in order to provide (1) immediate oxygen delivery and (2) longer surviving cells to reduce the interval between RCE. Also, these units should be pre-storage leukoreduced to prevent febrile non-hemolytic reactions and screened for sickle cell traits to avoid transfusing red cells containing HbS. This requires a concerted effort between the apheresis unit, the local blood bank, and the central blood supplier.

PARABIOTIC INTOXICATION. II. THE DISTRIBUTION AND SURVIVAL OF Cr$sup 51$- LABELED RED BLOOD CELLS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tokuda, S.; MacGillivray, M.H.

1962-04-01

The anemia and polycythemia in parent-to-F/sub 1/ parabiotic intoxication in mice were studied using Cr/sup 51/- and Fe/sup 59/ labeled red blood cells. It was observed that the anemia and polycythemia result from a shift in red cell mass from the hybrid into its parent strain partner. Because crosscirculation was observed between the parabionts during the anemia and polycythemia, the shift is attributed to unequal cross transfusion between the parabionts. There was neither preferential selection nor preferential destruction of either parental or hybrid red cells during the shift in red cell mass. (auth)

Red Blood Cell Count Automation Using Microscopic Hyperspectral Imaging Technology.

PubMed

Li, Qingli; Zhou, Mei; Liu, Hongying; Wang, Yiting; Guo, Fangmin

2015-12-01

Red blood cell counts have been proven to be one of the most frequently performed blood tests and are valuable for early diagnosis of some diseases. This paper describes an automated red blood cell counting method based on microscopic hyperspectral imaging technology. Unlike the light microscopy-based red blood count methods, a combined spatial and spectral algorithm is proposed to identify red blood cells by integrating active contour models and automated two-dimensional k-means with spectral angle mapper algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has better performance than spatial based algorithm because the new algorithm can jointly use the spatial and spectral information of blood cells.

Congo red modulates ACh-induced Ca2+ oscillations in single pancreatic acinar cells of mice

PubMed Central

Huang, Ze-bing; Wang, Hai-yan; Sun, Na-na; Wang, Jing-ke; Zhao, Meng-qin; Shen, Jian-xin; Gao, Ming; Hammer, Ronald P; Fan, Xue-gong; Wu, Jie

2014-01-01

Aim: Congo red, a secondary diazo dye, is usually used as an indicator for the presence of amyloid fibrils. Recent studies show that congo red exerts neuroprotective effects in a variety of models of neurodegenerative diseases. However, its pharmacological profile remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of congo red on ACh-induced Ca2+ oscillations in mouse pancreatic acinar cells in vitro. Methods: Acutely dissociated pancreatic acinar cells of mice were prepared. A U-tube drug application system was used to deliver drugs into the bath. Intracellular Ca2+ oscillations were monitored by whole-cell recording of Ca2+-activated Cl− currents and by using confocal Ca2+ imaging. For intracellular drug application, the drug was added in pipette solution and diffused into cell after the whole-cell configuration was established. Results: Bath application of ACh (10 nmol/L) induced typical Ca2+ oscillations in dissociated pancreatic acinar cells. Addition of congo red (1, 10, 100 μmol/L) dose-dependently enhanced Ach-induced Ca2+ oscillations, but congo red alone did not induce any detectable response. Furthermore, this enhancement depended on the concentrations of ACh: congo red markedly enhanced the Ca2+ oscillations induced by ACh (10–30 nmol/L), but did not alter the Ca2+ oscillations induced by ACh (100–10000 nmol/L). Congo red also enhanced the Ca2+ oscillations induced by bath application of IP3 (30 μmol/L). Intracellular application of congo red failed to alter ACh-induced Ca2+ oscillations. Conclusion: Congo red significantly modulates intracellular Ca2+ signaling in pancreatic acinar cells, and this pharmacological effect should be fully considered when developing congo red as a novel therapeutic drug. PMID:25345744

Interaction between phloretin and the red blood cell membrane

PubMed Central

1976-01-01

Phloretin binding to red blood cell components has been characterized at pH6, where binding and inhibitory potency are maximal. Binding to intact red cells and to purified hemoglobin are nonsaturated processes approximately equal in magnitude, which strongly suggests that most of the red cell binding may be ascribed to hemoglobin. This conclusion is supported by the fact that homoglobin-free red cell ghosts can bind only 10% as much phloretin as an equivalent number of red cells. The permeability of the red cell membrane to phloretin has been determined by a direct measurement at the time-course of the phloretin uptake. At a 2% hematocrit, the half time for phloretin uptake is 8.7s, corresponding to a permeability coefficient of 2 x 10(-4) cm/s. The concentration dependence of the binding to ghosts reveals two saturable components. Phloretin binds with high affinity (K diss = 1.5 muM) to about 2.5 x 10(6) sites per cell; it also binds with lower affinity (Kdiss = 54 muM) to a second (5.5 x 10(7) per cell) set of sites. In sonicated total lipid extracts of red cell ghosts, phloretin binding consists of a single, saturable component. Its affinity and total number of sites are not significantly different from those of the low affinity binding process in ghosts. No high affinity binding of phloretin is exhibited by the red cell lipid extracts. Therefore, the high affinity phloretin binding sites are related to membrane proteins, and the low affinity sites result from phloretin binding to lipid. The identification of these two types of binding sites allows phloretin effects on protein-mediated transport processes to be distinguished from effects on the lipid region of the membrane. PMID:5575

Two-dimensional single-cell patterning with one cell per well driven by surface acoustic waves

PubMed Central

Collins, David J.; Morahan, Belinda; Garcia-Bustos, Jose; Doerig, Christian; Plebanski, Magdalena; Neild, Adrian

2015-01-01

In single-cell analysis, cellular activity and parameters are assayed on an individual, rather than population-average basis. Essential to observing the activity of these cells over time is the ability to trap, pattern and retain them, for which previous single-cell-patterning work has principally made use of mechanical methods. While successful as a long-term cell-patterning strategy, these devices remain essentially single use. Here we introduce a new method for the patterning of multiple spatially separated single particles and cells using high-frequency acoustic fields with one cell per acoustic well. We characterize and demonstrate patterning for both a range of particle sizes and the capture and patterning of cells, including human lymphocytes and red blood cells infected by the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. This ability is made possible by a hitherto unexplored regime where the acoustic wavelength is on the same order as the cell dimensions. PMID:26522429

Three-dimensional rotation electron diffraction: software RED for automated data collection and data processing

PubMed Central

Wan, Wei; Sun, Junliang; Su, Jie; Hovmöller, Sven; Zou, Xiaodong

2013-01-01

Implementation of a computer program package for automated collection and processing of rotation electron diffraction (RED) data is described. The software package contains two computer programs: RED data collection and RED data processing. The RED data collection program controls the transmission electron microscope and the camera. Electron beam tilts at a fine step (0.05–0.20°) are combined with goniometer tilts at a coarse step (2.0–3.0°) around a common tilt axis, which allows a fine relative tilt to be achieved between the electron beam and the crystal in a large tilt range. An electron diffraction (ED) frame is collected at each combination of beam tilt and goniometer tilt. The RED data processing program processes three-dimensional ED data generated by the RED data collection program or by other approaches. It includes shift correction of the ED frames, peak hunting for diffraction spots in individual ED frames and identification of these diffraction spots as reflections in three dimensions. Unit-cell parameters are determined from the positions of reflections in three-dimensional reciprocal space. All reflections are indexed, and finally a list with hkl indices and intensities is output. The data processing program also includes a visualizer to view and analyse three-dimensional reciprocal lattices reconstructed from the ED frames. Details of the implementation are described. Data collection and data processing with the software RED are demonstrated using a calcined zeolite sample, silicalite-1. The structure of the calcined silicalite-1, with 72 unique atoms, could be solved from the RED data by routine direct methods. PMID:24282334

Three-dimensional rotation electron diffraction: software RED for automated data collection and data processing.

PubMed

Wan, Wei; Sun, Junliang; Su, Jie; Hovmöller, Sven; Zou, Xiaodong

2013-12-01

Implementation of a computer program package for automated collection and processing of rotation electron diffraction (RED) data is described. The software package contains two computer programs: RED data collection and RED data processing. The RED data collection program controls the transmission electron microscope and the camera. Electron beam tilts at a fine step (0.05-0.20°) are combined with goniometer tilts at a coarse step (2.0-3.0°) around a common tilt axis, which allows a fine relative tilt to be achieved between the electron beam and the crystal in a large tilt range. An electron diffraction (ED) frame is collected at each combination of beam tilt and goniometer tilt. The RED data processing program processes three-dimensional ED data generated by the RED data collection program or by other approaches. It includes shift correction of the ED frames, peak hunting for diffraction spots in individual ED frames and identification of these diffraction spots as reflections in three dimensions. Unit-cell parameters are determined from the positions of reflections in three-dimensional reciprocal space. All reflections are indexed, and finally a list with hkl indices and intensities is output. The data processing program also includes a visualizer to view and analyse three-dimensional reciprocal lattices reconstructed from the ED frames. Details of the implementation are described. Data collection and data processing with the software RED are demonstrated using a calcined zeolite sample, silicalite-1. The structure of the calcined silicalite-1, with 72 unique atoms, could be solved from the RED data by routine direct methods.

Red cell distribution width does not predict stroke severity or functional outcome.

PubMed

Ntaios, George; Gurer, Ozgur; Faouzi, Mohamed; Aubert, Carole; Michel, Patrik

2012-01-01

Red cell distribution width was recently identified as a predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients with previous stroke. Red cell distribution width is also higher in patients with stroke compared with those without. However, there are no data on the association of red cell distribution width, assessed during the acute phase of ischemic stroke, with stroke severity and functional outcome. In the present study, we sought to investigate this relationship and ascertain the main determinants of red cell distribution width in this population. We used data from the Acute Stroke Registry and Analysis of Lausanne for patients between January 2003 and December 2008. Red cell distribution width was generated at admission by the Sysmex XE-2100 automated cell counter from ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid blood samples stored at room temperature until measurement. An χ(2) -test was performed to compare frequencies of categorical variables between different red cell distribution width quartiles, and one-way analysis of variance for continuous variables. The effect of red cell distribution width on severity and functional outcome was investigated in univariate and multivariate robust regression analysis. Level of significance was set at 95%. There were 1504 patients (72±15·76 years, 43·9% females) included in the analysis. Red cell distribution width was significantly associated to NIHSS (β-value=0·24, P=0·01) and functional outcome (odds ratio=10·73 for poor outcome, P<0·001) at univariate analysis but not multivariate. Prehospital Rankin score (β=0·19, P<0·001), serum creatinine (β=0·008, P<0·001), hemoglobin (β=-0·009, P<0·001), mean platelet volume (β=0·09, P<0·05), age (β=0·02, P<0·001), low ejection fraction (β=0·66, P<0·001) and antihypertensive treatment (β=0·32, P<0·001) were independent determinants of red cell distribution width. Red cell distribution width, assessed during the early phase of acute ischemic stroke, does not predict severity or functional outcome. © 2011 The Authors. International Journal of Stroke © 2011 World Stroke Organization.

The restoration in vivo of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) in stored red cells, after transfusion. The levels of red cells 2,3-DPG.

PubMed

Stan, Ana; Zsigmond, Eva

2009-01-01

Since the main reason for transfusing preserved red cells is to increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the recipient, the circulating preserved red cells should have at the time of transfusion normal oxygen uptake and normal oxyhemoglobin dissociation characteristics. We evaluated the effectiveness of transfused red cells, through periodical determination of erythrocyte components, during 72 hours after transfusions of large quantities (3,000 mL) of blood. Three patients with massive hemorrhages, two after amputation and one after nephrectomy were given each 3,000 mL preserved blood (in ACD, 10 days, at 4 degrees C). Red cell 2,3-DPG and serum inorganic phosphorus were determined prior to transfusion and after, periodically, for three days. Red cell 2,3-DPG was determined by Krimsky's method and inorganic phosphorus by Kuttner and Lichtenstein's method. The in vivo restoration of 2,3-DPG--of transfused red cells is shown as a percentage of recipient's final 2,3-DPG level, and was calculated in each of the three patients. The level of erythrocyte 2,3-DPG was greater than 60% of the final level within 24 hours, after the end of transfusion. The in vivo rates of restoration of 2,3-DPG in transfused red cells for periods of 0-6, 6-24, 24-48 and 48-72 hours are 0.251, 0.238, 0.133, 0.120 mM/L cells/hour. The therapeutic significance of the increased oxygen affinity of stored blood becomes very important in clinical conditions, when large volumes of red cells are urgently needed. After massive transfusions, the restoration of 2,3-DPG in red cells produces a decrease of serum inorganic phosphorus through its consumption. The stored blood with low values of erythrocyte 2,3-DPG can be used without hesitation when correcting a chronic anemia for instance, but in acute situation, when the organism needs restoration of the oxygen releasing capacity within minutes, the resynthesis is obviously insufficient. In such situations, fresh blood or blood with a near normal 2,3-DPG content should be used.

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient subjects may be better "storers" than donors of red blood cells.

PubMed

Tzounakas, Vassilis L; Kriebardis, Anastasios G; Georgatzakou, Hara T; Foudoulaki-Paparizos, Leontini E; Dzieciatkowska, Monika; Wither, Matthew J; Nemkov, Travis; Hansen, Kirk C; Papassideri, Issidora S; D'Alessandro, Angelo; Antonelou, Marianna H

2016-07-01

Storage of packed red blood cells (RBCs) is associated with progressive accumulation of lesions, mostly triggered by energy and oxidative stresses, which potentially compromise the effectiveness of the transfusion therapy. Concerns arise as to whether glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient subjects (G6PD(-)), ~5% of the population in the Mediterranean area, should be accepted as routine donors in the light of the increased oxidative stress their RBCs suffer from. To address this question, we first performed morphology (scanning electron microscopy), physiology and omics (proteomics and metabolomics) analyses on stored RBCs from healthy or G6PD(-) donors. We then used an in vitro model of transfusion to simulate transfusion outcomes involving G6PD(-) donors or recipients, by reconstituting G6PD(-) stored or fresh blood with fresh or stored blood from healthy volunteers, respectively, at body temperature. We found that G6PD(-) cells store well in relation to energy, calcium and morphology related parameters, though at the expenses of a compromised anti-oxidant system. Additional stimuli, mimicking post-transfusion conditions (37°C, reconstitution with fresh healthy blood, incubation with oxidants) promoted hemolysis and oxidative lesions in stored G6PD(-) cells in comparison to controls. On the other hand, stored healthy RBC units showed better oxidative parameters and lower removal signaling when reconstituted with G6PD(-) fresh blood compared to control. Although the measured parameters of stored RBCs from the G6PD deficient donors appeared to be acceptable, the results from the in vitro model of transfusion suggest that G6PD(-) RBCs could be more susceptible to hemolysis and oxidative stresses post-transfusion. On the other hand, their chronic exposure to oxidative stress might make them good recipients, as they better tolerate exposure to oxidatively damaged long stored healthy RBCs. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Tannic acid and chromic chloride-induced binding of protein to red cells: a preliminary study of possible binding sites and reaction mechanisms.

PubMed

Hunt, A F; Reed, M I

1990-07-01

The binding mechanisms and binding sites involved in the tannic acid and chromic chloride-induced binding of protein to red cells were investigated using the binding of IgA paraprotein to red cells as model systems. Inhibition studies of these model systems using amino acid homopolymers and compounds (common as red cell membrane constituents) suggest that the mechanisms involved are similar to those proposed for the conversion of hide or skin collagen to leather, as in commercial tanning. These studies also suggest that tannic acid-induced binding of IgA paraprotein to red cells involves the amino acid residues of L-arginine, L-lysine, L-histidine, and L-proline analogous to tanning with phenolic plant extracts. The amino acid residues of L-aspartate, L-glutamate and L-asparagine are involved in a similar manner in chronic chloride-induced binding of protein to red cells.

Human spleen and red blood cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pivkin, Igor; Peng, Zhangli; Karniadakis, George; Buffet, Pierre; Dao, Ming

2016-11-01

Spleen plays multiple roles in the human body. Among them is removal of old and altered red blood cells (RBCs), which is done by filtering cells through the endothelial slits, small micron-sized openings. There is currently no experimental technique available that allows us to observe RBC passage through the slits. It was previously noticed that people without a spleen have less deformable red blood cells, indicating that the spleen may play a role in defining the size and shape of red blood cells. We used detailed RBC model implemented within the Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) simulation framework to study the filter function of the spleen. Our results demonstrate that spleen indeed plays major role in defining the size and shape of the healthy human red blood cells.

Role of red cells and plasma composition on blood sessile droplet evaporation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lanotte, Luca; Laux, Didier; Charlot, Benoît; Abkarian, Manouk

2017-11-01

The morphology of dried blood droplets derives from the deposition of red cells, the main components of their solute phase. Up to now, evaporation-induced convective flows were supposed to be at the base of red cell distribution in blood samples. Here, we present a direct visualization by videomicroscopy of the internal dynamics in desiccating blood droplets, focusing on the role of cell concentration and plasma composition. We show that in diluted suspensions, the convection is promoted by the rich molecular composition of plasma, whereas it is replaced by an outward red blood cell displacement front at higher hematocrits. We also evaluate by ultrasounds the effect of red cell deposition on the temporal evolution of sample rigidity and adhesiveness.

On the Mechanism of Human Red Blood Cell Longevity: Roles of Calcium, the Sodium Pump, PIEZO1, and Gardos Channels.

PubMed

Lew, Virgilio L; Tiffert, Teresa

2017-01-01

In a healthy adult, the transport of O 2 and CO 2 between lungs and tissues is performed by about 2 · 10 13 red blood cells, of which around 1.7 · 10 11 are renewed every day, a turnover resulting from an average circulatory lifespan of about 120 days. Cellular lifespan is the result of an evolutionary balance between the energy costs of maintaining cells in a fit functional state versus cell renewal. In this Review we examine how the set of passive and active membrane transporters of the mature red blood cells interact to maximize their circulatory longevity thus minimizing costs on expensive cell turnover. Red blood cell deformability is critical for optimal rheology and gas exchange functionality during capillary flow, best fulfilled when the volume of each human red blood cell is kept at a fraction of about 0.55-0.60 of the maximal spherical volume allowed by its membrane area, the optimal-volume-ratio range. The extent to which red blood cell volumes can be preserved within or near these narrow optimal-volume-ratio margins determines the potential for circulatory longevity. We show that the low cation permeability of red blood cells allows volume stability to be achieved with extraordinary cost-efficiency, favouring cell longevity over cell turnover. We suggest a mechanism by which the interplay of a declining sodium pump and two passive membrane transporters, the mechanosensitive PIEZO1 channel, a candidate mediator of P sickle in sickle cells, and the Ca 2+ -sensitive, K + -selective Gardos channel, can implement red blood cell volume stability around the optimal-volume-ratio range, as required for extended circulatory longevity.

On the Mechanism of Human Red Blood Cell Longevity: Roles of Calcium, the Sodium Pump, PIEZO1, and Gardos Channels

PubMed Central

Lew, Virgilio L.; Tiffert, Teresa

2017-01-01

In a healthy adult, the transport of O2 and CO2 between lungs and tissues is performed by about 2 · 1013 red blood cells, of which around 1.7 · 1011 are renewed every day, a turnover resulting from an average circulatory lifespan of about 120 days. Cellular lifespan is the result of an evolutionary balance between the energy costs of maintaining cells in a fit functional state versus cell renewal. In this Review we examine how the set of passive and active membrane transporters of the mature red blood cells interact to maximize their circulatory longevity thus minimizing costs on expensive cell turnover. Red blood cell deformability is critical for optimal rheology and gas exchange functionality during capillary flow, best fulfilled when the volume of each human red blood cell is kept at a fraction of about 0.55–0.60 of the maximal spherical volume allowed by its membrane area, the optimal-volume-ratio range. The extent to which red blood cell volumes can be preserved within or near these narrow optimal-volume-ratio margins determines the potential for circulatory longevity. We show that the low cation permeability of red blood cells allows volume stability to be achieved with extraordinary cost-efficiency, favouring cell longevity over cell turnover. We suggest a mechanism by which the interplay of a declining sodium pump and two passive membrane transporters, the mechanosensitive PIEZO1 channel, a candidate mediator of Psickle in sickle cells, and the Ca2+-sensitive, K+-selective Gardos channel, can implement red blood cell volume stability around the optimal-volume-ratio range, as required for extended circulatory longevity. PMID:29311949

Mechanoreceptor Cells on the Tertiary Pulvini of Mimosa pudica L.

PubMed Central

Világi, Ildikó; Varró, Petra; Kristóf, Zoltán

2007-01-01

Special red cells were found on the adaxial surface of tertiary pulvini of Mimosa pudica and experiments performed to determine the origin and function of these cells. Using anatomical (light, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy) and electrophysiological techniques, we have demonstrated that these red cells are real mechanoreceptor cells. They can generate receptor potential following mechanical stimuli and they are in connection with excitable motor cells (through plasmodesmata). We also provide evidence that these red cells are derived from stomatal subsidiary cells and not guard cells. As histochemical studies show red cells contain tannin, which is important in development of action potentials and movements of plants. These cells could be one of unidentified mechanoreceptors of mimosa. PMID:19517007

Applications of AMPS-1D for solar cell simulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Hong; Kalkan, Ali Kaan; Hou, Jingya; Fonash, Stephen J.

1999-03-01

The AMPS-1D PC computer program is now used by over 70 groups world-wide for detector and solar cell analysis. It has proved to be a very powerful tool in understanding device operation and physics for single crystal, poly-crystalline and amorphous structures. For example, AMPS-1D has been successful in explaining the "red kink" [1] and the "transient effect" in CdS/CIGS poly-crystalline solar cells. It has been used to show that thin film poly-Si structures, with reasonable light trapping, are capable of competitive solar cell conversion efficiencies. In the case of a-Si:H structures, it has been used, for example, to settle the discrepancies in bandgap measurement, to predict the effective QE>1 phenomenon later seen in these materials [2], to determine the relative roles of interface and bulk properties, and to point the direction toward 16% triple junction structures. In general AMPS-1D is used for cell and detector design, material parameter sensitivity studies, and parameter extraction. Recently we have shown that it can be used to determine optimum structure and light and voltage biasing conditions in the material parameter extraction function. Information on AMPS can be found at www.psu.edu/dept/AMPS/amps_web/AMPS.html and at other web sites set up by user groups.

21 CFR 640.16 - Processing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Red Blood Cells § 640.16 Processing. (a) Separation. Within the..., Red Blood Cells may be prepared either by centrifugation, done in a manner that will not tend to... sufficient to insure optimal cell preservation shall be left with the red cells except when a cryoprotective...

Phototoxic effects of lysosome-associated genetically encoded photosensitizer KillerRed

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Serebrovskaya, Ekaterina O.; Ryumina, Alina P.; Boulina, Maria E.; Shirmanova, Marina V.; Zagaynova, Elena V.; Bogdanova, Ekaterina A.; Lukyanov, Sergey A.; Lukyanov, Konstantin A.

2014-07-01

KillerRed is a unique phototoxic red fluorescent protein that can be used to induce local oxidative stress by green-orange light illumination. Here we studied phototoxicity of KillerRed targeted to cytoplasmic surface of lysosomes via fusion with Rab7, a small GTPase that is known to be attached to membranes of late endosomes and lysosomes. It was found that lysosome-associated KillerRed ensures efficient light-induced cell death similar to previously reported mitochondria- and plasma membrane-localized KillerRed. Inhibitory analysis demonstrated that lysosomal cathepsins play an important role in the manifestation of KillerRed-Rab7 phototoxicity. Time-lapse monitoring of cell morphology, membrane integrity, and nuclei shape allowed us to conclude that KillerRed-Rab7-mediated cell death occurs via necrosis at high light intensity or via apoptosis at lower light intensity. Potentially, KillerRed-Rab7 can be used as an optogenetic tool to direct target cell populations to either apoptosis or necrosis.

Red Maca (Lepidium meyenii) did not affect cell viability despite increased androgen receptor and prostate-specific antigen gene expression in the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP.

PubMed

Díaz, P; Cardenas, H; Orihuela, P A

2016-10-01

We examined whether aqueous extract of Lepidium meyenii (red Maca) could inhibit growth, potentiate apoptotic activity of two anticancer drugs Taxol and 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME) or change mRNA expression for the androgen target genes, androgen receptor (Ar) and prostate-specific antigen (Psa) in the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Red Maca aqueous extract at 0, 10, 20, 40 or 80 μg/ml was added to LNCaP cells, and viability was evaluated by the MTS assay at 24 or 48 hr after treatment. Furthermore, LNCaP cells were treated with 80 μg/ml of red Maca plus Taxol or 2ME 5 μM and viability was assessed 48 hr later. Finally, LNCaP cells were treated with red Maca 0, 20, 40 or 80 μg/ml, and 12 hr later, mRNA level for Ar or Psa was assessed by real-time PCR. Treatment with red Maca did not affect viability of LNCaP cells. Apoptotic activity induced by Taxol and 2ME in LNCaP cells was not altered with red Maca treatment. Relative expression of the mRNA for Ar and Psa increased with red Maca 20 and 40 μg/ml, but not at 80 μg/ml. We conclude that red Maca aqueous extract does not have toxic effects, but stimulates androgen signalling in LNCaP cells. © 2016 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

Long-term Effects on the Histology and Function of Livers and Spleens in Rats after 33% Toploading of PEG-PLA-nano Artificial Red Blood Cells

PubMed Central

Liu, Zun Chang; Chang, Thomas M.S.

2012-01-01

This study is to investigate the long-term effects of nanodimension PEG-PLA artificial red blood cells containing hemoglobin and red blood cell enzymes on the liver and spleen after 1/3 blood volume top loading in rats. The experimental rats received one of the following infusions: Nano artificial red blood cells in Ringer lactate, Ringer lactate, stroma-free hemoglobin, polyhemoglobin, and autologous rat whole blood. Blood samples were taken before infusions and on days 1, 7, and 21 after infusions for analysis. Nano artificial red blood cells, polyhemoglobin, Ringer lactate and rat red blood cells did not have any significant adverse effects on alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, amylase and creatine kinase. On the other hand, stroma-free hemoglobin induced significant adverse effects on liver as shown by elevation in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase throughout the 21 days. On day 21 after infusions rats were sacrificed and livers and spleens were excised for histological examination. Nano artificial red blood cells, polyhemoglobin, Ringer lactate and rat red blood cells did not cause any abnormalities in the microscopic histology of the livers and spleens. In the stroma-free hemoglobin group the livers showed accumulation of hemoglobin in central veins and sinusoids, and hepatic steatosis. In conclusion, injected nano artificial red blood cells can be efficiently metabolized and removed by the reticuloendothelial system, and do not have any biochemical or histological adverse effects on the livers or the spleens. PMID:19043818

Seasonal and ontogenetic changes modulate oxygen consumption and antioxidant defenses in the cutlassfish Trichiurus lepturus (Pisces, Trichiuridae).

PubMed

Wilhelm-Filho, Danilo; Fraga, César G; Boveris, Alberto

2017-09-01

Several oxidative stress markers and liver oxygen consumption were measured in different tissues of the marine fish Trichiurus lepturus in late summer and late winter, as well as in juveniles and adult females. Oxygen consumption in liver, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity in liver, red cells, lens and roe, vitamin E, ubiquinol 10 , β-carotene in liver, red cells, and roe, as well as contents of reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipoperoxidation (TBARS) in red cells were evaluated. Regarding ontogeny, compared to adult fish, juveniles showed significant higher SOD activity in liver and lens, as well as higher liver contents of vitamin E. In contrast, adult females showed higher contents of vitamin E in roe, ubiquinol 10 in liver and roe, and higher GSH levels in red cells, while the other markers remained unchanged. Regarding seasonal changes, no differences were detected in adult females for liver CAT and ubiquinol 10 , CAT in roe, vitamin E in roe and in red cells, liver and red cell ubiquinol 10 , and in GSH in red cells. However, and coinciding with the spawning period of late summer, liver oxygen consumption, SOD and CAT activity and ubiquinol 10 contents in roe and SOD activity in red cells, and red cell TBARS contents were higher compared to late winter. These temporal antioxidant adjustments of Trichiurus lepturus seem to be parallel to the higher oxygen consumption typical of juvenile forms and also to the intense spawning and foraging activities of adult females in late summer. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Performance evaluation of Abbott CELL-DYN Ruby for routine use.

PubMed

Lehto, T; Hedberg, P

2008-10-01

CELL-DYN Ruby is a new automated hematology analyzer suitable for routine use in small laboratories and as a back-up or emergency analyzer in medium- to high-volume laboratories. The analyzer was evaluated by comparing the results from the CELL-DYN((R)) Ruby with the results obtained from CELL-DYN Sapphire . Precision, linearity, and carryover between patient samples were also assessed. Precision was good at all levels for the routine cell blood count (CBC) parameters, CV% being or= 0.98) with CELL-DYN Sapphire for the CBC parameters. For the absolute reticulocyte count, R(2) was 0.82. In the white blood cell (WBC) differentials, the between-days precision was good for all parameters (CV%: or= 0.97), and the correlation coefficient for absolute monocyte count and monocyte percentage were 0.91 and 0.87, respectively. For absolute basophil count and basophil percentage the correlations were weaker (R(2) = 0.46 and 0.34, respectively). Carryover was minimal for all the parameters studied. The linearities of WBC, red blood cell, PLTs, and hemoglobin were acceptable within the tested ranges. In conclusion, the results of the evaluation showed the performance of CELL-DYN Ruby to be good.

Cation Homeostasis in Red Cells From Patients With Sickle Cell Disease Heterologous for HbS and HbC (HbSC Genotype).

PubMed

Hannemann, A; Rees, D C; Tewari, S; Gibson, J S

2015-11-01

Sickle cell disease (SCD) in patients of HbSC genotype is considered similar, albeit milder, to that in homozygous HbSS individuals--but with little justification. In SCD, elevated red cell cation permeability is critical as increased solute loss causes dehydration and encourages sickling. Recently, we showed that the KCl cotransporter (KCC) activity in red cells from HbSC patients correlated significantly with disease severity, but that in HbSS patients did not. Two transporters involved in red cell dehydration, the conductive channels Psickle and the Gardos channel, behaved similarly in red cells from the two genotypes, but were significantly less active in HbSC patients. By contrast, KCC activity was quantitatively greater in HbSC red cells. Results suggest that KCC is likely to have greater involvement in red cell dehydration in HbSC patients, which could explain its association with disease severity in this genotype. This work supports the hypothesis that SCD in HbSC patients is a distinct disease entity to that in HbSS patients. Results suggest the possibility of designing specific treatments of particular benefit to HbSC patients and a rationale for the development of prognostic markers, to inform early treatment of children likely to develop more severe complications of the disease.

Method for extending the useful shelf-life of refrigerated red blood cells by flushing with inert gas

DOEpatents

Bitensky, Mark W.; Yoshida, Tatsuro

1997-01-01

Method using oxygen removal for extending the useful shelf-life of refrigerated red blood cells. A cost-effective, 4.degree. C. storage procedure that preserves red cell quality and prolongs post-transfusion in vivo survival is described. Preservation of adenosine triphosphate levels and reduction in hemolysis and in membrane vesicle production of red blood cells stored at 4.degree. C. for prolonged periods of time is achieved by removing oxygen therefrom at the time of storage; in particular, by flushing with an inert gas. Adenosine triphosphate levels of the stored red blood cells are boosted in some samples by addition of ammonium phosphate.

Red Cell Indexes Made Easy Using an Interactive Animation: Do Students and Their Scores Concur?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kachroo, Upasana; Vinod, Elizabeth; Balasubramanian, Sivakumar; W., Jesi; Prince, Neetu

2018-01-01

A good understanding of red cell indexes can aid medical students in a considerable manner, serving as a basis to unravel both concepts in red cell physiology and abnormalities associated with the same. In this study, we tried to assess whether an interactive animation was helpful in improving student comprehension and understanding of red cell…

Comparison of lunar red spots including the crater copernicus

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shkuratov, Y.; Kaydash, V.; Rohacheva, L.; Korokhin, V.; Ivanov, M.; Velikodsky, Y.; Videen, G.

2016-07-01

The lunar red spots, Helmet, Hansteen Alpha, and the NW quadrant of the crater Copernicus, were selected for a complex comparative investigation of their characteristics measured by the spacecraft Clementine, LRO, and Chandrayaan-1. For the analysis we used the following parameters: the reflectance A(750 nm), color-ratio A(750 nm)/A(415 nm), parameter of optical micro-roughness (LRO WAC), parameters deduced from LRO Diviner data, optical maturity OMAT, abundance of FeO and TiO2 (Clementine UVVIS and LRO WAC data), oxygen content determined using Lunar Prospector data, and parameters characterizing the 0.95-μm and 2.2-μm bands of Fe2+ ions (crystal field bands), and 2.8-μm band of H2O/OH and/or Fe2+ ions. The red spots Helmet and Hansteen Alpha are considered to be extrusions of rhyolite composition, which can be attributed to the Nectarian period; we did not find contradictions of this assumption. As for the Copernicus red spot, this, perhaps, is a similar formation that has been destroyed by the impact. We demonstrate that the material of the Copernicus red spot probably has the same composition as the classical red spots Helmet and Hansteen Alpha. The distributions of the parameter of optical micro-roughness and optical maturity OMAT show that the Copernicus red anomaly was not formed during the long evolution of the lunar surface, but results from crater formation. We find several confirmations of the hypothesis that the Copernicus red spot can be a residual of a red material (possibly rhyolite) extrusion that was involved in the impact process. The red material could have been partially melted, crushed, and ejected to the crater's north-western vicinity. The described red asymmetry of the Copernicus ejecta can be related to the eccentricity, relative to the extrusion, of the impact and/or to the inclination of the impactor trajectory. The latter also is confirmed by an analysis of the region, which is based on the geological map shown in this paper.

In vivo regeneration of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate following transfusion of DPG-depleted AS-1, AS-3 and CPDA-1 red cells.

PubMed

Heaton, A; Keegan, T; Holme, S

1989-01-01

Regeneration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) was determined following transfusion of DPG-depleted group O red cells into group A recipients. Blood from five donors was stored in the adenine-containing solutions CPDA-1, AS-1 or AS-3 for 35 d at 4 degrees C. Post-transfusion red cell DPG and ATP were measured in separated group O red cells over a 7 d period. The studies confirmed rapid in vivo DPG regeneration with greater than or equal to 50% of the maximum level being achieved within 7 h. An average of 95% of the recipients' pre-transfusion DPG level was achieved by 72 h and by 7 d mean (+/- SEM) DPG levels relative to recipient's pre-transfusion DPG averaged 84% (+/- 13%), 92% (+/- 17%) and 84% (+/- 21%) for CPDA-1, AS-1 and AS-3 red cells, respectively. Results were comparable to those previously reported for blood stored in ACD for 15-20 d (Valeri & Hirsch, 1969; Beutler & Wood, 1969). The immediate regeneration rate, V, closely approximated first order regeneration kinetics with AS-3 red cells exhibiting double the rate of CPDA-1 red cells (P less than 0.001). AS-1 red cells exhibited an intermediate rate of regeneration which was not significantly different compared to either CPDA-1 or AS-3 (P greater than 0.05). V exhibited a significant (P less than 0.05) positive correlation with ATP levels 5-7 h post-infusion. ATP regeneration of the infused cells was rapid with a mean increase of 1.2 mumol/g Hb above post-storage levels being achieved 1 h following transfusion.

Change in permeability of the plasma membrane of blood cells in irradiated animals

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shevchenko, A.S.; Kobyalko, V.O.; Lazarev, N.M.

1994-11-01

The Chernobyl nuclear disaster showed the exposure of the thyroid gland to radioactive iodine is an important factor of radiation damage to animals. Examination of domestic animals showed a marked inhibition of thyroid hormone secretion and changes in red cell membrane permeability for calcium in the absence of marked hematological shifts. At the same time the disturbed thyroid statis is associated with changes in some structural and functional parameters of blood cells. This research on calves shows that radiation damage to the thyroid produces a modifying effect on blood cell membrane permeability for calcium during both the acute and latemore » periods following exposure to 131I. 15 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.« less

Red ginseng and vitamin C increase immune cell activity and decrease lung inflammation induced by influenza A virus/H1N1 infection.

PubMed

Kim, Hyemin; Jang, Mirim; Kim, Yejin; Choi, Jiyea; Jeon, Jane; Kim, Jihoon; Hwang, Young-Il; Kang, Jae Seung; Lee, Wang Jae

2016-03-01

Because red ginseng and vitamin C have immunomodulatory function and anti-viral effect, we investigated whether red ginseng and vitamin C synergistically regulate immune cell function and suppress viral infection. Red ginseng and vitamin C were treated to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-infected BCBL-1, and administrated to Gulo(-/-) mice, which are incapable of synthesizing vitamin C, with or without influenza A virus/H1N1 infection. Red ginseng and vitamin C increased the expression of CD25 and CD69 of PBMCs and natural killer (NK) cells. Co-treatment of them decreased cell viability and lytic gene expression in BCBL-1. In Gulo(-/-) mice, red ginseng and vitamin C increased the expression of NKp46, a natural cytotoxic receptor of NK cells and interferon (IFN)-γ production. Influenza infection decreased the survival rate, and increased inflammation and viral plaque accumulation in the lungs of vitamin C-depleted Gulo(-/-) mice, which were remarkably reduced by red ginseng and vitamin C supplementation. Administration of red ginseng and vitamin C enhanced the activation of immune cells like T and NK cells, and repressed the progress of viral lytic cycle. It also reduced lung inflammation caused by viral infection, which consequently increased the survival rate. © 2016 Royal Pharmaceutical Society, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology.

Evaluation of nucleated red blood cell count by Sysmex XE-2100 in patients with thalassaemia or sickle cell anaemia and in neonates.

PubMed

Buoro, Sabrina; Vavassori, Mauro; Pipitone, Silvia; Benegiamo, Anna; Lochis, Eleonora; Fumagalli, Sabina; Falanga, Anna; Marchetti, Marina; Crippa, Alberto; Ottomano, Cosimo; Lippi, Giuseppe

2015-10-01

Current haematology analysers have variable sensitivity and accuracy for counting nucleated red blood cells in samples with low values and in all those conditions characterised by altered sensitivity of red blood cells to the lysing process, such as in beta-thalassaemia or sickle-cell diseases and in neonates. The aim of our study was to evaluate the performance of the automated analyser XE-2100 at counting nucleated red blood cells in the above-mentioned three categories of subjects with potentially altered red blood cell lysis sensitivity and yet a need for accurate nucleated red blood cell counts. We measured nucleated red blood cell count by XE-2100 in peripheral blood samples of 187 subjects comprising 55 patients with beta-thalassaemia (40 major and 15 traits), 26 sickle-cell patients, 56 neonates and 50 normal subject. Results were compared with those obtained by optical microscopy. Agreement between average values of the two methods was estimated by means of Pearson's correlation and bias analysis, whereas diagnostic accuracy was estimated by analysis of receiver operating characteristic curves. The comparison between the two methods showed a Pearson's correlation of 0.99 (95% CI; 0.98-0.99; p<0.001) and bias of -0.61 (95% CI, -1.5-0.3). The area under the curve of the nucleated red blood cell count in all samples was 0.98 (95% CI, 0.96-1.00; p<0.001). Sub-analysis revealed an area under curve of 0.99 (95% CI, 0.98-1.00; p<0.001) for patients with thalassaemia, 0.94 (95% CI, 0.85-1.00; p<0.001) for patients with sickle cell anaemia, and 1.00 (95% CI, 1.0-1.0) for neonates. XE-2100 has excellent performance for nucleated red blood cell counting, especially in critical populations such as patients with haemoglobinopathies and neonates.

Further insight on recombination losses in the intrinsic layer of a-Si:H solar cells using computer modeling tools

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rubinelli, Francisco A.; Ramirez, Helena; Ruiz, Carlos M.; Schmidt, Javier A.

2017-05-01

Recombination losses of a-Si:H based p-i-n solar cells in the annealed state are analyzed with device computer modeling. Under AM1.5 illumination, the recombination rate in the intrinsic layer is shown to be controlled by a combination of losses through defect and tail states. The influence of the defect concentration on the characteristic parameters of a solar cell is analyzed. The impact on the light current-voltage characteristic curve of adopting very low free carrier mobilities and a high density of states at the band edge is explored under red and AM1.5 illumination. The distribution of trapped charge, electric field, and recombination loses inside the intrinsic layer is examined, and their influence on the solar cell performance is discussed. Solar cells with intrinsic layers deposited with and without hydrogen dilution are examined. It is found that the photocurrent at -2 V is not always a good approximation of the saturated reverse-bias photocurrent in a-Si:H p-i-n solar cells at room temperature. The importance of using realistic electrical parameters in solar cell simulations is emphasized.

Blood and Diversity

MedlinePlus

... blood. About Sickle Cell Disease Sickle cell disease is a common, inherited red blood disorder. Throughout their lives, sickle cell disease patients ... more time, consider a Power Red donation . Power Red is similar to a whole blood donation, except a special machine is used to ...

Storage effects on the Cole-Cole parameters of erythrocyte suspensions.

PubMed

Sezdi, M; Bayik, M; Ulgen, Y

2006-07-01

Chemical alterations of red blood cells (RBCs) during storage eventually affect the electrical properties of blood. In this study, the physiological parameters such as extracellular (SAGM + CPD + residual plasma) Na(+), K(+), Cl(-), pH, 2,3-DPG and ATP together with the Cole-Cole parameters were measured using erythrocyte suspensions from 51 male donors (31 donors form the training set and 20 donors are used for testing), on the 0th, 10th, 21st, 35th and 42nd days of storage. During storage, while the surrounding fluid resistance (R(e)) and the effective cell membrane capacitance (C(m)) increased progressively with time, the intracellular fluid resistance (R(i)) has decreased. Storage of RBCs resulted in a rise in K(+) and a fall in Na(+), Cl(-), pH, 2,3-DPG and ATP. Accordingly, electrical parameters were all correlated with Na(+), K(+), Cl(-), pH and ATP at varying levels. By applying multi-regression analysis, it is concluded that R(i), R(e) and C(m) are appropriate for modeling Na(+), K(+), Cl(-), pH and ATP during storage.

21 CFR 640.15 - Segments for testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... cells. (c) All segments accompanying a unit of Red Blood Cells shall be filled at the time the blood is... ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Red Blood Cells § 640.15 Segments for testing... provided with each unit of Whole Blood or Red Blood Cells when issued or reissued. (b) Before they are...

21 CFR 660.36 - Samples and protocols.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

..., whenever a new donor is used, a sample of red blood cells from each new donor used in a cell panel intended... ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR LABORATORY TESTS Reagent Red Blood Cells § 660.36 Samples... distribution of each lot of Reagent Red Blood Cells for detection or identification of unexpected antibodies...

21 CFR 660.36 - Samples and protocols.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

..., whenever a new donor is used, a sample of red blood cells from each new donor used in a cell panel intended... ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR LABORATORY TESTS Reagent Red Blood Cells § 660.36 Samples... distribution of each lot of Reagent Red Blood Cells for detection or identification of unexpected antibodies...

21 CFR 640.15 - Segments for testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... cells. (c) All segments accompanying a unit of Red Blood Cells shall be filled at the time the blood is... ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Red Blood Cells § 640.15 Segments for testing... provided with each unit of Whole Blood or Red Blood Cells when issued or reissued. (b) Before they are...

21 CFR 660.36 - Samples and protocols.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

..., whenever a new donor is used, a sample of red blood cells from each new donor used in a cell panel intended... ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR LABORATORY TESTS Reagent Red Blood Cells § 660.36 Samples... distribution of each lot of Reagent Red Blood Cells for detection or identification of unexpected antibodies...

21 CFR 640.15 - Segments for testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... cells. (c) All segments accompanying a unit of Red Blood Cells shall be filled at the time the blood is... ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Red Blood Cells § 640.15 Segments for testing... provided with each unit of Whole Blood or Red Blood Cells when issued or reissued. (b) Before they are...

21 CFR 640.15 - Segments for testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... cells. (c) All segments accompanying a unit of Red Blood Cells shall be filled at the time the blood is... ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Red Blood Cells § 640.15 Segments for testing... provided with each unit of Whole Blood or Red Blood Cells when issued or reissued. (b) Before they are...

21 CFR 640.15 - Segments for testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Red Blood Cells § 640.15 Segments for testing... provided with each unit of Whole Blood or Red Blood Cells when issued or reissued. (b) Before they are... cells. (c) All segments accompanying a unit of Red Blood Cells shall be filled at the time the blood is...

COMPETITION FOR RED BLOOD CELLS CAN ENHANCE PLASMODIUM VIVAX PARASITEMIA IN MIXED-SPECIES MALARIA INFECTIONS

PubMed Central

MCQUEEN, PHILIP G.; MCKENZIE, F. ELLIS

2008-01-01

We assess the consequences of competition for red blood cells (RBCs) in co-infections with the two major agents of human malaria, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum, using differential equations to model the population dynamics of RBCs and parasites. P. vivax parasitizes only the youngest RBCs, but this can reduce the broader RBC population susceptible to P. falciparum. We found that competition for RBCs typically causes one species to suppress the other, depending on their relative reproduction rates and timing of inoculation. However, if the species’ reproduction rates are nearly equal, transient increases in RBC production stimulated by the presence of P. falciparum may boost P. vivax parasitemia above its single-species infection level. Conversely, P. falciparum parasitemia is rarely enhanced above its single-species level. Furthermore, transients in RBC production can induce coupled oscillations in the parasitemia of both species. These results are remarkably robust to changes in model parameters. PMID:16837717

Elevated red blood cell distribution width is associated with liver function tests in patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma.

PubMed

Wei, Ting-Ting; Tang, Qing-Qin; Qin, Bao-Dong; Ma, Ning; Wang, Li-Li; Zhou, Lin; Zhong, Ren-Qian

2016-11-25

Red blood cell distribution width (RDW), a routinely tested parameter of the complete blood count (CBC), has been reported to be increased in various cancers and correlated with the patients' clinical characteristics. However, the significance of RDW in primary hepatocellular carcinoma (pHCC) is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between RDW and the clinical characteristics of pHCC patients. Medical records of 110 treatment-naive pHCC patients were retrospectively reviewed. Their clinical characteristics on admission, including RDW, liver function tests and tumor stage, were extracted, and their relationships were analyzed using Spearman correlation and Kruskal-Wallis test. Sixty-eight healthy individuals were set as controls. RDW was significantly increased in pHCC patients and correlated with the liver function tests. However, no correlation between RDW and tumor stage was found. RDW may be used to assess the liver function, but not the tumor stage in pHCC patients.

[Indicators of lipid peroxidation in the blood in hereditary predisposition to arteriosclerosis].

PubMed

Davidenkova, E F; Shafran, M G; Veksler, B M

1990-02-01

In members of the families whose parents had atherosclerosis complicated by macrofocal myocardial infarction or stroke, the serum level of lipid peroxidation products was correlated to enzymatic activity of neutrophil and red blood cells oxidation-antioxidation. In persons with hereditary predisposition to atherosclerosis both with clinical signs of atherosclerosis and phenotypically healthy against the control group there was elevated content of plasma acylhydroperoxides and hypoactivity of neutrophil myeloperoxidase. Determination of lipid peroxidation products by malonic dealdehyde showed this parameter to be higher in members of the families of the study group and in those with cardiovascular disorders. For those whose parents had atherosclerosis versus control subjects there were no differences in the activity of superoxide dismutase, glutation peroxidase and catalase in the blood red cells. Shifts in lipid peroxidation and activity of blood myeloperoxidase are identical in type and may represent a pathogenetic ling in formation of hereditary predisposition to cardiovascular disorders of atherosclerotic origin, the detection of which becomes feasible in a subclinical period.

Essential oil of clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) augments the humoral immune response but decreases cell mediated immunity.

PubMed

Halder, Sumita; Mehta, Ashish K; Mediratta, Pramod K; Sharma, Krishna K

2011-08-01

The present study was undertaken to explore the effect of the essential oil isolated from the buds of Eugenia caryophyllata on some immunological parameters. Humoral immunity was assessed by measuring the hemagglutination titre to sheep red blood cells and delayed type hypersensitivity was assessed by measuring foot pad thickness. Clove oil administration produced a significant increase in the primary as well as secondary humoral immune response. In addition, it also produced a significant decrease in foot pad thickness compared with the control group. Thus, these results suggest that clove oil can modulate the immune response by augmenting humoral immunity and decreasing cell mediated immunity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The Influence of Acute Handling Stress on Some Blood Parameters in Cultured Sea Bream (Sparus Aurata Linnaeus, 1758)

PubMed Central

Fazio, Francesco; Ferrantelli, Vincenzo; Fortino, Gianluca; Giangrosso, Giuseppe; Faggio, Caterina

2015-01-01

The effect of acute handling stress on haematological profile, blood glucose and lactate (secondary stress markers) in cultured sea bream Sparus aurata was evaluated. Sixty six Sparus aurata were used and equally divided into two groups (A and B). Group A was not subjected to stress, Group B was subjected to acute handling stress. From each fish, biometric data and blood samples were collected to evaluate haematological profile, blood glucose and lactate. Unpaired t-test Student was applied to evaluate possible differences in parameters between the two groups. Red blood cells, haematocrit, haemoglobin, white blood cells (WBC), glucose and lactate showed an increase (P<0.05) in Group B compared with Group A, while mean corpuscular volume decreased (P<0.05) in Group B. The results highlight the role of studied parameters in monitoring the stressful conditions of aquaculture production which affect animal welfare and fish products quality. PMID:27800375

Pinched flow coupled shear-modulated inertial microfluidics for high-throughput rare blood cell separation.

PubMed

Bhagat, Ali Asgar S; Hou, Han Wei; Li, Leon D; Lim, Chwee Teck; Han, Jongyoon

2011-06-07

Blood is a highly complex bio-fluid with cellular components making up >40% of the total volume, thus making its analysis challenging and time-consuming. In this work, we introduce a high-throughput size-based separation method for processing diluted blood using inertial microfluidics. The technique takes advantage of the preferential cell focusing in high aspect-ratio microchannels coupled with pinched flow dynamics for isolating low abundance cells from blood. As an application of the developed technique, we demonstrate the isolation of cancer cells (circulating tumor cells (CTCs)) spiked in blood by exploiting the difference in size between CTCs and hematologic cells. The microchannel dimensions and processing parameters were optimized to enable high throughput and high resolution separation, comparable to existing CTC isolation technologies. Results from experiments conducted with MCF-7 cells spiked into whole blood indicate >80% cell recovery with an impressive 3.25 × 10(5) fold enrichment over red blood cells (RBCs) and 1.2 × 10(4) fold enrichment over peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL). In spite of a 20× sample dilution, the fast operating flow rate allows the processing of ∼10(8) cells min(-1) through a single microfluidic device. The device design can be easily customized for isolating other rare cells from blood including peripheral blood leukocytes and fetal nucleated red blood cells by simply varying the 'pinching' width. The advantage of simple label-free separation, combined with the ability to retrieve viable cells post enrichment and minimal sample pre-processing presents numerous applications for use in clinical diagnosis and conducting fundamental studies.

Alterations in cell migration and cell viability of wounded human skin fibroblasts following visible red light exposure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prabhu, Vijendra; Rao, Bola Sadashiva S.; Mahato, Krishna Kishore

2014-02-01

The present study intended to examine the effect of visible red light on structural and cellular parameters on wounded skin fibroblast cells. To achieve the stated objective, uniform scratch was created on confluent monolayered human skin fibroblast cells, and were exposed to single dose of He-Ne laser (15 mm spot, 6.6808 mWcm-2) at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 Jcm-2 in the presence and absence of 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Beam profile measurements of the expanded laser beam were conducted to ensure the beam uniformity. The influence of laser dose on the change in temperature was recorded using sensitive temperature probe. Additionally, following laser exposure cell migration and cell survival were documented at different time intervals on wounded human skin fibroblast cells grown in vitro. Beam profile measurements indicated more or less uniform power distribution over the whole beam area. Temperature monitoring of sham irradiated control and laser treatment groups displayed negligible temperature change indicating the absence of thermal effect at the tested laser doses. In the absence of 10% FBS, single exposure of different laser doses failed to produce any significant effects on cell migration or cell survival. However, in the presence of serum single exposure of 5 J/cm2 on wounded skin fibroblasts significantly enhanced the cell migration (P<0.05) compared to the other tested doses (1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 J/cm2) and sham irradiated controls. In conclusion, the LLLT acts by improving cell migration and cell proliferation to produce measurable changes in wounded fibroblast cells.

ABO blood groups and malaria related clinical outcome.

PubMed

Deepa; Alwar, Vanamala A; Rameshkumar, Karuna; Ross, Cecil

2011-03-01

The study was undertaken to correlate the blood groups and clinical presentations in malaria patients and to understand the differential host susceptibility in malaria. From October 2007 to September 2008, malaria positive patients' samples were evaluated in this study. Hemoglobin, total leukocyte count, and platelet count of each patient were done on an automated cell counter. After determining the blood groups, malarial species and the severity of clinical course were correlated. A total of 100 patients were included in the study, of which 63 cases were positive for Plasmodium falciparum and 37 cases were positive for P. vivax infection and 11 patients had mixed infection. The results of the blood groups showed 22 - 'A' group, 42 - 'B' group, 35 - 'O' group and 1 was 'AB' group. When the clinical courses between different groups were compared using the following parameters for severe infection--a parasitic load of >10/1000 RBCs, severe anemia with hemoglobin < 6 g%, platelet count of <10,000/mm3, hepato or splenomegaly or clinical signs of severe malaria such as fever >101°F and other organ involvement, it was observed that 'O' group had an advantage over other the groups. The difference in rosetting ability between red blood cells of different 'ABO' blood groups with a diminished rosetting potential in blood group 'O' red blood cells was due to the differential host susceptibility. 'O' group had an advantage over the other three blood groups. Based on literature and the results of this study, the diminished rosetting potential in blood group 'O' red blood cells is suggested as the basis for the differential host susceptibility.

Serum free hemoglobin test

MedlinePlus

... the red blood cells. Most of the hemoglobin is found inside the red blood cells, not in the serum. Hemoglobin carries oxygen ... Hemoglobin (Hb) is the main component of red blood cells. It is a ... oxygen. This test is done to diagnose or monitor how severe ...

Research opportunities in loss of red blood cell mass in space flight

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Talbot, J. M.; Fisher, K. D.

1985-01-01

Decreases of red blood cell mass and plasma volume have been observed consistently following manned space flights. Losses of red cell mass by United States astronauts have averaged 10 to 15% (range: 2 to 21%). Based on postflight estimates of total hemoglobin, Soviet cosmonauts engaged in space missions lasting from 1 to 7 months have exhibited somewhat greater losses. Restoration of red cell mass requires from 4 to 6 weeks following return to Earth, regardless of the duration of space flight.

Analysis of oxidative status and biochemical parameters in adult patients with sickle cell anemia treated with hydroxyurea, Ceará, Brazil

PubMed Central

Teixeira Neto, Paulo Florentino; Gonçalves, Romélia Pinheiro; Elias, Darcielle Bruna Dias; de Araújo, Cleiton Pinheiro; Magalhães, Hemerson Iury Ferreira

2011-01-01

Background Sickle cell anemia is a hemoglobinopathy caused by a mutation that results in the production of an abnormal hemoglobin molecule, hemoglobin S (Hb S). This is responsible for profound physiological changes, such as the sickling of red blood cells. Several studies have shown that hydroxyurea protects against vaso-occlusive crises. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress associated with biochemical parameters in patients with sickle cell anemia treated with hydroxyurea. Methods The study was conducted with 20 male and 25 female patients at the Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio. The patients were divided into two groups: a study group (n = 12), patients with sickle cell anemia who were receiving hydroxyurea and a control group (n = 33) of sickle cell anemia patients not submitted to hydroxyurea treatment. The biochemical parameters analyzed were ferritin, transferrin, and serum iron. Glutathione was measured in its reduced form to analyze the oxidative state. Results The results showed insignificant increases in the levels of serum iron, transferrin and ferritin in patients treated with hydroxyurea when compared with those who did not take the medication. However, the glutathione levels were significantly higher in patients taking hydroxyurea than in controls. Conclusions These results indicate that hydroxyurea possibly acts as an antioxidant by increasing glutathione levels. PMID:23049297

Assessment of effects of a Cordia salicifolia extract on the radiolabeling of blood constituents and on the morphology of red blood cells.

PubMed

Frydman, Jacques Natan Grinapel; Rocha, Vanessa Camara; Benarroz, Monica Oliveira; Rocha, Gabrielle Souza; Pereira, Márcia Oliveira; de Souza da Fonseca, Adenilson; Bernardo-Filho, Mario

2008-12-01

Effects of a Cordia salicifolia (porangaba) extract on the labeling of blood cells (BCs) with technetium-99m ((99m)Tc) and on the morphology of red BCs were evaluated. Labeling of cellular and molecular structures with (99m)Tc depends on a reducing agent. Some physical characteristics, as visible absorbance spectrum, electric conductivity, and refractive index of this porangaba extract, were also determined. Blood samples from Wistar rats were incubated with porangaba extract or with 0.9% NaCl (control). Labeling of blood constituents with (99m)Tc was performed. Plasma (P) and BCs, both soluble (SF-P and SF-BC) and insoluble (IF-P and IF-BC) fractions, were separated. The radioactivity in each fraction was counted, and the percentage of radioactivity incorporated (%ATI) was calculated. Blood smears were prepared, fixed, and stained, and the morphology of the red BCs was evaluated. Data showed an absorbance peak at 480 nm and electric conductibility and refractive index concentration-dependent. Porangaba extract decreased significantly (P < .05) the BC, IF-P, and IF-BC %ATI, and no modifications were verified on the shape of red BCs. Analysis of the results reveals that some physical parameters could be useful to aid in characterizing the extract studied. Moreover, it is possible that chemical compounds of this extract could have chelating/redox actions or be capable of binding to plasma and/or cellular proteins.

The association between hematological parameters and metabolic syndrome in Iranian men: A single center large-scale study.

PubMed

Ahmadzadeh, Jamal; Mansorian, Behnam; Attari, Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh; Mohebbi, Ira; Naz-Avar, Raha; Moghadam, Karaim; Ghareh-Bagh, Seyyed Adel Khoshbou

Some studies have demonstrated that metabolic syndrome is associated with hematological parameters. The present study explores the relationship between hematological parameters and numbers of metabolic syndrome conditions in Iranian men. This cross-sectional study included 11,114 participants who were professional drivers of commercial motor vehicles, and were enrolled in the Iranian Health Surveys between 2014 and 2016. Diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was made according to International Diabetes Federation criteria. Clinical data, including anthropometric measurements and serum parameters, were collected. Odds ratios for hematological parameters and metabolic syndrome were calculated using binary logistic regression models. We found that hemoglobin; platelet, and white blood cell counts increased with increasing numbers of metabolic syndrome components (p<0.05 for all). The odds ratio of metabolic syndrome significantly increased across successive quartiles of platelet (1.00, 1.25, 1.29, and 1.51) and white blood cell counts (1.00, 1.51, 1.79, and 2.11) with the lowest quartile as the referent group. Similar associations for hemoglobin and hematocrit in the top quartile were also observed. We did not observe any significant difference in the mean of neutrophil count, mean platelet volume (MPV), red cell distribution width, or platelet distribution width among participants with or without metabolic syndrome. Our findings indicate that high levels of major hematological parameters such as hemoglobin, hematocrit, as well as platelet and white blood cell counts could be novel indicators for the development of metabolic syndrome. Copyright © 2017 Diabetes India. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A mathematical and experimental simulation of the hematological response to weightlessness

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kimzey, S. L.; Leonard, J. I.; Johnson, P. C.

1979-01-01

A mathematical model of erythropoiesis control was used to simulate the effects of bedrest and zero-g on the circulating red cell mass. The model incorporates the best current understanding of the dynamics of red cell production and destruction and the associated feedback regulation. Specifically studied were the hemodynamic responses of a 28-day bedrest study devised to simulate Skylab experience. The results support the hypothesis that red cell loss during supine bedrest is a normal physiological feedback process in response to hemoconcentration enhanced tissue oxygenation and suppression of red cell production. Model simulation suggested the possibilities that this period was marked by some combination of increased oxygen-hemoglobin affinity, small reduction in mean red cell life span, ineffective erythropoiesis, or abnormal reticulocytosis.

Bio-inspired Cryo-ink Preserves Red Blood Cell Phenotype and Function during Nanoliter Vitrification

PubMed Central

Assal, Rami El; Guven, Sinan; Gurkan, Umut Atakan; Gozen, Irep; Shafiee, Hadi; Dalbeyber, Sedef; Abdalla, Noor; Thomas, Gawain; Fuld, Wendy; Illigens, Ben M.W.; Estanislau, Jessica; Khoory, Joseph; Kaufman, Richard; Zylberberg, Claudia; Lindeman, Neal; Wen, Qi; Ghiran, Ionita; Demirci, Utkan

2014-01-01

Current red blood cell cryopreservation methods utilize bulk volumes, causing cryo-injury of cells, which results in irreversible disruption of cell morphology, mechanics, and function. An innovative approach to preserve human red blood cell morphology, mechanics, and function following vitrification in nanoliter volumes is developed using a novel cryo-ink integrated with a bio-printing approach. PMID:25047246

Electrical power from sea and river water by reverse electrodialysis: a first step from the laboratory to a real power plant.

PubMed

Veerman, Joost; Saakes, Michel; Metz, Sybrand J; Harmsen, G Jan

2010-12-01

Electricity can be produced directly with reverse electrodialysis (RED) from the reversible mixing of two solutions of different salinity, for example, sea and river water. The literature published so far on RED was based on experiments with relatively small stacks with cell dimensions less than 10 × 10 cm(2). For the implementation of the RED technique, it is necessary to know the challenges associated with a larger system. In the present study we show the performance of a scaled-up RED stack, equipped with 50 cells, each measuring 25 × 75 cm(2). A single cell consists of an AEM (anion exchange membrane) and a CEM (cation exchange membrane) and therefore, the total active membrane area in the stack is 18.75 m(2). This is the largest dimension of a reverse electrodialysis stack published so far. By comparing the performance of this stack with a small stack (10 × 10 cm(2), 50 cells) it was found that the key performance parameter to maximal power density is the hydrodynamic design of the stack. The power densities of the different stacks depend on the residence time of the fluids in the stack. For the large stack this was negatively affected by the increased hydrodynamic losses due to the longer flow path. It was also found that the large stack generated more power when the sea and river water were flowing in co-current operation. Co-current flow has other advantages, the local pressure differences between sea and river water compartments are low, hence preventing leakage around the internal manifolds and through pinholes in the membranes. Low pressure differences also enable the use of very thin membranes (with low electrical resistance) as well as very open spacers (with low hydrodynamic losses) in the future. Moreover, we showed that the use of segmented electrodes increase the power output by 11%.

Association of white cell and red cell antibodies in human sera

PubMed Central

Ross, Jill M.; James, D. C. O.

1973-01-01

Five hundred and eighteen human sera containing known red cell antibodies were tested for lymphocytotoxic antibodies and 81 sera were found to contain them. Thirty-nine antibodies were fully characterized. The frequencies of anti-I, K, Vw, and Wra were significantly greater in those of the 518 sera which also contained white cell antibodies. Four hundred and ninety-four of the 518 sera containing red cell antibodies contained anti-Rh and anti-Kell. The frequency of white cell antibodies in this group was 15% compared with a frequency of 12% in a series of 923 antenatal samples not containing anti-Rh or anti-Kell. The frequencies of different anti-HL-A specificities were compared in the two groups with or without anti-Rh and anti-Kell antibodies. Anti-HL-A 1, 7, and 8 occurred more frequently in the absence of these red cell antibodies and anti-HL-A 12 occurred more frequently in their presence. No correlation was found between particular red cell and white cell antibodies. PMID:4197543

Measurements of red cell deformability and hydration reflect HbF and HbA2 in blood from patients with sickle cell anemia.

PubMed

Parrow, Nermi L; Tu, Hongbin; Nichols, James; Violet, Pierre-Christian; Pittman, Corinne A; Fitzhugh, Courtney; Fleming, Robert E; Mohandas, Narla; Tisdale, John F; Levine, Mark

2017-06-01

Decreased erythrocyte deformability, as measured by ektacytometry, may be associated with disease severity in sickle cell anemia (SCA). Heterogeneous populations of rigid and deformable cells in SCA blood result in distortions of diffraction pattern measurements that correlate with the concentration of hemoglobin S (HbS) and the percentage of irreversibly sickled cells. We hypothesize that red cell heterogeneity, as well as deformability, will also be influenced by the concentration of alternative hemoglobins such as fetal hemoglobin (HbF) and the adult variant, HbA 2 . To test this hypothesis, we investigate the relationship between diffraction pattern distortion, osmotic gradient ektacytometry parameters, and the hemoglobin composition of SCA blood. We observe a correlation between the extent of diffraction pattern distortions and percentage of HbF and HbA 2 . Osmotic gradient ektacytometry data indicate that minimum elongation in the hypotonic region is positively correlated with HbF, as is the osmolality at which it occurs. The osmolality at both minimum and maximum elongation is inversely correlated with HbS and HbA 2 . These data suggest that HbF may effectively improve surface-to-volume ratio and osmotic fragility in SCA erythrocytes. HbA 2 may be relatively ineffective in improving these characteristics or cellular hydration at the levels found in this patient cohort. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Immune modulation and microchimerism after unmodified versus leukoreduced allogeneic red blood cell transfusion in cancer patients: results of a randomized study.

PubMed

Lapierre, Valérie; Aupérin, Anne; Robinet, Eric; Ferrand, Christophe; Oubouzar, Nadia; Tramalloni, Dominique; Saas, Philippe; Debaene, Bertrand; Lasser, Philippe; Tiberghien, Pierre

2007-09-01

Transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs) has been associated with immunomodulatory effects. Persistence of donor cells in the recipient may be contributive. A randomized single-center trial was conducted to compare microchimerism and immune responses in 35 patients undergoing cancer surgery and transfused perioperatively with either unmodified RBCs (UN-RBCs, n = 18) or leukoreduced RBCs (LR-RBCs, n = 17). Biologic parameters included microchimerism assessment peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMNC) phenotyping, cytokine production by stimulated PBMNCs, FoxP3 gene expression, and T-cell repertoire (TCR) analysis. Microchimerism was documented in 8 of 18 patients after UN-RBC transfusion while absent after LR-RBC transfusion (0/17; p = 0.001). After UN-RBC transfusion, microchimerism was associated with increased interleukin (IL)-10 production (p = 0.02), reduced TCR alteration (p = 0.04), and reduced CD56+ cell counts (p = 0.02) when compared to recipients without evidence for microchimerism. FoxP3 gene expression did not differ significantly between both treatment groups nor with the presence or absence of microchimerism in the UN-RBC group. Finally, after an initial early decrease after surgery and transfusion, IL-12 production increased and more significantly so after UN-RBC transfusion versus LR-RBC transfusion (p = 0.05). UN-RBC-induced microchimerism is associated with specific immunomodulatory effects in cancer patients who received transfusions during surgery.

Cation Homeostasis in Red Cells From Patients With Sickle Cell Disease Heterologous for HbS and HbC (HbSC Genotype)

PubMed Central

Hannemann, A.; Rees, D.C.; Tewari, S.; Gibson, J.S.

2015-01-01

Sickle cell disease (SCD) in patients of HbSC genotype is considered similar, albeit milder, to that in homozygous HbSS individuals — but with little justification. In SCD, elevated red cell cation permeability is critical as increased solute loss causes dehydration and encourages sickling. Recently, we showed that the KCl cotransporter (KCC) activity in red cells from HbSC patients correlated significantly with disease severity, but that in HbSS patients did not. Two transporters involved in red cell dehydration, the conductive channels Psickle and the Gardos channel, behaved similarly in red cells from the two genotypes, but were significantly less active in HbSC patients. By contrast, KCC activity was quantitatively greater in HbSC red cells. Results suggest that KCC is likely to have greater involvement in red cell dehydration in HbSC patients, which could explain its association with disease severity in this genotype. This work supports the hypothesis that SCD in HbSC patients is a distinct disease entity to that in HbSS patients. Results suggest the possibility of designing specific treatments of particular benefit to HbSC patients and a rationale for the development of prognostic markers, to inform early treatment of children likely to develop more severe complications of the disease. PMID:26870793

Reduction in unnecessary red blood cell folate testing by restricting computerized physician order entry in the electronic health record.

PubMed

MacMillan, Thomas E; Gudgeon, Patrick; Yip, Paul M; Cavalcanti, Rodrigo B

2018-05-02

Red blood cell folate is a laboratory test with limited clinical utility. Previous attempts to reduce physician ordering of unnecessary laboratory tests, including folate, have resulted in only modest success. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness and impacts of restricting red blood cell folate ordering in the electronic health record. This was a retrospective observational study from January 2010 to December 2016 at a large academic healthcare network in Toronto, Canada. All inpatients and outpatients who underwent at least 1 red blood cell folate or vitamin B12 test during the study period were included. Red blood cell folate ordering was restricted to clincians in gastroenterology and hematology and was removed from other physicians' computerized order entry screen in the electronic health record in June 2013. Red blood cell folate testing decreased by 94.4% during the study, from a mean of 493.0 (SD 48.0) tests/month before intervention to 27.6 (SD 10.3) tests/month after intervention (P<.001). Restricting red blood cell folate ordering in the electronic health record resulted in a large and sustained reduction in red blood cell folate testing. Significant cost savings estimated at over a quarter-million dollars (CAD) over three years were achieved. There was no significant clinical impact of the intervention on the diagnosis of folate deficiency. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc.

The morphological classification of normal and abnormal red blood cell using Self Organizing Map

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rahmat, R. F.; Wulandari, F. S.; Faza, S.; Muchtar, M. A.; Siregar, I.

2018-02-01

Blood is an essential component of living creatures in the vascular space. For possible disease identification, it can be tested through a blood test, one of which can be seen from the form of red blood cells. The normal and abnormal morphology of the red blood cells of a patient is very helpful to doctors in detecting a disease. With the advancement of digital image processing technology can be used to identify normal and abnormal blood cells of a patient. This research used self-organizing map method to classify the normal and abnormal form of red blood cells in the digital image. The use of self-organizing map neural network method can be implemented to classify the normal and abnormal form of red blood cells in the input image with 93,78% accuracy testing.

[Spectrum simulation based on data derived from red tide].

PubMed

Liu, Zhen-Yu; Cui, Ting-Wei; Yue, Jie; Jiang, Tao; Cao, Wen-Xi; Ma, Yi

2011-11-01

The present paper utilizes the absorption data of red tide water measured during the growing and dying course to retrieve imaginary part of the index of refraction based on Mie theory, carries out the simulation and analysis of average absorption efficiency factors, average backscattering efficiency factors and scattering phase function. The analysis of the simulation shows that Mie theory can be used to reproduce the absorption property of Chaetoceros socialis with an average error of 11%; the average backscattering efficiency factors depend on the value of absorption whose maximum value corresponds to the wavelength range from 400 to 700 nanometer; the average backscattering efficiency factors showed a maximum value on 17th with a low value during the outbreak of red tide and the minimum on 21th; the total scattering, weakly depending on the absorption, is proportional to the size parameters which represent the relative size of cell diameter with respect to the wavelength, while the angle scattering intensity is inversely proportional to wavelength.

Control of the red tide dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides by ozone in seawater.

PubMed

Shin, Minjung; Lee, Hye-Jin; Kim, Min Sik; Park, Noh-Back; Lee, Changha

2017-02-01

The inactivation of C. polykrikoides, a red tide dinoflagellate, by ozonation was investigated in seawater by monitoring numbers of viable and total cells. Parameters affecting the inactivation efficacy of C. polykrikoides such as the ozone dose, initial cell concentration, pH, and temperature were examined. The viable cell number rapidly decreased in the initial stage of the reaction (mostly in 1-2 min), whereas the decrease in total cell number was relatively slow and steady. Increasing ozone dose and decreasing initial cell concentration increased the inactivation efficacy of C. polykrikoides, while increasing pH and temperature decreased the cell inactivation efficacy. The addition of humic acid (a promoter for the ozone decomposition) inhibited the inactivation of C. polykrikoides, whereas bicarbonate ion (an inhibitor for the ozone decomposition) accelerated the C. polykrikoides inactivation. Observations regarding the effects of pH, temperature, humic acid, and bicarbonate ion collectively indicate that the inactivation of C. polykrikoides by ozonation is mainly attributed to oxidative cell damages by molecular ozone, rather than by hydroxyl radical, produced during the ozone decomposition. At high ozone dose (e.g., 5 mg/L), hypobromous acid formed by the reaction of bromide with ozone may partially contribute to cell inactivation. The use of ozone of less than 1 mg/L produced 0.75-2.03 μg/L bromate. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Experiment M115: Special hematologic effects: Dynamic changes in red cell shape in response to the space-flight environment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kimzey, S. L.; Burns, L. C.; Fischer, C. L.

1974-01-01

The significance of the transformations in red cell shape observed during the Skylab study must be considered relative to the limitation of man's participation in extended space flight missions. The results of this one study are not conclusive with respect to this question. Based on these examinations of red cells in normal, healthy men and based on other Skylab experiment data relative to the functional capacity of the red cells in vitro and the performance capacity of man as an integrated system, the changes observed would not appear to be the limiting factor in determining man's stay in space. However, the results of this experiment and the documented red cell mass loss during space flight raise serious questions at this time relative to the selection criteria utilized for passengers and crews of future space flights. Until the specific cause and impact of the red cell shape change on cell survival in vivo can be resolved, individuals with diagnosed hematologic abnormalities should not be considered as prime candidates for missions, especially those of longer duration.

The use of enzymopathic human red cells in the study of malarial parasite glucose metabolism.

PubMed

Roth, E; Joulin, V; Miwa, S; Yoshida, A; Akatsuka, J; Cohen-Solal, M; Rosa, R

1988-05-01

The in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites was assayed in mutant red cells deficient in either diphosphoglycerate mutase (DPGM) or phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK). In addition, cDNA probes developed for human DNA sequences coding for these enzymes were used to examine the parasite genome by means of restriction endonuclease digestion and Southern blot analysis of parasite DNA. In both types of enzymopathic red cells, parasite growth was normal. In infected DPGM deficient red cells, no DPGM activity could be detected, and in normal red cells, DPGM activity declined slightly in a manner suggestive of parasite catabolism of host protein. However, in infected PGK deficient red cells, there was a 100-fold increase in PGK activity, and in normal red cells, a threefold increase in PGK activity was observed. Parasite PGK could be recovered from isolated parasites, and a marked increase in heat instability of parasite PGK as compared with the host cell enzyme was noted. Neither cDNA probe was found to cross-react with DNA sequences in the parasite genome. It is concluded that the parasite has no requirement for DPGM, and probably has no gene for this enzyme. On the other hand, the parasite does require PGK, (an adenosine triphosphate [ATP] generating enzyme) and synthesizes its own enzyme, which must have been encoded in the parasite genome. The parasite PGK gene most likely lacks sufficient homology to be detected by a human cDNA probe. Enzymopathic red cells are useful tools for elucidating the glycolytic enzymology of parasites and their co-evolution with their human hosts.

Red Cell Distribution Width and Serum BNP Level Correlation in Diabetic Patients with Cardiac Failure: A Cross - Sectional Study.

PubMed

A R, Subhashree

2014-06-01

Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a red cell measurement given by fully automated hematology analyzers. It is a measure of heterogeneity in the size of circulating erythrocytes. Studies have shown that it is a prognostic marker in non - anemic diabetic patients with symptomatic cardiovascular disease but its correlation with cardiac failure in diabetics has not been studied so far. Moreover, studies have also shown that a higher RDW may reflect an underlying inflammatory state. Since Diabetes is a pro inflammatory state there is a possibility that it might have an influence on the RDW values even when there is no cardiac failure, but research data on this aspect is lacking. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a proven marker for cardiac failure whose values are comparable with echo cardio graphic findings in assessing the left ventricular dysfunction. This study aimed to find out the correlation between RDW% and serum BNP levels in Diabetics with heart failure (cases) when compared to those without failure (controls). Further, we compared the RDW % values of the cases with controls. Settings and Design : The study was approved by institutional ethical and research committee. A cross-sectional study was conducted with patients attending the Diabetes clinic of a tertiary care hospital in Chennai, India, during the period of October to December 2013. Hundred known cases of type II Diabetes mellitus attending Diabetes centre of the Hospital, with clinical and Echo cardio graphic features of cardiac failure were included as cases. Hundred age and gender matched diabetics with negative history of cardiovascular disease and with normal Echo cardio graphic features were included as controls. Informed consent was obtained from all the cases and controls. Demographic data and clinical history were gathered from all the cases and controls by using a standardized self - administered questionnaire. Biochemical and hematological parameters which included Fasting and Postprandial blood sugar, Glycosylated hemoglobin, Complete Blood count including RDW and serum BNP were performed for all the cases and controls. RESULTS were tabulated and analysed using SPSS 20.0 version A statistically significant correlation (p<.001) was found between Red cell Distribution Width % and Serum B type Natriuretic Peptide values in the cases. Further, RDW% showed a statistically significant difference between cases and controls. RDW% can be used as a screening parameter to identify cardiac failure in Diabetic patients similar to non-diabetic cardiac failure. RDW% values are significantly higher in cases of Diabetes with failure in comparison to uncomplicated Diabetes.

Training-induced annual changes in red blood cell profile in highly-trained endurance and speed-power athletes.

PubMed

Ciekot-Sołtysiak, Monika; Kusy, Krzysztof; Podgórski, Tomasz; Zieliński, Jacek

2017-10-24

An extensive body of literature exists on the effects of training on haematological parameters, but the previous studies have not reported how hematological parameters respond to changes in training loads within consecutive phases of the training cycle in highly-trained athletes in extremely different sport disciplines. The aim of this study was to identify changes in red blood cell (RBC) profile in response to training loads in consecutive phases of the annual training cycle in highly-trained sprinters (8 men, aged 24 ± 3 years) and triathletes (6 men, aged 24 ± 4 years) who competed at the national and international level. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), RBC, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Ht), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and RBC distribution width (RDW) were determined in four characteristic training phases (transition, general subphase of the preparation phase, specific subphase of the preparation phase and competition phase). Our main findings are that (1) Hb, MCH and MCHC in triathletes and MCV in both triathletes and sprinters changed significantly over the annual training cycle, (2) triathletes had significantly higher values than sprinters only in case of MCH and MCHC after the transition and general preparation phases but not after the competition phase when MCH and MCHC were higher in sprinters and (3) in triathletes, Hb, MCH and MCHC substantially decreased after the competition phase, which was not observed in sprinters. The athletes maintained normal ranges of all haematological parameters in four characteristic training phases. Although highly-trained sprinters and triathletes do not significantly differ in their levels of most haematological parameters, these groups are characterized by different patterns of changes during the annual training cycle. Our results suggest that when interpreting the values of haematological parameters in speed-power and endurance athletes, a specific phase of the annual training cycle should be taken into account.

Hepatic hepcidin gene expression in dogs with a congenital portosystemic shunt.

PubMed

Frowde, P E; Gow, A G; Burton, C A; Powell, R; Lipscomb, V J; House, A K; Mellanby, R J; Tivers, M S

2014-01-01

Microcytic anemia is common in dogs with a congenital portosystemic shunt (cPSS) and typically resolves after surgical attenuation of the anomalous vessel. However, the pathophysiology of the microcytic anemia remains poorly understood. Hepcidin has been a key role in controlling iron transport in both humans and animals and in mediating anemia of inflammatory disease in humans. The role of hepcidin in the development of microcytic anemia in dogs with a cPSS has not been examined. To determine whether hepatic hepcidin mRNA expression decreases, while red blood cell count (RBC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) increase in dogs after surgical attenuation of a cPSS. Eighteen client-owned dogs with confirmed cPSS undergoing surgical attenuation. Prospective study. Red blood cell count (RBC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), together with hepatic gene expression of hepcidin, were measured in dogs before and after partial attenuation of a cPSS. There was a significant increase in both RBC (median pre 6.17 × 10(12) /L, median post 7.08 × 10(12) /L, P < .001) and MCV (median pre 61.5fl, median post 65.5fl, P = .006) after partial surgical attenuation of the cPSS. Despite the increase in both measured red blood cell parameters, hepatic gene expression of hepcidin remained unchanged. This study found no evidence that dysregulated production of hepcidin was associated with anemia in dogs with a cPSS. Copyright © 2014 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.

Hemoglobin concentration does not impact 3-month outcome following acute ischemic stroke.

PubMed

Sharma, Kartavya; Johnson, Daniel J; Johnson, Brenda; Frank, Steven M; Stevens, Robert D

2018-06-02

There is uncertainty regarding the effect of anemia and red blood cell transfusion on functional outcome following acute ischemic stroke. We studied the relationship of hemoglobin parameters and red cell transfusion with post stroke functional outcome after adjustment for neurological severity and medical comorbidities. Retrospective cohort study of 536 patients discharged with a diagnosis of ischemic stroke from a tertiary care hospital between January 2012 and April 2015. Hemoglobin level at hospital admission, lowest recorded value during hospitalization (nadir), delta hemoglobin (admission minus nadir), red cell transfusion during hospitalization were noted. Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) was computed as a summary measure of medical comorbidities. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine risk-adjusted odds of unfavorable outcome, defined as a modified Rankin Score of > 2. Anemia was present on hospital admission in 31% of patients. Forty five percent of patients had unfavorable outcome. In the univariable analysis increasing age, admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), CCI, nadir hemoglobin, delta hemoglobin and blood transfusion were associated with unfavorable outcome. In the multivariable model, only increasing age, CCI and NIHSS remained associated with unfavorable outcome. No quadratic association was found on repeating the model to identify a possible U-shaped relationship of hemoglobin with outcome. Our findings contradict prior observational studies and highlight an area of clinical equipoise regarding the optimal management of anemia in patients hospitalized for ischemic stroke. This uncertainty could be addressed with appropriately designed clinical trials.

Disulphide-reduced psoriasin is a human apoptosis-inducing broad-spectrum fungicide

PubMed Central

Hein, Kyaw Zaw; Takahashi, Hitoshi; Tsumori, Toshiko; Yasui, Yukihiko; Nanjoh, Yasuko; Toga, Tetsuo; Wu, Zhihong; Grötzinger, Joachim; Jung, Sascha; Wehkamp, Jan; Schroeder, Bjoern O.; Schroeder, Jens M.; Morita, Eishin

2015-01-01

The unexpected resistance of psoriasis lesions to fungal infections suggests local production of an antifungal factor. We purified Trichophyton rubrum-inhibiting activity from lesional psoriasis scale extracts and identified the Cys-reduced form of S100A7/psoriasin (redS100A7) as a principal antifungal factor. redS100A7 inhibits various filamentous fungi, including the mold Aspergillus fumigatus, but not Candida albicans. Antifungal activity was inhibited by Zn2+, suggesting that redS100A7 interferes with fungal zinc homeostasis. Because S100A7-mutants lacking a single cysteine are no longer antifungals, we hypothesized that redS100A7 is acting as a Zn2+-chelator. Immunogold electron microscopy studies revealed that it penetrates fungal cells, implicating possible intracellular actions. In support with our hypothesis, the cell-penetrating Zn2+-chelator TPEN was found to function as a broad-spectrum antifungal. Ultrastructural analyses of redS100A7-treated T. rubrum revealed marked signs of apoptosis, suggesting that its mode of action is induction of programmed cell death. TUNEL, SYTOX-green analyses, and caspase-inhibition studies supported this for both T. rubrum and A. fumigatus. Whereas redS100A7 can be generated from oxidized S100A7 by action of thioredoxin or glutathione, elevated redS100A7 levels in fungal skin infection indicate induction of both S100A7 and its reducing agent in vivo. To investigate whether redS100A7 and TPEN are antifungals in vivo, we used a guinea pig tinea pedes model for fungal skin infections and a lethal mouse Aspergillus infection model for lung infection and found antifungal activity in both in vivo animal systems. Thus, selective fungal cell-penetrating Zn2+-chelators could be useful as an urgently needed novel antifungal therapeutic, which induces programmed cell death in numerous fungi. PMID:26438863

21 CFR 640.16 - Processing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Red Blood Cells § 640.16 Processing. (a) Separation. Within the..., Red Blood Cells may be prepared either by centrifugation, done in a manner that will not tend to... for Red Blood Cells shall be the original blood containers unless the method of processing requires a...

42 CFR 493.1271 - Standard: Immunohematology.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... must be tested with known A1 and B red cells. (3) The laboratory must determine the D(Rho) type by testing unknown red cells with anti-D (anti-Rho) blood typing reagent. (b) Immunohematological testing and...) through (e). (2) The laboratory must determine ABO group by concurrently testing unknown red cells with...

21 CFR 640.16 - Processing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Red Blood Cells § 640.16 Processing. (a) Separation. Within the..., Red Blood Cells may be prepared either by centrifugation, done in a manner that will not tend to... for Red Blood Cells shall be the original blood containers unless the method of processing requires a...

9 CFR 113.115 - Staphylococcus Aureus Bacterin-Toxoid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... standard antitoxin produces a 50 percent hemolysis of rabbit red blood cells. (6) Incubate toxin-antitoxin... drawn rabbit red blood cells suspended in normal saline to each tube. Mix and incubate the combined... determining the size of the button produced by the unlysed red blood cells. (8) Determine the units of...

21 CFR 640.16 - Processing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Red Blood Cells § 640.16 Processing. (a) Separation. Within the..., Red Blood Cells may be prepared either by centrifugation, done in a manner that will not tend to... for Red Blood Cells shall be the original blood containers unless the method of processing requires a...

42 CFR 493.1271 - Standard: Immunohematology.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... must be tested with known A1 and B red cells. (3) The laboratory must determine the D(Rho) type by testing unknown red cells with anti-D (anti-Rho) blood typing reagent. (b) Immunohematological testing and...) through (e). (2) The laboratory must determine ABO group by concurrently testing unknown red cells with...

9 CFR 113.115 - Staphylococcus Aureus Bacterin-Toxoid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... standard antitoxin produces a 50 percent hemolysis of rabbit red blood cells. (6) Incubate toxin-antitoxin... drawn rabbit red blood cells suspended in normal saline to each tube. Mix and incubate the combined... determining the size of the button produced by the unlysed red blood cells. (8) Determine the units of...

42 CFR 493.1271 - Standard: Immunohematology.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... must be tested with known A1 and B red cells. (3) The laboratory must determine the D(Rho) type by testing unknown red cells with anti-D (anti-Rho) blood typing reagent. (b) Immunohematological testing and...) through (e). (2) The laboratory must determine ABO group by concurrently testing unknown red cells with...

21 CFR 640.16 - Processing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Red Blood Cells § 640.16 Processing. (a) Separation. Within the..., Red Blood Cells may be prepared either by centrifugation, done in a manner that will not tend to... for Red Blood Cells shall be the original blood containers unless the method of processing requires a...

9 CFR 113.115 - Staphylococcus Aureus Bacterin-Toxoid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... standard antitoxin produces a 50 percent hemolysis of rabbit red blood cells. (6) Incubate toxin-antitoxin... drawn rabbit red blood cells suspended in normal saline to each tube. Mix and incubate the combined... determining the size of the button produced by the unlysed red blood cells. (8) Determine the units of...

9 CFR 113.115 - Staphylococcus Aureus Bacterin-Toxoid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... standard antitoxin produces a 50 percent hemolysis of rabbit red blood cells. (6) Incubate toxin-antitoxin... drawn rabbit red blood cells suspended in normal saline to each tube. Mix and incubate the combined... determining the size of the button produced by the unlysed red blood cells. (8) Determine the units of...

9 CFR 113.115 - Staphylococcus Aureus Bacterin-Toxoid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... standard antitoxin produces a 50 percent hemolysis of rabbit red blood cells. (6) Incubate toxin-antitoxin... drawn rabbit red blood cells suspended in normal saline to each tube. Mix and incubate the combined... determining the size of the button produced by the unlysed red blood cells. (8) Determine the units of...

42 CFR 493.1271 - Standard: Immunohematology.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... must be tested with known A1 and B red cells. (3) The laboratory must determine the D(Rho) type by testing unknown red cells with anti-D (anti-Rho) blood typing reagent. (b) Immunohematological testing and...) through (e). (2) The laboratory must determine ABO group by concurrently testing unknown red cells with...

21 CFR 640.17 - Modifications for specific products.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... (CONTINUED) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS Red Blood Cells § 640.17 Modifications for specific products. Red Blood Cells Frozen: A cryophylactic substance may be added to the Red Blood Cells for extended manufacturers' storage at −65° C or colder, provided the manufacturer submits...

Rheological properties of RBC in the microcirculation of mammalian skeletal muscle. [red blood cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ehrenberg, M. H.

1974-01-01

In the investigation the established technique of direct microscopic viewing was combined with the use of a closed circuit television system and cinematography. The red cell flow patterns in all capillaries were found to be oscillatory with characteristic cycle frequencies and amplitudes for all concentrations of inspired oxygen greater than 8%. Generally, there was a transient decrease in mean flow rate with increasing severity of hypoxia, with a gradual return toward control values. Red cell flow patterns are discussed along with questions of red cell configuration.

Comparative Study of Antimalarial and Other Drugs on G6PD Deficient Red Cells.

DTIC Science & Technology

33063 (1600 mg x day for 6 days) and WR 30090 (690 mg x day for 3- 6 days) demonstrated that these drugs were not hemolytic for G6PD deficient red cells...The studies concerning the effects of DFD on G6PD deficient red cells of the A- and B- variants were completed during the course of this contract...DFD is especially hemolytic even at low single dosages for G6PD deficient red cells of the B- type. The investigations on the new antimalarials WR

Hyperemic peripheral red marrow in a patient with sickle cell anemia demonstrated on Tc-99m labeled red blood cell venography

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Heiden, R.A.; Locko, R.C.; Stent, T.R.

1991-03-01

A 25-year-old gravid woman, homozygous for sickle cell anemia, with a history of recent deep venous thrombosis, was examined using Tc-99m labeled red blood cell venography for recurrent thrombosis. Although negative for thrombus, the study presented an unusual incidental finding: the patient's peripheral bone marrow was hyperemic in a distribution consistent with peripheral red bone marrow expansion. Such a pattern has not been documented before using this technique. This report supports other literature that has demonstrated hyperemia of peripheral red bone marrow in other hemolytic anemias. This finding may ultimately define an additional role of scintigraphy in assessing the pathophysiologicmore » status of the sickle cell patient.« less

Red Blood Cell Hematocrit Influences Platelet Adhesion Rate in a Microchannel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Spann, Andrew; Campbell, James; Fitzgibbon, Sean; Rodriguez, Armando; Shaqfeh, Eric

2014-11-01

The creation of a blood clot to stop bleeding involves platelets forming a plug at the site of injury. Red blood cells indirectly play a role in ensuring that the distribution of platelets across the height of the channel is not uniform - the contrast in deformability and size between platelets and red blood cells allows the platelets to preferentially marginate close to the walls. We perform 3D boundary integral simulations of a suspension of platelets and red blood cells in a periodic channel with a model that allows for platelet binding at the walls. The relative rate of platelet activity with varying hematocrit (volume fraction of red blood cells) is compared to experiments in which red blood cells and platelets flow through a channel coated with von Willebrand factor. In the simulations as well as the experiments, a decrease in hematocrit of red blood cells is found to reduce the rate at which platelets adhere to the channel wall in a manner that is both qualitatively and quantitatively similar. We conclude with a discussion of the tumbling and wobbling motions of platelets in 3D leading up to the time at which the platelets bind to the wall. Funded by Stanford Army High Performance Computing Research Center, experiments by US Army Institute of Surgical Research.

Image classification of unlabeled malaria parasites in red blood cells.

PubMed

Zheng Zhang; Ong, L L Sharon; Kong Fang; Matthew, Athul; Dauwels, Justin; Ming Dao; Asada, Harry

2016-08-01

This paper presents a method to detect unlabeled malaria parasites in red blood cells. The current "gold standard" for malaria diagnosis is microscopic examination of thick blood smear, a time consuming process requiring extensive training. Our goal is to develop an automate process to identify malaria infected red blood cells. Major issues in automated analysis of microscopy images of unstained blood smears include overlapping cells and oddly shaped cells. Our approach creates robust templates to detect infected and uninfected red cells. Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOGs) features are extracted from templates and used to train a classifier offline. Next, the ViolaJones object detection framework is applied to detect infected and uninfected red cells and the image background. Results show our approach out-performs classification approaches with PCA features by 50% and cell detection algorithms applying Hough transforms by 24%. Majority of related work are designed to automatically detect stained parasites in blood smears where the cells are fixed. Although it is more challenging to design algorithms for unstained parasites, our methods will allow analysis of parasite progression in live cells under different drug treatments.

Concentration dependence of the cell membrane permeability to cryoprotectant and water and implications for design of methods for post-thaw washing of human erythrocytes.

PubMed

Lahmann, John M; Benson, James D; Higgins, Adam Z

2018-02-01

For more than fifty years the human red blood cell (RBC) has been a widely studied model for transmembrane mass transport. Existing literature spans myriad experimental designs with varying results and physiologic interpretations. In this review, we examine the kinetics and mechanisms of membrane transport in the context of RBC cryopreservation. We include a discussion of the pathways for water and glycerol permeation through the cell membrane and the implications for mathematical modeling of the membrane transport process. In particular, we examine the concentration dependence of water and glycerol transport and provide equations for estimating permeability parameters as a function of concentration based on a synthesis of literature data. This concentration-dependent transport model may allow for design of improved methods for post-thaw removal of glycerol from cryopreserved blood. More broadly, the consideration of the concentration dependence of membrane permeability parameters may be important for other cell types as well, especially for design of methods for equilibration with the highly concentrated solutions used for vitrification. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Biosignatures of Kerala red rain cells: Implications in understanding their origin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gangappa, R.; Thomas, M.; Hogg, S.

2013-09-01

The red rain that fell over Kerala, southern India (2001-2012) was characterised by the red pigmented particles. Earlier proposal claiming that these are known algal bloom blown from trees (Sampath et al, 2001; DiGregorio, 2007) has been studied by us and disproved. Also, further investigation reporting their extraordinary properties including a suggestion that they lack DNA (Louis and Kumar 2003; 2006; 2008) has been invalidated (Gangappa and Hogg, 2013). However, their claim regarding the growth and replication of these cells at 300ºC needs more investigation if it is to gain acceptance. Current study provide evidences regarding the biological properties of Kerala red rain cells to gain insights into environmental conditions from which they may have originated. Combined with various research strategies and high resolution instruments, we have demonstrated the following interesting properties of Kerala red rain cells: (1) unusually thick external envelope enclosing the central core; (2)stability of red pigment at temperatures about 100ºC and pH variations; (3) absence of eukaryotic ultrastructures; (4) possible replication at 121ºC with nanostructures (possible daughter cells) having similar morphological features inside the large mother cells at such high temperature. They contain high percentage of carbon, iron, silicon and aluminum and often enclosed in a silicon rich biofilms. Further investigation shows that the positive detection of DNA in these cells was possible only after the complete removal of red pigment, thereby providing an explanation for the negative outcome of earlier studies in this regard. Moreover, evidences are shown to support that these cells contain high amounts of UV absorbing compounds, porphyrin complexes and possible scytonemin. Kerala red rain cells may prove to be polyextermophiles belonging to prokaryotes and may have possibly originated from the environment containing above mentioned chemical elements, high energy UV exposure and possible high temperatures. This may be of high interest and red rain cells can be viewed as a possible candidate in future Astrobiological investigations.

Characterization of the increased binding of acetaldehyde to red blood cells in alcoholics.

PubMed

Hernández-Muñoz, R; Baraona, E; Blacksberg, I; Lieber, C S

1989-10-01

Using equilibrium dialysis, we found that acetaldehyde, at the levels commonly occurring after ethanol ingestion, did not bind detectably to plasma proteins, but there was significant binding to red blood cells, more in alcoholics than in nonalcoholics. The binding to red blood cells was inhibited by pyridoxal phosphate and N-ethylmaleimide, suggesting adduction to amino and thiol groups. Binding kinetics were consistent with at least two sites. The one with the highest affinity for acetaldehyde corresponded to hemoglobin. Its affinity and Bmax were not changed in alcoholics, but these binding sites accounted for only 44% of the sites available in the red blood cells of alcoholics and 80% of those in controls. Moreover, this binding was not inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. There was no detectable binding to red cell ghosts. Nonprotein binding was then assessed by changes in NADH produced by the addition of protein-free fractions of the cells to an alcohol dehydrogenase system in equilibrium; this revealed a second binder of lower affinity, larger capacity and with sensitivity to both inhibitors. This binding (possibly due to thiazolidine formation with cysteine) was enhanced in alcoholics, whose red blood cell cysteine content was doubled. Levels of red blood cell cysteine and acetaldehyde remained high for 2 weeks after withdrawal. Because of the prolonged persistence after withdrawal, these changes may provide new markers of alcoholism.

Inability to detect transferrin receptors on P. falciparum parasitized red cells.

PubMed

Pollack, S; Schnelle, V

1988-01-01

The mechanism by which P. falciparum takes up iron from transferrin has been explored. Binding of 125I labelled transferrin to parasitized red cells at 37 degrees C is two-fold greater than to control cells; at 0 degrees C there is no significant difference. The binding is non-specific as judged from the following: it is not saturable; it is not limited to transferrin as lactoferrin (which has iron binding domains) and bovine serum albumin (which does not) also bind in excess to parasitized red cells. A transferrin receptor complex could not be demonstrated when parasitized red cells, to which 125I transferrin was bound, were solubilized in Triton X100. Previous observation showed that uptake of transferrin iron by parasitized red cells is not accompanied by equimolar uptake of transferrin protein. We therefore suggest that nonspecifically bound transferrin is endocytosed, that the protein is degraded and the iron selectively retained.

Novel Red-Orange Phosphors Na2BaMg(PO4)2:Pr3+: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Photoluminescence Performance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pan, Lu; Yang, Xiaozhan; Xiong, Chaoyue; Deng, Dashen; Qin, Chunlin; Feng, Wenlin

2018-01-01

A series of new red-orange emission phosphors Na2BaMg(PO4)2:Pr3+ were synthesised by a high-temperature solid-state reaction. The crystal structure and photoluminescence properties of these samples were characterised by X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic measurements. This compound holds P3̅m1 space group of the trigonal system with the lattice parameters of hexagonal cell a=0.5304(3) nm and c=0.6989(3) nm. The phosphor emits the strongest peak at 606 nm when excited by 449 nm. The average Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage chromaticity coordinates calculated for the phosphors are (0.52, 0.46). The results demonstrate the potential application of these phosphors in solid-state lighting and other fields.

Microwave Blood Thawing: Biochemical Analysis of Small Samples of Thawed Red Blood Cells.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-01-01

dissociation curve at three DPG levels . . . 42 7 Changes in DPG concentration over the 6 hours post-wash . . . 43 8 Changes in pH over the 6 hours post...citrate dextrose ATP Adenosine-5’ -triphosphate CPD Citrate phosphate dextrose DPG 2,3- diphosphoglycerate FDA Food and Drug Administration gRBC... diphosphoglycerate (DPG) concentration, and * reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration. Not all parameters were measured on all units at this step of the preparation

Acclimation of Haslea ostrearia to light of different spectral qualities - confirmation of 'chromatic adaptation' in diatoms.

PubMed

Mouget, Jean-Luc; Rosa, Philippe; Tremblin, Gérard

2004-07-19

The marine diatom Haslea ostrearia was cultured under light of different qualities, white (WL), blue (BL), green (GL), yellow (YL), red (RL), and far-red (FRL) and at two irradiance levels, low and high (20 and 100 micromolphotonsm(-2)s(-1), respectively). The effects of the different light regimes were studied on growth, pigment content, and photosynthesis, estimated by the modulated fluorescence of chlorophyll, as relative electron transport rate (rETR). For all the light qualities studied, growth rates were higher at high irradiance. Compared to the corresponding WL controls, growth was higher in BL and lower in YL at low irradiance, and lower in YL and GL at high irradiance. Except for YL, almost all the pigment contents of the cells were lower at high irradiance. At low irradiance, cell pigment contents (chlorophyll a and c, fucoxanthin) and pigment ratios (in function of chlorophyll a) were lower in YL, RL, and FRL. Whatever the irradiance level, the maximum PSII quantum efficiency (F(v)/F(m) remained almost constant for WL, BL, and GL. Other fluorescence parameters (photochemical quenching, rETR(max), and alpha, the maximum light utilization coefficient) were lower in GL, YL, RL, and FRL, at low irradiance. Although not statistically significant, BL caused an increase in these fluorescence parameters. These findings are interpreted as evidence that inverse chromatic acclimation occurs in diatoms.

New biodiagnostics based on optical tweezers: typing red blood cells, and identification of drug resistant bacteria

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Jia-Wen; Lin, Chuen-Fu; Wang, Shyang-Guang; Lee, Yi-Chieh; Chiang, Chung-Han; Huang, Min-Hui; Lee, Yi-Hsiung; Vitrant, Guy; Pan, Ming-Jeng; Lee, Horng-Mo; Liu, Yi-Jui; Baldeck, Patrice L.; Lin, Chih-Lang

2013-09-01

Measurements of optical tweezers forces on biological micro-objects can be used to develop innovative biodiagnostics methods. In the first part of this report, we present a new sensitive method to determine A, B, D types of red blood cells. Target antibodies are coated on glass surfaces. Optical forces needed to pull away RBC from the glass surface increase when RBC antigens interact with their corresponding antibodies. In this work, measurements of stripping optical forces are used to distinguish the major RBC types: group O Rh(+), group A Rh(+) and group B Rh(+). The sensitivity of the method is found to be at least 16-folds higher than the conventional agglutination method. In the second part of this report, we present an original way to measure in real time the wall thickness of bacteria that is one of the most important diagnostic parameters of bacteria drug resistance in hospital diagnostics. The optical tweezers force on a shell bacterium is proportional to its wall thickness. Experimentally, we determine the optical tweezers force applied on each bacteria family by measuring their escape velocity. Then, the wall thickness of shell bacteria can be obtained after calibrating with known bacteria parameters. The method has been successfully applied to indentify, from blind tests, Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), including VSSA (NCTC 10442), VISA (Mu 50), and heto-VISA (Mu 3)

Bio-inspired cryo-ink preserves red blood cell phenotype and function during nanoliter vitrification.

PubMed

El Assal, Rami; Guven, Sinan; Gurkan, Umut Atakan; Gozen, Irep; Shafiee, Hadi; Dalbeyler, Sedef; Abdalla, Noor; Thomas, Gawain; Fuld, Wendy; Illigens, Ben M W; Estanislau, Jessica; Khoory, Joseph; Kaufman, Richard; Zylberberg, Claudia; Lindeman, Neal; Wen, Qi; Ghiran, Ionita; Demirci, Utkan

2014-09-03

Current red-blood-cell cryopreservation methods utilize bulk volumes, causing cryo-injury of cells, which results in irreversible disruption of cell morphology, mechanics, and function. An innovative approach to preserve human red-blood-cell morphology, mechanics, and function following vitrification in nanoliter volumes is developed using a novel cryo-ink integrated with a bioprinting approach. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Preserved function of the plasma membrane calcium pump of red blood cells from diabetic subjects with high levels of glycated haemoglobin.

PubMed

Bookchin, Robert M; Etzion, Zipora; Lew, Virgilio L; Tiffert, Teresa

2009-03-01

The activity of the plasma membrane Ca(2+)-pump decreases steeply throughout the 120 days lifespan of normal human red blood cells. Experiments with isolated membrane preparations showed that glycation of a lysine residue near the catalytic site of the pump ATPase had a powerful inhibitory effect. This prompted the question of whether glycation is the mechanism of age-related decline in pump activity in vivo. It is important to investigate this mechanism because the Ca(2+) pump is a major regulator of Ca(2+) homeostasis in all cells. Its impaired activity in diabetic patients, continuously exposed to high glycation rates, may thus contribute to varied tissue pathology in this disease. We measured Ca(2+)-pump activity as a function of red cell age in red cells from diabetics continuously exposed to high glucose concentrations, as documented by their high mean levels of glycated haemoglobin. The distribution of Ca(2+)-pump activities was indistinguishable from that in non-diabetics, and the pattern of activity decline with cell age in the diabetics' red cells was identical to that observed in red cells from non-diabetics. These results indicate that in intact cells the Ca(2+) pump is protected from glycation-induced inactivation.

Application of a clot-based assay to measure the procoagulant activity of stored allogeneic red blood cell concentrates

PubMed Central

Wannez, Adeline; Bailly, Nicolas; Alpan, Lutfiye; Gheldof, Damien; Douxfils, Jonathan; Deneys, Véronique; Bihin, Benoît; Chatelain, Bernard; Dogné, Jean-Michel; Chatelain, Christian; Mullier, François

2018-01-01

Background Thrombotic effects are possible complications of red blood cell transfusion. The generation and accumulation of procoagulant red blood cell extracellular vesicles during storage may play an important role in these thrombotic effects. The objective of this study was to assess the value of a simple phospholipid-dependent clot-based assay (STA®-Procoag-PPL) to estimate the procoagulant activity of stored red blood cells and changes in this activity during storage of the blood component. Materials and methods Extracellular vesicles from 12 red blood cell concentrates were isolated at 13 storage time-points and characterised by quantitative and functional methods: the degree of haemolysis (direct spectrophotometry), the quantification and determination of cellular origin (flow cytometry) and the procoagulant activity (thrombin generation and STA®-Procoag-PPL assays) were assessed. Results The mean clotting time of extracellular vesicles isolated from red blood cell concentrates decreased from 117.2±3.6 sec on the day of collection to 33.8±1.3 sec at the end of the storage period. This illustrates the phospholipid-dependent procoagulant activity of these extracellular vesicles, as confirmed by thrombin generation. Results of the peak of thrombin and the STA®-Procoag-PPL were well correlated (partial r=−0.41. p<0.001). In parallel, an exponential increase of the number of red blood cell-derived extracellular vesicles from 1,779/μL to 218,451/μL was observed. Discussion The STA®-Procoag-PPL is a potentially useful technique for assessing the procoagulant activity of a red blood cell concentrate. PMID:28287378

Solanum Nigrum polysaccharide (SNL) extract effects in transplanted tumor-bearing mice--erythrocyte membrane fluidity and blocking of functions.

PubMed

Yuan, Hong-Liang; Liu, Xiao-Lei; Liu, Ying-Jie

2014-01-01

Solanum nigrum L. has been used in traditional Chinese medicine because of its diuretic and antipyretic effects. The present research concerned effects of crude polysaccharides isolated from Solanum nigrum L. on erythrocyte membranes of tumor-bearing S180 and H22 in mice. Fluorescence- labeled red blood cell membranes were used with DPH fluorescence spectrophotometry to examine erythrocyte membrane fluidity, and colorimetry to determine degree of erythrocyte surface membrane blocking. Extent of reaction by tumor-bearing mice with the enzyme erythrocyte membrane bubble shadow detection of red cell membrane variation in the degree of closure before and after administration. Solanum nigrum polysaccharide could significantly improve the S180 and H22 tumor-bearing mice erythrocyte membrane fluidity, compared with the control group, the difference was significant (p<0.01), SNL can significantly improve the red blood cell membrane and then S180 tumor-bearing mice sealing ability, compared with the negative control group, the difference was significant(p<0.05, p<0.01). H22 tumor-bearing mice can increase red cell membrane and then sealing ability, the difference was significant (p<0.05). Solanum nigrum polysaccharide degree of fluidity and blocking two transplanted tumors in mice restored the ability to raise the red cell membrane has a significant effect. Solanum nigrum L.-type mice transplanted tumor can affect the red blood cell membrane fluidity and re-closed, through the red cell membrane of red blood cells to enhance the immune function of the possibility of erythrocyte immunity against tumor formation garland provide experimental basis.

Transfusion of prion-filtered red cells does not increase the rate of alloimmunization or transfusion reactions in patients: results of the UK trial of prion-filtered versus standard red cells in surgical patients (PRISM A).

PubMed

Elebute, Modupe O; Choo, Louise; Mora, Ana; MacRury, Coral; Llewelyn, Charlotte; Purohit, Shilpi; Hicks, Vicky; Casey, Caroline; Malfroy, Moira; Deary, Alison; Reed, Tania; Meredith, Sarah; Manson, Lynn; Williamson, Lorna M

2013-03-01

This study, conducted for the UK Blood Transfusion Services (UKBTS), evaluated the clinical safety of red cells filtered through a CE-marked prion removal filter (P-Capt™). Patients requiring blood transfusion for elective procedures in nine UK hospitals were entered into a non-randomized open trial to assess development of red cell antibodies to standard red cell (RCC) or prion-filtered red cell concentrates (PF-RCC) at eight weeks and six months post-transfusion. Patients who received at least 1 unit of PF-RCC were compared with a control cohort given RCC only. About 917 PF-RCC and 1336 RCC units were transfused into 299 and 291 patients respectively. Twenty-six new red cell antibodies were detected post-transfusion in 10 patients in each arm, an overall alloimmunization rate of 4.4%. Neither the treatment arm [odds ratio (OR) 0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.3, 2.5] nor number of units transfused (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.8, 1.1) had a significant effect on the proportion of patients who developed new alloantibodies. No pan-reactive antibodies or antibodies specifically against PF-RCC were detected. There was no difference in transfusion reactions between arms, and no novel transfusion-related adverse events clearly attributable to PF-RCC were seen. These data suggest that prion filtration of red cells does not reduce overall transfusion safety. This finding requires confirmation in large populations of transfused patients. © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Microvascular hemodynamics and in vivo evidence for the role of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in the sequestration of infected red blood cells in a mouse model of lethal malaria.

PubMed

Kaul, D K; Liu, X D; Nagel, R L; Shear, H L

1998-02-01

The cytoadherence of infected red blood cells (IRBCs) to the vascular endothelium is the major cause of IRBC sequestration and vessel blockage in the cerebral form of human malaria. Among the rodent models of malaria, Plasmodium yoelii 17XL-infected mice show many similarities with the human cerebral malaria caused by P. falciparum. In both, the sequestration of IRBCs in the brain vessels is secondary to the cytoadherence of IRBCs to the vascular endothelium. Similar to P. falciparum infection in the human but in contrast to P. berghei ANKA infection in mice, P. yoelii 17XL results in little, if any, accumulation of monocytes in the brain. In vivo microcirculatory studies reported here were designed to further understand the hemodynamic aspects and mechanisms underlying cytoadherence of IRBCs in the P. yoelii model using the easily accessible cremaster muscle vasculature. The results show significant decreases in arteriovenous red blood cell velocities (Vrbc) and wall shear rates in the microcirculation of P. yoelii-infected mice, with a maximal decrease occurring in small-diameter postcapillary venules, the main sites of cytoadherence. This reflects contributions from IRBC cytoadherence as well as from increased rigidity of parasitized red blood cells. No cytoadherence is observed in arterioles of the infected mice despite decreased wall shear rates, indicating that endothelial receptors for cytoadherence are restricted to venules. Infusion of a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) resulted in significant increases in both arteriolar and venular Vrbc and wall shear rates, accompanied by detachment of adhered IRBCs at some venular sites. The peripheral blood smears taken after the MAb infusion showed a distinct increase in the percentage of schizonts, again indicating detachment and/or prevention of cytoadherence. An MAb against the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) as well as an irrelevant control antibody had no effect on these parameters. These results provide the first in vivo microcirculatory evidence indicating involvement of ICAM-1, but not of VCAM-1, in the sequestration of IRBCs in a rodent model of cerebral malaria.

Towards PDT with Genetically Encoded Photosensitizer KillerRed: A Comparison of Continuous and Pulsed Laser Regimens in an Animal Tumor Model.

PubMed

Shirmanova, Marina; Yuzhakova, Diana; Snopova, Ludmila; Perelman, Gregory; Serebrovskaya, Ekaterina; Lukyanov, Konstantin; Turchin, Ilya; Subochev, Pavel; Lukyanov, Sergey; Kamensky, Vladislav; Zagaynova, Elena

2015-01-01

The strong phototoxicity of the red fluorescent protein KillerRed allows it to be considered as a potential genetically encoded photosensitizer for the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. The advantages of KillerRed over chemical photosensitizers are its expression in tumor cells transduced with the appropriate gene and direct killing of cells through precise damage to any desired cell compartment. The ability of KillerRed to affect cell division and to induce cell death has already been demonstrated in cancer cell lines in vitro and HeLa tumor xenografts in vivo. However, the further development of this approach for PDT requires optimization of the method of treatment. In this study we tested the continuous wave (593 nm) and pulsed laser (584 nm, 10 Hz, 18 ns) modes to achieve an antitumor effect. The research was implemented on CT26 subcutaneous mouse tumors expressing KillerRed in fusion with histone H2B. The results showed that the pulsed mode provided a higher rate of photobleaching of KillerRed without any temperature increase on the tumor surface. PDT with the continuous wave laser was ineffective against CT26 tumors in mice, whereas the pulsed laser induced pronounced histopathological changes and inhibition of tumor growth. Therefore, we selected an effective regimen for PDT when using the genetically encoded photosensitizer KillerRed and pulsed laser irradiation.

21 CFR 660.33 - Testing of source material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

...) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR LABORATORY TESTS Reagent Red Blood Cells § 660... incorporated into the Reagent Red Blood Cell product shall be individually tested, with no fewer than two donor... tests for each factor. The Reagent Red Blood Cell product may be tested with a single donor source of...

21 CFR 864.6400 - Hematocrit measuring device.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

..., racks, and a sealer and a holder. The device is used to measure the packed red cell volume in blood to determine whether the patient's total red cell volume is normal or abnormal. Abnormal states include anemia...). The packed red cell volume is produced by centrifuging a given volume of blood. (b) Classification...

21 CFR 660.35 - Labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... red blood cell concentration is less than 2 percent, the variance shall be no more than ±0.5... STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR LABORATORY TESTS Reagent Red Blood Cells § 660.35 Labeling. In... of red blood cells in the suspension either as a discrete figure with a variance of more than ±1...

21 CFR 864.6400 - Hematocrit measuring device.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

..., racks, and a sealer and a holder. The device is used to measure the packed red cell volume in blood to determine whether the patient's total red cell volume is normal or abnormal. Abnormal states include anemia...). The packed red cell volume is produced by centrifuging a given volume of blood. (b) Classification...

21 CFR 660.35 - Labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... red blood cell concentration is less than 2 percent, the variance shall be no more than ±0.5... STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR LABORATORY TESTS Reagent Red Blood Cells § 660.35 Labeling. In... of red blood cells in the suspension either as a discrete figure with a variance of more than ±1...

21 CFR 660.33 - Testing of source material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

...) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR LABORATORY TESTS Reagent Red Blood Cells § 660... incorporated into the Reagent Red Blood Cell product shall be individually tested, with no fewer than two donor... tests for each factor. The Reagent Red Blood Cell product may be tested with a single donor source of...

21 CFR 864.6400 - Hematocrit measuring device.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., racks, and a sealer and a holder. The device is used to measure the packed red cell volume in blood to determine whether the patient's total red cell volume is normal or abnormal. Abnormal states include anemia...). The packed red cell volume is produced by centrifuging a given volume of blood. (b) Classification...

21 CFR 660.33 - Testing of source material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

...) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR LABORATORY TESTS Reagent Red Blood Cells § 660... incorporated into the Reagent Red Blood Cell product shall be individually tested, with no fewer than two donor... tests for each factor. The Reagent Red Blood Cell product may be tested with a single donor source of...

42 CFR 409.87 - Blood deductible.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... after plasma is separated from whole blood. (2) A unit of packed red cells is treated as the equivalent...) Exception. The beneficiary is not responsible for the first 3 units of whole blood or packed red cells if.... In that case, the blood or red cells is deemed to have been replaced. (c) Provider's right to charge...

42 CFR 409.87 - Blood deductible.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... after plasma is separated from whole blood. (2) A unit of packed red cells is treated as the equivalent...) Exception. The beneficiary is not responsible for the first 3 units of whole blood or packed red cells if.... In that case, the blood or red cells is deemed to have been replaced. (c) Provider's right to charge...

21 CFR 864.6400 - Hematocrit measuring device.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

..., racks, and a sealer and a holder. The device is used to measure the packed red cell volume in blood to determine whether the patient's total red cell volume is normal or abnormal. Abnormal states include anemia...). The packed red cell volume is produced by centrifuging a given volume of blood. (b) Classification...

42 CFR 409.87 - Blood deductible.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... after plasma is separated from whole blood. (2) A unit of packed red cells is treated as the equivalent...) Exception. The beneficiary is not responsible for the first 3 units of whole blood or packed red cells if.... In that case, the blood or red cells is deemed to have been replaced. (c) Provider's right to charge...

21 CFR 864.6400 - Hematocrit measuring device.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

..., racks, and a sealer and a holder. The device is used to measure the packed red cell volume in blood to determine whether the patient's total red cell volume is normal or abnormal. Abnormal states include anemia...). The packed red cell volume is produced by centrifuging a given volume of blood. (b) Classification...

42 CFR 409.87 - Blood deductible.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... after plasma is separated from whole blood. (2) A unit of packed red cells is treated as the equivalent...) Exception. The beneficiary is not responsible for the first 3 units of whole blood or packed red cells if.... In that case, the blood or red cells is deemed to have been replaced. (c) Provider's right to charge...

21 CFR 660.35 - Labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... red blood cell concentration is less than 2 percent, the variance shall be no more than ±0.5... STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR LABORATORY TESTS Reagent Red Blood Cells § 660.35 Labeling. In... of red blood cells in the suspension either as a discrete figure with a variance of more than ±1...

21 CFR 660.33 - Testing of source material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

...) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR LABORATORY TESTS Reagent Red Blood Cells § 660... incorporated into the Reagent Red Blood Cell product shall be individually tested, with no fewer than two donor... tests for each factor. The Reagent Red Blood Cell product may be tested with a single donor source of...

21 CFR 660.35 - Labeling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... red blood cell concentration is less than 2 percent, the variance shall be no more than ±0.5... STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR LABORATORY TESTS Reagent Red Blood Cells § 660.35 Labeling. In... of red blood cells in the suspension either as a discrete figure with a variance of more than ±1...

21 CFR 660.33 - Testing of source material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...) BIOLOGICS ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR LABORATORY TESTS Reagent Red Blood Cells § 660... incorporated into the Reagent Red Blood Cell product shall be individually tested, with no fewer than two donor... tests for each factor. The Reagent Red Blood Cell product may be tested with a single donor source of...

Reflection coefficients of permeant molecules in human red cell suspensions.

PubMed

Owen, J D; Eyring, E M

1975-08-01

The Staverman reflection coefficient, sigma for several permeant molecules was determined in human red cell suspensions with a Durrum stopped-flow spectrophotometer. This procedure was first used with dog, cat, and beef red cells and with human red cells. The stopped-flow technique used was similar to the rapid-flow method used by those who originally reported sigma measurements in human red cells for molecules which rapidly penetrate the red cell membrane. The sigma values we obtained agreed with those previously reported for most of the slow penetrants, except malonamide, but disagreed with all the sigma values previously reported for the rapid penetrants. We were unable to calculate an "equivalent pore radius" with our sigma data. The advantages of our equipment and our experimental procedure are discussed. Our sigma data suggest that sigma is indirectly proportional to the log of the nonelectrolyte permeability coefficient, omega. Since a similar trend has been previously shown for log omega and molar volume of the permeant molecules, a correlatioo was shown between sigma and molar volume suggesting the membrane acts as a sieve.

Effect of red blood cells on the growth of Porphyromonas endodontalis and microbial community development.

PubMed

Zerr, M A; Cox, C D; Johnson, W T; Drake, D R

1998-04-01

Establishment of a microbial community in the root canal system depends on numerous factors, of which nutrient availability may be one of the most important. We hypothesized that the presence of red blood cells or hemoglobin in this environment could cause shifts in microbial composition of communities, resulting in organisms such as Porphyromonas endodontalis becoming more dominant. An in vitro model system using mixed, batch cultures was performed with the bacteria P. endodontalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Peptostreptococcus micros and Campylobacter rectus. Bacteria were cultured in media with or without the addition of washed red blood cells, hemoglobin, or serum. Cyclic growth studies revealed that P. endodontalis was lost from the community of organisms after three cycles. However, inclusion of red blood cells resulted in establishment of this organism. Moreover, red blood cells added to pure cultures of P. endodontalis substantially enhanced growth and protected the organisms from oxygen. We conclude that the presence of red blood cells could result in shifts of microbial communities of organisms within the root canal system.

Ex-vivo expansion of red blood cells: How real for transfusion in humans?

PubMed Central

Migliaccio, Anna Rita; Masselli, Elena; Varricchio, Lilian; Whitsett, Carolyn

2013-01-01

Blood transfusion is indispensable for modern medicine. In developed countries, the blood supply is adequate and safe but blood for alloimmunized patients is often unavailable. Concerns are increasing that donations may become inadequate in the future as the population ages prompting a search for alternative transfusion products. Improvements in culture conditions and proof-of-principle studies in animal models have suggested that ex-vivo expanded red cells may represent such a product. Compared to other cell therapies transfusion poses the unique challenge of requiring great cell doses (2.5 × 1012 cells vs 107 cells). Although production of such cell numbers is theoretically possible, current technologies generate red cells in numbers sufficient only for safety studies. It is conceived that by the time these studies will be completed, technical barriers to mass cell production will have been eliminated making transfusion with ex-vivo generated red cells a reality. PMID:22177597

Effect of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate on oxygen affinity of blood in sickle cell anemia

PubMed Central

Charache, Samuel; Grisolia, Santiago; Fiedler, Adam J.; Hellegers, Andre E.

1970-01-01

Blood of patients with sickle cell anemia (SS) exhibits decreased affinity for oxygen, although the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin S is the same as that of hemoglobin A. SS red cells contain more 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) than normal erythrocytes. The oxygen affinity of hemolyzed red cells is decreased by added DPG, and hemolysates prepared from SS red cells do not differ from normal hemolysates in this regard. Reduction of oxygen affinity to the levels found in intact SS red cells required DPG concentrations in excess of those found in most SS patients. The same was true of oxygen affinity of patients with pyruvate kinase deficiency. Other organic phosphates, as well as inorganic ions, are known to alter the oxygen affinity of dilute solutions of hemoglobin. These substances, the state of aggregation of hemoglobin molecules, and cytoarchitectural factors probably play roles in determining oxygen affinity of both normal and SS red cells. PMID:5443181

U-Shape Suppressive Effect of Phenol Red on the Epileptiform Burst Activity via Activation of Estrogen Receptors in Primary Hippocampal Culture

PubMed Central

Liu, Xu; Chen, Ben; Chen, Lulan; Ren, Wan-Ting; Liu, Juan; Wang, Guoxiang; Fan, Wei; Wang, Xin; Wang, Yun

2013-01-01

Phenol red is widely used in cell culture as a pH indicator. Recently, it also has been reported to have estrogen-like bioactivity and be capable of promoting cell proliferation in different cell lines. However, the effect of phenol red on primary neuronal culture has never been investigated. By using patch clamp technique, we demonstrated that hippocampal pyramidal neurons cultured in neurobasal medium containing no phenol red had large depolarization-associated epileptiform bursting activities, which were rarely seen in neurons cultured in phenol red-containing medium. Further experiment data indicate that the suppressive effect of the phenol red on the abnormal epileptiform burst neuronal activities was U-shape dose related, with the most effective concentration at 28 µM. In addition, this concentration related inhibitory effect of phenol red on the epileptiform neuronal discharges was mimicked by 17-β-estradiol, an estrogen receptor agonist, and inhibited by ICI-182,780, an estrogen receptor antagonist. Our results suggest that estrogen receptor activation by phenol red in the culture medium prevents formation of abnormal, epileptiform burst activity. These studies highlight the importance of phenol red as estrogen receptor stimulator and cautions of careful use of phenol red in cell culture media. PMID:23560076

[Ischemic Changes in the Electrocardiogram and Circulatory Collapse Accompanied by Severe Anemia Owing to the Delay of Red Blood Cell Concentrate Transfusion in Two Patients with Intraoperative Massive Bleeding].

PubMed

Horiuchi, Toshinori; Noguchi, Teruo; Kurita, Naoko; Yamaguchi, Ayako; Takeda, Masafumi; Sha, Keiichi; Nagahata, Toshihiro

2016-01-01

We present two patients developing intraoperative massive bleeding and showed ischemic changes in the electrocardiogram and circulatory collapse accompanied by severe anemia owing to the delay of red blood cell concentrate transfusion. One patient underwent hepatectomy and the other pancreaticoduodenectomy. Their lowest hemoglobin concentration was around 2 g x dl(-1), and they showed ischemic changes in the electrocardiogram and severe decreases in blood pressure. The former received compatible red blood cell concentrate and the latter received uncrossmatched same blood group red blood cell concentrate immediately, and their electrocardiogram and blood pressure quickly improved. To avoid life-threatening anemia, emergency red blood cell concentrate transfusion including compatible different blood group transfusion should be applied for intraoperative massive bleeding.

Red cell surface changes in cold agglutination

PubMed Central

Salsbury, A. J.; Clarke, J. A.; Shand, W. S.

1968-01-01

Surface changes in red blood cells undergoing cold agglutination have been investigated using the Cambridge Stereoscan electron microscope. On incubation of red cells with a cold agglutinin of anti-I specificity at 4°C, circular shadows on the red cell membrane developed within 2 min. At the same time the membrane showed a granularity and processes began to develop on the surface. These processes increased in length, the processes of contiguous cells became interlinked and agglutination was complete after incubation of 1 hr. On warming an agglutinated specimen, the process was reversed with separation of red cells and retraction of the finger-like processes to yield discrete red cells of normal appearance. The addition of heparin in vivo prevented agglutination but did not inhibit surface changes completely. Complement appeared to play no part in the production of cold agglutination due to these antibodies or in the reversal of agglutination by warming. The significance of the surface changes described in relation to previous information on the mechanism of agglutination, has been discussed. ImagesFig. 1Fig. 2Fig. 3Fig. 4Fig. 5Fig. 6Fig. 7Fig. 8Fig. 9Fig. 10Fig. 11 PMID:5655472

Red cell alloimmunization is associated with development of autoantibodies and increased red cell transfusion requirements in myelodysplastic syndrome

PubMed Central

Singhal, Deepak; Kutyna, Monika M.; Chhetri, Rakchha; Wee, Li Yan A.; Hague, Sophia; Nath, Lakshmi; Nath, Shriram V.; Sinha, Romi; Wickham, Nicholas; Lewis, Ian D.; Ross, David M.; Bardy, Peter G.; To, Luen Bik; Reynolds, John; Wood, Erica M.; Roxby, David J.; Hiwase, Devendra K.

2017-01-01

Up to 90% of patients with a myelodysplastic syndrome require red blood cell transfusion; nevertheless, comprehensive data on red cell alloimmunization in such patients are limited. This study evaluates the incidence and clinical impact of red cell alloimmunization in a large cohort of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome registered in the statewide South Australian-MDS registry. The median age of the 817 patients studied was 73 years, and 66% were male. The cumulative incidence of alloimmunization was 11%. Disease-modifying therapy was associated with a lower risk of alloimmunization while alloimmunization was significantly higher in patients with a revised International Prognostic Scoring System classification of Very Low, Low or Intermediate risk compared to those with a High or Very High risk (P=0.03). Alloantibodies were most commonly directed against antigens in the Rh (54%) and Kell (24%) systems. Multiple alloantibodies were present in 49% of alloimmunized patients. Although 73% of alloimmunized patients developed alloantibodies during the period in which they received their first 20 red cell units, the total number of units transfused was significantly higher in alloimmunized patients than in non-alloimmunized patients (90±100 versus 30±52; P<0.0001). In individual patients, red cell transfusion intensity increased significantly following alloimmunization (2.8±1.3 versus 4.1±2.0; P<0.0001). A significantly higher proportion of alloimmunized patients than non-alloimmunized patients had detectable autoantibodies (65% versus 18%; P<0.0001) and the majority of autoantibodies were detected within a short period of alloimmunization. In conclusion, this study characterizes alloimmunization in a large cohort of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and demonstrates a signficant increase in red cell transfusion requirements following alloimmunization, most probably due to development of additional alloantibodies and autoantibodies, resulting in subclinical/clinical hemolysis. Strategies to mitigate alloimmunization risk are critical for optimizing red cell transfusion support. PMID:28983058

Reflection coefficient and permeability of urea and ethylene glycol in the human red cell membrane

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Levitt, D.G.; Mlekoday, H.J.

1983-02-01

The reflection coefficient (sigma) and permeability (P) of urea and ethylene glycol were determined by fitting the equations of Kedem and Katchalsky (1958) to the change in light scattering produced by adding a permeable solute to a red cell suspension. The measurements incorporated three important modifications: (a) the injection artifact was eliminated by using echinocyte cells; (b) the use of an additional adjustable parameter (Km), the effective dissociation constant at the inner side of the membrane; (c) the light scattering is not directly proportional to cell volume (as is usually assumed) because refractive index and scattering properties of the cellmore » depend on the intracellular permeable solute concentration. This necessitates calibrating for known changes in refractive index (by the addition of dextran) and cell volume (by varying the NaCl concentration). The best fit was for sigma . 0.95, Po . 8.3 X 10(-4) cm/s, and Km . 100 mM for urea and sigma . 1.0, Po . 3.9 X 10(-4) cm/s, and Km . 30 mM for ethylene glycol. The effects of the inhibitors copper, phloretin, p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate, and 5,5'-dithiobis (2-nitro) benzoic acid on the urea, ethylene glycol, and water permeability were determined. The results suggest that there are three separate, independent transport systems: one for water, one for urea and related compounds, and one for ethylene glycol and glycerol.« less

Skin discoloration - bluish

MedlinePlus

... of oxygen in the blood. The medical term is cyanosis. Considerations Red blood cells provide oxygen to body tissues. Most of ... blood cells are bright red and the skin is pinkish or red. Blood that has lost its oxygen is dark bluish- ...

Optical tweezers for measuring the interaction of the two single red blood cells in flow condition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Kisung; Muravyov, Alexei; Semenov, Alexei; Wagner, Christian; Priezzhev, Alexander

2017-03-01

Aggregation of red blood cells (RBCs) is an intrinsic property of blood, which has direct effect on the blood viscosity and therefore affects overall the blood circulation throughout the body. It is attracting interest for the research in both fundamental science and clinical application. Despite of the intensive research, the aggregation mechanism is remaining not fully clear. Recent advances in methods allowed measuring the interaction between single RBCs in a well-defined configuration leading the better understanding of the mechanism of the process. However the most of the studies were made on the static cells. Thus, the measurements in flow mimicking conditions are missing. In this work, we aim to study the interaction of two RBCs in the flow conditions. We demonstrate the characterization of the cells interaction strength (or flow tolerance) by measuring the flow velocity to be applied to separate two aggregated cells trapped by double channel optical tweezers in a desired configuration. The age-separated cells were used for this study. The obtained values for the minimum flow velocities needed to separate the two cells were found to be 78.9 +/- 6.1 μm/s and 110 +/- 13 μm/s for old and young cells respectively. The data obtained is in agreement with the observations reported by other authors. The significance of our results is in ability for obtaining a comprehensible and absolute physical value characterizing the cells interaction in flow conditions (not like the Aggregation Index measured in whole blood suspensions by other techniques, which is some abstract parameter)

The incomplete anti-Rh antibody agglutination mechanism of trypsinized ORh+ red cells.

PubMed Central

Margni, R A; Leoni, J; Bazzurro, M

1977-01-01

The capacity for binding to trypsinized and non-trypsinized ORh+ red cells, of the IgG incomplete anti-Rh antibody and its F(ab')2 and Fc fragments has been investigated. An analysis has also been made of the capacity of non-specific human IgG, aggregated non-specific human IgG, human IgM (19S) and IgM (7S), and of fragments Fcgamma, Fcmu and Fc5mu to inhibit the agglutination of trypsinized ORh+ red cells by the IgG incomplete anti-Rh antibody. The results obtained indicate that these antibodies behave in a similar manner to that of nonprecipitating antibodies, and that the agglutination of trypsinized red cells seems to be a mixed reaction due to the interaction of an Fab fragment with its Rh antigenic determinant present in the surface of a red cell and the Fc of the same molecule with a receptor for Fc present in adjacent red cells. The trypsin treatment apparently results in the liberation of occult Fc receptors. It has also been demonstrated that in the agglutination of ORh+ red cells by IgG incomplete anti-Rh antibody in the presence of albumin, interaction must occur in some manner between the albumin and the Fc fragment since the F(ab')2 fragment does not give rise to agglutination under such conditions. Images Figure 1 PMID:415968

A case of red-cell adenosine deaminase overproduction associated with hereditary hemolytic anemia found in Japan.

PubMed

Miwa, S; Fujii, H; Matsumoto, N; Nakatsuji, T; Oda, S; Asano, H; Asano, S

1978-01-01

A case of red cell adenosine deaminase (ADA) overproduction associated with hereditary hemolytic anemia is reported here. This appears to be the second report. Proband is a 38-year-old Japanese male who had hemoglobin, 15.8 g/100 ml; reticulocyte count, 4.5%; serum indirect bilirubin, 4.9 mg/100 ml; 51Cr-labeled red cell half-life, 12 days; red cells showed moderate stomatocytosis. His red cell ADA activity showed 40-fold increase while that of the mother showed 4-fold increase. The mother was hematologically normal. The father had a normal enzyme activity. The proband and the mother showed slightly high serum uric acid levels. The proband's red cell showed: ATP, 628 nmoles/ml (normal, 1,010--1,550); adenine nucleotide pool, 46% of the normal mean; 2,3-diphosphoglycerate content, 3,782 nmoles/ml (normal 4,170--5,300); increased oxygen affinity of hemoglobin, P50 of intact erythrocytes being 21.8 mmHg (normal, 24.1--26.1). Red cell glycolytic intermediates in the proband were low in general, and the rate of lactate production was low. Kinetic studies using crude hemolysate revealed a normal Km for adenosine, normal electrophoretic mobility but slightly abnormal pH curve and slightly low utilization of 2-deoxyadenosine. The ADA activity of lymphocytes was nearly normal.

Neonatal nucleated red blood cell counts in small-for-gestational age fetuses with abnormal umbilical artery Doppler studies.

PubMed

Bernstein, P S; Minior, V K; Divon, M Y

1997-11-01

The presence of elevated nucleated red blood cell counts in neonatal blood has been associated with fetal hypoxia. We sought to determine whether small-for-gestational-age fetuses with abnormal umbilical artery Doppler velocity waveforms have elevated nucleated red blood cell counts. Hospital charts of neonates with the discharge diagnosis of small for gestational age (birth weight < 10th percentile) who were delivered between October 1988 and June 1995 were reviewed for antepartum testing, delivery conditions, and neonatal outcome. We studied fetuses who had an umbilical artery systolic/diastolic ratio within 3 days of delivery and a complete blood cell count on the first day of life. Multiple gestations, anomalous fetuses, and infants of diabetic mothers were excluded. Statistical analysis included the Student t test, chi 2 analysis, analysis of variance, and simple and stepwise regression. Fifty-two infants met the inclusion criteria. Those with absent or reversed end-diastolic velocity (n = 19) had significantly greater nucleated red blood cell counts than did those with end-diastolic velocity present (n = 33) (nucleated red blood cells/100 nucleated cells +/- SD: 135.5 +/- 138 vs 17.4 +/- 23.7, p < 0.0001). These infants exhibited significantly longer time intervals for clearance of nucleated red blood cells from their circulation (p < 0.0001). They also had lower birth weights (p < 0.05), lower initial platelet count (p = 0.0006), lower arterial cord blood pH (p < 0.05), higher cord blood base deficit (p < 0.05), and an increased likelihood of cesarean section for "fetal distress" (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that absent or reversed end-diastolic velocity (p < 0.0001) and low birth weight (p < 0.0001) contributed to the elevation of the nucleated red blood cell count, whereas gestational age at delivery was not a significant contributor. We observed significantly greater nucleated red blood cell counts and lower platelet counts in small-for-gestational-age fetuses with abnormal umbilical artery Doppler studies. This may suggest that antenatal thrombotic events lead to an increased placental impedance. Fetal response to this chronic condition may result in an increased nucleated red blood cell count.

Blood or spores? A cautionary note on interpreting cellular debris on human skeletal remains.

PubMed

Cappella, A; Stefanelli, S; Caccianiga, M; Rizzi, A; Bertoglio, B; Sforza, C; Cattaneo, C

2015-07-01

The identification of red blood cells on both skeletal human remains and decomposed corpses is of remarkable importance in forensic sciences, irrespective of its diagnostic value; their presence is often perplexing and difficult to interpret especially when in the context of decomposition and taphonomical variables. Some clinical research has focused on the morphological changes of red blood cells over time by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), but no research has investigated whether botanical structures can be confused for red blood cells. Since some literature has recently presumed the detection of erythrocyte-like cells on skeletal remains (even ancient) as surely erythrocytes, and most have never taken into consideration the chance of an origin different from blood, such as botanical, the present study aims at verifying the possibility of confusion between erythrocytes and botanical cells by applying SEM analysis and at highlighting the pitfalls in this particular issue through a test submitted to pathologists and natural scientists asked to discriminate between red blood cells and different vegetal structures (60 images obtained by SEM analysis). The results showed that although there are diagnostic features useful in identifying red blood cells from botanical structures, some spores resulted very similar to decaying red blood cells, which calls for attention and great caution when studying decomposed human remains.

Composition of fatty acids in plasma and erythrocytes and eicosanoids level in patients with metabolic syndrome

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Background Disturbances of the fatty acids composition in plasma and red blood cells and eicosanoid synthesis play an important role in the metabolic syndrome (MS) formation. Methods The observation group included 61 people with metabolic syndrome (30 patients with MS and normal levels of insulin, 31 people with MS and insulin resistance - IR). The parameters of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in blood serum were examined. The composition of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), fatty acid (FA) of red blood cells lipids was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Eicosanoids level in MS patients blood serum was studied by enzyme immunoassay. Results In MS patients in the absence of glucose-insulin homeostasis disturbances and in patients with IR the accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (18:2 n6, 18:3 n3, 22:4 n6) and lower pool of saturated FA (12:0, 14:0, 16: 0, 17:0) in plasma were discovered. A deficit of polyunsaturated FA (18:3 n3, 20:4 n6) with a predominance of on-saturated FA (14:0, 18:0) in erythrocyte membranes was revealed. In MS patients regardless of the carbohydrate metabolism status high levels of leukotriene B4 and 6-keto-prostaglandin-F1α in serum were found. The development of IR in MS patients leads to increased synthesis of thromboxane A2. Conclusion The results revealed a disturbance in nonesterified fatty acids of plasma lipids and red blood cells, eicosanoid synthesis in MS patients. The breach of the plasma and cell membranes fatty acids compositions, synthesis of vasoactive and proinflammatory eicosanoids is an important pathogenetic part of the MS development. PMID:21595891

Erythropoietin withdrawal alters interactions between young red blood cells, splenic endothelial cells, and macrophages: an in vitro model of neocytolysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Trial, J.; Rice, L.; Alfrey, C. P.

2001-01-01

BACKGROUND: We have described the rapid destruction of young red blood cells (neocytolysis) in astronauts adapting to microgravity, in polycythemic high altitude dwellers who descend to sea level, and in patients with kidney disorders. This destruction results from a decrease in erythropoietin (EPO) production. We hypothesized that such EPO withdrawal could trigger physiological changes in cells other than red cell precursors and possibly lead to the uptake and destruction of young red cells by altering endothelial cell-macrophage interactions, most likely occurring in the spleen. METHODS: We identified EPO receptors on human splenic endothelial cells (HSEC) and investigated the responses of these cells to EPO withdrawal. RESULTS: A monolayer of HSEC, unlike human endothelial cells from aorta, glomerulus, or umbilical vein, demonstrated an increase in permeability upon EPO withdrawal that was accompanied by unique morphological changes. When HSEC were cultured with monocyte-derived macrophages (but not when either cell type was cultured alone), EPO withdrawal induced an increased ingestion of young red cells by macrophages when compared with the constant presence or absence of EPO. CONCLUSIONS: HSEC may represent a unique cell type that is able to respond to EPO withdrawal by increasing permeability and interacting with phagocytic macrophages, which leads to neocytolysis.

Kit for the selective labeling of red blood cells in whole blood with .sup.9 TC

DOEpatents

Srivastava, Suresh C.; Babich, John W.; Straub, Rita; Richards, Powell

1992-01-01

Disclosed herein are a method and kit for the preparation of .sup.99m Tc labeled red blood cells using whole blood in a closed sterile system containing stannous tin in a form such that it will enter the red blood cells and be available therein for reduction of technetium.

38 CFR 4.117 - Schedule of ratings-hemic and lymphatic systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... platelets or red cells at least once every six weeks, or; infections recurring at least once every six weeks 100 Requiring transfusion of platelets or red cells at least once every three months, or; infections recurring at least once every three months 60 Requiring transfusion of platelets or red cells at least once...

38 CFR 4.117 - Schedule of ratings-hemic and lymphatic systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... platelets or red cells at least once every six weeks, or; infections recurring at least once every six weeks 100 Requiring transfusion of platelets or red cells at least once every three months, or; infections recurring at least once every three months 60 Requiring transfusion of platelets or red cells at least once...

38 CFR 4.117 - Schedule of ratings-hemic and lymphatic systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... platelets or red cells at least once every six weeks, or; infections recurring at least once every six weeks 100 Requiring transfusion of platelets or red cells at least once every three months, or; infections recurring at least once every three months 60 Requiring transfusion of platelets or red cells at least once...

38 CFR 4.117 - Schedule of ratings-hemic and lymphatic systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... platelets or red cells at least once every six weeks, or; infections recurring at least once every six weeks 100 Requiring transfusion of platelets or red cells at least once every three months, or; infections recurring at least once every three months 60 Requiring transfusion of platelets or red cells at least once...

[Preparation of chicken red blood cells for calibration of flow cytometry].

PubMed

Yin, Jian; Zhao, Shutao; Wu, Xiaodong; Wang, Ce; Wu, Yunliang

2013-01-01

To prepare stable chicken red blood cells for the calibration of flow cytometry. The traditional isolation method of chicken red blood cells was modified by incorporating gelatin technique, Ca2+-free HBSS treatment and low-speed centrifugation. The effect of fluorescence staining of the cells was improved by the addition of TritonX-100 to enhance the membrane permeability and Rnase enzymes to disintegrate RNA tiles. The modified method was compared with the traditional method for viability of the freshly isolated cells and the DNA content coefficient of variation (CV) of the fixed cells. Chicken red blood cells obtained by the modified method showed a significantly higher viability than those obtained by the traditional method [(98.5∓3.5)% vs (93.5∓2.7)%, P<0.05]. After glutaraldehyde fixation, the isolated cells with the modified method were stable during the 90-day preservation with a significantly lower CV than the cells obtained by the traditional method [(6.0∓0.3)% to 6.2∓0.4% vs (8.6∓0.5)% to (13.1∓1.4)%, P<0.01]. The chicken red blood cells isolated using the modified method can be applicable for calibration of flow cytometry.

NMDA Receptor Activity in Circulating Red Blood Cells: Methods of Detection.

PubMed

Makhro, Asya; Kaestner, Lars; Bogdanova, Anna

2017-01-01

Abundance and activity of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) in circulating red blood cells contributes to the maintenance of intracellular Ca 2+ in these cells and, by doing that, controls red cell volume, membrane stability, and O 2 carrying capacity. Detection of the NMDA receptor activity in red blood cells is challenging as the number of its copies is low and shows substantial cell-to-cell heterogeneity. Receptor abundance is reliably assessed using the radiolabeled antagonist ([ 3 H]MK-801) binding technique. Uptake of Ca 2+ following the NMDA receptor activation is detected in cells loaded with Ca 2+ -sensitive fluorescent dye Fluo-4 AM. Both microfluorescence live-cell imaging and flow cytometry may be used for fluorescence intensity detection. Automated patch clamp is currently used for recording of electric currents triggered by the stimulation of the NMDA receptor. These currents are mediated by the Ca 2+ -sensitive K + (Gardos) channels that open upon Ca 2+ uptake via the active NMDA receptor. Furthermore, K + flux through the Gardos channels induced by the NMDA receptor stimulation in red blood cells may be detected using unidirectional K + ( 86 Rb + ) influx.

Prx1 and 3.2 kb Col1a1 promoters target distinct bone cell populations in transgenic mice

PubMed Central

Ouyang, Zhufeng; Chen, Zhijun; Ishikawa, Masakazu; Yue, Xiuzhen; Kawanami, Aya; Leahy, Patrick; Greenfield, Edward M.; Murakami, Shunichi

2014-01-01

Bones consist of a number of cell types including osteoblasts and their precursor cells at various stages of differentiation. To analyze cellular organization within the bone, we generated Col1a1CreER-DsRed transgenic mice that express, in osteoblasts, CreER and DsRed under the control of a mouse 3.2 kb Col1a1 promoter. We further crossed Col1a1CreER-DsRed mice with Prx1CreER-GFP mice that express CreER and GFP in osteochondro progenitor cells under the control of a 2.4 kb Prx1 promoter. Since the 3.2 kb Col1a1 promoter becomes active in osteoblasts at early stages of differentiation, and Prx1CreER-GFP-expressing periosteal cells show endogenous Col1a1 expression, we expected to find a cell population in which both the 2.4 kb Prx1 promoter and the 3.2 kb Col1a1 promoter are active. However, our histological and flow cytometric analyses demonstrated that these transgenes are expressed in distinct cell populations. In the periosteum of long bones, Col1a1CreER-DsRed is expressed in the innermost layer directly lining the bone surface, while Prx1CreER-GFP-expressing cells are localized immediately outside of the Col1a1CreER-DsRed-expressing osteoblasts. In the calvaria, Prx1CreER-GFP-expressing cells are also localized in the cranial suture mesenchyme. Our experiments further showed that Col1a1CreER-DsRed-expressing cells lack chondrogenic potential, while the Prx1CreER-GFP-expressing cells show both chondrogenic and osteogenic potential. Our results indicate that Col1a1CreER-DsRed-expressing cells are committed osteoblasts, while Prx1CreER-GFP-expressing cells are osteochondro progenitor cells. The Prx1CreER-GFP and Col1a1CreER-DsRed transgenes will offer novel approaches for analyzing lineage commitment and early stages of osteoblast differentiation under physiologic and pathologic conditions. PMID:24513582

The selection of light emitting diode irradiation parameters for stimulation of human mesenchymal stem cells proliferation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lewandowski, Rafał; Trafny, ElŻbieta A.; Stepińska, Małgorzata; Gietka, Andrzej; Kotowski, Paweł; Dobrzyńska, Monika; Łapiński, Mariusz P.

2016-12-01

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) with their vast differentiation potential are very useful for cell-based regenerative medicine. To achieve sufficient numbers of cells for tissue engineering, many different methods have been used to reach the effective increase of cell proliferation. Low-energy red light provided by light emitting diodes (LEDs) have been recently introduced as a method that promoted biomodulation and proliferation of hMSCs in vitro. The purpose of this study was to find the optimum stimulatory dosimetric parameters of LED (630 nm) irradiation on the hMSCs proliferation. The energy density was 2, 3, 4, 10, 20 J/cm2 and the power density used was 7, 17 or 30 mW/cm2. Human MSCs were irradiated with single or triple exposures daily at room temperature and the cell proliferation rate was evaluated during nine days after irradiation. The results showed that after irradiation 4 J/cm2 and 17 mW/cm2 at a single dose the proliferation rate of hMSCs increased on day 5 and 9 (13% and 7%, respectively) when compared to nonirradiated cells. However, triple LED irradiation under the same parameters resulted in the decline in the cell proliferation rate on day 5, but the proliferation rate was at the same level on day 9, when compared with the cell proliferation after irradiation with a single dose. The effect of a single dose irradiation with 4 J/cm2 and 17 mW/cm2 on the proliferation of cells was the highest when the cells were irradiated in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) instead of MSCGM culture medium.

Flickering analysis of erythrocyte mechanical properties: dependence on oxygenation level, cell shape, and hydration level.

PubMed

Yoon, Young-Zoon; Hong, Ha; Brown, Aidan; Kim, Dong Chung; Kang, Dae Joon; Lew, Virgilio L; Cicuta, Pietro

2009-09-16

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) play an essential role in the respiratory functions of vertebrates, carrying oxygen from lungs to tissues and CO(2) from tissues to lungs. They are mechanically very soft, enabling circulation through small capillaries. The small thermally induced displacements of the membrane provide an important tool in the investigation of the mechanics of the cell membrane. However, despite numerous studies, uncertainties in the interpretation of the data, and in the values derived for the main parameters of cell mechanics, have rendered past conclusions from the fluctuation approach somewhat controversial. Here we revisit the experimental method and theoretical analysis of fluctuations, to adapt them to the case of cell contour fluctuations, which are readily observable experimentally. This enables direct measurements of membrane tension, of bending modulus, and of the viscosity of the cell cytoplasm. Of the various factors that influence the mechanical properties of the cell, we focus here on: 1), the level of oxygenation, as monitored by Raman spectrometry; 2), cell shape; and 3), the concentration of hemoglobin. The results show that, contrary to previous reports, there is no significant difference in cell tension and bending modulus between oxygenated and deoxygenated states, in line with the softness requirement for optimal circulatory flow in both states. On the other hand, tension and bending moduli of discocyte- and spherocyte-shaped cells differ markedly, in both the oxygenated and deoxygenated states. The tension in spherocytes is much higher, consistent with recent theoretical models that describe the transitions between red blood cell shapes as a function of membrane tension. Cell cytoplasmic viscosity is strongly influenced by the hydration state. The implications of these results to circulatory flow dynamics in physiological and pathological conditions are discussed.

Relationship between red cell distribution width and early renal injury in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus.

PubMed

Cheng, Dong; Zhao, Jiangtao; Jian, Liguo; Ding, Tongbin; Liu, Shichao

2016-09-01

Previous studies found that red cell distribution width was related to adverse cardiovascular events. However, few studies reported the relationship between red cell distribution width and early-stage renal injury in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Using a cross-sectional design, 334 pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus were enrolled according to the criterion of inclusion and exclusion. Demographic and clinical examination data were collected. Depended on the urine albumin, study population were divided into case group (n = 118) and control group (n = 216). Compared with control group, the case group tend to be higher red cell distribution width level (13.6 ± 0.9 vs.12.5 ± 0.6, p < 0.001). The red cell distribution width was positively associated with albuminuria creatinine ratio (r = 0.567, p < 0.001). Multiple logistic regressions showed that red cell distribution width was still associated with early-stage renal injury after adjusting for many other potential cofounders. Compared with the first quartile, the risk ratio of the second, the third and the fourth quartile were 1.38 (95%CI: 1.06-1.80), 1.57 (95%CI: 1.21-2.97), 2.71 (95%CI: 2.08-3.54), respectively. Besides, systolic blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, uric acid and blood urea nitrogen were also significantly associated with renal injury in gestational diabetes mellitus patients. The elevated red cell distribution width level might be a predictor of early-stage renal injury in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. As an easy and routine examination index, red cell distribution width may provide better clinical guidance when combined with other important indices.

Direct Antiglobulin Reaction in ABO-Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn

PubMed Central

Romano, E. L.; Hughes-Jones, N. C.; Mollison, P. L.

1973-01-01

The minimum number of IgG anti-A (or anti-B) molecules detectable on A or B red cells by the antiglobulin reaction was found to be the same—that is, about 150 molecules per red cell—with newborn as with adult cells. Furthermore, the ratio of anti-IgG bound to IgG anti-A (or anti-B) molecules was the same whether the anti-A (or anti-B) molecules were present on newborn or on adult cells and was similar to that found for anti-IgG bound to IgG anti-Rh. In 15 infants (11 group A, 4 group B) with haemolytic disease of the newborn due to ABO-incompatibility the amount of anti-A or anti-B on the red cells ranged from 0·25 to 3·5 μg antibody per ml red cells, corresponding to 90-1,320 antibody molecules per cell; only five infants had more than 0·55 μg antibody per ml of red cells. These amounts are far smaller than those found in most moderate or severe cases of Rh-haemolytic disease. It is concluded that the weak direct antiglobulin reactions observed in ABO-haemolytic disease are due simply to the fact that the number of anti-A (or anti-B) molecules on the infant's red cells is at the lower limit of sensitivity of the test. Since ABO-haemolytic disease can be quite a severe process it seems probable that IgG anti-A and anti-B molecules are more effective than anti-Rh molecules in bringing about red cell destruction. PMID:4540300

Sphero-echinocytosis of human red blood cells caused by snake, red-back spider, bee and blue-ringed octopus venoms and its inhibition by snake sera.

PubMed

Flachsenberger, W; Leigh, C M; Mirtschin, P J

1995-06-01

It was found that bee (Apis mellifera) venom, red-back spider (Latrodectus mactans) venom, blue-ringed octopus (Hapalochlaena maculosa) venom, ten different snake venoms, phospholipase A2 and four snake toxins caused sphero-echinocytosis of human red blood cells at 200 ng/ml. Most venoms and toxins lost the ability to deform human red blood cells when their components of less than mol. wt 10,000 were applied. In a number of cases the sphero-echinocytotic effect was also inhibited by blood sera of Notechis scutatus and Pseudonaja textilis.

The effect of in-vivo intravenous administration of sodium meglumine diatrizoate on some haematological parameters.

PubMed

Agwu, K K; Mgbor, S; Ogbu, S O I; Okeji, M

2007-01-01

To investigate the in-vivo effects of intravenous administration of sodium meglumine diatrizoate on some haematological parameters in a Nigerian population. Blood samples were collected before and one hour after intravenous injection of sodium-meglumine diatrizoate from 50 subjects undergoing intravenous urography examinations who had no history of and laboratory confirmed diseases that may affect haematological parameters. Standard laboratory methods were used to assay the haemoglobin concentration (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total white blood cell (WBC) count and differentials and blood film for any morphological changes in the red blood cells (RBC). Comparisons were made between the mean values of these haematological parameters before and one hour post injection using paired t-test for any statistically significant differences. There were statistically significant reductions in the mean values of Hb concentration and the neutrophil count one hour post injection compared with their pretest values (p < 0.05). The lymphocytes were also significantly increased post injection compared to the pretest values whereas 70% of the erythrocytes were morphologically altered from their approximately 100% normocytic shape at pre-test. Intravenous administration of sodium-meglumine diatrizoate causes in-vivo reduction in Hb concentration and neutrophil count in humans as well as poikilocytosis of the erythrocytes. Some of these effects have the potential of triggering or exacerbating crisis in a sickle cell anaemia subject which is endemic in our locality. Caution should therefore be exercised in the choice and administration of radiological contrast agents to sickle cell subjects. Preparations that are iso-osmolar with plasma and have less probability in precipitating crises should be preferred instead.

The increased flexibility of CDR loops generated in antibodies by Congo red complexation favors antigen binding.

PubMed

Krol, Marcin; Roterman, Irena; Drozd, Anna; Konieczny, Leszek; Piekarska, Barbara; Rybarska, Janina; Spolnik, Paweł; Stopa, Barbara

2006-02-01

The dye Congo red and related self-assembling compounds were found to stabilize immune complexes by binding to antibodies currently engaged in complexation to antigen. In our simulations, it was shown that the site that becomes accessible for binding the supramolecular dye ligand is located in the V domain, and is normally occupied by the N-terminal polypeptide chain fragment. The binding of the ligand disrupts the beta-structure in the domain, increasing the plasticity of the antigen-binding site. The higher fluctuation of CDR-bearing loops enhances antigen binding, and allows even low-affinity antibodies to be engaged in immune complexes. Experimental observations of the enhancement effect were supported by theoretical studies using L lambda chain (4BJL-PDB identification) and the L chain from the complex of IgM-rheumatoid factor bound to the CH3 domain of the Fc fragment (1ADQ-PDB identification) as the initial structures for theoretical studies of dye-induced changes. Commercial IgM-type rheumatoid factor (human) and sheep red blood cells with coupled IgG (human) were used for experimental tests aimed to reveal the dye-enhancement effect in this system. The specificity of antigen-antibody interaction enhanced by dye binding was studied using rabbit anti-sheep red cell antibodies to agglutinate red cells of different species. Red blood cells of hoofed mammals (horse, goat) showed weak enhancement of agglutination in the presence of Congo red. Neither agglutination nor enhancement were observed in the case of human red cells. The dye-enhancement capability in the SRBC-antiSRBC system was lost after pepsin-digestion of antibodies producing (Fab)2 fragments still agglutinating red cells. Monoclonal (myeloma) IgG, L lambda chain and ovoalbumin failed to agglutinate red cells, as expected, and showed no enhancement effect. This indicates that the enhancement effect is specific.

Kinetic studies of a doubly bound red cell antigen-antibody system.

PubMed

Oberhardt, B J; Miller, I F

1972-08-01

The Polybrene method for detection of red cell antibodies which utilizes continuous flow equipment was modified so that kinetic studies could be performed on red cell antibodies doubly bound between adjacent red cells. In the anti-Rh(o)-Rh(o) erythrocyte system, deaggregation by temperature was studied over an antibody concentration range of from approximately 1 to 500 antibody molecules per erythrocyte, a residence time range of approximately eightfold, and a temperature range of from 10 to 55 degrees C. The rate of dissociation of antigen-antibody complex, as determined from deaggregation of antibody-dependent red cell aggregates, was found to be of apparent zero order. The apparent activation energy for the antigen-antibody reaction under the experimental conditions was determined and found to be higher than would be expected for singly bound antigen-antibody systems. Possible explanations are considered for these findings in terms of an antigen-antibody bond-breaking model.

Viscoelastic Transient of Confined Red Blood Cells

PubMed Central

Prado, Gaël; Farutin, Alexander; Misbah, Chaouqi; Bureau, Lionel

2015-01-01

The unique ability of a red blood cell to flow through extremely small microcapillaries depends on the viscoelastic properties of its membrane. Here, we study in vitro the response time upon flow startup exhibited by red blood cells confined into microchannels. We show that the characteristic transient time depends on the imposed flow strength, and that such a dependence gives access to both the effective viscosity and the elastic modulus controlling the temporal response of red cells. A simple theoretical analysis of our experimental data, validated by numerical simulations, further allows us to compute an estimate for the two-dimensional membrane viscosity of red blood cells, ηmem2D ∼ 10−7 N⋅s⋅m−1. By comparing our results with those from previous studies, we discuss and clarify the origin of the discrepancies found in the literature regarding the determination of ηmem2D, and reconcile seemingly conflicting conclusions from previous works. PMID:25954871

Proteomic analysis identifies differentially expressed proteins after red propolis treatment in Hep-2 cells.

PubMed

Frozza, Caroline Olivieri da Silva; Ribeiro, Tanara da Silva; Gambato, Gabriela; Menti, Caroline; Moura, Sidnei; Pinto, Paulo Marcos; Staats, Charley Christian; Padilha, Francine Ferreira; Begnini, Karine Rech; de Leon, Priscila Marques Moura; Borsuk, Sibele; Savegnago, Lucielli; Dellagostin, Odir; Collares, Tiago; Seixas, Fabiana Kömmling; Henriques, João Antonio Pêgas; Roesch-Ely, Mariana

2014-01-01

Here we investigated alterations in the protein profile of Hep-2 treated with red propolis using two-dimensional electrophoresis associated to mass spectrometry and apoptotic rates of cells treated with and without red propolis extracts through TUNEL and Annexin-V assays. A total of 325 spots were manually excised from the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and 177 proteins were identified using LC-MS-MS. Among all proteins identified that presented differential expression, most were down-regulated in presence of red propolis extract at a concentration of 120 μg/mL (IC50): GRP78, PRDX2, LDHB, VIM and TUBA1A. Only two up-regulated proteins were identified in this study in the non-cytotoxic (6 μg/mL) red propolis treated group: RPLP0 and RAD23B. TUNEL staining assay showed a markedly increase in the mid- to late-stage apoptosis of Hep-2 cells induced by red propolis at concentrations of 60 and 120 μg/mL when compared with non-treated cells. The increase of late apoptosis was confirmed by in situ Annexin-V analysis in which red propolis extract induced late apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. The differences in tumor cell protein profiles warrant further investigations including isolation of major bioactive compounds of red propolis in different cell lines using proteomics and molecular tests to validate the protein expression here observed. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Error Rates Resulting From Anemia Can Be Corrected in Multiple Commonly Used Point of Care Glucometers

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

strategies, increasing the prevalence of both hypoglycemia and anemia in the ICU.14–20 The change in allogeneic blood transfusion practices occurred in...measurements in samples with low HCT levels.4,5,7,8,12 The error occurs because de- creased red blood cell causes less displacement of plasma, resulting...Nonlinear component regression was performed be- cause HCT has a nonlinear effect on accuracy of POC glucometers. A dual parameter correction factor was

Stabilization of red blood cells by the plasticizer, diethylhexylphthalate.

PubMed

Horowitz, B; Stryker, M H; Waldman, A A; Woods, K R; Gass, J D; Drago, J

1985-01-01

The red blood cells of blood stored in containers made of polyvinylchloride (PVC) film are osmotically more stable and lose on average about 1/3 less hemoglobin than when blood is stored in another plastic [poly-(ethylene-co-ethyl acrylate); EEA]. The stability of uniform volumes of stored red blood cells varies directly with PVC surface area, whereas changes in EEA surface area have comparatively little or no effect. PVC contains high concentrations of the plasticizer, diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP), known to migrate into blood and to have a high potential for toxicity. To determine if DEHP could be the red cell stabilizing agent in PVC, whole blood was stored in containers made from EEA into which was incorporated varying amounts of DEHP. Incorporation of DEHP into EEA significantly reduced erythrocyte osmotic fragility (p = 0.01). The degree of reduced fragility correlated with the level of DEHP in the cell phase implicating DEHP in PVC containers as the stabilizing agent for red cells.

Influence of red jersey color on physical parameters in combat sports.

PubMed

Dreiskaemper, Dennis; Strauss, Bernd; Hagemann, Norbert; Büsch, Dirk

2013-02-01

Hill and Barton (2005) showed that fighters in tae kwon do, boxing, and wrestling who wore red jerseys during the 2004 Olympic Games won more often than those wearing blue jerseys. Regarding these results, this study investigated the effects of jersey color during a combat situation on fighters' physical parameters of strength and heart rate. An artificial, experimental combat situation was created in which the color of sport attire was assigned randomly. Fourteen pairs of male athletes matched for weight, height, and age had to fight each other: once in a red jersey and once in a blue. Heart rate (before, during, and after the fight) and strength (before the fight) were tested wearing the blue and the red jerseys. Participants wearing red jerseys had significantly higher heart rates and significantly higher pre-contest values on the strength test. Results showed that participants' body functions are influenced by wearing red equipment.

Effects of Aged Stored Autologous Red Blood Cells on Human Endothelial Function

PubMed Central

Kanias, Tamir; Triulzi, Darrel; Donadee, Chenell; Barge, Suchitra; Badlam, Jessica; Jain, Shilpa; Belanger, Andrea M.; Kim-Shapiro, Daniel B.

2015-01-01

Rationale: A major abnormality that characterizes the red cell “storage lesion” is increased hemolysis and reduced red cell lifespan after infusion. Low levels of intravascular hemolysis after transfusion of aged stored red cells disrupt nitric oxide (NO) bioavailabity, via accelerated NO scavenging reaction with cell-free plasma hemoglobin. The degree of intravascular hemolysis post-transfusion and effects on endothelial-dependent vasodilation responses to acetylcholine have not been fully characterized in humans. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of blood aged to the limits of Food and Drug Administration–approved storage time on the human microcirculation and endothelial function. Methods: Eighteen healthy individuals donated 1 U of leukopheresed red cells, divided and autologously transfused into the forearm brachial artery 5 and 42 days after blood donation. Blood samples were obtained from stored blood bag supernatants and the antecubital vein of the infusion arm. Forearm blood flow measurements were performed using strain-gauge plethysmography during transfusion, followed by testing of endothelium-dependent blood flow with increasing doses of intraarterial acetylcholine. Measurements and Main Results: We demonstrate that aged stored blood has higher levels of arginase-1 and cell-free plasma hemoglobin. Compared with 5-day blood, the transfusion of 42-day packed red cells decreases acetylcholine-dependent forearm blood flows. Intravascular venous levels of arginase-1 and cell-free plasma hemoglobin increase immediately after red cell transfusion, with more significant increases observed after infusion of 42-day-old blood. Conclusions: We demonstrate that the transfusion of blood at the limits of Food and Drug Administration–approved storage has a significant effect on the forearm circulation and impairs endothelial function. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 01137656) PMID:26222884

Deformation strain is the main physical driver for skeletal precursors to undergo osteogenesis in earlier stages of osteogenic cell maturation.

PubMed

Ramani-Mohan, Ram-Kumar; Schwedhelm, Ivo; Finne-Wistrand, Anna; Krug, Melanie; Schwarz, Thomas; Jakob, Franz; Walles, Heike; Hansmann, Jan

2018-03-01

Mesenchymal stem cells play a major role during bone remodelling and are thus of high interest for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Mechanical stimuli, that is, deformation strain and interstitial fluid-flow-induced shear stress, promote osteogenic lineage commitment. However, the predominant physical stimulus that drives early osteogenic cell maturation is not clearly identified. The evaluation of each stimulus is challenging, as deformation and fluid-flow-induced shear stress interdepend. In this study, we developed a bioreactor that was used to culture mesenchymal stem cells harbouring a strain-responsive AP-1 luciferase reporter construct, on porous scaffolds. In addition to the reporter, mineralization and vitality of the cells was investigated by alizarin red staining and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide. Quantification of the expression of genes associated to bone regeneration and bone remodelling was used to confirm alizarin red measurements. Controlled perfusion and deformation of the 3-dimensional scaffold facilitated the alteration of the expression of osteogenic markers, luciferase activity, and calcification. To isolate the specific impact of scaffold deformation, a computational model was developed to derive a perfusion flow profile that results in dynamic shear stress conditions present in periodically loaded scaffolds. In comparison to actually deformed scaffolds, a lower expression of all measured readout parameters indicated that deformation strain is the predominant stimulus for skeletal precursors to undergo osteogenesis in earlier stages of osteogenic cell maturation. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Hemoglobin diffusion and the dynamics of oxygen capture by red blood cells.

PubMed

Longeville, Stéphane; Stingaciu, Laura-Roxana

2017-09-05

Translational diffusion of macromolecules in cell is generally assumed to be anomalous due high macromolecular crowding of the milieu. Red blood cells are a special case of cells filled quasi exclusively (95% of the dry weight of the cell) with an almost spherical protein: hemoglobin. Hemoglobin diffusion has since a long time been recognized as facilitating the rate of oxygen diffusion through a solution. We address in this paper the question on how hemoglobin diffusion in the red blood cells can help the oxygen capture at the cell level and hence to improve oxygen transport. We report a measurement by neutron spin echo spectroscopy of the diffusion of hemoglobin in solutions with increasing protein concentration. We show that hemoglobin diffusion in solution can be described as Brownian motion up to physiological concentration and that hemoglobin diffusion in the red blood cells and in solutions at similar concentration are the same. Finally, using a simple model and the concentration dependence of the diffusion of the protein reported here, we show that hemoglobin concentration observed in human red blood cells ([Formula: see text]330 g.L -1 ) corresponds to an optimum for oxygen transport for individuals under strong activity.

Hemoglobin diffusion and the dynamics of oxygen capture by red blood cells

DOE PAGES

Longeville, Stéphane; Stingaciu, Laura-Roxana

2017-09-05

Translational diffusion of macromolecules in cell is generally assumed to be anomalous due high macromolecular crowding of the milieu. Red blood cells are a special case of cells filled quasi exclusively (95% of the dry weight of the cell) with an almost spherical protein: hemoglobin. Hemoglobin diffusion has since a long time been recognized as facilitating the rate of oxygen diffusion through a solution. We address in this paper the question on how hemoglobin diffusion in the red blood cells can help the oxygen capture at the cell level and hence to improve oxygen transport. We report a measurement bymore » neutron spin echo spectroscopy of the diffusion of hemoglobin in solutions with increasing protein concentration. We show that hemoglobin diffusion in solution can be described as Brownian motion up to physiological concentration and that hemoglobin diffusion in the red blood cells and in solutions at similar concentration are the same. Finally, using a simple model and the concentration dependence of the diffusion of the protein reported here, we show that hemoglobin concentration observed in human red blood cells (≃330 g.L -1) corresponds to an optimum for oxygen transport for individuals under strong activity.« less

Hemoglobin diffusion and the dynamics of oxygen capture by red blood cells

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Longeville, Stéphane; Stingaciu, Laura-Roxana

Translational diffusion of macromolecules in cell is generally assumed to be anomalous due high macromolecular crowding of the milieu. Red blood cells are a special case of cells filled quasi exclusively (95% of the dry weight of the cell) with an almost spherical protein: hemoglobin. Hemoglobin diffusion has since a long time been recognized as facilitating the rate of oxygen diffusion through a solution. We address in this paper the question on how hemoglobin diffusion in the red blood cells can help the oxygen capture at the cell level and hence to improve oxygen transport. We report a measurement bymore » neutron spin echo spectroscopy of the diffusion of hemoglobin in solutions with increasing protein concentration. We show that hemoglobin diffusion in solution can be described as Brownian motion up to physiological concentration and that hemoglobin diffusion in the red blood cells and in solutions at similar concentration are the same. Finally, using a simple model and the concentration dependence of the diffusion of the protein reported here, we show that hemoglobin concentration observed in human red blood cells (≃330 g.L -1) corresponds to an optimum for oxygen transport for individuals under strong activity.« less

Method and kit for the selective labeling of red blood cells in whole blood with Tc-99m

DOEpatents

Srivastava, S.C.; Babich, J.W.; Straub, R.; Richards, P.

1988-07-05

Disclosed herein are a method and kit for the preparation of [sup 99m]Tc labeled red blood cells using whole blood in a closed sterile system containing stannous tin in a form such that it will enter the red blood cells and be available for the reduction of technetium. No Drawings

Method and kit for the selective labeling of red blood cells in whole blood with TC-99M

DOEpatents

Srivastava, Suresh C.; Babich, John W.; Straub, Rita; Richards, Powell

1988-01-01

Disclosed herein are a method and kit for the preparation of .sup.99m Tc labeled red blood cells using whole blood in a closed sterile system containing stannous tin in a form such that it will enter the red blood cells and be available therein for the reduction of technetium.

Kit for the selective labeling of red blood cells in whole blood with [sup 99]Tc

DOEpatents

Srivastava, S.C.; Babich, J.W.; Straub, R.; Richards, P.

1992-05-26

Disclosed herein are a method and kit for the preparation of [sup 99m]Tc labeled red blood cells using whole blood in a closed sterile system containing stannous tin in a form such that it will enter the red blood cells and be available therein for reduction of technetium. No Drawings

Control of red blood cell mass during spaceflight

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lane, H. W.; Alfrey, C. P.; Driscoll, T. B.; Smith, S. M.; Nyquist, L. E.

1996-01-01

Data are reviewed from twenty-two astronauts from seven space missions in a study of red blood cell mass. The data show that decreased red cell mass in all astronauts exposed to space for more than nine days, although the actual dynamics of mass changes varies with flight duration. Possible mechanisms for these changes, including alterations in erythropoietin levels, are discussed.

Effects of Storage of CPD-ADSOL Red Cells at 4C for as Long as 49 Days, Biochemical Modification, Freeze-Preservation, and Post-Wash Storage at 4C for 24 Hours

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-05-27

DPG, P50 levels , and the level of residual hemolysis were satisfactory. Our data show that 42-days is the maximum period that red blood cells can...survival value of only 61%, but ATP, DPG, P50 levels and the level of residual hemolysis were satisfactory. Our data show that 42-days is the maximum...collected red blood cells are stored at 4C for less than 2 weeks, the rejuventation process increases the red cell 2,3 DPG level to 250% of normal and the

Fundamental study on photodynamic therapy for atrial fibrillation: effect of photosensitization reaction parameters on myocardial necrosis in vitro

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ogawa, Emiyu; Ito, Arisa; Arai, Tsunenori

2012-03-01

We studied necrotic cell death effect on myocardial cells with photosensitizer existed outside the cells varying photosensitization reaction parameters widely in vitro. We have developed non-thermal ablator with the application of photosensitization reaction for atrial fibrillation. Since laser irradiation is applied shortly after photosensitizer injection, the photosensitization reaction is induced outside the cells. The interaction for the myocardial cells by the photosensitization reaction is not well understood yet on various photosensitization reaction parameters. Rat myocardial cells were cultured in 96 well plates for 7 days. The photosensitization reaction was applied with talaporfin sodium (NPe6) and the semiconductor laser of 663nm wavelength. The average drug light interval was set 8 mins. The photosensitizer concentration and radiant exposure were varied from 5 to 40 μg/ml and 1.2 to 60 J/cm2, respectively. The well bottom was irradiated by the red laser with irradiance of 293 mW/cm2. The photosensitizer fluorescence was monitored during the photosensitization reaction. Alive cell rate was measured by WST assay after 2 hours from the irradiation. In the case of the photosensitizer concentration of 10 μg/ml, the myocardial cells were almost alive even thought 60 J/cm2 in the radiant exposure was applied. In the 15 μg/ml case, the alive cell rate was almost linear relation to the photosensitizer concentration and radiant exposure. We obtained that the threshold for myocardial cell necrosis on the photosensitizer concentration was around 15 μg/ml with 20 J/cm2 in the radiant exposure. This threshold on the photosensitizer concentration was similar to the reported threshold for cancer therapy.

Hemoglobin Aggregation in Single Red Blood Cells of Sickle Cell Anemia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nishio, Izumi; Tanaka, Toyoichi; Sun, Shao-Tang; Imanishi, Yuri; Tsuyoshi Ohnishi, S.

1983-06-01

A laser light scattering technique was used to observe the extent of hemoglobin aggregation in solitary red blood cells of sickle cell anemia. Hemoglobin aggregation was confirmed in deoxygenated cells. The light scattering technique can also be applied to cytoplasmic studies of any biological cell.

Sublethal red tide toxin exposure in free-ranging manatees (Trichechus manatus) affects the immune system through reduced lymphocyte proliferation responses, inflammation, and oxidative stress.

PubMed

Walsh, Catherine J; Butawan, Matthew; Yordy, Jennifer; Ball, Ray; Flewelling, Leanne; de Wit, Martine; Bonde, Robert K

2015-04-01

The health of many Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) is adversely affected by exposure to blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis. K. brevis blooms are common in manatee habitats of Florida's southwestern coast and produce a group of cyclic polyether toxins collectively referred to as red tide toxins, or brevetoxins. Although a large number of manatees exposed to significant levels of red tide toxins die, several manatees are rescued from sublethal exposure and are successfully treated and returned to the wild. Sublethal brevetoxin exposure may potentially impact the manatee immune system. Lymphocyte proliferative responses and a suite of immune function parameters in the plasma were used to evaluate effects of brevetoxin exposure on health of manatees rescued from natural exposure to red tide toxins in their habitat. Blood samples were collected from rescued manatees at Lowry Park Zoo in Tampa, FL and from healthy, unexposed manatees in Crystal River, FL. Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) isolated from whole blood were stimulated with T-cell mitogens, ConA and PHA. A suite of plasma parameters, including plasma protein electrophoresis profiles, lysozyme activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and reactive oxygen/nitrogen (ROS/RNS) species, was also used to assess manatee health. Significant decreases (p<0.05) in lymphocyte proliferation were observed in ConA and PHA stimulated lymphocytes from rescued animals compared to non-exposed animals. Significant correlations were observed between oxidative stress markers (SOD, ROS/RNS) and plasma brevetoxin concentrations. Sublethal exposure to brevetoxins in the wild impacts some immune function components, and thus, overall health, in the Florida manatee. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Hydrophysical correlation and water mass indication of optical physiological parameters of picophytoplankton in Prydz Bay during autumn 2008.

PubMed

Zhang, Fang; Ma, Yuxin; Lin, Ling; He, Jianfeng

2012-12-01

Flow cytometry (FCM) is efficient in detecting both abundance and optical physiological parameters including cell size and cellular carbon content-side scatter (SSC), carotenoids-green and orange fluorescence (FL1 and FL2), and red fluorescence-chlorophylls (FL3) can be obtained by FCM. The utilization of these physiological parameters in indicating water masses in Prydz Bay was investigated for the first time. Picophytoplankton were very sensitive to hydrophysical changes and present distinct characteristics of water masses: Picophytoplankton in water closer to the Amery Ice Shelf were more affected by salinity than by temperature, while temperature became more important than salinity the nearer the picophytoplankton were to the deep sea. The picophytoplankton dealt with declines in light by increasing the size of cells, which increase the fixation of carbon. This can also be increased by high temperature and salinity. Pure water masses can increase the content of chlorophylls and cellular carbon. Generally, the distributions of all the five parameters at upper water depths were less affected by temperature and salinity than by water masses; and these parameters can be as indicators to Summer Surface Water (SSW), Winter Water (WW) and Continental Shelf Water (CSW). Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for 6-mercpatopurine: exploring the role of genetic polymorphism in TPMT enzyme activity

PubMed Central

Ogungbenro, Kayode; Aarons, Leon

2015-01-01

Aims To extend the physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model developed for 6-mercaptopurine to account for intracellular metabolism and to explore the role of genetic polymorphism in the TPMT enzyme on the pharmacokinetics of 6-mercaptopurine. Methods The developed PBPK model was extended for 6-mercaptopurine to account for intracellular metabolism and genetic polymorphism in TPMT activity. System and drug specific parameters were obtained from the literature or estimated using plasma or intracellular red blood cell concentrations of 6-mercaptopurine and its metabolites. Age-dependent changes in parameters were implemented for scaling, and variability was also introduced for simulation. The model was validated using published data. Results The model was extended successfully. Parameter estimation and model predictions were satisfactory. Prediction of intracellular red blood cell concentrations of 6-thioguanine nucleotide for different TPMT phenotypes (in a clinical study that compared conventional and individualized dosing) showed results that were consistent with observed values and reported incidence of haematopoietic toxicity. Following conventional dosing, the predicted mean concentrations for homozygous and heterozygous variants, respectively, were about 10 times and two times the levels for wild-type. However, following individualized dosing, the mean concentration was around the same level for the three phenotypes despite different doses. Conclusions The developed PBPK model has been extended for 6-mercaptopurine and can be used to predict plasma 6-mercaptopurine and tissue concentration of 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine nucleotide and 6-methylmercaptopurine ribonucleotide in adults and children. Predictions of reported data from clinical studies showed satisfactory results. The model may help to improve 6-mercaptopurine dosing, achieve better clinical outcome and reduce toxicity. PMID:25614061

Biochemical Storage Lesions Occurring in Nonirradiated and Irradiated Red Blood Cells: A Brief Review

PubMed Central

Adams, F.; Bellairs, G.; Bird, A. R.; Oguntibeju, O. O.

2015-01-01

Red blood cells undergo a series of biochemical fluctuations during 35–42-day storage period at 1°C to 6°C. The sodium/potassium pump is immobilised causing a decrease in intracellular potassium with an increase in cytoplasmic sodium levels, glucose levels decline, and acidosis occurs as a result of low pH levels. The frailty of stored erythrocytes triggers the formation of haemoglobin-containing microparticles and the release of cell-free haemoglobin which may add to transfusion difficulties. Lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress to band 3 structures, and other morphological and structural molecular changes also occur leading to spheroechinocytes and osmotic fragility. These changes that transpire in the red cells during the storage period are referred to as “storage lesions.” It is well documented that gamma irradiation exacerbates storage lesions and the reports of increased potassium levels leading to adverse reactions observed in neonates and infants have been of particular concern. There are, however, remarkably few systematic studies comparing the in vitro storage lesions of irradiated and nonirradiated red cell concentrates and it has been suggested that the impact of storage lesions on leucocyte reduced red blood cell concentrate (RBCC) is incomplete. The review examines storage lesions in red blood cells and their adverse effects in reference to blood transfusion. PMID:25710038

The red/white colony color assay in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: epistatic growth advantage of white ade8-18, ade2 cells over red ade2 cells.

PubMed

Ugolini, S; Bruschi, C V

1996-12-01

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae the ade2, and/or the ade1, mutation in the adenine biosynthetic pathway leads to the accumulation of a cell-limited red pigment, while epistatic mutations in the same pathway, i.e. ade8, preclude this phenomenon, resulting in normal white colonies. The shift in color from red to white (or vice versa) with a combination of appropriate wild-type and mutant alleles of the adenine-pathway genes has been widely utilized as a non-selective phenotype to visualise and quantify the occurrence of various genetic events such as recombination, conversion and aneuploidy. It has provided an invaluable tool for the study of gene dosage and plasmid stability. In competition experiments between disrupted ade2, ade8-18 transformants carrying either a functional or non-functional episomal ADE8 gene, we verified that white ade8 ade2 cells show a remarkable selective advantage over red ade2 cells, with important implications on the use of this assay for the monitoring of genetic events. The accumulation of the red pigment in ade2 cells is likely to be the cause for impaired growth in these cells.

Study of ocean red tide multi-parameter monitoring technology based on double-wavelength airborne lidar system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, Hong; Wang, Xinming; Liang, Kun

2010-10-01

For monitoring and forecasting of the ocean red tide in real time, a marine environment monitoring technology based on the double-wavelength airborne lidar system is proposed. An airborne lidar is father more efficient than the traditional measure technology by the boat. At the same time, this technology can detect multi-parameter about the ocean red tide by using the double-wavelength lidar.It not only can use the infrared laser to detect the scattering signal under the water and gain the information about the red tise's density and size, but also can use the blue-green laser to detect the Brillouin scattering signal and deduce the temperature and salinity of the seawater.The red tide's density detecting model is firstly established by introducing the concept about the red tide scattering coefficient based on the Mie scattering theory. From the Brillouin scattering theory, the relationship about the blue-green laser's Brillouin scattering frequency shift value and power value with the seawater temperature and salinity is found. Then, the detecting mode1 of the saewater temperature and salinity can be established. The value of the red tide infrared scattering signal is evaluated by the simulation, and therefore the red tide particles' density can be known. At the same time, the blue-green laser's Brillouin scattering frequency shift value and power value are evaluated by simulating, and the temperature and salinity of the seawater can be known. Baed on the multi-parameters, the ocean red tide's growth can be monitored and forecasted.

What Is Blood?

MedlinePlus

... Blood / What is Blood? WHERE CAN I DONATE? Blood is the red fluid that circulates in our blood vessels, i. ... cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The remainder is a fluid called plasma. Blood cells are produced in bone marrow. Red cells, white cells and platelets are made in ...

Performance evaluation of BC-3200 hematology analyzer in a university hospital.

PubMed

Peng, L; Bai, L; Nie, L; Wu, Z; Yan, C

2008-06-01

The BC-3200 automated hematology analyzer was evaluated and compared with the Beckman-Coulter AcT (Ac.T diff 2) 3-part differential hematology analyzer. The BC-3200 was evaluated according to guidelines published by the International Committee for Standardization in Hematology (ICSH), Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), and Department of Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The results demonstrated no background, minimal carryover (<0.5%), and excellent linearity for hemoglobin (Hb) level, white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), and platelet (PLT) counts (>0.998). Precision was generally acceptable for all complete blood count (CBC) parameters; coefficients of variation (CVs) were within the manufacturer's claims and CVs of CBC parameters, including WBC, RBC and PLT counts, Hb and mean corpuscular volume, were <6%. Correlation between the BC-3200 and Ac.T diff 2 was excellent (r > 0.98) for all major CBC parameters (WBC, RBC, and PLT counts and Hb). We conclude that the overall performance of the BC-3200 is excellent and compares well with that of the Coulter Ac.T diff 2.

Ex-vivo expansion of red blood cells: how real for transfusion in humans?

PubMed

Migliaccio, Anna Rita; Masselli, Elena; Varricchio, Lilian; Whitsett, Carolyn

2012-03-01

Blood transfusion is indispensable for modern medicine. In developed countries, the blood supply is adequate and safe but blood for alloimmunized patients is often unavailable. Concerns are increasing that donations may become inadequate in the future as the population ages prompting a search for alternative transfusion products. Improvements in culture conditions and proof-of-principle studies in animal models have suggested that ex-vivo expanded red cells may represent such a product. Compared to other cell therapies transfusion poses the unique challenge of requiring great cell doses (2.5×10(12) cells vs 10(7) cells). Although production of such cell numbers is theoretically possible, current technologies generate red cells in numbers sufficient only for safety studies. It is conceived that by the time these studies will be completed, technical barriers to mass cell production will have been eliminated making transfusion with ex-vivo generated red cells a reality. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Identification of Catechin, Syringic Acid, and Procyanidin B2 in Wine as Stimulants of Gastric Acid Secretion.

PubMed

Liszt, Kathrin Ingrid; Eder, Reinhard; Wendelin, Sylvia; Somoza, Veronika

2015-09-09

Organic acids of wine, in addition to ethanol, have been identified as stimulants of gastric acid secretion. This study characterized the influence of other wine compounds, particularly phenolic compounds, on proton secretion. Forty wine parameters were determined in four red wines and six white wines, including the contents of organic acids and phenolic compounds. The secretory activity of the wines was determined in a gastric cell culture model (HGT-1 cells) by means of a pH-sensitive fluorescent dye. Red wines stimulated proton secretion more than white wines. Lactic acid and the phenolic compounds syringic acid, catechin, and procyanidin B2 stimulated proton secretion and correlated with the pro-secretory effect of the wines. Addition of the phenolic compounds to the least active white wine sample enhanced its proton secretory effect by 65 ± 21% (p < 0.05). These results indicate that not only malic and lactic acid but also bitter and astringent tasting phenolic compounds in wine contribute to its stimulatory effect on gastric acid secretion.

Evaluation of the microcirculation in a sheep island pedicle flap with laser Doppler flowmeter and 99m-Tc-labelled red blood cells

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Banic, A.; Kouris, K.; Lewis, D.H.

1990-10-01

The aim of the study was experimentally to evaluate the capability and reliability of laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) in conditions of circulatory deficiency, by correlating it to flow-related parameters measured by a radionuclide-imaging technique and using 99m-Tc red blood cells (RBCs). For this purpose, a pedicle island flap in the sheep was used, with well-perfused proximal parts and with evident stasis in the distal third of the flap. No correlation was found between results obtained with the two techniques. In regions with evident stasis, falsely high LDF readings were recorded. This may be due to a back-and-forth motion of themore » RBCs under the probe, rather than to true flow. It was concluded that, while LDF seems reliable in detecting complete arterial occlusion, it is unreliable in predicting either complete venous occlusion or partial obstruction of the flow to and from the flap. Clinical use for this purpose cannot be recommended.« less

Posttransfusional changes of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and nucleotides in CPD-SAGM-preserved erythrocytes.

PubMed

Matthes, G; Strunk, S; Siems, W; Grune, T

1993-06-01

Posttransfusional changes of preserved red blood cells can influence the oxygen equilibrium curve which is mainly affected by the concentration of erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG). The regeneration kinetics of DPG and nucleotides (ATP, ADP, AMP, GTP, GDP) was determined over a period of 0-48 h in surgically treated patients following transfusion of DPG-depleted packed red cells stored for 14 days in CPD-SAGM. 3 h after transfusion the DPG levels raised up to 40% of the patients' prior DPG concentrations. Complete regeneration of the DPG concentrations occurred 36-48 h after transfusion. Changes in the nucleotide pattern indicate, after a temporary decrease of ATP and GTP levels (after 10-30 min) and an activation phase (after 3-12 h), the full regeneration of these parameters 24-48 h after transfusion. The regeneration kinetics of DPG should be taken into consideration for transfusions with blood units stored for more than 14 days, especially in patients with reduced compensatory mechanisms (coronary and cerebral scleroses, pacemaker, etc.) and large transfusion volumes.

The pharmacokinetic effect of discontinuation of mesalazine on mercaptopurine metabolite levels in inflammatory bowel disease patients.

PubMed

Gilissen, L P L; Bierau, J; Derijks, L J J; Bos, L P; Hooymans, P M; van Gennip, A; Stockbrügger, R W; Engels, L G J B

2005-10-01

In vitro studies suggest interactions between mesalazine (mesalamine) and thiopurines by thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) inhibition, influencing the balance of hepatotoxic 6-methylmercaptopurine ribonucleotide and immunosuppressive tioguanine (thioguanine) metabolites. To examine the in vivo pharmacokinetic interaction between mesalazine and mercaptopurine. A prospective study was performed in quiescent inflammatory bowel disease patients using the combination of mercaptopurine and mesalazine. Laboratory parameters, 6-methylmercaptopurine ribonucleotide and tioguanine levels and thiopurine S-methyltransferase activity in erythrocytes were measured at stable medication, after mesalazine discontinuation and mesalazine reintroduction, further mercaptopurine was continued. Seventeen patients were participated. Mean mercaptopurine dose was 0.78 mg/kg/day and median of mesalazine dose was 3000 mg/day. After mesalazine discontinuation, mean tioguanine levels changed significantly from 262 to 209 pmol/8 x 10(8) red blood cell, increasing to 270 after reintroduction. Mean 6-methylmercaptopurine ribonucleotide levels were 1422, 2149 and 1503 pmol/8 x 10(8) red blood cell respectively. Mean 6-methylmercaptopurine ribonucleotide/tioguanine ratio increased significantly from 6.3 at baseline to 11.2. Mean baseline thiopurine S-methyltransferase activity was 0.58 pmol/10(6) red blood cell/h and stable. All patients had wild-type thiopurine S-methyltransferase genotypes however, leucocyte counts were stable. A significantly higher tioguanine levels and improving 6-methylmercaptopurine ribonucleotide/tioguanine ratio were found during mesalazine/mercaptopurine combination. Theoretically, mesalazine inhibits thiopurine S-methyltransferase activity. In vivo thiopurine S-methyltransferase activity did not change, however. Mesalazine has synergistic effects on mercaptopurine therapy, but the mechanism is unclear. Combining these drugs may be further indication for mesalazine in inflammatory bowel disease treatment.

Storage of red blood cells in a novel polyolefin blood container: a pilot in vitro study.

PubMed

Gulliksson, H; Meinke, S; Ravizza, A; Larsson, L; Höglund, P

2017-01-01

The present general plasticizer di-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate in polyvinylchloride (PVC) blood bags is only physically dispersed in PVC and will therefore leach into blood components. The objective of this study was to perform a first preliminary red blood cell (RBC) storage evaluation in a new blood bag manufactured of polyolefin without any inclusion of potentially migrating substances. This is a RBC storage study for 42 days. Blood collection was performed in a polyolefin-based PVC-free blood bag. RBCs were prepared within 8 h. Two different RBC additive solutions were used, either PAGGS-M or PAGGG-M. We weekly measured pH, K + , glucose, lactate, haemolysis, red cell ATP and 2,3-DPG. RBC storage in PAGGS-M resulted in high haemolysis levels already after 21 days, exceeding the European maximum limit of 0·8%, and low ATP levels by the end of the storage period. With PAGGG-M, haemolysis exceeded 0·8% after 28 days of storage. For additional parameters, the results were comparable to those of previous studies in conventional blood bags. This is a first preliminary study of RBC storage in a new type of blood bags. PAGGG-M gave encouraging results except for its inability to prevent increased haemolysis. There will be room for further development of RBC additive solutions to address the haemolysis problems. Plasma should also be tested regarding the stability of coagulation and activation pathway variables. There may also be a potential for future use of the bag for preparation of pooled buffy-coat-derived platelets. © 2016 International Society of Blood Transfusion.

Red blood cells free α-haemoglobin pool: a biomarker to monitor the β-thalassemia intermedia variability. The ALPHAPOOL study.

PubMed

Vasseur, Corinne; Domingues-Hamdi, Elisa; Ledudal, Katia; Le Corvoisier, Philippe; Barau, Caroline; Ghaleh, Bijan; Rialland, Amandine; Pissard, Serge; Galactéros, Frédéric; Baudin-Creuza, Véronique

2017-10-01

The severity of β-thalassaemia (β-thal) intermedia is mainly correlated to the degree of imbalanced α/non α-globin chain synthesis. The phenotypic diversity of β-thal depends on this imbalance and reflects all possible combinations of α- and β-globin genotypes, levels of fetal haemoglobin (HbF) and co-inheritance of other modulating factors. This study aimed to demonstrate the validity of a new surrogate of α/non α-globin biosynthetic ratio by measuring the soluble α-Hb pool in lysed red blood cells. Our results confirm that the α-Hb pool measurement allows a good discrimination between β-thal intermedia patients, controls and α-thal patients (P < 0·003). Receiver operator characteristic analyses revealed an area under the curve of 0·978 for the α-Hb pool measurement at a threshold of 120 ng free α-Hb/mg of total Hb/ml of haemolysate (ppm) with a sensitivity and specificity of 86% and 100%, respectively, to discriminate between β-thal and not β-thal subjects. Significant correlations were observed between the α-Hb pool and biological parameters of β-thal, the most significant association being observed with red cell hexokinase activity. This study indicates that the α-Hb pool could be a new marker for assistance in diagnostic orientation of β-thal intermedia patients and may be clinically useful for monitoring the evolution of the disequilibrium of globin synthesis in response to treatments. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Fibroblast cell line establishment, cryopreservation and interspecies embryos reconstruction in red panda ( Ailurus fulgens).

PubMed

Tao, Yong; Liu, Jianming; Zhang, Yunhai; Zhang, Meiling; Fang, Junshun; Han, Wei; Zhang, Zhizhong; Liu, Ya; Ding, Jianping; Zhang, Xiaorong

2009-05-01

In evolution, the red panda (Ailurus fulgens) plays a pivotal role in the higher level phylogeny of arctoides carnivore mammals. The red panda inhabits certain Asian countries only and its numbers are decreasing. Therefore, the development of feasible ways to preserve this species is necessary. Genetic resource cryopreservation and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) have been used extensively to rescue this endangered species. The present study describes the establishment, for the first time, of a red panda ear fibroblast cell line, which was then cryopreserved, thawed and cultured. Through micromanipulation, interspecies embryos were reconstructed using the cryopreserved-thawed fibroblasts of the red panda as the donor and rabbit oocytes as recipients. A total of 194 enucleated rabbit oocytes were reconstructed with red panda ear fibroblasts; enucleated oocytes were activated without fusion as the control. The results show that the fibroblast cell line was established successfully by tissue culture and then cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. Supplementation with 20% fetal bovine serum and 8% dimethyl sulphoxide in basic medium facilitated the cryopreservation. The interspecies embryos were successfully reconstructed. The cleavage, morulae and blastocyst rates after in vitro culture were 71, 47 and 23% (31/194), respectively. This study indicated that a somatic cell line could be established and cryopreserved from red panda and that rabbit cytoplast supports mitotic cleavage of the red panda karyoplasts and is capable of reprogramming the nucleus to achieve blastocysts.

Marine molluscs in environmental monitoring. I. Cellular and molecular responses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bresler, Vladimir; Abelson, Avigdor; Fishelson, Lev; Feldstein, Tamar; Rosenfeld, Michael; Mokady, Ofer

2003-10-01

The study reported here is part of an ongoing effort to establish sensitive and reliable biomonitoring markers for probing the coastal marine environment. Here, we report comparative measurements of a range of histological, cellular and sub-cellular parameters in molluscs sampled in polluted and reference sites along the Mediterranean coast of Israel and in the northern tip of the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Available species enabled an examination of conditions in two environmental 'compartments': benthic (Donax trunculus) and intertidal (Brachidontes pharaonis, Patella caerulea) in the Mediterranean; pelagic (Pteria aegyptia) and intertidal (Cellana rota) in the Red Sea. The methodology used provides rapid results by combining specialized fluorescent probes and contact microscopy, by which all parameters are measured in unprocessed animal tissue. The research focused on three interconnected levels. First, antixenobiotic defence mechanisms aimed at keeping hazardous agents outside the cell. Paracellular permeability was 70-100% higher in polluted sites, and membrane pumps (MXRtr and SATOA) activity was up to 65% higher in polluted compared to reference sites. Second, intracellular defence mechanisms that act to minimize potential damage by agents having penetrated the first line of defence. Metallothionein expression and EROD activity were 160-520% higher in polluted sites, and lysosomal functional activity (as measured by neutral red accumulation) was 25-50% lower. Third, damage caused by agents not sufficiently eliminated by the above mechanisms (e.g. single-stranded DNA breaks, chromosome damage and other pathological alterations). At this level, the most striking differences were observed in the rate of micronuclei formation and DNA breaks (up to 150% and 400% higher in polluted sites, respectively). The different mollusc species used feature very similar trends between polluted and reference sites in all measured parameters. Concentrating on relatively basic levels of biological organization—the molecular and cellular level—the parameters measured may have the capacity not only for biomonitoring environmental quality, but also for early warning.

Mechanisms of red blood cells agglutination in antibody-treated paper.

PubMed

Jarujamrus, Purim; Tian, Junfei; Li, Xu; Siripinyanond, Atitaya; Shiowatana, Juwadee; Shen, Wei

2012-05-07

Recent reports on using bio-active paper and bio-active thread to determine human blood type have shown a tremendous potential of using these low-cost materials to build bio-sensors for blood diagnosis. In this work we focus on understanding the mechanisms of red blood cell agglutination in the antibody-loaded paper. We semi-quantitatively evaluate the percentage of antibody molecules that are adsorbed on cellulose fibres and can potentially immobilize red blood cells on the fibre surface, and the percentage of the molecules that can desorb from the cellulose fibre surface into the blood sample and cause haemagglutination reaction in the bulk of a blood sample. Our results show that 34 to 42% of antibody molecules in the papers treated with commercial blood grouping antibodies can desorb from the fibre surface. When specific antibody molecules are released into the blood sample via desorption, haemagglutination reaction occurs in the blood sample. The reaction bridges the red cells in the blood sample bulk to the layer of red cells immobilized on the fibre surface by the adsorbed antibody molecules. The desorbed antibody also causes agglutinated lumps of red blood cells to form. These lumps cannot pass through the pores of the filter paper. The immobilization and filtration of agglutinated red cells give reproducible identification of positive haemagglutination reaction. Results from this study provide information for designing new bio-active paper-based devices for human blood typing with improved sensitivity and specificity.

A Preliminary Study of the Safety of Red Light Phototherapy of Tissues Harboring Cancer

PubMed Central

Stadler, Istvan; Brondon, Philip; Axe, David R.; Friedman, Mark; Nardia, Frances Barg; Lanzafame, Raymond

2012-01-01

Abstract Objective: Red light phototherapy is known to stimulate cell proliferation in wound healing. This study investigated whether low-level light therapy (LLLT) would promote tumor growth when pre-existing malignancy is present. Background data: LLLT has been increasingly used for numerous conditions, but its use in cancer patients, including the treatment of lymphedema or various unrelated comorbidities, has been withheld by practitioners because of the fear that LLLT might result in initiation or promotion of metastatic lesions or new primary tumors. There has been little scientific study of oncologic outcomes after use of LLLT in cancer patients. Methods: A standard SKH mouse nonmelanoma UV-induced skin cancer model was used after visible squamous cell carcinomas were present, to study the effects of LLLT on tumor growth. The red light group (n=8) received automated full body 670 nm LLLT delivered twice a day at 5 J/cm2 using an LED source. The control group (n=8) was handled similarly, but did not receive LLLT. Measurements on 330 tumors were conducted for 37 consecutive days, while the animals received daily LLLT. Results: Daily tumor measurements demonstrated no measurable effect of LLLT on tumor growth. Conclusions: This experiment suggests that LLLT at these parameters may be safe even when malignant lesions are present. Further studies on the effects of photoirradiation on neoplasms are warranted. PMID:22853435

[Promising technologies of packed red blood cells production and storage].

PubMed

Maksimov, A G; Golota, A S; Krassiĭ, A B

2013-10-01

The current article is dedicated to promising technologies of packed red blood cells production and storage. The following new technical approaches are presented: (1) erythrocytes storage in strict anaerobic argon-hydrogen environment, (2) lyophilization of erythrocyte suspension by its atomization in nitrogen gas, (3) lyophilization of erythrocytes by directional freezing under the influence of radio frequency radiation, (4) automated pharming of antigen free packed red blood cells from progenitor cell directly at the battlefield.

Assessing Chaos in Sickle Cell Anemia Crises

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harris, Wesley; Le Floch, Francois

2006-11-01

Recent developments in sickle cell research and blood flow modeling allow for new interpretations of the sickle cell crises. With an appropriate set of theoretical and empirical equations describing the dynamics of the red cells in their environment, and the response of the capillaries to major changes in the rheology, a complete mathematical system has been derived. This system of equations is believed to be of major importance to provide new and significant insight into the causes of the disease and related crises. With simulations, it has been proven that the system transition from a periodic solution to a chaotic one, which illustrates the onset of crises from a regular blood flow synchronized with the heart beat. Moreover, the analysis of the effects of various physiological parameters exposes the potential to control chaotic solutions, which, in turn, could lead to the creation of new and more effective treatments for sickle cell anemia. .

Effect of heat stress on blood rheology in different pigs breeds.

PubMed

Waltz, Xavier; Baillot, Michelle; Connes, Philippe; Gourdine, Jean-Luc; Philibert, Lucien; Beltan, Eric; Chalabi, Tawfik; Renaudeau, David

2014-01-01

The main objectives of the present work were to test the effects of heat stress on blood rheology and to determine whether the responses can change according to the pig breeds. Thirty-six pigs from three pig's lines (n = 12 for each line) with assumed different tolerance to heat stress were compared: Large White (LW, little tolerance), Creole (CR, good tolerance) and LW × CR pigs (produced from a cross between LW and CR lines). In a first period, all pigs were exposed to a 9-d period of thermo-neutral environment (24°C; d-9 to d-1; P0). At the end of P0, six pigs from each line were slaughtered (n = 18). Then in a second period, the remaining pigs (6/breed; n = 18) were exposed to a 5-d period of heat stress (32°C; d + 1 -d + 5; P1) and thereafter slaughtered at d + 5. Rectal and skin temperatures, as well as respiratory rate, were recorded on d-1 and d + 5. At slaughter, blood was sampled for hematological and hemorheological measurements. Heat stress caused a rise of the skin temperature and respiratory rate without any changes in the rectal temperature or on the hematological and hemorheological parameters when all pigs' lines were considered. We observed a pig line effect on blood viscosity at high shear rate (375 s-1) and red blood cell deformability at 30 Pa with CR pigs having lower blood viscosity and higher red blood cell deformability than LW pigs. While the changes of blood viscosity under heat stress did not reach statistical significance in LW and CR lines, blood viscosity (at 375 s-1) increased above the temperate values in the LW × CR line. Red blood cell deformability at 30 Pa was higher in CR pigs exposed to heat stress compared to LW pigs in the same condition. In conclusion, thermal loading caused physiological stress but did not widely change the hematological and hemorheological profiles. Although some blood rheological parameters seem to vary with the pig breeds, the responses to heat stress are very similar.

Photobiomodulation of distinct lineages of human dermal fibroblasts: a rational approach towards the selection of effective light parameters for skin rejuvenation and wound healing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mignon, Charles; Uzunbajakava, Natallia E.; Raafs, Bianca; Moolenaar, Mitchel; Botchkareva, Natalia V.; Tobin, Desmond J.

2016-03-01

Distinct lineages of human dermal fibroblasts play complementary roles in skin rejuvenation and wound healing, which makes them a target of phototherapy. However, knowledge about differential responses of specific cell lineages to different light parameters and moreover the actual molecular targets remain to be unravelled. The goal of this study was to investigate the impact of a range of parameters of light on the metabolic activity, collagen production, and cell migration of distinct lineages of human dermal fibroblasts. A rational approach was used to identify parameters with high therapeutic potential. Fibroblasts exhibited both inhibitory and cytotoxic change when exposed to a high dose of blue and cyan light in tissue culture medium containing photo-reactive species, but were stimulated by high dose red and near infrared light. Cytotoxic effects were eliminated by refreshing the medium after light exposure by removing potential ROS formed by extracellular photo-reactive species. Importantly, distinct lineages of fibroblasts demonstrated opposite responses to low dose blue light treatment when refreshing the medium after exposure. Low dose blue light treatment also significantly increased collagen production by papillary fibroblasts; high dose significantly retarded closure of the scratch wound without signs of cytotoxicity, and this is likely to have involved effects on both cell migration and proliferation. We recommend careful selection of fibroblast subpopulations and their culture conditions, a systematic approach in choosing and translating treatment parameters, and pursuit of fundamental research on identification of photoreceptors and triggered molecular pathways, while seeking effective parameters to address different stages of skin rejuvenation and wound healing.

How Complex, Probable, and Predictable is Genetically Driven Red Queen Chaos?

PubMed

Duarte, Jorge; Rodrigues, Carla; Januário, Cristina; Martins, Nuno; Sardanyés, Josep

2015-12-01

Coevolution between two antagonistic species has been widely studied theoretically for both ecologically- and genetically-driven Red Queen dynamics. A typical outcome of these systems is an oscillatory behavior causing an endless series of one species adaptation and others counter-adaptation. More recently, a mathematical model combining a three-species food chain system with an adaptive dynamics approach revealed genetically driven chaotic Red Queen coevolution. In the present article, we analyze this mathematical model mainly focusing on the impact of species rates of evolution (mutation rates) in the dynamics. Firstly, we analytically proof the boundedness of the trajectories of the chaotic attractor. The complexity of the coupling between the dynamical variables is quantified using observability indices. By using symbolic dynamics theory, we quantify the complexity of genetically driven Red Queen chaos computing the topological entropy of existing one-dimensional iterated maps using Markov partitions. Co-dimensional two bifurcation diagrams are also built from the period ordering of the orbits of the maps. Then, we study the predictability of the Red Queen chaos, found in narrow regions of mutation rates. To extend the previous analyses, we also computed the likeliness of finding chaos in a given region of the parameter space varying other model parameters simultaneously. Such analyses allowed us to compute a mean predictability measure for the system in the explored region of the parameter space. We found that genetically driven Red Queen chaos, although being restricted to small regions of the analyzed parameter space, might be highly unpredictable.

Assay validation for the assessment of adipogenesis of multipotential stromal cells—a direct comparison of four different methods

PubMed Central

Aldridge, Andrew; Kouroupis, Dimitrios; Churchman, Sarah; English, Anne; Ingham, Eileen; Jones, Elena

2013-01-01

Background aims Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are regenerative and immuno-privileged cells that are used for both tissue regeneration and treatment of severe inflammation-related disease. For quality control of manufactured MSC batches in regard to mature fat cell contamination, a quantitative method for measuring adipogenesis is needed. Methods Four previously proposed methods were validated with the use of bone marrow (BM) MSCs during a 21-day in vitro assay. Oil red staining was scored semiquantitatively; peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ and fatty acid binding protein (FABP)4 transcripts were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; FABP4 protein accumulation was evaluated by flow cytometry; and Nile red/4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) ratios were measured in fluorescent microplate assay. Skin fibroblasts and MSCs from fat pad, cartilage and umbilical cord were used as controls. Results Oil red staining indicated considerable heterogeneity between BM donors and individual cells within the same culture. FABP4 transcript levels increased 100- to 5000-fold by day 21, with large donor variability observed. Flow cytometry revealed increasing intra-culture heterogeneity over time; more granular cells accumulated more FABP4 protein and Nile red fluorescence compared with less granular cells. Nile red increase in day-21 MSCs was ∼5- and 4-fold, measured by flow cytometry or microplate assay, respectively. MSC proliferation/apoptosis was accounted through the use of Nile red/DAPI ratios; adipogenesis levels in day-21 BM MSCs increased ∼13-fold, with significant correlations with oil red scoring observed for MSC from other sources. Conclusions Flow cytometry permits the study of MSC differentiation at the single-cell level and sorting more and less mature cells from mixed cell populations. The microplate assay with the use of the Nile red/DAPI ratio provides rapid quantitative measurements and could be used as a low-cost, high-throughput method to quality-control MSC batches from different tissue sources. PMID:23260089

Early alterations of red blood cell rheology in critically ill patients.

PubMed

Reggiori, Giulia; Occhipinti, Giovanna; De Gasperi, Andrea; Vincent, Jean-Louis; Piagnerelli, Michael

2009-12-01

To investigate red blood cell rheology in a large intensive care unit population on admission, and to assess the possible influence of comorbidities on the rheology. : Prospective study. Medico-surgical intensive care unit with 31 beds. All intensive care unit admissions during a 5-month period and 20 healthy volunteers. Blood sampling. A total of 196 intensive care patients (160 without and 36 with sepsis) and 20 healthy volunteers were studied. Red blood cell rheology (deformability and aggregation) was assessed ex vivo using the laser-assisted optical rotational cell analyzer (LORCA; Mechatronics Instruments BV, AN Zwaag, Netherlands) within the first 24 hrs after intensive care unit admission. Red blood cell deformability was determined by the elongation index in relation to the shear stress (0.3 to 50 Pa) applied on the red blood cell membrane surface. Aggregation was assessed by the aggregation index. Septic patients were more likely to have anemia, coagulation abnormalities, and comorbidities than were nonseptic patients. Red blood cell deformability was significantly altered in septic compared to nonseptic patients and volunteers for the majority of shear stress rates studied. The aggregation index was greater in septic patients than in volunteers (67.9% [54.7-73.5] vs. 61.8% [58.2-68.4]; p < .05). Only sepsis and hematologic disease influenced the elongation index (both p < .01). Other comorbidities, like cancer, diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis, and terminal renal failure, had no effect on the elongation index. Aggregation index was related to the degree of organ failure (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score), the red blood cell count, and fibrinogen concentrations. Early alterations of red blood cell rheology are common in intensive care unit patients, especially in those with sepsis. Comorbidities (other than hematologic diseases) do not significantly influence these abnormalities. These alterations could contribute to the microcirculatory alterations observed in critically ill patients.

Red blood cells aligning inside innovative liquid crystal cell

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Likhomanova, S. V.; Kamanin, A. A.; Kamanina, N. V.

2017-11-01

Investigation results of red blood cells (human erythrocytes) aligning and fixing inside the liquid crystal (LC) cell have been presented in the present paper. LC cells have been modified through the improved nanostructured relief and LC sensitized with intermolecular charge transfer complex COANP-C70.

Variation of protein MWD parameters and their associations with free asparagine concentration and quality characteristics in hard red spring wheat

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

This research was performed to determine variation of protein molecular weight distribution (MWD) parameters using size exclusion HPLC and their associations with quality characteristics and free asparagine concentration (FAC) using eleven hard red spring (HRS) wheat genotypes grown at three locatio...

Effects of nitric oxide and its congeners on sickle red blood cell deformability

PubMed Central

Belanger, Andrea M.; Keggi, Christian; Kanias, Tamir; Gladwin, Mark T.; Kim-Shapiro, Daniel B.

2015-01-01

BACKGROUND Sickle cell disease is characterized by hemoglobin (Hb) polymerization upon deoxygenation. Polymerization causes the sickle cells to become rigid and misshapen (sickling). Red blood cell (RBC) dehydration greatly increases polymerization. Cycles of sickling and unsickling cause an influx of calcium that leads to loss of potassium via the calcium-activated Gardos channel which dehydrates the cells leading to increased polymerization. In this study effects of NO and its congeners on RBC deformability were examined, focusing on sickle red blood cells. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Red blood cells from patients with sickle cell disease and from non-patients were exposed to various compounds that release NO or its congeners. Intracellular calcium was increased using a calcium ionophore or cycling of oxygen tension for sickle red blood cells. Deformability was measured by laser-assisted osmotic gradient ektacytometry. RESULTS Consistent with a previous report, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was found to protect against calcium-induced loss of deformability in normal red blood cells, but (contrary to some previous reports) no effect of any NO donors was observed when calcium influx was not induced. Importantly, in studies of deoxygenation-induced dehydration of sickle RBCs, SNP resulted in substantial improvements in deformability (p=0.036) and hydration (p=0.024). Sodium nitrite showed similar trends. SNP was shown to have no effect on calcium influx, but reduced potassium efflux. CONCLUSION These data suggest SNP and perhaps certain nitrogen oxides (like nitrite) inhibit the Gardos channel and may be able to protect sickle cells from dehydration and thereby improve outcome in the disease. PMID:25912054

Induction of betacyanin formation in Chenopodium album cell cultures by co-cultivation with the duckweed Wolffia arrhiza.

PubMed

Rudat, A; Ehwald, R

1994-02-01

Cells of Chenopodium album and whole plants of the duckweed Wolffia arrhiza were cocultivated. In the presence of Wolffia arrhiza the synthesis of a red-violet pigment (betacyanin) was induced in several cells or cell clusters of Chenopodium album in the light. The exchange of solutes through the liquid phase was necessary for the induction of pigment formation. The red-violet cells could be selected and subcultivated resulting in a red callus. A reddish cell suspension was obtained in liquid culture in the presence of the duckweeds.

Growth-inhibitory effects of pigmented rice bran extracts and three red bran fractions against human cancer cells: relationships with composition and antioxidative activities.

PubMed

Chen, Ming-Hsuan; Choi, Suk Hyun; Kozukue, Nobuyuke; Kim, Hyun-Jeong; Friedman, Mendel

2012-09-12

We determined the phenolic, anthocyanin, and proanthocyanidin content of three brown, purple, and red rice brans isolated from different rice varieties using HPLC-PDA with the aid of 27 standards of known structure and matching unknown peaks to a spectral library of known compounds. Antioxidative capacities were determined by DPPH and ORAC and cell-inhibiting effects using an MTT assay. Based on the calculated IC(50) values, the light-brown bran had no effect, the purple bran exhibited a minor effect on leukemia and cervical cancer cells, and the red bran exhibited strong inhibitory effects on leukemia, cervical, and stomach cancer cells. High concentrations of protocatechuic acid and anthocyanins in purple bran and proanthocyanidins in red bran were identified. The red bran was further fractionated on a Sephadex column. Fraction 3 rich in proanthocyanidin oligomers and polymers had the greatest activity. Red bran has the potential to serve as a functional food supplement for human consumption.

Local Membrane Deformations Activate Ca2+-Dependent K+ and Anionic Currents in Intact Human Red Blood Cells

PubMed Central

Dyrda, Agnieszka; Cytlak, Urszula; Ciuraszkiewicz, Anna; Lipinska, Agnieszka; Cueff, Anne; Bouyer, Guillaume; Egée, Stéphane; Bennekou, Poul; Lew, Virgilio L.; Thomas, Serge L. Y.

2010-01-01

Background The mechanical, rheological and shape properties of red blood cells are determined by their cortical cytoskeleton, evolutionarily optimized to provide the dynamic deformability required for flow through capillaries much narrower than the cell's diameter. The shear stress induced by such flow, as well as the local membrane deformations generated in certain pathological conditions, such as sickle cell anemia, have been shown to increase membrane permeability, based largely on experimentation with red cell suspensions. We attempted here the first measurements of membrane currents activated by a local and controlled membrane deformation in single red blood cells under on-cell patch clamp to define the nature of the stretch-activated currents. Methodology/Principal Findings The cell-attached configuration of the patch-clamp technique was used to allow recordings of single channel activity in intact red blood cells. Gigaohm seal formation was obtained with and without membrane deformation. Deformation was induced by the application of a negative pressure pulse of 10 mmHg for less than 5 s. Currents were only detected when the membrane was seen domed under negative pressure within the patch-pipette. K+ and Cl− currents were strictly dependent on the presence of Ca2+. The Ca2+-dependent currents were transient, with typical decay half-times of about 5–10 min, suggesting the spontaneous inactivation of a stretch-activated Ca2+ permeability (PCa). These results indicate that local membrane deformations can transiently activate a Ca2+ permeability pathway leading to increased [Ca2+]i, secondary activation of Ca2+-sensitive K+ channels (Gardos channel, IK1, KCa3.1), and hyperpolarization-induced anion currents. Conclusions/Significance The stretch-activated transient PCa observed here under local membrane deformation is a likely contributor to the Ca2+-mediated effects observed during the normal aging process of red blood cells, and to the increased Ca2+ content of red cells in certain hereditary anemias such as thalassemia and sickle cell anemia. PMID:20195477

Local membrane deformations activate Ca2+-dependent K+ and anionic currents in intact human red blood cells.

PubMed

Dyrda, Agnieszka; Cytlak, Urszula; Ciuraszkiewicz, Anna; Lipinska, Agnieszka; Cueff, Anne; Bouyer, Guillaume; Egée, Stéphane; Bennekou, Poul; Lew, Virgilio L; Thomas, Serge L Y

2010-02-26

The mechanical, rheological and shape properties of red blood cells are determined by their cortical cytoskeleton, evolutionarily optimized to provide the dynamic deformability required for flow through capillaries much narrower than the cell's diameter. The shear stress induced by such flow, as well as the local membrane deformations generated in certain pathological conditions, such as sickle cell anemia, have been shown to increase membrane permeability, based largely on experimentation with red cell suspensions. We attempted here the first measurements of membrane currents activated by a local and controlled membrane deformation in single red blood cells under on-cell patch clamp to define the nature of the stretch-activated currents. The cell-attached configuration of the patch-clamp technique was used to allow recordings of single channel activity in intact red blood cells. Gigaohm seal formation was obtained with and without membrane deformation. Deformation was induced by the application of a negative pressure pulse of 10 mmHg for less than 5 s. Currents were only detected when the membrane was seen domed under negative pressure within the patch-pipette. K(+) and Cl(-) currents were strictly dependent on the presence of Ca(2+). The Ca(2+)-dependent currents were transient, with typical decay half-times of about 5-10 min, suggesting the spontaneous inactivation of a stretch-activated Ca(2+) permeability (PCa). These results indicate that local membrane deformations can transiently activate a Ca(2+) permeability pathway leading to increased [Ca(2+)](i), secondary activation of Ca(2+)-sensitive K(+) channels (Gardos channel, IK1, KCa3.1), and hyperpolarization-induced anion currents. The stretch-activated transient PCa observed here under local membrane deformation is a likely contributor to the Ca(2+)-mediated effects observed during the normal aging process of red blood cells, and to the increased Ca(2+) content of red cells in certain hereditary anemias such as thalassemia and sickle cell anemia.

Clinical Decision Support Reduces Overuse of Red Blood Cell Transfusions: Interrupted Time Series Analysis.

PubMed

Kassakian, Steven Z; Yackel, Thomas R; Deloughery, Thomas; Dorr, David A

2016-06-01

Red blood cell transfusion is the most common procedure in hospitalized patients in the US. Growing evidence suggests that a sizeable percentage of these transfusions are inappropriate, putting patients at significant risk and increasing costs to the health care system. We performed a retrospective quasi-experimental study from November 2008 until November 2014 in a 576-bed tertiary care hospital. The intervention consisted of an interruptive clinical decision support alert shown to a provider when a red blood cell transfusion was ordered in a patient whose most recent hematocrit was ≥21%. We used interrupted time series analysis to determine whether our primary outcome of interest, rate of red blood cell transfusion in patients with hematocrit ≥21% per 100 patient (pt) days, was reduced by the implementation of the clinical decision support tool. The rate of platelet transfusions was used as a nonequivalent dependent control variable. A total of 143,000 hospital admissions were included in our analysis. Red blood cell transfusions decreased from 9.4 to 7.8 per 100 pt days after the clinical decision support intervention was implemented. Interrupted time series analysis showed that significant decline of 0.05 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.03-0.07; P < .001) units of red blood cells transfused per 100 pt days per month was already underway in the preintervention period. This trend accelerated to 0.1 (95% CI, 0.09-0.12; P < .001) units of red blood cells transfused per 100 pt days per month following the implementation of the clinical decision support tool. There was no statistical change in the rate of platelet transfusion resulting from the intervention. The implementation of an evidence-based clinical decision support tool was associated with a significant decline in the overuse of red blood cell transfusion. We believe this intervention could be easily replicated in other hospitals using commercial electronic health records and a similar reduction in overuse of red blood cell transfusions achieved. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Effects of red-cell storage duration on patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

PubMed

Steiner, Marie E; Ness, Paul M; Assmann, Susan F; Triulzi, Darrell J; Sloan, Steven R; Delaney, Meghan; Granger, Suzanne; Bennett-Guerrero, Elliott; Blajchman, Morris A; Scavo, Vincent; Carson, Jeffrey L; Levy, Jerrold H; Whitman, Glenn; D'Andrea, Pamela; Pulkrabek, Shelley; Ortel, Thomas L; Bornikova, Larissa; Raife, Thomas; Puca, Kathleen E; Kaufman, Richard M; Nuttall, Gregory A; Young, Pampee P; Youssef, Samuel; Engelman, Richard; Greilich, Philip E; Miles, Ronald; Josephson, Cassandra D; Bracey, Arthur; Cooke, Rhonda; McCullough, Jeffrey; Hunsaker, Robert; Uhl, Lynne; McFarland, Janice G; Park, Yara; Cushing, Melissa M; Klodell, Charles T; Karanam, Ravindra; Roberts, Pamela R; Dyke, Cornelius; Hod, Eldad A; Stowell, Christopher P

2015-04-09

Some observational studies have reported that transfusion of red-cell units that have been stored for more than 2 to 3 weeks is associated with serious, even fatal, adverse events. Patients undergoing cardiac surgery may be especially vulnerable to the adverse effects of transfusion. We conducted a randomized trial at multiple sites from 2010 to 2014. Participants 12 years of age or older who were undergoing complex cardiac surgery and were likely to undergo transfusion of red cells were randomly assigned to receive leukocyte-reduced red cells stored for 10 days or less (shorter-term storage group) or for 21 days or more (longer-term storage group) for all intraoperative and postoperative transfusions. The primary outcome was the change in Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score (MODS; range, 0 to 24, with higher scores indicating more severe organ dysfunction) from the preoperative score to the highest composite score through day 7 or the time of death or discharge. The median storage time of red-cell units provided to the 1098 participants who received red-cell transfusion was 7 days in the shorter-term storage group and 28 days in the longer-term storage group. The mean change in MODS was an increase of 8.5 and 8.7 points, respectively (95% confidence interval for the difference, -0.6 to 0.3; P=0.44). The 7-day mortality was 2.8% in the shorter-term storage group and 2.0% in the longer-term storage group (P=0.43); 28-day mortality was 4.4% and 5.3%, respectively (P=0.57). Adverse events did not differ significantly between groups except that hyperbilirubinemia was more common in the longer-term storage group. The duration of red-cell storage was not associated with significant differences in the change in MODS. We did not find that the transfusion of red cells stored for 10 days or less was superior to the transfusion of red cells stored for 21 days or more among patients 12 years of age or older who were undergoing complex cardiac surgery. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; RECESS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00991341.).

The effect of pulsed IR-light on the rheological parameters of blood in vitro.

PubMed

Nawrocka-Bogusz, Honorata; Marcinkowska-Gapińska, Anna

2014-01-01

In this study we attempted to assess the effect of light of 855 nm wavelength (IR-light) on the rheological parameters of blood in vitro. As an anticoagulant, heparin was used. The source of IR-light was an applicator connected to the special generator--Viofor JPS®. The blood samples were irradiated for 30 min. During the irradiation the energy density was growing at twelve-second intervals starting from 1.06 J/cm2 to 8.46 J/cm2, then the energy density dropped to the initial value; the process was repeated cyclically. The study of blood viscosity was carried out with a Contraves LS40 oscillatory-rotational rheometer, with a decreasing shearing rate from 100 to 0.01 s⁻¹ over 5 min (flow curve) and applying constant frequency oscillations f=0.5 Hz with decreasing shear amplitude ˙γ0 (viscoelasticity measurements). The analysis of the results of rotational measurements was based on the assessment of hematocrit, plasma viscosity, whole blood viscosity at four selected shear rates and on the basis of the numerical values of parameters from Quemada's rheological model: k0 (indicating red cell aggregability), k∞ (indicating red cell rigidity) and ˙γc (the value of the shear rate for which the rouleaux formation begins). In oscillatory experiments we estimated viscous and elastic components of the complex blood viscosity in the same groups of patients. We observed a decrease of the viscous component of complex viscosity (η') at ˙γ0=0.2 s⁻¹, while other rheological parameters, k0, k∞, and relative blood viscosity at selected shear rates showed only a weak tendency towards smaller values after irradiation. The IR-light effect on the rheological properties of blood in vitro turned out to be rather neutral in the studied group of patients.

High throughput RNAi assay optimization using adherent cell cytometry.

PubMed

Nabzdyk, Christoph S; Chun, Maggie; Pradhan, Leena; Logerfo, Frank W

2011-04-25

siRNA technology is a promising tool for gene therapy of vascular disease. Due to the multitude of reagents and cell types, RNAi experiment optimization can be time-consuming. In this study adherent cell cytometry was used to rapidly optimize siRNA transfection in human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (AoSMC). AoSMC were seeded at a density of 3000-8000 cells/well of a 96 well plate. 24 hours later AoSMC were transfected with either non-targeting unlabeled siRNA (50 nM), or non-targeting labeled siRNA, siGLO Red (5 or 50 nM) using no transfection reagent, HiPerfect or Lipofectamine RNAiMax. For counting cells, Hoechst nuclei stain or Cell Tracker green were used. For data analysis an adherent cell cytometer, Celigo® was used. Data was normalized to the transfection reagent alone group and expressed as red pixel count/cell. After 24 hours, none of the transfection conditions led to cell loss. Red fluorescence counts were normalized to the AoSMC count. RNAiMax was more potent compared to HiPerfect or no transfection reagent at 5 nM siGLO Red (4.12 +/-1.04 vs. 0.70 +/-0.26 vs. 0.15 +/-0.13 red pixel/cell) and 50 nM siGLO Red (6.49 +/-1.81 vs. 2.52 +/-0.67 vs. 0.34 +/-0.19). Fluorescence expression results supported gene knockdown achieved by using MARCKS targeting siRNA in AoSMCs. This study underscores that RNAi delivery depends heavily on the choice of delivery method. Adherent cell cytometry can be used as a high throughput-screening tool for the optimization of RNAi assays. This technology can accelerate in vitro cell assays and thus save costs.

High throughput RNAi assay optimization using adherent cell cytometry

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Background siRNA technology is a promising tool for gene therapy of vascular disease. Due to the multitude of reagents and cell types, RNAi experiment optimization can be time-consuming. In this study adherent cell cytometry was used to rapidly optimize siRNA transfection in human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (AoSMC). Methods AoSMC were seeded at a density of 3000-8000 cells/well of a 96well plate. 24 hours later AoSMC were transfected with either non-targeting unlabeled siRNA (50 nM), or non-targeting labeled siRNA, siGLO Red (5 or 50 nM) using no transfection reagent, HiPerfect or Lipofectamine RNAiMax. For counting cells, Hoechst nuclei stain or Cell Tracker green were used. For data analysis an adherent cell cytometer, Celigo® was used. Data was normalized to the transfection reagent alone group and expressed as red pixel count/cell. Results After 24 hours, none of the transfection conditions led to cell loss. Red fluorescence counts were normalized to the AoSMC count. RNAiMax was more potent compared to HiPerfect or no transfection reagent at 5 nM siGLO Red (4.12 +/-1.04 vs. 0.70 +/-0.26 vs. 0.15 +/-0.13 red pixel/cell) and 50 nM siGLO Red (6.49 +/-1.81 vs. 2.52 +/-0.67 vs. 0.34 +/-0.19). Fluorescence expression results supported gene knockdown achieved by using MARCKS targeting siRNA in AoSMCs. Conclusion This study underscores that RNAi delivery depends heavily on the choice of delivery method. Adherent cell cytometry can be used as a high throughput-screening tool for the optimization of RNAi assays. This technology can accelerate in vitro cell assays and thus save costs. PMID:21518450

Distribution and Metabolism of Lipocurc™ (Liposomal Curcumin) in Dog and Human Blood Cells: Species Selectivity and Pharmacokinetic Relevance.

PubMed

Bolger, Gordon T; Licollari, Albert; Tan, Aimin; Greil, Richard; Vcelar, Brigitta; Majeed, Muhammad; Helson, Lawrence

2017-07-01

The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of curcumin (in the form of Lipocurc™) and its major metabolite tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) in Beagle dog and human red blood cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and hepatocytes. Lipocurc™ was used as the source of curcumin for the cell distribution assays. In vitro findings with red blood cells were also compared to in vivo pharmacokinetic data available from preclinical studies in dogs and phase I clinical studies in humans. High levels of curcumin were measured in PBMCs (625.5 ng/g w.w. cell pellet or 7,297 pg/10 6 cells in dog and 353.7 ng/g w.w. cell pellet or 6,809 pg/10 6 cells in human) and in hepatocytes (414.5 ng/g w.w. cell pellet or 14,005 pg/10 6 cells in dog and 813.5 ng/g w.w. cell pellet or 13,780 pg/10 6 cells in human). Lower curcumin levels were measured in red blood cells (dog: 78.4 ng/g w.w. cell pellet or 7.2 pg/10 6 cells, human: 201.5 ng/g w.w. cell pellet or 18.6 pg/10 6 cells). A decrease in the medium concentration of curcumin was observed in red blood cells and hepatocytes, but not in PBMCs. Red blood cell levels of THC were ~5-fold higher in dog compared to human and similar between dog and human for hepatocytes and PBMCs. The ratio of THC to curcumin found in the red blood cell medium following incubation was 6.3 for dog compared to 0.006 for human, while for PBMCs and hepatocytes the ratio of THC to curcumin in the medium did not display such marked species differences. There was an excellent correlation between the in vitro disposition of curcumin and THC following incubation with red blood cells and in vivo plasma levels of curcumin and THC in dog and human following intravenous infusion. The disposition of curcumin in blood cells is, therefore, species-dependent and of pharmacokinetic relevance. Copyright© 2017, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.