Direct evaluation of fault trees using object-oriented programming techniques

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Patterson-Hine, F. A.; Koen, B. V.

1989-01-01

Object-oriented programming techniques are used in an algorithm for the direct evaluation of fault trees. The algorithm combines a simple bottom-up procedure for trees without repeated events with a top-down recursive procedure for trees with repeated events. The object-oriented approach results in a dynamic modularization of the tree at each step in the reduction process. The algorithm reduces the number of recursive calls required to solve trees with repeated events and calculates intermediate results as well as the solution of the top event. The intermediate results can be reused if part of the tree is modified. An example is presented in which the results of the algorithm implemented with conventional techniques are compared to those of the object-oriented approach.

Investigation on the use of optimization techniques for helicopter airframe vibrations design studies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sreekanta Murthy, T.

1992-01-01

Results of the investigation of formal nonlinear programming-based numerical optimization techniques of helicopter airframe vibration reduction are summarized. The objective and constraint function and the sensitivity expressions used in the formulation of airframe vibration optimization problems are presented and discussed. Implementation of a new computational procedure based on MSC/NASTRAN and CONMIN in a computer program system called DYNOPT for optimizing airframes subject to strength, frequency, dynamic response, and dynamic stress constraints is described. An optimization methodology is proposed which is thought to provide a new way of applying formal optimization techniques during the various phases of the airframe design process. Numerical results obtained from the application of the DYNOPT optimization code to a helicopter airframe are discussed.

EMGAN: A computer program for time and frequency domain reduction of electromyographic data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hursta, W. N.

1975-01-01

An experiment in electromyography utilizing surface electrode techniques was developed for the Apollo-Soyuz test project. This report describes the computer program, EMGAN, which was written to provide first order data reduction for the experiment. EMG signals are produced by the membrane depolarization of muscle fibers during a muscle contraction. Surface electrodes detect a spatially summated signal from a large number of muscle fibers commonly called an interference pattern. An interference pattern is usually so complex that analysis through signal morphology is extremely difficult if not impossible. It has become common to process EMG interference patterns in the frequency domain. Muscle fatigue and certain myopathic conditions are recognized through changes in muscle frequency spectra.

The Agent-Based Simulation (ABS) Verification, validation and Accreditation (VV&A) Study Phase 2 - Joint/DoD

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-09-15

however, a variety of so-called variance-reduction techniques ( VRTs ) that have been developed, which reduce output variance with little or no...additional computational effort. VRTs typically achieve this via judicious and careful reuse of the basic underlying random nmnbers. Perhaps the best-known...typical simulation situation- change a weapons-system configuration and see what difference it makes). Key to making CRN and most other VRTs work

The effect of various parameters of large scale radio propagation models on improving performance mobile communications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pinem, M.; Fauzi, R.

2018-02-01

One technique for ensuring continuity of wireless communication services and keeping a smooth transition on mobile communication networks is the soft handover technique. In the Soft Handover (SHO) technique the inclusion and reduction of Base Station from the set of active sets is determined by initiation triggers. One of the initiation triggers is based on the strong reception signal. In this paper we observed the influence of parameters of large-scale radio propagation models to improve the performance of mobile communications. The observation parameters for characterizing the performance of the specified mobile system are Drop Call, Radio Link Degradation Rate and Average Size of Active Set (AS). The simulated results show that the increase in altitude of Base Station (BS) Antenna and Mobile Station (MS) Antenna contributes to the improvement of signal power reception level so as to improve Radio Link quality and increase the average size of Active Set and reduce the average Drop Call rate. It was also found that Hata’s propagation model contributed significantly to improvements in system performance parameters compared to Okumura’s propagation model and Lee’s propagation model.

General Monte Carlo reliability simulation code including common mode failures and HARP fault/error-handling

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Platt, M. E.; Lewis, E. E.; Boehm, F.

1991-01-01

A Monte Carlo Fortran computer program was developed that uses two variance reduction techniques for computing system reliability applicable to solving very large highly reliable fault-tolerant systems. The program is consistent with the hybrid automated reliability predictor (HARP) code which employs behavioral decomposition and complex fault-error handling models. This new capability is called MC-HARP which efficiently solves reliability models with non-constant failures rates (Weibull). Common mode failure modeling is also a specialty.

Building America Top Innovations 2012: Reduced Call-Backs with High-Performance Production Builders

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

none,

2013-01-01

This Building America Top Innovations profile describes ways Building America teams have helped builders cut call-backs. Harvard University study found builders who worked with Building America had a 50% drop in call-backs. One builder reported a 50-fold reduction in the incidence of pipe freezing, a 50% reduction in drywall cracking, and a 60% decline in call-backs.

Differential Binary Encoding Method for Calibrating Image Sensors Based on IOFBs

PubMed Central

Fernández, Pedro R.; Lázaro-Galilea, José Luis; Gardel, Alfredo; Espinosa, Felipe; Bravo, Ignacio; Cano, Ángel

2012-01-01

Image transmission using incoherent optical fiber bundles (IOFBs) requires prior calibration to obtain the spatial in-out fiber correspondence necessary to reconstruct the image captured by the pseudo-sensor. This information is recorded in a Look-Up Table called the Reconstruction Table (RT), used later for reordering the fiber positions and reconstructing the original image. This paper presents a very fast method based on image-scanning using spaces encoded by a weighted binary code to obtain the in-out correspondence. The results demonstrate that this technique yields a remarkable reduction in processing time and the image reconstruction quality is very good compared to previous techniques based on spot or line scanning, for example. PMID:22666023

Near-field acoustical holography of military jet aircraft noise

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wall, Alan T.; Gee, Kent L.; Neilsen, Tracianne; Krueger, David W.; Sommerfeldt, Scott D.; James, Michael M.

2010-10-01

Noise radiated from high-performance military jet aircraft poses a hearing-loss risk to personnel. Accurate characterization of jet noise can assist in noise prediction and noise reduction techniques. In this work, sound pressure measurements were made in the near field of an F-22 Raptor. With more than 6000 measurement points, this is the most extensive near-field measurement of a high-performance jet to date. A technique called near-field acoustical holography has been used to propagate the complex pressure from a two- dimensional plane to a three-dimensional region in the jet vicinity. Results will be shown and what they reveal about jet noise characteristics will be discussed.

Treatment of a case of subacute lumbar compartment syndrome using the Graston technique.

PubMed

Hammer, Warren I; Pfefer, Mark T

2005-01-01

To discuss subacute lumbar compartment syndrome and its treatment using a soft tissue mobilization technique. A patient presented with low back pain related to exercise combined with prolonged flexion posture. The symptoms were relieved with rest and lumbar extension. The patient had restrictive lumbar fascia in flexion and rotation and no neurological deficits. The restrictive lumbar posterior fascial layers and adjoining restrictive fascia (thoracic, gluteal, hamstring) were treated with a form of instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization called the Graston technique. Restoration of fascial extensibility and resolution of the complaint occurred after 6 treatment visits. The posterior spinal fascial compartments may be responsible for intermittent lower back pain. Functional clinical tests can be employed to determine whether the involved fascia is abnormally restrictive. Treatment directed at the restrictive fascia using this soft tissue technique may result in improved fascial functional testing and reduction of symptoms.

Optimisation of 12 MeV electron beam simulation using variance reduction technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jayamani, J.; Termizi, N. A. S. Mohd; Kamarulzaman, F. N. Mohd; Aziz, M. Z. Abdul

2017-05-01

Monte Carlo (MC) simulation for electron beam radiotherapy consumes a long computation time. An algorithm called variance reduction technique (VRT) in MC was implemented to speed up this duration. This work focused on optimisation of VRT parameter which refers to electron range rejection and particle history. EGSnrc MC source code was used to simulate (BEAMnrc code) and validate (DOSXYZnrc code) the Siemens Primus linear accelerator model with the non-VRT parameter. The validated MC model simulation was repeated by applying VRT parameter (electron range rejection) that controlled by global electron cut-off energy 1,2 and 5 MeV using 20 × 107 particle history. 5 MeV range rejection generated the fastest MC simulation with 50% reduction in computation time compared to non-VRT simulation. Thus, 5 MeV electron range rejection utilized in particle history analysis ranged from 7.5 × 107 to 20 × 107. In this study, 5 MeV electron cut-off with 10 × 107 particle history, the simulation was four times faster than non-VRT calculation with 1% deviation. Proper understanding and use of VRT can significantly reduce MC electron beam calculation duration at the same time preserving its accuracy.

Aircraft interior noise reduction by alternate resonance tuning

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bliss, Donald B.; Gottwald, James A.; Srinivasan, Ramakrishna; Gustaveson, Mark B.

1990-01-01

Existing interior noise reduction techniques for aircraft fuselages perform reasonably well at higher frequencies, but are inadequate at lower frequencies, particularly with respect to the low blade passage harmonics with high forcing levels found in propeller aircraft. A method is being studied which considers aircraft fuselage lined with panels alternately tuned to frequencies above and below the frequency that must be attenuated. Adjacent panels would oscillate at equal amplitude, to give equal source strength, but with opposite phase. Provided these adjacent panels are acoustically compact, the resulting cancellation causes the interior acoustic modes to become cutoff, and therefore be non-propagating and evanescent. This interior noise reduction method, called Alternate Resonance Tuning (ART), is currently being investigated both theoretically and experimentally. This new concept has potential application to reducing interior noise due to the propellers in advanced turboprop aircraft as well as for existing aircraft configurations.

Edge Preserved Speckle Noise Reduction Using Integrated Fuzzy Filters

PubMed Central

Dewal, M. L.; Rohit, Manoj Kumar

2014-01-01

Echocardiographic images are inherent with speckle noise which makes visual reading and analysis quite difficult. The multiplicative speckle noise masks finer details, necessary for diagnosis of abnormalities. A novel speckle reduction technique based on integration of geometric, wiener, and fuzzy filters is proposed and analyzed in this paper. The denoising applications of fuzzy filters are studied and analyzed along with 26 denoising techniques. It is observed that geometric filter retains noise and, to address this issue, wiener filter is embedded into the geometric filter during iteration process. The performance of geometric-wiener filter is further enhanced using fuzzy filters and the proposed despeckling techniques are called integrated fuzzy filters. Fuzzy filters based on moving average and median value are employed in the integrated fuzzy filters. The performances of integrated fuzzy filters are tested on echocardiographic images and synthetic images in terms of image quality metrics. It is observed that the performance parameters are highest in case of integrated fuzzy filters in comparison to fuzzy and geometric-fuzzy filters. The clinical validation reveals that the output images obtained using geometric-wiener, integrated fuzzy, nonlocal means, and details preserving anisotropic diffusion filters are acceptable. The necessary finer details are retained in the denoised echocardiographic images. PMID:27437499

38 CFR 9.3 - Waiver or reduction of coverage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...-time coverage is called or ordered to active duty or active duty for training under a call or order... paid. Termination or reduction of coverage is effective for the entire remaining period of active duty... termination of duty, a member reenters duty (in the same or another uniformed service), a waiver or reduction...

A numerical study of different projection-based model reduction techniques applied to computational homogenisation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Soldner, Dominic; Brands, Benjamin; Zabihyan, Reza; Steinmann, Paul; Mergheim, Julia

2017-10-01

Computing the macroscopic material response of a continuum body commonly involves the formulation of a phenomenological constitutive model. However, the response is mainly influenced by the heterogeneous microstructure. Computational homogenisation can be used to determine the constitutive behaviour on the macro-scale by solving a boundary value problem at the micro-scale for every so-called macroscopic material point within a nested solution scheme. Hence, this procedure requires the repeated solution of similar microscopic boundary value problems. To reduce the computational cost, model order reduction techniques can be applied. An important aspect thereby is the robustness of the obtained reduced model. Within this study reduced-order modelling (ROM) for the geometrically nonlinear case using hyperelastic materials is applied for the boundary value problem on the micro-scale. This involves the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) for the primary unknown and hyper-reduction methods for the arising nonlinearity. Therein three methods for hyper-reduction, differing in how the nonlinearity is approximated and the subsequent projection, are compared in terms of accuracy and robustness. Introducing interpolation or Gappy-POD based approximations may not preserve the symmetry of the system tangent, rendering the widely used Galerkin projection sub-optimal. Hence, a different projection related to a Gauss-Newton scheme (Gauss-Newton with Approximated Tensors- GNAT) is favoured to obtain an optimal projection and a robust reduced model.

An Ultrasonographic Periodontal Probe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bertoncini, C. A.; Hinders, M. K.

2010-02-01

Periodontal disease, commonly known as gum disease, affects millions of people. The current method of detecting periodontal pocket depth is painful, invasive, and inaccurate. As an alternative to manual probing, an ultrasonographic periodontal probe is being developed to use ultrasound echo waveforms to measure periodontal pocket depth, which is the main measure of periodontal disease. Wavelet transforms and pattern classification techniques are implemented in artificial intelligence routines that can automatically detect pocket depth. The main pattern classification technique used here, called a binary classification algorithm, compares test objects with only two possible pocket depth measurements at a time and relies on dimensionality reduction for the final determination. This method correctly identifies up to 90% of the ultrasonographic probe measurements within the manual probe's tolerance.

Interpretation and classification of microvolt T wave alternans tests

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bloomfield, Daniel M.; Hohnloser, Stefan H.; Cohen, Richard J.

2002-01-01

Measurement of microvolt-level T wave alternans (TWA) during routine exercise stress testing now is possible as a result of sophisticated noise reduction techniques and analytic methods that have become commercially available. Even though this technology is new, the available data suggest that microvolt TWA is a potent predictor of arrhythmia risk in diverse disease states. As this technology becomes more widely available, physicians will be called upon to interpret microvolt TWA tracings. This review seeks to establish uniform standards for the clinical interpretation of microvolt TWA tracings.

LASERUT® Technology Development Programs for the Ultrasonic Inspection of Composites in the Aerospace Industry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dubois, Marc; Drake, Thomas; Osterkamp, Mark; Yawn, Ken; Kaiser, David; Do, Tho; Maestas, Jeff; Thomas, Michael

2008-02-01

A laser-ultrasonic technique developed at Lockheed Martin Aeronautics called LaserUT® is used for the ultrasonic inspection of composite parts in the aeronautic industry and has demonstrated significant reduction in inspection labor and capital expenditure over approximately 20,000 parts so far. Development of new technologies will further increase LaserUT savings: structured-light mapping, improved CO2 laser, mid-infrared generation laser, and new robotic approach. Those different technologies are described and their status relatively to their introduction to production is discussed.

On the deduction of chemical reaction pathways from measurements of time series of concentrations.

PubMed

Samoilov, Michael; Arkin, Adam; Ross, John

2001-03-01

We discuss the deduction of reaction pathways in complex chemical systems from measurements of time series of chemical concentrations of reacting species. First we review a technique called correlation metric construction (CMC) and show the construction of a reaction pathway from measurements on a part of glycolysis. Then we present two new improved methods for the analysis of time series of concentrations, entropy metric construction (EMC), and entropy reduction method (ERM), and illustrate (EMC) with calculations on a model reaction system. (c) 2001 American Institute of Physics.

Status of the LISA On Table experiment: a electro-optical simulator for LISA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Laporte, M.; Halloin, H.; Bréelle, E.; Buy, C.; Grüning, P.; Prat, P.

2017-05-01

The LISA project is a space mission that aim at detecting gravitational waves in space. An electro-optical simulator called LISA On Table (LOT) is being developed at APC in order to test noise reduction techniques (such as Timed Delayed Interferometry) and instruments that will be used. This document presents its latest results: TimeDelayed Interferometry of 1st generation works in the case of a simulated white noise with static, unequal arms. Future and ongoing developments of the experiment are also addressed.

Reduced modeling of signal transduction – a modular approach

PubMed Central

Koschorreck, Markus; Conzelmann, Holger; Ebert, Sybille; Ederer, Michael; Gilles, Ernst Dieter

2007-01-01

Background Combinatorial complexity is a challenging problem in detailed and mechanistic mathematical modeling of signal transduction. This subject has been discussed intensively and a lot of progress has been made within the last few years. A software tool (BioNetGen) was developed which allows an automatic rule-based set-up of mechanistic model equations. In many cases these models can be reduced by an exact domain-oriented lumping technique. However, the resulting models can still consist of a very large number of differential equations. Results We introduce a new reduction technique, which allows building modularized and highly reduced models. Compared to existing approaches further reduction of signal transduction networks is possible. The method also provides a new modularization criterion, which allows to dissect the model into smaller modules that are called layers and can be modeled independently. Hallmarks of the approach are conservation relations within each layer and connection of layers by signal flows instead of mass flows. The reduced model can be formulated directly without previous generation of detailed model equations. It can be understood and interpreted intuitively, as model variables are macroscopic quantities that are converted by rates following simple kinetics. The proposed technique is applicable without using complex mathematical tools and even without detailed knowledge of the mathematical background. However, we provide a detailed mathematical analysis to show performance and limitations of the method. For physiologically relevant parameter domains the transient as well as the stationary errors caused by the reduction are negligible. Conclusion The new layer based reduced modeling method allows building modularized and strongly reduced models of signal transduction networks. Reduced model equations can be directly formulated and are intuitively interpretable. Additionally, the method provides very good approximations especially for macroscopic variables. It can be combined with existing reduction methods without any difficulties. PMID:17854494

Order reduction for a model of marine bacteriophage evolution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pagliarini, Silvia; Korobeinikov, Andrei

2017-02-01

A typical mechanistic model of viral evolution necessary includes several time scales which can differ by orders of magnitude. Such a diversity of time scales makes analysis of these models difficult. Reducing the order of a model is highly desirable when handling such a model. A typical approach applied to such slow-fast (or singularly perturbed) systems is the time scales separation technique. Constructing the so-called quasi-steady-state approximation is the usual first step in applying the technique. While this technique is commonly applied, in some cases its straightforward application can lead to unsatisfactory results. In this paper we construct the quasi-steady-state approximation for a model of evolution of marine bacteriophages based on the Beretta-Kuang model. We show that for this particular model the quasi-steady-state approximation is able to produce only qualitative but not quantitative fit.

A novel clinical decision support system using improved adaptive genetic algorithm for the assessment of fetal well-being.

PubMed

Ravindran, Sindhu; Jambek, Asral Bahari; Muthusamy, Hariharan; Neoh, Siew-Chin

2015-01-01

A novel clinical decision support system is proposed in this paper for evaluating the fetal well-being from the cardiotocogram (CTG) dataset through an Improved Adaptive Genetic Algorithm (IAGA) and Extreme Learning Machine (ELM). IAGA employs a new scaling technique (called sigma scaling) to avoid premature convergence and applies adaptive crossover and mutation techniques with masking concepts to enhance population diversity. Also, this search algorithm utilizes three different fitness functions (two single objective fitness functions and multi-objective fitness function) to assess its performance. The classification results unfold that promising classification accuracy of 94% is obtained with an optimal feature subset using IAGA. Also, the classification results are compared with those of other Feature Reduction techniques to substantiate its exhaustive search towards the global optimum. Besides, five other benchmark datasets are used to gauge the strength of the proposed IAGA algorithm.

Effects of band selection on endmember extraction for forestry applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karathanassi, Vassilia; Andreou, Charoula; Andronis, Vassilis; Kolokoussis, Polychronis

2014-10-01

In spectral unmixing theory, data reduction techniques play an important role as hyperspectral imagery contains an immense amount of data, posing many challenging problems such as data storage, computational efficiency, and the so called "curse of dimensionality". Feature extraction and feature selection are the two main approaches for dimensionality reduction. Feature extraction techniques are used for reducing the dimensionality of the hyperspectral data by applying transforms on hyperspectral data. Feature selection techniques retain the physical meaning of the data by selecting a set of bands from the input hyperspectral dataset, which mainly contain the information needed for spectral unmixing. Although feature selection techniques are well-known for their dimensionality reduction potentials they are rarely used in the unmixing process. The majority of the existing state-of-the-art dimensionality reduction methods set criteria to the spectral information, which is derived by the whole wavelength, in order to define the optimum spectral subspace. These criteria are not associated with any particular application but with the data statistics, such as correlation and entropy values. However, each application is associated with specific land c over materials, whose spectral characteristics present variations in specific wavelengths. In forestry for example, many applications focus on tree leaves, in which specific pigments such as chlorophyll, xanthophyll, etc. determine the wavelengths where tree species, diseases, etc., can be detected. For such applications, when the unmixing process is applied, the tree species, diseases, etc., are considered as the endmembers of interest. This paper focuses on investigating the effects of band selection on the endmember extraction by exploiting the information of the vegetation absorbance spectral zones. More precisely, it is explored whether endmember extraction can be optimized when specific sets of initial bands related to leaf spectral characteristics are selected. Experiments comprise application of well-known signal subspace estimation and endmember extraction methods on a hyperspectral imagery that presents a forest area. Evaluation of the extracted endmembers showed that more forest species can be extracted as endmembers using selected bands.

Modeling Complex Chemical Systems: Problems and Solutions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van Dijk, Jan

2016-09-01

Non-equilibrium plasmas in complex gas mixtures are at the heart of numerous contemporary technologies. They typically contain dozens to hundreds of species, involved in hundreds to thousands of reactions. Chemists and physicists have always been interested in what are now called chemical reduction techniques (CRT's). The idea of such CRT's is that they reduce the number of species that need to be considered explicitly without compromising the validity of the model. This is usually achieved on the basis of an analysis of the reaction time scales of the system under study, which identifies species that are in partial equilibrium after a given time span. The first such CRT that has been widely used in plasma physics was developed in the 1960's and resulted in the concept of effective ionization and recombination rates. It was later generalized to systems in which multiple levels are effected by transport. In recent years there has been a renewed interest in tools for chemical reduction and reaction pathway analysis. An example of the latter is the PumpKin tool. Another trend is that techniques that have previously been developed in other fields of science are adapted as to be able to handle the plasma state of matter. Examples are the Intrinsic Low Dimension Manifold (ILDM) method and its derivatives, which originate from combustion engineering, and the general-purpose Principle Component Analysis (PCA) technique. In this contribution we will provide an overview of the most common reduction techniques, then critically assess the pros and cons of the methods that have gained most popularity in recent years. Examples will be provided for plasmas in argon and carbon dioxide.

Borrowing Benefits: Group Treatment With Clinical Emotional Freedom Techniques Is Associated With Simultaneous Reductions in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Anxiety, and Depression Symptoms

PubMed Central

House, Dennis

2018-01-01

Clinical Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) is an evidence-based treatment for depression and anxiety. The current study sought to elucidate the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety in a nonclinical population. The sample (N = 81) comprised participants at five 2-day EFT workshops. All groups used an EFT protocol called Borrowing Benefits, in which the group facilitator works with a single client while other participants self-apply EFT. Participants were assessed on 9 specific conditions as well as on the breadth (Positive Symptom Total [PST]) and depth (General Symptom Index [GSI]) of psychological distress. Physical pain and addictive cravings were also assessed. Significant reductions were observed in all measures (P < .03). Associations between PST, GSI, and PTSD were significant (P < .026). Participants maintained all gains at 6-month follow-up (P < .02) with the exception of the Hostility subscale, while Cohen’s d = 0.54 indicated a moderate treatment effect for PTSD. The relationship between psychological and physiological conditions identified in this study is consistent with that found in other studies. Group treatment is cost-effective and efficient, and the efficacy of EFT in groups indicates the utility of the Borrowing Benefits technique. PMID:29468884

Surface Heave Behaviour of Coir Geotextile Reinforced Sand Beds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lal, Dharmesh; Sankar, N.; Chandrakaran, S.

2017-06-01

Soil reinforcement by natural fibers is one of the cheapest and attractive ground improvement techniques. Coir is the most abundant natural fiber available in India and due to its high lignin content; it has a larger life span than other natural fibers. It is widely used in India for erosion control purposes, but its use as a reinforcement material is rather limited. This study focuses on the use of coir geotextile as a reinforcement material to reduce surface heave phenomena occurring in shallow foundations. This paper presents the results of laboratory model tests carried out on square footings supported on coir geotextile reinforced sand beds. The influence of various parameters such as depth of reinforcement, length, and number of layers of reinforcement was studied. It was observed that surface heave is considerably reduced with the provision of geotextile. Heave reduction up to 98.7% can be obtained by the proposed method. Heave reduction is quantified by a non-dimensional parameter called heave reduction factor.

Optimizing Performance Parameters of Chemically-Derived Graphene/p-Si Heterojunction Solar Cell.

PubMed

Batra, Kamal; Nayak, Sasmita; Behura, Sanjay K; Jani, Omkar

2015-07-01

Chemically-derived graphene have been synthesized by modified Hummers method and reduced using sodium borohydride. To explore the potential for photovoltaic applications, graphene/p-silicon (Si) heterojunction devices were fabricated using a simple and cost effective technique called spin coating. The SEM analysis shows the formation of graphene oxide (GO) flakes which become smooth after reduction. The absence of oxygen containing functional groups, as observed in FT-IR spectra, reveals the reduction of GO, i.e., reduced graphene oxide (rGO). It was further confirmed by Raman analysis, which shows slight reduction in G-band intensity with respect to D-band. Hall effect measurement confirmed n-type nature of rGO. Therefore, an effort has been made to simu- late rGO/p-Si heterojunction device by using the one-dimensional solar cell capacitance software, considering the experimentally derived parameters. The detail analysis of the effects of Si thickness, graphene thickness and temperature on the performance of the device has been presented.

Aircraft interior noise reduction by alternate resonance tuning

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bliss, Donald B.; Gottwald, James A.; Gustaveson, Mark B.; Burton, James R., III; Castellino, Craig

1989-01-01

Existing interior noise reduction techniques for aircraft fuselages perform reasonably well at higher frequencies, but are inadequate at lower, particularly with respect to the low blade passage harmonics with high forcing levels found in propeller aircraft. A method is being studied which considers aircraft fuselages lines with panels alternately tuned to frequencies above and below the frequency to be attenuated. Adjacent panels would oscillate at equal amplitude, to give equal source strength, but with opposite phase. Provided these adjacent panels are acoustically compact, the resulting cancellation causes the interior acoustic modes to become cut off and therefore be non-propagating and evanescent. This interior noise reduction method, called Alternate Resonance Tuning (ART), is currently being investigated both theoretically and experimentally. This new concept has potential application to reducing interior noise due to the propellers in advanced turboprop aircraft as well as for existing aircraft configurations. This program summarizes the work carried out at Duke University during the third semester of a contract supported by the Structural Acoustics Branch at NASA Langley Research Center.

Protocol: a multi-level intervention program to reduce stress in 9-1-1 telecommunicators.

PubMed

Meischke, Hendrika; Lilly, Michelle; Beaton, Randal; Calhoun, Rebecca; Tu, Ann; Stangenes, Scott; Painter, Ian; Revere, Debra; Baseman, Janet

2018-05-02

Nationwide, emergency response systems depend on 9-1-1 telecommunicators to prioritize, triage, and dispatch assistance to those in distress. 9-1-1 call center telecommunicators (TCs) are challenged by acute and chronic workplace stressors: tense interactions with citizen callers in crisis; overtime; shift-work; ever-changing technologies; and negative work culture, including co-worker conflict. This workforce is also subject to routine exposures to secondary traumatization while handling calls involving emergency situations and while making time urgent, high stake decisions over the phone. Our study aims to test the effectiveness of a multi-part intervention to reduce stress in 9-1-1 TCs through an online mindfulness training and a toolkit containing workplace stressor reduction resources. The study employs a randomized controlled trial design with three data collection points. The multi-part intervention includes an individual-level online mindfulness training and a call center-level organizational stress reduction toolkit. 160 TCs will be recruited from 9-1-1 call centers, complete a baseline survey at enrollment, and are randomly assigned to an intervention or a control group. Intervention group participants will start a 7-week online mindfulness training developed in-house and tailored to 9-1-1 TCs and their call center environment; control participants will be "waitlisted" and start the training after the study period ends. Following the intervention group's completion of the mindfulness training, all participants complete a second survey. Next, the online toolkit with call-center wide stress reduction resources is made available to managers of all participating call centers. After 3 months, a third survey will be completed by all participants. The primary outcome is 9-1-1 TCs' self-reported symptoms of stress at three time points as measured by the C-SOSI (Calgary Symptoms of Stress Inventory). Secondary outcomes will include: perceptions of social work environment (measured by metrics of social support and network conflict); mindfulness; and perceptions of social work environment and mindfulness as mediators of stress reduction. This study will evaluate the effectiveness of an online mindfulness training and call center-wide stress reduction toolkit in reducing self-reported stress in 9-1-1 TCs. The results of this study will add to the growing body of research on worksite stress reduction programs. ClinicalTrials.gov Registration Number: NCT02961621 Registered on November 7, 2016 (retrospectively registered).

Computer-Aided Breast Cancer Diagnosis with Optimal Feature Sets: Reduction Rules and Optimization Techniques.

PubMed

Mathieson, Luke; Mendes, Alexandre; Marsden, John; Pond, Jeffrey; Moscato, Pablo

2017-01-01

This chapter introduces a new method for knowledge extraction from databases for the purpose of finding a discriminative set of features that is also a robust set for within-class classification. Our method is generic and we introduce it here in the field of breast cancer diagnosis from digital mammography data. The mathematical formalism is based on a generalization of the k-Feature Set problem called (α, β)-k-Feature Set problem, introduced by Cotta and Moscato (J Comput Syst Sci 67(4):686-690, 2003). This method proceeds in two steps: first, an optimal (α, β)-k-feature set of minimum cardinality is identified and then, a set of classification rules using these features is obtained. We obtain the (α, β)-k-feature set in two phases; first a series of extremely powerful reduction techniques, which do not lose the optimal solution, are employed; and second, a metaheuristic search to identify the remaining features to be considered or disregarded. Two algorithms were tested with a public domain digital mammography dataset composed of 71 malignant and 75 benign cases. Based on the results provided by the algorithms, we obtain classification rules that employ only a subset of these features.

The influence of tooth color on preparation design for laminate veneers from a minimally invasive perspective: case report.

PubMed

Coachman, Christian; Gurel, Galip; Calamita, Marcelo; Morimoto, Susana; Paolucci, Braulio; Sesma, Newton

2014-01-01

Various types of dental preparations for laminate veneers have been proposed,depending on factors such as the properties of the ceramic material, remaining dental structure color, need for altering the dental contour, laboratory fabrication technique, and occlusal relationships. Clinical observations of successes and failures associated with the development of techniques and materials have allowed some safe parameters to be delineated for effectively performing dental preparations for ceramic veneers or even placing veneers without any preparation. This article describes the use of an additive diagnostic wax-up that is transferred to the mouth by means of an intraoral mock-up (aesthetic pre-evaluative temporary) with associated mathematic parameters to guide dental preparations. This technique, called Do the Math and presented here in the form of a clinical case report, aims to avoid excessive or incorrect tooth preparation by indicating the exact amount and location of the tooth reduction necessary to attain the desired color and shape.

High sensitive volumetric imaging of renal microcirculation in vivo using ultrahigh sensitive optical microangiography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhi, Zhongwei; Jung, Yeongri; Jia, Yali; An, Lin; Wang, Ruikang K.

2011-03-01

We present a non-invasive, label-free imaging technique called Ultrahigh Sensitive Optical Microangiography (UHSOMAG) for high sensitive volumetric imaging of renal microcirculation. The UHS-OMAG imaging system is based on spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), which uses a 47000 A-line scan rate CCD camera to perform an imaging speed of 150 frames per second that takes only ~7 seconds to acquire a 3D image. The technique, capable of measuring slow blood flow down to 4 um/s, is sensitive enough to image capillary networks, such as peritubular capillaries and glomerulus within renal cortex. We show superior performance of UHS-OMAG in providing depthresolved volumetric images of rich renal microcirculation. We monitored the dynamics of renal microvasculature during renal ischemia and reperfusion. Obvious reduction of renal microvascular density due to renal ischemia was visualized and quantitatively analyzed. This technique can be helpful for the assessment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) which relates to abnormal microvasculature.

Efficient Ada multitasking on a RISC register window architecture

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kearns, J. P.; Quammen, D.

1987-01-01

This work addresses the problem of reducing context switch overhead on a processor which supports a large register file - a register file much like that which is part of the Berkeley RISC processors and several other emerging architectures (which are not necessarily reduced instruction set machines in the purest sense). Such a reduction in overhead is particularly desirable in a real-time embedded application, in which task-to-task context switch overhead may result in failure to meet crucial deadlines. A storage management technique by which a context switch may be implemented as cheaply as a procedure call is presented. The essence of this technique is the avoidance of the save/restore of registers on the context switch. This is achieved through analysis of the static source text of an Ada tasking program. Information gained during that analysis directs the optimized storage management strategy for that program at run time. A formal verification of the technique in terms of an operational control model and an evaluation of the technique's performance via simulations driven by synthetic Ada program traces are presented.

Biogeochemistry of the coupled manganese-iron-sulfur cycles of intertidal surface sediments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bosselmann, K.; Boettcher, M. E.; Billerbeck, M.; Walpersdorf, E.; Debeer, D.; Brumsack, H.-J.; Huettel, M.; Joergensen, B. B.

2003-04-01

The biogeochemistry of the coupled iron-manganese-sulfur-carbon cycles was studied in temperate intertidal surface sediments of the German Wadden Sea (North Sea). Coastal sampling sites include sand, mixed and mud flats with different organic matter and metal contents and permeability reflecting different hydrodynamic regimes. The field study focusses on the influence of temperature, organic matter load, and sediment types on the dynamics of biogeochemical reactions on different time scales (season, day-night, tidal cycles). One of the main interests was related to the cycling of metals (Mn, Fe) in relation to the activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Pore water profiles were investigated by sediment sectioning and high resolution gel sampling techniques. Microbial sulfate reduction rates were measured using radiolabeled sulfate with the whole core incubation technique and the spatial distribution of bacterial activity was visualised by using "2D-photoemulsion-monitoring technique". The biogeochemical sulfur cycle was additionally characterised by the stable isotope ratios (S,O) of different sulfur species (e.g., SO_4, AVS, pyrite). Element transfers (metals, nutrients) across the sediment-water interface were additionally quantified by the application of benthic flux chambers. Microbial sulfate reduction was generally highest in the suboxic zone of the surface sediments indicating its potential importance for the mobilization of iron and manganese. In organic matter poor permeable sediments tidal effects additionally influence the spatial and temporal distribution of dissolved redox-sensitive metals. In organic matter-rich silty and muddy sediments, temperature controlled the microbial sulfate reduction rates. Depth-integrated sulfate reduction rates in sandy sediments were much lower and controlled by both temperature and organic matter. Formation of anoxic sediment surfaces due to local enhanced organic matter load (so-called "black spots") may create windows of an increase flux of metals, nutrients and hydrogen sulfide. Acknowledgements: The study was supported by German Science Foundation within the DFG-research group "BioGeoChemistry of the Waddensea" and Max Planck Society.

Uncertainty importance analysis using parametric moment ratio functions.

PubMed

Wei, Pengfei; Lu, Zhenzhou; Song, Jingwen

2014-02-01

This article presents a new importance analysis framework, called parametric moment ratio function, for measuring the reduction of model output uncertainty when the distribution parameters of inputs are changed, and the emphasis is put on the mean and variance ratio functions with respect to the variances of model inputs. The proposed concepts efficiently guide the analyst to achieve a targeted reduction on the model output mean and variance by operating on the variances of model inputs. The unbiased and progressive unbiased Monte Carlo estimators are also derived for the parametric mean and variance ratio functions, respectively. Only a set of samples is needed for implementing the proposed importance analysis by the proposed estimators, thus the computational cost is free of input dimensionality. An analytical test example with highly nonlinear behavior is introduced for illustrating the engineering significance of the proposed importance analysis technique and verifying the efficiency and convergence of the derived Monte Carlo estimators. Finally, the moment ratio function is applied to a planar 10-bar structure for achieving a targeted 50% reduction of the model output variance. © 2013 Society for Risk Analysis.

Surface Modification of Plastic Substrates Using Atomic Hydrogen

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heya, Akira; Matsuo, Naoto

The surface properties of a plastic substrate were changed by a novel surface treatment called atomic hydrogen annealing (AHA). In this method, a plastic substrate was exposed to atomic hydrogen generated by cracking of hydrogen molecules on heated tungsten wire. Surface roughness was increased and halogen elements (F and Cl) were selectively etched by AHA. In addition, plastic surface was reduced by AHA. The surface can be modified by the recombination reaction of atomic hydrogen, the reduction reaction and selective etching of halogen atom. It is concluded that this method is a promising technique for improvement of adhesion between inorganic films and plastic substrates at low temperatures.

Coarse analysis of collective behaviors: Bifurcation analysis of the optimal velocity model for traffic jam formation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miura, Yasunari; Sugiyama, Yuki

2017-12-01

We present a general method for analyzing macroscopic collective phenomena observed in many-body systems. For this purpose, we employ diffusion maps, which are one of the dimensionality-reduction techniques, and systematically define a few relevant coarse-grained variables for describing macroscopic phenomena. The time evolution of macroscopic behavior is described as a trajectory in the low-dimensional space constructed by these coarse variables. We apply this method to the analysis of the traffic model, called the optimal velocity model, and reveal a bifurcation structure, which features a transition to the emergence of a moving cluster as a traffic jam.

A morphological filter for removing 'Cirrus-like' emission from far-infrared extragalactic IRAS fields

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Appleton, P. N.; Siqueira, P. R.; Basart, J. P.

1993-01-01

The presence of diffuse extended IR emission from the Galaxy in the form of the so called 'Galactic Cirrus' emission has hampered the exploration of the extragalactic sky at long IR wavelengths. We describe the development of a filter based on mathematical morphology which appears to be a promising approach to the problem of cirrus removal. The method of Greyscale Morphology was applied to a 100 micron IRAS image of the M81 group of galaxies. This is an extragalactic field which suffers from serious contamination from foreground Galactic 'cirrus'. Using a technique called 'sieving', it was found that the cirrus emission has a characteristic behavior which can be quantified in terms of an average spatial structure spectrum or growth function. This function was then used to attempt to remove 'cirrus' from the entire image. The result was a significant reduction of cirrus emission by an intensity factor of 15 compared with the original input image. The method appears to preserve extended emission in the spatially extended IR disks of M81 and M82 as well as distinguishing fainter galaxies within bright regions of galactic cirrus. The techniques may also be applicable to IR databases obtained with the Cosmic Background Explorer.

Modern Radar Techniques for Geophysical Applications: Two Examples

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Arokiasamy, B. J.; Bianchi, C.; Sciacca, U.; Tutone, G.; Zirizzotti, A.; Zuccheretti, E.

2005-01-01

The last decade of the evolution of radar was heavily influenced by the rapid increase in the information processing capabilities. Advances in solid state radio HF devices, digital technology, computing architectures and software offered the designers to develop very efficient radars. In designing modern radars the emphasis goes towards the simplification of the system hardware, reduction of overall power, which is compensated by coding and real time signal processing techniques. Radars are commonly employed in geophysical radio soundings like probing the ionosphere; stratosphere-mesosphere measurement, weather forecast, GPR and radio-glaciology etc. In the laboratorio di Geofisica Ambientale of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Rome, Italy, we developed two pulse compression radars. The first is a HF radar called AIS-INGV; Advanced Ionospheric Sounder designed both for the purpose of research and for routine service of the HF radio wave propagation forecast. The second is a VHF radar called GLACIORADAR, which will be substituting the high power envelope radar used by the Italian Glaciological group. This will be employed in studying the sub glacial structures of Antarctica, giving information about layering, the bed rock and sub glacial lakes if present. These are low power radars, which heavily rely on advanced hardware and powerful real time signal processing. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract.

Time-frequency and advanced frequency estimation techniques for the investigation of bat echolocation calls.

PubMed

Kopsinis, Yannis; Aboutanios, Elias; Waters, Dean A; McLaughlin, Steve

2010-02-01

In this paper, techniques for time-frequency analysis and investigation of bat echolocation calls are studied. Particularly, enhanced resolution techniques are developed and/or used in this specific context for the first time. When compared to traditional time-frequency representation methods, the proposed techniques are more capable of showing previously unseen features in the structure of bat echolocation calls. It should be emphasized that although the study is focused on bat echolocation recordings, the results are more general and applicable to many other types of signal.

Applying industrial process improvement techniques to increase efficiency in a surgical practice.

PubMed

Reznick, David; Niazov, Lora; Holizna, Eric; Siperstein, Allan

2014-10-01

The goal of this study was to examine how industrial process improvement techniques could help streamline the preoperative workup. Lean process improvement was used to streamline patient workup at an endocrine surgery service at a tertiary medical center utilizing multidisciplinary collaboration. The program consisted of several major changes in how patients are processed in the department. The goal was to shorten the wait time between initial call and consult visit and between consult and surgery. We enrolled 1,438 patients enrolled in the program. The wait time from the initial call until consult was reduced from 18.3 ± 0.7 to 15.4 ± 0.9 days. Wait time from consult until operation was reduced from 39.9 ± 1.5 to 33.9 ± 1.3 days for the overall practice and to 15.0 ± 4.8 days for low-risk patients. Patient cancellations were reduced from 27.9 ± 2.4% to 17.3 ± 2.5%. Overall patient flow increased from 30.9 ± 5.1 to 52.4 ± 5.8 consults per month (all P < .01). Utilizing process improvement methodology, surgery patients can benefit from an improved, streamlined process with significant reduction in wait time from call to initial consult and initial consult to surgery, with reduced cancellations. This generalized process has resulted in increased practice throughput and efficiency and is applicable to any surgery practice. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Monte Carlo-based Reconstruction in Water Cherenkov Detectors using Chroma

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Seibert, Stanley; Latorre, Anthony

2012-03-01

We demonstrate the feasibility of event reconstruction---including position, direction, energy and particle identification---in water Cherenkov detectors with a purely Monte Carlo-based method. Using a fast optical Monte Carlo package we have written, called Chroma, in combination with several variance reduction techniques, we can estimate the value of a likelihood function for an arbitrary event hypothesis. The likelihood can then be maximized over the parameter space of interest using a form of gradient descent designed for stochastic functions. Although slower than more traditional reconstruction algorithms, this completely Monte Carlo-based technique is universal and can be applied to a detector of any size or shape, which is a major advantage during the design phase of an experiment. As a specific example, we focus on reconstruction results from a simulation of the 200 kiloton water Cherenkov far detector option for LBNE.

Guided SAR image despeckling with probabilistic non local weights

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gokul, Jithin; Nair, Madhu S.; Rajan, Jeny

2017-12-01

SAR images are generally corrupted by granular disturbances called speckle, which makes visual analysis and detail extraction a difficult task. Non Local despeckling techniques with probabilistic similarity has been a recent trend in SAR despeckling. To achieve effective speckle suppression without compromising detail preservation, we propose an improvement for the existing Generalized Guided Filter with Bayesian Non-Local Means (GGF-BNLM) method. The proposed method (Guided SAR Image Despeckling with Probabilistic Non Local Weights) replaces parametric constants based on heuristics in GGF-BNLM method with dynamically derived values based on the image statistics for weight computation. Proposed changes make GGF-BNLM method adaptive and as a result, significant improvement is achieved in terms of performance. Experimental analysis on SAR images shows excellent speckle reduction without compromising feature preservation when compared to GGF-BNLM method. Results are also compared with other state-of-the-art and classic SAR depseckling techniques to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

A series connection architecture for large-area organic photovoltaic modules with a 7.5% module efficiency.

PubMed

Hong, Soonil; Kang, Hongkyu; Kim, Geunjin; Lee, Seongyu; Kim, Seok; Lee, Jong-Hoon; Lee, Jinho; Yi, Minjin; Kim, Junghwan; Back, Hyungcheol; Kim, Jae-Ryoung; Lee, Kwanghee

2016-01-05

The fabrication of organic photovoltaic modules via printing techniques has been the greatest challenge for their commercial manufacture. Current module architecture, which is based on a monolithic geometry consisting of serially interconnecting stripe-patterned subcells with finite widths, requires highly sophisticated patterning processes that significantly increase the complexity of printing production lines and cause serious reductions in module efficiency due to so-called aperture loss in series connection regions. Herein we demonstrate an innovative module structure that can simultaneously reduce both patterning processes and aperture loss. By using a charge recombination feature that occurs at contacts between electron- and hole-transport layers, we devise a series connection method that facilitates module fabrication without patterning the charge transport layers. With the successive deposition of component layers using slot-die and doctor-blade printing techniques, we achieve a high module efficiency reaching 7.5% with area of 4.15 cm(2).

Initial excavation and dating of Ngalue Cave: a Middle Stone Age site along the Niassa Rift, Mozambique.

PubMed

Mercader, Julio; Asmerom, Yemane; Bennett, Tim; Raja, Mussa; Skinner, Anne

2009-07-01

Direct evidence for a systematic occupation of the African tropics during the early late Pleistocene is lacking. Here, we report a record of human occupation between 105-42ka, based on results from a radiometrically-dated cave section from the Mozambican segment of the Niassa (Malawi/Nyasa) Rift called Ngalue. The sedimentary sequence from bottom to top has five units. We concentrate on the so-called "Middle Beds," which contain a Middle Stone Age industry characterized by the use of the discoidal reduction technique. A significant typological feature is the presence of formal types such as points, scrapers, awls, and microliths. Special objects consist of grinders/core-axes covered by ochre. Ngalue is one of the few directly-dated Pleistocene sites located along the biogeographical corridor for modern human dispersals that links east, central, and southern Africa, and, with further study, may shed new light on hominin cave habitats during the late Pleistocene.

dDocent: a RADseq, variant-calling pipeline designed for population genomics of non-model organisms.

PubMed

Puritz, Jonathan B; Hollenbeck, Christopher M; Gold, John R

2014-01-01

Restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) has become a powerful and useful approach for population genomics. Currently, no software exists that utilizes both paired-end reads from RADseq data to efficiently produce population-informative variant calls, especially for non-model organisms with large effective population sizes and high levels of genetic polymorphism. dDocent is an analysis pipeline with a user-friendly, command-line interface designed to process individually barcoded RADseq data (with double cut sites) into informative SNPs/Indels for population-level analyses. The pipeline, written in BASH, uses data reduction techniques and other stand-alone software packages to perform quality trimming and adapter removal, de novo assembly of RAD loci, read mapping, SNP and Indel calling, and baseline data filtering. Double-digest RAD data from population pairings of three different marine fishes were used to compare dDocent with Stacks, the first generally available, widely used pipeline for analysis of RADseq data. dDocent consistently identified more SNPs shared across greater numbers of individuals and with higher levels of coverage. This is due to the fact that dDocent quality trims instead of filtering, incorporates both forward and reverse reads (including reads with INDEL polymorphisms) in assembly, mapping, and SNP calling. The pipeline and a comprehensive user guide can be found at http://dDocent.wordpress.com.

dDocent: a RADseq, variant-calling pipeline designed for population genomics of non-model organisms

PubMed Central

Hollenbeck, Christopher M.; Gold, John R.

2014-01-01

Restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) has become a powerful and useful approach for population genomics. Currently, no software exists that utilizes both paired-end reads from RADseq data to efficiently produce population-informative variant calls, especially for non-model organisms with large effective population sizes and high levels of genetic polymorphism. dDocent is an analysis pipeline with a user-friendly, command-line interface designed to process individually barcoded RADseq data (with double cut sites) into informative SNPs/Indels for population-level analyses. The pipeline, written in BASH, uses data reduction techniques and other stand-alone software packages to perform quality trimming and adapter removal, de novo assembly of RAD loci, read mapping, SNP and Indel calling, and baseline data filtering. Double-digest RAD data from population pairings of three different marine fishes were used to compare dDocent with Stacks, the first generally available, widely used pipeline for analysis of RADseq data. dDocent consistently identified more SNPs shared across greater numbers of individuals and with higher levels of coverage. This is due to the fact that dDocent quality trims instead of filtering, incorporates both forward and reverse reads (including reads with INDEL polymorphisms) in assembly, mapping, and SNP calling. The pipeline and a comprehensive user guide can be found at http://dDocent.wordpress.com. PMID:24949246

Numerical investigation of tube hyroforming of TWT using Corner Fill Test

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zribi, Temim; Khalfallah, Ali

2018-05-01

Tube hydroforming presents a very good alternative to conventional forming processes for obtaining good quality mechanical parts used in several industrial fields, such as the automotive and aerospace sectors. Research in the field of tube hydroforming is aimed at improving the formability, stiffness and weight reduction of manufactured parts using this process. In recent years, a new method of hydroforming appears; it consists of deforming parts made from welded tubes and having different thicknesses. This technique which contributes to the weight reduction of the hydroformed tubes is a good alternative to the conventional tube hydroforming. This technique makes it possible to build rigid and light structures with a reduced cost. However, it is possible to improve the weight reduction by using dissimilar tailor welded tubes (TWT). This paper is a first attempt to analyze by numerical simulation the behavior of TWT hydroformed in square cross section dies, commonly called (Corner Fill Test). Considered tubes are composed of two materials assembled by butt welding. The present analysis will focus on the effect of loading paths on the formability of the structure by determining the change in thickness in several sections of the part. A comparison between the results obtained by hydroforming the butt joint of tubes made of dissimilar materials and those obtained using single-material tube is achieved. Numerical calculations show that the bi-material welded tube has better thinning resistance and a more even thickness distribution in the circumferential directions when compared to the single-material tube.

Suppression of Plutella xylostella and Trichoplusia ni in cole crops with attracticide formulations.

PubMed

Maxwell, Elly M; Fadamiro, Henry Y; McLaughlin, John R

2006-08-01

The three key lepidopteran pests of cole, Brassica oleracea L., crops in North America are diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae); cabbage looper; Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae); and imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Two species-specific pheromone-based experimental attracticide formulations were evaluated against these pests: LastCall DBM for P. xylostella and LastCall CL for T. ni. No LastCall formulation was available against P. rapae. Laboratory toxicity experiments confirmed the effectiveness of each LastCall formulations in killing conspecific males that made contact. In replicated small plots of cabbage and collards in central Alabama, over four growing seasons (fall 2003, spring 2004, fall 2004, and spring 2005), an attracticide treatment receiving the two LastCall formulations, each applied multiple times at the rate of 1,600 droplets per acre, was compared against Bacillus thuringiensis. subspecies kursatki (Bt) spray at action threshold and a negative untreated control. Efficacy was measured by comparing among the three treatments male capture in pheromone-baited traps, larval counts in plots, and crop damage rating at harvest. LastCall provided significant reductions in crop damage comparable to Bt in three of the four seasons. Efficacy of LastCall was dependent upon lepidopteran population densities, which fluctuated from season to season. In general, reduction in crop damage was achieved with LastCall at low-to-moderate population densities of the three species, such as typically occurs in the fall in central Alabama, but not in the spring when high P. rapae population pressure typically occurs in central Alabama. Significant reductions in pheromone trap captures did not occur in LastCall plots, suggesting that elimination of males by the toxicant (permethrin), rather than interruption of sexual communication, was the main mechanism of effect.

Integrated control of emission reductions, energy-saving, and cost-benefit using a multi-objective optimization technique in the pulp and paper industry.

PubMed

Wen, Zongguo; Xu, Chang; Zhang, Xueying

2015-03-17

Reduction of water pollutant emissions and energy consumption is regarded as a key environmental objective for the pulp and paper industry. The paper develops a bottom-up model called the Industrial Water Pollutant Control and Technology Policy (IWPCTP) based on an industrial technology simulation system and multiconstraint technological optimization. Five policy scenarios covering the business as usual (BAU) scenario, the structural adjustment (SA) scenario, the cleaner technology promotion (CT) scenario, the end-treatment of pollutants (EOP) scenario, and the coupling measures (CM) scenario have been set to describe future policy measures related to the development of the pulp and paper industry from 2010-2020. The outcome of this study indicates that the energy saving amount under the CT scenario is the largest, while that under the SA scenario is the smallest. Under the CT scenario, savings by 2020 include 70 kt/year of chemical oxygen demand (COD) emission reductions and savings of 7443 kt of standard coal, 539.7 ton/year of ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N) emission reductions, and savings of 7444 kt of standard coal. Taking emission reductions, energy savings, and cost-benefit into consideration, cleaner technologies like highly efficient pulp washing, dry and wet feedstock preparation, and horizontal continuous cooking, medium and high consistency pulping and wood dry feedstock preparation are recommended.

Simultaneous minimization of leaf travel distance and tongue-and-groove effect for segmental intensity-modulated radiation therapy.

PubMed

Dai, Jianrong; Que, William

2004-12-07

This paper introduces a method to simultaneously minimize the leaf travel distance and the tongue-and-groove effect for IMRT leaf sequences to be delivered in segmental mode. The basic idea is to add a large enough number of openings through cutting or splitting existing openings for those leaf pairs with openings fewer than the number of segments so that all leaf pairs have the same number of openings. The cutting positions are optimally determined with a simulated annealing technique called adaptive simulated annealing. The optimization goal is set to minimize the weighted summation of the leaf travel distance and tongue-and-groove effect. Its performance was evaluated with 19 beams from three clinical cases; one brain, one head-and-neck and one prostate case. The results show that it can reduce the leaf travel distance and (or) tongue-and-groove effect; the reduction of the leaf travel distance reaches its maximum of about 50% when minimized alone; the reduction of the tongue-and-groove reaches its maximum of about 70% when minimized alone. The maximum reduction in the leaf travel distance translates to a 1 to 2 min reduction in treatment delivery time per fraction, depending on leaf speed. If the method is implemented clinically, it could result in significant savings in treatment delivery time, and also result in significant reduction in the wear-and-tear of MLC mechanics.

Accurate RNA 5-methylcytosine site prediction based on heuristic physical-chemical properties reduction and classifier ensemble.

PubMed

Zhang, Ming; Xu, Yan; Li, Lei; Liu, Zi; Yang, Xibei; Yu, Dong-Jun

2018-06-01

RNA 5-methylcytosine (m 5 C) is an important post-transcriptional modification that plays an indispensable role in biological processes. The accurate identification of m 5 C sites from primary RNA sequences is especially useful for deeply understanding the mechanisms and functions of m 5 C. Due to the difficulty and expensive costs of identifying m 5 C sites with wet-lab techniques, developing fast and accurate machine-learning-based prediction methods is urgently needed. In this study, we proposed a new m 5 C site predictor, called M5C-HPCR, by introducing a novel heuristic nucleotide physicochemical property reduction (HPCR) algorithm and classifier ensemble. HPCR extracts multiple reducts of physical-chemical properties for encoding discriminative features, while the classifier ensemble is applied to integrate multiple base predictors, each of which is trained based on a separate reduct of the physical-chemical properties obtained from HPCR. Rigorous jackknife tests on two benchmark datasets demonstrate that M5C-HPCR outperforms state-of-the-art m 5 C site predictors, with the highest values of MCC (0.859) and AUC (0.962). We also implemented the webserver of M5C-HPCR, which is freely available at http://cslab.just.edu.cn:8080/M5C-HPCR/. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Architecture and settings optimization procedure of a TES frequency domain multiplexed readout firmware

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Clenet, A.; Ravera, L.; Bertrand, B.; den Hartog, R.; Jackson, B.; van Leeuwen, B.-J.; van Loon, D.; Parot, Y.; Pointecouteau, E.; Sournac, A.

2014-11-01

IRAP is developing the readout electronics of the SPICA-SAFARI's TES bolometer arrays. Based on the frequency domain multiplexing technique the readout electronics provides the AC-signals to voltage-bias the detectors; it demodulates the data; and it computes a feedback to linearize the detection chain. The feedback is computed with a specific technique, so called baseband feedback (BBFB) which ensures that the loop is stable even with long propagation and processing delays (i.e. several μ s) and with fast signals (i.e. frequency carriers of the order of 5 MHz). To optimize the power consumption we took advantage of the reduced science signal bandwidth to decouple the signal sampling frequency and the data processing rate. This technique allowed a reduction of the power consumption of the circuit by a factor of 10. Beyond the firmware architecture the optimization of the instrument concerns the characterization routines and the definition of the optimal parameters. Indeed, to operate an array TES one has to properly define about 21000 parameters. We defined a set of procedures to automatically characterize these parameters and find out the optimal settings.

Phase noise suppression through parametric filtering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cassella, Cristian; Strachan, Scott; Shaw, Steven W.; Piazza, Gianluca

2017-02-01

In this work, we introduce and experimentally demonstrate a parametric phase noise suppression technique, which we call "parametric phase noise filtering." This technique is based on the use of a solid-state parametric amplifier operating in its instability region and included in a non-autonomous feedback loop connected at the output of a noisy oscillator. We demonstrate that such a system behaves as a parametrically driven Duffing resonator and can operate at special points where it becomes largely immune to the phase fluctuations that affect the oscillator output signal. A prototype of a parametric phase noise filter (PFIL) was designed and fabricated to operate in the very-high-frequency range. The PFIL prototype allowed us to significantly reduce the phase noise at the output of a commercial signal generator operating around 220 MHz. Noise reduction of 16 dB (40×) and 13 dB (20×) were obtained, respectively, at 1 and 10 kHz offsets from the carrier frequency. The demonstration of this phase noise suppression technique opens up scenarios in the development of passive and low-cost phase noise cancellation circuits for any application demanding high quality frequency generation.

Efficient Algorithms for Handling Nondeterministic Automata

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vojnar, Tomáš

Finite (word, tree, or omega) automata play an important role in different areas of computer science, including, for instance, formal verification. Often, deterministic automata are used for which traditional algorithms for important operations such as minimisation and inclusion checking are available. However, the use of deterministic automata implies a need to determinise nondeterministic automata that often arise during various computations even when the computations start with deterministic automata. Unfortunately, determinisation is a very expensive step since deterministic automata may be exponentially bigger than the original nondeterministic automata. That is why, it appears advantageous to avoid determinisation and work directly with nondeterministic automata. This, however, brings a need to be able to implement operations traditionally done on deterministic automata on nondeterministic automata instead. In particular, this is the case of inclusion checking and minimisation (or rather reduction of the size of automata). In the talk, we review several recently proposed techniques for inclusion checking on nondeterministic finite word and tree automata as well as Büchi automata. These techniques are based on using the so called antichains, possibly combined with a use of suitable simulation relations (and, in the case of Büchi automata, the so called Ramsey-based or rank-based approaches). Further, we discuss techniques for reducing the size of nondeterministic word and tree automata using quotienting based on the recently proposed notion of mediated equivalences. The talk is based on several common works with Parosh Aziz Abdulla, Ahmed Bouajjani, Yu-Fang Chen, Peter Habermehl, Lisa Kaati, Richard Mayr, Tayssir Touili, Lorenzo Clemente, Lukáš Holík, and Chih-Duo Hong.

SIRE: a MIMO radar for landmine/IED detection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ojowu, Ode; Wu, Yue; Li, Jian; Nguyen, Lam

2013-05-01

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar systems have been shown to have significant performance improvements over their single-input multiple-output (SIMO) counterparts. For transmit and receive elements that are collocated, the waveform diversity afforded by this radar is exploited for performance improvements. These improvements include but are not limited to improved target detection, improved parameter identifiability and better resolvability. In this paper, we present the Synchronous Impulse Reconstruction Radar (SIRE) Ultra-wideband (UWB) radar designed by the Army Research Lab (ARL) for landmine and improvised explosive device (IED) detection as a 2 by 16 MIMO radar (with collocated antennas). Its improvement over its SIMO counterpart in terms of beampattern/cross range resolution are discussed and demonstrated using simulated data herein. The limitations of this radar for Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) suppression are also discussed in this paper. A relaxation method (RELAX) combined with averaging of multiple realizations of the measured data is presented for RFI suppression; results show no noticeable target signature distortion after suppression. In this paper, the back-projection (delay and sum) data independent method is used for generating SAR images. A side-lobe minimization technique called recursive side-lobe minimization (RSM) is also discussed for reducing side-lobes in this data independent approach. We introduce a data-dependent sparsity based spectral estimation technique called Sparse Learning via Iterative Minimization (SLIM) as well as a data-dependent CLEAN approach for generating SAR images for the SIRE radar. These data-adaptive techniques show improvement in side-lobe reduction and resolution for simulated data for the SIRE radar.

Wing download reduction using vortex trapping plates

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Light, Jeffrey S.; Stremel, Paul M.; Bilanin, Alan J.

1994-01-01

A download reduction technique using spanwise plates on the upper and lower wing surfaces has been examined. Experimental and analytical techniques were used to determine the download reduction obtained using this technique. Simple two-dimensional wind tunnel testing confirmed the validity of the technique for reducing two-dimensional airfoil drag. Computations using a two-dimensional Navier-Stokes analysis provided insight into the mechanism causing the drag reduction. Finally, the download reduction technique was tested using a rotor and wing to determine the benefits for a semispan configuration representative of a tilt rotor aircraft.

A combined drama-based and CBT approach to working with self-reported anger aggression.

PubMed

Blacker, Janine; Watson, Andy; Beech, Anthony R

2008-01-01

A drama-based programme, called 'Insult to Injury', was designed to explore the processes of anger, aggression and violence. The aim of the programme was to enable offenders to identify and generate strategies and skills for dealing with potentially volatile situations, and to provide a safe and supportive environment in which to practice and evaluate these strategies. AIMS An active drama-based approach combined with cognitive-behavioural techniques was used to explore issues such as masculinity, power and control, pride and shame and victim awareness. Reductions in anger were hypothesized. METHOD A single group pre/post design assessed the levels of anger before and after the course. RESULTS Sixty-two adult male offenders from six prison establishments in the UK took part in the nine-day course. As hypothesised, significant reductions in anger were found in pre- to post-course assessment. These results suggest that a drama-based approach may be a promising adjunct to traditional anger management programmes for violent offenders.

Efficacy of water treatment processes and endemic gastrointestinal illness - A multi-city study in Sweden.

PubMed

Tornevi, Andreas; Simonsson, Magnus; Forsberg, Bertil; Säve-Söderbergh, Melle; Toljander, Jonas

2016-10-01

Outbreaks of acute gastrointestinal illnesses (AGI) have been linked to insufficient drinking water treatment on numerous occasions in the industrialized world, but it is largely unknown to what extent public drinking water influences the endemic level of AGI. This paper aimed to examine endemic AGI and the relationship with pathogen elimination efficacy in public drinking water treatment processes. For this reason, time series data of all telephone calls to the Swedish National Healthcare Guide between November 2007 and February 2014 from twenty Swedish cities were obtained. Calls concerning vomiting, diarrhea or abdominal pain (AGI calls) were separated from other concerns (non-AGI calls). Information on which type of microbial barriers each drinking water treatment plant in these cities have been used were obtained, together with the barriers' theoretical pathogen log reduction efficacy. The total log reduction in the drinking water plants varied between 0.0 and 6.1 units for viruses, 0.0-14.6 units for bacteria and 0.0-7.3 units regarding protozoans. To achieve one general efficacy parameter for each plant, a weighted mean value of the log reductions (WLR) was calculated, with the weights based on how commonly these pathogen groups cause AGI. The WLR in the plants varied between 0.0 and 6.4 units. The effect of different pathogen elimination efficacy on levels of AGI calls relative non-AGI calls was evaluated in regression models, controlling for long term trends, population size, age distribution, and climatological area. Populations receiving drinking water produced with higher total log reduction was associated with a lower relative number of AGI calls. In overall, AGI calls decreased by 4% (OR = 0.96, CI: 0.96-0.97) for each unit increase in the WLR. The findings apply to both groundwater and surface water study sites, but are particularly evident among surface water sites during seasons when viruses are the main cause of AGI. This study proposes that the endemic level of gastroenteritis can indeed be reduced with more advanced treatment processes at many municipal drinking water treatment plants. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Bi-Frequency Modulated Quasi-Resonant Converters: Theory and Applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Yuefeng

1995-01-01

To avoid the variable frequency operation of quasi -resonant converters, many soft-switching PWM converters have been proposed, all of them require an auxiliary switch, which will increase the cost and complexity of the power supply system. In this thesis, a new kind of technique for quasi -resonant converters has been proposed, which is called the bi-frequency modulation technique. By operating the quasi-resonant converters at two switching frequencies, this technique enables quasi-resonant converters to achieve the soft-switching, at fixed switching frequencies, without an auxiliary switch. The steady-state analysis of four commonly used quasi-resonant converters, namely, ZVS buck, ZCS buck, ZVS boost, and ZCS boost converter has been presented. Using the concepts of equivalent sources, equivalent sinks, and resonant tank, the large signal models of these four quasi -resonant converters were developed. Based on these models, the steady-state control characteristics of BFM ZVS buck, BFM ZCS buck, BFM ZVS boost, and BFM ZCS boost converter have been derived. The functional block and design consideration of the bi-frequency controller were presented, and one of the implementations of the bi-frequency controller was given. A complete design example has been presented. Both computer simulations and experimental results have verified that the bi-frequency modulated quasi-resonant converters can achieve soft-switching, at fixed switching frequencies, without an auxiliary switch. One of the application of bi-frequency modulation technique is for EMI reduction. The basic principle of using BFM technique for EMI reduction was introduced. Based on the spectral analysis, the EMI performances of the PWM, variable-frequency, and bi-frequency modulated control signals was evaluated, and the BFM control signals show the lowest EMI emission. The bi-frequency modulated technique has also been applied to the power factor correction. A BFM zero -current switching boost converter has been designed for the power factor correction, and the simulation results show that the power factor has been improved.

Milch versus Stimson technique for nonsedated reduction of anterior shoulder dislocation: a prospective randomized trial and analysis of factors affecting success.

PubMed

Amar, Eyal; Maman, Eran; Khashan, Morsi; Kauffman, Ehud; Rath, Ehud; Chechik, Ofir

2012-11-01

The shoulder is regarded as the most commonly dislocated major joint in the human body. Most dislocations can be reduced by simple methods in the emergency department, whereas others require more complicated approaches. We compared the efficacy, safety, pain, and duration of the reduction between the Milch technique and the Stimson technique in treating dislocations. We also identified factors that affected success rate. All enrolled patients were randomized to either the Milch technique or the Stimson technique for dislocated shoulder reduction. The study cohort consisted of 60 patients (mean age, 43.9 years; age range, 18-88 years) who were randomly assigned to treatment by either the Stimson technique (n = 25) or the Milch technique (n = 35). Oral analgesics were available for both groups. The 2 groups were similar in demographics, patient characteristics, and pain levels. The first reduction attempt in the Milch and Stimson groups was successful in 82.8% and 28% of cases, respectively (P < .001), and the mean reduction time was 4.68 and 8.84 minutes, respectively (P = .007). The success rate was found to be affected by the reduction technique, the interval between dislocation occurrence and first reduction attempt, and the pain level on admittance. The success rate and time to achieve reduction without sedation were superior for the Milch technique compared with the Stimson technique. Early implementation of reduction measures and low pain levels at presentation favor successful reduction, which--in combination with oral pain medication--constitutes an acceptable and reasonable management alternative to reduction with sedation. Copyright © 2012 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Perceived Effect of Duty Hour Restrictions on Learning Opportunities in the Intensive Care Unit.

PubMed

Sabri, Nessrine; Sun, Ning-Zi; Cummings, Beth-Ann; Jayaraman, Dev

2015-03-01

Many countries have reduced resident duty hours in an effort to promote patient safety and enhance resident quality of life. There are concerns that reducing duty hours may impact residents' learning opportunities. We (1) evaluated residents' perceptions of their current learning opportunities in a context of reduced duty hours, and (2) explored the perceived change in resident learning opportunities after call length was reduced from 24 continuous hours to 16 hours. We conducted an anonymous, cross-sectional online survey of 240 first-, second-, and third-year residents rotating through 3 McGill University-affiliated intensive care units (ICUs) in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, between July 1, 2012, and June 30, 2013. The survey investigated residents' perceptions of learning opportunities in both the 24-hour and 16-hour systems. Of 240 residents, 168 (70%) completed the survey. Of these residents, 63 (38%) had been exposed to both 24-hour and 16-hour call schedules. The majority of respondents (83%) reported that didactic teaching sessions held by ICU staff physicians were useful. However, of the residents trained in both approaches to overnight call, 44% reported a reduction in learner attendance at didactic teaching sessions, 48% reported a reduction in attendance at midday hospital rounds, and 40% reported a perceived reduction in self-directed reading after the implementation of the new call schedule. A substantial proportion of residents perceived a reduction in the attendance of instructor-directed and self-directed reading after the implementation of a 16-hour call schedule in the ICU.

Adiabatic reduction of a model of stochastic gene expression with jump Markov process.

PubMed

Yvinec, Romain; Zhuge, Changjing; Lei, Jinzhi; Mackey, Michael C

2014-04-01

This paper considers adiabatic reduction in a model of stochastic gene expression with bursting transcription considered as a jump Markov process. In this model, the process of gene expression with auto-regulation is described by fast/slow dynamics. The production of mRNA is assumed to follow a compound Poisson process occurring at a rate depending on protein levels (the phenomena called bursting in molecular biology) and the production of protein is a linear function of mRNA numbers. When the dynamics of mRNA is assumed to be a fast process (due to faster mRNA degradation than that of protein) we prove that, with appropriate scalings in the burst rate, jump size or translational rate, the bursting phenomena can be transmitted to the slow variable. We show that, depending on the scaling, the reduced equation is either a stochastic differential equation with a jump Poisson process or a deterministic ordinary differential equation. These results are significant because adiabatic reduction techniques seem to have not been rigorously justified for a stochastic differential system containing a jump Markov process. We expect that the results can be generalized to adiabatic methods in more general stochastic hybrid systems.

THD Doppler procedure for hemorrhoids: the surgical technique.

PubMed

Ratto, C

2014-03-01

Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization (THD) is an effective treatment for hemorrhoidal disease. The ligation of hemorrhoidal arteries (called "dearterialization") can provide a significant reduction of the arterial overflow to the hemorrhoidal piles. Plication of the redundant rectal mucosa/submucosa (called "mucopexy") can provide a repositioning of prolapsing tissue to the anatomical site. In this paper, the surgical technique and perioperative patient management are illustrated. Following adequate clinical assessment, patients undergo THD under general or spinal anesthesia, in either the lithotomy or the prone position. In all patients, distal Doppler-guided dearterialization is performed, providing the selective ligation of hemorrhoidal arteries identified by Doppler. In patients with hemorrhoidal/muco-hemorrhoidal prolapse, the mucopexy is performed with a continuous suture including the redundant and prolapsing mucosa and submucosa. The description of the surgical procedure is complemented by an accompanying video (see supplementary material). In long-term follow-up, there is resolution of symptoms in the vast majority of patients. The most common complication is transient tenesmus, which sometimes can result in rectal discomfort or pain. Rectal bleeding occurs in a very limited number of patients. Neither fecal incontinence nor chronic pain should occur. Anorectal physiology parameters should be unaltered, and anal sphincters should not be injured by following this procedure. When accurately performed and for the correct indications, THD is a safe procedure and one of the most effective treatments for hemorrhoidal disease.

When seconds count: A study of communication variables in the opening segment of emergency calls.

PubMed

Penn, Claire; Koole, Tom; Nattrass, Rhona

2017-09-01

The opening sequence of an emergency call influences the efficiency of the ambulance dispatch time. The greeting sequences in 105 calls to a South African emergency service were analysed. Initial results suggested the advantage of a specific two-part opening sequence. An on-site experiment aimed at improving call efficiency was conducted during one shift (1100 calls). Results indicated reduced conversational repairs and a significant reduction of 4 seconds in mean call length. Implications for systems and training are derived.

Signal detection theory and vestibular perception: III. Estimating unbiased fit parameters for psychometric functions.

PubMed

Chaudhuri, Shomesh E; Merfeld, Daniel M

2013-03-01

Psychophysics generally relies on estimating a subject's ability to perform a specific task as a function of an observed stimulus. For threshold studies, the fitted functions are called psychometric functions. While fitting psychometric functions to data acquired using adaptive sampling procedures (e.g., "staircase" procedures), investigators have encountered a bias in the spread ("slope" or "threshold") parameter that has been attributed to the serial dependency of the adaptive data. Using simulations, we confirm this bias for cumulative Gaussian parametric maximum likelihood fits on data collected via adaptive sampling procedures, and then present a bias-reduced maximum likelihood fit that substantially reduces the bias without reducing the precision of the spread parameter estimate and without reducing the accuracy or precision of the other fit parameters. As a separate topic, we explain how to implement this bias reduction technique using generalized linear model fits as well as other numeric maximum likelihood techniques such as the Nelder-Mead simplex. We then provide a comparison of the iterative bootstrap and observed information matrix techniques for estimating parameter fit variance from adaptive sampling procedure data sets. The iterative bootstrap technique is shown to be slightly more accurate; however, the observed information technique executes in a small fraction (0.005 %) of the time required by the iterative bootstrap technique, which is an advantage when a real-time estimate of parameter fit variance is required.

A low-cost PC-based telemetry data-reduction system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simms, D. A.; Butterfield, C. P.

1990-04-01

The Solar Energy Research Institute's (SERI) Wind Research Branch is using Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) telemetry data-acquisition systems to study horizontal-axis wind turbines. PCM telemetry systems are used in test installations that require accurate multiple-channel measurements taken from a variety of different locations. SERI has found them ideal for use in tests requiring concurrent acquisition of data-reduction system to facilitate quick, in-the-field multiple-channel data analysis. Called the PC-PCM System, it consists of two basic components. First, AT-compatible hardware boards are used for decoding and combining PCM data streams. Up to four hardware boards can be installed in a single PC, which provides the capability to combine data from four PCM streams directly to PC disk or memory. Each stream can have up to 62 data channels. Second, a software package written for the DOS operating system was developed to simplify data-acquisition control and management. The software provides a quick, easy-to-use interface between the PC and PCM data streams. Called the Quick-Look Data Management Program, it is a comprehensive menu-driven package used to organize, acquire, process, and display information from incoming PCM data streams. This paper describes both hardware and software aspects of the SERI PC-PCM system, concentrating on features that make it useful in an experiment test environment to quickly examine and verify incoming data. Also discussed are problems and techniques associated with PC-based telemetry data acquisition, processing, and real-time display.

Measurements of Aitken Visual Binary Stars: 2017 Report

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sérot, J.

2018-07-01

This paper is a continuation of that published in [1]. It presents the measurements of 136 visual binary stars discovered by R.G. Aitken and listed in the WDS catalog. These measurements were obtained between January and December 2017 with an 11" reflector telescope and two types of cameras : an ASI 290MM CMOS-based camera and a Raptor Kite EM-CCD. Binaries with a secondary component up to magnitude 15 and separation between 0.4 and 5 arcsec have been measured. The selection also includes pairs exhibiting a large difference in magnitude between components (up to ?m=6). Measurements were mostly obtained using the auto-correlation technique described in [1] but also, and this is a innovative aspect of the paper, using the so-called bispectrum reduction technique supported by the latest version of the SpeckelToolBox software. As for [1], a significant part of the observed pairs had not been observed in the previous decades and show significant movements compared to their last measurement.

Reduction of parasitic lasing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Storm, Mark E. (Inventor)

1994-01-01

A technique was developed which carefully retro-reflects precisely controlled amounts of light back into a laser system thereby intentionally forcing the laser system components to oscillate in a new resonator called the parasitic oscillator. The parasitic oscillator uses the laser system to provide the gain and an external mirror is used to provide the output coupling of the new resonator. Any change of gain or loss inside the new resonator will directly change the lasing threshold of the parasitic oscillator. This change in threshold can be experimentally measured as a change in the absolute value of reflectivity, provided by the external mirror, necessary to achieve lasing in the parasitic oscillator. Discrepancies between experimental data and a parasitic oscillator model are direct evidence of optical misalignment or component performance problems. Any changes in the optical system can instantly be measured as a change in threshold for the parasitic oscillator. This technique also enables aligning the system for maximum parasitic suppression with the system fully operational.

Goal-directed-perfusion in neonatal aortic arch surgery.

PubMed

Cesnjevar, Robert Anton; Purbojo, Ariawan; Muench, Frank; Juengert, Joerg; Rueffer, André

2016-07-01

Reduction of mortality and morbidity in congenital cardiac surgery has always been and remains a major target for the complete team involved. As operative techniques are more and more standardized and refined, surgical risk and associated complication rates have constantly been reduced to an acceptable level but are both still present. Aortic arch surgery in neonates seems to be of particular interest, because perfusion techniques differ widely among institutions and an ideal form of a so called "total body perfusion (TBP)" is somewhat difficult to achieve. Thus concepts of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA), regional cerebral perfusion (RCP/with cardioplegic cardiac arrest or on the perfused beating heart) and TBP exist in parallel and all carry an individual risk for organ damage related to perfusion management, chosen core temperature and time on bypass. Patient safety relies more and more on adequate end organ perfusion on cardiopulmonary bypass, especially sensitive organs like the brain, heart, kidney, liver and the gut, whereby on adequate tissue protection, temperature management and oxygen delivery should be visualized and monitored.

A series connection architecture for large-area organic photovoltaic modules with a 7.5% module efficiency

PubMed Central

Hong, Soonil; Kang, Hongkyu; Kim, Geunjin; Lee, Seongyu; Kim, Seok; Lee, Jong-Hoon; Lee, Jinho; Yi, Minjin; Kim, Junghwan; Back, Hyungcheol; Kim, Jae-Ryoung; Lee, Kwanghee

2016-01-01

The fabrication of organic photovoltaic modules via printing techniques has been the greatest challenge for their commercial manufacture. Current module architecture, which is based on a monolithic geometry consisting of serially interconnecting stripe-patterned subcells with finite widths, requires highly sophisticated patterning processes that significantly increase the complexity of printing production lines and cause serious reductions in module efficiency due to so-called aperture loss in series connection regions. Herein we demonstrate an innovative module structure that can simultaneously reduce both patterning processes and aperture loss. By using a charge recombination feature that occurs at contacts between electron- and hole-transport layers, we devise a series connection method that facilitates module fabrication without patterning the charge transport layers. With the successive deposition of component layers using slot-die and doctor-blade printing techniques, we achieve a high module efficiency reaching 7.5% with area of 4.15 cm2. PMID:26728507

Computational time reduction for sequential batch solutions in GNSS precise point positioning technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martín Furones, Angel; Anquela Julián, Ana Belén; Dimas-Pages, Alejandro; Cos-Gayón, Fernando

2017-08-01

Precise point positioning (PPP) is a well established Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technique that only requires information from the receiver (or rover) to obtain high-precision position coordinates. This is a very interesting and promising technique because eliminates the need for a reference station near the rover receiver or a network of reference stations, thus reducing the cost of a GNSS survey. From a computational perspective, there are two ways to solve the system of observation equations produced by static PPP either in a single step (so-called batch adjustment) or with a sequential adjustment/filter. The results of each should be the same if they are both well implemented. However, if a sequential solution (that is, not only the final coordinates, but also those observed in previous GNSS epochs), is needed, as for convergence studies, finding a batch solution becomes a very time consuming task owing to the need for matrix inversion that accumulates with each consecutive epoch. This is not a problem for the filter solution, which uses information computed in the previous epoch for the solution of the current epoch. Thus filter implementations need extra considerations of user dynamics and parameter state variations between observation epochs with appropriate stochastic update parameter variances from epoch to epoch. These filtering considerations are not needed in batch adjustment, which makes it attractive. The main objective of this research is to significantly reduce the computation time required to obtain sequential results using batch adjustment. The new method we implemented in the adjustment process led to a mean reduction in computational time by 45%.

A decentralized linear quadratic control design method for flexible structures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Su, Tzu-Jeng; Craig, Roy R., Jr.

1990-01-01

A decentralized suboptimal linear quadratic control design procedure which combines substructural synthesis, model reduction, decentralized control design, subcontroller synthesis, and controller reduction is proposed for the design of reduced-order controllers for flexible structures. The procedure starts with a definition of the continuum structure to be controlled. An evaluation model of finite dimension is obtained by the finite element method. Then, the finite element model is decomposed into several substructures by using a natural decomposition called substructuring decomposition. Each substructure, at this point, still has too large a dimension and must be reduced to a size that is Riccati-solvable. Model reduction of each substructure can be performed by using any existing model reduction method, e.g., modal truncation, balanced reduction, Krylov model reduction, or mixed-mode method. Then, based on the reduced substructure model, a subcontroller is designed by an LQ optimal control method for each substructure independently. After all subcontrollers are designed, a controller synthesis method called substructural controller synthesis is employed to synthesize all subcontrollers into a global controller. The assembling scheme used is the same as that employed for the structure matrices. Finally, a controller reduction scheme, called the equivalent impulse response energy controller (EIREC) reduction algorithm, is used to reduce the global controller to a reasonable size for implementation. The EIREC reduced controller preserves the impulse response energy of the full-order controller and has the property of matching low-frequency moments and low-frequency power moments. An advantage of the substructural controller synthesis method is that it relieves the computational burden associated with dimensionality. Besides that, the SCS design scheme is also a highly adaptable controller synthesis method for structures with varying configuration, or varying mass and stiffness properties.

Three Reading Comprehension Strategies: TELLS, Story Mapping, and QARs.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sorrell, Adrian L.

1990-01-01

Three reading comprehension strategies are presented to assist learning-disabled students: an advance organizer technique called "TELLS Fact or Fiction" used before reading a passage, a schema-based technique called "Story Mapping" used while reading, and a postreading method of categorizing questions called…

Correlation Between Residual Displacement and Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head Following Cannulated Screw Fixation of Femoral Neck Fractures.

PubMed

Wang, Chen; Xu, Gui-Jun; Han, Zhe; Jiang, Xuan; Zhang, Cheng-Bao; Dong, Qiang; Ma, Jian-Xiong; Ma, Xin-Long

2015-11-01

The aim of the study was to introduce a new method for measuring the residual displacement of the femoral head after internal fixation and explore the relationship between residual displacement and osteonecrosis with femoral head, and to evaluate the risk factors associated with osteonecrosis of the femoral head in patients with femoral neck fractures treated by closed reduction and percutaneous cannulated screw fixation.One hundred and fifty patients who sustained intracapsular femoral neck fractures between January 2011 and April 2013 were enrolled in the study. All were treated with closed reduction and percutaneous cannulated screw internal fixation. The residual displacement of the femoral head after surgery was measured by 3-dimensional reconstruction that evaluated the quality of the reduction. Other data that might affect prognosis were also obtained from outpatient follow-up, telephone calls, or case reviews. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to assess the intrinsic relationship between the risk factors and the osteonecrosis of the femoral head.Osteonecrosis of the femoral head occurred in 27 patients (18%). Significant differences were observed regarding the residual displacement of the femoral head and the preoperative Garden classification. Moreover, we found more or less residual displacement of femoral head in all patients with high quality of reduction based on x-ray by the new technique. There was a close relationship between residual displacement and ONFH.There exists limitation to evaluate the quality of reduction by x-ray. Three-dimensional reconstruction and digital measurement, as a new method, is a more accurate method to assess the quality of reduction. Residual displacement of the femoral head and the preoperative Garden classification were risk factors for osteonecrosis of the femoral head. High-quality reduction was necessary to avoid complications.

Rocket launcher: A novel reduction technique for posterior hip dislocations and review of current literature.

PubMed

Dan, Michael; Phillips, Alfred; Simonian, Marcus; Flannagan, Scott

2015-06-01

We provide a review of literature on reduction techniques for posterior hip dislocations and present our experience with a novel technique for the reduction of acute posterior hip dislocations in the ED, 'the rocket launcher' technique. We present our results with six patients with prosthetic posterior hip dislocation treated in our rural ED. We recorded patient demographics. The technique involves placing the patient's knee over the shoulder, and holding the lower leg like a 'Rocket Launcher' allow the physician's shoulder to work as a fulcrum, in an ergonomically friendly manner for the reducer. We used Fisher's t-test for cohort analysis between reduction techniques. Of our patients, the mean age was 74 years (range 66 to 85 years). We had a 83% success rate. The one patient who the 'rocket launcher' failed in, was a hemi-arthroplasty patient who also failed all other closed techniques and needed open reduction. When compared with Allis (62% success rate), Whistler (60% success rate) and Captain Morgan (92% success rate) techniques, there was no statistically significant difference in the successfulness of the reduction techniques. There were no neurovascular or periprosthetic complications. We have described a reduction technique for posterior hip dislocations. Placing the patient's knee over the shoulder, and holding the lower leg like a 'Rocket Launcher' allow the physician's shoulder to work as a fulcrum, thus mechanically and ergonomically superior to standard techniques. © 2015 Australasian College for Emergency Medicine and Australasian Society for Emergency Medicine.

redNumerical modelling of a peripheral arterial stenosis using dimensionally reduced models and kernel methods.

PubMed

Köppl, Tobias; Santin, Gabriele; Haasdonk, Bernard; Helmig, Rainer

2018-05-06

In this work, we consider two kinds of model reduction techniques to simulate blood flow through the largest systemic arteries, where a stenosis is located in a peripheral artery i.e. in an artery that is located far away from the heart. For our simulations we place the stenosis in one of the tibial arteries belonging to the right lower leg (right post tibial artery). The model reduction techniques that are used are on the one hand dimensionally reduced models (1-D and 0-D models, the so-called mixed-dimension model) and on the other hand surrogate models produced by kernel methods. Both methods are combined in such a way that the mixed-dimension models yield training data for the surrogate model, where the surrogate model is parametrised by the degree of narrowing of the peripheral stenosis. By means of a well-trained surrogate model, we show that simulation data can be reproduced with a satisfactory accuracy and that parameter optimisation or state estimation problems can be solved in a very efficient way. Furthermore it is demonstrated that a surrogate model enables us to present after a very short simulation time the impact of a varying degree of stenosis on blood flow, obtaining a speedup of several orders over the full model. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

A promising biotechnical approach to pest management of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera in Illinois maize fields under kairomonal shielding with the new MSD technique.

PubMed

Hummel, H E; Shaw, J T; Hein, D F

2005-01-01

Environmentally compatible and sustainable plant protection requires novel approaches to pest management characterized by minimal emphasis on toxicants. Classical toxicants traditionally dominated economic entomology for half a century. But worldwide problems with environmental pollution and with increasing resistance levels in all major pesticide classes and in many key insect species including Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (D.v.v.) strongly advocate a rethinking and a change in management paradigms used. Soft, minimally invasive, biological, biotechnical and cultural approaches should replace hard pesticides which are in favor up to now. Fortunately, pheromones, kairomones, plant attractants, better traps, new plant varieties and cultural methods like crop rotation, in short more sophisticated methods are now available as pressure for finding and exploring novel strategies increases. Facing this situation, a new biotechnical approach of population reduction of D.v.v., called "MSD" technique, is introduced. MSD is characterized as an approach combining mass trapping, shielding and deflecting of adult insects along an invisible odor barrier of synthetic kairomone which diminishes the flux of insects across a high capacity trap line baited with kairomone, thus reducing both the population fluctuation and number and its reproductive success within the shielded area. In the case of D.v.v. in Zea mays fields, effects realized by the MSD technique have been measured simultaneously by a number of independent criteria during the summers of 2003 and 2004 at 2 different locations in Illinois maize fields of up to one half hectare size. Results observed are statistically significant and cannot be explained by mass trapping alone. There is also an additional shielding and deflection, in short "diversion" effect whose basic sensory and behavioral mechanisms call for future exploration.

A systematic comparison of the closed shoulder reduction techniques.

PubMed

Alkaduhimi, H; van der Linde, J A; Willigenburg, N W; van Deurzen, D F P; van den Bekerom, M P J

2017-05-01

To identify the optimal technique for closed reduction for shoulder instability, based on success rates, reduction time, complication risks, and pain level. A PubMed and EMBASE query was performed, screening all relevant literature of closed reduction techniques mentioning the success rate written in English, Dutch, German, and Arabic. Studies with a fracture dislocation or lacking information on success rates for closed reduction techniques were excluded. We used the modified Coleman Methodology Score (CMS) to assess the quality of included studies and excluded studies with a poor methodological quality (CMS < 50). Finally, a meta-analysis was performed on the data from all studies combined. 2099 studies were screened for their title and abstract, of which 217 studies were screened full-text and finally 13 studies were included. These studies included 9 randomized controlled trials, 2 retrospective comparative studies, and 2 prospective non-randomized comparative studies. A combined analysis revealed that the scapular manipulation is the most successful (97%), fastest (1.75 min), and least painful reduction technique (VAS 1,47); the "Fast, Reliable, and Safe" (FARES) method also scores high in terms of successful reduction (92%), reduction time (2.24 min), and intra-reduction pain (VAS 1.59); the traction-countertraction technique is highly successful (95%), but slower (6.05 min) and more painful (VAS 4.75). For closed reduction of anterior shoulder dislocations, the combined data from the selected studies indicate that scapular manipulation is the most successful and fastest technique, with the shortest mean hospital stay and least pain during reduction. The FARES method seems the best alternative.

Evaluating the Workload of On-Call Psychiatry Residents: Which Activities Are Associated with Sleep Loss?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cooke, Brian K.; Cooke, Erinn O.; Sharfstein, Steven S.

2012-01-01

Objective: The purpose of this study was to review the workload inventory of on-call psychiatry residents and to evaluate which activities were associated with reductions in on-call sleep. Method: A prospective cohort study was conducted, following 20 psychiatry residents at a 231-bed psychiatry hospital, from July 1, 2008 through June 30, 2009.…

A novel approach for dimension reduction of microarray.

PubMed

Aziz, Rabia; Verma, C K; Srivastava, Namita

2017-12-01

This paper proposes a new hybrid search technique for feature (gene) selection (FS) using Independent component analysis (ICA) and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) called ICA+ABC, to select informative genes based on a Naïve Bayes (NB) algorithm. An important trait of this technique is the optimization of ICA feature vector using ABC. ICA+ABC is a hybrid search algorithm that combines the benefits of extraction approach, to reduce the size of data and wrapper approach, to optimize the reduced feature vectors. This hybrid search technique is facilitated by evaluating the performance of ICA+ABC on six standard gene expression datasets of classification. Extensive experiments were conducted to compare the performance of ICA+ABC with the results obtained from recently published Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance (mRMR) +ABC algorithm for NB classifier. Also to check the performance that how ICA+ABC works as feature selection with NB classifier, compared the combination of ICA with popular filter techniques and with other similar bio inspired algorithm such as Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The result shows that ICA+ABC has a significant ability to generate small subsets of genes from the ICA feature vector, that significantly improve the classification accuracy of NB classifier compared to other previously suggested methods. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

5-D interpolation with wave-front attributes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xie, Yujiang; Gajewski, Dirk

2017-11-01

Most 5-D interpolation and regularization techniques reconstruct the missing data in the frequency domain by using mathematical transforms. An alternative type of interpolation methods uses wave-front attributes, that is, quantities with a specific physical meaning like the angle of emergence and wave-front curvatures. In these attributes structural information of subsurface features like dip and strike of a reflector are included. These wave-front attributes work on 5-D data space (e.g. common-midpoint coordinates in x and y, offset, azimuth and time), leading to a 5-D interpolation technique. Since the process is based on stacking next to the interpolation a pre-stack data enhancement is achieved, improving the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of interpolated and recorded traces. The wave-front attributes are determined in a data-driven fashion, for example, with the Common Reflection Surface (CRS method). As one of the wave-front-attribute-based interpolation techniques, the 3-D partial CRS method was proposed to enhance the quality of 3-D pre-stack data with low S/N. In the past work on 3-D partial stacks, two potential problems were still unsolved. For high-quality wave-front attributes, we suggest a global optimization strategy instead of the so far used pragmatic search approach. In previous works, the interpolation of 3-D data was performed along a specific azimuth which is acceptable for narrow azimuth acquisition but does not exploit the potential of wide-, rich- or full-azimuth acquisitions. The conventional 3-D partial CRS method is improved in this work and we call it as a wave-front-attribute-based 5-D interpolation (5-D WABI) as the two problems mentioned above are addressed. Data examples demonstrate the improved performance by the 5-D WABI method when compared with the conventional 3-D partial CRS approach. A comparison of the rank-reduction-based 5-D seismic interpolation technique with the proposed 5-D WABI method is given. The comparison reveals that there are significant advantages for steep dipping events using the 5-D WABI method when compared to the rank-reduction-based 5-D interpolation technique. Diffraction tails substantially benefit from this improved performance of the partial CRS stacking approach while the CPU time is comparable to the CPU time consumed by the rank-reduction-based method.

Texton-based analysis of paintings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van der Maaten, Laurens J. P.; Postma, Eric O.

2010-08-01

The visual examination of paintings is traditionally performed by skilled art historians using their eyes. Recent advances in intelligent systems may support art historians in determining the authenticity or date of creation of paintings. In this paper, we propose a technique for the examination of brushstroke structure that views the wildly overlapping brushstrokes as texture. The analysis of the painting texture is performed with the help of a texton codebook, i.e., a codebook of small prototypical textural patches. The texton codebook can be learned from a collection of paintings. Our textural analysis technique represents paintings in terms of histograms that measure the frequency by which the textons in the codebook occur in the painting (so-called texton histograms). We present experiments that show the validity and effectiveness of our technique for textural analysis on a collection of digitized high-resolution reproductions of paintings by Van Gogh and his contemporaries. As texton histograms cannot be easily be interpreted by art experts, the paper proposes to approaches to visualize the results on the textural analysis. The first approach visualizes the similarities between the histogram representations of paintings by employing a recently proposed dimensionality reduction technique, called t-SNE. We show that t-SNE reveals a clear separation of paintings created by Van Gogh and those created by other painters. In addition, the period of creation is faithfully reflected in the t-SNE visualizations. The second approach visualizes the similarities and differences between paintings by highlighting regions in a painting in which the textural structure of the painting is unusual. We illustrate the validity of this approach by means of an experiment in which we highlight regions in a painting by Monet that are not very "Van Gogh-like". Taken together, we believe the tools developed in this study are well capable of assisting for art historians in support of their study of paintings.

New computational methods reveal tRNA identity element divergence between Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria.

PubMed

Freyhult, Eva; Cui, Yuanyuan; Nilsson, Olle; Ardell, David H

2007-10-01

There are at least 21 subfunctional classes of tRNAs in most cells that, despite a very highly conserved and compact common structure, must interact specifically with different cliques of proteins or cause grave organismal consequences. Protein recognition of specific tRNA substrates is achieved in part through class-restricted tRNA features called tRNA identity determinants. In earlier work we used TFAM, a statistical classifier of tRNA function, to show evidence of unexpectedly large diversity among bacteria in tRNA identity determinants. We also created a data reduction technique called function logos to visualize identity determinants for a given taxon. Here we show evidence that determinants for lysylated isoleucine tRNAs are not the same in Proteobacteria as in other bacterial groups including the Cyanobacteria. Consistent with this, the lysylating biosynthetic enzyme TilS lacks a C-terminal domain in Cyanobacteria that is present in Proteobacteria. We present here, using function logos, a map estimating all potential identity determinants generally operational in Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria. To further isolate the differences in potential tRNA identity determinants between Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria, we created two new data reduction visualizations to contrast sequence and function logos between two taxa. One, called Information Difference logos (ID logos), shows the evolutionary gain or retention of functional information associated to features in one lineage. The other, Kullback-Leibler divergence Difference logos (KLD logos), shows recruitments or shifts in the functional associations of features, especially those informative in both lineages. We used these new logos to specifically isolate and visualize the differences in potential tRNA identity determinants between Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria. Our graphical results point to numerous differences in potential tRNA identity determinants between these groups. Although more differences in general are explained by shifts in functional association rather than gains or losses, the apparent identity differences in lysylated isoleucine tRNAs appear to have evolved through both mechanisms.

Patient Navigators Connecting Patients to Community Resources to Improve Diabetes Outcomes.

PubMed

Loskutova, Natalia Y; Tsai, Adam G; Fisher, Edwin B; LaCruz, Debby M; Cherrington, Andrea L; Harrington, T Michael; Turner, Tamela J; Pace, Wilson D

2016-01-01

Despite the recognized importance of lifestyle modification in reducing risk of developing type 2 diabetes and in diabetes management, the use of available community resources by both patients and their primary care providers (PCPs) remains low. The patient navigator model, widely used in cancer care, may have the potential to link PCPs and community resources for reduction of risk and control of type 2 diabetes. In this study we tested the feasibility and acceptability of telephone-based nonprofessional patient navigation to promote linkages between the PCP office and community programs for patients with or at risk for diabetes. This was a mixed-methods interventional prospective cohort study conducted between November 2012 and August 2013. We included adult patients with and at risk for type 2 diabetes from six primary care practices. Patient-level measures of glycemic control, diabetes care, and self-efficacy from medical records, and qualitative interview data on acceptability and feasibility, were used. A total of 179 patients participated in the study. Two patient navigators provided services over the phone, using motivational interviewing techniques. Patient navigators provided regular feedback to PCPs and followed up with the patients through phone calls. The patient navigators made 1028 calls, with an average of 6 calls per patient. At follow-up, reduction in HbA1c (7.8 ± 1.9% vs 7.2 ± 1.3%; P = .001) and improvement in patient self-efficacy (3.1 ± 0.8 vs 3.6 ± 0.7; P < .001) were observed. Qualitative analysis revealed uniformly positive feedback from providers and patients. The patient navigator model is a promising and acceptable strategy to link patient, PCP, and community resources for promoting lifestyle modification in people living with or at risk for type 2 diabetes. © Copyright 2016 by the American Board of Family Medicine.

Density-cluster NMA: A new protein decomposition technique for coarse-grained normal mode analysis.

PubMed

Demerdash, Omar N A; Mitchell, Julie C

2012-07-01

Normal mode analysis has emerged as a useful technique for investigating protein motions on long time scales. This is largely due to the advent of coarse-graining techniques, particularly Hooke's Law-based potentials and the rotational-translational blocking (RTB) method for reducing the size of the force-constant matrix, the Hessian. Here we present a new method for domain decomposition for use in RTB that is based on hierarchical clustering of atomic density gradients, which we call Density-Cluster RTB (DCRTB). The method reduces the number of degrees of freedom by 85-90% compared with the standard blocking approaches. We compared the normal modes from DCRTB against standard RTB using 1-4 residues in sequence in a single block, with good agreement between the two methods. We also show that Density-Cluster RTB and standard RTB perform well in capturing the experimentally determined direction of conformational change. Significantly, we report superior correlation of DCRTB with B-factors compared with 1-4 residue per block RTB. Finally, we show significant reduction in computational cost for Density-Cluster RTB that is nearly 100-fold for many examples. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Recovery Support for Adolescents with Substance use Disorders: The Impact of Recovery Support Telephone Calls Provided by Pre-Professional Volunteers

PubMed Central

Garner, Bryan R; Godley, Mark D; Passetti, Lora L; Funk, Rodney R; White, William L

2014-01-01

The present quasi-experiment examined the direct and indirect effects of recovery support telephone calls following adolescent substance use disorder treatment. Six-month outcome data from 202 adolescents who had received recovery support calls from primarily pre-professional (i.e., college-level social service students) volunteers was compared to 6-month outcome data from a matched comparison sample of adolescents (n = 404). Results suggested adolescents in the recovery support sample had significantly greater reductions in their recovery environment risk relative to the comparison sample (β = -.17). Path analysis also suggested that the reduction in recovery environment risk produced by recovery support calls had indirect impacts (via recovery environment risk) on reductions in social risk (β = .22), substance use (β = .23), and substance-related problems (β = .16). Finally, moderation analyses suggested the effects of recovery support calls did not differ by gender, but were significantly greater for adolescents with lower levels of treatment readiness. In addition to providing rare empirical support for the effectiveness of recovery support services, an important contribution of this study is that it provides evidence that recovery support services do not necessarily have to be “peer-based,” at least in terms of the recovery support service provider having the experiential credentials of being “in recovery.” If replicated, this latter finding may have particularly important implications for helping increase the recovery support workforce. PMID:25574502

The decline in vitamin research funding: a missed opportunity?

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Background: The National Nutrition Research Roadmap has called for support of greater collaborative, interdisciplinary research for multiple areas of nutrition research. However, a substantial reduction in federal funding makes responding to these calls challenging. The objective of this study was t...

Proposed modification to the specification for dry heat microbial reduction of spacecraft hardware for future US missions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

James; Spry, A.; Beaudet, Robert; Schubert, Wayne

Dry heat microbial reduction (DHMR) is the primary technique used to reduce the microbial load of spacecraft and component parts to comply with planetary protection requirements. Often, manufacturing processes involve heating flight hardware to high temperatures for purposes other than planetary protection DHMR. At present, the existing specification in NASA document NPR8020.12C, describing the process lethality on B. atrophaeus (ATCC 9372) bacterial spores, does not allow for additional planetary protection bioburden reduction credit for processing outside a narrow temperature, time and humidity window. However, recent studies (Schubert et al., COSPAR 2008) from a comprehensive multi-year laboratory research effort have generated enhanced data sets on four aspects of the current specification: time and temperature combination effects, the effect that humidity has on spore lethality, the lethality for spores with exceptionally high thermal resistance (so called "hardies"), and the extended exposure requirement for encapsulated microorganisms. This paper describes proposed modifications to the specification, based on the data set generated in the referenced study. The proposed modifications are intended to broaden the scope of the current specification while still maintaining a confident conservative interpretation of the lethality of the DHMR process on microorganisms. Potential cost and schedule benefits to future missions utilizing the revised specification will be highlighted.

Face verification with balanced thresholds.

PubMed

Yan, Shuicheng; Xu, Dong; Tang, Xiaoou

2007-01-01

The process of face verification is guided by a pre-learned global threshold, which, however, is often inconsistent with class-specific optimal thresholds. It is, hence, beneficial to pursue a balance of the class-specific thresholds in the model-learning stage. In this paper, we present a new dimensionality reduction algorithm tailored to the verification task that ensures threshold balance. This is achieved by the following aspects. First, feasibility is guaranteed by employing an affine transformation matrix, instead of the conventional projection matrix, for dimensionality reduction, and, hence, we call the proposed algorithm threshold balanced transformation (TBT). Then, the affine transformation matrix, constrained as the product of an orthogonal matrix and a diagonal matrix, is optimized to improve the threshold balance and classification capability in an iterative manner. Unlike most algorithms for face verification which are directly transplanted from face identification literature, TBT is specifically designed for face verification and clarifies the intrinsic distinction between these two tasks. Experiments on three benchmark face databases demonstrate that TBT significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art subspace techniques for face verification.

Observation of reduced 1/f noise in graphene field effect transistors on boron nitride substrates

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kayyalha, Morteza; School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; Chen, Yong P., E-mail: yongchen@purdue.edu

2015-09-14

We have investigated the low frequency (f) flicker (also called 1/f) noise of single-layer graphene devices on h-BN (placed on SiO{sub 2}/Si) along with those on SiO{sub 2}/Si. We observe that the devices fabricated on h-BN have on average one order of magnitude lower noise amplitude compared with devices fabricated on SiO{sub 2}/Si despite having comparable mobilities at room temperature. We associate this noise reduction to the lower densities of impurities and trap sites in h-BN than in SiO{sub 2}. Furthermore, the gate voltage dependent noise amplitude shows a broad maximum at Dirac point for devices on h-BN, in contrastmore » to the M-shaped behavior showing a minimum at Dirac point for devices on SiO{sub 2}, consistent with the reduced charge inhomogeneity (puddles) for graphene on h-BN. This study demonstrates that the use of h-BN as a substrate or dielectric can be a simple and efficient noise reduction technique valuable for electronic applications of graphene and other nanomaterials.« less

A model-reduction approach to the micromechanical analysis of polycrystalline materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Michel, Jean-Claude; Suquet, Pierre

2016-03-01

The present study is devoted to the extension to polycrystals of a model-reduction technique introduced by the authors, called the nonuniform transformation field analysis (NTFA). This new reduced model is obtained in two steps. First the local fields of internal variables are decomposed on a reduced basis of modes as in the NTFA. Second the dissipation potential of the phases is replaced by its tangent second-order (TSO) expansion. The reduced evolution equations of the model can be entirely expressed in terms of quantities which can be pre-computed once for all. Roughly speaking, these pre-computed quantities depend only on the average and fluctuations per phase of the modes and of the associated stress fields. The accuracy of the new NTFA-TSO model is assessed by comparison with full-field simulations on two specific applications, creep of polycrystalline ice and response of polycrystalline copper to a cyclic tension-compression test. The new reduced evolution equations is faster than the full-field computations by two orders of magnitude in the two examples.

Speckle reduction of OCT images using an adaptive cluster-based filtering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adabi, Saba; Rashedi, Elaheh; Conforto, Silvia; Mehregan, Darius; Xu, Qiuyun; Nasiriavanaki, Mohammadreza

2017-02-01

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become a favorable device in the dermatology discipline due to its moderate resolution and penetration depth. OCT images however contain grainy pattern, called speckle, due to the broadband source that has been used in the configuration of OCT. So far, a variety of filtering techniques is introduced to reduce speckle in OCT images. Most of these methods are generic and can be applied to OCT images of different tissues. In this paper, we present a method for speckle reduction of OCT skin images. Considering the architectural structure of skin layers, it seems that a skin image can benefit from being segmented in to differentiable clusters, and being filtered separately in each cluster by using a clustering method and filtering methods such as Wiener. The proposed algorithm was tested on an optical solid phantom with predetermined optical properties. The algorithm was also tested on healthy skin images. The results show that the cluster-based filtering method can reduce the speckle and increase the signal-to-noise ratio and contrast while preserving the edges in the image.

[Comparison of two access portals of an employee assistance program at an insurance corporation targeted to reduce stress levels of employees].

PubMed

Burnus, M; Benner, V; Kirchner, D; Drabik, A; Stock, St

2012-03-01

Support programmes for stress reduction were offered independently in two departments (650 employees in total) of an insurance group. Both departments, referred to as comparison group 1 and 2 (CG1 and CG2), offered an Employee Assistance Programme (EAP) featuring individual consultations. The employees were addressed through different channels of communication, such as staff meetings, superiors and email. In CG1, a staff adviser additionally called on all employees at their workplace and showed them a brief relaxing technique in order to raise awareness of stress reduction. By contacting employees personally it was also intended to reduce the inhibition threshold for the following individual talks. In CG2 individual talks were done face-to-face, whereas CG1 used telephone counselling. By using the new access channel with an additional personal contact at the workplace, an above average percentage of employees in CG1 could be motivated to participate in the following talks. The rate of participants was five times as high as in CG1, with lower costs for the consultation in each case.

Experimental Study of Characteristics of Micro-Hole Porous Skins for Turbulent Skin Friction Reduction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hwang, Danny P.

2002-01-01

Characteristics of micro-hole porous skins for the turbulent skin friction reduction technology called the micro-blowing technique (MBT) were assessed experimentally at Mach 0.4 and blowing fractions from zero to 0.005. The objective of this study was to provide guidelines for the selection of porous plates for MBT. The hole angle, pattern, diameter, aspect ratio, and porosity were the parameters considered for this study. The additional effort to angle and stagger the holes was experimentally determined to be unwarranted in terms of skin friction benefit; therefore, these parameters were systematically eliminated from the parametric study. The impact of the remaining three parameters was evaluated by fixing two parameters at the reference values while varying the third parameter. The best hole-diameter Reynolds number was found to be around 400, with an optimum aspect ratio of about 6. The optimum porosity was not conclusively discerned because the range of porosities in the test plates considered was not great enough. However, the porosity was estimated to be about 15 percent or less.

76 FR 44271 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; Texas; Revisions to Permits by Rule and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-25

..., 1998, revision creates new section 116.116(f) allowing for the use of Discrete Emission Reduction... allows the use of Discrete Emission Reduction Credits (DERCs) to be used to exceed permit allowables and... credits (called discrete emission reduction credits, or DERCs, in the Texas program) by reducing its...

76 FR 67600 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; Texas; Regulations for Control of Air...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-02

... July 22, 1998, revision allows for the use of Discrete Emission Reduction Credits (DERC) to exceed... creates a new section at 116.116(f) that allows Discrete Emission Reduction Credits (DERCs) to be used to...-term emission credits (called discrete emission reduction credits, or DERCs, in the Texas program) by...

The Nevada Class Size Reduction Evaluation Study, 1995.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nevada State Dept. of Education, Carson City.

A primary purpose for reducing the student-teacher ratio in the early grades is to make students more successful in their later years. This document contains two separate, but interrelated reports that examined two aspects of the 1989 Class Size Reduction (CSR) Act in Nevada. The Act called for a reduction in student-teacher ratios for selected…

A blind source separation approach for humpback whale song separation.

PubMed

Zhang, Zhenbin; White, Paul R

2017-04-01

Many marine mammal species are highly social and are frequently encountered in groups or aggregations. When conducting passive acoustic monitoring in such circumstances, recordings commonly contain vocalizations of multiple individuals which overlap in time and frequency. This paper considers the use of blind source separation as a method for processing these recordings to separate the calls of individuals. The example problem considered here is that of the songs of humpback whales. The high levels of noise and long impulse responses can make source separation in underwater contexts a challenging proposition. The approach present here is based on time-frequency masking, allied to a noise reduction process. The technique is assessed using simulated and measured data sets, and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method for separating humpback whale songs.

Experimental analysis on semi-finishing machining of Ti6Al4V additively manufactured by direct melting laser sintering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Imbrogno, Stano; Bordin, Alberto; Bruschi, Stefania; Umbrello, Domenico

2016-10-01

The Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques are particularly appealing especially for titanium aerospace and biomedical components because they permit to achieve a strong reduction of the buy-to-fly ratio. However, finishing machining operations are often necessary to reduce the uneven surface roughness and geometrics because of local missing accuracy. This work shows the influence of the cutting parameters, cutting speed and feed rate, on the cutting forces as well as on the thermal field observed in the cutting zone, during a turning operation carried out on bars made of Ti6Al4V obtained by the AM process called Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS). Moreover, the sub-surface microstructure alterations due to the process are also showed and commented.

Low energy X-ray grating interferometry at the Brazilian Synchrotron

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Koch, F. J.; O'Dowd, F. P.; Cardoso, M. B.; Da Silva, R. R.; Cavicchioli, M.; Ribeiro, S. J. L.; Schröter, T. J.; Faisal, A.; Meyer, P.; Kunka, D.; Mohr, J.

2017-06-01

Grating based X-ray differential phase contrast imaging has found a large variety of applications in the last decade. Different types of samples call for different imaging energies, and efforts have been made to establish the technique all over the spectrum used for conventional X-ray imaging. Here we present a two-grating interferometer working at 8.3 keV, implemented at the bending magnet source of the IMX beamline of the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory. The low design energy is made possible by gratings fabricated on polymer substrates, and makes the interferometer mainly suited to the investigation of light and thin samples. We investigate polymer microspheres filled with Fe2O3 nanoparticles, and find that these particles give rise to a significant visibility reduction due to small angle scattering.

Analysis of memory use for improved design and compile-time allocation of local memory

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcniven, Geoffrey D.; Davidson, Edward S.

1986-01-01

Trace analysis techniques are used to study memory referencing behavior for the purpose of designing local memories and determining how to allocate them for data and instructions. In an attempt to assess the inherent behavior of the source code, the trace analysis system described here reduced the effects of the compiler and host architecture on the trace by using a technical called flattening. The variables in the trace, their associated single-assignment values, and references are histogrammed on the basis of various parameters describing memory referencing behavior. Bounds are developed specifying the amount of memory space required to store all live values in a particular histogram class. The reduction achieved in main memory traffic by allocating local memory is specified for each class.

A regenerable carbon dioxide removal and oxygen recovery system for the Japanese Experiment Module.

PubMed

Otsuji, K; Hirao, M; Satoh, S

1987-01-01

The Japanese Space Station Program is now under Phase B study by the National Space Development Agency of Japan in participation with the U.S. Space Station Program. A Japanese Space Station participation will be a dedicated pressurized module to be attached to the U.S. Space Station, and is called Japanese Experiment Module (JEM). Astronaut scientists will conduct various experimental operations there. Thus an environment control and life support system is required. Regenerable carbon dioxide removal and collection technique as well as oxygen recovery technique has been studied and investigated for several years. A regenerable carbon dioxide removal subsystem using steam desorbed solid amine and an oxygen recovery subsystem using Sabatier methane cracking have a good possibility for the application to the Japanese Experiment Module. Basic performance characteristics of the carbon dioxide removal and oxygen recovery subsystem are presented according to the results of a fundamental performance test program. The trace contaminant removal process is also investigated and discussed. The solvent recovery plant for the regeneration of various industrial solvents, such as hydrocarbons, alcohols and so on, utilizes the multi-bed solvent adsorption and steam desorption process, which is very similar to the carbon dioxide removal subsystem. Therefore, to develop essential components including adsorption tank (bed), condenser. process controller and energy saving system, the technology obtained from the experience to construct solvent recovery plant can be easily and effectively applicable to the carbon dioxide removal subsystem. The energy saving efficiency is evaluated for blower power reduction, steam reduction and waste heat utilization technique. According to the above background, the entire environment control and life support system for the Japanese Experiment Module including the carbon dioxide removal and oxygen recovery subsystem is evaluated and proposed.

Optimization technique for problems with an inequality constraint

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Russell, K. J.

1972-01-01

General technique uses a modified version of an existing technique termed the pattern search technique. New procedure called the parallel move strategy permits pattern search technique to be used with problems involving a constraint.

An improved technique for the 2H/1H analysis of urines from diabetic volunteers

USGS Publications Warehouse

Coplen, T.B.; Harper, I.T.

1994-01-01

The H2-H2O ambient-temperature equilibration technique for the determination of 2H/1H ratios in urinary waters from diabetic subjects provides improved accuracy over the conventional Zn reduction technique. The standard deviation, ~ 1-2???, is at least a factor of three better than that of the Zn reduction technique on urinary waters from diabetic volunteers. Experiments with pure water and solutions containing glucose, urea and albumen indicate that there is no measurable bias in the hydrogen equilibration technique.The H2-H2O ambient-temperature equilibration technique for the determination of 2H/1H ratios in urinary waters from diabetic subjects provides improved accuracy over the conventional Zn reduction technique. The standard deviation, approximately 1-2%, is at least a factor of three better than that of the Zn reduction technique on urinary waters from diabetic volunteers. Experiments with pure water and solutions containing glucose, urea and albumen indicate that there is no measurable bias in the hydrogen equilibration technique.

A Commercial Device Involving the Breathalyzer Test Reaction.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dombrink, Kathleen J.

1996-01-01

Describes the working of Final Call, a commercially available breath analyzing device, which uses the chemical reaction involving the reduction of chromium (VI) in the orange dichromate ion to the green chromium (III) ion to detect ethyl alcohol. Presents a demonstration that simulates the use of a Final Call device. (JRH)

Robust Derivation of Risk Reduction Strategies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Richardson, Julian; Port, Daniel; Feather, Martin

2007-01-01

Effective risk reduction strategies can be derived mechanically given sufficient characterization of the risks present in the system and the effectiveness of available risk reduction techniques. In this paper, we address an important question: can we reliably expect mechanically derived risk reduction strategies to be better than fixed or hand-selected risk reduction strategies, given that the quantitative assessment of risks and risk reduction techniques upon which mechanical derivation is based is difficult and likely to be inaccurate? We consider this question relative to two methods for deriving effective risk reduction strategies: the strategic method defined by Kazman, Port et al [Port et al, 2005], and the Defect Detection and Prevention (DDP) tool [Feather & Cornford, 2003]. We performed a number of sensitivity experiments to evaluate how inaccurate knowledge of risk and risk reduction techniques affect the performance of the strategies computed by the Strategic Method compared to a variety of alternative strategies. The experimental results indicate that strategies computed by the Strategic Method were significantly more effective than the alternative risk reduction strategies, even when knowledge of risk and risk reduction techniques was very inaccurate. The robustness of the Strategic Method suggests that its use should be considered in a wide range of projects.

Multiview Locally Linear Embedding for Effective Medical Image Retrieval

PubMed Central

Shen, Hualei; Tao, Dacheng; Ma, Dianfu

2013-01-01

Content-based medical image retrieval continues to gain attention for its potential to assist radiological image interpretation and decision making. Many approaches have been proposed to improve the performance of medical image retrieval system, among which visual features such as SIFT, LBP, and intensity histogram play a critical role. Typically, these features are concatenated into a long vector to represent medical images, and thus traditional dimension reduction techniques such as locally linear embedding (LLE), principal component analysis (PCA), or laplacian eigenmaps (LE) can be employed to reduce the “curse of dimensionality”. Though these approaches show promising performance for medical image retrieval, the feature-concatenating method ignores the fact that different features have distinct physical meanings. In this paper, we propose a new method called multiview locally linear embedding (MLLE) for medical image retrieval. Following the patch alignment framework, MLLE preserves the geometric structure of the local patch in each feature space according to the LLE criterion. To explore complementary properties among a range of features, MLLE assigns different weights to local patches from different feature spaces. Finally, MLLE employs global coordinate alignment and alternating optimization techniques to learn a smooth low-dimensional embedding from different features. To justify the effectiveness of MLLE for medical image retrieval, we compare it with conventional spectral embedding methods. We conduct experiments on a subset of the IRMA medical image data set. Evaluation results show that MLLE outperforms state-of-the-art dimension reduction methods. PMID:24349277

Computational procedures for evaluating the sensitivity derivatives of vibration frequencies and Eigenmodes of framed structures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fetterman, Timothy L.; Noor, Ahmed K.

1987-01-01

Computational procedures are presented for evaluating the sensitivity derivatives of the vibration frequencies and eigenmodes of framed structures. Both a displacement and a mixed formulation are used. The two key elements of the computational procedure are: (a) Use of dynamic reduction techniques to substantially reduce the number of degrees of freedom; and (b) Application of iterative techniques to improve the accuracy of the derivatives of the eigenmodes. The two reduction techniques considered are the static condensation and a generalized dynamic reduction technique. Error norms are introduced to assess the accuracy of the eigenvalue and eigenvector derivatives obtained by the reduction techniques. The effectiveness of the methods presented is demonstrated by three numerical examples.

Status of the GERDA experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Medinaceli, E.; Gerda Collaboration

2017-07-01

The GERDA experiment is designed to search for neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ) using ^{76} Ge, therefore asses the nature of neutrinos (Dirac or Majorana). In the so-called Phase I, with an exposure of 21.6kr yr, GERDA reached a background index (BI) of 10^{-2}{ cts/(keV kg yr)} at 90% CL No signal was found during this phase and a lower limit on the process half-life of 2.1×10^{25}{ yr} was derived (90% CL). GERDA is currently being upgraded to its Phase II, where the ^{76} Ge mass will be double, and it is expected to reduce by an order of magnitude the BI. For 0νββ half-lives at the order of 10^{26}{ yr} will be derived in the absence of signal. The experimental techniques used by GERDA will be depicted and the most relevant results from Phase I will be shown; as well as details on the upgrades of Phase II, including the status of the additional detectors deployed recently, and the new background reduction techniques using the active liquid Argon veto.

Clover: Compiler directed lightweight soft error resilience

DOE PAGES

Liu, Qingrui; Lee, Dongyoon; Jung, Changhee; ...

2015-05-01

This paper presents Clover, a compiler directed soft error detection and recovery scheme for lightweight soft error resilience. The compiler carefully generates soft error tolerant code based on idem-potent processing without explicit checkpoint. During program execution, Clover relies on a small number of acoustic wave detectors deployed in the processor to identify soft errors by sensing the wave made by a particle strike. To cope with DUE (detected unrecoverable errors) caused by the sensing latency of error detection, Clover leverages a novel selective instruction duplication technique called tail-DMR (dual modular redundancy). Once a soft error is detected by either themore » sensor or the tail-DMR, Clover takes care of the error as in the case of exception handling. To recover from the error, Clover simply redirects program control to the beginning of the code region where the error is detected. Lastly, the experiment results demonstrate that the average runtime overhead is only 26%, which is a 75% reduction compared to that of the state-of-the-art soft error resilience technique.« less

Zooniverse - A Platform for Data-Driven Citizen Science

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smith, A.; Lintott, C.; Bamford, S.; Fortson, L.

2011-12-01

In July 2007 a team of astrophysicists created a web-based astronomy project called Galaxy Zoo in which members of the public were asked to classify galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey by their shape. Over the following year a community of more than 150,000 people classified each of the 1 million galaxies more than 50 times each. Four years later this community of 'citizen scientists' is more than 450,000 strong and is contributing their time and efforts to more than 10 Zooniverse projects each with its own science team and research case. With projects ranging from transcribing ancient greek texts (ancientlives.org) to lunar science (moonzoo.org) the challenges to the Zooniverse community have gone well beyond the relatively simple original Galaxy Zoo interface. Delivering a range of citizen science projects to a large web-based audience presents challenges on a number of fronts including interface design, data architecture/modelling and reduction techniques, web-infrastructure and software design. In this paper we will describe how the Zooniverse team (a collaboration of scientists, software developers and educators ) have developed tools and techniques to solve some of these issues.

Interactive lesion segmentation with shape priors from offline and online learning.

PubMed

Shepherd, Tony; Prince, Simon J D; Alexander, Daniel C

2012-09-01

In medical image segmentation, tumors and other lesions demand the highest levels of accuracy but still call for the highest levels of manual delineation. One factor holding back automatic segmentation is the exemption of pathological regions from shape modelling techniques that rely on high-level shape information not offered by lesions. This paper introduces two new statistical shape models (SSMs) that combine radial shape parameterization with machine learning techniques from the field of nonlinear time series analysis. We then develop two dynamic contour models (DCMs) using the new SSMs as shape priors for tumor and lesion segmentation. From training data, the SSMs learn the lower level shape information of boundary fluctuations, which we prove to be nevertheless highly discriminant. One of the new DCMs also uses online learning to refine the shape prior for the lesion of interest based on user interactions. Classification experiments reveal superior sensitivity and specificity of the new shape priors over those previously used to constrain DCMs. User trials with the new interactive algorithms show that the shape priors are directly responsible for improvements in accuracy and reductions in user demand.

Small fenestra stapedectomy. A preliminary report.

PubMed

Bailey, H A; Pappas, J J; Graham, S S

1981-08-01

The small fenestra stapedectomy is based on a rationale of creating a more effective acoustical mechanical transmission system, while reducing potential labyrinthine disturbance. Surgical technique for the small fenestra stapedectomy is described, including the creation of the fenestra and the use of McGee stainless steel piston prosthesis with loose areolar tissue around the piston. Postoperative results are compared in a series of 100 cases, 50 having the small fenestra technique, SFT, and 50 having partial or total footplate removal procedure. Vestibular results demonstrate a noticeable reduction in postoperative complaints of balance disorders in the SFT patients. Hearing results, when compared between the two groups, show a statistically significant advantage for the SFT patients in postoperative high frequency threshold sensitivity and speech discrimination scores. Technical difficulties in creating the fenestra without fracturing the entire footplate are discussed and suggestions made for their avoidance. The advantages of lowered risk, based on reduced trauma to and contamination of the labyrinth, as well as improved high frequency hearing sensitivity and speech discrimination, support the use of this procedure and call for further investigation and development of its clinical potential.

Covert Channels in SIP for VoIP Signalling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mazurczyk, Wojciech; Szczypiorski, Krzysztof

In this paper, we evaluate available steganographic techniques for SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) that can be used for creating covert channels during signaling phase of VoIP (Voice over IP) call. Apart from characterizing existing steganographic methods we provide new insights by introducing new techniques. We also estimate amount of data that can be transferred in signalling messages for typical IP telephony call.

Comparison of the direct and indirect reduction techniques during the surgical management of posterior malleolar fractures.

PubMed

Shi, Hong-Fei; Xiong, Jin; Chen, Yi-Xin; Wang, Jun-Fei; Qiu, Xu-Sheng; Huang, Jie; Gui, Xue-Yang; Wen, Si-Yuan; Wang, Yin-He

2017-03-14

The optimal method for the reduction and fixation of posterior malleolar fracture (PMF) remains inconclusive. Currently, both of the indirect and direct reduction techniques are widely used. We aimed to compare the reduction quality and clinical outcome of posterior malleolar fracture managed with the direct reduction technique through posterolateral approach or the indirect reduction technique using ligamentotaxis. Patients with a PMF involving over 25% of the articular surface were recruited and assigned to the direct reduction (DR) group or the indirect reduction (IR) group. Following reduction and fixation of the fracture, the quality of fracture reduction was evaluated in post-operative CT images. Clinical and radiological follow-ups were performed at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, and then at 6 month-intervals postoperatively. Functional outcome (AOFAS score), ankle range of motion, and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) were evaluated at the last follow-up. Statistical differences were compared between the DR and IR groups considering the patient demographics, quality of fracture reduction, AOFAS score, and VAS. Totally 116 patients were included, wherein 64 cases were assigned to the DR group and 52 cases were assigned to the IR group. The quality of fracture reduction was significant higher in the DR group (P = 0.038). In the patients who completed a minimum of 12 months' follow-up, a median AOFAS score of 87 was recorded in the DR group, which was significantly higher than that recorded in the IR group (a median score of 80). The ankle range of motion was slightly better in the DR group, with the mean dorsiflexion restriction recorded to be 5.2° and 6.1° in the DR and IR group respectively (P = 0.331). Similar VAS score was observed in the two groups (P = 0.419). The direct reduction technique through a posterolateral approach provide better quality of fracture reduction and functional outcome in the management of PMF over 25% of articular surface, as compared with the indirect reduction technique using ligamentotaxis. NCT02801474 (retrospectively registered, June 2016, ClinicalTrails.gov).

77 FR 56710 - Proposed Information Collection (Call Center Satisfaction Survey): Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-13

... DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS [OMB Control No. 2900-0744] Proposed Information Collection (Call Center Satisfaction Survey): Comment Request AGENCY: Veterans Benefits Administration, Department of... techniques or the use of other forms of information technology. Title: VBA Call Center Satisfaction Survey...

PAPR reduction in FBMC using an ACE-based linear programming optimization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van der Neut, Nuan; Maharaj, Bodhaswar TJ; de Lange, Frederick; González, Gustavo J.; Gregorio, Fernando; Cousseau, Juan

2014-12-01

This paper presents four novel techniques for peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction in filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) modulation systems. The approach extends on current PAPR reduction active constellation extension (ACE) methods, as used in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), to an FBMC implementation as the main contribution. The four techniques introduced can be split up into two: linear programming optimization ACE-based techniques and smart gradient-project (SGP) ACE techniques. The linear programming (LP)-based techniques compensate for the symbol overlaps by utilizing a frame-based approach and provide a theoretical upper bound on achievable performance for the overlapping ACE techniques. The overlapping ACE techniques on the other hand can handle symbol by symbol processing. Furthermore, as a result of FBMC properties, the proposed techniques do not require side information transmission. The PAPR performance of the techniques is shown to match, or in some cases improve, on current PAPR techniques for FBMC. Initial analysis of the computational complexity of the SGP techniques indicates that the complexity issues with PAPR reduction in FBMC implementations can be addressed. The out-of-band interference introduced by the techniques is investigated. As a result, it is shown that the interference can be compensated for, whilst still maintaining decent PAPR performance. Additional results are also provided by means of a study of the PAPR reduction of the proposed techniques at a fixed clipping probability. The bit error rate (BER) degradation is investigated to ensure that the trade-off in terms of BER degradation is not too severe. As illustrated by exhaustive simulations, the SGP ACE-based technique proposed are ideal candidates for practical implementation in systems employing the low-complexity polyphase implementation of FBMC modulators. The methods are shown to offer significant PAPR reduction and increase the feasibility of FBMC as a replacement modulation system for OFDM.

Flexible multibody simulation of automotive systems with non-modal model reduction techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shiiba, Taichi; Fehr, Jörg; Eberhard, Peter

2012-12-01

The stiffness of the body structure of an automobile has a strong relationship with its noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) characteristics. In this paper, the effect of the stiffness of the body structure upon ride quality is discussed with flexible multibody dynamics. In flexible multibody simulation, the local elastic deformation of the vehicle has been described traditionally with modal shape functions. Recently, linear model reduction techniques from system dynamics and mathematics came into the focus to find more sophisticated elastic shape functions. In this work, the NVH-relevant states of a racing kart are simulated, whereas the elastic shape functions are calculated with modern model reduction techniques like moment matching by projection on Krylov-subspaces, singular value decomposition-based reduction techniques, and combinations of those. The whole elastic multibody vehicle model consisting of tyres, steering, axle, etc. is considered, and an excitation with a vibration characteristics in a wide frequency range is evaluated in this paper. The accuracy and the calculation performance of those modern model reduction techniques is investigated including a comparison of the modal reduction approach.

A novel, objective, quantitative method of evaluation of the back pain component using comparative computerized multi-parametric tactile mapping before/after spinal cord stimulation and database analysis: the "Neuro-Pain't" software.

PubMed

Rigoard, P; Nivole, K; Blouin, P; Monlezun, O; Roulaud, M; Lorgeoux, B; Bataille, B; Guetarni, F

2015-03-01

One of the major challenges of neurostimulation is actually to address the back pain component in patients suffering from refractory chronic back and leg pain. Facing a tremendous expansion of neurostimulation techniques and available devices, implanters and patients can still remain confused as they need to select the right tool for the right indication. To be able to evaluate and compare objectively patient outcomes, depending on therapeutical strategies, it appears essential to develop a rational and quantitative approach to pain assessment for those who undergo neurostimulation implantation. We developed a touch screen interface, in Poitiers University Hospital and N(3)Lab, called the "Neuro-Pain'T", to detect, record and quantify the painful area surface and intensity changes in an implanted patient within time. The second aim of this software is to analyse the link between a paraesthesia coverage generated by a type of neurostimulation and a potential analgesic effect, measured by pain surface reduction, pain intensity reduction within the painful surface and local change in pain characteristics distribution. The third aim of Neuro-Pain'T is to correlate these clinical parameters to global patient data and functional outcome analysis, via a network database (Neuro-Database), to be able to provide a concise but objective approach of the neurostimulation efficacy, summarized by an index called "RFG Index". This software has been used in more than 190 patients since 2012, leading us to define three clinical parameters grouped as a clinical component of the RFG Index, which might be helpful to assess neurostimulation efficacy and compare implanted devices. The Neuro-Pain'T is an original software designed to objectively and quantitatively characterize reduction of a painful area in a given individual, in terms of intensity, surface and pain typology, in response to a treatment strategy or implantation of an analgesic device. Because pain is a physical sensation, which integrates a psychological dimension, its assessment justifies the use of multidimensional and global evaluation scales. However, in the context of neurostimulation and comparative clinical trials designed to test the technical efficacy of a given device, a simple, objective and quantitative evaluation tool could help to guide tomorrow's treatment options by transforming personal convictions into a more robust scientific rationale based on data collection and data mining techniques. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.

76 FR 12117 - Call for Comments on the Draft Report of the Adult Immunization Working Group to the National...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-04

... DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Call for Comments on the Draft Report of the Adult Immunization Working Group to the National Vaccine Advisory Committee on Adult Immunization: Complex Challenges..., national adult immunization program that will lead to vaccine-preventable disease reduction by improving...

Exploring the CAESAR database using dimensionality reduction techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mendoza-Schrock, Olga; Raymer, Michael L.

2012-06-01

The Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource (CAESAR) database containing over 40 anthropometric measurements on over 4000 humans has been extensively explored for pattern recognition and classification purposes using the raw, original data [1-4]. However, some of the anthropometric variables would be impossible to collect in an uncontrolled environment. Here, we explore the use of dimensionality reduction methods in concert with a variety of classification algorithms for gender classification using only those variables that are readily observable in an uncontrolled environment. Several dimensionality reduction techniques are employed to learn the underlining structure of the data. These techniques include linear projections such as the classical Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and non-linear (manifold learning) techniques, such as Diffusion Maps and the Isomap technique. This paper briefly describes all three techniques, and compares three different classifiers, Naïve Bayes, Adaboost, and Support Vector Machines (SVM), for gender classification in conjunction with each of these three dimensionality reduction approaches.

A proposed technique for vehicle tracking, direction, and speed determination

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fisher, Paul S.; Angaye, Cleopas O.; Fisher, Howard P.

2004-12-01

A technique for recognition of vehicles in terms of direction, distance, and rate of change is presented. This represents very early work on this problem with significant hurdles still to be addressed. These are discussed in the paper. However, preliminary results also show promise for this technique for use in security and defense environments where the penetration of a perimeter is of concern. The material described herein indicates a process whereby the protection of a barrier could be augmented by computers and installed cameras assisting the individuals charged with this responsibility. The technique we employ is called Finite Inductive Sequences (FI) and is proposed as a means for eliminating data requiring storage and recognition where conventional mathematical models don"t eliminate enough and statistical models eliminate too much. FI is a simple idea and is based upon a symbol push-out technique that allows the order (inductive base) of the model to be set to an a priori value for all derived rules. The rules are obtained from exemplar data sets, and are derived by a technique called Factoring, yielding a table of rules called a Ruling. These rules can then be used in pattern recognition applications such as described in this paper.

Reduction in Fatalities, Ambulance Calls, and Hospital Admissions for Road Trauma After Implementation of New Traffic Laws

PubMed Central

Chan, Herbert; Brasher, Penelope; Erdelyi, Shannon; Desapriya, Edi; Asbridge, Mark; Purssell, Roy; Macdonald, Scott; Schuurman, Nadine; Pike, Ian

2014-01-01

Objectives. We evaluated the public health benefits of traffic laws targeting speeding and drunk drivers (British Columbia, Canada, September 2010). Methods. We studied fatal crashes and ambulance dispatches and hospital admissions for road trauma, using interrupted time series with multiple nonequivalent comparison series. We determined estimates of effect using linear regression models incorporating an autoregressive integrated moving average error term. We used neighboring jurisdictions (Alberta, Saskatchewan, Washington State) as external controls. Results. In the 2 years after implementation of the new laws, significant decreases occurred in fatal crashes (21.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 15.3, 26.4) and in hospital admissions (8.0%; 95% CI = 0.6, 14.9) and ambulance calls (7.2%; 95% CI = 1.1, 13.0) for road trauma. We found a very large reduction in alcohol-related fatal crashes (52.0%; 95% CI = 34.5, 69.5), and the benefits of the new laws are likely primarily the result of a reduction in drinking and driving. Conclusions. These findings suggest that laws calling for immediate sanctions for dangerous drivers can reduce road trauma and should be supported. PMID:25121822

Incorporating principal component analysis into air quality ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The efficacy of standard air quality model evaluation techniques is becoming compromised as the simulation periods continue to lengthen in response to ever increasing computing capacity. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate a statistical approach called Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with the intent of motivating its use by the evaluation community. One of the main objectives of PCA is to identify, through data reduction, the recurring and independent modes of variations (or signals) within a very large dataset, thereby summarizing the essential information of that dataset so that meaningful and descriptive conclusions can be made. In this demonstration, PCA is applied to a simple evaluation metric – the model bias associated with EPA's Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model when compared to weekly observations of sulfate (SO42−) and ammonium (NH4+) ambient air concentrations measured by the Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet). The advantages of using this technique are demonstrated as it identifies strong and systematic patterns of CMAQ model bias across a myriad of spatial and temporal scales that are neither constrained to geopolitical boundaries nor monthly/seasonal time periods (a limitation of many current studies). The technique also identifies locations (station–grid cell pairs) that are used as indicators for a more thorough diagnostic evaluation thereby hastening and facilitating understanding of the prob

Determination of calibration parameters of a VRX CT system using an “Amoeba” algorithm

PubMed Central

Jordan, Lawrence M.; DiBianca, Frank A.; Melnyk, Roman; Choudhary, Apoorva; Shukla, Hemant; Laughter, Joseph; Gaber, M. Waleed

2008-01-01

Efforts to improve the spatial resolution of CT scanners have focused mainly on reducing the source and detector element sizes, ignoring losses from the size of the secondary-ionization charge “clouds” created by the detected x-ray photons, i.e., the “physics limit.” This paper focuses on implementing a technique called “projective compression.” which allows further reduction in effective cell size while overcoming the physics limit as well. Projective compression signifies detector geometries in which the apparent cell size is smaller than the physical cell size, allowing large resolution boosts. A realization of this technique has been developed with a dual-arm “variable-resolution x-ray” (VRX) detector. Accurate values of the geometrical parameters are needed to convert VRX outputs to formats ready for optimal image reconstruction by standard CT techniques. The required calibrating data are obtained by scanning a rotating pin and fitting a theoretical parametric curve (using a multi-parameter minimization algorithm) to the resulting pin sinogram. Excellent fits are obtained for both detector-arm sections with an average (maximum) fit deviation of ~0.05 (0.1) detector cell width. Fit convergence and sensitivity to starting conditions are considered. Pre- and post-optimization reconstructions of the alignment pin and a biological subject reconstruction after calibration are shown. PMID:19430581

Determination of calibration parameters of a VRX CT system using an "Amoeba" algorithm.

PubMed

Jordan, Lawrence M; Dibianca, Frank A; Melnyk, Roman; Choudhary, Apoorva; Shukla, Hemant; Laughter, Joseph; Gaber, M Waleed

2004-01-01

Efforts to improve the spatial resolution of CT scanners have focused mainly on reducing the source and detector element sizes, ignoring losses from the size of the secondary-ionization charge "clouds" created by the detected x-ray photons, i.e., the "physics limit." This paper focuses on implementing a technique called "projective compression." which allows further reduction in effective cell size while overcoming the physics limit as well. Projective compression signifies detector geometries in which the apparent cell size is smaller than the physical cell size, allowing large resolution boosts. A realization of this technique has been developed with a dual-arm "variable-resolution x-ray" (VRX) detector. Accurate values of the geometrical parameters are needed to convert VRX outputs to formats ready for optimal image reconstruction by standard CT techniques. The required calibrating data are obtained by scanning a rotating pin and fitting a theoretical parametric curve (using a multi-parameter minimization algorithm) to the resulting pin sinogram. Excellent fits are obtained for both detector-arm sections with an average (maximum) fit deviation of ~0.05 (0.1) detector cell width. Fit convergence and sensitivity to starting conditions are considered. Pre- and post-optimization reconstructions of the alignment pin and a biological subject reconstruction after calibration are shown.

High-performance Negative Database for Massive Data Management System of The Mingantu Spectral Radioheliograph

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shi, Congming; Wang, Feng; Deng, Hui; Liu, Yingbo; Liu, Cuiyin; Wei, Shoulin

2017-08-01

As a dedicated synthetic aperture radio interferometer in China, the MingantU SpEctral Radioheliograph (MUSER), initially known as the Chinese Spectral RadioHeliograph (CSRH), has entered the stage of routine observation. More than 23 million data records per day need to be effectively managed to provide high-performance data query and retrieval for scientific data reduction. In light of these massive amounts of data generated by the MUSER, in this paper, a novel data management technique called the negative database (ND) is proposed and used to implement a data management system for the MUSER. Based on the key-value database, the ND technique makes complete utilization of the complement set of observational data to derive the requisite information. Experimental results showed that the proposed ND can significantly reduce storage volume in comparison with a relational database management system (RDBMS). Even when considering the time needed to derive records that were absent, its overall performance, including querying and deriving the data of the ND, is comparable with that of a relational database management system (RDBMS). The ND technique effectively solves the problem of massive data storage for the MUSER and is a valuable reference for the massive data management required in next-generation telescopes.

Performance of Optimized Actuator and Sensor Arrays in an Active Noise Control System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Palumbo, D. L.; Padula, S. L.; Lyle, K. H.; Cline, J. H.; Cabell, R. H.

1996-01-01

Experiments have been conducted in NASA Langley's Acoustics and Dynamics Laboratory to determine the effectiveness of optimized actuator/sensor architectures and controller algorithms for active control of harmonic interior noise. Tests were conducted in a large scale fuselage model - a composite cylinder which simulates a commuter class aircraft fuselage with three sections of trim panel and a floor. Using an optimization technique based on the component transfer functions, combinations of 4 out of 8 piezoceramic actuators and 8 out of 462 microphone locations were evaluated against predicted performance. A combinatorial optimization technique called tabu search was employed to select the optimum transducer arrays. Three test frequencies represent the cases of a strong acoustic and strong structural response, a weak acoustic and strong structural response and a strong acoustic and weak structural response. Noise reduction was obtained using a Time Averaged/Gradient Descent (TAGD) controller. Results indicate that the optimization technique successfully predicted best and worst case performance. An enhancement of the TAGD control algorithm was also evaluated. The principal components of the actuator/sensor transfer functions were used in the PC-TAGD controller. The principal components are shown to be independent of each other while providing control as effective as the standard TAGD.

Origins of Line Defects in Self-Reacting Friction Stir Welds and Their Impact on Weld Quality

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schneider, Judy; Nunes, Arthur C., Jr.

2016-01-01

Friction stir welding (FSWing) is a solid state joining technique which reduces the occurrence of typical defects formed in fusion welds, especially of highly alloyed metals. Although the process is robust for aluminum alloys, occasional reductions in the strength of FSWs have been observed. Shortly after the NASA-MSFC implemented a variation of FSW called self-reacting (SR), low strength properties were observed. At that time, this reduction in strength was attributed to a line defect. At that time, the limited data suggested that the line defect was related to the accumulation of native oxides that form on the weld lands and faying surfaces. Through a series of improved cleaning methods, tool redesign, and process parameter modifications, the reduction in the strength of the SR-FSWs was eliminated. As more data has been collected, the occasional reduction in the strength of SR-FSW still occurs. These occasional reductions indicate a need to reexamine the underlying causes. This study builds off a series of self reacting (SR)-FSWs that were made in 3 different thickness panels of AA2219 (0.95, 1.27 and 1.56 cm) at 2 different weld pitches. A bead on plate SR-FSW was also made in the 1.56 cm thick panel to understand the contribution of the former faying surfaces. Copper tracer studies were used to understand the flow lines associated with the weld tool used. The quality of the SR-FSWs was evaluated from tensile testing at room temperature. Reductions in the tensile strength were observed in some weldments, primarily at higher weld pitch or tool rotations. This study explores possible correlations between line defects and the reduction of strength in SR-FSWs. Results from this study will assist in a better understand of the mechanisms responsible for reduced tensile strength and provide methodology for minimizing their occurrence.

Enhanced fuel efficiency on tractor-trailers using synthetic jet-based active flow control

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amitay, Michael; Menicovich, David; Gallardo, Daniele

2016-04-01

The application of piezo-electrically-driven synthetic-jet-based active flow control to reduce drag on tractor-trailers was explored experimentally in wind tunnel testing as well as full-scale road tests. Aerodynamic drag accounts for more than 50% of the usable energy at highway speeds, a problem that applies primarily to trailer trucks. Therefore, a reduction in aerodynamic drag results in large saving of fuel and reduction in CO2 emissions. The active flow control technique that is being used relies on a modular system comprised of distributed, small, highly efficient actuators. These actuators, called synthetic jets, are jets that are synthesized at the edge of an orifice by a periodic motion of a piezoelectric diaphragm(s) mounted on one (or more) walls of a sealed cavity. The synthetic jet is zero net mass flux (ZNMF), but it allows momentum transfer to flow. It is typically driven near diaphragm and/or cavity resonance, and therefore, small electric input [O(10W)] is required. Another advantage of this actuator is that no plumbing is required. The system doesn't require changes to the body of the truck, can be easily reconfigured to various types of vehicles, and consumes small amounts of electrical power from the existing electrical system of the truck. Preliminary wind tunnel results showed up to 18% reduction in fuel consumption, whereas road tests also showed very promising results.

A Proof of Concept Experiment for Reducing Skin Friction by Using a Micro-Blowing Technique

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hwang, Danny P.

1996-01-01

A proof of concept experiment for reducing skin friction has been conducted in the Advanced Nozzle and Engine Components Test Facility at the NASA Lewis Research Center. In this unique concept, called the micro-blowing technique (MBT), an extremely small amount of air was blown vertically through very small holes to reduce the surface roughness and to control the gradient of the flow velocity profile on the surface thereby reducing skin friction. Research revealed that the skin was the most important factor to make this concept achievable. The proposed skin consisted of two layers. The inner layer was a low permeable porous skin for distributing the blowing air evenly while the outer layer with small holes controlled the vertical or nearly vertical blowing air. Preliminary experimental results showed that the MBT has the potential of a very large reduction in skin friction below the skin friction of a nonporous plain flat plate. Of the skins tested, three have been identified as the MBT skins. They provided very low unblown skin friction such that a large skin friction reduction, below a flat plate value, was achieved with very small amounts of blowing air. The reduction in skin friction of 55 percent was achieved at the Mach number of 0.3 for the exhaust pressure of 0.85 atm, and 60 percent reduction was obtained for the exhaust pressure of 0.24 atm (corresponding to 10 700-m altitude) at the same Mach number. A significant reduction in skin friction of over 25 percent was achieved for the exhaust pressure of 0.24 atm at the Mach number of 0.7. This implied that the MBT could be applied to a wide range of flight conditions. It is also believed that additional 10 percent reduction could be obtained by eliminating the gap between the inner layer and the outer layer. The aspect ratio of the vertical small holes for the outer layer of the MBT skin should be larger than 4 based on the preliminary conclusion from this test. Many experiments are needed to find out the optimal MBT skin. The penalty associated with the MBT needs to be assessed. However, preliminary results indicated that the MBT could provide a 25 to 35 percent reduction for real-world application. The concept can be applied to not only an airplane, but also a missile, a submarine (micro-blow water instead of air), and an ocean liner.

Artificial Neural Identification and LMI Transformation for Model Reduction-Based Control of the Buck Switch-Mode Regulator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Al-Rabadi, Anas N.

2009-10-01

This research introduces a new method of intelligent control for the control of the Buck converter using newly developed small signal model of the pulse width modulation (PWM) switch. The new method uses supervised neural network to estimate certain parameters of the transformed system matrix [Ã]. Then, a numerical algorithm used in robust control called linear matrix inequality (LMI) optimization technique is used to determine the permutation matrix [P] so that a complete system transformation {[B˜], [C˜], [Ẽ]} is possible. The transformed model is then reduced using the method of singular perturbation, and state feedback control is applied to enhance system performance. The experimental results show that the new control methodology simplifies the model in the Buck converter and thus uses a simpler controller that produces the desired system response for performance enhancement.

Analysis of the Westland Data Set

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wen, Fang; Willett, Peter; Deb, Somnath

2001-01-01

The "Westland" set of empirical accelerometer helicopter data with seeded and labeled faults is analyzed with the aim of condition monitoring. The autoregressive (AR) coefficients from a simple linear model encapsulate a great deal of information in a relatively few measurements; and it has also been found that augmentation of these by harmonic and other parameters call improve classification significantly. Several techniques have been explored, among these restricted Coulomb energy (RCE) networks, learning vector quantization (LVQ), Gaussian mixture classifiers and decision trees. A problem with these approaches, and in common with many classification paradigms, is that augmentation of the feature dimension can degrade classification ability. Thus, we also introduce the Bayesian data reduction algorithm (BDRA), which imposes a Dirichlet prior oil training data and is thus able to quantify probability of error in all exact manner, such that features may be discarded or coarsened appropriately.

Strategies for concurrent processing of complex algorithms in data driven architectures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stoughton, John W.; Mielke, Roland R.; Som, Sukhamony

1990-01-01

The performance modeling and enhancement for periodic execution of large-grain, decision-free algorithms in data flow architectures is examined. Applications include real-time implementation of control and signal processing algorithms where performance is required to be highly predictable. The mapping of algorithms onto the specified class of data flow architectures is realized by a marked graph model called ATAMM (Algorithm To Architecture Mapping Model). Performance measures and bounds are established. Algorithm transformation techniques are identified for performance enhancement and reduction of resource (computing element) requirements. A systematic design procedure is described for generating operating conditions for predictable performance both with and without resource constraints. An ATAMM simulator is used to test and validate the performance prediction by the design procedure. Experiments on a three resource testbed provide verification of the ATAMM model and the design procedure.

Strategies for concurrent processing of complex algorithms in data driven architectures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Som, Sukhamoy; Stoughton, John W.; Mielke, Roland R.

1990-01-01

Performance modeling and performance enhancement for periodic execution of large-grain, decision-free algorithms in data flow architectures are discussed. Applications include real-time implementation of control and signal processing algorithms where performance is required to be highly predictable. The mapping of algorithms onto the specified class of data flow architectures is realized by a marked graph model called algorithm to architecture mapping model (ATAMM). Performance measures and bounds are established. Algorithm transformation techniques are identified for performance enhancement and reduction of resource (computing element) requirements. A systematic design procedure is described for generating operating conditions for predictable performance both with and without resource constraints. An ATAMM simulator is used to test and validate the performance prediction by the design procedure. Experiments on a three resource testbed provide verification of the ATAMM model and the design procedure.

On the connection between multigrid and cyclic reduction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Merriam, M. L.

1984-01-01

A technique is shown whereby it is possible to relate a particular multigrid process to cyclic reduction using purely mathematical arguments. This technique suggest methods for solving Poisson's equation in 1-, 2-, or 3-dimensions with Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions. In one dimension the method is exact and, in fact, reduces to cyclic reduction. This provides a valuable reference point for understanding multigrid techniques. The particular multigrid process analyzed is referred to here as Approximate Cyclic Reduction (ACR) and is one of a class known as Multigrid Reduction methods in the literature. It involves one approximation with a known error term. It is possible to relate the error term in this approximation with certain eigenvector components of the error. These are sharply reduced in amplitude by classical relaxation techniques. The approximation can thus be made a very good one.

AI in CALL--Artificially Inflated or Almost Imminent?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schulze, Mathias

2008-01-01

The application of techniques from artificial intelligence (AI) to CALL has commonly been referred to as intelligent CALL (ICALL). ICALL is only slightly older than the "CALICO Journal", and this paper looks back at a quarter century of published research mainly in North America and by North American scholars. This "inventory…

Computer program developed for flowsheet calculations and process data reduction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Alfredson, P. G.; Anastasia, L. J.; Knudsen, I. E.; Koppel, L. B.; Vogel, G. J.

1969-01-01

Computer program PACER-65, is used for flowsheet calculations and easily adapted to process data reduction. Each unit, vessel, meter, and processing operation in the overall flowsheet is represented by a separate subroutine, which the program calls in the order required to complete an overall flowsheet calculation.

Effects of Stigma and Discrimination Reduction Programs Conducted Under the California Mental Health Services Authority

PubMed Central

Cerully, Jennifer L.; Collins, Rebecca L.; Wong, Eunice C.; Roth, Elizabeth; Marks, Joyce; Yu, Jennifer

2016-01-01

Abstract Describes the methods and results of a RAND evaluation of stigma and discrimination reduction efforts by Runyon Saltzman Einhorn, Inc., involving screenings of a documentary film called “A New State of Mind: Ending the Stigma of Mental Illness.” PMID:28083418

Initial Reductive Reactions in Aerobic Microbial Metabolism of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

PubMed Central

Vorbeck, Claudia; Lenke, Hiltrud; Fischer, Peter; Spain, Jim C.; Knackmuss, Hans-Joachim

1998-01-01

Because of its high electron deficiency, initial microbial transformations of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) are characterized by reductive rather than oxidation reactions. The reduction of the nitro groups seems to be the dominating mechanism, whereas hydrogenation of the aromatic ring, as described for picric acid, appears to be of minor importance. Thus, two bacterial strains enriched with TNT as a sole source of nitrogen under aerobic conditions, a gram-negative strain called TNT-8 and a gram-positive strain called TNT-32, carried out nitro-group reduction. In contrast, both a picric acid-utilizing Rhodococcus erythropolis strain, HL PM-1, and a 4-nitrotoluene-utilizing Mycobacterium sp. strain, HL 4-NT-1, possessed reductive enzyme systems, which catalyze ring hydrogenation, i.e., the addition of a hydride ion to the aromatic ring of TNT. The hydride-Meisenheimer complex thus formed (H−-TNT) was further converted to a yellow metabolite, which by electrospray mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analyses was established as the protonated dihydride-Meisenheimer complex of TNT (2H−-TNT). Formation of hydride complexes could not be identified with the TNT-enriched strains TNT-8 and TNT-32, or with Pseudomonas sp. clone A (2NT−), for which such a mechanism has been proposed. Correspondingly, reductive denitration of TNT did not occur. PMID:16349484

VizieR Online Data Catalog: OGLE Magellanic Clouds anomalous Cepheids (Soszynski+, 2015)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Soszynski, I.; Udalski, A.; Szymanski, M. K.; Pietrzynski, G.; Wyrzykowski, L.; Ulaczyk, K.; Poleski, R.; Pietrukowicz, P.; Kozlowski, S.; Skowron, J.; Mroz, P.; Pawlak, M.

2016-06-01

Time-series I and V-band photometry of the Magellanic Clouds was obtained in the years 2010-2015 using the 32-chip mosaic CCD camera mounted at the focus of the 1.3-m Warsaw Telescope located at Las Campanas Observatory in Chile. The observatory is operated by the Carnegie Institution for Science. The OGLE- IV camera has a total field of view of 1.4 square degrees and pixel scale of 0.26". The OGLE-IV fields cover approximately 650 square degrees in both Clouds and a region between both galaxies, the so-called Magellanic Bridge. For each field we obtained from 90 (in sparse regions far from the centers of the Magellanic Clouds) to over 750 observing points (in the densest fields) in the Cousins I-band and from several to over 260 points in the Johnson V-band. Data reduction of the OGLE images was performed using the Difference Image Analysis technique (Alard and Lupton 1998ApJ...503..325A, Wozniak 2000). Detailed descriptions of the instrumentation, photometric reductions and astrometric calibrations of the OGLE-IV data are provided by Udalski et al. (2015, Cat. J/AcA/50/421). (8 data files).

Toda hierarchies and their applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Takasaki, Kanehisa

2018-05-01

The 2D Toda hierarchy occupies a central position in the family of integrable hierarchies of the Toda type. The 1D Toda hierarchy and the Ablowitz–Ladik (aka relativistic Toda) hierarchy can be derived from the 2D Toda hierarchy as reductions. These integrable hierarchies have been applied to various problems of mathematics and mathematical physics since 1990s. A recent example is a series of studies on models of statistical mechanics called the melting crystal model. This research has revealed that the aforementioned two reductions of the 2D Toda hierarchy underlie two different melting crystal models. Technical clues are a fermionic realization of the quantum torus algebra, special algebraic relations therein called shift symmetries, and a matrix factorization problem. The two melting crystal models thus exhibit remarkable similarity with the Hermitian and unitary matrix models for which the two reductions of the 2D Toda hierarchy play the role of fundamental integrable structures.

A combination of selected mapping and clipping to increase energy efficiency of OFDM systems

PubMed Central

Lee, Byung Moo; Rim, You Seung

2017-01-01

We propose an energy efficient combination design for OFDM systems based on selected mapping (SLM) and clipping peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction techniques, and show the related energy efficiency (EE) performance analysis. The combination of two different PAPR reduction techniques can provide a significant benefit in increasing EE, because it can take advantages of both techniques. For the combination, we choose the clipping and SLM techniques, since the former technique is quite simple and effective, and the latter technique does not cause any signal distortion. We provide the structure and the systematic operating method, and show the various analyzes to derive the EE gain based on the combined technique. Our analysis show that the combined technique increases the EE by 69% compared to no PAPR reduction, and by 19.34% compared to only using SLM technique. PMID:29023591

Liposuction-assisted four pedicle-based breast reduction (LAFPBR): A new safer technique of breast reduction for elderly patients.

PubMed

La Padula, Simone; Hersant, Barbara; Noel, Warren; Meningaud, Jean Paul

2018-05-01

As older people increasingly care for their body image and remain active longer, the demand for reduction mammaplasty is increasing in this population. Only a few studies of reduction mammaplasty have specifically focussed on the outcomes in elderly women. We developed a new breast reduction technique: the Liposuction-Assisted Four Pedicle-Based Breast Reduction (LAFPBR) that is especially indicated for elderly patients. The aim of this paper was to describe the LAFPBR technique and to determine whether it could be considered a safer option for elderly patients compared to the superomedial pedicle (SMP) technique. A retrospective study included sixty-two women aged 60 years and over who underwent bilateral breast reduction mammaplasty. Thirty-one patients underwent LAFPBR and 31 patients were operated using the SMP technique. Complications and patient satisfaction in both groups were analysed. Patient satisfaction was measured using a validated questionnaire: the client satisfaction questionnaire 8 (CSQ-8). The LAFPBR technique required less operating time, and avoided significant blood loss. Six minor complications were observed in SMP patients. No LAFPBR women developed a procedure-related complication. Patient satisfaction was high with a mean score of 29.65 in LAFPBR patients and 28.68 in SMP patients. The LAFPBR is an easy procedure that appears safer than SMP and results in a high satisfaction rate in elderly women. Copyright © 2018 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Routh reduction and Cartan mechanics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Capriotti, S.

2017-04-01

In the present work a Cartan mechanics version for Routh reduction is considered, as an intermediate step towards Routh reduction in field theory. Motivation for this generalization comes from a scheme for integrable systems (Fehér and Gábor, 2002), used for understanding the occurrence of Toda field theories in so called Hamiltonian reduction of WZNW field theories (Fehér et al., 1992). As a way to accomplish with this intermediate aim, this article also contains a formulation of the Lagrangian Adler-Kostant-Symes systems discussed in Fehér and Gábor (2002) in terms of Routh reduction.

A comparison in Colorado of three methods to monitor breeding amphibians

USGS Publications Warehouse

Corn, P.S.; Muths, E.; Iko, W.M.

2000-01-01

We surveyed amphibians at 4 montane and 2 plains lentic sites in northern Colorado using 3 techniques: standardized call surveys, automated recording devices (frog-loggers), and intensive surveys including capture-recapture techniques. Amphibians were observed at 5 sites. Species richness varied from 0 to 4 species at each site. Richness scores, the sums of species richness among sites, were similar among methods: 8 for call surveys, 10 for frog-loggers, and 11 for intensive surveys (9 if the non-vocal salamander Ambystoma tigrinum is excluded). The frog-logger at 1 site recorded Spea bombifrons which was not active during the times when call and intensive surveys were conducted. Relative abundance scores from call surveys failed to reflect a relatively large population of Bufo woodhousii at 1 site and only weakly differentiated among different-sized populations of Pseudacris maculata at 3 other sites. For extensive applications, call surveys have the lowest costs and fewest requirements for highly trained personnel. However, for a variety of reasons, call surveys cannot be used with equal effectiveness in all parts of North America.

A novel curvilinear approach for prostate seed implantation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Podder, Tarun K.; Dicker, Adam P.; Hutapea, Parsaoran

Purpose: A new technique called ''curvilinear approach'' for prostate seed implantation has been proposed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the dosimetric benefit of curvilinear distribution of seeds for low-dose-rate (LDR) prostate brachytherapy. Methods: Twenty LDR prostate brachytherapy cases planned intraoperatively with VariSeed planning system and I-125 seeds were randomly selected as reference rectilinear cases. All the cases were replanned by using curved-needle approach keeping the same individual source strength and the volume receiving 100% of prescribed dose 145 Gy (V{sub 100}). Parameters such as number of needles, seeds, and the dose coverage of the prostate (D{sub 90},more » V{sub 150}, V{sub 200}), urethra (D{sub 30}, D{sub 10}) and rectum (D{sub 5}, V{sub 100}) were compared for the rectilinear and the curvilinear methods. Statistical significance was assessed using two-tailed student's t-test. Results: Reduction of the required number of needles and seeds in curvilinear method were 30.5% (p < 0.001) and 11.8% (p < 0.49), respectively. Dose to the urethra was reduced significantly; D{sub 30} reduced by 10.1% (p < 0.01) and D{sub 10} reduced by 9.9% (p < 0.02). Reduction in rectum dose D{sub 5} was 18.5% (p < 0.03) and V{sub 100} was also reduced from 0.93 cc in rectilinear to 0.21 cc in curvilinear (p < 0.001). Also the V{sub 150} and V{sub 200} coverage of prostate reduced by 18.8% (p < 0.01) and 33.9% (p < 0.001), respectively. Conclusions: Significant improvement in the relevant dosimetric parameters was observed in curvilinear needle approach. Prostate dose homogeneity (V{sub 150}, V{sub 200}) improved while urethral dose was reduced, which might potentially result in better treatment outcome. Reduction in rectal dose could potentially reduce rectal toxicity and complications. Reduction in number of needles would minimize edema and thereby could improve postimplant urinary incontinence. This study indicates that the curvilinear implantation approach is dosimetrically superior to conventional rectilinear implantation technique.« less

Balloon osteoplasty--a new technique for reduction and stabilisation of impression fractures in the tibial plateau: a cadaver study and first clinical application.

PubMed

Ahrens, Philipp; Sandmann, Gunther; Bauer, Jan; König, Benjamin; Martetschläger, Frank; Müller, Dirk; Siebenlist, Sebastian; Kirchhoff, Chlodwig; Neumaier, Markus; Biberthaler, Peter; Stöckle, Ulrich; Freude, Thomas

2012-09-01

Fractures of the tibial plateau are among the most severe injuries of the knee joint and lead to advanced gonarthrosis if the reduction does not restore perfect joint congruency. Many different reduction techniques focusing on open surgical procedures have been described in the past. In this context we would like to introduce a novel technique which was first tested in a cadaver setup and has undergone its successful first clinical application. Since kyphoplasty demonstrated effective ways of anatomical correction in spine fractures, we adapted the inflatable instruments and used the balloon technique to reduce depressed fragments of the tibial plateau. The technique enabled us to restore a congruent cartilage surface and bone reduction. In this technique we see a useful new method to reduce depressed fractures of the tibial plateau with the advantages of low collateral damage as it is known from minimally invasive procedures.

Effects of Stigma and Discrimination Reduction Programs Conducted Under the California Mental Health Services Authority: An Evaluation of Runyon Saltzman Einhorn, Inc., Documentary Screening Events.

PubMed

Cerully, Jennifer L; Collins, Rebecca L; Wong, Eunice C; Roth, Elizabeth; Marks, Joyce; Yu, Jennifer

2016-05-09

Describes the methods and results of a RAND evaluation of stigma and discrimination reduction efforts by Runyon Saltzman Einhorn, Inc., involving screenings of a documentary film called "A New State of Mind: Ending the Stigma of Mental Illness."

Analysis of Proportional Integral and Optimized Proportional Integral Controllers for Resistance Spot Welding System (RSWS) - A Performance Perspective

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rama Subbanna, S.; Suryakalavathi, M., Dr.

2017-08-01

This paper is an attempt to accomplish a performance analysis of the different control techniques on spikes reduction method applied on the medium frequency transformer based DC spot welding system. Spike reduction is an important factor to be considered while spot welding systems are concerned. During normal RSWS operation welding transformer’s magnetic core can become saturated due to the unbalanced resistances of both transformer secondary windings and different characteristics of output rectifier diodes, which causes current spikes and over-current protection switch-off of the entire system. The current control technique is a piecewise linear control technique that is inspired from the DC-DC converter control algorithms to register a novel spike reduction method in the MFDC spot welding applications. Two controllers that were used for the spike reduction portion of the overall applications involve the traditional PI controller and Optimized PI controller. Care is taken such that the current control technique would maintain a reduced spikes in the primary current of the transformer while it reduces the Total Harmonic Distortion. The performance parameter that is involved in the spikes reduction technique is the THD, Percentage of current spike reduction for both techniques. Matlab/SimulinkTM based simulation is carried out for the MFDC RSWS with KW and results are tabulated for the PI and Optimized PI controllers and a tradeoff analysis is carried out.

[Balloon osteoplasty as reduction technique in the treatment of tibial head fractures].

PubMed

Freude, T; Kraus, T M; Sandmann, G H

2015-10-01

Tibial plateau fractures requiring surgery are severe injuries of the lower extremities. Depending on the fracture pattern, the age of the patient, the range of activity and the bone quality there is a broad variation in adequate treatment.  This article reports on an innovative treatment concept to address split depression fractures (Schatzker type II) and depression fractures (Schatzker type III) of the tibial head using the balloon osteoplasty technique for fracture reduction. Using the balloon technique achieves a precise and safe fracture reduction. This internal osteoplasty combines a minimal invasive percutaneous approach with a gently rise of the depressed area and the associated protection of the stratum regenerativum below the articular cartilage surface. This article lights up the surgical procedure using the balloon technique in tibia depression fractures. Using the balloon technique a precise and safe fracture reduction can be achieved. This internal osteoplasty combines a minimally invasive percutaneous approach with a gentle raising of the depressed area and the associated protection of the regenerative layer below the articular cartilage surface. Fracture reduction by use of a tamper results in high peak forces over small areas, whereas by using the balloon the forces are distributed over a larger area causing less secondary stress to the cartilage tissue. This less invasive approach might help to achieve a better long-term outcome with decreased secondary osteoarthritis due to the precise and chondroprotective reduction technique.

Effectiveness of streambank-stabilization techniques along the Kenai River, Alaska

USGS Publications Warehouse

Dorava, Joseph M.

1999-01-01

The Kenai River in southcentral Alaska is the State's most popular sport fishery and an economically important salmon river that generates as much as $70 million annually. Boatwake-induced streambank erosion and the associated damage to riparian and riverine habitat present a potential threat to this fishery. Bank-stabilization techniques commonly in use along the Kenai River were selected for evaluation of their effectiveness at attenuating boatwakes and retarding streambank erosion. Spruce trees cabled to the bank and biodegradable man-made logs (called 'bio-logs') pinned to the bank were tested because they are commonly used techniques along the river. These two techniques were compared for their ability to reduce wake heights that strike the bank and to reduce erosion of bank material, as well as for the amount and quality of habitat they provide for juvenile chinook salmon. Additionally, an engineered bank-stabilization project was evaluated because this method of bank protection is being encouraged by managers of the river. During a test that included 20 controlled boat passes, the spruce trees and the bio-log provided a similar reduction in boatwake height and bank erosion; however, the spruce trees provided a greater amount of protective habitat than the bio-log. The engineered bank-stabilization project eroded less during nine boat passes and provided more protective cover than the adjacent unprotected natural bank. Features of the bank-stabilization techniques, such as tree limbs and willow plantings that extended into the water from the bank, attenuated the boatwakes, which helped reduce erosion. These features also provided protective cover to juvenile salmon.

MS-REDUCE: an ultrafast technique for reduction of big mass spectrometry data for high-throughput processing.

PubMed

Awan, Muaaz Gul; Saeed, Fahad

2016-05-15

Modern proteomics studies utilize high-throughput mass spectrometers which can produce data at an astonishing rate. These big mass spectrometry (MS) datasets can easily reach peta-scale level creating storage and analytic problems for large-scale systems biology studies. Each spectrum consists of thousands of peaks which have to be processed to deduce the peptide. However, only a small percentage of peaks in a spectrum are useful for peptide deduction as most of the peaks are either noise or not useful for a given spectrum. This redundant processing of non-useful peaks is a bottleneck for streaming high-throughput processing of big MS data. One way to reduce the amount of computation required in a high-throughput environment is to eliminate non-useful peaks. Existing noise removing algorithms are limited in their data-reduction capability and are compute intensive making them unsuitable for big data and high-throughput environments. In this paper we introduce a novel low-complexity technique based on classification, quantization and sampling of MS peaks. We present a novel data-reductive strategy for analysis of Big MS data. Our algorithm, called MS-REDUCE, is capable of eliminating noisy peaks as well as peaks that do not contribute to peptide deduction before any peptide deduction is attempted. Our experiments have shown up to 100× speed up over existing state of the art noise elimination algorithms while maintaining comparable high quality matches. Using our approach we were able to process a million spectra in just under an hour on a moderate server. The developed tool and strategy has been made available to wider proteomics and parallel computing community and the code can be found at https://github.com/pcdslab/MSREDUCE CONTACT: : fahad.saeed@wmich.edu Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Technique for systematic bone reduction for fixed implant-supported prosthesis in the edentulous maxilla.

PubMed

Bidra, Avinash S

2015-06-01

Bone reduction for maxillary fixed implant-supported prosthodontic treatment is often necessary to either gain prosthetic space or to conceal the prosthesis-tissue junction in patients with excessive gingival display (gummy smile). Inadequate bone reduction is often a cause of prosthetic failure due to material fractures, poor esthetics, or inability to perform oral hygiene procedures due to unfavorable ridge lap prosthetic contours. Various instruments and techniques are available for bone reduction. It would be helpful to have an accurate and efficient method for bone reduction at the time of surgery and subsequently create a smooth bony platform. This article presents a straightforward technique for systematic bone reduction by transferring the patient's maximum smile line, recorded clinically, to a clear radiographic smile guide for treatment planning using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The patient's smile line and the amount of required bone reduction are transferred clinically by marking bone with a sterile stationery graphite wood pencil at the time of surgery. This technique can help clinicians to accurately achieve the desired bone reduction during surgery, and provide confidence that the diagnostic and treatment planning goals have been achieved. Copyright © 2015 Editorial Council for the Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

House Calls: California Program For Homebound Patients Reduces Monthly Spending, Delivers Meaningful Care.

PubMed

Melnick, Glenn A; Green, Lois; Rich, Jeremy

2016-01-01

In 2009 HealthCare Partners Affiliates Medical Group, based in Southern California, launched House Calls, an in-home program that provides, coordinates, and manages care primarily for recently discharged high-risk, frail, and psychosocially compromised patients. Its purpose is to reduce preventable emergency department visits and hospital readmissions. We present data over time from this well-established program to provide an example for other new programs that are being established across the United States to serve this population with complex needs. The findings show that the initial House Calls structure, staffing patterns, and processes differed across the geographic areas that it served, and that they also evolved over time in different ways. In the same time period, all areas experienced a reduction in operating costs per patient and showed substantial reductions in monthly per patient health care spending and hospital utilization after enrollment in the House Calls program, compared to the period before enrollment. Despite more than five years of experience, the program structure continues to evolve and adjust staffing and other features to accommodate the dynamic nature of this complex patient population. Project HOPE—The People-to-People Health Foundation, Inc.

Genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays demonstrate high fidelity of multiple displacement-based whole-genome amplification.

PubMed

Tzvetkov, Mladen V; Becker, Christian; Kulle, Bettina; Nürnberg, Peter; Brockmöller, Jürgen; Wojnowski, Leszek

2005-02-01

Whole-genome DNA amplification by multiple displacement (MD-WGA) is a promising tool to obtain sufficient DNA amounts from samples of limited quantity. Using Affymetrix' GeneChip Human Mapping 10K Arrays, we investigated the accuracy and allele amplification bias in DNA samples subjected to MD-WGA. We observed an excellent concordance (99.95%) between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) called both in the nonamplified and the corresponding amplified DNA. This concordance was only 0.01% lower than the intra-assay reproducibility of the genotyping technique used. However, MD-WGA failed to amplify an estimated 7% of polymorphic loci. Due to the algorithm used to call genotypes, this was detected only for heterozygous loci. We achieved a 4.3-fold reduction of noncalled SNPs by combining the results from two independent MD-WGA reactions. This indicated that inter-reaction variations rather than specific chromosomal loci reduced the efficiency of MD-WGA. Consistently, we detected no regions of reduced amplification, with the exception of several SNPs located near chromosomal ends. Altogether, despite a substantial loss of polymorphic sites, MD-WGA appears to be the current method of choice to amplify genomic DNA for array-based SNP analyses. The number of nonamplified loci can be substantially reduced by amplifying each DNA sample in duplicate.

Strain Gauge Balance Calibration and Data Reduction at NASA Langley Research Center

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ferris, A. T. Judy

1999-01-01

This paper will cover the standard force balance calibration and data reduction techniques used at Langley Research Center. It will cover balance axes definition, balance type, calibration instrumentation, traceability of standards to NIST, calibration loading procedures, balance calibration mathematical model, calibration data reduction techniques, balance accuracy reporting, and calibration frequency.

Multidisciplinary Responses to the Sexual Victimization of Children: Use of Control Phone Calls.

PubMed

Canavan, J William; Borowski, Christine; Essex, Stacy; Perkowski, Stefan

2017-10-01

This descriptive study addresses the question of the value of one-party consent phone calls regarding the sexual victimization of children. The authors reviewed 4 years of experience with children between the ages of 3 and 18 years selected for the control phone calls after a forensic interview by the New York State Police forensic interviewer. The forensic interviewer identified appropriate cases for control phone calls considering New York State law, the child's capacity to make the call, the presence of another person to make the call and a supportive residence. The control phone call process has been extremely effective forensically. Offenders choose to avoid trial by taking a plea bargain thereby dramatically speeding up the criminal judicial and family court processes. An additional outcome of the control phone call is the alleged offender's own words saved the child from the trauma of testifying in court. The control phone call reduced the need for children to repeat their stories to various interviewers. A successful control phone call gives the child a sense of vindication. This technique is the only technique that preserves the actual communication pattern between the alleged victim and the alleged offender. This can be of great value to the mental health professionals working with both the child and the alleged offender. Cautions must be considered regarding potential serious adverse effects on the child. The multidisciplinary team members must work together in the control phone call. The descriptive nature of this study did not allow the authors adequate demographic data, a subject that should be addressed in future prospective study.

Declining trends in injuries and ambulance calls for road traffic crashes in Bahrain post new traffic laws of 2015.

PubMed

Awadhalla, Muyssar Sabri; Asokan, Govindaraj Vaithinathan; Matooq, Amina; Kirubakaran, Richard

2016-06-01

Road traffic crashes (RTC) are of serious global health concern. To identify whether the number of ambulance calls, injuries, and deaths has declined after the implementation of the new traffic law (NTL) 2015 in Bahrain, de-identified administrative RTC data obtained from the tertiary care center, and the General Directorate of Traffic (GDT) of Bahrain were used. A quasi-experimental design was employed to trend the impact of the NTL on RTC and associated healthcare events. Bahrainis and non-Bahrainis who met with RTC, either in a vehicle or as a pedestrian, between February 8 and May 8 in 2013, 2014 (pre NTL), and 2015 (post NTL) were included in the study. Our results show a reduction in the number of ambulance calls from vehicular and pedestrian RTC victims. The ambulance calls from pedestrian RTC victims were <10% compared to the number of ambulance calls from vehicular RTC victims. There was a significant reduction in minor injuries post 2015, whereas no obvious difference was seen for serious injuries and deaths. A longer follow-up study to confirm the sustained decline in RTC, enforcing a zero tolerance policy toward traffic transgressions, and raising public awareness on the "critical four minutes" and "golden hour" is recommended. Copyright © 2016 Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Platinum recycling going green via induced surface potential alteration enabling fast and efficient dissolution

PubMed Central

Hodnik, Nejc; Baldizzone, Claudio; Polymeros, George; Geiger, Simon; Grote, Jan-Philipp; Cherevko, Serhiy; Mingers, Andrea; Zeradjanin, Aleksandar; Mayrhofer, Karl J. J.

2016-01-01

The recycling of precious metals, for example, platinum, is an essential aspect of sustainability for the modern industry and energy sectors. However, due to its resistance to corrosion, platinum-leaching techniques rely on high reagent consumption and hazardous processes, for example, boiling aqua regia; a mixture of concentrated nitric and hydrochloric acid. Here we demonstrate that complete dissolution of metallic platinum can be achieved by induced surface potential alteration, an ‘electrode-less' process utilizing alternatively oxidative and reductive gases. This concept for platinum recycling exploits the so-called transient dissolution mechanism, triggered by a repetitive change in platinum surface oxidation state, without using any external electric current or electrodes. The effective performance in non-toxic low-concentrated acid and at room temperature is a strong benefit of this approach, potentially rendering recycling of industrial catalysts, including but not limited to platinum-based systems, more sustainable. PMID:27767178

An Interview with Matthew P. Greving, PhD. Interview by Vicki Glaser.

PubMed

Greving, Matthew P

2011-10-01

Matthew P. Greving is Chief Scientific Officer at Nextval Inc., a company founded in early 2010 that has developed a discovery platform called MassInsight™.. He received his PhD in Biochemistry from Arizona State University, and prior to that he spent nearly 7 years working as a software engineer. This experience in solving complex computational problems fueled his interest in developing technologies and algorithms related to acquisition and analysis of high-dimensional biochemical data. To address the existing problems associated with label-based microarray readouts, he beganwork on a technique for label-free mass spectrometry (MS) microarray readout compatible with both matrix-assisted laser/desorption ionization (MALDI) and matrix-free nanostructure initiator mass spectrometry (NIMS). This is the core of Nextval’s MassInsight technology, which utilizes picoliter noncontact deposition of high-density arrays on mass-readout substrates along with computational algorithms for high-dimensional data processingand reduction.

Comparative Analysis of Document level Text Classification Algorithms using R

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Syamala, Maganti; Nalini, N. J., Dr; Maguluri, Lakshamanaphaneendra; Ragupathy, R., Dr.

2017-08-01

From the past few decades there has been tremendous volumes of data available in Internet either in structured or unstructured form. Also, there is an exponential growth of information on Internet, so there is an emergent need of text classifiers. Text mining is an interdisciplinary field which draws attention on information retrieval, data mining, machine learning, statistics and computational linguistics. And to handle this situation, a wide range of supervised learning algorithms has been introduced. Among all these K-Nearest Neighbor(KNN) is efficient and simplest classifier in text classification family. But KNN suffers from imbalanced class distribution and noisy term features. So, to cope up with this challenge we use document based centroid dimensionality reduction(CentroidDR) using R Programming. By combining these two text classification techniques, KNN and Centroid classifiers, we propose a scalable and effective flat classifier, called MCenKNN which works well substantially better than CenKNN.

The sensitivity of gas-phase models of dense interstellar clouds to changes in dissociative recombination branching ratios

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Millar, T. J.; Defrees, D. J.; Mclean, A. D.; Herbst, E.

1988-01-01

The approach of Bates to the determination of neutral product branching ratios in ion-electron dissociative recombination reactions has been utilized in conjunction with quantum chemical techniques to redetermine branching ratios for a wide variety of important reactions of this class in dense interstellar clouds. The branching ratios have then been used in a pseudo time-dependent model calculation of the gas phase chemistry of a dark cloud resembling TMC-1 and the results compared with an analogous model containing previously used branching ratios. In general, the changes in branching ratios lead to stronger effects on calculated molecular abundances at steady state than at earlier times and often lead to reductions in the calculated abundances of complex molecules. However, at the so-called 'early time' when complex molecule synthesis is most efficient, the abundances of complex molecules are hardly affected by the newly used branching ratios.

Functional feature embedded space mapping of fMRI data.

PubMed

Hu, Jin; Tian, Jie; Yang, Lei

2006-01-01

We have proposed a new method for fMRI data analysis which is called Functional Feature Embedded Space Mapping (FFESM). Our work mainly focuses on the experimental design with periodic stimuli which can be described by a number of Fourier coefficients in the frequency domain. A nonlinear dimension reduction technique Isomap is applied to the high dimensional features obtained from frequency domain of the fMRI data for the first time. Finally, the presence of activated time series is identified by the clustering method in which the information theoretic criterion of minimum description length (MDL) is used to estimate the number of clusters. The feasibility of our algorithm is demonstrated by real human experiments. Although we focus on analyzing periodic fMRI data, the approach can be extended to analyze non-periodic fMRI data (event-related fMRI) by replacing the Fourier analysis with a wavelet analysis.

PEM-PCA: a parallel expectation-maximization PCA face recognition architecture.

PubMed

Rujirakul, Kanokmon; So-In, Chakchai; Arnonkijpanich, Banchar

2014-01-01

Principal component analysis or PCA has been traditionally used as one of the feature extraction techniques in face recognition systems yielding high accuracy when requiring a small number of features. However, the covariance matrix and eigenvalue decomposition stages cause high computational complexity, especially for a large database. Thus, this research presents an alternative approach utilizing an Expectation-Maximization algorithm to reduce the determinant matrix manipulation resulting in the reduction of the stages' complexity. To improve the computational time, a novel parallel architecture was employed to utilize the benefits of parallelization of matrix computation during feature extraction and classification stages including parallel preprocessing, and their combinations, so-called a Parallel Expectation-Maximization PCA architecture. Comparing to a traditional PCA and its derivatives, the results indicate lower complexity with an insignificant difference in recognition precision leading to high speed face recognition systems, that is, the speed-up over nine and three times over PCA and Parallel PCA.

Service Modeling for Service Engineering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shimomura, Yoshiki; Tomiyama, Tetsuo

Intensification of service and knowledge contents within product life cycles is considered crucial for dematerialization, in particular, to design optimal product-service systems from the viewpoint of environmentally conscious design and manufacturing in advanced post industrial societies. In addition to the environmental limitations, we are facing social limitations which include limitations of markets to accept increasing numbers of mass-produced artifacts and such environmental and social limitations are restraining economic growth. To attack and remove these problems, we need to reconsider the current mass production paradigm and to make products have more added values largely from knowledge and service contents to compensate volume reduction under the concept of dematerialization. Namely, dematerialization of products needs to enrich service contents. However, service was mainly discussed within marketing and has been mostly neglected within traditional engineering. Therefore, we need new engineering methods to look at services, rather than just functions, called "Service Engineering." To establish service engineering, this paper proposes a modeling technique of service.

Gyroscope-driven mouse pointer with an EMOTIV® EEG headset and data analysis based on Empirical Mode Decomposition.

PubMed

Rosas-Cholula, Gerardo; Ramirez-Cortes, Juan Manuel; Alarcon-Aquino, Vicente; Gomez-Gil, Pilar; Rangel-Magdaleno, Jose de Jesus; Reyes-Garcia, Carlos

2013-08-14

This paper presents a project on the development of a cursor control emulating the typical operations of a computer-mouse, using gyroscope and eye-blinking electromyographic signals which are obtained through a commercial 16-electrode wireless headset, recently released by Emotiv. The cursor position is controlled using information from a gyroscope included in the headset. The clicks are generated through the user's blinking with an adequate detection procedure based on the spectral-like technique called Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD). EMD is proposed as a simple and quick computational tool, yet effective, aimed to artifact reduction from head movements as well as a method to detect blinking signals for mouse control. Kalman filter is used as state estimator for mouse position control and jitter removal. The detection rate obtained in average was 94.9%. Experimental setup and some obtained results are presented.

Gyroscope-Driven Mouse Pointer with an EMOTIV® EEG Headset and Data Analysis Based on Empirical Mode Decomposition

PubMed Central

Rosas-Cholula, Gerardo; Ramirez-Cortes, Juan Manuel; Alarcon-Aquino, Vicente; Gomez-Gil, Pilar; Rangel-Magdaleno, Jose de Jesus; Reyes-Garcia, Carlos

2013-01-01

This paper presents a project on the development of a cursor control emulating the typical operations of a computer-mouse, using gyroscope and eye-blinking electromyographic signals which are obtained through a commercial 16-electrode wireless headset, recently released by Emotiv. The cursor position is controlled using information from a gyroscope included in the headset. The clicks are generated through the user's blinking with an adequate detection procedure based on the spectral-like technique called Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD). EMD is proposed as a simple and quick computational tool, yet effective, aimed to artifact reduction from head movements as well as a method to detect blinking signals for mouse control. Kalman filter is used as state estimator for mouse position control and jitter removal. The detection rate obtained in average was 94.9%. Experimental setup and some obtained results are presented. PMID:23948873

Approaches to optimization of SS/TDMA time slot assignment. [satellite switched time division multiple access

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wade, T. O.

1984-01-01

Reduction techniques for traffic matrices are explored in some detail. These matrices arise in satellite switched time-division multiple access (SS/TDMA) techniques whereby switching of uplink and downlink beams is required to facilitate interconnectivity of beam zones. A traffic matrix is given to represent that traffic to be transmitted from n uplink beams to n downlink beams within a TDMA frame typically of 1 ms duration. The frame is divided into segments of time and during each segment a portion of the traffic is represented by a switching mode. This time slot assignment is characterized by a mode matrix in which there is not more than a single non-zero entry on each line (row or column) of the matrix. Investigation is confined to decomposition of an n x n traffic matrix by mode matrices with a requirement that the decomposition be 100 percent efficient or, equivalently, that the line(s) in the original traffic matrix whose sum is maximal (called critical line(s)) remain maximal as mode matrices are subtracted throughout the decomposition process. A method of decomposition of an n x n traffic matrix by mode matrices results in a number of steps that is bounded by n(2) - 2n + 2. It is shown that this upper bound exists for an n x n matrix wherein all the lines are maximal (called a quasi doubly stochastic (QDS) matrix) or for an n x n matrix that is completely arbitrary. That is, the fact that no method can exist with a lower upper bound is shown for both QDS and arbitrary matrices, in an elementary and straightforward manner.

Quality assessment of a new surgical simulator for neuroendoscopic training.

PubMed

Filho, Francisco Vaz Guimarães; Coelho, Giselle; Cavalheiro, Sergio; Lyra, Marcos; Zymberg, Samuel T

2011-04-01

Ideal surgical training models should be entirely reliable, atoxic, easy to handle, and, if possible, low cost. All available models have their advantages and disadvantages. The choice of one or another will depend on the type of surgery to be performed. The authors created an anatomical model called the S.I.M.O.N.T. (Sinus Model Oto-Rhino Neuro Trainer) Neurosurgical Endotrainer, which can provide reliable neuroendoscopic training. The aim in the present study was to assess both the quality of the model and the development of surgical skills by trainees. The S.I.M.O.N.T. is built of a synthetic thermoretractable, thermosensible rubber called Neoderma, which, combined with different polymers, produces more than 30 different formulas. Quality assessment of the model was based on qualitative and quantitative data obtained from training sessions with 9 experienced and 13 inexperienced neurosurgeons. The techniques used for evaluation were face validation, retest and interrater reliability, and construct validation. The experts considered the S.I.M.O.N.T. capable of reproducing surgical situations as if they were real and presenting great similarity with the human brain. Surgical results of serial training showed that the model could be considered precise. Finally, development and improvement in surgical skills by the trainees were observed and considered relevant to further training. It was also observed that the probability of any single error was dramatically decreased after each training session, with a mean reduction of 41.65% (range 38.7%-45.6%). Neuroendoscopic training has some specific requirements. A unique set of instruments is required, as is a model that can resemble real-life situations. The S.I.M.O.N.T. is a new alternative model specially designed for this purpose. Validation techniques followed by precision assessments attested to the model's feasibility.

Three-dimensional histology: tools and application to quantitative assessment of cell-type distribution in rabbit heart

PubMed Central

Burton, Rebecca A.B.; Lee, Peter; Casero, Ramón; Garny, Alan; Siedlecka, Urszula; Schneider, Jürgen E.; Kohl, Peter; Grau, Vicente

2014-01-01

Aims Cardiac histo-anatomical organization is a major determinant of function. Changes in tissue structure are a relevant factor in normal and disease development, and form targets of therapeutic interventions. The purpose of this study was to test tools aimed to allow quantitative assessment of cell-type distribution from large histology and magnetic resonance imaging- (MRI) based datasets. Methods and results Rabbit heart fixation during cardioplegic arrest and MRI were followed by serial sectioning of the whole heart and light-microscopic imaging of trichrome-stained tissue. Segmentation techniques developed specifically for this project were applied to segment myocardial tissue in the MRI and histology datasets. In addition, histology slices were segmented into myocytes, connective tissue, and undefined. A bounding surface, containing the whole heart, was established for both MRI and histology. Volumes contained in the bounding surface (called ‘anatomical volume’), as well as that identified as containing any of the above tissue categories (called ‘morphological volume’), were calculated. The anatomical volume was 7.8 cm3 in MRI, and this reduced to 4.9 cm3 after histological processing, representing an ‘anatomical’ shrinkage by 37.2%. The morphological volume decreased by 48% between MRI and histology, highlighting the presence of additional tissue-level shrinkage (e.g. an increase in interstitial cleft space). The ratio of pixels classified as containing myocytes to pixels identified as non-myocytes was roughly 6:1 (61.6 vs. 9.8%; the remaining fraction of 28.6% was ‘undefined’). Conclusion Qualitative and quantitative differentiation between myocytes and connective tissue, using state-of-the-art high-resolution serial histology techniques, allows identification of cell-type distribution in whole-heart datasets. Comparison with MRI illustrates a pronounced reduction in anatomical and morphological volumes during histology processing. PMID:25362175

Encoding techniques for complex information structures in connectionist systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barnden, John; Srinivas, Kankanahalli

1990-01-01

Two general information encoding techniques called relative position encoding and pattern similarity association are presented. They are claimed to be a convenient basis for the connectionist implementation of complex, short term information processing of the sort needed in common sense reasoning, semantic/pragmatic interpretation of natural language utterances, and other types of high level cognitive processing. The relationships of the techniques to other connectionist information-structuring methods, and also to methods used in computers, are discussed in detail. The rich inter-relationships of these other connectionist and computer methods are also clarified. The particular, simple forms are discussed that the relative position encoding and pattern similarity association techniques take in the author's own connectionist system, called Conposit, in order to clarify some issues and to provide evidence that the techniques are indeed useful in practice.

Reducing the Carbon Footprint of the USDA-ARS "Soils" Lab in Morris, Minnesota

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The Soils Lab in Morris adopted energy goals originally set forth by Executive Order 13423, which in short, called for a 30% reduction in energy use in federal facilities by 2015 and a 16% reduction in water use in the same time frame. Executive Order 13514 "Federal Leadership in Environmental, Ener...

76 FR 78924 - Agency Forms Undergoing Paperwork Reduction Act Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-20

... Budget (OMB) in compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. chapter 35). To request a copy of these requests, call the CDC Reports Clearance Officer at (404) 639-5960 or send an email to [email protected] National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP), Centers for Disease...

77 FR 17063 - Agency Forms Undergoing Paperwork Reduction Act Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-23

... Budget (OMB) in compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. Chapter 35). To request a copy of these requests, call the CDC Reports Clearance Officer at (404) 639-7570 or send an email to [email protected] HIV, Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC...

Public Constructs of Energy Values and Behaviors in Implementing Taiwan's "Energy-Conservation/Carbon-Reduction" Declarations

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chiu, Mei-Shiu; Yeh, Huei-Ming; Spangler, Jonathan

2016-01-01

The emergent crisis of global warming calls for energy education for people of all ages and social groups. The Taiwanese government has publicized 10 declarations on energy conservation and carbon reduction as public behavior guidelines to mitigate global warming. This study uses interviews with quantitative assessment to explore the values and…

Compressed Speech: Potential Application for Air Force Technical Training. Final Report, August 73-November 73.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dailey, K. Anne

Time-compressed speech (also called compressed speech, speeded speech, or accelerated speech) is an extension of the normal recording procedure for reproducing the spoken word. Compressed speech can be used to achieve dramatic reductions in listening time without significant loss in comprehension. The implications of such temporal reductions in…

Recognizing human activities using appearance metric feature and kinematics feature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qian, Huimin; Zhou, Jun; Lu, Xinbiao; Wu, Xinye

2017-05-01

The problem of automatically recognizing human activities from videos through the fusion of the two most important cues, appearance metric feature and kinematics feature, is considered. And a system of two-dimensional (2-D) Poisson equations is introduced to extract the more discriminative appearance metric feature. Specifically, the moving human blobs are first detected out from the video by background subtraction technique to form a binary image sequence, from which the appearance feature designated as the motion accumulation image and the kinematics feature termed as centroid instantaneous velocity are extracted. Second, 2-D discrete Poisson equations are employed to reinterpret the motion accumulation image to produce a more differentiated Poisson silhouette image, from which the appearance feature vector is created through the dimension reduction technique called bidirectional 2-D principal component analysis, considering the balance between classification accuracy and time consumption. Finally, a cascaded classifier based on the nearest neighbor classifier and two directed acyclic graph support vector machine classifiers, integrated with the fusion of the appearance feature vector and centroid instantaneous velocity vector, is applied to recognize the human activities. Experimental results on the open databases and a homemade one confirm the recognition performance of the proposed algorithm.

Adapting hierarchical bidirectional inter prediction on a GPU-based platform for 2D and 3D H.264 video coding

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rodríguez-Sánchez, Rafael; Martínez, José Luis; Cock, Jan De; Fernández-Escribano, Gerardo; Pieters, Bart; Sánchez, José L.; Claver, José M.; de Walle, Rik Van

2013-12-01

The H.264/AVC video coding standard introduces some improved tools in order to increase compression efficiency. Moreover, the multi-view extension of H.264/AVC, called H.264/MVC, adopts many of them. Among the new features, variable block-size motion estimation is one which contributes to high coding efficiency. Furthermore, it defines a different prediction structure that includes hierarchical bidirectional pictures, outperforming traditional Group of Pictures patterns in both scenarios: single-view and multi-view. However, these video coding techniques have high computational complexity. Several techniques have been proposed in the literature over the last few years which are aimed at accelerating the inter prediction process, but there are no works focusing on bidirectional prediction or hierarchical prediction. In this article, with the emergence of many-core processors or accelerators, a step forward is taken towards an implementation of an H.264/AVC and H.264/MVC inter prediction algorithm on a graphics processing unit. The results show a negligible rate distortion drop with a time reduction of up to 98% for the complete H.264/AVC encoder.

Experiences at Langley Research Center in the application of optimization techniques to helicopter airframes for vibration reduction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Murthy, T. Sreekanta; Kvaternik, Raymond G.

1991-01-01

A NASA/industry rotorcraft structural dynamics program known as Design Analysis Methods for VIBrationS (DAMVIBS) was initiated at Langley Research Center in 1984 with the objective of establishing the technology base needed by the industry for developing an advanced finite-element-based vibrations design analysis capability for airframe structures. As a part of the in-house activities contributing to that program, a study was undertaken to investigate the use of formal, nonlinear programming-based, numerical optimization techniques for airframe vibrations design work. Considerable progress has been made in connection with that study since its inception in 1985. This paper presents a unified summary of the experiences and results of that study. The formulation and solution of airframe optimization problems are discussed. Particular attention is given to describing the implementation of a new computational procedure based on MSC/NASTRAN and CONstrained function MINimization (CONMIN) in a computer program system called DYNOPT for the optimization of airframes subject to strength, frequency, dynamic response, and fatigue constraints. The results from the application of the DYNOPT program to the Bell AH-1G helicopter are presented and discussed.

Support vector machine and principal component analysis for microarray data classification

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Astuti, Widi; Adiwijaya

2018-03-01

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide although a significant proportion of it can be cured if it is detected early. In recent decades, technology called microarray takes an important role in the diagnosis of cancer. By using data mining technique, microarray data classification can be performed to improve the accuracy of cancer diagnosis compared to traditional techniques. The characteristic of microarray data is small sample but it has huge dimension. Since that, there is a challenge for researcher to provide solutions for microarray data classification with high performance in both accuracy and running time. This research proposed the usage of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) as a dimension reduction method along with Support Vector Method (SVM) optimized by kernel functions as a classifier for microarray data classification. The proposed scheme was applied on seven data sets using 5-fold cross validation and then evaluation and analysis conducted on term of both accuracy and running time. The result showed that the scheme can obtained 100% accuracy for Ovarian and Lung Cancer data when Linear and Cubic kernel functions are used. In term of running time, PCA greatly reduced the running time for every data sets.

Evaluation of Clipping Based Iterative PAPR Reduction Techniques for FBMC Systems

PubMed Central

Kollár, Zsolt

2014-01-01

This paper investigates filter bankmulticarrier (FBMC), a multicarrier modulation technique exhibiting an extremely low adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) compared to conventional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique. The low ACLR of the transmitted FBMC signal makes it especially favorable in cognitive radio applications, where strict requirements are posed on out-of-band radiation. Large dynamic range resulting in high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is characteristic of all sorts of multicarrier signals. The advantageous spectral properties of the high-PAPR FBMC signal are significantly degraded if nonlinearities are present in the transceiver chain. Spectral regrowth may appear, causing harmful interference in the neighboring frequency bands. This paper presents novel clipping based PAPR reduction techniques, evaluated and compared by simulations and measurements, with an emphasis on spectral aspects. The paper gives an overall comparison of PAPR reduction techniques, focusing on the reduction of the dynamic range of FBMC signals without increasing out-of-band radiation. An overview is presented on transmitter oriented techniques employing baseband clipping, which can maintain the system performance with a desired bit error rate (BER). PMID:24558338

Reductive Augmentation of the Breast.

PubMed

Chasan, Paul E

2018-06-01

Although breast reduction surgery plays an invaluable role in the correction of macromastia, it almost always results in a breast lacking in upper pole fullness and/or roundness. We present a technique of breast reduction combined with augmentation termed "reductive augmentation" to solve this problem. The technique is also extremely useful for correcting breast asymmetry, as well as revising significant pseudoptosis in the patient who has previously undergone breast augmentation with or without mastopexy. An evolution of techniques has been used to create a breast with more upper pole fullness and anterior projection in those patients desiring a more round, higher-profile appearance. Reductive augmentation is a one-stage procedure in which a breast augmentation is immediately followed by a modified superomedial pedicle breast reduction. Often, the excision of breast tissue is greater than would normally be performed with breast reduction alone. Thirty-five patients underwent reductive augmentation, of which 12 were primary surgeries and 23 were revisions. There was an average tissue removal of 255 and 227 g, respectively, per breast for the primary and revision groups. Six of the reductive augmentations were performed for gross asymmetry. Fourteen patients had a previous mastopexy, and 3 patients had a previous breast reduction. The average follow-up was 26 months. Reductive augmentation is an effective one-stage method for achieving a more round-appearing breast with upper pole fullness both in primary breast reduction candidates and in revisionary breast surgery. This technique can also be applied to those patients with significant asymmetry. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Nonlinear acoustics in cicada mating calls enhance sound propagation.

PubMed

Hughes, Derke R; Nuttall, Albert H; Katz, Richard A; Carter, G Clifford

2009-02-01

An analysis of cicada mating calls, measured in field experiments, indicates that the very high levels of acoustic energy radiated by this relatively small insect are mainly attributed to the nonlinear characteristics of the signal. The cicada emits one of the loudest sounds in all of the insect population with a sound production system occupying a physical space typically less than 3 cc. The sounds made by tymbals are amplified by the hollow abdomen, functioning as a tuned resonator, but models of the signal based solely on linear techniques do not fully account for a sound radiation capability that is so disproportionate to the insect's size. The nonlinear behavior of the cicada signal is demonstrated by combining the mutual information and surrogate data techniques; the results obtained indicate decorrelation when the phase-randomized and non-phase-randomized data separate. The Volterra expansion technique is used to fit the nonlinearity in the insect's call. The second-order Volterra estimate provides further evidence that the cicada mating calls are dominated by nonlinear characteristics and also suggests that the medium contributes to the cicada's efficient sound propagation. Application of the same principles has the potential to improve radiated sound levels for sonar applications.

Calibrating passive acoustic monitoring: correcting humpback whale call detections for site-specific and time-dependent environmental characteristics.

PubMed

Helble, Tyler A; D'Spain, Gerald L; Campbell, Greg S; Hildebrand, John A

2013-11-01

This paper demonstrates the importance of accounting for environmental effects on passive underwater acoustic monitoring results. The situation considered is the reduction in shipping off the California coast between 2008-2010 due to the recession and environmental legislation. The resulting variations in ocean noise change the probability of detecting marine mammal vocalizations. An acoustic model was used to calculate the time-varying probability of detecting humpback whale vocalizations under best-guess environmental conditions and varying noise. The uncorrected call counts suggest a diel pattern and an increase in calling over a two-year period; the corrected call counts show minimal evidence of these features.

Ion exchange membrane textile bioreactor as a new alternative for drinking water denitrification.

PubMed

Berdous, Dalila; Akretche, Djamal-Eddine; Abderahmani, Ahmed; Berdous, Sakina; Meknaci, Rima

2014-06-01

This work enters in the optics of the denitrification of a polluted water by two membrane techniques, the Donnan dialysis (DD) and the ion exchange membrane bioreactor (IEMB), using a conventional barrier, composed by an anion exchange membrane (AEM), and a hybrid barrier, where the AEM is combined to an anion exchange textile (AET). The effects of the hydrodynamic factor and the nature of the carbon source on the transfer and the reduction of nitrate ions were studied. The study results obtained through the DD showed the effectiveness of the hybrid barrier in the recovery and concentration of nitrate ions. This was also recorded during denitrification by the hybrid process, called the ion exchange membrane textile bioreactor (IEMTB), with a significant reduction of nitrates, compared to IEMB, due to the efficiency of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formed at the surface of the AET. Here, the permselectivity of the membrane and the good bioreduction of the pollutants are no longer major conditions to the better performance of the process. The application of IEMTB in the denitrification of groundwater, having a nitrate concentration of 96.67 ppm, shows a total reduction of nitrate ions without changing the quality of the water. Indeed, the analysis of the recovered water, or yet the treated water, shows the absence of the bacterium by-products and concentrations in the nitrates and nitrites which are, respectively, equal to 0.02±0.01 ppm, and inferiors to the detection limit (<0.02 ppm).

A model-reduction approach in micromechanics of materials preserving the variational structure of constitutive relations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Michel, Jean-Claude; Suquet, Pierre

2016-05-01

In 2003 the authors proposed a model-reduction technique, called the Nonuniform Transformation Field Analysis (NTFA), based on a decomposition of the local fields of internal variables on a reduced basis of modes, to analyze the effective response of composite materials. The present study extends and improves on this approach in different directions. It is first shown that when the constitutive relations of the constituents derive from two potentials, this structure is passed to the NTFA model. Another structure-preserving model, the hybrid NTFA model of Fritzen and Leuschner, is analyzed and found to differ (slightly) from the primal NTFA model (it does not exhibit the same variational upper bound character). To avoid the "on-line" computation of local fields required by the hybrid model, new reduced evolution equations for the reduced variables are proposed, based on an expansion to second order (TSO) of the potential of the hybrid model. The coarse dynamics can then be entirely expressed in terms of quantities which can be pre-computed once for all. Roughly speaking, these pre-computed quantities depend only on the average and fluctuations per phase of the modes and of the associated stress fields. The accuracy of the new NTFA-TSO model is assessed by comparison with full-field simulations. The acceleration provided by the new coarse dynamics over the full-field computations (and over the hybrid model) is then spectacular, larger by three orders of magnitude than the acceleration due to the sole reduction of unknowns.

Image reduction pipeline for the detection of variable sources in highly crowded fields

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gössl, C. A.; Riffeser, A.

2002-01-01

We present a reduction pipeline for CCD (charge-coupled device) images which was built to search for variable sources in highly crowded fields like the M 31 bulge and to handle extensive databases due to large time series. We describe all steps of the standard reduction in detail with emphasis on the realisation of per pixel error propagation: Bias correction, treatment of bad pixels, flatfielding, and filtering of cosmic rays. The problems of conservation of PSF (point spread function) and error propagation in our image alignment procedure as well as the detection algorithm for variable sources are discussed: we build difference images via image convolution with a technique called OIS (optimal image subtraction, Alard & Lupton \\cite{1998ApJ...503..325A}), proceed with an automatic detection of variable sources in noise dominated images and finally apply a PSF-fitting, relative photometry to the sources found. For the WeCAPP project (Riffeser et al. \\cite{2001A&A...0000..00R}) we achieve 3sigma detections for variable sources with an apparent brightness of e.g. m = 24.9;mag at their minimum and a variation of Delta m = 2.4;mag (or m = 21.9;mag brightness minimum and a variation of Delta m = 0.6;mag) on a background signal of 18.1;mag/arcsec2 based on a 500;s exposure with 1.5;arcsec seeing at a 1.2;m telescope. The complete per pixel error propagation allows us to give accurate errors for each measurement.

Monitoring Shallow Subsurface CO2 Migration using Electrical Imaging Technique, Pilot Site in Brazil

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oliva, A.; Chang, H. K.; Moreira, A.

2013-12-01

Carbon Capture and Geological Sequestration (CCGS or CCS) is one of the main technological strategies targeting Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions reduction, with special emphasis on carbon dioxide (CO2) coming from industrial sources. CCGS integrates the so called Carbon Management Strategies, as indicated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and is the basis of main technical route likely to enable substantial emission reduction in a safe, quick and cost-effective way. Currently one of the main challenges in the area of CO2 storage research is to grant the development, testing and validation of accurate and efficient measuring, monitoring and verification (MMV) techniques to be deployed at the final storage site, targeting maximum storage efficiency at the minimal leakage risk levels. The implementation of the first CO2 MMV field lab in Brazil, located in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina state, offered an excellent opportunity for running controlled release experiments in a real open air environment. The purpose of this work is to present the results of a time lapse monitoring experiment of CO2 migration in both saturated and unsaturated sand-rich sediments, using electrical imaging technique. The experiment covered an area of approximately 6300 m2 and CO2 was continuously injected at depth of 8 m, during 12 days, at an average rate of 90 g/ day, totalizing 1080 g of injected CO2. 2D and 3D electrical images using Wenner array were acquired daily during 13 consecutive days. Comparison of post injection electrical imaging results with pre injection images shows change in resistivity values consistent with migration pathways of CO2. A pronounced increase in resistivity values (up to ~ 500 ohm.m) with respect to the pre-injection values occurs in the vicinity of the injection well. Background values of 530 ohm.m have changed to 1118 ohm.m, right after injection. Changes in resistivity values progressively diminish outward of the well, following groundwater flow path.

Methods and materials, for locating and studying spotted owls.

Treesearch

Eric D. Forsman

1983-01-01

Nocturnal calling surveys are the most effective and most frequently used technique for locating spotted owls. Roosts and general nest locations may be located during the day by calling in suspected roost or nest areas. Specific nest trees are located by: (1) baiting with a live mouse to induce owls to visit the nest, (2) calling in suspected nest areas to stimulate...

What Does CALL Have to Offer Computer Science and What Does Computer Science Have to Offer CALL?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cushion, Steve

2006-01-01

We will argue that CALL can usefully be viewed as a subset of computer software engineering and can profit from adopting some of the recent progress in software development theory. The unified modelling language has become the industry standard modelling technique and the accompanying unified process is rapidly gaining acceptance. The manner in…

Aeroshell Design Techniques for Aerocapture Entry Vehicles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dyke, R. Eric; Hrinda, Glenn A.

2004-01-01

A major goal of NASA s In-Space Propulsion Program is to shorten trip times for scientific planetary missions. To meet this challenge arrival speeds will increase, requiring significant braking for orbit insertion, and thus increased deceleration propellant mass that may exceed launch lift capabilities. A technology called aerocapture has been developed to expand the mission potential of exploratory probes destined for planets with suitable atmospheres. Aerocapture inserts a probe into planetary orbit via a single pass through the atmosphere using the probe s aeroshell drag to reduce velocity. The benefit of an aerocapture maneuver is a large reduction in propellant mass that may result in smaller, less costly missions and reduced mission cruise times. The methodology used to design rigid aerocapture aeroshells will be presented with an emphasis on a new systems tool under development. Current methods for fast, efficient evaluations of structural systems for exploratory vehicles to planets and moons within our solar system have been under development within NASA having limited success. Many systems tools that have been attempted applied structural mass estimation techniques based on historical data and curve fitting techniques that are difficult and cumbersome to apply to new vehicle concepts and missions. The resulting vehicle aeroshell mass may be incorrectly estimated or have high margins included to account for uncertainty. This new tool will reduce the guesswork previously found in conceptual aeroshell mass estimations.

Dose tracking and dose auditing in a comprehensive computed tomography dose-reduction program.

PubMed

Duong, Phuong-Anh; Little, Brent P

2014-08-01

Implementation of a comprehensive computed tomography (CT) radiation dose-reduction program is a complex undertaking, requiring an assessment of baseline doses, an understanding of dose-saving techniques, and an ongoing appraisal of results. We describe the role of dose tracking in planning and executing a dose-reduction program and discuss the use of the American College of Radiology CT Dose Index Registry at our institution. We review the basics of dose-related CT scan parameters, the components of the dose report, and the dose-reduction techniques, showing how an understanding of each technique is important in effective auditing of "outlier" doses identified by dose tracking. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Calling behavior of blue and fin whales off California

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oleson, Erin Marie

Passive acoustic monitoring is an effective means for evaluating cetacean presence in remote regions and over long time periods, and may become an important component of cetacean abundance surveys. To use passive acoustic recordings for abundance estimation, an understanding of the behavioral ecology of cetacean calling is crucial. In this dissertation, I develop a better understanding of how blue (Balaenoptera musculus) and fin (B. physalus ) whales use sound with the goal of evaluating passive acoustic techniques for studying their populations. Both blue and fin whales produce several different call types, though the behavioral and environmental context of these calls have not been widely investigated. To better understand how calling is used by these whales off California I have employed both new technologies and traditional techniques, including acoustic recording tags, continuous long-term autonomous acoustic recordings, and simultaneous shipboard acoustic and visual surveys. The outcome of these investigations has led to several conclusions. The production of blue whale calls varies with sex, behavior, season, location, and time of day. Each blue whale call type has a distinct behavioral context, including a male-only bias in the production of song, a call type thought to function in reproduction, and the production of some calls by both sexes. Long-term acoustic records, when interpreted using all call types, provide a more accurate measure of the local seasonal presence of whales, and how they use the region annually, seasonally and daily. The relative occurrence of different call types may indicate prime foraging habitat and the presence of different segments of the population. The proportion of animals heard calling changes seasonally and geographically relative to the number seen, indicating the calibration of acoustic and visual surveys is complex and requires further study on the motivations behind call production and the behavior of calling whales. These findings will play a role in the future development of acoustic census methods and habitat studies for these species, and will provide baseline information for the determination of anthropogenic impacts on these populations.

Radiation dose reduction in digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) by means of deep-learning-based supervised image processing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Junchi; Zarshenas, Amin; Qadir, Ammar; Wei, Zheng; Yang, Limin; Fajardo, Laurie; Suzuki, Kenji

2018-03-01

To reduce cumulative radiation exposure and lifetime risks for radiation-induced cancer from breast cancer screening, we developed a deep-learning-based supervised image-processing technique called neural network convolution (NNC) for radiation dose reduction in DBT. NNC employed patched-based neural network regression in a convolutional manner to convert lower-dose (LD) to higher-dose (HD) tomosynthesis images. We trained our NNC with quarter-dose (25% of the standard dose: 12 mAs at 32 kVp) raw projection images and corresponding "teaching" higher-dose (HD) images (200% of the standard dose: 99 mAs at 32 kVp) of a breast cadaver phantom acquired with a DBT system (Selenia Dimensions, Hologic, CA). Once trained, NNC no longer requires HD images. It converts new LD images to images that look like HD images; thus the term "virtual" HD (VHD) images. We reconstructed tomosynthesis slices on a research DBT system. To determine a dose reduction rate, we acquired 4 studies of another test phantom at 4 different radiation doses (1.35, 2.7, 4.04, and 5.39 mGy entrance dose). Structural SIMilarity (SSIM) index was used to evaluate the image quality. For testing, we collected half-dose (50% of the standard dose: 32+/-14 mAs at 33+/-5 kVp) and full-dose (standard dose: 68+/-23 mAs at 33+/-5 kvp) images of 10 clinical cases with the DBT system at University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. NNC converted half-dose DBT images of 10 clinical cases to VHD DBT images that were equivalent to full dose DBT images. Our cadaver phantom experiment demonstrated 79% dose reduction.

FusionArc optimization: a hybrid volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) planning strategy.

PubMed

Matuszak, Martha M; Steers, Jennifer M; Long, Troy; McShan, Daniel L; Fraass, Benedick A; Romeijn, H Edwin; Ten Haken, Randall K

2013-07-01

To introduce a hybrid volumetric modulated arc therapy/intensity modulated radiation therapy (VMAT/IMRT) optimization strategy called FusionArc that combines the delivery efficiency of single-arc VMAT with the potentially desirable intensity modulation possible with IMRT. A beamlet-based inverse planning system was enhanced to combine the advantages of VMAT and IMRT into one comprehensive technique. In the hybrid strategy, baseline single-arc VMAT plans are optimized and then the current cost function gradients with respect to the beamlets are used to define a metric for predicting which beam angles would benefit from further intensity modulation. Beams with the highest metric values (called the gradient factor) are converted from VMAT apertures to IMRT fluence, and the optimization proceeds with the mixed variable set until convergence or until additional beams are selected for conversion. One phantom and two clinical cases were used to validate the gradient factor and characterize the FusionArc strategy. Comparisons were made between standard IMRT, single-arc VMAT, and FusionArc plans with one to five IMRT∕hybrid beams. The gradient factor was found to be highly predictive of the VMAT angles that would benefit plan quality the most from beam modulation. Over the three cases studied, a FusionArc plan with three converted beams achieved superior dosimetric quality with reductions in final cost ranging from 26.4% to 48.1% compared to single-arc VMAT. Additionally, the three beam FusionArc plans required 22.4%-43.7% fewer MU∕Gy than a seven beam IMRT plan. While the FusionArc plans with five converted beams offer larger reductions in final cost--32.9%-55.2% compared to single-arc VMAT--the decrease in MU∕Gy compared to IMRT was noticeably smaller at 12.2%-18.5%, when compared to IMRT. A hybrid VMAT∕IMRT strategy was implemented to find a high quality compromise between gantry-angle and intensity-based degrees of freedom. This optimization method will allow patients to be simultaneously planned for dosimetric quality and delivery efficiency without switching between delivery techniques. Example phantom and clinical cases suggest that the conversion of only three VMAT segments to modulated beams may result in a good combination of quality and efficiency.

Mixed Models and Reduction Techniques for Large-Rotation, Nonlinear Analysis of Shells of Revolution with Application to Tires

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Noor, A. K.; Andersen, C. M.; Tanner, J. A.

1984-01-01

An effective computational strategy is presented for the large-rotation, nonlinear axisymmetric analysis of shells of revolution. The three key elements of the computational strategy are: (1) use of mixed finite-element models with discontinuous stress resultants at the element interfaces; (2) substantial reduction in the total number of degrees of freedom through the use of a multiple-parameter reduction technique; and (3) reduction in the size of the analysis model through the decomposition of asymmetric loads into symmetric and antisymmetric components coupled with the use of the multiple-parameter reduction technique. The potential of the proposed computational strategy is discussed. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the high accuracy of the mixed models developed and to show the potential of using the proposed computational strategy for the analysis of tires.

The Analysis of Dimensionality Reduction Techniques in Cryptographic Object Code Classification

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jason L. Wright; Milos Manic

2010-05-01

This paper compares the application of three different dimension reduction techniques to the problem of locating cryptography in compiled object code. A simple classi?er is used to compare dimension reduction via sorted covariance, principal component analysis, and correlation-based feature subset selection. The analysis concentrates on the classi?cation accuracy as the number of dimensions is increased.

Combinative Particle Size Reduction Technologies for the Production of Drug Nanocrystals

PubMed Central

Salazar, Jaime; Müller, Rainer H.; Möschwitzer, Jan P.

2014-01-01

Nanosizing is a suitable method to enhance the dissolution rate and therefore the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. The success of the particle size reduction processes depends on critical factors such as the employed technology, equipment, and drug physicochemical properties. High pressure homogenization and wet bead milling are standard comminution techniques that have been already employed to successfully formulate poorly soluble drugs and bring them to market. However, these techniques have limitations in their particle size reduction performance, such as long production times and the necessity of employing a micronized drug as the starting material. This review article discusses the development of combinative methods, such as the NANOEDGE, H 96, H 69, H 42, and CT technologies. These processes were developed to improve the particle size reduction effectiveness of the standard techniques. These novel technologies can combine bottom-up and/or top-down techniques in a two-step process. The combinative processes lead in general to improved particle size reduction effectiveness. Faster production of drug nanocrystals and smaller final mean particle sizes are among the main advantages. The combinative particle size reduction technologies are very useful formulation tools, and they will continue acquiring importance for the production of drug nanocrystals. PMID:26556191

Design of a 3D Navigation Technique Supporting VR Interaction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boudoin, Pierre; Otmane, Samir; Mallem, Malik

2008-06-01

Multimodality is a powerful paradigm to increase the realness and the easiness of the interaction in Virtual Environments (VEs). In particular, the search for new metaphors and techniques for 3D interaction adapted to the navigation task is an important stage for the realization of future 3D interaction systems that support multimodality, in order to increase efficiency and usability. In this paper we propose a new multimodal 3D interaction model called Fly Over. This model is especially devoted to the navigation task. We present a qualitative comparison between Fly Over and a classical navigation technique called gaze-directed steering. The results from preliminary evaluation on the IBISC semi-immersive Virtual Reality/Augmented Realty EVR@ platform show that Fly Over is a user friendly and efficient navigation technique.

77 FR 6802 - Agency Forms Undergoing Paperwork Reduction Act Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-09

... AIDS cases reported to the CDC. Among Latino males, male-to-male sexual contact is the single most... Budget (OMB) in compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. Chapter 35). To request a copy of these requests, call the CDC Reports Clearance Officer at (404) 639-7570 or send an email to [email protected

Combination of BTrackS and Geri-Fit as a targeted approach for assessing and reducing the postural sway of older adults with high fall risk

PubMed Central

Goble, Daniel J; Hearn, Mason C; Baweja, Harsimran S

2017-01-01

Atypically high postural sway measured by a force plate is a known risk factor for falls in older adults. Further, it has been shown that small, but significant, reductions in postural sway are possible with various balance exercise interventions. In the present study, a new low-cost force-plate technology called the Balance Tracking System (BTrackS) was utilized to assess postural sway of older adults before and after 90 days of a well-established exercise program called Geri-Fit. Results showed an overall reduction in postural sway across all participants from pre- to post-intervention. However, the magnitude of effects was significantly influenced by the amount of postural sway demonstrated by individuals prior to Geri-Fit training. Specifically, more participants with atypically high postural sway pre-intervention experienced an overall postural sway reduction. These reductions experienced were typically greater than the minimum detectable change statistic for the BTrackS Balance Test. Taken together, these findings suggest that BTrackS is an effective means of identifying older adults with elevated postural sway, who are likely to benefit from Geri-Fit training to mitigate fall risk. PMID:28228655

Combination of BTrackS and Geri-Fit as a targeted approach for assessing and reducing the postural sway of older adults with high fall risk.

PubMed

Goble, Daniel J; Hearn, Mason C; Baweja, Harsimran S

2017-01-01

Atypically high postural sway measured by a force plate is a known risk factor for falls in older adults. Further, it has been shown that small, but significant, reductions in postural sway are possible with various balance exercise interventions. In the present study, a new low-cost force-plate technology called the Balance Tracking System (BTrackS) was utilized to assess postural sway of older adults before and after 90 days of a well-established exercise program called Geri-Fit. Results showed an overall reduction in postural sway across all participants from pre- to post-intervention. However, the magnitude of effects was significantly influenced by the amount of postural sway demonstrated by individuals prior to Geri-Fit training. Specifically, more participants with atypically high postural sway pre-intervention experienced an overall postural sway reduction. These reductions experienced were typically greater than the minimum detectable change statistic for the BTrackS Balance Test. Taken together, these findings suggest that BTrackS is an effective means of identifying older adults with elevated postural sway, who are likely to benefit from Geri-Fit training to mitigate fall risk.

Use of a real-size 3D-printed model as a preoperative and intraoperative tool for minimally invasive plating of comminuted midshaft clavicle fractures.

PubMed

Kim, Hyong Nyun; Liu, Xiao Ning; Noh, Kyu Cheol

2015-06-10

Open reduction and plate fixation is the standard operative treatment for displaced midshaft clavicle fracture. However, sometimes it is difficult to achieve anatomic reduction by open reduction technique in cases with comminution. We describe a novel technique using a real-size three dimensionally (3D)-printed clavicle model as a preoperative and intraoperative tool for minimally invasive plating of displaced comminuted midshaft clavicle fractures. A computed tomography (CT) scan is taken of both clavicles in patients with a unilateral displaced comminuted midshaft clavicle fracture. Both clavicles are 3D printed into a real-size clavicle model. Using the mirror imaging technique, the uninjured side clavicle is 3D printed into the opposite side model to produce a suitable replica of the fractured side clavicle pre-injury. The 3D-printed fractured clavicle model allows the surgeon to observe and manipulate accurate anatomical replicas of the fractured bone to assist in fracture reduction prior to surgery. The 3D-printed uninjured clavicle model can be utilized as a template to select the anatomically precontoured locking plate which best fits the model. The plate can be inserted through a small incision and fixed with locking screws without exposing the fracture site. Seven comminuted clavicle fractures treated with this technique achieved good bone union. This technique can be used for a unilateral displaced comminuted midshaft clavicle fracture when it is difficult to achieve anatomic reduction by open reduction technique. Level of evidence V.

Deterrence and WMD Terrorism: Calibrating Its Potential Contributions to Risk Reduction

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-01

ideology and aspiration (so-called franchisees ) • operational enablers (financiers etc.) • moral legitimizers • state sponsors • passive state...of al Qaeda • groups affiliated by ideology and aspiration (so-called franchisees ) • operational enablers (financiers etc.) • moral legitimizers...of deterrence.14 One is “deterrence by the threat of punishment,” which compels the adversary to try to calculate whether the potential benefits of

Low-temperature solvothermal approach to the synthesis of La4Ni3O8 by topotactic oxygen deintercalation.

PubMed

Blakely, Colin K; Bruno, Shaun R; Poltavets, Viktor V

2011-07-18

A chimie douce solvothermal reduction method is proposed for topotactic oxygen deintercalation of complex metal oxides. Four different reduction techniques were employed to qualitatively identify the relative reduction activity of each including reduction with H(2) and NaH, solution-based reduction using metal hydrides at ambient pressure, and reduction under solvothermal conditions. The reduction of the Ruddlesden-Popper nickelate La(4)Ni(3)O(10) was used as a test case to prove the validity of the method. The completely reduced phase La(4)Ni(3)O(8) was produced via the solvothermal technique at 150 °C--a lower temperature than by other more conventional solid state oxygen deintercalation methods.

Reduction and temporary stabilization of Tile C pelvic ring injuries using a posteriorly based external fixation system.

PubMed

Martin, Murphy P; Rojas, David; Mauffrey, Cyril

2018-07-01

Tile C pelvic ring injuries are challenging to manage even in the most experienced hands. The majority of such injuries can be managed using percutaneous reduction techniques, and the posterior ring can be stabilized using percutaneous transiliac-transsacral screw fixation. However, a subgroup of patients present with inadequate bony corridors, significant sacral zone 2 comminution or significant lateral/vertical displacement of the hemipelvis through a complete sacral fracture. Percutaneous strategies in such circumstances can be dangerous. Those patients may benefit from prone positioning and open reduction of the sacral fracture with fixation through tension band plating or lumbo-pelvic fixation. Soft tissue handling is critical, and direct reduction techniques around the sacrum can be difficult due to the complex anatomy and the fragile nature of the sacrum making clamp placement and tightening a challenge. In this paper, we propose a mini-invasive technique of indirect reduction and temporary stabilization, which is soft tissue friendly and permits maintenance of reduction during definitive fixation surgical.

Vertical Object Layout and Compression for Fixed Heaps

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Titzer, Ben L.; Palsberg, Jens

Research into embedded sensor networks has placed increased focus on the problem of developing reliable and flexible software for microcontroller-class devices. Languages such as nesC [10] and Virgil [20] have brought higher-level programming idioms to this lowest layer of software, thereby adding expressiveness. Both languages are marked by the absence of dynamic memory allocation, which removes the need for a runtime system to manage memory. While nesC offers code modules with statically allocated fields, arrays and structs, Virgil allows the application to allocate and initialize arbitrary objects during compilation, producing a fixed object heap for runtime. This paper explores techniques for compressing fixed object heaps with the goal of reducing the RAM footprint of a program. We explore table-based compression and introduce a novel form of object layout called vertical object layout. We provide experimental results that measure the impact on RAM size, code size, and execution time for a set of Virgil programs. Our results show that compressed vertical layout has better execution time and code size than table-based compression while achieving more than 20% heap reduction on 6 of 12 benchmark programs and 2-17% heap reduction on the remaining 6. We also present a formalization of vertical object layout and prove tight relationships between three styles of object layout.

Terrestrial Radiodetermination Performance and Cost

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1977-09-01

The report summarizes information gathered during a study of the application of electronic techniques to geographical position determination on land and on inland waterways. Systems incorporating such techniques have been called terrestrial radiodete...

[Ribeiro-Technique in Gigantomastia - Review of 294 Reduction Mammaplasties in 8 Years].

PubMed

Wolter, Andreas; Pluto, Naja; Scholz, Till; Diedrichson, Jens; Arens-Landwehr, Andreas; Liebau, Jutta

2017-12-01

Reduction mammaplasty in patients with gigantomastia is challenging even to very experienced plastic surgeons. Extremely elongated pedicles impair the vascular supply of the nipple-areola complex. Breast shaping and effective reduction are difficult due to the severely stretched skin envelope. The Ribeiro technique is the standard technique for reduction mammaplasty in our clinic. The aim of this study is to review our approach in patients with gigantomastia in comparison to the current literature. From 01/2009 to 12/2016, we performed 1247 reduction mammaplasties in 760 patients. In 294 reduction mammoplasties (23.6 %), resection weight was more than 1000 g per breast corresponding to the definition of gigantomastia. The Ribeiro technique with a superomedial pedicle and inferior dermoglandular flap for autologous augmentation of the upper pole was implemented as standard procedure. In cases with a sternal notch-nipple distance > 40 cm, free nipple grafting was performed. The outcome parameters complication rate, patient satisfaction with the aesthetic result, nipple sensitivity and surgical revision rate were obtained and retrospectively analysed. In 174 patients, 294 reduction mammaplasties were performed with a resection weight of more than 1000 g per breast. Average resection weight was 1389.6 g (range, 1000-4580 g). Average age was 43.5 years (range, 18-76 years), average body mass index (BMI) was 29.2 kg/m 2 (range, 19-40 kg/m 2 ), average sternal notch-nipple distance was 34.8 cm (range, 27-52 cm), average operation time was 117 minutes (range, 72-213 minutes). A free nipple graft was necessary in 30 breasts. Overall complication rate was 7.8 %; secondary surgical revision rate was 16 %. 93 % of the patients were "very satisfied" and "satisfied" with the aesthetic result. Nipple sensitivity was rated "very good" and "good" in 88 %. The Ribeiro technique is a well established, versatile standard technique for reduction mammaplasty, which helps to create high-quality reproducible results with longterm formstable shape. In gigantomastia, this procedure is also very effective to achieve volume reduction and aesthetically pleasing results with a low complication rate. Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

Screw-Wire Osteo-Traction: An Adjunctive or Alternative Method of Anatomical Reduction of Multisegment Midfacial Fractures? A Description of Technique and Prospective Study of 40 Patients

PubMed Central

O'Regan, Barry; Devine, Maria; Bhopal, Sats

2013-01-01

Stable anatomical fracture reduction and segment control before miniplate fixation can be difficult to achieve in comminuted midfacial fractures. Fracture mobilization and reduction methods include Gillies elevation, malar hook, and Dingman elevators. No single method is used universally. Disadvantages include imprecise segment alignment and poor segment stability/control. We have employed screw-wire osteo-traction (SWOT) to address this problem. A literature review revealed two published reports. The aims were to evaluate the SWOT technique effectiveness as a fracture reduction method and to examine rates of revision fixation and plate removal. We recruited 40 consecutive patients requiring open reduction and internal fixation of multisegment midfacial fractures (2009–2012) and employed miniplate osteosynthesis in all patients. SWOT was used as a default reduction method in all patients. The rates of successful fracture reduction achieved by SWOT alone or in combination and of revision fixation and plate removal, were used as outcome indices of the reduction method effectiveness. The SWOT technique achieved satisfactory anatomical reduction in 27/40 patients when used alone. Other reduction methods were also used in 13/40 patients. No patient required revision fixation and three patients required late plate removal. SWOT can be used across the midface fracture pattern in conjunction with other methods or as a sole reduction method before miniplate fixation. PMID:24436763

Effect of Complete Syndesmotic Disruption and Deltoid Injuries and Different Reduction Methods on Ankle Joint Contact Mechanics.

PubMed

LaMothe, Jeremy; Baxter, Josh R; Gilbert, Susannah; Murphy, Conor I; Karnovsky, Sydney C; Drakos, Mark C

2017-06-01

Syndesmotic injuries can be associated with poor patient outcomes and posttraumatic ankle arthritis, particularly in the case of malreduction. However, ankle joint contact mechanics following a syndesmotic injury and reduction remains poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of a syndesmotic injury and reduction techniques on ankle joint contact mechanics in a biomechanical model. Ten cadaveric whole lower leg specimens with undisturbed proximal tibiofibular joints were prepared and tested in this study. Contact area, contact force, and peak contact pressure were measured in the ankle joint during simulated standing in the intact, injured, and 3 reduction conditions: screw fixation with a clamp, screw fixation without a clamp (thumb technique), and a suture-button construct. Differences in these ankle contact parameters were detected between conditions using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Syndesmotic disruption decreased tibial plafond contact area and force. Syndesmotic reduction did not restore ankle loading mechanics to values measured in the intact condition. Reduction with the thumb technique was able to restore significantly more joint contact area and force than the reduction clamp or suture-button construct. Syndesmotic disruption decreased joint contact area and force. Although the thumb technique performed significantly better than the reduction clamp and suture-button construct, syndesmotic reduction did not restore contact mechanics to intact levels. Decreased contact area and force with disruption imply that other structures are likely receiving more loads (eg, medial and lateral gutters), which may have clinical implications such as the development of posttraumatic arthritis.

Reduction of radar cross-section of a wind turbine

DOEpatents

McDonald, Jacob Jeremiah; Brock, Billy C.; Clem, Paul G.; Loui, Hung; Allen, Steven E.

2016-08-02

The various technologies presented herein relate to formation of a wind turbine blade having a reduced radar signature in comparison with a turbine blade fabricated using conventional techniques. Various techniques and materials are presented to facilitate reduction in radar signature of a wind turbine blade, where such techniques and materials are amenable for incorporation into existing manufacturing techniques without degradation in mechanical or physical performance of the blade or major alteration of the blade profile.

Fukunaga-Koontz transform based dimensionality reduction for hyperspectral imagery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ochilov, S.; Alam, M. S.; Bal, A.

2006-05-01

Fukunaga-Koontz Transform based technique offers some attractive properties for desired class oriented dimensionality reduction in hyperspectral imagery. In FKT, feature selection is performed by transforming into a new space where feature classes have complimentary eigenvectors. Dimensionality reduction technique based on these complimentary eigenvector analysis can be described under two classes, desired class and background clutter, such that each basis function best represent one class while carrying the least amount of information from the second class. By selecting a few eigenvectors which are most relevant to desired class, one can reduce the dimension of hyperspectral cube. Since the FKT based technique reduces data size, it provides significant advantages for near real time detection applications in hyperspectral imagery. Furthermore, the eigenvector selection approach significantly reduces computation burden via the dimensionality reduction processes. The performance of the proposed dimensionality reduction algorithm has been tested using real-world hyperspectral dataset.

Application of 3D printed customized external fixator in fracture reduction.

PubMed

Qiao, Feng; Li, Dichen; Jin, Zhongmin; Gao, Yongchang; Zhou, Tao; He, Jinlong; Cheng, Li

2015-01-01

Long bone fracture is common in traumatic osteopathic patients. Good reduction is beneficial for bone healing, preventing the complications such as delayed union, nonunion, malunion, but is hard to achieve. Repeated attempts during the surgery would increase the operation time, cause new damage to the fracture site and excessive exposure to radiation. Robotic and navigation techniques can help improve the reduction accuracy, however, the high cost and complexity of operation have limited their clinical application. We combined 3D printing with computer-assisted reduction technique to develop a customised external fixator with the function of fracture reduction. The original CT data obtained by scanning the fracture was imported to computer for reconstructing and reducing the 3D image of the fracture, based on which the external fixator (named as Q-Fixator) was designed and then fabricated by 3D printing techniques. The fracture reduction and fixation was achieved by connecting the pins inserted in the bones with the customised Q-Fixator. Experiments were conducted on three fracture models to demonstrate the reduction results. Good reduction results were obtained on all three fractured bone models, with an average rotation of 1.21°(± 0.24), angulation of 1.84°(± 0.28), and lateral displacement of 2.22 mm(± 0.62). A novel customised external fixator for long bone fracture reduction was readily developed using 3D printing technique. The customised external fixator had the advantages of easy manipulation, accurate reduction, minimally invasion and experience-independence. Future application of the customised external fixator can be extended to include the fixation function with stress adjustment and potentially optimise the fracture healing process. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A machine learning heuristic to identify biologically relevant and minimal biomarker panels from omics data

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

Background Investigations into novel biomarkers using omics techniques generate large amounts of data. Due to their size and numbers of attributes, these data are suitable for analysis with machine learning methods. A key component of typical machine learning pipelines for omics data is feature selection, which is used to reduce the raw high-dimensional data into a tractable number of features. Feature selection needs to balance the objective of using as few features as possible, while maintaining high predictive power. This balance is crucial when the goal of data analysis is the identification of highly accurate but small panels of biomarkers with potential clinical utility. In this paper we propose a heuristic for the selection of very small feature subsets, via an iterative feature elimination process that is guided by rule-based machine learning, called RGIFE (Rule-guided Iterative Feature Elimination). We use this heuristic to identify putative biomarkers of osteoarthritis (OA), articular cartilage degradation and synovial inflammation, using both proteomic and transcriptomic datasets. Results and discussion Our RGIFE heuristic increased the classification accuracies achieved for all datasets when no feature selection is used, and performed well in a comparison with other feature selection methods. Using this method the datasets were reduced to a smaller number of genes or proteins, including those known to be relevant to OA, cartilage degradation and joint inflammation. The results have shown the RGIFE feature reduction method to be suitable for analysing both proteomic and transcriptomics data. Methods that generate large ‘omics’ datasets are increasingly being used in the area of rheumatology. Conclusions Feature reduction methods are advantageous for the analysis of omics data in the field of rheumatology, as the applications of such techniques are likely to result in improvements in diagnosis, treatment and drug discovery. PMID:25923811

Comparison of the 3 Different Injection Techniques Used in a Randomized Controlled Study Evaluating a Cross-Linked Sodium Hyaluronate Combined With Triamcinolone Hexacetonide (Cingal) for Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Subgroup Analysis.

PubMed

McCormack, Robert; Lamontagne, Martin; Vannabouathong, Christopher; Deakon, Robert T; Belzile, Etienne L

2017-01-01

A recent trial demonstrated that patients with knee osteoarthritis treated with a sodium hyaluronate and corticosteroid combination (Cingal) experienced greater pain reductions compared with those treated with sodium hyaluronate alone (Monovisc) or saline up to 3 weeks postinjection. In this study, injections were administered by 1 of 3 approaches; however, there is currently no consensus on which, if any, of these techniques produce a more favorable outcome. To provide additional insight on this topic, the results of the previous trial were reanalyzed to determine whether (1) the effect of Cingal was significant within each injection technique and (2) pain reductions were similar between injection techniques across all treatment groups. Greater pain reductions with Cingal up to 3 weeks were only significant in the anteromedial subgroup. Across all therapies, both the anteromedial and anterolateral techniques demonstrated significantly greater pain reductions than the lateral midpatellar approach at 18 and 26 weeks.

Comparison of the 3 Different Injection Techniques Used in a Randomized Controlled Study Evaluating a Cross-Linked Sodium Hyaluronate Combined With Triamcinolone Hexacetonide (Cingal) for Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Subgroup Analysis

PubMed Central

McCormack, Robert; Lamontagne, Martin; Vannabouathong, Christopher; Deakon, Robert T; Belzile, Etienne L

2017-01-01

A recent trial demonstrated that patients with knee osteoarthritis treated with a sodium hyaluronate and corticosteroid combination (Cingal) experienced greater pain reductions compared with those treated with sodium hyaluronate alone (Monovisc) or saline up to 3 weeks postinjection. In this study, injections were administered by 1 of 3 approaches; however, there is currently no consensus on which, if any, of these techniques produce a more favorable outcome. To provide additional insight on this topic, the results of the previous trial were reanalyzed to determine whether (1) the effect of Cingal was significant within each injection technique and (2) pain reductions were similar between injection techniques across all treatment groups. Greater pain reductions with Cingal up to 3 weeks were only significant in the anteromedial subgroup. Across all therapies, both the anteromedial and anterolateral techniques demonstrated significantly greater pain reductions than the lateral midpatellar approach at 18 and 26 weeks. PMID:28839449

A Novel Technique for Closed Reduction and Fixation of Paediatric Calcaneal Fracture Dislocation Injuries

PubMed Central

Faroug, Radwane; Stirling, Paul; Ali, Farhan

2013-01-01

Paediatric calcaneal fractures are rare injuries usually managed conservatively or with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Closed reduction was previously thought to be impossible, and very few cases are reported in the literature. We report a new technique for closed reduction using Ilizarov half-rings. We report successful closed reduction and screwless fixation of an extra-articular calcaneal fracture dislocation in a 7-year-old boy. Reduction was achieved using two Ilizarov half-ring frames arranged perpendicular to each other, enabling simultaneous application of longitudinal and rotational traction. Anatomical reduction was achieved with restored angles of Bohler and Gissane. Two K-wires were the definitive fixation. Bony union with good functional outcome and minimal pain was achieved at eight-weeks follow up. ORIF of calcaneal fractures provides good functional outcome but is associated with high rates of malunion and postoperative pain. Preservation of the unique soft tissue envelope surrounding the calcaneus reduces the risk of infection. Closed reduction prevents distortion of these tissues and may lead to faster healing and mobilisation. Closed reduction and screwless fixation of paediatric calcaneal fractures is an achievable management option. Our technique has preserved the soft tissue envelope surrounding the calcaneus, has avoided retained metalwork related complications, and has resulted in a good functional outcome. PMID:23819090

Control algorithms for aerobraking in the Martian atmosphere

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ward, Donald T.; Shipley, Buford W., Jr.

1991-01-01

The Analytic Predictor Corrector (APC) and Energy Controller (EC) atmospheric guidance concepts were adapted to control an interplanetary vehicle aerobraking in the Martian atmosphere. Changes are made to the APC to improve its robustness to density variations. These changes include adaptation of a new exit phase algorithm, an adaptive transition velocity to initiate the exit phase, refinement of the reference dynamic pressure calculation and two improved density estimation techniques. The modified controller with the hybrid density estimation technique is called the Mars Hybrid Predictor Corrector (MHPC), while the modified controller with a polynomial density estimator is called the Mars Predictor Corrector (MPC). A Lyapunov Steepest Descent Controller (LSDC) is adapted to control the vehicle. The LSDC lacked robustness, so a Lyapunov tracking exit phase algorithm is developed to guide the vehicle along a reference trajectory. This algorithm, when using the hybrid density estimation technique to define the reference path, is called the Lyapunov Hybrid Tracking Controller (LHTC). With the polynomial density estimator used to define the reference trajectory, the algorithm is called the Lyapunov Tracking Controller (LTC). These four new controllers are tested using a six degree of freedom computer simulation to evaluate their robustness. The MHPC, MPC, LHTC, and LTC show dramatic improvements in robustness over the APC and EC.

Blind source computer device identification from recorded VoIP calls for forensic investigation.

PubMed

Jahanirad, Mehdi; Anuar, Nor Badrul; Wahab, Ainuddin Wahid Abdul

2017-03-01

The VoIP services provide fertile ground for criminal activity, thus identifying the transmitting computer devices from recorded VoIP call may help the forensic investigator to reveal useful information. It also proves the authenticity of the call recording submitted to the court as evidence. This paper extended the previous study on the use of recorded VoIP call for blind source computer device identification. Although initial results were promising but theoretical reasoning for this is yet to be found. The study suggested computing entropy of mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients (entropy-MFCC) from near-silent segments as an intrinsic feature set that captures the device response function due to the tolerances in the electronic components of individual computer devices. By applying the supervised learning techniques of naïve Bayesian, linear logistic regression, neural networks and support vector machines to the entropy-MFCC features, state-of-the-art identification accuracy of near 99.9% has been achieved on different sets of computer devices for both call recording and microphone recording scenarios. Furthermore, unsupervised learning techniques, including simple k-means, expectation-maximization and density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) provided promising results for call recording dataset by assigning the majority of instances to their correct clusters. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ground Vibration Test Planning and Pre-Test Analysis for the X-33 Vehicle

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bedrossian, Herand; Tinker, Michael L.; Hidalgo, Homero

2000-01-01

This paper describes the results of the modal test planning and the pre-test analysis for the X-33 vehicle. The pre-test analysis included the selection of the target modes, selection of the sensor and shaker locations and the development of an accurate Test Analysis Model (TAM). For target mode selection, four techniques were considered, one based on the Modal Cost technique, one based on Balanced Singular Value technique, a technique known as the Root Sum Squared (RSS) method, and a Modal Kinetic Energy (MKE) approach. For selecting sensor locations, four techniques were also considered; one based on the Weighted Average Kinetic Energy (WAKE), one based on Guyan Reduction (GR), one emphasizing engineering judgment, and one based on an optimum sensor selection technique using Genetic Algorithm (GA) search technique combined with a criteria based on Hankel Singular Values (HSV's). For selecting shaker locations, four techniques were also considered; one based on the Weighted Average Driving Point Residue (WADPR), one based on engineering judgment and accessibility considerations, a frequency response method, and an optimum shaker location selection based on a GA search technique combined with a criteria based on HSV's. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed sensor and shaker locations for exciting the target modes, extensive numerical simulations were performed. Multivariate Mode Indicator Function (MMIF) was used to evaluate the effectiveness of each sensor & shaker set with respect to modal parameter identification. Several TAM reduction techniques were considered including, Guyan, IRS, Modal, and Hybrid. Based on a pre-test cross-orthogonality checks using various reduction techniques, a Hybrid TAM reduction technique was selected and was used for all three vehicle fuel level configurations.

Terrestrial Radiodetermination Potential Users and Their Requirements

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1976-07-01

The report summarizes information gathered during a preliminary study of the application of electronic techniques to geographical position determination on land and on inland waterways. Systems incorporating such techniques have been called terrestri...

Composite Material Testing Data Reduction to Adjust for the Systematic 6-DOF Testing Machine Aberrations

Treesearch

Athanasios lliopoulos; John G. Michopoulos; John G. C. Hermanson

2012-01-01

This paper describes a data reduction methodology for eliminating the systematic aberrations introduced by the unwanted behavior of a multiaxial testing machine, into the massive amounts of experimental data collected from testing of composite material coupons. The machine in reference is a custom made 6-DoF system called NRL66.3 and developed at the NAval...

Latin America Report.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-08-26

Immediate reduction of central government spending by 72 million quetzals from the outlays called for in the 1985 budget, with the least possible effect...on the investment budget. The measures recommended by the Public Finance Ministry should be implemented, and a ceiling of 1,002,300,000 quetzals ...employment. 2. Reduction of operational spending of decentralized agencies in 1985, by not less than 28 million quetzals . 3. Creation of a Public

Interactive algebraic grid-generation technique

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smith, R. E.; Wiese, M. R.

1986-01-01

An algebraic grid generation technique and use of an associated interactive computer program are described. The technique, called the two boundary technique, is based on Hermite cubic interpolation between two fixed, nonintersecting boundaries. The boundaries are referred to as the bottom and top, and they are defined by two ordered sets of points. Left and right side boundaries which intersect the bottom and top boundaries may also be specified by two ordered sets of points. when side boundaries are specified, linear blending functions are used to conform interior interpolation to the side boundaries. Spacing between physical grid coordinates is determined as a function of boundary data and uniformly space computational coordinates. Control functions relating computational coordinates to parametric intermediate variables that affect the distance between grid points are embedded in the interpolation formulas. A versatile control function technique with smooth-cubic-spline functions is presented. The technique works best in an interactive graphics environment where computational displays and user responses are quickly exchanged. An interactive computer program based on the technique and called TBGG (two boundary grid generation) is also described.

Use of an automated chromium reduction system for hydrogen isotope ratio analysis of physiological fluids applied to doubly labeled water analysis.

PubMed

Schoeller, D A; Colligan, A S; Shriver, T; Avak, H; Bartok-Olson, C

2000-09-01

The doubly labeled water method is commonly used to measure total energy expenditure in free-living subjects. The method, however, requires accurate and precise deuterium abundance determinations, which can be laborious. The aim of this study was to evaluate a fully automated, high-throughput, chromium reduction technique for the measurement of deuterium abundances in physiological fluids. The chromium technique was compared with an off-line zinc bomb reduction technique and also subjected to test-retest analysis. Analysis of international water standards demonstrated that the chromium technique was accurate and had a within-day precision of <1 per thousand. Addition of organic matter to water samples demonstrated that the technique was sensitive to interference at levels between 2 and 5 g l(-1). Physiological samples could be analyzed without this interference, plasma by 10000 Da exclusion filtration, saliva by sedimentation and urine by decolorizing with carbon black. Chromium reduction of urine specimens from doubly labeled water studies indicated no bias relative to zinc reduction with a mean difference in calculated energy expenditure of -0.2 +/- 3.9%. Blinded reanalysis of urine specimens from a second doubly labeled water study demonstrated a test-retest coefficient of variation of 4%. The chromium reduction method was found to be a rapid, accurate and precise method for the analysis of urine specimens from doubly labeled water. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Calling depths of baleen whales from single sensor data: development of an autocorrelation method using multipath localization.

PubMed

Valtierra, Robert D; Glynn Holt, R; Cholewiak, Danielle; Van Parijs, Sofie M

2013-09-01

Multipath localization techniques have not previously been applied to baleen whale vocalizations due to difficulties in application to tonal vocalizations. Here it is shown that an autocorrelation method coupled with the direct reflected time difference of arrival localization technique can successfully resolve location information. A derivation was made to model the autocorrelation of a direct signal and its overlapping reflections to illustrate that an autocorrelation may be used to extract reflection information from longer duration signals containing a frequency sweep, such as some calls produced by baleen whales. An analysis was performed to characterize the difference in behavior of the autocorrelation when applied to call types with varying parameters (sweep rate, call duration). The method's feasibility was tested using data from playback transmissions to localize an acoustic transducer at a known depth and location. The method was then used to estimate the depth and range of a single North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) and humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) from two separate experiments.

Closed reduction of a rare type III dislocation of the first metatarsophalangeal joint.

PubMed

Tondera, E K; Baker, C C

1996-09-01

To discuss a rare Type III dislocation of the first metatarsophalangeal (MP) joint, without fracture, that used a closed reduction technique for correction. A 43-yr-old man suffered from an acute severe dislocation of his great toe as the result of acute forceful motion applied to the toe as his foot was depressed onto a brake pedal to avoid a motor vehicle accident. Physical examination and X-rays revealed the dislocation, muscle spasm, edema and severely restricted range of motion. The dislocation was corrected using a closed reduction technique, in this case a chiropractic manipulation. Fourteen months after reduction, the joint was intact, muscle strength was graded +5 normal, ranges of motion were within normal limits and no crepitation was noted. X-rays revealed normal intact joint congruency. The patient experienced full weight bearing, range of motion and function of the joint. Although a Type III dislocation of the great toe has only once been cited briefly in the literature, this classification carries a recommended surgical treatment protocol for correction. No literature describes a closed reduction of a Type III dislocation as described in this case report. It is apparent that a closed reduction technique using a chiropractic manipulation may be considered a valid alternative correction technique for Type III dislocations of the great toe.

High-Speed Jet Noise Reduction NASA Perspective

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Huff, Dennis L.; Handy, J. (Technical Monitor)

2001-01-01

History shows that the problem of high-speed jet noise reduction is difficult to solve. the good news is that high performance military aircraft noise is dominated by a single source called 'jet noise' (commercial aircraft have several sources). The bad news is that this source has been the subject of research for the past 50 years and progress has been incremental. Major jet noise reduction has been achieved through changing the cycle of the engine to reduce the jet exit velocity. Smaller reductions have been achieved using suppression devices like mixing enhancement and acoustic liners. Significant jet noise reduction without any performance loss is probably not possible! Recent NASA Noise Reduction Research Programs include the High Speed Research Program, Advanced Subsonic Technology Noise Reduction Program, Aerospace Propulsion and Power Program - Fundamental Noise, and Quiet Aircraft Technology Program.

Comparison of theory and direct numerical simulations of drag reduction by rodlike polymers in turbulent channel flows.

PubMed

Benzi, Roberto; Ching, Emily S C; De Angelis, Elisabetta; Procaccia, Itamar

2008-04-01

Numerical simulations of turbulent channel flows, with or without additives, are limited in the extent of the Reynolds number (Re) and Deborah number (De). The comparison of such simulations to theories of drag reduction, which are usually derived for asymptotically high Re and De, calls for some care. In this paper we present a study of drag reduction by rodlike polymers in a turbulent channel flow using direct numerical simulation and illustrate how these numerical results should be related to the recently developed theory.

A fast efficient implicit scheme for the gasdynamic equations using a matrix reduction technique

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barth, T. J.; Steger, J. L.

1985-01-01

An efficient implicit finite-difference algorithm for the gasdynamic equations utilizing matrix reduction techniques is presented. A significant reduction in arithmetic operations is achieved without loss of the stability characteristics generality found in the Beam and Warming approximate factorization algorithm. Steady-state solutions to the conservative Euler equations in generalized coordinates are obtained for transonic flows and used to show that the method offers computational advantages over the conventional Beam and Warming scheme. Existing Beam and Warming codes can be retrofit with minimal effort. The theoretical extension of the matrix reduction technique to the full Navier-Stokes equations in Cartesian coordinates is presented in detail. Linear stability, using a Fourier stability analysis, is demonstrated and discussed for the one-dimensional Euler equations.

A Technique for Reduction of Edentulous Fractures Using Dentures and SMARTLock Hybrid Fixation System

PubMed Central

Carlson, Anna Rose; Shammas, Ronnie Labib; Allori, Alexander Christopher

2017-01-01

Summary: Establishing anatomic reduction of an edentulous mandible fracture is a frequently acknowledged challenge in craniomaxillofacial trauma surgery. In this study, we report a novel method for the reduction of the edentulous mandible fracture, via fabrication of modified Gunning splints using existing dentures and SMARTLock hybrid arch bars. This technique dramatically simplifies the application of an arch bar to dentures, obviates the need for the fabrication of impressions and custom splints, and eliminates the lag time associated with the creation of splints. Furthermore, this method may be used with or without adjunctive rigid internal fixation. The technique described herein of creating Gunning splints with SMARTLock hybrid arch bars provides surgeons with a simple, rapid, single-stage solution for reduction of mandibular fractures in the edentulous patient. PMID:29062645

Intimate Debate Technique: Medicinal Use of Marijuana

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Herreid, Clyde Freeman; DeRei, Kristie

2007-01-01

Classroom debates used to be familiar exercises to students schooled in past generations. In this article, the authors describe the technique called "intimate debate". To cooperative learning specialists, the technique is known as "structured debate" or "constructive debate". It is a powerful method for dealing with case topics that involve…

EFFECTS OF RESPONDING TO A NAME AND GROUP CALL ON PRESCHOOLERS' COMPLIANCE

PubMed Central

Beaulieu, Lauren; Hanley, Gregory P.; Roberson, Aleasha A.

2012-01-01

We assessed teacher–child relations with respect to children's name calls, instructions, and compliance in a preschool classroom. The most frequent consequence to a child's name being called was the provision of instructions. We also observed a higher probability of compliance when children attended to a name call. Next, we evaluated the effects of teaching preschoolers to attend to their names and a group call on their compliance with typical instructions. We used a multiple baseline design across subjects and a control-group design to evaluate whether gains in compliance were a function of treatment or routine experience in preschool. Results showed that compliance increased as a function of teaching precursors for all children in the experimental group, and the effects on compliance were maintained despite a reduction of the occurrence of precursors. Moreover, it appeared that precursor teaching, not routine preschool experience, was responsible for the changes in compliance. PMID:23322926

Effects of responding to a name and group call on preschoolers' compliance.

PubMed

Beaulieu, Lauren; Hanley, Gregory P; Roberson, Aleasha A

2012-01-01

We assessed teacher-child relations with respect to children's name calls, instructions, and compliance in a preschool classroom. The most frequent consequence to a child's name being called was the provision of instructions. We also observed a higher probability of compliance when children attended to a name call. Next, we evaluated the effects of teaching preschoolers to attend to their names and a group call on their compliance with typical instructions. We used a multiple baseline design across subjects and a control-group design to evaluate whether gains in compliance were a function of treatment or routine experience in preschool. Results showed that compliance increased as a function of teaching precursors for all children in the experimental group, and the effects on compliance were maintained despite a reduction of the occurrence of precursors. Moreover, it appeared that precursor teaching, not routine preschool experience, was responsible for the changes in compliance.

Digital computer technique for setup and checkout of an analog computer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ambaruch, R.

1968-01-01

Computer program technique, called Analog Computer Check-Out Routine Digitally /ACCORD/, generates complete setup and checkout data for an analog computer. In addition, the correctness of the analog program implementation is validated.

TESTING OF INDOOR RADON REDUCTION TECHNIQUES IN 19 MARYLAND HOUSES

EPA Science Inventory

The report gives results of testing of indoor radon reduction techniques in 19 existing houses in Maryland. The focus was on passive measures: various passive soil depressurization methods, where natural wind and temperature effects are utilized to develop suction in the system; ...

Essentials of Suggestopedia: A Primer for Practitioners.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Caskey, Owen L.; Flake, Muriel H.

Suggestology is the scientific study of the psychology of suggestion and Suggestopedia in the application of relaxation and suggestion techniques to learning. The approach applied to learning processes (called Suggestopedic) developed by Dr. Georgi Lozanov (called the Lozanov Method) utilizes mental and physical relaxation, deep breathing,…

Reduction Osteotomy vs Pie-Crust Technique as Possible Alternatives for Medial Release in Total Knee Arthroplasty and Compared in a Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial.

PubMed

Ahn, Ji Hyun; Yang, Tae Yeong; Lee, Jang Yun

2016-07-01

To compare the gap change between the pie-crust technique and reduction osteotomy to determine their effects on flexion and extension gaps and their success rates in achieving ligament balancing during total knee arthroplasty. In a prospective randomized controlled trial, 106 total knee arthroplasties were allocated to each group with 53 cases. If there was a narrow medial gap with an imbalance of ≥3 mm after the initial limited medial release, either reduction osteotomy or pie-crust technique was performed. The changes of extension and flexion medial gaps along with the success rate of mediolateral balancing were compared. There was a significant difference in the change of medial gap in knee extension with mean changes of 3.5 ± 0.5 mm and 2.3 ± 0.8 mm in the reduction osteotomy and pie-crust groups, respectively (P < .001). For flexion gap, greater change was found in the pie-crust group compared with the reduction osteotomy group; the mean medial gap changes in knee flexion were 1.1 ± 0.5 mm and 2.3 ± 1.2 mm in the reduction osteotomy and pie-crust groups, respectively. The success rates were 90.6% and 67.9% in reduction osteotomy and pie-crust groups, respectively (P = .007). As an alternative medial release method, reduction osteotomy was more effective in extension gap balancing, and pie-crust technique was more effective in flexion gap balancing. The overall success rate of mediolateral ligament balancing was higher in the reduction osteotomy group than in the pie-crust group. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Prior image constrained image reconstruction in emerging computed tomography applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brunner, Stephen T.

Advances have been made in computed tomography (CT), especially in the past five years, by incorporating prior images into the image reconstruction process. In this dissertation, we investigate prior image constrained image reconstruction in three emerging CT applications: dual-energy CT, multi-energy photon-counting CT, and cone-beam CT in image-guided radiation therapy. First, we investigate the application of Prior Image Constrained Compressed Sensing (PICCS) in dual-energy CT, which has been called "one of the hottest research areas in CT." Phantom and animal studies are conducted using a state-of-the-art 64-slice GE Discovery 750 HD CT scanner to investigate the extent to which PICCS can enable radiation dose reduction in material density and virtual monochromatic imaging. Second, we extend the application of PICCS from dual-energy CT to multi-energy photon-counting CT, which has been called "one of the 12 topics in CT to be critical in the next decade." Numerical simulations are conducted to generate multiple energy bin images for a photon-counting CT acquisition and to investigate the extent to which PICCS can enable radiation dose efficiency improvement. Third, we investigate the performance of a newly proposed prior image constrained scatter correction technique to correct scatter-induced shading artifacts in cone-beam CT, which, when used in image-guided radiation therapy procedures, can assist in patient localization, and potentially, dose verification and adaptive radiation therapy. Phantom studies are conducted using a Varian 2100 EX system with an on-board imager to investigate the extent to which the prior image constrained scatter correction technique can mitigate scatter-induced shading artifacts in cone-beam CT. Results show that these prior image constrained image reconstruction techniques can reduce radiation dose in dual-energy CT by 50% in phantom and animal studies in material density and virtual monochromatic imaging, can lead to radiation dose efficiency improvement in multi-energy photon-counting CT, and can mitigate scatter-induced shading artifacts in cone-beam CT in full-fan and half-fan modes.

76 FR 66913 - Caribbean Fishery Management Council; Catch Share Panel Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-28

... discuss the following agenda items: --Call To Order --Trap Reduction Program Discussion --Other Issues... interpretation will be provided (English-Spanish). For more information or request for sign language...

Automated Reduction of Data from Images and Holograms

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lee, G. (Editor); Trolinger, James D. (Editor); Yu, Y. H. (Editor)

1987-01-01

Laser techniques are widely used for the diagnostics of aerodynamic flow and particle fields. The storage capability of holograms has made this technique an even more powerful. Over 60 researchers in the field of holography, particle sizing and image processing convened to discuss these topics. The research program of ten government laboratories, several universities, industry and foreign countries were presented. A number of papers on holographic interferometry with applications to fluid mechanics were given. Several papers on combustion and particle sizing, speckle velocimetry and speckle interferometry were given. A session on image processing and automated fringe data reduction techniques and the type of facilities for fringe reduction was held.

Paramedic-Initiated Home Care Referrals and Use of Home Care and Emergency Medical Services.

PubMed

Verma, Amol A; Klich, John; Thurston, Adam; Scantlebury, Jordan; Kiss, Alex; Seddon, Gayle; Sinha, Samir K

2018-01-01

We examined the association between paramedic-initiated home care referrals and utilization of home care, 9-1-1, and Emergency Department (ED) services. This was a retrospective cohort study of individuals who received a paramedic-initiated home care referral after a 9-1-1 call between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2012 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Home care, 9-1-1, and ED utilization were compared in the 6 months before and after home care referral. Nonparametric longitudinal regression was performed to assess changes in hours of home care service use and zero-inflated Poisson regression was performed to assess changes in the number of 9-1-1 calls and ambulance transports to ED. During the 24-month study period, 2,382 individuals received a paramedic-initiated home care referral. After excluding individuals who died, were hospitalized, or were admitted to a nursing home, the final study cohort was 1,851. The proportion of the study population receiving home care services increased from 18.2% to 42.5% after referral, representing 450 additional people receiving services. In longitudinal regression analysis, there was an increase of 17.4 hours in total services per person in the six months after referral (95% CI: 1.7-33.1, p = 0.03). The mean number of 9-1-1 calls per person was 1.44 (SD 9.58) before home care referral and 1.20 (SD 7.04) after home care referral in the overall study cohort. This represented a 10% reduction in 9-1-1 calls (95% CI: 7-13%, p < 0.001) in Poisson regression analysis. The mean number of ambulance transports to ED per person was 0.91 (SD 8.90) before home care referral and 0.79 (SD 6.27) after home care referral, representing a 7% reduction (95% CI: 3-11%, p < 0.001) in Poisson regression analysis. When only the participants with complete paramedic and home care records were included in the analysis, the reductions in 9-1-1 calls and ambulance transports to ED were attenuated but remained statistically significant. Paramedic-initiated home care referrals in Toronto were associated with improved access to and use of home care services and may have been associated with reduced 9-1-1 calls and ambulance transports to ED.

The Resolved Stellar Populations Early Release Science Program

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weisz, Daniel; Anderson, J.; Boyer, M.; Cole, A.; Dolphin, A.; Geha, M.; Kalirai, J.; Kallivayalil, N.; McQuinn, K.; Sandstrom, K.; Williams, B.

2017-11-01

We propose to obtain deep multi-band NIRCam and NIRISS imaging of three resolved stellar systems within 1 Mpc (NOI 104). We will use this broad science program to optimize observational setups and to develop data reduction techniques that will be common to JWST studies of resolved stellar populations. We will combine our expertise in HST resolved star studies with these observations to design, test, and release point spread function (PSF) fitting software specific to JWST. PSF photometry is at the heart of resolved stellar populations studies, but is not part of the standard JWST reduction pipeline. Our program will establish JWST-optimized methodologies in six scientific areas: star formation histories, measurement of the sub-Solar mass stellar IMF, extinction maps, evolved stars, proper motions, and globular clusters, all of which will be common pursuits for JWST in the local Universe. Our observations of globular cluster M92, ultra-faint dwarf Draco II, and star-forming dwarf WLM, will be of high archival value for other science such as calibrating stellar evolution models, measuring properties of variable stars, and searching for metal-poor stars. We will release the results of our program, including PSF fitting software, matched HST and JWST catalogs, clear documentation, and step-by-step tutorials (e.g., Jupyter notebooks) for data reduction and science application, to the community prior to the Cycle 2 Call for Proposals. We will host a workshop to help community members plan their Cycle 2 observations of resolved stars. Our program will provide blueprints for the community to efficiently reduce and analyze JWST observations of resolved stellar populations.

TESTING OF INDOOR RADON REDUCTION TECHNIQUES IN BASEMENT HOUSES HAVING ADJOINING WINGS

EPA Science Inventory

The report gives results of tests of indoor radon reduction techniques in 12 existing Maryland houses, with the objective of determining when basement houses with adjoining wings require active soil depressurization (ASD) treatment of both wings, and when treatment of the basemen...

[Cancellations in pediatric surgery].

PubMed

González Landa, G; Sánchez-Ruiz, I; San Sebastián, J A; Busturia, P; Cuesta, E; Prado, C; Azcona, I

1998-07-01

Cancellations have an important role in the effectiveness of the surgical schedule. Analyze the evolution of the cancellations during the years 1994-1997, after institution of several corrective measures. We started in 1994 together with the Quality Unit of the Hospital, a program to reduce surgical cancellations. It consisted in improvement of parents information, surgical schedule centralization, and increasing the awareness of the importance of constant improvement. Cancellations have been divided in: inevitables and inevitables, and analyzed for the entire Service and for each speciality. A significant reduction of cancellations have been obtain (from 12.38% in 1992 to 3.35% in 1997). The inevitable causes (no presentation, inadequate preparation and lack of time in the surgical room) have shown the most improvement. Although the inevitable causes (intercurrent disease) were also significantly improved, after obtaining prior information of the health of the child, by telephone call or parents advise. ENT is the speciality with greatest improvement by significant reduction of the non presentation and intercurrent disease. After corrective measures conjointly with a realistic surgical schedule, prior telephone call and improvement quality concept, have permitted a significant reduction of cancellations.

The anxiolitic effects of BTG1640 and BTG1675A on ultrasonic isolation calls and locomotor activity of rat pups.

PubMed

Niculescu, M; Cagiano, R; Caprio, M; Damian, S; Boia, E; Vermesan, D; Tattoli, M; Haragus, H

2016-12-01

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anxiolytic properties of the new isoxazoline compounds BTG1640 and BTG1675A in comparison with diazepam. We evaluated the ultrasonic distress emission in both sexes of neonatal rat pups (which seems to be a sensitive indicator of the rat emotional reactivity and represents a valuable tool to screen compounds with expected anxiolytic properties) and the locomotor activity in 30-day old rat pups. We found a significant reduction in the number of emitted ultrasonic calls only after i.p. administration of diazepam 1 mg/kg, while no significant reduction have been detected after i.p. administration of BTG 1640 and BTG 1675A. Furthermore, we found a significant reduction of locomotor activity in the first 10' of the test, only in the group treated with diazepam 0.1 mg. The tests validating the supposed anxiolytic properties of the new isoxazoline compounds BTG1640 and BTG1675A, in comparison with diazepam, gave negative results.

Non-song social call bouts of migrating humpback whales

PubMed Central

Rekdahl, Melinda L.; Dunlop, Rebecca A.; Goldizen, Anne W.; Garland, Ellen C.; Biassoni, Nicoletta; Miller, Patrick; Noad, Michael J.

2015-01-01

The use of stereotyped calls within structured bouts has been described for a number of species and may increase the information potential of call repertoires. Humpback whales produce a repertoire of social calls, although little is known about the complexity or function of these calls. In this study, digital acoustic tag recordings were used to investigate social call use within bouts, the use of bouts across different social contexts, and whether particular call type combinations were favored. Call order within bouts was investigated using call transition frequencies and information theory techniques. Call bouts were defined through analysis of inter-call intervals, as any calls within 3.9 s of each other. Bouts were produced significantly more when new whales joined a group compared to groups that did not change membership, and in groups containing multiple adults escorting a female and calf compared to adult only groups. Although social calls tended to be produced in bouts, there were few repeated bout types. However, the order in which most call types were produced within bouts was non-random and dependent on the preceding call type. These bouts appear to be at least partially governed by rules for how individual components are combined. PMID:26093396

Non-song social call bouts of migrating humpback whales.

PubMed

Rekdahl, Melinda L; Dunlop, Rebecca A; Goldizen, Anne W; Garland, Ellen C; Biassoni, Nicoletta; Miller, Patrick; Noad, Michael J

2015-06-01

The use of stereotyped calls within structured bouts has been described for a number of species and may increase the information potential of call repertoires. Humpback whales produce a repertoire of social calls, although little is known about the complexity or function of these calls. In this study, digital acoustic tag recordings were used to investigate social call use within bouts, the use of bouts across different social contexts, and whether particular call type combinations were favored. Call order within bouts was investigated using call transition frequencies and information theory techniques. Call bouts were defined through analysis of inter-call intervals, as any calls within 3.9 s of each other. Bouts were produced significantly more when new whales joined a group compared to groups that did not change membership, and in groups containing multiple adults escorting a female and calf compared to adult only groups. Although social calls tended to be produced in bouts, there were few repeated bout types. However, the order in which most call types were produced within bouts was non-random and dependent on the preceding call type. These bouts appear to be at least partially governed by rules for how individual components are combined.

A general soft label based linear discriminant analysis for semi-supervised dimensionality reduction.

PubMed

Zhao, Mingbo; Zhang, Zhao; Chow, Tommy W S; Li, Bing

2014-07-01

Dealing with high-dimensional data has always been a major problem in research of pattern recognition and machine learning, and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is one of the most popular methods for dimension reduction. However, it only uses labeled samples while neglecting unlabeled samples, which are abundant and can be easily obtained in the real world. In this paper, we propose a new dimension reduction method, called "SL-LDA", by using unlabeled samples to enhance the performance of LDA. The new method first propagates label information from the labeled set to the unlabeled set via a label propagation process, where the predicted labels of unlabeled samples, called "soft labels", can be obtained. It then incorporates the soft labels into the construction of scatter matrixes to find a transformed matrix for dimension reduction. In this way, the proposed method can preserve more discriminative information, which is preferable when solving the classification problem. We further propose an efficient approach for solving SL-LDA under a least squares framework, and a flexible method of SL-LDA (FSL-LDA) to better cope with datasets sampled from a nonlinear manifold. Extensive simulations are carried out on several datasets, and the results show the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

TEM Cell Testing of Cable Noise Reduction Techniques from 2 MHz to 200 MHz -- Part 2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bradley, Arthur T.; Evans, William C.; Reed, Joshua L.; Shimp, Samuel K., III; Fitzpatrick, Fred D.

2008-01-01

This paper presents empirical results of cable noise reduction techniques as demonstrated in a TEM cell operating with radiated fields from 2 - 200 MHz. It is the second part of a two-paper series. The first paper discussed cable types and shield connections. In this second paper, the effects of load and source resistances and chassis connections are examined. For each topic, well established theories are compared to data from a real-world physical system. Finally, recommendations for minimizing cable susceptibility (and thus cable emissions) are presented. There are numerous papers and textbooks that present theoretical analyses of cable noise reduction techniques. However, empirical data is often targeted to low frequencies (e.g. <50 KHz) or high frequencies (>100 MHz). Additionally, a comprehensive study showing the relative effects of various noise reduction techniques is needed. These include the use of dedicated return wires, twisted wiring, cable shielding, shield connections, changing load or source impedances, and implementing load- or source-to-chassis isolation. We have created an experimental setup that emulates a real-world electrical system, while still allowing us to independently vary a host of parameters. The goal of the experiment was to determine the relative effectiveness of various noise reduction techniques when the cable is in the presence of radiated emissions from 2 MHz to 200 MHz.

Advances in reduction techniques for tire contact problems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Noor, Ahmed K.

1995-01-01

Some recent developments in reduction techniques, as applied to predicting the tire contact response and evaluating the sensitivity coefficients of the different response quantities, are reviewed. The sensitivity coefficients measure the sensitivity of the contact response to variations in the geometric and material parameters of the tire. The tire is modeled using a two-dimensional laminated anisotropic shell theory with the effects of variation in geometric and material parameters, transverse shear deformation, and geometric nonlinearities included. The contact conditions are incorporated into the formulation by using a perturbed Lagrangian approach with the fundamental unknowns consisting of the stress resultants, the generalized displacements, and the Lagrange multipliers associated with the contact conditions. The elemental arrays are obtained by using a modified two-field, mixed variational principle. For the application of reduction techniques, the tire finite element model is partitioned into two regions. The first region consists of the nodes that are likely to come in contact with the pavement, and the second region includes all the remaining nodes. The reduction technique is used to significantly reduce the degrees of freedom in the second region. The effectiveness of the computational procedure is demonstrated by a numerical example of the frictionless contact response of the space shuttle nose-gear tire, inflated and pressed against a rigid flat surface. Also, the research topics which have high potential for enhancing the effectiveness of reduction techniques are outlined.

Inverse Function: Pre-Service Teachers' Techniques and Meanings

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Paoletti, Teo; Stevens, Irma E.; Hobson, Natalie L. F.; Moore, Kevin C.; LaForest, Kevin R.

2018-01-01

Researchers have argued teachers and students are not developing connected meanings for function inverse, thus calling for a closer examination of teachers' and students' inverse function meanings. Responding to this call, we characterize 25 pre-service teachers' inverse function meanings as inferred from our analysis of clinical interviews. After…

Perspectives: A Challenging Patriotism

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Boyte, Harry C.

2012-01-01

In a time of alarm about the poisoning of electoral politics, public passions inflamed by sophisticated techniques of mass polarization, and fears that the country is losing control of its collective future, higher education is called upon to take leadership in "reinventing citizenship." It needs to respond to that call on a scale unprecedented in…

Teaching Free Expression in Word and Example (Commentary).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Merrill, John

1991-01-01

Suggests that the teaching of free expression may be the highest calling of a communications or journalism professor. Argues that freedom must be tempered by a sense of ethics. Calls upon teachers to encourage students to analyze the questions surrounding free expression. Describes techniques for scrutinizing journalistic myths. (SG)

Hands-free human-machine interaction with voice

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Juang, B. H.

2004-05-01

Voice is natural communication interface between a human and a machine. The machine, when placed in today's communication networks, may be configured to provide automation to save substantial operating cost, as demonstrated in AT&T's VRCP (Voice Recognition Call Processing), or to facilitate intelligent services, such as virtual personal assistants, to enhance individual productivity. These intelligent services often need to be accessible anytime, anywhere (e.g., in cars when the user is in a hands-busy-eyes-busy situation or during meetings where constantly talking to a microphone is either undersirable or impossible), and thus call for advanced signal processing and automatic speech recognition techniques which support what we call ``hands-free'' human-machine communication. These techniques entail a broad spectrum of technical ideas, ranging from use of directional microphones and acoustic echo cancellatiion to robust speech recognition. In this talk, we highlight a number of key techniques that were developed for hands-free human-machine communication in the mid-1990s after Bell Labs became a unit of Lucent Technologies. A video clip will be played to demonstrate the accomplishement.

Measurements of Turbulent Flow Field in Separate Flow Nozzles with Enhanced Mixing Devices - Test Report

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bridges, James

2002-01-01

As part of the Advanced Subsonic Technology Program, a series of experiments was conducted at NASA Glenn Research Center on the effect of mixing enhancement devices on the aeroacoustic performance of separate flow nozzles. Initial acoustic evaluations of the devices showed that they reduced jet noise significantly, while creating very little thrust loss. The explanation for the improvement required that turbulence measurements, namely single point mean and RMS statistics and two-point spatial correlations, be made to determine the change in the turbulence caused by the mixing enhancement devices that lead to the noise reduction. These measurements were made in the summer of 2000 in a test program called Separate Nozzle Flow Test 2000 (SFNT2K) supported by the Aeropropulsion Research Program at NASA Glenn Research Center. Given the hot high-speed flows representative of a contemporary bypass ratio 5 turbofan engine, unsteady flow field measurements required the use of an optical measurement method. To achieve the spatial correlations, the Particle Image Velocimetry technique was employed, acquiring high-density velocity maps of the flows from which the required statistics could be derived. This was the first successful use of this technique for such flows, and shows the utility of this technique for future experimental programs. The extensive statistics obtained were likewise unique and give great insight into the turbulence which produces noise and how the turbulence can be modified to reduce jet noise.

Hybrid x-space: a new approach for MPI reconstruction.

PubMed

Tateo, A; Iurino, A; Settanni, G; Andrisani, A; Stifanelli, P F; Larizza, P; Mazzia, F; Mininni, R M; Tangaro, S; Bellotti, R

2016-06-07

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a new medical imaging technique capable of recovering the distribution of superparamagnetic particles from their measured induced signals. In literature there are two main MPI reconstruction techniques: measurement-based (MB) and x-space (XS). The MB method is expensive because it requires a long calibration procedure as well as a reconstruction phase that can be numerically costly. On the other side, the XS method is simpler than MB but the exact knowledge of the field free point (FFP) motion is essential for its implementation. Our simulation work focuses on the implementation of a new approach for MPI reconstruction: it is called hybrid x-space (HXS), representing a combination of the previous methods. Specifically, our approach is based on XS reconstruction because it requires the knowledge of the FFP position and velocity at each time instant. The difference with respect to the original XS formulation is how the FFP velocity is computed: we estimate it from the experimental measurements of the calibration scans, typical of the MB approach. Moreover, a compressive sensing technique is applied in order to reduce the calibration time, setting a fewer number of sampling positions. Simulations highlight that HXS and XS methods give similar results. Furthermore, an appropriate use of compressive sensing is crucial for obtaining a good balance between time reduction and reconstructed image quality. Our proposal is suitable for open geometry configurations of human size devices, where incidental factors could make the currents, the fields and the FFP trajectory irregular.

53rd Course Molecular Physics and Plasmas in Hypersonics 2

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-09-09

between CO2 symmetric and bending modes ( 11 ) proceeds fast due to the Fermi resonance between the frequencies of these modes and can be considered as...of local maximization of the collision frequency given by Eq. ( 11 ) allows a strong reduction of the computational cost and it is verified a...called arc-jets or DC-Plasmatron [25, 26]. PWTs using Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) torch, based on Radio - Frequency (RF) discharge, are so- called

CEE/CA: Report calls for decriminalization of sex work.

PubMed

Betteridge, Glenn

2006-04-01

In December 2005, the Central and Eastern European Harm Reduction Network (CEEHRN) released a report calling for the decriminalization of sex work in the 27 countries of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia (CEE/CA). The report brings together a wealth of published and original information concerning sex work, laws regulating sex work, epidemiological data regarding HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), services available to sex workers, and human rights abuses faced by sex workers.

Non-invasive subcutaneous fat reduction: a review.

PubMed

Kennedy, J; Verne, S; Griffith, R; Falto-Aizpurua, L; Nouri, K

2015-09-01

The risks, financial costs and lengthy downtime associated with surgical procedures for fat reduction have led to the development of a number of non-invasive techniques. Non-invasive body contouring now represents the fastest growing area of aesthetic medicine. There are currently four leading non-invasive techniques for reducing localized subcutaneous adipose tissue: low-level laser therapy (LLLT), cryolipolysis, radio frequency (RF) and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). To review and compare leading techniques and clinical outcomes of non-invasive subcutaneous fat reduction. The terms 'non-invasive', 'low-level laser', 'cryolipolysis', 'ultrasound' and 'radio frequency' were combined with 'lipolysis', 'fat reduction' or 'body contour' during separate searches in the PubMed database. We identified 31 studies (27 prospective clinical studies and four retrospective chart reviews) with a total of 2937 patients that had been treated with LLLT (n = 1114), cryolipolysis (n = 706), HIFU (n = 843) or RF (n = 116) or other techniques (n = 158) for fat reduction or body contouring. A majority of these patients experienced significant and satisfying results without any serious adverse effects. The studies investigating these devices have all varied in treatment regimen, body locations, follow-up times or outcome operationalization. Each technique differs in offered advantages and severity of adverse effects. However, multiple non-invasive devices are safe and effective for circumferential reduction in local fat tissue by 2 cm or more across the abdomen, hips and thighs. Results are consistent and reproducible for each device and none are associated with any serious or permanent adverse effects. © 2015 European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology.

Improving Efficiency of Aluminium Sacrificial Anode Using Cold Work Process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Asmara, Y. P.; Siregar, J. P.; Tezara, C.; Ann, Chang Tai

2016-02-01

Aluminium is one of the preferred materials to be used as sacrificial anode for carbon steel protection. The efficiency of these can be low due to the formation of oxide layer which passivate the anodes. Currently, to improve its efficiency, there are efforts using a new technique called surface modifications. The objective of this research is to study corrosion mechanism of aluminium sacrificial anode which has been processed by cold work. The cold works are applied by reducing the thickness of aluminium sacrificial anodes at 20% and 40% of thickness reduction. The cathodic protection experiments were performed by immersion of aluminium connected to carbon steel cylinder in 3% NaCl solutions. Visual inspections using SEM had been conducted during the experiments and corrosion rate data were taken in every week for 8 weeks of immersion time. Corrosion rate data were measured using weight loss and linear polarization technique (LPR). From the results, it is observed that cold worked aluminium sacrificial anode have a better corrosion performance. It shows higher corrosion rate and lower corrosion potential. The anodes also provided a long functional for sacrificial anode before it stop working. From SEM investigation, it is shown that cold works have changed the microstructure of anodes which is suspected in increasing corrosion rate and cause de-passivate of the surface anodes.

A review on machine learning principles for multi-view biological data integration.

PubMed

Li, Yifeng; Wu, Fang-Xiang; Ngom, Alioune

2018-03-01

Driven by high-throughput sequencing techniques, modern genomic and clinical studies are in a strong need of integrative machine learning models for better use of vast volumes of heterogeneous information in the deep understanding of biological systems and the development of predictive models. How data from multiple sources (called multi-view data) are incorporated in a learning system is a key step for successful analysis. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review on omics and clinical data integration techniques, from a machine learning perspective, for various analyses such as prediction, clustering, dimension reduction and association. We shall show that Bayesian models are able to use prior information and model measurements with various distributions; tree-based methods can either build a tree with all features or collectively make a final decision based on trees learned from each view; kernel methods fuse the similarity matrices learned from individual views together for a final similarity matrix or learning model; network-based fusion methods are capable of inferring direct and indirect associations in a heterogeneous network; matrix factorization models have potential to learn interactions among features from different views; and a range of deep neural networks can be integrated in multi-modal learning for capturing the complex mechanism of biological systems.

Hurst exponent: A Brownian approach to characterize the nonlinear behavior of red blood cells deformability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mancilla Canales, M. A.; Leguto, A. J.; Riquelme, B. D.; León, P. Ponce de; Bortolato, S. A.; Korol, A. M.

2017-12-01

Ektacytometry techniques quantifies red blood cells (RBCs) deformability by measuring the elongation of suspended RBCs subjected to shear stress. Raw shear stress elongation plots are difficult to understand, thus most research papers apply data reduction methods characterizing the relationship between curve fitting. Our approach works with the naturally generated photometrically recorded time series of the diffraction pattern of several million of RBCs subjected to shear stress, and applies nonlinear quantifiers to study the fluctuations of these elongations. The development of new quantitative methods is crucial for restricting the subjectivity in the study of the cells behavior, mainly if they are capable of analyze at the same time biological and mechanical aspects of the cells in flowing conditions and compare their dynamics. A patented optical system called Erythrocyte Rheometer was used to evaluate viscoelastic properties of erythrocytes by Ektacytometry. To analyze cell dynamics we used the technique of Time Delay Coordinates, False Nearest Neighbors, the forecasting procedure proposed by Sugihara and May, and Hurst exponent. The results have expressive meaning on comparing healthy samples with parasite treated samples, suggesting that apparent noise associated with deterministic chaos can be used not only to distinguish but also to characterize biological and mechanical aspects of cells at the same time in flowing conditions.

Surgical timing of treating injured extremities: an evolving concept of urgency.

PubMed

Crist, Brett D; Ferguson, Tania; Murtha, Yvonne M; Lee, Mark A

2013-01-01

The management of some orthopaedic extremity injuries has changed over the past decade because of changing resource availability and the risks of complications. It is helpful to review the current literature regarding orthopaedic extremity emergencies and urgencies. The effects of the techniques of damage control orthopaedic techniques and the concept of the orthopaedic trauma room have also affected the management of these injuries. The available literature indicates that the remaining true orthopaedic extremity emergencies include compartment syndrome and vascular injuries associated with fractures and dislocations. Orthopaedic urgencies include open fracture management, femoral neck fractures in young patients treated with open reduction and internal fixation, and talus fractures that are open or those with impending skin compromise. Deciding when the definitive management of orthopaedic extremity injuries will occur has evolved as the concept of damage control orthopaedics has become more commonly accepted. Patient survival rates have improved with current resuscitative protocols. Definitive fixation of extremity injuries should be delayed until the patient's physiologic and extremity soft-tissue status allows for appropriate definitive management while minimizing the risks of complications. In patients with semiurgent orthopaedic injuries, the use of an orthopaedic trauma room has led to more efficient care of patients, fewer complications, and better time management for surgeons who perform on-call service for patients with traumatic orthopaedic injuries.

Comparing Noun Phrasing Techniques for Use with Medical Digital Library Tools.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tolle, Kristin M.; Chen, Hsinchun

2000-01-01

Describes a study that investigated the use of a natural language processing technique called noun phrasing to determine whether it is a viable technique for medical information retrieval. Evaluates four noun phrase generation tools for their ability to isolate noun phrases from medical journal abstracts, focusing on precision and recall.…

Underwater Photo-Elicitation: A New Experiential Marine Education Technique

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Andrews, Steve; Stocker, Laura; Oechel, Walter

2018-01-01

Underwater photo-elicitation is a novel experiential marine education technique that combines direct experience in the marine environment with the use of digital underwater cameras. A program called Show Us Your Ocean! (SUYO!) was created, utilising a mixed methodology (qualitative and quantitative methods) to test the efficacy of this technique.…

Q-Technique and Graphics Research.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kahle, Roger R.

Because Q-technique is as appropriate for use with visual and design items as for use with words, it is not stymied by the topics one is likely to encounter in graphics research. In particular Q-technique is suitable for studying the so-called "congeniality" of typography, for various copytesting usages, and for multivariate graphics research. The…

Writing with Basals: A Sentence Combining Approach to Comprehension.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reutzel, D. Ray; Merrill, Jimmie D.

Sentence combining techniques can be used with basal readers to help students develop writing skills. The first technique is addition, characterized by using the connecting word "and" to join two or more base sentences together. The second technique is called "embedding," and is characterized by putting parts of two or more base sentences together…

Respondent Techniques for Reduction of Emotions Limiting School Adjustment: A Quantitative Review and Methodological Critique.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Misra, Anjali; Schloss, Patrick J.

1989-01-01

The critical analysis of 23 studies using respondent techniques for the reduction of excessive emotional reactions in school children focuses on research design, dependent variables, independent variables, component analysis, and demonstrations of generalization and maintenance. Results indicate widespread methodological flaws that limit the…

RADON REDUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR EXISTING DETACHED HOUSES - TECHNICAL GUIDANCE (THIRD EDITION) FOR ACTIVE SOIL DEPRESSURIZATION SYSTEMS

EPA Science Inventory

This technical guidance document is designed to aid in the selection, design, installation and operation of indoor radon reduction techniques using soil depressurization in existing houses. Its emphasis is on active soil depressurization; i.e., on systems that use a fan to depre...

Multi-Level Reduced Order Modeling Equipped with Probabilistic Error Bounds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abdo, Mohammad Gamal Mohammad Mostafa

This thesis develops robust reduced order modeling (ROM) techniques to achieve the needed efficiency to render feasible the use of high fidelity tools for routine engineering analyses. Markedly different from the state-of-the-art ROM techniques, our work focuses only on techniques which can quantify the credibility of the reduction which can be measured with the reduction errors upper-bounded for the envisaged range of ROM model application. Our objective is two-fold. First, further developments of ROM techniques are proposed when conventional ROM techniques are too taxing to be computationally practical. This is achieved via a multi-level ROM methodology designed to take advantage of the multi-scale modeling strategy typically employed for computationally taxing models such as those associated with the modeling of nuclear reactor behavior. Second, the discrepancies between the original model and ROM model predictions over the full range of model application conditions are upper-bounded in a probabilistic sense with high probability. ROM techniques may be classified into two broad categories: surrogate construction techniques and dimensionality reduction techniques, with the latter being the primary focus of this work. We focus on dimensionality reduction, because it offers a rigorous approach by which reduction errors can be quantified via upper-bounds that are met in a probabilistic sense. Surrogate techniques typically rely on fitting a parametric model form to the original model at a number of training points, with the residual of the fit taken as a measure of the prediction accuracy of the surrogate. This approach, however, does not generally guarantee that the surrogate model predictions at points not included in the training process will be bound by the error estimated from the fitting residual. Dimensionality reduction techniques however employ a different philosophy to render the reduction, wherein randomized snapshots of the model variables, such as the model parameters, responses, or state variables, are projected onto lower dimensional subspaces, referred to as the "active subspaces", which are selected to capture a user-defined portion of the snapshots variations. Once determined, the ROM model application involves constraining the variables to the active subspaces. In doing so, the contribution from the variables discarded components can be estimated using a fundamental theorem from random matrix theory which has its roots in Dixon's theory, developed in 1983. This theory was initially presented for linear matrix operators. The thesis extends this theorem's results to allow reduction of general smooth nonlinear operators. The result is an approach by which the adequacy of a given active subspace determined using a given set of snapshots, generated either using the full high fidelity model, or other models with lower fidelity, can be assessed, which provides insight to the analyst on the type of snapshots required to reach a reduction that can satisfy user-defined preset tolerance limits on the reduction errors. Reactor physics calculations are employed as a test bed for the proposed developments. The focus will be on reducing the effective dimensionality of the various data streams such as the cross-section data and the neutron flux. The developed methods will be applied to representative assembly level calculations, where the size of the cross-section and flux spaces are typically large, as required by downstream core calculations, in order to capture the broad range of conditions expected during reactor operation. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.).

Complete reduction of high-density UO2 to metallic U in molten Li2O-LiCl

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choi, Eun-Young; Lee, Jeong

2017-10-01

The large size and high density of spent fuel pellets make it difficult to use the pellets directly in electrolytic reduction (also called as oxide reduction, OR) for pyroprocessing owing to the slow diffusion of molten Li2O-LiCl salt electrolyte into the pellets. In this study, we investigated complete OR of high-density UO2 to metallic U without any remaining UO2. Only partial reductions near the surface of high-density UO2 pellets were observed under operation conditions employing fast electrolysis rate that allowed previously complete reduction of low-density UO2 pellets. Complete reduction of high-density UO2 pellets was observed at fast electrolysis rate when the pellet size was reduced. The complete reduction of high-density UO2 pellets without size reduction was achieved at slow electrolysis rate, which allowed sufficient chemical reduction of UO2 with the lithium metal generated by the cathode reaction.

Target oriented dimensionality reduction of hyperspectral data by Kernel Fukunaga-Koontz Transform

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Binol, Hamidullah; Ochilov, Shuhrat; Alam, Mohammad S.; Bal, Abdullah

2017-02-01

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a popular technique in remote sensing for dimensionality reduction. While PCA is suitable for data compression, it is not necessarily an optimal technique for feature extraction, particularly when the features are exploited in supervised learning applications (Cheriyadat and Bruce, 2003) [1]. Preserving features belonging to the target is very crucial to the performance of target detection/recognition techniques. Fukunaga-Koontz Transform (FKT) based supervised band reduction technique can be used to provide this requirement. FKT achieves feature selection by transforming into a new space in where feature classes have complimentary eigenvectors. Analysis of these eigenvectors under two classes, target and background clutter, can be utilized for target oriented band reduction since each basis functions best represent target class while carrying least information of the background class. By selecting few eigenvectors which are the most relevant to the target class, dimension of hyperspectral data can be reduced and thus, it presents significant advantages for near real time target detection applications. The nonlinear properties of the data can be extracted by kernel approach which provides better target features. Thus, we propose constructing kernel FKT (KFKT) to present target oriented band reduction. The performance of the proposed KFKT based target oriented dimensionality reduction algorithm has been tested employing two real-world hyperspectral data and results have been reported consequently.

An implementation and performance measurement of the progressive retry technique

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Suri, Gaurav; Huang, Yennun; Wang, Yi-Min; Fuchs, W. Kent; Kintala, Chandra

1995-01-01

This paper describes a recovery technique called progressive retry for bypassing software faults in message-passing applications. The technique is implemented as reusable modules to provide application-level software fault tolerance. The paper describes the implementation of the technique and presents results from the application of progressive retry to two telecommunications systems. the results presented show that the technique is helpful in reducing the total recovery time for message-passing applications.

Perspective on Kraken Mare Shores

NASA Image and Video Library

2015-02-12

This Cassini Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image is presented as a perspective view and shows a landscape near the eastern shoreline of Kraken Mare, a hydrocarbon sea in Titan's north polar region. This image was processed using a technique for handling noise that results in clearer views that can be easier for researchers to interpret. The technique, called despeckling, also is useful for producing altimetry data and 3-D views called digital elevation maps. Scientists have used a technique called radargrammetry to determine the altitude of surface features in this view at a resolution of approximately half a mile, or 1 kilometer. The altimetry reveals that the area is smooth overall, with a maximum amplitude of 0.75 mile (1.2 kilometers) in height. The topography also shows that all observed channels flow downhill. The presence of what scientists call "knickpoints" -- locations on a river where a sharp change in slope occurs -- might indicate stratification in the bedrock, erosion mechanisms at work or a particular way the surface responds to runoff events, such as floods following large storms. One such knickpoint is visible just above the lower left corner, where an area of bright slopes is seen. The image was obtained during a flyby of Titan on April 10, 2007. A more traditional radar image of this area on Titan is seen in PIA19046. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA19051

Gene Profiling Technique to Accelerate Stem Cell Therapies for Eye Diseases

MedlinePlus

... like RPE. They also use a technique called quantitative RT-PCR to measure the expression of genes ... higher in iPS cells than mature RPE. But quantitative RT-PCR only permits the simultaneous measurement of ...

Direct Telephonic Communication in a Heart Failure Transitional Care Program: An observational study.

PubMed

Ota, Ken S; Beutler, David S; Sheikh, Hassam; Weiss, Jessica L; Parkinson, Dallin; Nguyen, Peter; Gerkin, Richard D; Loli, Akil I

2013-10-01

This study investigated the trend of phone calls in the Banner Good Samaritan Medical Center (BGSMC) Heart Failure Transitional Care Program (HFTCP). The primary goal of the HFTCP is to reduce 30-Day readmissions for heart failure patients by using a multi-pronged approach. This study included 104 patients in the HFTCP discharged over a 51-week period who had around-the-clock telephone access to the Transitionalist. Cellular phone records were reviewed. This study evaluated the length and timing of calls. A total of 4398 telephone calls were recorded of which 39% were inbound and 61% were outbound. This averaged to 86 calls per week. During the "Weekday Daytime" period, Eighty-five percent of the totals calls were made. There were 229 calls during the "Weekday Nights" period with 1.5 inbound calls per week. The "Total Weekend" calls were 10.2% of the total calls which equated to a weekly average of 8.8. Our experience is that direct, physician-patient telephone contact is feasible with a panel of around 100 HF patients for one provider. If the proper financial reimbursements are provided, physicians may be apt to participate in similar transitional care programs. Likewise, third party payers will benefit from the reduction in unnecessary emergency room visits and hospitalizations.

Model and controller reduction of large-scale structures based on projection methods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gildin, Eduardo

The design of low-order controllers for high-order plants is a challenging problem theoretically as well as from a computational point of view. Frequently, robust controller design techniques result in high-order controllers. It is then interesting to achieve reduced-order models and controllers while maintaining robustness properties. Controller designed for large structures based on models obtained by finite element techniques yield large state-space dimensions. In this case, problems related to storage, accuracy and computational speed may arise. Thus, model reduction methods capable of addressing controller reduction problems are of primary importance to allow the practical applicability of advanced controller design methods for high-order systems. A challenging large-scale control problem that has emerged recently is the protection of civil structures, such as high-rise buildings and long-span bridges, from dynamic loadings such as earthquakes, high wind, heavy traffic, and deliberate attacks. Even though significant effort has been spent in the application of control theory to the design of civil structures in order increase their safety and reliability, several challenging issues are open problems for real-time implementation. This dissertation addresses with the development of methodologies for controller reduction for real-time implementation in seismic protection of civil structures using projection methods. Three classes of schemes are analyzed for model and controller reduction: nodal truncation, singular value decomposition methods and Krylov-based methods. A family of benchmark problems for structural control are used as a framework for a comparative study of model and controller reduction techniques. It is shown that classical model and controller reduction techniques, such as balanced truncation, modal truncation and moment matching by Krylov techniques, yield reduced-order controllers that do not guarantee stability of the closed-loop system, that is, the reduced-order controller implemented with the full-order plant. A controller reduction approach is proposed such that to guarantee closed-loop stability. It is based on the concept of dissipativity (or positivity) of linear dynamical systems. Utilizing passivity preserving model reduction together with dissipative-LQG controllers, effective low-order optimal controllers are obtained. Results are shown through simulations.

Multilinear Graph Embedding: Representation and Regularization for Images.

PubMed

Chen, Yi-Lei; Hsu, Chiou-Ting

2014-02-01

Given a set of images, finding a compact and discriminative representation is still a big challenge especially when multiple latent factors are hidden in the way of data generation. To represent multifactor images, although multilinear models are widely used to parameterize the data, most methods are based on high-order singular value decomposition (HOSVD), which preserves global statistics but interprets local variations inadequately. To this end, we propose a novel method, called multilinear graph embedding (MGE), as well as its kernelization MKGE to leverage the manifold learning techniques into multilinear models. Our method theoretically links the linear, nonlinear, and multilinear dimensionality reduction. We also show that the supervised MGE encodes informative image priors for image regularization, provided that an image is represented as a high-order tensor. From our experiments on face and gait recognition, the superior performance demonstrates that MGE better represents multifactor images than classic methods, including HOSVD and its variants. In addition, the significant improvement in image (or tensor) completion validates the potential of MGE for image regularization.

Low-complexity peak-to-average power ratio reduction scheme for flip-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing visible light communication system based on μ-law mapping

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Jianping; Zhang, Peiran; Lu, Huimin; Feng, LiFang

2017-06-01

An orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique called flipped OFDM (flip-OFDM) is apposite for a visible light communication system that needs the transmitted signal to be real and positive. Flip-OFDM uses two consecutive OFDM subframes to transmit the positive and negative parts of the signal. However, peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) for flip-OFDM is increased tremendously due to the low value of total average power that arises from many zero values in both the positive and flipped frames. We first analyze the performance of flip-OFDM and perform a comparison with the conventional DC-biased OFDM (DCO-OFDM); then we propose a flip-OFDM scheme combined with μ-law mapping to reduce the high PAPR. The simulation results show that the PAPR of the system is reduced about 17.2 and 5.9 dB when compared with the normal flip-OFDM and DCO-OFDM signals, respectively.

Agricultural ecosystems - The world is watching

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Madison, M.F.; Licht, L.A.

1990-02-01

Environmental degradation is displacing nuclear war as the overriding concern of the world's people. An accusing finger is rightfully pointed at agricultural practices - for degrading water, air, food, and societal quality. As reported in the popular and technical press, there is a clamor for farming technology that is both productive and ecological. We cannot survive without a productive agriculture. Yet, the eroding soil, the degrading water quality, the decrease in farm profitability, the reductions in wildlife populations, and the closing store fronts in rural America point to a need for new management approaches. The word sustainable continues to bemore » mentioned as an underlying theme for future management techniques. Soil, air, and water form a seamless whole - the thin envelope we call the biosphere. The term sustainable agriculture implies a nourishing stewardship of the biosphere when used by farmers in pursuit of their livelihood. This biosphere simultaneously produces and sustains a multitude of products, including ourselves. It is all we have to create both our present and our future.« less

Exact-Differential Large-Scale Traffic Simulation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hanai, Masatoshi; Suzumura, Toyotaro; Theodoropoulos, Georgios

2015-01-01

Analyzing large-scale traffics by simulation needs repeating execution many times with various patterns of scenarios or parameters. Such repeating execution brings about big redundancy because the change from a prior scenario to a later scenario is very minor in most cases, for example, blocking only one of roads or changing the speed limit of several roads. In this paper, we propose a new redundancy reduction technique, called exact-differential simulation, which enables to simulate only changing scenarios in later execution while keeping exactly same results as in the case of whole simulation. The paper consists of two main efforts: (i) amore » key idea and algorithm of the exact-differential simulation, (ii) a method to build large-scale traffic simulation on the top of the exact-differential simulation. In experiments of Tokyo traffic simulation, the exact-differential simulation shows 7.26 times as much elapsed time improvement in average and 2.26 times improvement even in the worst case as the whole simulation.« less

Turboprop+: enhanced Turboprop diffusion-weighted imaging with a new phase correction.

PubMed

Lee, Chu-Yu; Li, Zhiqiang; Pipe, James G; Debbins, Josef P

2013-08-01

Faster periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction (PROPELLER) diffusion-weighted imaging acquisitions, such as Turboprop and X-prop, remain subject to phase errors inherent to a gradient echo readout, which ultimately limits the applied turbo factor (number of gradient echoes between each pair of radiofrequency refocusing pulses) and, thus, scan time reductions. This study introduces a new phase correction to Turboprop, called Turboprop+. This technique employs calibration blades, which generate 2-D phase error maps and are rotated in accordance with the data blades, to correct phase errors arising from off-resonance and system imperfections. The results demonstrate that with a small increase in scan time for collecting calibration blades, Turboprop+ had a superior immunity to the off-resonance-related artifacts when compared to standard Turboprop and recently proposed X-prop with the high turbo factor (turbo factor = 7). Thus, low specific absorption rate and short scan time can be achieved in Turboprop+ using a high turbo factor, whereas off-resonance related artifacts are minimized. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Systems and operations - Living with complexity and growth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hook, W. R.

1983-03-01

Since the space station concept currently being developed by NASA calls for system updates and additions over a period of at least ten years following launch, attention must be given to the interfaces between station elements. Efforts have begun to develop generic fault detection, isolation, and correction techniques that could simplify on-orbit operations, maintenance and repair. An integrated hydrogen-oxygen system has been identified as the feature promising the greatest reduction in resupply costs. Scavenging excess fuel from the Space Shuttle's internal and external tanks, and using leftover Shuttle payload for fluid tankage, could supply hydrogen and oxygen for consumption in the form of propellants, fuel cell electricity, and life support gases. Advancements in cryogenic fluid management and storage technology are the keys to the design of this integrated system. Attention is given to the Interactive Design and Evaluation of Advanced Spacecraft computer-aided design and analysis system, which allows system engineers to study the integration problems presented by 40 technical modules.

Reduction of Helicopter Blade-Vortex Interaction Noise by Active Rotor Control Technology

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yu, Yung H.; Gmelin, Bernd; Splettstoesser, Wolf; Brooks, Thomas F.; Philippe, Jean J.; Prieur, Jean

1997-01-01

Helicopter blade-vortex interaction noise is one of the most severe noise sources and is very important both in community annoyance and military detection. Research over the decades has substantially improved basic physical understanding of the mechanisms generating rotor blade-vortex interaction noise and also of controlling techniques, particularly using active rotor control technology. This paper reviews active rotor control techniques currently available for rotor blade vortex interaction noise reduction, including higher harmonic pitch control, individual blade control, and on-blade control technologies. Basic physical mechanisms of each active control technique are reviewed in terms of noise reduction mechanism and controlling aerodynamic or structural parameters of a blade. Active rotor control techniques using smart structures/materials are discussed, including distributed smart actuators to induce local torsional or flapping deformations, Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

Developing Louisiana crash reduction factors.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2013-10-01

The Louisiana Strategic Highway Safety Plan is to reach the goal of Destination Zero Death on Louisiana : roadways. This tall order calls for implementing all feasible crash countermeasures. A great number of crash : countermeasures have been identif...

MagneMotion urban maglev : final report

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2004-11-01

The MagneMotion Urban Maglev System, called M3, is designed as an alternative to all conventional guided transportation systems. Advantages include major reductions in travel time, operating cost, capital cost, noise, and energy consumption. Small ve...

48 CFR 352.201-70 - Paperwork Reduction Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... record information calling either for answers to identical questions from 10 or more persons other than... Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.) shall apply to this contract. No plan, questionnaire, interview...

48 CFR 352.201-70 - Paperwork Reduction Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... record information calling either for answers to identical questions from 10 or more persons other than... Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.) shall apply to this contract. No plan, questionnaire, interview...

[Vertical reduction mammaplasty for gigantomastia with massive fibroadenomatosis: a case report].

PubMed

Schmid, N; De Greef, C; Calteux, N; Duhem, C; Faverly, D

2006-12-01

Vertical reduction mammaplasty is one of the most debated < short-scar > breast reduction technique. Advantages and drawbacks of the technique are discussed; most of the authors do not accept it as the technique of choice for high glandular resection weights. In our case report we achieve it for a resection weight up to two kilograms with an areolar transposition distance of more than ten centimetres. We show that it is reasonable to realize it dealing with gigantomastia. The massive fibroadenomatosis is observed following immunosuppressive treatment for kidney transplantation. Cyclosporine intake, even sporadic, is at the origin of the growth of these multiple, bilateral and large fibroadenomas. Drug-induced cytokines stimulate their development.

Economic evaluation of the differential benefits of home visits with telephone calls and telephone calls only in transitional discharge support.

PubMed

Wong, Frances Kam Yuet; So, Ching; Chau, June; Law, Antony Kwan Pui; Tam, Stanley Ku Fu; McGhee, Sarah

2015-01-01

home visits and telephone calls are two often used approaches in transitional care, but their differential economic effects are unknown. to examine the differential economic benefits of home visits with telephone calls and telephone calls only in transitional discharge support. cost-effectiveness analysis conducted alongside a randomised controlled trial (RCT). patients discharged from medical units randomly assigned to control (control, N = 210), home visits with calls (home, N = 196) and calls only (call, N = 204). cost-effectiveness analyses were conducted from the societal perspective comparing monetary benefits and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained. the home arm was less costly but less effective at 28 days and was dominating (less costly and more effective) at 84 days. The call arm was dominating at both 28 and 84 days. The incremental QALY for the home arm was -0.0002/0.0008 (28/84 days), and the call arm was 0.0022/0.0104 (28/84 days). When the three groups were compared, the call arm had a higher probability being cost-effective at 84 days but not at 28 days (home: 53%, call: 35% (28 days) versus home: 22%, call: 73% (84 days)) measuring against the NICE threshold of £20,000. the original RCT showed that the bundled intervention involving home visits and calls was more effective than calls only in the reduction of hospital readmissions. This study adds a cost perspective to inform policymakers that both home visits and calls only are cost-effective for transitional care support, but calls only have a higher chance of being cost-effective for a sustained period after intervention. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Geriatrics Society.

Principle of the electrically induced Transient Current Technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bronuzzi, J.; Moll, M.; Bouvet, D.; Mapelli, A.; Sallese, J. M.

2018-05-01

In the field of detector development for High Energy Physics, the so-called Transient Current Technique (TCT) is used to characterize the electric field profile and the charge trapping inside silicon radiation detectors where particles or photons create electron-hole pairs in the bulk of a semiconductor device, as PiN diodes. In the standard approach, the TCT signal originates from the free carriers generated close to the surface of a silicon detector, by short pulses of light or by alpha particles. This work proposes a new principle of charge injection by means of lateral PN junctions implemented in one of the detector electrodes, called the electrical TCT (el-TCT). This technique is fully compatible with CMOS technology and therefore opens new perspectives for assessment of radiation detectors performances.

Calculating phase equilibrium properties of plasma pseudopotential model using hybrid Gibbs statistical ensemble Monte-Carlo technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Butlitsky, M. A.; Zelener, B. B.; Zelener, B. V.

2015-11-01

Earlier a two-component pseudopotential plasma model, which we called a “shelf Coulomb” model has been developed. A Monte-Carlo study of canonical NVT ensemble with periodic boundary conditions has been undertaken to calculate equations of state, pair distribution functions, internal energies and other thermodynamics properties of the model. In present work, an attempt is made to apply so-called hybrid Gibbs statistical ensemble Monte-Carlo technique to this model. First simulation results data show qualitatively similar results for critical point region for both methods. Gibbs ensemble technique let us to estimate the melting curve position and a triple point of the model (in reduced temperature and specific volume coordinates): T* ≈ 0.0476, v* ≈ 6 × 10-4.

USSR Report: Political and Sociological Affairs.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-08-17

percent; rubber articles, 55 percent; and mineral fertilizers,’ 50 percent. Naturally, this results in a reduction in the return on investments ...planned program will require the fundemental reorganization of all the work of the party’s oblast organization. And first of all — First Secretary of...fact that the plans for the 1980*s call for a relative reduction in the growth in capital investments in farming. In the opinion of the German

Inter-proximal enamel reduction in contemporary orthodontics.

PubMed

Pindoria, J; Fleming, P S; Sharma, P K

2016-12-16

Inter-proximal enamel reduction has gained increasing prominence in recent years being advocated to provide space for orthodontic alignment, to refine contact points and to potentially improve long-term stability. An array of techniques and products are available ranging from hand-held abrasive strips to handpiece mounted burs and discs. The indications for inter-proximal enamel reduction and the importance of formal space analysis, together with the various techniques and armamentarium which may be used to perform it safely in both the labial and buccal segments are outlined.

Teaching Business Management to Engineers: The Impact of Interactive Lectures

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rambocas, Meena; Sastry, Musti K. S.

2017-01-01

Some education specialists are challenging the use of traditional strategies in classrooms and are calling for the use of contemporary teaching and learning techniques. In response to these calls, many field experiments that compare different teaching and learning strategies have been conducted. However, to date, little is known on the outcomes of…

78 FR 69705 - 60-Day Notice of Proposed Information Collection: Mortgagee's Application for Partial Settlement

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-20

... calling the toll-free Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Steve... through TTY by calling the toll-free Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Copies of available... techniques or other forms of information technology, e.g., permitting electronic submission of responses. HUD...

High purity, low dislocation GaAs single crystals

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chen, R. T.; Holmes, D. E.; Kirkpatrick, C. G.

1983-01-01

Liquid encapsulated Czochralski crystal growth techniques for producing undoped, high resistivity, low dislocation material suitable for device applications is described. Technique development resulted in reduction of dislocation densities in 3 inch GaAs crystals. Control over the melt stoichiometry was determined to be of critical importance for the reduction of twinning and polycrystallinity during growth.

TESTING OF INDOOR RADON REDUCTION TECHNIQUES IN CENTRAL OHIO HOUSES: PHASE 2 (WINTER 1988-1989)

EPA Science Inventory

The report gives results of tests of developmental indoor radon reduction techniques in nine slab-on-grade and four crawl-space houses near Dayton. Ohio. he slab-on-grade tests indicated that, when there is a good layer of aggregate under the slab, the sub-slab ventilation (SSV) ...

Acoustic analysis of aft noise reduction techniques measured on a subsonic tip speed 50.8 cm (twenty inch) diameter fan. [quiet engine program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stimpert, D. L.; Clemons, A.

1977-01-01

Sound data which were obtained during tests of a 50.8 cm diameter, subsonic tip speed, low pressure ratio fan were analyzed. The test matrix was divided into two major investigations: (1) source noise reduction techniques; and (2) aft duct noise reduction with acoustic treatment. Source noise reduction techniques were investigated which include minimizing second harmonic noise by varying vane/blade ratio, variation in spacing, and lowering the Mach number through the vane row to lower fan broadband noise. Treatment in the aft duct which includes flow noise effects, faceplate porosity, rotor OGV treatment, slant cell treatment, and splitter simulation with variable depth on the outer wall and constant thickness treatment on the inner wall was investigated. Variable boundary conditions such as variation in treatment panel thickness and orientation, and mixed porosity combined with variable thickness were examined. Significant results are reported.

Evaluation of protective gloves and working techniques for reducing hand-arm vibration exposure in the workplace.

PubMed

Milosevic, Matija; McConville, Kristiina M Valter

2012-01-01

Operation of handheld power tools results in exposure to hand-arm vibrations, which over time lead to numerous health complications. The objective of this study was to evaluate protective equipment and working techniques for the reduction of vibration exposure. Vibration transmissions were recorded during different work techniques: with one- and two-handed grip, while wearing protective gloves (standard, air and anti-vibration gloves) and while holding a foam-covered tool handle. The effect was examined by analyzing the reduction of transmitted vibrations at the wrist. The vibration transmission was recorded with a portable device using a triaxial accelerometer. The results suggest large and significant reductions of vibration with appropriate safety equipment. Reductions of 85.6% were achieved when anti-vibration gloves were used. Our results indicated that transmitted vibrations were affected by several factors and could be measured and significantly reduced.

Solitaire salvage: a stent retriever-assisted catheter reduction technical report.

PubMed

Parry, Phillip Vaughan; Morales, Alejandro; Jankowitz, Brian Thomas

2016-07-01

The endovascular management of giant aneurysms often proves difficult with standard techniques. Obtaining distal access to allow catheter reduction is often key to approaching these aneurysms, but several anatomic challenges make this task unsafe and not feasible. Obtaining distal anchor points and performing catheter reduction maneuvers using adjunctive devices is not a novel concept, however using the Solitaire in order to do so may have some distinct advantages compared with previously described methods. Here we describe our novel Solitaire salvage technique, which allowed successful reduction of a looped catheter within an aneurysm in three cases. While this technique is expensive and therefore best performed after standard maneuvers have failed, in our experience it was effective, safe, and more efficient than other methods. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/

Influence of atmospheric properties on detection of wood-warbler nocturnal flight calls

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Horton, Kyle G.; Stepanian, Phillip M.; Wainwright, Charlotte E.; Tegeler, Amy K.

2015-10-01

Avian migration monitoring can take on many forms; however, monitoring active nocturnal migration of land birds is limited to a few techniques. Avian nocturnal flight calls are currently the only method for describing migrant composition at the species level. However, as this method develops, more information is needed to understand the sources of variation in call detection. Additionally, few studies examine how detection probabilities differ under varying atmospheric conditions. We use nocturnal flight call recordings from captive individuals to explore the dependence of flight call detection on atmospheric temperature and humidity. Height or distance from origin had the largest influence on call detection, while temperature and humidity also influenced detectability at higher altitudes. Because flight call detection varies with both atmospheric conditions and flight height, improved monitoring across time and space will require correction for these factors to generate standardized metrics of songbird migration.

Longitudinal MR cortical thinning of individuals and its correlation with PET metabolic reduction: a measurement consistency and correctness studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, Zhongmin S.; Avinash, Gopal; McMillan, Kathryn; Yan, Litao; Minoshima, Satoshi

2014-03-01

Cortical thinning and metabolic reduction can be possible imaging biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis and monitoring. Many techniques have been developed for the cortical measurement and widely used for the clinical statistical studies. However, the measurement consistency of individuals, an essential requirement for a clinically useful technique, requires proper further investigation. Here we leverage our previously developed BSIM technique 1 to measure cortical thickness and thinning and use it with longitudinal MRI from ADNI to investigate measurement consistency and spatial resolution. 10 normal, 10 MCI, and 10 AD subjects in their 70s were selected for the study. Consistent cortical thinning patterns were observed in all baseline and follow up images. Rapid cortical thinning was shown in some MCI and AD cases. To evaluate the correctness of the cortical measurement, we compared longitudinal cortical thinning with clinical diagnosis and longitudinal PET metabolic reduction measured using 3D-SSP technique2 for the same person. Longitudinal MR cortical thinning and corresponding PET metabolic reduction showed high level pattern similarity revealing certain correlations worthy of further studies. Severe cortical thinning that might link to disease conversion from MCI to AD was observed in two cases. In summary, our results suggest that consistent cortical measurements using our technique may provide means for clinical diagnosis and monitoring at individual patient's level and MR cortical thinning measurement can complement PET metabolic reduction measurement.

Reduction mammoplasty operative techniques for improved outcomes in the treatment of gigantomastia.

PubMed

Degeorge, Brent R; Colen, David L; Mericli, Alexander F; Drake, David B

2013-01-01

Gigantomastia, or excessive breast hypertrophy, which is broadly defined as macromastia requiring a surgical reduction of more than 1500 g of breast tissue per breast, poses a unique problem to the reconstructive surgeon. Various procedures have been described for reduction mammoplasty with specific skin incisions, patterns of breast parenchymal resection, and blood supply to the nipple-areolar complex; however, not all of these techniques can be directly applied in the setting of gigantomastia. We outline a simplified method for preoperative evaluation and operative technique, which has been optimized for the management of gigantomastia. A retrospective chart review of patients who have undergone reduction mammoplasty from 2006 to 2011 by a single surgeon at the University of Virginia was performed. Patients were subdivided based on weight of breast tissue resection into 2 groups: macromastia (<1500 g resection per breast) and gigantomastia (>1500 g resection per breast). Endpoints including patient demographics, operative techniques, and complication rates were recorded. The mean resection weights in the macromastia and gigantomastia groups, respectively, were 681 g ± 283 g and 2554 g ± 421 g. There were no differences in major complications between the 2 groups. The rate of free nipple graft utilization was not significantly different between the 2 groups. Our surgical approach to gigantomastia has advantages when applied to extremely large-volume breast reduction and provides both esthetic and reproducible results. The preoperative assessment and operative techniques described herein have been adapted to the management of gigantomastia to reduce the rates of surgical complications.

Quantitative analysis of rib movement based on dynamic chest bone images: preliminary results

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tanaka, R.; Sanada, S.; Oda, M.; Mitsutaka, M.; Suzuki, K.; Sakuta, K.; Kawashima, H.

2014-03-01

Rib movement during respiration is one of the diagnostic criteria in pulmonary impairments. In general, the rib movement is assessed in fluoroscopy. However, the shadows of lung vessels and bronchi overlapping ribs prevent accurate quantitative analysis of rib movement. Recently, an image-processing technique for separating bones from soft tissue in static chest radiographs, called "bone suppression technique", has been developed. Our purpose in this study was to evaluate the usefulness of dynamic bone images created by the bone suppression technique in quantitative analysis of rib movement. Dynamic chest radiographs of 10 patients were obtained using a dynamic flat-panel detector (FPD). Bone suppression technique based on a massive-training artificial neural network (MTANN) was applied to the dynamic chest images to create bone images. Velocity vectors were measured in local areas on the dynamic bone images, which formed a map. The velocity maps obtained with bone and original images for scoliosis and normal cases were compared to assess the advantages of bone images. With dynamic bone images, we were able to quantify and distinguish movements of ribs from those of other lung structures accurately. Limited rib movements of scoliosis patients appeared as reduced rib velocity vectors. Vector maps in all normal cases exhibited left-right symmetric distributions, whereas those in abnormal cases showed nonuniform distributions. In conclusion, dynamic bone images were useful for accurate quantitative analysis of rib movements: Limited rib movements were indicated as a reduction of rib movement and left-right asymmetric distribution on vector maps. Thus, dynamic bone images can be a new diagnostic tool for quantitative analysis of rib movements without additional radiation dose.

Model reduction methods for control design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dunipace, K. R.

1988-01-01

Several different model reduction methods are developed and detailed implementation information is provided for those methods. Command files to implement the model reduction methods in a proprietary control law analysis and design package are presented. A comparison and discussion of the various reduction techniques is included.

Directional frequency and recording (DIFAR) sensors in seafloor recorders to locate calling bowhead whales during their fall migration.

PubMed

Greene, Charles R; McLennan, Miles Wm; Norman, Robert G; McDonald, Trent L; Jakubczak, Ray S; Richardson, W John

2004-08-01

Bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus, migrate west during fall approximately 10-75 km off the north coast of Alaska, passing the petroleum developments around Prudhoe Bay. Oil production operations on an artificial island 5 km offshore create sounds heard by some whales. As part of an effort to assess whether migrating whales deflect farther offshore at times with high industrial noise, an acoustical approach was selected for localizing calling whales. The technique incorporated DIFAR (directional frequency and recording) sonobuoy techniques. An array of 11 DASARs (directional autonomous seafloor acoustic recorders) was built and installed with unit-to-unit separation of 5 km. When two or more DASARs detected the same call, the whale location was determined from the bearing intersections. This article describes the acoustic methods used to determine the locations of the calling bowhead whales and shows the types and precision of the data acquired. Calibration transmissions at GPS-measured times and locations provided measures of the individual DASAR clock drift and directional orientation. The standard error of the bearing measurements at distances of 3-4 km was approximately 1.35 degrees after corrections for gain imbalance in the two directional sensors. During 23 days in 2002, 10,587 bowhead calls were detected and 8383 were localized.

Variable horizon in a peridynamic medium

DOE PAGES

Silling, Stewart A.; Littlewood, David J.; Seleson, Pablo

2015-12-10

Here, a notion of material homogeneity is proposed for peridynamic bodies with variable horizon but constant bulk properties. A relation is derived that scales the force state according to the position-dependent horizon while keeping the bulk properties unchanged. Using this scaling relation, if the horizon depends on position, artifacts called ghost forces may arise in a body under a homogeneous deformation. These artifacts depend on the second derivative of the horizon and can be reduced by employing a modified equilibrium equation using a new quantity called the partial stress. Bodies with piecewise constant horizon can be modeled without ghost forcesmore » by using a simpler technique called a splice. As a limiting case of zero horizon, both the partial stress and splice techniques can be used to achieve local-nonlocal coupling. Computational examples, including dynamic fracture in a one-dimensional model with local-nonlocal coupling, illustrate the methods.« less

Application of uncertainty and sensitivity analysis to the air quality SHERPA modelling tool

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pisoni, E.; Albrecht, D.; Mara, T. A.; Rosati, R.; Tarantola, S.; Thunis, P.

2018-06-01

Air quality has significantly improved in Europe over the past few decades. Nonetheless we still find high concentrations in measurements mainly in specific regions or cities. This dimensional shift, from EU-wide to hot-spot exceedances, calls for a novel approach to regional air quality management (to complement EU-wide existing policies). The SHERPA (Screening for High Emission Reduction Potentials on Air quality) modelling tool was developed in this context. It provides an additional tool to be used in support to regional/local decision makers responsible for the design of air quality plans. It is therefore important to evaluate the quality of the SHERPA model, and its behavior in the face of various kinds of uncertainty. Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis techniques can be used for this purpose. They both reveal the links between assumptions and forecasts, help in-model simplification and may highlight unexpected relationships between inputs and outputs. Thus, a policy steered SHERPA module - predicting air quality improvement linked to emission reduction scenarios - was evaluated by means of (1) uncertainty analysis (UA) to quantify uncertainty in the model output, and (2) by sensitivity analysis (SA) to identify the most influential input sources of this uncertainty. The results of this study provide relevant information about the key variables driving the SHERPA output uncertainty, and advise policy-makers and modellers where to place their efforts for an improved decision-making process.

Importance of the Decompensative Correction of the Gravity Field for Study of the Upper Crust: Application to the Arabian Plate and Surroundings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kaban, Mikhail K.; El Khrepy, Sami; Al-Arifi, Nassir

2017-01-01

The isostatic correction represents one of the most useful "geological" reduction methods of the gravity field. With this correction it is possible to remove a significant part of the effect of deep density heterogeneity, which dominates in the Bouguer gravity anomalies. However, even this reduction does not show the full gravity effect of unknown anomalies in the upper crust since their impact is substantially reduced by the isostatic compensation. We analyze a so-called decompensative correction of the isostatic anomalies, which provides a possibility to separate these effects. It was demonstrated that this correction is very significant at the mid-range wavelengths and may exceed 100 m/s2 (mGal), therefore ignoring this effect would lead to wrong conclusions about the upper crust structure. At the same time, the decompensative correction is very sensitive to the compensation depth and effective elastic thickness of the lithosphere. Therefore, these parameters should be properly determined based on other studies. Based on this technique, we estimate the decompensative correction for the Arabian plate and surrounding regions. The amplitude of the decompensative anomalies reaches ±250 m/s2 10-5 (mGal), evidencing for both, large density anomalies of the upper crust (including sediments) and strong isostatic disturbances of the lithosphere. These results improve the knowledge about the crustal structure in the Middle East.

Meta-modelling, visualization and emulation of multi-dimensional data for virtual production intelligence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schulz, Wolfgang; Hermanns, Torsten; Al Khawli, Toufik

2017-07-01

Decision making for competitive production in high-wage countries is a daily challenge where rational and irrational methods are used. The design of decision making processes is an intriguing, discipline spanning science. However, there are gaps in understanding the impact of the known mathematical and procedural methods on the usage of rational choice theory. Following Benjamin Franklin's rule for decision making formulated in London 1772, he called "Prudential Algebra" with the meaning of prudential reasons, one of the major ingredients of Meta-Modelling can be identified finally leading to one algebraic value labelling the results (criteria settings) of alternative decisions (parameter settings). This work describes the advances in Meta-Modelling techniques applied to multi-dimensional and multi-criterial optimization by identifying the persistence level of the corresponding Morse-Smale Complex. Implementations for laser cutting and laser drilling are presented, including the generation of fast and frugal Meta-Models with controlled error based on mathematical model reduction Reduced Models are derived to avoid any unnecessary complexity. Both, model reduction and analysis of multi-dimensional parameter space are used to enable interactive communication between Discovery Finders and Invention Makers. Emulators and visualizations of a metamodel are introduced as components of Virtual Production Intelligence making applicable the methods of Scientific Design Thinking and getting the developer as well as the operator more skilled.

Genetics Home Reference: NGLY1-congenital disorder of deglycosylation

MedlinePlus

... gene. The enzyme produced from this gene, called N -glycanase 1, helps cells get rid of abnormal ... that cause NGLY1 -CDDG impair production of the N -glycanase 1 enzyme, resulting in a severe reduction ...

Evaluation of an Overdose Prevention and Response Training Programme for Injection Drug Users in the Skid Row Area of Los Angeles, California

PubMed Central

Wagner, Karla D.; Valente, Thomas W.; Casanova, Mark; Partovi, Susan M.; Mendenhall, Brett M.; Hundley, James H.; Gonzalez, Mario; Unger, Jennifer B.

2014-01-01

Background Fatal opioid overdose is a significant cause of mortality among injection drug users (IDUs). Methods We evaluated an overdose prevention and response training programme for IDUs implemented by a community-based organization in Los Angeles, California. During a 1-hour training session participants learned skills to prevent, recognize, and respond to opioid overdoses, including: calling for emergency services, performing rescue breathing, and administering an intramuscular injection of naloxone (an opioid antagonist). Ninety-three IDUs were trained from September 2006 to January 2008. Of those, 66 (71%) enrolled in the evaluation study. In total, 47 of 66 participants (71%) completed both a baseline interview and three-month follow-up interview. Results Participants were 21% female, 42% White, 29% African American, and 18% Latino. Most were homeless and reported living predominantly in the street (44%), temporary housing such as hotels or motels (15%), or shelters (14%). Significant increases were found in overdose knowledge, driven largely by increase in knowledge about the appropriate use of naloxone. Twenty-two participants witnessed and responded to 35 overdoses during the follow-up period. Twenty-six overdose victims were reported to have recovered, four died, and the outcome of five cases was unknown. The most commonly reported response techniques included: staying with the victim (85%), administering naloxone (80%), providing rescue breathing (66%), and calling emergency services (60%). The average number of appropriate response techniques used by participants increased significantly from baseline to follow-up (p<0.05). Half (53%) of programme participants reported that their drug use decreased at follow-up. Conclusion Results suggest that overdose prevention and response training programmes may be associated with improvements in knowledge and overdose response behaviour among IDUs, with few adverse consequences and some unforeseen benefits, such as reductions in drug use. PMID:19268564

Scheimpflug with computational imaging to extend the depth of field of iris recognition systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sinharoy, Indranil

Despite the enormous success of iris recognition in close-range and well-regulated spaces for biometric authentication, it has hitherto failed to gain wide-scale adoption in less controlled, public environments. The problem arises from a limitation in imaging called the depth of field (DOF): the limited range of distances beyond which subjects appear blurry in the image. The loss of spatial details in the iris image outside the small DOF limits the iris image capture to a small volume-the capture volume. Existing techniques to extend the capture volume are usually expensive, computationally intensive, or afflicted by noise. Is there a way to combine the classical Scheimpflug principle with the modern computational imaging techniques to extend the capture volume? The solution we found is, surprisingly, simple; yet, it provides several key advantages over existing approaches. Our method, called Angular Focus Stacking (AFS), consists of capturing a set of images while rotating the lens, followed by registration, and blending of the in-focus regions from the images in the stack. The theoretical underpinnings of AFS arose from a pair of new and general imaging models we developed for Scheimpflug imaging that directly incorporates the pupil parameters. The model revealed that we could register the images in the stack analytically if we pivot the lens at the center of its entrance pupil, rendering the registration process exact. Additionally, we found that a specific lens design further reduces the complexity of image registration making AFS suitable for real-time performance. We have demonstrated up to an order of magnitude improvement in the axial capture volume over conventional image capture without sacrificing optical resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. The total time required for capturing the set of images for AFS is less than the time needed for a single-exposure, conventional image for the same DOF and brightness level. The net reduction in capture time can significantly relax the constraints on subject movement during iris acquisition, making it less restrictive.

Uncovering Pompeii: Examining Evidence.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yell, Michael M.

2001-01-01

Presents a lesson plan on Pompeii (Italy) for middle school students that utilizes a teaching technique called interactive presentation. Describes the technique's five phases: (1) discrepant event inquiry; (2) discussion/presentation; (3) cooperative learning activity; (4) writing for understanding activity; and (5) whole-class discussion and…

Alarm Fatigue vs User Expectations Regarding Context-Aware Alarm Handling in Hospital Environments Using CallMeSmart.

PubMed

Solvoll, Terje; Arntsen, Harald; Hartvigsen, Gunnar

2017-01-01

Surveys and research show that mobile communication systems in hospital settings are old and cause frequent interruptions. In the quest to remedy this, an Android based communication system called CallMeSmart tries to encapsulate most of the frequent communication into one hand held device focusing on reducing interruptions and at the same time make the workday easier for healthcare workers. The objective of CallMeSmart is to use context-awareness techniques to automatically monitor the availability of physicians' and nurses', and use this information to prevent or route phone calls, text messages, pages and alarms that would otherwise compromise patient care. In this paper, we present the results from interviewing nurses on alarm fatigue and their expectations regarding context-aware alarm handling using CallMeSmart.

Meta-Analysis of Free-Response Studies, 1992-2008: Assessing the Noise Reduction Model in Parapsychology

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Storm, Lance; Tressoldi, Patrizio E.; Di Risio, Lorenzo

2010-01-01

We report the results of meta-analyses on 3 types of free-response study: (a) ganzfeld (a technique that enhances a communication anomaly referred to as "psi"); (b) nonganzfeld noise reduction using alleged psi-enhancing techniques such as dream psi, meditation, relaxation, or hypnosis; and (c) standard free response (nonganzfeld, no noise…

Inquiry-Based Stress Reduction Meditation Technique for Teacher Burnout: A Qualitative Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schnaider-Levi, Lia; Mitnik, Inbal; Zafrani, Keren; Goldman, Zehavit; Lev-Ari, Shahar

2017-01-01

An inquiry-based intervention has been found to have a positive effect on burnout and mental well-being parameters among teachers. The aim of the current study was to qualitatively evaluate the effect of the inquiry-based stress reduction (IBSR) meditation technique on the participants. Semi-structured interviews were conducted before and after…

Functional traits determine heterospecific use of risk-related social information in forest birds of tropical South-East Asia.

PubMed

Hua, Fangyuan; Yong, Ding Li; Janra, Muhammad Nazri; Fitri, Liza M; Prawiradilaga, Dewi; Sieving, Kathryn E

2016-12-01

In birds and mammals, mobbing calls constitute an important form of social information that can attract numerous sympatric species to localized mobbing aggregations. While such a response is thought to reduce the future predation risk for responding species, there is surprisingly little empirical evidence to support this hypothesis. One way to test the link between predation risk reduction and mobbing attraction involves testing the relationship between species' attraction to mobbing calls and the functional traits that define their vulnerability to predation risk. Two important traits known to influence prey vulnerability include relative prey-to-predator body size ratio and the overlap in space use between predator and prey; in combination, these measures strongly influence prey accessibility, and therefore their vulnerability, to predators. Here, we combine community surveys with behavioral experiments of a diverse bird assemblage in the lowland rainforest of Sumatra to test whether the functional traits of body mass (representing body size) and foraging height (representing space use) can predict species' attraction to heterospecific mobbing calls. At four forest sites along a gradient of forest degradation, we characterized the resident bird communities using point count and mist-netting surveys, and determined the species groups attracted to standardized playbacks of mobbing calls produced by five resident bird species of roughly similar body size and foraging height. We found that (1) a large, diverse subcommunity of bird species was attracted to the mobbing calls and (2) responding species (especially the most vigorous respondents) tended to be (a) small (b) mid-storey foragers (c) with similar trait values as the species producing the mobbing calls. Our findings from the relatively lesser known bird assemblages of tropical Asia add to the growing evidence for the ubiquity of heterospecific information networks in animal communities, and provide empirical support for the long-standing hypothesis that predation risk reduction is a major benefit of mobbing information networks.

Microwave-Driven Air Plasma Studies for Drag Reduction and Power Extraction in Supersonic Air

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-10-15

called spillage occurs, and the air mass capture decreases (Fig. 3). To avoid performance penalties at off-design Mach numbers, a variable geometry inlet...AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Microwave-Driven Air Plasma Studies for Drag Reduction and Power Extraction in Supersonic Air 6. AUTHOR(S) Richard B...MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER Air Force Office of Scientific Research/NA (John Schmisseur, Program Manager) 801 N. Randolph St., Room 732 Arlington

78 FR 70957 - 60-Day Notice of Proposed Information Collection: HUD-Owned Real Estate Good Neighbor Next Door...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-27

... calling the toll-free Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Ivery W... number through TTY by calling the toll-free Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Copies of available... automated collection techniques or other forms of information technology, e.g., permitting electronic...

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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-12

... hearing or speech impairments may access this number through TTY by calling the toll-free Federal Relay... calling the toll-free Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Copies of available documents submitted to... techniques or other forms of information technology, e.g., permitting electronic submission of responses. HUD...

78 FR 75364 - 60-Day Notice of Proposed Information Collection: Application for FHA Insured Mortgages

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-11

... through TTY by calling the toll-free Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION... through TTY by calling the toll-free Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Copies of available... techniques or other forms of information technology, e.g., permitting electronic submission of responses. HUD...

Encourage Students to Read through the Use of Data Visualization

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bandeen, Heather M.; Sawin, Jason E.

2012-01-01

Instructors are always looking for new ways to engage students in reading assignments. The authors present a few techniques that rely on a web-based data visualization tool called Wordle (wordle.net). Wordle creates word frequency representations called word clouds. The larger a word appears within a cloud, the more frequently it occurs within a…

Integrated Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Options and Related Impacts

EPA Science Inventory

Increased concerns over air pollution (combined with detrimental health effects) and climate change have called for more stringent emission reduction strategies for criteria air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions. However, stringent regulatory policies can possibly have a...

Identification and Addressing Reduction-Related Misconceptions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gal-Ezer, Judith; Trakhtenbrot, Mark

2016-01-01

Reduction is one of the key techniques used for problem-solving in computer science. In particular, in the theory of computation and complexity (TCC), mapping and polynomial reductions are used for analysis of decidability and computational complexity of problems, including the core concept of NP-completeness. Reduction is a highly abstract…

Contingent valuation of fuel hazard reduction treatments

Treesearch

John B. Loomis; Armando Gonzalez-Caban

2008-01-01

This chapter presents a stated preference technique for estimating the public benefits of reducing wildfires to residents of California, Florida, and Montana from two alternative fuel reduction programs: prescribed burning, and mechanical fuels reduction. The two fuel reduction programs under study are quite relevant to people living in California, Florida, and...

Comparison of VRX CT scanners geometries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

DiBianca, Frank A.; Melnyk, Roman; Duckworth, Christopher N.; Russ, Stephan; Jordan, Lawrence M.; Laughter, Joseph S.

2001-06-01

A technique called Variable-Resolution X-ray (VRX) detection greatly increases the spatial resolution in computed tomography (CT) and digital radiography (DR) as the field size decreases. The technique is based on a principle called `projective compression' that allows both the resolution element and the sampling distance of a CT detector to scale with the subject or field size. For very large (40 - 50 cm) field sizes, resolution exceeding 2 cy/mm is possible and for very small fields, microscopy is attainable with resolution exceeding 100 cy/mm. This paper compares the benefits obtainable with two different VRX detector geometries: the single-arm geometry and the dual-arm geometry. The analysis is based on Monte Carlo simulations and direct calculations. The results of this study indicate that the dual-arm system appears to have more advantages than the single-arm technique.

Outcome and Efficacy of Interventions by a Public Figure Threat Assessment and Management Unit: A Mirrored Study of Concerning Behaviors and Police Contacts Before and After Intervention.

PubMed

James, David V; Farnham, Frank R

2016-09-01

Specialized units for the assessment and management of concerning behaviors towards public figures have been set up in various jurisdictions. Their efficacy has been demonstrated descriptively and in terms of reduction in concern rates. This study of 100 consecutive cases from the Fixated Threat Assessment Centre (FTAC) in the UK uses a novel measure of outcome in the form of reduction in behaviors of concern and in police call-outs/stops, using data culled from police and health service records. It adopts a mirrored design, comparing individuals over 12-month and 2-year periods before and after FTAC intervention. It demonstrates significant reductions in both numbers of individuals involved in, and number of actual incidents of, concerning communication and problematic approach, as well as police call-outs/stops. Most results are consistent across subgroups with regard to gender, previous convictions, concern level, compulsory hospitalization and grievance-driven behavior. Such threat assessment units reduce risky behavior and save police time and, possibly, costs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The impact of uncertainty on optimal emission policies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Botta, Nicola; Jansson, Patrik; Ionescu, Cezar

2018-05-01

We apply a computational framework for specifying and solving sequential decision problems to study the impact of three kinds of uncertainties on optimal emission policies in a stylized sequential emission problem.We find that uncertainties about the implementability of decisions on emission reductions (or increases) have a greater impact on optimal policies than uncertainties about the availability of effective emission reduction technologies and uncertainties about the implications of trespassing critical cumulated emission thresholds. The results show that uncertainties about the implementability of decisions on emission reductions (or increases) call for more precautionary policies. In other words, delaying emission reductions to the point in time when effective technologies will become available is suboptimal when these uncertainties are accounted for rigorously. By contrast, uncertainties about the implications of exceeding critical cumulated emission thresholds tend to make early emission reductions less rewarding.

Spectrum transformation for divergent iterations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gupta, Murli M.

1991-01-01

Certain spectrum transformation techniques are described that can be used to transform a diverging iteration into a converging one. Two techniques are considered called spectrum scaling and spectrum enveloping and how to obtain the optimum values of the transformation parameters is discussed. Numerical examples are given to show how this technique can be used to transform diverging iterations into converging ones; this technique can also be used to accelerate the convergence of otherwise convergent iterations.

Optimization of Online Searching by Pre-Recording the Search Statements: A Technique for the HP-2645A Terminal.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Oberhauser, O. C.; Stebegg, K.

1982-01-01

Describes the terminal's capabilities, ways to store and call up lines of statements, cassette tapes needed during searches, and master tape's use for login storage. Advantages of the technique and two sources are listed. (RBF)

Development of a mix design process for cold-in-place rehabilitation using foamed asphalt.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2003-12-01

This study evaluates one of the recycling techniques used to rehabilitate pavement, called Cold In-Place Recycling (CIR). CIR is one of the fastest growing road rehabilitation techniques because it is quick and cost-effective. The document reports on...

Direct Telephonic Communication in a Heart Failure Transitional Care Program: An observational study

PubMed Central

Ota, Ken S.; Beutler, David S.; Sheikh, Hassam; Weiss, Jessica L.; Parkinson, Dallin; Nguyen, Peter; Gerkin, Richard D.; Loli, Akil I.

2013-01-01

Background This study investigated the trend of phone calls in the Banner Good Samaritan Medical Center (BGSMC) Heart Failure Transitional Care Program (HFTCP). The primary goal of the HFTCP is to reduce 30-Day readmissions for heart failure patients by using a multi-pronged approach. Methods This study included 104 patients in the HFTCP discharged over a 51-week period who had around-the-clock telephone access to the Transitionalist. Cellular phone records were reviewed. This study evaluated the length and timing of calls. Results A total of 4398 telephone calls were recorded of which 39% were inbound and 61% were outbound. This averaged to 86 calls per week. During the “Weekday Daytime” period, Eighty-five percent of the totals calls were made. There were 229 calls during the “Weekday Nights” period with 1.5 inbound calls per week. The “Total Weekend” calls were 10.2% of the total calls which equated to a weekly average of 8.8. Conclusions Our experience is that direct, physician-patient telephone contact is feasible with a panel of around 100 HF patients for one provider. If the proper financial reimbursements are provided, physicians may be apt to participate in similar transitional care programs. Likewise, third party payers will benefit from the reduction in unnecessary emergency room visits and hospitalizations. PMID:28352437

Classification by diagnosing all absorption features (CDAF) for the most abundant minerals in airborne hyperspectral images

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mobasheri, Mohammad Reza; Ghamary-Asl, Mohsen

2011-12-01

Imaging through hyperspectral technology is a powerful tool that can be used to spectrally identify and spatially map materials based on their specific absorption characteristics in electromagnetic spectrum. A robust method called Tetracorder has shown its effectiveness at material identification and mapping, using a set of algorithms within an expert system decision-making framework. In this study, using some stages of Tetracorder, a technique called classification by diagnosing all absorption features (CDAF) is introduced. This technique enables one to assign a class to the most abundant mineral in each pixel with high accuracy. The technique is based on the derivation of information from reflectance spectra of the image. This can be done through extraction of spectral absorption features of any minerals from their respected laboratory-measured reflectance spectra, and comparing it with those extracted from the pixels in the image. The CDAF technique has been executed on the AVIRIS image where the results show an overall accuracy of better than 96%.

Reduction of streamflow monitoring networks by a reference point approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cetinkaya, Cem P.; Harmancioglu, Nilgun B.

2014-05-01

Adoption of an integrated approach to water management strongly forces policy and decision-makers to focus on hydrometric monitoring systems as well. Existing hydrometric networks need to be assessed and revised against the requirements on water quantity data to support integrated management. One of the questions that a network assessment study should resolve is whether a current monitoring system can be consolidated in view of the increased expenditures in time, money and effort imposed on the monitoring activity. Within the last decade, governmental monitoring agencies in Turkey have foreseen an audit on all their basin networks in view of prevailing economic pressures. In particular, they question how they can decide whether monitoring should be continued or terminated at a particular site in a network. The presented study is initiated to address this question by examining the applicability of a method called “reference point approach” (RPA) for network assessment and reduction purposes. The main objective of the study is to develop an easily applicable and flexible network reduction methodology, focusing mainly on the assessment of the “performance” of existing streamflow monitoring networks in view of variable operational purposes. The methodology is applied to 13 hydrometric stations in the Gediz Basin, along the Aegean coast of Turkey. The results have shown that the simplicity of the method, in contrast to more complicated computational techniques, is an asset that facilitates the involvement of decision makers in application of the methodology for a more interactive assessment procedure between the monitoring agency and the network designer. The method permits ranking of hydrometric stations with regard to multiple objectives of monitoring and the desired attributes of the basin network. Another distinctive feature of the approach is that it also assists decision making in cases with limited data and metadata. These features of the RPA approach highlight its advantages over the existing network assessment and reduction methods.

Business continuity strategies for cyber defence: battling time and information overload.

PubMed

Streufert, John

2010-11-01

Can the same numbers and letters which are the life blood of modern business and government computer systems be harnessed to protect computers from attack against known information security risks? For the past seven years, Foreign Service officers and technicians of the US Government have sought to maintain diplomatic operations in the face of rising cyber attacks and test the hypothesis that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. As eight out of ten attacks leverage known computer security vulnerabilities or configuration setting weaknesses, a pound of cure would seem to be easy to come by. Yet modern security tools present an unusually consequential threat to business continuity - too much rather than too little information on cyber problems is presented, harking back to a phenomenon cited by social scientists in the 1960s called 'information overload'. Experience indicates that the longer the most serious cyber problems go untreated, the wider the attack surface adversaries can find. One technique used at the Department of State, called 'risk scoring', resulted in an 89 per cent overall reduction in measured risk over 12 months for the Department of State's servers and personal computers. Later refinements of risk scoring enabled technicians to correct unique security threats with unprecedented speed. This paper explores how the use of metrics, special care in presenting information to technicians and executives alike, as well as tactical use of organisational incentives can result in stronger cyber defences protecting modern organisations.

Low-Cost Intra-Articular Distraction Technique Using Kirschner Wires and a Toothed Lamina Spreader.

PubMed

Shymon, Stephen Joseph; Harris, Thomas Gregory

We describe a low-cost (instrument cost) technique for joint distraction using 2 Kirschner wires and a toothed lamina spreader in lieu of a Hintermann distractor. The described technique allows for temporary intra-articular distraction and visualization and preservation of the articular surface with extra-articular instrumentation. The technique can also allow for closed reduction and percutaneous treatment in cases of soft tissue compromise. Additionally, the technique uses common orthopedic surgical instruments, leading to a minimal learning curve for novice surgeons. We have found this distraction technique to be most effective for intra-articular preparation of hindfoot and midfoot arthrodeses and for navicular fracture reduction. Copyright © 2016 American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Effect of four different size reduction methods on the particle size, solubility enhancement and physical stability of nicergoline nanocrystals.

PubMed

Martena, Valentina; Shegokar, Ranjita; Di Martino, Piera; Müller, Rainer H

2014-09-01

Nicergoline, a poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredient, possesses vaso-active properties which causes peripheral and central vasodilatation. In this study, nanocrystals of nicergoline were prepared in an aqueous solution of polysorbate 80 (nanosuspension) by using four different laboratory scale size reduction techniques: high pressure homogenization (HPH), bead milling (BM) and combination techniques (high pressure homogenization followed by bead milling HPH + BM, and bead milling followed by high pressure homogenization BM + HPH). Nanocrystals were investigated regarding to their mean particles size, zeta potential and particle dissolution. A short term physical stability study on nanocrystals stored at three different temperatures (4, 20 and 40 °C) was performed to evaluate the tendency to change in particle size, aggregation and zeta potential. The size reduction technique and the process parameters like milling time, number of homogenization cycles and pressure greatly affected the size of nanocrystals. Among the techniques used, the combination techniques showed superior and consistent particle size reduction compared to the other two methods, HPH + BM and BM + HPH giving nanocrystals of a mean particle size of 260 and 353 nm, respectively. The particle dissolution was increased for any nanocrystals samples, but it was particularly increased by HPH and combination techniques. Independently to the production method, nicergoline nanocrystals showed slight increase in particle size over the time, but remained below 500 nm at 20 °C and refrigeration conditions.

Applying a Consumer Behavior Lens to Salt Reduction Initiatives.

PubMed

Regan, Áine; Kent, Monique Potvin; Raats, Monique M; McConnon, Áine; Wall, Patrick; Dubois, Lise

2017-08-18

Reformulation of food products to reduce salt content has been a central strategy for achieving population level salt reduction. In this paper, we reflect on current reformulation strategies and consider how consumer behavior determines the ultimate success of these strategies. We consider the merits of adopting a 'health by stealth', silent approach to reformulation compared to implementing a communications strategy which draws on labeling initiatives in tandem with reformulation efforts. We end this paper by calling for a multi-actor approach which utilizes co-design, participatory tools to facilitate the involvement of all stakeholders, including, and especially, consumers, in making decisions around how best to achieve population-level salt reduction.

A retrospective photometric study of 82 published reports of mastopexy and breast reduction.

PubMed

Swanson, Eric

2011-12-01

Numerous publications claim to improve breast projection and upper pole fullness after mastopexy or breast reduction. Fascial sutures and "autoaugmentation" with local flaps are advocated. However, there is no objective evidence that these efforts are effective. The author has proposed a measuring system to quantitate results. Not only is this system useful for assessing one's own results, but it may also be used to assess and compare results in published studies. Eighty-two international publications on mastopexies and breast reductions were analyzed. The studies were grouped by technique: inverted-T (superior/medial, central, and inferior pedicles), vertical, periareolar, inframammary, lateral, and "other." Measurements were made using the definitions and terminology reported separately and included breast projection, upper pole projection, lower pole level, nipple level, breast convexity, breast parenchymal ratio, and lower pole ratio. Areola shape was assessed. Breast projection and upper pole projection were not increased significantly by any of the mastopexy/reduction procedures or by the use of fascial sutures or autoaugmentation techniques. Nipple overelevation was common (41.9 percent). The incidence of the teardrop areola deformity (53.8 percent) was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in patients treated with the open technique of nipple placement. There was no significant difference in results when compared by follow-up times, resection weights, year of publication, or geographic region. Existing mastopexy/reduction techniques do not significantly increase breast projection or upper pole projection. Fascial sutures and autoaugmentation techniques are ineffective. Nipple overelevation and the teardrop areola deformity are common problems and should be avoided.

Head-mounted active noise control system with virtual sensing technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miyazaki, Nobuhiro; Kajikawa, Yoshinobu

2015-03-01

In this paper, we apply a virtual sensing technique to a head-mounted active noise control (ANC) system we have already proposed. The proposed ANC system can reduce narrowband noise while improving the noise reduction ability at the desired locations. A head-mounted ANC system based on an adaptive feedback structure can reduce noise with periodicity or narrowband components. However, since quiet zones are formed only at the locations of error microphones, an adequate noise reduction cannot be achieved at the locations where error microphones cannot be placed such as near the eardrums. A solution to this problem is to apply a virtual sensing technique. A virtual sensing ANC system can achieve higher noise reduction at the desired locations by measuring the system models from physical sensors to virtual sensors, which will be used in the online operation of the virtual sensing ANC algorithm. Hence, we attempt to achieve the maximum noise reduction near the eardrums by applying the virtual sensing technique to the head-mounted ANC system. However, it is impossible to place the microphone near the eardrums. Therefore, the system models from physical sensors to virtual sensors are estimated using the Head And Torso Simulator (HATS) instead of human ears. Some simulation, experimental, and subjective assessment results demonstrate that the head-mounted ANC system with virtual sensing is superior to that without virtual sensing in terms of the noise reduction ability at the desired locations.

Demonstration of short haul aircraft aft noise reduction techniques on a twenty inch (50.8 cm) diameter fan, volume 3

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stimpert, D. L.

1975-01-01

Tests of a twenty inch diameter, low tip speed, low pressure ratio fan which investigated aft fan noise reduction techniques are reported. The 1/3 octave band sound data are presented for all the configurations tested. The model data are presented on 17 foot arc and extrapolated to 200 foot sideline.

Effects of Restricted Launch Conditions for the Enhancement of Bandwidth-Distance Product of Multimode Fiber Links

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Andrawis, Alfred S.

2000-01-01

Several techniques had been proposed to enhance multimode fiber bandwidth-distance product. Single mode-to-multimode offset launch condition technique had been experimented with at Kennedy Space Center. Significant enhancement in multimode fiber link bandwidth is achieved using this technique. It is found that close to three-fold bandwidth enhancement can be achieved compared to standard zero offset launch technique. Moreover, significant reduction in modal noise has been observed as a function of offset launch displacement. However, significant reduction in the overall signal-to-noise ratio is also observed due to signal attenuation due to mode radiation from fiber core to its cladding.

Perchlorate as an emerging contaminant in soil, water and food.

PubMed

Kumarathilaka, Prasanna; Oze, Christopher; Indraratne, S P; Vithanage, Meththika

2016-05-01

Perchlorate ( [Formula: see text] ) is a strong oxidizer and has gained significant attention due to its reactivity, occurrence, and persistence in surface water, groundwater, soil and food. Stable isotope techniques (i.e., ((18)O/(16)O and (17)O/(16)O) and (37)Cl/(35)Cl) facilitate the differentiation of naturally occurring perchlorate from anthropogenic perchlorate. At high enough concentrations, perchlorate can inhibit proper function of the thyroid gland. Dietary reference dose (RfD) for perchlorate exposure from both food and water is set at 0.7 μg kg(-1) body weight/day which translates to a drinking water level of 24.5 μg L(-1). Chromatographic techniques (i.e., ion chromatography and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry) can be successfully used to detect trace level of perchlorate in environmental samples. Perchlorate can be effectively removed by wide variety of remediation techniques such as bio-reduction, chemical reduction, adsorption, membrane filtration, ion exchange and electro-reduction. Bio-reduction is appropriate for large scale treatment plants whereas ion exchange is suitable for removing trace level of perchlorate in aqueous medium. The environmental occurrence of perchlorate, toxicity, analytical techniques, removal technologies are presented. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Addressee Errors in ATC Communications: The Call Sign Problem

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Monan, W. P.

1983-01-01

Communication errors involving aircraft call signs were portrayed in reports of 462 hazardous incidents voluntarily submitted to the ASRS during an approximate four-year period. These errors resulted in confusion, disorder, and uncoordinated traffic conditions and produced the following types of operational anomalies: altitude deviations, wrong-way headings, aborted takeoffs, go arounds, runway incursions, missed crossing altitude restrictions, descents toward high terrain, and traffic conflicts in flight and on the ground. Analysis of the report set resulted in identification of five categories of errors involving call signs: (1) faulty radio usage techniques, (2) call sign loss or smearing due to frequency congestion, (3) confusion resulting from similar sounding call signs, (4) airmen misses of call signs leading to failures to acknowledge or readback, and (5) controller failures regarding confirmation of acknowledgements or readbacks. These error categories are described in detail and several associated hazard mitigating measures that might be aken are considered.

Adaptation of warrant price with Black Scholes model and historical volatility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aziz, Khairu Azlan Abd; Idris, Mohd Fazril Izhar Mohd; Saian, Rizauddin; Daud, Wan Suhana Wan

2015-05-01

This project discusses about pricing warrant in Malaysia. The Black Scholes model with non-dividend approach and linear interpolation technique was applied in pricing the call warrant. Three call warrants that are listed in Bursa Malaysia were selected randomly from UiTM's datastream. The finding claims that the volatility for each call warrants are different to each other. We have used the historical volatility which will describes the price movement by which an underlying share is expected to fluctuate within a period. The Black Scholes model price that was obtained by the model will be compared with the actual market price. Mispricing the call warrants will contribute to under or over valuation price. Other variables like interest rate, time to maturity date, exercise price and underlying stock price are involves in pricing call warrants as well as measuring the moneyness of call warrants.

Trick or Technique?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sheard, Michael

2009-01-01

More often than one might at first imagine, a simple trick involving integration by parts can be used to compute indefinite integrals in unexpected and amusing ways. A systematic look at the trick illuminates the question of whether the trick is useful enough to be called an actual technique of integration.

Universal Industrial Solution and Industrial Sectors Module for Pulp and Paper Sector

EPA Science Inventory

Increased concerns over air pollution and its detrimental effects on health have called for more stringent emission reduction strategies in the industrial sector. However, stringent regulatory policies can potentially adversely affect domestic and international trade. Therefore E...

Evaluation of safe performance secondary school driver education curriculum demonstration project

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1983-06-01

The primary objective of this Project was to determine the crash reduction potential of a quality, competency-based driver training program known as the Safe Performance Curriculum (SPC). The experimental design called for the random assignment of 18...

Genetics Home Reference: dopa-responsive dystonia

MedlinePlus

... neurotransmitters called dopamine and serotonin. Among their many functions, dopamine transmits signals within the brain to produce smooth ... production of a tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme with reduced function, which leads to a decrease in dopamine production. A reduction in the amount of dopamine ...

Identification of fungi isolated from banana rachis and characterization of their surface activity.

PubMed

Méndez-Castillo, L; Prieto-Correa, E; Jiménez-Junca, C

2017-03-01

Filamentous fungi are an unexplored source for the production of biosurfactants, but over a decade one of the most surface active molecules called hydrophobins was discovered. There are few techniques to determine the surface activity of fungi without any kind of manipulation that can affect the final results. In this work, we identified 33 strains of filamentous fungi isolated from banana rachis which may have potential in producing biosurfactants. Further, the production of surface active compounds by the strains was measured by two techniques. First, the surface tension of supernatants was evaluated in liquid cultures of the strains. We found that three strains belonging to the genus Fusarium, Penicillium and Trichoderma showed activity in the reduction of surface tension, which indicate a putative production of biosurfactants. Second, we measured the contact angle between the drop of water and the solid culture of strains to determine the surface activity of cells, classifying the strains as hydrophilic or hydrophobic. These techniques can be used as a quantitative measurement of the surface activity of fungi without cell manipulation. Biosurfactants are an alternative to petrochemical derivatives, and filamentous fungi are a promising source of these molecules. This work identified 33 strains of filamentous fungi in agroindustrial wastes. This is important because these results open the opportunity of finding new biosurfactants (hydrophobins) with unique properties. We propose the evaluation of surface tension in the supernatant as a quantitative screening to determine the production of biosurfactants from the strains of fungi. © 2017 The Society for Applied Microbiology.

GPU-accelerated regularized iterative reconstruction for few-view cone beam CT

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Matenine, Dmitri, E-mail: dmitri.matenine.1@ulaval.ca; Goussard, Yves, E-mail: yves.goussard@polymtl.ca; Després, Philippe, E-mail: philippe.despres@phy.ulaval.ca

2015-04-15

Purpose: The present work proposes an iterative reconstruction technique designed for x-ray transmission computed tomography (CT). The main objective is to provide a model-based solution to the cone-beam CT reconstruction problem, yielding accurate low-dose images via few-views acquisitions in clinically acceptable time frames. Methods: The proposed technique combines a modified ordered subsets convex (OSC) algorithm and the total variation minimization (TV) regularization technique and is called OSC-TV. The number of subsets of each OSC iteration follows a reduction pattern in order to ensure the best performance of the regularization method. Considering the high computational cost of the algorithm, it ismore » implemented on a graphics processing unit, using parallelization to accelerate computations. Results: The reconstructions were performed on computer-simulated as well as human pelvic cone-beam CT projection data and image quality was assessed. In terms of convergence and image quality, OSC-TV performs well in reconstruction of low-dose cone-beam CT data obtained via a few-view acquisition protocol. It compares favorably to the few-view TV-regularized projections onto convex sets (POCS-TV) algorithm. It also appears to be a viable alternative to full-dataset filtered backprojection. Execution times are of 1–2 min and are compatible with the typical clinical workflow for nonreal-time applications. Conclusions: Considering the image quality and execution times, this method may be useful for reconstruction of low-dose clinical acquisitions. It may be of particular benefit to patients who undergo multiple acquisitions by reducing the overall imaging radiation dose and associated risks.« less

A-posteriori error estimation for second order mechanical systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ruiner, Thomas; Fehr, Jörg; Haasdonk, Bernard; Eberhard, Peter

2012-06-01

One important issue for the simulation of flexible multibody systems is the reduction of the flexible bodies degrees of freedom. As far as safety questions are concerned knowledge about the error introduced by the reduction of the flexible degrees of freedom is helpful and very important. In this work, an a-posteriori error estimator for linear first order systems is extended for error estimation of mechanical second order systems. Due to the special second order structure of mechanical systems, an improvement of the a-posteriori error estimator is achieved. A major advantage of the a-posteriori error estimator is that the estimator is independent of the used reduction technique. Therefore, it can be used for moment-matching based, Gramian matrices based or modal based model reduction techniques. The capability of the proposed technique is demonstrated by the a-posteriori error estimation of a mechanical system, and a sensitivity analysis of the parameters involved in the error estimation process is conducted.

The dynamic volume changes of polymerising polymethyl methacrylate bone cement.

PubMed

Muller, Scott D; Green, Sarah M; McCaskie, Andrew W

2002-12-01

The Swedish hip register found an increased risk of early revision of vacuum-mixed cemented total hip replacements. The influence of cement mixing technique on the dynamic volume change in polymerising PMMA is not well understood and may be relevant to this observation. Applying Archimedes' principle, we have investigated the dynamic volume changes in polymerising cement and determined the influence of mixing technique. All specimens showed an overall volume reduction: hand-mixed 3.4% and vacuum-mixed 6.0%. Regression analysis of sectional porosity and volume reduction showed a highly significant relationship. Hand-mixed porous cement showed a transient volume increase before solidification. However, vacuum-mixed cement showed a progressive volume reduction throughout polymerisation. Transient expansion of porous cement occurs at the critical time of micro-interlock formation, possibly improving fixation. Conversely, progressive volume reduction of vacuum-mixed cement throughout the formation of interlock may damage fixation. Stable fixation of vacuum-mixed cement may depend on additional techniques to offset the altered volumetric behaviour of vacuum-mixed cement.

Reduced-order modeling for hyperthermia: an extended balanced-realization-based approach.

PubMed

Mattingly, M; Bailey, E A; Dutton, A W; Roemer, R B; Devasia, S

1998-09-01

Accurate thermal models are needed in hyperthermia cancer treatments for such tasks as actuator and sensor placement design, parameter estimation, and feedback temperature control. The complexity of the human body produces full-order models which are too large for effective execution of these tasks, making use of reduced-order models necessary. However, standard balanced-realization (SBR)-based model reduction techniques require a priori knowledge of the particular placement of actuators and sensors for model reduction. Since placement design is intractable (computationally) on the full-order models, SBR techniques must use ad hoc placements. To alleviate this problem, an extended balanced-realization (EBR)-based model-order reduction approach is presented. The new technique allows model order reduction to be performed over all possible placement designs and does not require ad hoc placement designs. It is shown that models obtained using the EBR method are more robust to intratreatment changes in the placement of the applied power field than those models obtained using the SBR method.

Substructural controller synthesis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Su, Tzu-Jeng; Craig, Roy R., Jr.

1989-01-01

A decentralized design procedure which combines substructural synthesis, model reduction, decentralized controller design, subcontroller synthesis, and controller reduction is proposed for the control design of flexible structures. The structure to be controlled is decomposed into several substructures, which are modeled by component mode synthesis methods. For each substructure, a subcontroller is designed by using the linear quadratic optimal control theory. Then, a controller synthesis scheme called Substructural Controller Synthesis (SCS) is used to assemble the subcontrollers into a system controller, which is to be used to control the whole structure.

Cold Calling and Web Postings: Do They Improve Students' Preparation and Learning in Statistics?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Levy, Dan

2014-01-01

Getting students to prepare well for class is a common challenge faced by instructors all over the world. This study investigates the effects that two frequently used techniques to increase student preparation--web postings and cold calling--have on student outcomes. The study is based on two experiments and a qualitative study conducted in a…

Synchronous Stroboscopic Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Soares, Oliverio D. D.

1986-10-01

Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (E.S.P.I) oftenly called Electronic Holography is a practical powerful technique in non-destructive testing. Practical capabilities of the technique have been improved by fringe betterment and the control of analysis in the time domain, in particular, the scanning of the vibration cycle, with introduction of: synchronized amplitude and phase modulated pulse illumination, microcomputer control, fibre optics design, and moire evaluation techniques.

Real-time speckle reduction in optical coherence tomography using the dual window method.

PubMed

Zhao, Yang; Chu, Kengyeh K; Eldridge, Will J; Jelly, Evan T; Crose, Michael; Wax, Adam

2018-02-01

Speckle is an intrinsic noise of interferometric signals which reduces contrast and degrades the quality of optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. Here, we present a frequency compounding speckle reduction technique using the dual window (DW) method. Using the DW method, speckle noise is reduced without the need to acquire multiple frames. A ~25% improvement in the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was achieved using the DW speckle reduction method with only minimal loss (~17%) in axial resolution. We also demonstrate that real-time speckle reduction can be achieved at a B-scan rate of ~21 frames per second using a graphic processing unit (GPU). The DW speckle reduction technique can work on any existing OCT instrument without further system modification or extra components. This makes it applicable both in real-time imaging systems and during post-processing.

Exact nonlinear model reduction for a von Kármán beam: Slow-fast decomposition and spectral submanifolds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jain, Shobhit; Tiso, Paolo; Haller, George

2018-06-01

We apply two recently formulated mathematical techniques, Slow-Fast Decomposition (SFD) and Spectral Submanifold (SSM) reduction, to a von Kármán beam with geometric nonlinearities and viscoelastic damping. SFD identifies a global slow manifold in the full system which attracts solutions at rates faster than typical rates within the manifold. An SSM, the smoothest nonlinear continuation of a linear modal subspace, is then used to further reduce the beam equations within the slow manifold. This two-stage, mathematically exact procedure results in a drastic reduction of the finite-element beam model to a one-degree-of freedom nonlinear oscillator. We also introduce the technique of spectral quotient analysis, which gives the number of modes relevant for reduction as output rather than input to the reduction process.

Parallel pivoting combined with parallel reduction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Alaghband, Gita

1987-01-01

Parallel algorithms for triangularization of large, sparse, and unsymmetric matrices are presented. The method combines the parallel reduction with a new parallel pivoting technique, control over generations of fill-ins and a check for numerical stability, all done in parallel with the work being distributed over the active processes. The parallel technique uses the compatibility relation between pivots to identify parallel pivot candidates and uses the Markowitz number of pivots to minimize fill-in. This technique is not a preordering of the sparse matrix and is applied dynamically as the decomposition proceeds.

Bulk Current Injection Testing of Cable Noise Reduction Techniques, 50 kHz to 400 MHz

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bradley, Arthur T.; Hare, Richard J.; Singh, Manisha

2009-01-01

This paper presents empirical results of cable noise reduction techniques as demonstrated using bulk current injection (BCI) techniques with radiated fields from 50 kHz - 400 MHz. It is a follow up to the two-part paper series presented at the Asia Pacific EMC Conference that focused on TEM cell signal injection. This paper discusses the effects of cable types, shield connections, and chassis connections on cable noise. For each topic, well established theories are compared with data from a real-world physical system.

The overexpression of RXam1, a cassava gene coding for an RLK, confers disease resistance to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis.

PubMed

Díaz Tatis, Paula A; Herrera Corzo, Mariana; Ochoa Cabezas, Juan C; Medina Cipagauta, Adriana; Prías, Mónica A; Verdier, Valerie; Chavarriaga Aguirre, Paul; López Carrascal, Camilo E

2018-04-01

The overexpression of RXam1 leads to a reduction in bacterial growth of XamCIO136, suggesting that RXam1 might be implicated in strain-specific resistance. Cassava bacterial blight (CBB) caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam) is a prevalent disease in all regions, where cassava is cultivated. CBB is a foliar and vascular disease usually controlled through host resistance. Previous studies have found QTLs explaining resistance to several Xam strains. Interestingly, one QTL called XM5 that explained 13% of resistance to XamCIO136 was associated with a similar fragment of the rice Xa21-resistance gene called PCR250. In this study, we aimed to further identify and characterize this fragment and its role in resistance to CBB. Screening and hybridization of a BAC library using the molecular marker PCR250 as a probe led to the identification of a receptor-like kinase similar to Xa21 and were called RXam1 (Resistance to Xam 1). Here, we report the functional characterization of susceptible cassava plants overexpressing RXam1. Our results indicated that the overexpression of RXam1 leads to a reduction in bacterial growth of XamCIO136. This suggests that RXAM1 might be implicated in strain-specific resistance to XamCIO136.

On Using Meta-Modeling and Multi-Modeling to Address Complex Problems

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Abu Jbara, Ahmed

2013-01-01

Models, created using different modeling techniques, usually serve different purposes and provide unique insights. While each modeling technique might be capable of answering specific questions, complex problems require multiple models interoperating to complement/supplement each other; we call this Multi-Modeling. To address the syntactic and…

Implications of Windowing Techniques for CAI.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Heines, Jesse M.; Grinstein, Georges G.

This paper discusses the use of a technique called windowing in computer assisted instruction to allow independent control of functional areas in complex CAI displays and simultaneous display of output from a running computer program and coordinated instructional material. Two obstacles to widespread use of CAI in computer science courses are…

Ketso: A New Tool for Extension Professionals

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bates, James S.

2016-01-01

Extension professionals employ many techniques and tools to obtain feedback, input, information, and data from stakeholders, research participants, and program learners. An information-gathering tool called Ketso is described in this article. This tool and its associated techniques can be used in all phases of program development, implementation,…

Support vector machines for nuclear reactor state estimation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zavaljevski, N.; Gross, K. C.

2000-02-14

Validation of nuclear power reactor signals is often performed by comparing signal prototypes with the actual reactor signals. The signal prototypes are often computed based on empirical data. The implementation of an estimation algorithm which can make predictions on limited data is an important issue. A new machine learning algorithm called support vector machines (SVMS) recently developed by Vladimir Vapnik and his coworkers enables a high level of generalization with finite high-dimensional data. The improved generalization in comparison with standard methods like neural networks is due mainly to the following characteristics of the method. The input data space is transformedmore » into a high-dimensional feature space using a kernel function, and the learning problem is formulated as a convex quadratic programming problem with a unique solution. In this paper the authors have applied the SVM method for data-based state estimation in nuclear power reactors. In particular, they implemented and tested kernels developed at Argonne National Laboratory for the Multivariate State Estimation Technique (MSET), a nonlinear, nonparametric estimation technique with a wide range of applications in nuclear reactors. The methodology has been applied to three data sets from experimental and commercial nuclear power reactor applications. The results are promising. The combination of MSET kernels with the SVM method has better noise reduction and generalization properties than the standard MSET algorithm.« less

Local residue coupling strategies by neural network for InSAR phase unwrapping

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Refice, Alberto; Satalino, Giuseppe; Chiaradia, Maria T.

1997-12-01

Phase unwrapping is one of the toughest problems in interferometric SAR processing. The main difficulties arise from the presence of point-like error sources, called residues, which occur mainly in close couples due to phase noise. We present an assessment of a local approach to the resolution of these problems by means of a neural network. Using a multi-layer perceptron, trained with the back- propagation scheme on a series of simulated phase images, fashion the best pairing strategies for close residue couples. Results show that god efficiencies and accuracies can have been obtained, provided a sufficient number of training examples are supplied. Results show that good efficiencies and accuracies can be obtained, provided a sufficient number of training examples are supplied. The technique is tested also on real SAR ERS-1/2 tandem interferometric images of the Matera test site, showing a good reduction of the residue density. The better results obtained by use of the neural network as far as local criteria are adopted appear justified given the probabilistic nature of the noise process on SAR interferometric phase fields and allows to outline a specifically tailored implementation of the neural network approach as a very fast pre-processing step intended to decrease the residue density and give sufficiently clean images to be processed further by more conventional techniques.

PARENT Quick Blind Round-Robin Test Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Braatz, Brett G.; Heasler, Patrick G.; Meyer, Ryan M.

The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission has established the Program to Assess the Reliability of Emerging Nondestructive Techniques (PARENT) whose goal is to investigate the effectiveness of current and novel nondestructive examination procedures and techniques to find flaws in nickel-alloy welds and base materials. This is to be done by conducting a series of open and blind international round-robin tests on a set of piping components that include large-bore dissimilar metal welds, small-bore dissimilar metal welds, and bottom-mounted instrumentation penetration welds. The blind testing is being conducted in two segments, one is called Quick-Blind and the other is called Blind. Themore » Quick-Blind testing and destructive analysis of the test blocks has been completed. This report describes the four Quick-Blind test blocks used, summarizes their destructive analysis, gives an overview of the nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques applied, provides an analysis inspection data, and presents the conclusions drawn.« less

Measuring the apparent size of the Moon with a digital camera

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ellery, Adam; Hughes, Stephen

2012-09-01

The Moon appears to be much larger closer to the horizon than when higher in the sky. This is called the ‘Moon illusion’ since the observed size of the Moon is not actually larger when the Moon is just above the horizon. This paper describes a technique for verifying that the observed size of the Moon is not larger on the horizon. The technique can be performed easily in a high-school teaching environment. Moreover, the technique demonstrates the surprising fact that the observed size of the Moon is actually smaller on the horizon due to atmospheric refraction. For the purposes of this paper, several images of the Moon were taken with it close to the horizon and close to the zenith. The images were processed using a free program called ImageJ. The Moon was found to be 5.73 ± 0.04% smaller in area on the horizon then at the zenith.

Influence of different treatment techniques on radiation dose to the LAD coronary artery

PubMed Central

Nieder, Carsten; Schill, Sabine; Kneschaurek, Peter; Molls, Michael

2007-01-01

Background The purpose of this proof-of-principle study was to test the ability of an intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) technique to reduce the radiation dose to the heart plus the left ventricle and a coronary artery. Radiation-induced heart disease might be a serious complication in long-term cancer survivors. Methods Planning CT scans from 6 female patients were available. They were part of a previous study of mediastinal IMRT for target volumes used in lymphoma treatment that included 8 patients and represent all cases where the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) could be contoured. We compared 6 MV AP/PA opposed fields to a 3D conformal 4-field technique and an optimised 7-field step-and-shoot IMRT technique and evaluated DVH's for several structures. The planning system was BrainSCAN 5.21 (BrainLAB, Heimstetten, Germany). Results IMRT maintained target volume coverage but resulted in better dose reduction to the heart, left ventricle and LAD than the other techniques. Selective dose reduction could be accomplished, although not to the degree initially attempted. The median LAD dose was approximately 50% lower with IMRT. In 5 out of 6 patients, IMRT was the best technique with regard to heart sparing. Conclusion IMRT techniques are able to reduce the radiation dose to the heart. In addition to dose reduction to whole heart, individualised dose distributions can be created, which spare, e.g., one ventricle plus one of the coronary arteries. Certain patients with well-defined vessel pathology might profit from an approach of general heart sparing with further selective dose reduction, accounting for the individual aspects of pre-existing damage. PMID:17547777

New Similarity Reductions and Compacton Solutions for Boussinesq-Like Equations with Fully Nonlinear Dispersion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yan, Zhen-Ya

2001-10-01

In this paper, similarity reductions of Boussinesq-like equations with nonlinear dispersion (simply called B(m,n) equations) utt=(u^n)xx+(u^m)xxxx, which is a generalized model of Boussinesq equation utt=(u^2)xx+uxxxx and modified Bousinesq equation utt=(u^3)xx+uxxxx, are considered by using the direct reduction method. As a result, several new types of similarity reductions are found. Based on the reduction equations and some simple transformations, we obtain the solitary wave solutions and compacton solutions (which are solitary waves with the property that after colliding with other compacton solutions, they re-emerge with the same coherent shape) of B(1,n) equations and B(m,m) equations, respectively. The project supported by National Key Basic Research Development Project Program of China under Grant No. G1998030600 and Doctoral Foundation of China under Grant No. 98014119

Hybrid Reduced Order Modeling Algorithms for Reactor Physics Calculations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bang, Youngsuk

Reduced order modeling (ROM) has been recognized as an indispensable approach when the engineering analysis requires many executions of high fidelity simulation codes. Examples of such engineering analyses in nuclear reactor core calculations, representing the focus of this dissertation, include the functionalization of the homogenized few-group cross-sections in terms of the various core conditions, e.g. burn-up, fuel enrichment, temperature, etc. This is done via assembly calculations which are executed many times to generate the required functionalization for use in the downstream core calculations. Other examples are sensitivity analysis used to determine important core attribute variations due to input parameter variations, and uncertainty quantification employed to estimate core attribute uncertainties originating from input parameter uncertainties. ROM constructs a surrogate model with quantifiable accuracy which can replace the original code for subsequent engineering analysis calculations. This is achieved by reducing the effective dimensionality of the input parameter, the state variable, or the output response spaces, by projection onto the so-called active subspaces. Confining the variations to the active subspace allows one to construct an ROM model of reduced complexity which can be solved more efficiently. This dissertation introduces a new algorithm to render reduction with the reduction errors bounded based on a user-defined error tolerance which represents the main challenge of existing ROM techniques. Bounding the error is the key to ensuring that the constructed ROM models are robust for all possible applications. Providing such error bounds represents one of the algorithmic contributions of this dissertation to the ROM state-of-the-art. Recognizing that ROM techniques have been developed to render reduction at different levels, e.g. the input parameter space, the state space, and the response space, this dissertation offers a set of novel hybrid ROM algorithms which can be readily integrated into existing methods and offer higher computational efficiency and defendable accuracy of the reduced models. For example, the snapshots ROM algorithm is hybridized with the range finding algorithm to render reduction in the state space, e.g. the flux in reactor calculations. In another implementation, the perturbation theory used to calculate first order derivatives of responses with respect to parameters is hybridized with a forward sensitivity analysis approach to render reduction in the parameter space. Reduction at the state and parameter spaces can be combined to render further reduction at the interface between different physics codes in a multi-physics model with the accuracy quantified in a similar manner to the single physics case. Although the proposed algorithms are generic in nature, we focus here on radiation transport models used in support of the design and analysis of nuclear reactor cores. In particular, we focus on replacing the traditional assembly calculations by ROM models to facilitate the generation of homogenized cross-sections for downstream core calculations. The implication is that assembly calculations could be done instantaneously therefore precluding the need for the expensive evaluation of the few-group cross-sections for all possible core conditions. Given the generic natures of the algorithms, we make an effort to introduce the material in a general form to allow non-nuclear engineers to benefit from this work.

Gene variant linked to lung cancer risk

Cancer.gov

A variation of the gene NFKB1, called rs4648127, is associated with an estimated 44 percent reduction in lung cancer risk. When this information, derived from samples obtained as part of a large NCI-sponsored prevention clinical trial, was compared with d

Climate change : U.S. federal laws and policies related to greenhouse gas reductions

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2006-02-22

Climate change is generally viewed as a global issue, but proposed responses generally require action at the national level. In 1992, the United States ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which called on in...

75 FR 39573 - Notice of Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request (Economic Opportunities for Low- and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-09

... number). Hearing or speech-impaired individuals may access this number TTY by calling the toll-free.... Authority: The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, 44 U.S.C. Chapter 35, as amended. Dated: July 1, 2010. Staci...

Lower-Order Compensation Chain Threshold-Reduction Technique for Multi-Stage Voltage Multipliers.

PubMed

Dell' Anna, Francesco; Dong, Tao; Li, Ping; Wen, Yumei; Azadmehr, Mehdi; Casu, Mario; Berg, Yngvar

2018-04-17

This paper presents a novel threshold-compensation technique for multi-stage voltage multipliers employed in low power applications such as passive and autonomous wireless sensing nodes (WSNs) powered by energy harvesters. The proposed threshold-reduction technique enables a topological design methodology which, through an optimum control of the trade-off among transistor conductivity and leakage losses, is aimed at maximizing the voltage conversion efficiency (VCE) for a given ac input signal and physical chip area occupation. The conducted simulations positively assert the validity of the proposed design methodology, emphasizing the exploitable design space yielded by the transistor connection scheme in the voltage multiplier chain. An experimental validation and comparison of threshold-compensation techniques was performed, adopting 2N5247 N-channel junction field effect transistors (JFETs) for the realization of the voltage multiplier prototypes. The attained measurements clearly support the effectiveness of the proposed threshold-reduction approach, which can significantly reduce the chip area occupation for a given target output performance and ac input signal.

D-region blunt probe data analysis using hybrid computer techniques

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Burkhard, W. J.

1973-01-01

The feasibility of performing data reduction techniques with a hybrid computer was studied. The data was obtained from the flight of a parachute born probe through the D-region of the ionosphere. A presentation of the theory of blunt probe operation is included with emphasis on the equations necessary to perform the analysis. This is followed by a discussion of computer program development. Included in this discussion is a comparison of computer and hand reduction results for the blunt probe launched on 31 January 1972. The comparison showed that it was both feasible and desirable to use the computer for data reduction. The results of computer data reduction performed on flight data acquired from five blunt probes are also presented.

On-call service of neurosurgeons in Germany: organization, use of communication services, and personal acceptance of modern technologies.

PubMed

Brenke, Christopher; Lassel, Elke A; Terris, Darcey; Kurt, Aysel; Schmieder, Kirsten; Schoenberg, Stefan O; Weisser, Gerald

2014-05-01

A significant proportion of acute care neurosurgical patients present to hospital outside regular working hours. The objective of our study was to evaluate the structure of neurosurgical on-call services in Germany, the use of modern communication devices and teleradiology services, and the personal acceptance of modern technologies by neurosurgeons. A nationwide survey of all 141 neurosurgical departments in Germany was performed. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: one for neurosurgical departments and one for individual neurosurgeons. The questionnaire, available online and mailed in paper form, included 21 questions about on-call service structure; the availability and use of communication devices, teleradiology services, and other information services; and neurosurgeons' personal acceptance of modern technologies. The questionnaire return rate from departments was 63.1% (89/141), whereas 187 individual neurosurgeons responded. For 57.3% of departments, teleradiology services were available and were frequently used by 62.2% of neurosurgeons. A further 23.6% of departments described using smartphone screenshots of computed tomography (CT) images transmitted by multimedia messaging service (MMS), and 8.6% of images were described as sent by unencrypted email. Although 47.0% of neurosurgeons reported owning a smartphone, only 1.1% used their phone for on-call image communication. Teleradiology services were observed to be widely used by on-call neurosurgeons in Germany. Nevertheless, a significant number of departments appear to use outdated techniques or techniques that leave patient data unprotected. On-call neurosurgeons in Germany report a willingness to adopt more modern approaches, utilizing readily available smartphones or tablet technology. Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

A new argon gas-based device for the treatment of keloid scars with the use of intralesional cryotherapy.

PubMed

van Leeuwen, Michiel C E; Bulstra, Anne-Eva J; van Leeuwen, Paul A M; Niessen, Frank B

2014-12-01

Intralesional (IL) cryotherapy is a new promising technique for the treatment of keloid scars, in which the scar is frozen from inside. Multiple devices are available, mostly based on a simple liquid nitrogen Dewar system, which have a limited freezing capacity. Argon gas-based systems ensure accurate and highly controlled freezing and have shown to be effective within the field of oncologic surgery. However, this technique has never been used for the treatment of keloid scars. This prospective study evaluates an argon gas-based system for the treatment of keloids in a patient population including all Fitzpatrick skin types with a 1-year follow-up. Twenty-five patients with 30 keloid scars were included and treated with a device called Seednet (Galil Medical, Yokneam, Israel). Scar quality and possible scar recurrence were assessed before treatment and post treatment (6 and 12 months) with objective devices determining scar color, scar elasticity, scar volume, and patient's skin type. In addition, scars were evaluated using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale. After 12 months, a significant volume reduction of 62% was obtained, p = 0.05. Moreover, complaints of pain and itching were alleviated and scar quality had improved according to the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale. Scar pigmentation recovered in 62% of all keloid scars within 12 months. Five out of 30 (17%) scars recurred within 12 months, three of which had previously been treated with liquid nitrogen-based IL cryotherapy. Both recurrent and persistent hypopigmentation were mainly seen in Afro-American patients. IL cryotherapy with the use of an argon gas-based system proves to be effective in the treatment of keloid scars, yielding volume reduction and low recurrence rates. Although hypopigmentation recovered in most cases, it is strongly related to non-Caucasian patients. Finally, additional treatment of keloid scars previously unresponsive to IL cryotherapy is predisposed to a high recurrence rate. NCT02063243. Crown Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Posterior distraction reduction and occipitocervical fixation for the treatment of basilar invagination and atlantoaxial dislocation.

PubMed

Meng, Yang; Chen, Hua; Lou, Jigang; Rong, Xin; Wang, Beiyu; Deng, Yuxiao; Ding, Chen; Hong, Ying; Liu, Hao

2016-01-01

To introduce a novel distraction technique for the treatment of basilar invagination (BI) and atlantoaxial dislocation (AAD) via a posterior-only approach. Twenty-one consecutive patients with BI and AAD who underwent posterior distraction reduction and occipitocervical fixation between January 2009 and June 2013 were enrolled in the present study. This novel distraction technique included two steps. First, the distraction between the occipitocervical junction of the rod (OCJR) and the occipital screws was performed to achieve horizontal and partial vertical reduction. Secondly, the distraction was performed between the C2 screws and OCJR to achieve complete vertical reduction. The pre- and postoperative JOA score, the extent of reduction, the fusion status, and the complications were recorded and analyzed. The mean follow-up was 18.3 months with a range of 10-32 months. No patient incurred neurovascular injury during surgery. The mean JOA score at the last follow-up (15.4) showed significant improvement (P<0.01) compared with the pre-operative parameters (11.2). Complete horizontal reduction was achieved in 18 patients (85.7%), and complete vertical reduction was achieved in 17 patients (80.9%). The rest patients are all received greater than 50% horizontal and vertical reduction. Solid fusion was achieved in 20 patients (95.2%). Mild dysphagia was observed in two patients. One patient suffered from postoperative fever and pulmonary infection. This novel distraction technique may provide satisfactory reduction via a posterior-only approach without exposure of the C1/2 facet joint. Therefore, it is a safe and effective method for the treatment of BI with AAD. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of night-time on-call work on heart rate variability before bed and sleep quality in visiting nurses.

PubMed

Kikuchi, Yukiko; Ishii, Noriko; Kodama, Hideya

2018-05-28

In Japan, many visiting nurses work carrying cell phones to respond to calls from users even at night (on-call work). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether on-call work affected heart rate variability (HRV) before bed and decreased sleep quality in visiting nurses even if their sleep was not interrupted due to actual calls. Thirty-one visiting nurses (mean age, 49.8 years; standard deviation, 6.3 years) were asked to record their 2.5-min resting HRV before bed, and to undergo one-channel sleep electroencephalography (EEG) and subjective sleep evaluations upon waking (Oguri, Shirakawa, and Azumi Sleep Inventory) at home for 4-5 consecutive days, including both on-call and non-on-call days. Paired data sets of outcome measures, including HRV parameters, sleep macrostructure variables, and subjective sleep quality scores between on-call and non-on-call days were compared; the most recent measurements for each category were used for each subject. There were no differences in HRV measures and objective sleep EEG variables. A significant increase in "sleepiness on rising" and a decrease in "feeling refreshed" were observed on on-call days (P = 0.019 and 0.021, respectively), and younger subjects (≤ 51 years old) demonstrated a significant reduction in "sleepiness on rising" (significant interaction effect, P = 0.029). Adverse effects of on-call work on sleep quality in most visiting nurses are thought to be subjective, and relatively young nurses tend to notice a decrease in sleep quality. On-call work itself does not appear to be a substantial stressor that could affect HRV and sleep structure.

Los Alamos, Toshiba probing Fukushima with cosmic rays

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Morris, Christopher

2014-06-16

Los Alamos National Laboratory has announced an impending partnership with Toshiba Corporation to use a Los Alamos technique called muon tomography to safely peer inside the cores of the Fukushima Daiichi reactors and create high-resolution images of the damaged nuclear material inside without ever breaching the cores themselves. The initiative could reduce the time required to clean up the disabled complex by at least a decade and greatly reduce radiation exposure to personnel working at the plant. Muon radiography (also called cosmic-ray radiography) uses secondary particles generated when cosmic rays collide with upper regions of Earth's atmosphere to create imagesmore » of the objects that the particles, called muons, penetrate. The process is analogous to an X-ray image, except muons are produced naturally and do not damage the materials they contact. Muon radiography has been used before in imaginative applications such as mapping the interior of the Great Pyramid at Giza, but Los Alamos's muon tomography technique represents a vast improvement over earlier technology.« less

Los Alamos, Toshiba probing Fukushima with cosmic rays

ScienceCinema

Morris, Christopher

2018-01-16

Los Alamos National Laboratory has announced an impending partnership with Toshiba Corporation to use a Los Alamos technique called muon tomography to safely peer inside the cores of the Fukushima Daiichi reactors and create high-resolution images of the damaged nuclear material inside without ever breaching the cores themselves. The initiative could reduce the time required to clean up the disabled complex by at least a decade and greatly reduce radiation exposure to personnel working at the plant. Muon radiography (also called cosmic-ray radiography) uses secondary particles generated when cosmic rays collide with upper regions of Earth's atmosphere to create images of the objects that the particles, called muons, penetrate. The process is analogous to an X-ray image, except muons are produced naturally and do not damage the materials they contact. Muon radiography has been used before in imaginative applications such as mapping the interior of the Great Pyramid at Giza, but Los Alamos's muon tomography technique represents a vast improvement over earlier technology.

Recent advances of liquid chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry in clinical and forensic toxicology - An update.

PubMed

Remane, Daniela; Wissenbach, Dirk K; Peters, Frank T

2016-09-01

Liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is a well-established and widely used technique in clinical and forensic toxicology as well as doping control especially for quantitative analysis. In recent years, many applications for so-called multi-target screening and/or quantification of drugs, poisons, and or their metabolites in biological matrices have been developed. Such methods have proven particularly useful for analysis of so-called new psychoactive substances that have appeared on recreational drug markets throughout the world. Moreover, the evolvement of high resolution MS techniques and the development of data-independent detection modes have opened new possibilities for applications of LC-(MS/MS) in systematic toxicological screening analysis in the so called general unknown setting. The present paper will provide an overview and discuss these recent developments focusing on the literature published after 2010. Copyright © 2016 The Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Maximizing Iodine Contrast-to-Noise Ratios in Abdominal CT Imaging through Use of Energy Domain Noise Reduction and Virtual Monoenergetic Dual-Energy CT.

PubMed

Leng, Shuai; Yu, Lifeng; Fletcher, Joel G; McCollough, Cynthia H

2015-08-01

To determine the iodine contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) for abdominal computed tomography (CT) when using energy domain noise reduction and virtual monoenergetic dual-energy (DE) CT images and to compare the CNR to that attained with single-energy CT at 80, 100, 120, and 140 kV. This HIPAA-compliant study was approved by the institutional review board with waiver of informed consent. A syringe filled with diluted iodine contrast material was placed into 30-, 35-, and 45-cm-wide water phantoms and scanned with a dual-source CT scanner in both DE and single-energy modes with matched scanner output. Virtual monoenergetic images were generated, with energies ranging from 40 to 110 keV in 10-keV steps. A previously developed energy domain noise reduction algorithm was applied to reduce image noise by exploiting information redundancies in the energy domain. Image noise and iodine CNR were calculated. To show the potential clinical benefit of this technique, it was retrospectively applied to a clinical DE CT study of the liver in a 59-year-old male patient by using conventional and iterative reconstruction techniques. Image noise and CNR were compared for virtual monoenergetic images with and without energy domain noise reduction at each virtual monoenergetic energy (in kiloelectron volts) and phantom size by using a paired t test. CNR of virtual monoenergetic images was also compared with that of single-energy images acquired with 80, 100, 120, and 140 kV. Noise reduction of up to 59% (28.7 of 65.7) was achieved for DE virtual monoenergetic images by using an energy domain noise reduction technique. For the commercial virtual monoenergetic images, the maximum iodine CNR was achieved at 70 keV and was 18.6, 16.6, and 10.8 for the 30-, 35-, and 45-cm phantoms. After energy domain noise reduction, maximum iodine CNR was achieved at 40 keV and increased to 30.6, 25.4, and 16.5. These CNRs represented improvement of up to 64% (12.0 of 18.6) with the energy domain noise reduction technique. For single-energy CT at the optimal tube potential, iodine CNR was 29.1 (80 kV), 21.2 (80 kV), and 11.5 (100 kV). For patient images, 39% (24 of 61) noise reduction and 67% (0.74 of 1.10) CNR improvement were observed with the energy domain noise reduction technique when compared with standard filtered back-projection images. Iodine CNR for adult abdominal CT may be maximized with energy domain noise reduction and virtual monoenergetic DE CT. (©) RSNA, 2015.

Use of mobile and cordless phones and change in cognitive function: a prospective cohort analysis of Australian primary school children.

PubMed

Bhatt, Chhavi Raj; Benke, Geza; Smith, Catherine L; Redmayne, Mary; Dimitriadis, Christina; Dalecki, Anna; Macleod, Skye; Sim, Malcolm R; Croft, Rodney J; Wolfe, Rory; Kaufman, Jordy; Abramson, Michael J

2017-06-19

Some previous studies have suggested an association between children's use of mobile phones (MPs)/cordless phones (CPs) and development of cognitive function. We evaluated possible longitudinal associations between the use of MPs and CPs in a cohort of primary school children and effects on their cognitive function. Data on children's socio-demographics, use of MPs and CPs, and cognitive function were collected at baseline (2010-2012) and follow-up (2012-2013). Cognitive outcomes were evaluated with the CogHealth™ test battery and Stroop Color-Word test. The change in the number of MP/CP voice calls weekly from baseline to follow-up was dichotomized: "an increase in calls" or a "decrease/no change in calls". Multiple linear regression analyses, adjusting for confounders and clustering by school, were performed to evaluate the associations between the change in cognitive outcomes and change in MP and CP exposures. Of 412 children, a larger proportion of them used a CP (76% at baseline and follow-up), compared to a MP (31% at baseline and 43% at follow-up). Of 26 comparisons of changes in cognitive outcomes, four demonstrated significant associations. The increase in MP usage was associated with larger reduction in response time for response inhibition, smaller reduction in the number of total errors for spatial problem solving and larger increase in response time for a Stroop interference task. Except for the smaller reduction in detection task accuracy, the increase in CP usage had no effect on the changes in cognitive outcomes. Our study shows that a larger proportion of children used CPs compared to MPs. We found limited evidence that change in the use of MPs or CPs in primary school children was associated with change in cognitive function.

RP-UHPLC-UV-ESI-MS/MS analysis of LPMO generated C4-oxidized gluco-oligosaccharides after non-reductive labeling with 2-aminobenzamide.

PubMed

Frommhagen, Matthias; van Erven, Gijs; Sanders, Mark; van Berkel, Willem J H; Kabel, Mirjam A; Gruppen, Harry

2017-08-07

Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are able to cleave recalcitrant polysaccharides, such as cellulose, by oxidizing the C1 and/or C4 atoms. The analysis of the resulting products requires a variety of analytical techniques. Up to now, these techniques mainly focused on the identification of non-oxidized and C1-oxidized oligosaccharides. The analysis of C4-oxidized gluco-oligosaccharides is mostly performed by using high pressure anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC). However, the alkaline conditions used during HPAEC analysis lead to tautomerization of C4-oxidized gluco-oligosaccharides, which limits the use of this technique. Here, we describe the use of reverse phase-ultra high performance liquid chromatography (RP-UHPLC) in combination with non-reductive 2-aminobenzamide (2-AB) labeling. Non-reductive 2-AB labeling enabled separation of C4-oxidized gluco-oligosaccharides from their non-oxidized counterparts. Moreover, RP-UHPLC does not require buffered mobile phases, which reduce mass spectrometry (MS) sensitivity. The latter is seen as an advantage over other techniques such as hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and porous graphitized carbon coupled to MS. RP-UHPLC coupled to UV detection and mass spectrometry allowed the identification of both labeled non-oxidized and C4-oxidized oligosaccharides. Non-reductive labeling kept the ketone at the C4-position of LPMO oxidized oligosaccharides intact, while selective reducing agents such as sodium triacetoxyborohydride (STAB) reduced this ketone group. Our results show that RP-UHPLC-UV-ESI-MS in combination with non-reductively 2-AB labeling is a suitable technique for the separation and identification of LPMO-generated C4-oxidized gluco-oligosaccharides. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Using an integrated information system to reduce interruptions and the number of non-relevant contacts in the inpatient pharmacy at tertiary hospital.

PubMed

Binobaid, Saleh; Almeziny, Mohammed; Fan, Ip-Shing

2017-07-01

Patient care is provided by a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals intended for high-quality and safe patient care. Accordingly, the team must work synergistically and communicate efficiently. In many hospitals, nursing and pharmacy communication relies mainly on telephone calls. In fact, numerous studies have reported telephone calls as a source of interruption for both pharmacy and nursing operations; therefore, the workload increases and the chance of errors raises. This report describes the implementation of an integrated information system that possibly can reduce telephone calls through providing real-time tracking capabilities and sorting prescriptions urgency, thus significantly improving traceability of all prescriptions inside pharmacy. The research design is based on a quasi-experiment using pre-post testing using the continuous improvement approach. The improvement project is performed using a six-step method. A survey was conducted in Prince Sultan Military Medical City (PSMMC) to measure the volume and types of telephone calls before and after implementation to evaluate the impact of the new system. Beforehand of the system implementation, during the two-week measurement period, all pharmacies received 4466 calls and the majority were follow-up calls. Subsequently of the integrated system rollout, there was a significant reduction ( p  > 0.001) in the volume of telephone calls to 2630 calls; besides, the calls nature turned out to be more professional inquiries ( p  > 0.001). As a result, avoidable interruptions and workload were decreased.

Radiation dose reduction using a neck detection algorithm for single spiral brain and cervical spine CT acquisition in the trauma setting.

PubMed

Ardley, Nicholas D; Lau, Ken K; Buchan, Kevin

2013-12-01

Cervical spine injuries occur in 4-8 % of adults with head trauma. Dual acquisition technique has been traditionally used for the CT scanning of brain and cervical spine. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of radiation dose reduction by using a single acquisition technique that incorporated both anatomical regions with a dedicated neck detection algorithm. Thirty trauma patients for brain and cervical spine CT were included and were scanned with the single acquisition technique. The radiation doses from the single CT acquisition technique with the neck detection algorithm, which allowed appropriate independent dose administration relevant to brain and cervical spine regions, were recorded. Comparison was made both to the doses calculated from the simulation of the traditional dual acquisitions with matching parameters, and to the doses of retrospective dual acquisition legacy technique with the same sample size. The mean simulated dose for the traditional dual acquisition technique was 3.99 mSv, comparable to the average dose of 4.2 mSv from 30 previous patients who had CT of brain and cervical spine as dual acquisitions. The mean dose from the single acquisition technique was 3.35 mSv, resulting in a 16 % overall dose reduction. The images from the single acquisition technique were of excellent diagnostic quality. The new single acquisition CT technique incorporating the neck detection algorithm for brain and cervical spine significantly reduces the overall radiation dose by eliminating the unavoidable overlapping range between 2 anatomical regions which occurs with the traditional dual acquisition technique.

The impact of standalone call centres and GP cooperatives on access to after hours GP care: a before and after study adjusted for secular trend.

PubMed

Dunt, David; Day, Susan E; Kelaher, Margaret; Montalto, Michael

2006-08-01

The After Hours Primary Medical Trials were initiated by the Australian government to redress difficulties in after hours (AH) GP care in areas of high need. The study's objective is to study the impact of two standalone call centres and one GP cooperative offering comprehensive services, in improving consumer access to services for residents of a defined geographic area. A pre-post design was used to evaluate their impact after adjusting for secular trend at a national level. Access was considered in terms of availability, accessibility, affordability, acceptability and responsiveness of care. Unmet need and ease of obtaining AH telephone professional medical advice were also considered. Pre-trial and post-trial telephone surveys of two separate random samples of approximately 350 households using AH services in each trial area as well as in a national sample outside the trial areas. Consumer acceptability and affordability increased in residents in the area served by the GP cooperative. Access, however measured, did not improve in either of the standalone call centre areas. Reduction in unmet need approached but did not achieve statistical significance in most but not all trial areas. Improvements in access in the GP cooperative conformed to expectations based on current and pre-existing AH care arrangements put in place. Absence of improvements in access in the standalone call centres did not conform to expectations but may be partly explained by the reductions in consumer acceptability, following introduction of telephone triage systems reported elsewhere.

Static analysis of class invariants in Java programs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bonilla-Quintero, Lidia Dionisia

2011-12-01

This paper presents a technique for the automatic inference of class invariants from Java bytecode. Class invariants are very important for both compiler optimization and as an aid to programmers in their efforts to reduce the number of software defects. We present the original DC-invariant analysis from Adam Webber, talk about its shortcomings and suggest several different ways to improve it. To apply the DC-invariant analysis to identify DC-invariant assertions, all that one needs is a monotonic method analysis function and a suitable assertion domain. The DC-invariant algorithm is very general; however, the method analysis can be highly tuned to the problem in hand. For example, one could choose shape analysis as the method analysis function and use the DC-invariant analysis to simply extend it to an analysis that would yield class-wide invariants describing the shapes of linked data structures. We have a prototype implementation: a system we refer to as "the analyzer" that infers DC-invariant unary and binary relations and provides them to the user in a human readable format. The analyzer uses those relations to identify unnecessary array bounds checks in Java programs and perform null-reference analysis. It uses Adam Webber's relational constraint technique for the class-invariant binary relations. Early results with the analyzer were very imprecise in the presence of "dirty-called" methods. A dirty-called method is one that is called, either directly or transitively, from any constructor of the class, or from any method of the class at a point at which a disciplined field has been altered. This result was unexpected and forced an extensive search for improved techniques. An important contribution of this paper is the suggestion of several ways to improve the results by changing the way dirty-called methods are handled. The new techniques expand the set of class invariants that can be inferred over Webber's original results. The technique that produces better results uses in-line analysis. Final results are promising: we can infer sound class invariants for full-scale, not just toy applications.

A New Surgical Approach for the Treatment of Conjunctivochalasis: Reduction of the Conjunctival Fold with Bipolar Electrocautery Forceps

PubMed Central

Arenas, Eduardo; Muñoz, Diana

2016-01-01

Aim. To report a new surgical technique for the treatment of conjunctivochalasis. Methods. A new surgical technique in which specially designed bipolar electrocautery forceps facilitate the complete reduction of the conjunctival folds without creating lesions near the corneoscleral limbus was designed. A retrospective revision of the medical records of patients treated with this technique between the years 2011 and 2013 was made, and eighteen eyes of sixteen patients with conjunctivochalasis treated with this new technique were included. Results. All the eyes treated showed a significant improvement with no evidence of scar lesions after a mean follow-up time of 10 months. Conclusions. The surgical technique presented here could be a good alternative for the management of conjunctivochalasis. PMID:27200408

Solid Waste Reduction--A Hands-on Study.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wiessinger, Diane

1991-01-01

This lesson plan uses grocery shopping to demonstrate the importance of source reduction in the handling of solid waste problems. Students consider different priorities in shopping (convenience, packaging, and waste reduction) and draw conclusions about the relationship between packaging techniques and solid waste problems. (MCO)

Pathogen reduction in human plasma using an ultrashort pulsed laser

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Pathogen reduction is an ideal approach to ensure the continued safety of the blood supply against emerging pathogens. However, the currently licensed pathogen reduction techniques are ineffective against non-enveloped viruses, and they introduce chemicals with concerns of side effects which prevent...

Blocking Strategies for Performing Entity Resolution in a Distributed Computing Environment

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wang, Pei

2016-01-01

Entity resolution (ER) is an O(n[superscript 2]) problem where n is the number of records to be processed. The pair-wise nature of ER makes it impractical to perform on large datasets without the use of a technique called blocking. In blocking the records are separated into groups (called blocks) in such a way the records most likely to match are…

Reevaluating the need for routine drainage in reduction mammaplasty.

PubMed

Matarasso, A; Wallach, S G; Rankin, M

1998-11-01

The incidence of complications after reduction mammaplasty without drains was reviewed by analysis of 50 bilateral reduction mammaplasty procedures. Patients ranged in age from 14 to 65 years; the average combined volume removed was 953 g. Eighty-four percent of the patients underwent a Pitanguy technique, and the remaining patients underwent an inferior pedicle or amputative technique with free nipple grafts. Three patients had six complications; one of these patients had three of the complications. Complications included two cases of fat necrosis and one case of wound disruption. One patient had a hematoma with wound disruption and partial nipple loss. There were no cases of infection. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of complications in reduction mammaplasty performed without drains. Incidentally, statistical analysis using the chi-squared test revealed that this series without drains compared favorably with previously published data for reduction mammaplasty using drains. It is concluded that routine closed suction drainage after reduction mammaplasty is unnecessary and should be reconsidered.

Lateral conduction effects on heat-transfer data obtained with the phase-change paint technique

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Maise, G.; Rossi, M. J.

1974-01-01

A computerized tool, CAPE, (Conduction Analysis Program using Eigenvalues) has been developed to account for lateral heat conduction in wind tunnel models in the data reduction of the phase-change paint technique. The tool also accounts for the effects of finite thickness (thin wings) and surface curvature. A special reduction procedure using just one time of melt is also possible on leading edges. A novel iterative numerical scheme was used, with discretized spatial coordinates but analytic integration in time, to solve the inverse conduction problem involved in the data reduction. A yes-no chart is provided which tells the test engineer when various corrections are large enough so that CAPE should be used. The accuracy of the phase-change paint technique in the presence of finite thickness and lateral conduction is also investigated.

Management of acute anterior shoulder dislocation.

PubMed

Dala-Ali, Benan; Penna, Marta; McConnell, Jamie; Vanhegan, Ivor; Cobiella, Carlos

2014-08-01

Shoulder dislocation is the most common large joint dislocation in the body. Recent advances in radiological imaging and shoulder surgery have shown the potential dangers of traditional reduction techniques such as the Kocher's and the Hippocratic methods, which are still advocated by many textbooks. Many non-specialists continue to use these techniques, unaware of their potential risks. This article reviews the clinical and radiographic presentation of dislocation; some common reduction techniques; their risks and success rate; analgesia methods to facilitate the reduction; and postreduction management. Many textbooks advocate methods that have been superceded by safer alternatives. Trainees should learn better and safer relocation methods backed up by the current evidence available. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

Online Reduction of Artifacts in EEG of Simultaneous EEG-fMRI Using Reference Layer Adaptive Filtering (RLAF).

PubMed

Steyrl, David; Krausz, Gunther; Koschutnig, Karl; Edlinger, Günter; Müller-Putz, Gernot R

2018-01-01

Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allow us to study the active human brain from two perspectives concurrently. Signal processing based artifact reduction techniques are mandatory for this, however, to obtain reasonable EEG quality in simultaneous EEG-fMRI. Current artifact reduction techniques like average artifact subtraction (AAS), typically become less effective when artifact reduction has to be performed on-the-fly. We thus present and evaluate a new technique to improve EEG quality online. This technique adds up with online AAS and combines a prototype EEG-cap for reference recordings of artifacts, with online adaptive filtering and is named reference layer adaptive filtering (RLAF). We found online AAS + RLAF to be highly effective in improving EEG quality. Online AAS + RLAF outperformed online AAS and did so in particular online in terms of the chosen performance metrics, these being specifically alpha rhythm amplitude ratio between closed and opened eyes (3-45% improvement), signal-to-noise-ratio of visual evoked potentials (VEP) (25-63% improvement), and VEPs variability (16-44% improvement). Further, we found that EEG quality after online AAS + RLAF is occasionally even comparable with the offline variant of AAS at a 3T MRI scanner. In conclusion RLAF is a very effective add-on tool to enable high quality EEG in simultaneous EEG-fMRI experiments, even when online artifact reduction is necessary.

Real-time speckle reduction in optical coherence tomography using the dual window method

PubMed Central

Zhao, Yang; Chu, Kengyeh K.; Eldridge, Will J.; Jelly, Evan T.; Crose, Michael; Wax, Adam

2018-01-01

Speckle is an intrinsic noise of interferometric signals which reduces contrast and degrades the quality of optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. Here, we present a frequency compounding speckle reduction technique using the dual window (DW) method. Using the DW method, speckle noise is reduced without the need to acquire multiple frames. A ~25% improvement in the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was achieved using the DW speckle reduction method with only minimal loss (~17%) in axial resolution. We also demonstrate that real-time speckle reduction can be achieved at a B-scan rate of ~21 frames per second using a graphic processing unit (GPU). The DW speckle reduction technique can work on any existing OCT instrument without further system modification or extra components. This makes it applicable both in real-time imaging systems and during post-processing. PMID:29552398

Identification and addressing reduction-related misconceptions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gal-Ezer, Judith; Trakhtenbrot, Mark

2016-07-01

Reduction is one of the key techniques used for problem-solving in computer science. In particular, in the theory of computation and complexity (TCC), mapping and polynomial reductions are used for analysis of decidability and computational complexity of problems, including the core concept of NP-completeness. Reduction is a highly abstract technique that involves revealing close non-trivial connections between problems that often seem to have nothing in common. As a result, proper understanding and application of reduction is a serious challenge for students and a source of numerous misconceptions. The main contribution of this paper is detection of such misconceptions, analysis of their roots, and proposing a way to address them in an undergraduate TCC course. Our observations suggest that the main source of the misconceptions is the false intuitive rule "the bigger is a set/problem, the harder it is to solve". Accordingly, we developed a series of exercises for proactive prevention of these misconceptions.

Stable orthogonal local discriminant embedding for linear dimensionality reduction.

PubMed

Gao, Quanxue; Ma, Jingjie; Zhang, Hailin; Gao, Xinbo; Liu, Yamin

2013-07-01

Manifold learning is widely used in machine learning and pattern recognition. However, manifold learning only considers the similarity of samples belonging to the same class and ignores the within-class variation of data, which will impair the generalization and stableness of the algorithms. For this purpose, we construct an adjacency graph to model the intraclass variation that characterizes the most important properties, such as diversity of patterns, and then incorporate the diversity into the discriminant objective function for linear dimensionality reduction. Finally, we introduce the orthogonal constraint for the basis vectors and propose an orthogonal algorithm called stable orthogonal local discriminate embedding. Experimental results on several standard image databases demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed dimensionality reduction approach.

Applying a Consumer Behavior Lens to Salt Reduction Initiatives

PubMed Central

Potvin Kent, Monique; Raats, Monique M.; McConnon, Áine; Wall, Patrick; Dubois, Lise

2017-01-01

Reformulation of food products to reduce salt content has been a central strategy for achieving population level salt reduction. In this paper, we reflect on current reformulation strategies and consider how consumer behavior determines the ultimate success of these strategies. We consider the merits of adopting a ‘health by stealth’, silent approach to reformulation compared to implementing a communications strategy which draws on labeling initiatives in tandem with reformulation efforts. We end this paper by calling for a multi-actor approach which utilizes co-design, participatory tools to facilitate the involvement of all stakeholders, including, and especially, consumers, in making decisions around how best to achieve population-level salt reduction. PMID:28820449

Aging and Visual Impairment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Morse, A. R.; And Others

1987-01-01

Eye diseases of the aged include diabetic retinopathy, senile cataracts, senile macular degeneration, and glaucoma. Environmental modifications such as better levels of illumination and reduction of glare can enhance an individual's ability to function. Programs to screen and treat visual problems in elderly persons are called for. (Author/JDD)

Rethinking the Business Model: Responsibilities of Governing Boards

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Trusteeship, 2012

2012-01-01

Colleges and universities are thinking strategically about their business models. Reductions in state and federal appropriations, endowment volatility, fundraising uncertainties, and limits on tuition increases are creating persistent shortfalls in operating budgets. This all comes when institutions are being called upon to enroll and graduate…

Launch Control System Master Console Event Message Reduction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nguyen, Uyen

2014-01-01

System monitoring and control (SMC) message browsers receive so many messages daily that operators do not need to see. Important messages are often mixed up among the less important ones. My job is to reduce the messages displayed in the message browser so that warning and emergency messages can be seen easily and therefore, responded promptly. There are multiple methods to achieve this. Firstly, duplicate messages should not appear many times in the message browser. Instead, the message should appear only once but with a number that counts the times that it appears. This method is called duplicate message suppression. Secondly, messages that update the most recent state (e.g. up/down) of a component should replace the old-state messages. This method is called state based message correlation. Thirdly, messages that display "normal" alarm level should be suppressed unless it's a response to an operator action. In addition to message reduction, I also work on correcting the severity level and text formats on messages.

Biatrial reduction plasty with reef imbricate technique as an adjunct to maze procedure for permanent atrial fibrillation associated with giant left atria.

PubMed

Wang, William; Guo, L Ray; Martland, Anne Marie; Feng, Xiao-Dong; Ma, Jie; Feng, Xi Qing

2010-04-01

Success of the modified maze procedure after valvular operation with giant atria and permanent atrial fibrillation (AF) remains suboptimal. We report an aggressive approach for these patients utilizing biatrial reduction plasty with a reef imbricate suture technique concomitantly with valvular and maze procedure for AF. From January 1999 to December 2006, 122 consecutive Chinese patients with permanent AF and biatrial enlargement who required mitral valve+/-tricuspid valve (TV) surgery underwent aggressive left atrial reduction combined with radiofrequency bipolar full maze procedure. Left atrial dimensions were measured by TTE or TEE. There were 71 women (58.1%) and 51 men (41.9%) and their mean age was 45+/-9.5 years. Mean duration of AF was 48.4+/-21.4 months. All patients underwent left atrial reduction plasty with reef imbricate suture technique and full maze procedure. Their preoperative left atria measured 64+/-12 mm in the enlarged left atria (ELA) group and 86+/-17 mm in the giant left atria (GLA). Mitral valve replacement (MVR) combined with TV repair was performed in 102 patients (83%) while 21 patients underwent MVRs combined with aortic valve replacements (17%). Sixty-six (54%) patients required additional procedures and 61 (50%) of the patients also underwent left atrial appendage clot evacuation. Postoperative left atrial size was reduced to 49+/-8 mm (ELA) and 51+/-11 mm (GLA), respectively (P<0.05). Ninety-three of 122 (76%) patients were restored in normal sinus rhythm after one year clinical follow-up. Aggressive biatrial reduction plasty combined with full maze procedure is an effective treatment for patients with permanent AF undergoing concomitant valvular surgery. Further studies utilizing the reef imbricate suture technique for atrial reduction need to subsequently be evaluated.

Effect of Bypass Capacitor in Common-mode Noise Reduction Technique for Automobile PCB

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Uno, Takanori; Ichikawa, Kouji; Mabuchi, Yuichi; Nakamura, Atushi

In this letter, we studied the use of common mode noise reduction technique for in-vehicle electronic equipment, each comprising large-scale integrated circuit (LSI), printed circuit board (PCB), wiring harnesses, and ground plane. We have improved the model circuit of the common mode noise that flows to the wire harness to add the effect of by-pass capacitors located near an LSI.

The Development of Models for Carbon Dioxide Reduction Technologies for Spacecraft Air Revitalization

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Swickrath, Michael J.; Anderson, Molly

2012-01-01

Through the respiration process, humans consume oxygen (O2) while producing carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) as byproducts. For long term space exploration, CO2 concentration in the atmosphere must be managed to prevent hypercapnia. Moreover, CO2 can be used as a source of oxygen through chemical reduction serving to minimize the amount of oxygen required at launch. Reduction can be achieved through a number of techniques. NASA is currently exploring the Sabatier reaction, the Bosch reaction, and co- electrolysis of CO2 and H2O for this process. Proof-of-concept experiments and prototype units for all three processes have proven capable of returning useful commodities for space exploration. All three techniques have demonstrated the capacity to reduce CO2 in the laboratory, yet there is interest in understanding how all three techniques would perform at a system level within a spacecraft. Consequently, there is an impetus to develop predictive models for these processes that can be readily rescaled and integrated into larger system models. Such analysis tools provide the ability to evaluate each technique on a comparable basis with respect to processing rates. This manuscript describes the current models for the carbon dioxide reduction processes under parallel developmental efforts. Comparison to experimental data is provided were available for verification purposes.

Reduction technique for tire contact problems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Noor, Ahmed K.; Peters, Jeanne M.

1995-01-01

A reduction technique and a computational procedure are presented for predicting the tire contact response and evaluating the sensitivity coefficients of the different response quantities. The sensitivity coefficients measure the sensitivity of the contact response to variations in the geometric and material parameters of the tire. The tire is modeled using a two-dimensional laminated anisotropic shell theory with the effects of variation in geometric and material parameters, transverse shear deformation, and geometric nonlinearities included. The contact conditions are incorporated into the formulation by using a perturbed Lagrangian approach with the fundamental unknowns consisting of the stress resultants, the generalized displacements, and the Lagrange multipliers associated with the contact conditions. The elemental arrays are obtained by using a modified two-field, mixed variational principle. For the application of the reduction technique, the tire finite element model is partitioned into two regions. The first region consists of the nodes that are likely to come in contact with the pavement, and the second region includes all the remaining nodes. The reduction technique is used to significantly reduce the degrees of freedom in the second region. The effectiveness of the computational procedure is demonstrated by a numerical example of the frictionless contact response of the space shuttle nose-gear tire, inflated and pressed against a rigid flat surface.

The use of adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASiR) technique in evaluation of patients with cervical spine trauma: impact on radiation dose reduction and image quality

PubMed Central

Sheikh, Adnan

2016-01-01

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASiR) technique on the image quality and radiation dose reduction. The comparison was made with the traditional filtered back projection (FBP) technique. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 78 patients, who underwent cervical spine CT for blunt cervical trauma between 1 June 2010 and 30 November 2010. 48 patients were imaged using traditional FBP technique and the remaining 30 patients were imaged using the ASiR technique. The patient demographics, radiation dose, objective image signal and noise were recorded; while subjective noise, sharpness, diagnostic acceptability and artefacts were graded by two radiologists blinded to the techniques. Results: We found that the ASiR technique was able to reduce the volume CT dose index, dose–length product and effective dose by 36%, 36.5% and 36.5%, respectively, compared with the FBP technique. There was no significant difference in the image noise (p = 0.39), signal (p = 0.82) and signal-to-noise ratio (p = 0.56) between the groups. The subjective image quality was minimally better in the ASiR group but not statistically significant. There was excellent interobserver agreement on the subjective image quality and diagnostic acceptability for both groups. Conclusion: The use of ASiR technique allowed approximately 36% radiation dose reduction in the evaluation of cervical spine without degrading the image quality. Advances in knowledge: The present study highlights that the ASiR technique is extremely helpful in reducing the patient radiation exposure while maintaining the image quality. It is highly recommended to utilize this novel technique in CT imaging of different body regions. PMID:26882825

The use of adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASiR) technique in evaluation of patients with cervical spine trauma: impact on radiation dose reduction and image quality.

PubMed

Patro, Satya N; Chakraborty, Santanu; Sheikh, Adnan

2016-01-01

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASiR) technique on the image quality and radiation dose reduction. The comparison was made with the traditional filtered back projection (FBP) technique. We retrospectively reviewed 78 patients, who underwent cervical spine CT for blunt cervical trauma between 1 June 2010 and 30 November 2010. 48 patients were imaged using traditional FBP technique and the remaining 30 patients were imaged using the ASiR technique. The patient demographics, radiation dose, objective image signal and noise were recorded; while subjective noise, sharpness, diagnostic acceptability and artefacts were graded by two radiologists blinded to the techniques. We found that the ASiR technique was able to reduce the volume CT dose index, dose-length product and effective dose by 36%, 36.5% and 36.5%, respectively, compared with the FBP technique. There was no significant difference in the image noise (p = 0.39), signal (p = 0.82) and signal-to-noise ratio (p = 0.56) between the groups. The subjective image quality was minimally better in the ASiR group but not statistically significant. There was excellent interobserver agreement on the subjective image quality and diagnostic acceptability for both groups. The use of ASiR technique allowed approximately 36% radiation dose reduction in the evaluation of cervical spine without degrading the image quality. The present study highlights that the ASiR technique is extremely helpful in reducing the patient radiation exposure while maintaining the image quality. It is highly recommended to utilize this novel technique in CT imaging of different body regions.

Towards Effective Clustering Techniques for the Analysis of Electric Power Grids

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hogan, Emilie A.; Cotilla Sanchez, Jose E.; Halappanavar, Mahantesh

2013-11-30

Clustering is an important data analysis technique with numerous applications in the analysis of electric power grids. Standard clustering techniques are oblivious to the rich structural and dynamic information available for power grids. Therefore, by exploiting the inherent topological and electrical structure in the power grid data, we propose new methods for clustering with applications to model reduction, locational marginal pricing, phasor measurement unit (PMU or synchrophasor) placement, and power system protection. We focus our attention on model reduction for analysis based on time-series information from synchrophasor measurement devices, and spectral techniques for clustering. By comparing different clustering techniques onmore » two instances of realistic power grids we show that the solutions are related and therefore one could leverage that relationship for a computational advantage. Thus, by contrasting different clustering techniques we make a case for exploiting structure inherent in the data with implications for several domains including power systems.« less

Preparation and characterization of silver nanoparticles homogenous thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hegazy, Maroof A.; Borham, E.

2018-06-01

The wet chemical method by metal salt reduction has been widely used to synthesize nanoparticles. Accordingly the silver nitrate used as silver precursor and sodium borohydrate as reduction agent. The silver nanoparticles were characterized by different characterization techniques including UV-VIS spectrometry, Transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Zeta potential technique. Thin films of the colloidal solution were fabricated using direct precipitation technique on ITO glass, silicon substrate and commercial glass substrate and characterized by imaging technique. The absorption peak of the silver nanoparticles colloidal solution was around 400 nm. The TEM images indicate that the silver nanoparticles had spherical shape and their sizes were from 10 to 17 nm. The particle size of the silver nanoparticles was confirmed by Zeta potential technique. The imaging technique indicated that the homogeneous distribution of the colloidal silver solution thin film on the silicon substrate was stronger than the ITO glass and inhomogeneous film was emerged on the commercial glass.

Validation of Multilevel Constructs: Validation Methods and Empirical Findings for the EDI

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Forer, Barry; Zumbo, Bruno D.

2011-01-01

The purposes of this paper are to highlight the foundations of multilevel construct validation, describe two methodological approaches and associated analytic techniques, and then apply these approaches and techniques to the multilevel construct validation of a widely-used school readiness measure called the Early Development Instrument (EDI;…

Targeting New Teachers & Teaching by Novel Techniques.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hopkins, Patricia; And Others

In 1988-89, the Science Academy, a magnet program at LBJ High School (Austin, Texas), was awarded a two-year grant called Double TNT to "target new teachers" and "teach by novel techniques." The purposes of the program include: (1) interesting minority and female students in science; (2) attracting minority and female students…

Accuracy of vertical radial plume mapping technique in measuring lagoon gas emission

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Recently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) posted a ground-based optical remote sensing method on its website called OTM 10 for measuring fugitive gas emission flux from area sources such as closed landfills. The OTM 10 utilizes the vertical radial plume mapping (VRPM) technique to c...

The use of soil electrical conductivity to investigate soil homogeneity in Story County, Iowa, USA

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Precision agriculture, environmental applications, and land use planning needs have led to calls for more detailed soil maps. A remote sensing technique that can differentiate soils with a high degree of accuracy would be ideal for soil survey purposes. One technique that has shown promise in Iowa i...

For Mole Problems, Call Avogadro: 602-1023.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Uthe, R. E.

2002-01-01

Describes techniques to help introductory students become familiar with Avogadro's number and mole calculations. Techniques involve estimating numbers of common objects then calculating the length of time needed to count large numbers of them. For example, the immense amount of time required to count a mole of sand grains at one grain per second…

A New Forensic Picture Polygraph Technique for Terrorist and Crime Deception System

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Costello, R. H. Brian; Axton, JoAnn; Gold, Karen L.

2006-01-01

The Forensic Terrorist Detection System called Pinocchio Assessment Profile (PAP) employs standard issue polygraphs for a non-verbal picture technique originated as a biofeedback careers interest instrument. The system can be integrated readily into airport screening protocols. However, the method does not rely on questioning or foreign language…

A Study of the Influence of Advertising Techniques on Selection of Instructional Reading Materials by Prospective Teachers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Greenlaw, M. Jean; And Others

This study examined the effect of three different modes of presentation on elementary education majors' selection and rating of materials for reading instruction. Materials were chosen to represent each of the following propaganda techniques: glittering generalities, name calling, transfer, testimonial, bandwagon, and card stacking. Students in…

Asphalt Pavements Session 2E-3 : Warm Mix Asphalt : Laboratory Evaluation and Pavement Design [SD .WMV (720x480/29fps/218.0 MB)

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2003-12-01

This study evaluates one of the recycling techniques used to rehabilitate pavement, called Cold In-Place Recycling (CIR). CIR is one of the fastest growing road rehabilitation techniques because it is quick and cost-effective. The document reports on...

Development and evaluation of the photoload sampling technique

Treesearch

Robert E. Keane; Laura J. Dickinson

2007-01-01

Wildland fire managers need better estimates of fuel loading so they can accurately predict potential fire behavior and effects of alternative fuel and ecosystem restoration treatments. This report presents the development and evaluation of a new fuel sampling method, called the photoload sampling technique, to quickly and accurately estimate loadings for six common...

Understanding and Optimizing Asynchronous Low-Precision Stochastic Gradient Descent

PubMed Central

De Sa, Christopher; Feldman, Matthew; Ré, Christopher; Olukotun, Kunle

2018-01-01

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is one of the most popular numerical algorithms used in machine learning and other domains. Since this is likely to continue for the foreseeable future, it is important to study techniques that can make it run fast on parallel hardware. In this paper, we provide the first analysis of a technique called Buckwild! that uses both asynchronous execution and low-precision computation. We introduce the DMGC model, the first conceptualization of the parameter space that exists when implementing low-precision SGD, and show that it provides a way to both classify these algorithms and model their performance. We leverage this insight to propose and analyze techniques to improve the speed of low-precision SGD. First, we propose software optimizations that can increase throughput on existing CPUs by up to 11×. Second, we propose architectural changes, including a new cache technique we call an obstinate cache, that increase throughput beyond the limits of current-generation hardware. We also implement and analyze low-precision SGD on the FPGA, which is a promising alternative to the CPU for future SGD systems. PMID:29391770

Feasibility study on the design of a probe for rectal cancer detection

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anselm, V. J.; Frazer, R. E.; Lecroisset, D. H.; Roseboro, J. A.; Smokler, M. I.

1977-01-01

Rectal examination techniques are considered in terms of detection capability, patient acceptance, and cost reduction. A review of existing clinical techniques are considered in terms of detection capability, patient acceptance, and cost reduction. A review of existing clinical techniques and of relevant aerospace technology included evaluation of the applicability of visual, thermal, ultrasound, and radioisotope modalities of examination. The desired improvements can be obtained by redesigning the proctosigmoidoscope to have reduced size, additional visibility, and the capability of readily providing a color photograph of the entire rectosigmoid mucosa in a single composite view.

Setting priorities for research on pollution reduction functions of agricultural buffers.

PubMed

Dosskey, Michael G

2002-11-01

The success of buffer installation initiatives and programs to reduce nonpoint source pollution of streams on agricultural lands will depend the ability of local planners to locate and design buffers for specific circumstances with substantial and predictable results. Current predictive capabilities are inadequate, and major sources of uncertainty remain. An assessment of these uncertainties cautions that there is greater risk of overestimating buffer impact than underestimating it. Priorities for future research are proposed that will lead more quickly to major advances in predictive capabilities. Highest priority is given for work on the surface runoff filtration function, which is almost universally important to the amount of pollution reduction expected from buffer installation and for which there remain major sources of uncertainty for predicting level of impact. Foremost uncertainties surround the extent and consequences of runoff flow concentration and pollutant accumulation. Other buffer functions, including filtration of groundwater nitrate and stabilization of channel erosion sources of sediments, may be important in some regions. However, uncertainty surrounds our ability to identify and quantify the extent of site conditions where buffer installation can substantially reduce stream pollution in these ways. Deficiencies in predictive models reflect gaps in experimental information as well as technology to account for spatial heterogeneity of pollutant sources, pathways, and buffer capabilities across watersheds. Since completion of a comprehensive watershed-scale buffer model is probably far off, immediate needs call for simpler techniques to gage the probable impacts of buffer installation at local scales.

Psychosocial Group Intervention Among War-Affected Children: An Analysis of Changes in Posttraumatic Cognitions.

PubMed

Kangaslampi, Samuli; Punamäki, Raija-Leena; Qouta, Samir; Diab, Marwan; Peltonen, Kirsi

2016-12-01

Cognitive theories point to reduction in dysfunctional posttraumatic cognitions (PTCs) as one mechanism involved in recovery from posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), yet research findings have shown individual differences in the recovery process. We tested the cognitive mediation hypothesis above in a previously published psychosocial group intervention among war-affected children. We also examined heterogeneity in children's PTCs during the intervention. We used a cluster randomized trial of Smith et al.'s (2002) teaching recovery techniques (TRT) intervention among 482 Palestinians 10-13 years of age (n = 242 for intervention group, n = 240 for control group). Children reported PTSS, PTCs, and depressive symptoms at baseline, midpoint, postintervention, and at 6-month follow-up. Path analysis results showed that TRT was not effective in reducing dysfunctional PTCs, and the reductions did not mediate intervention effects on PTSS. Using latent class growth analysis, we chose the model with 3 differing trajectories in the intervention group: high, decreasing, moderate, downward trending, and severe, stable levels of PTCs. Higher PTSS and depressive symptoms at baseline were associated with membership in the severe, stable trajectory. The intervention did not produce the kind of beneficial cognitive change needed in the cognitive mediation conceptualization. Nevertheless, cognitive changes differed substantially across children during the intervention, and were associated with their preintervention mental health status. These findings call for more detailed examination of the process of cognitive mediation. Copyright © 2016 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.

High-Speed On-Board Data Processing for Science Instruments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Beyon, Jeffrey Y.; Ng, Tak-Kwong; Lin, Bing; Hu, Yongxiang; Harrison, Wallace

2014-01-01

A new development of on-board data processing platform has been in progress at NASA Langley Research Center since April, 2012, and the overall review of such work is presented in this paper. The project is called High-Speed On-Board Data Processing for Science Instruments (HOPS) and focuses on a high-speed scalable data processing platform for three particular National Research Council's Decadal Survey missions such as Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons (ASCENDS), Aerosol-Cloud-Ecosystems (ACE), and Doppler Aerosol Wind Lidar (DAWN) 3-D Winds. HOPS utilizes advanced general purpose computing with Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based algorithm implementation techniques. The significance of HOPS is to enable high speed on-board data processing for current and future science missions with its reconfigurable and scalable data processing platform. A single HOPS processing board is expected to provide approximately 66 times faster data processing speed for ASCENDS, more than 70% reduction in both power and weight, and about two orders of cost reduction compared to the state-of-the-art (SOA) on-board data processing system. Such benchmark predictions are based on the data when HOPS was originally proposed in August, 2011. The details of these improvement measures are also presented. The two facets of HOPS development are identifying the most computationally intensive algorithm segments of each mission and implementing them in a FPGA-based data processing board. A general introduction of such facets is also the purpose of this paper.

Biophysics and clinical practice for regenerative processes in cirrhosis of the liver/of liver cirrhosis assisted by Delta-S Entropy Variation Systems.

PubMed

Marineo, G; Fesce, E

2006-12-01

The therapy in question uses an innovative bioengineering device denoted as ''Delta-S DVD Entropy Variation System''. Previous research indicated regression of cirrhosis as evaluated in its morphofunctional and symptomatological aspects. The aim of the study is to confirm and extend previous experimental observations by enhancing hemodynamic evaluation techniques. In order to clarify scar regression, it was decided to include in the endpoints a quantitative evaluation of portal hypertension called HVPG, which is sensitive to the breakdown of hepatic architecture and the influence of regeneration nodules and therefore the advance of cirrhosis. The experimental design consists of a self-controlled study carried out on Child A-B cirrhosis patients with portal hypertension (hepatic venous pressure gradient, HVPG > or = 10 mmHg). Five patients were enrolled, 4 HCV positive, one with autoimmune cirrhosis, all showing extensive symptoms. At the end of the treatment all patients showed a reduction in portal hypertension (mean reduction HVPG = 40.2%, P<0.011), together with an improved ultrasound flowmeter pattern and a sharp decrease or disappearance of the symptoms. No adverse effects were reported. Efficacy on autoimmune cirrhosis was unaffected. By means of a quantitative analysis of portal hypertension and of functional aspects, this study confirms that the Delta-S DVD system can lead to the regression of the scar component of cirrhosis, promote the regeneration of functioning liver tissue with positive effects on hepatic functionality and prevent symptoms and the risk of varicose vein rupture.

Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers Containing cis-Phenylenevinylenes by Titanium Mediated Reductions

PubMed Central

Moslin, Ryan M.; Espino, Christine G.; Swager, Timothy M.

2009-01-01

The utility of Sato's titanium-mediated reduction of alkynes towards the synthesis of all cis-poly(phenylenevinylene)s (PPVs) is demonstrated by the syn-selective reduction of a variety of model diynes as well as a tetrayne. This technique was then applied to the reduction of a poly(phenyleneethynylene) (PPE) to provide the corresponding all-cis PPV polymer. PMID:20827441

Computerized mass detection in whole breast ultrasound images: reduction of false positives using bilateral subtraction technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ikedo, Yuji; Fukuoka, Daisuke; Hara, Takeshi; Fujita, Hiroshi; Takada, Etsuo; Endo, Tokiko; Morita, Takako

2007-03-01

The comparison of left and right mammograms is a common technique used by radiologists for the detection and diagnosis of masses. In mammography, computer-aided detection (CAD) schemes using bilateral subtraction technique have been reported. However, in breast ultrasonography, there are no reports on CAD schemes using comparison of left and right breasts. In this study, we propose a scheme of false positive reduction based on bilateral subtraction technique in whole breast ultrasound images. Mass candidate regions are detected by using the information of edge directions. Bilateral breast images are registered with reference to the nipple positions and skin lines. A false positive region is detected based on a comparison of the average gray values of a mass candidate region and a region with the same position and same size as the candidate region in the contralateral breast. In evaluating the effectiveness of the false positive reduction method, three normal and three abnormal bilateral pairs of whole breast images were employed. These abnormal breasts included six masses larger than 5 mm in diameter. The sensitivity was 83% (5/6) with 13.8 (165/12) false positives per breast before applying the proposed reduction method. By applying the method, false positives were reduced to 4.5 (54/12) per breast without removing a true positive region. This preliminary study indicates that the bilateral subtraction technique is effective for improving the performance of a CAD scheme in whole breast ultrasound images.

Bipedicle Vertical Mammoplasty Associated with Liposuction/Lipotunnelization.

PubMed

Maia, Manuel; Pinto, Cristina

2017-06-01

Vertical techniques have become more popular and versatile in breast reduction and mastopexy procedures. The authors introduce a combination of vertical mammoplasty with vertical bipedicle technique, presenting some innovations concerning pedicle design, glandular dissection pattern, and the role of liposuction. In this article, we describe a personal surgical technique and analyze the results on 73 mastopexy and breast reduction patients, operated on between 2012 and 2014 by the senior author. The most important aspects of this technique are as follows: 1. the concept of lipotunnelization, where parenchymal tunnels are made with cannulas without suction; 2. the systematic use of liposuction/lipotunnelization to recreate the inframammary fold and decrease pillars height; 3. the use of a thick and narrow vertical pedicle (bipedicled); 4. no skin undermining. Twenty-five patients underwent mastopexy and 48 breast reduction. Results were evaluated by clinical examination and patient photographs. Good shape and projection of the breast and correct nipple elevation were achieved, correlating with a high level of patient satisfaction. No major complications occurred. This lipomammoplasty technique is a reliable and effective option, suitable for a wide range of symptomatic macromastia/ptosis. Adjunctive use of liposuction/lipotunnelization in vertical breast reduction accomplishes effective contouring of the breast with low associated complications and significantly reduces the revision rates. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these evidence-based medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Deciphering the complex: methodological overview of statistical models to derive OMICS-based biomarkers.

PubMed

Chadeau-Hyam, Marc; Campanella, Gianluca; Jombart, Thibaut; Bottolo, Leonardo; Portengen, Lutzen; Vineis, Paolo; Liquet, Benoit; Vermeulen, Roel C H

2013-08-01

Recent technological advances in molecular biology have given rise to numerous large-scale datasets whose analysis imposes serious methodological challenges mainly relating to the size and complex structure of the data. Considerable experience in analyzing such data has been gained over the past decade, mainly in genetics, from the Genome-Wide Association Study era, and more recently in transcriptomics and metabolomics. Building upon the corresponding literature, we provide here a nontechnical overview of well-established methods used to analyze OMICS data within three main types of regression-based approaches: univariate models including multiple testing correction strategies, dimension reduction techniques, and variable selection models. Our methodological description focuses on methods for which ready-to-use implementations are available. We describe the main underlying assumptions, the main features, and advantages and limitations of each of the models. This descriptive summary constitutes a useful tool for driving methodological choices while analyzing OMICS data, especially in environmental epidemiology, where the emergence of the exposome concept clearly calls for unified methods to analyze marginally and jointly complex exposure and OMICS datasets. Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Population and international security

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McNamara, R.S.

The former Secretary of Defense examines data on population trends and military spending around the world and concludes that the industrialized world is spending a disproportionate amount of its resources on defense and not enough on intervention to lower the birth rate. Population projections of 11 billion and higher are felt to be untenable. Indications of a declining birth rate in the developing countries, while welcome, are felt to be too slow to achieve an acceptable population level. Government action is called for to bring about a reduction in fertility. Government interventions to encourage smaller families, however, must be accompaniedmore » by the means to do so. Several strategies are outlined that could influence family size by raising standards of health, education, income distribution, and the status of women. Supporting this demand by couples to limit their offspring should be improved family planning, delivery service, a broader choice of contraceptives, and more research on reproductive biology and contraceptive techniques. The government is in a position to encourage socio-economic changes through public information programs and a system of incentives and disincentives designed to achieve the desired goal. (DCK)« less

Detecting Damage in Composite Material Using Nonlinear Elastic Wave Spectroscopy Methods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meo, Michele; Polimeno, Umberto; Zumpano, Giuseppe

2008-05-01

Modern aerospace structures make increasing use of fibre reinforced plastic composites, due to their high specific mechanical properties. However, due to their brittleness, low velocity impact can cause delaminations beneath the surface, while the surface may appear to be undamaged upon visual inspection. Such damage is called barely visible impact damage (BVID). Such internal damages lead to significant reduction in local strengths and ultimately could lead to catastrophic failures. It is therefore important to detect and monitor damages in high loaded composite components to receive an early warning for a well timed maintenance of the aircraft. Non-linear ultrasonic spectroscopy methods are promising damage detection and material characterization tools. In this paper, two different non-linear elastic wave spectroscopy (NEWS) methods are presented: single mode nonlinear resonance ultrasound (NRUS) and nonlinear wave modulation technique (NWMS). The NEWS methods were applied to detect delamination damage due to low velocity impact (<12 J) on various composite plates. The results showed that the proposed methodology appear to be highly sensitive to the presence of damage with very promising future NDT and structural health monitoring applications.

Massage therapy for cancer patients: a reciprocal relationship between body and mind

PubMed Central

Sagar, S.M.; Dryden, T.; Wong, R.K.

2007-01-01

Some cancer patients use therapeutic massage to reduce symptoms, improve coping, and enhance quality of life. Although a meta-analysis concludes that massage can confer short-term benefits in terms of psychological wellbeing and reduction of some symptoms, additional validated randomized controlled studies are necessary to determine specific indications for various types of therapeutic massage. In addition, mechanistic studies need to be conducted to discriminate the relative contributions of the therapist and of the reciprocal relationship between body and mind in the subject. Nuclear magnetic resonance techniques can be used to capture dynamic in vivo responses to biomechanical signals induced by massage of myofascial tissue. The relationship of myofascial communication systems (called “meridians”) to activity in the subcortical central nervous system can be evaluated. Understanding this relationship has important implications for symptom control in cancer patients, because it opens up new research avenues that link self-reported pain with the subjective quality of suffering. The reciprocal body–mind relationship is an important target for manipulation therapies that can reduce suffering. PMID:17576465

Analysis of Big Data in Gait Biomechanics: Current Trends and Future Directions.

PubMed

Phinyomark, Angkoon; Petri, Giovanni; Ibáñez-Marcelo, Esther; Osis, Sean T; Ferber, Reed

2018-01-01

The increasing amount of data in biomechanics research has greatly increased the importance of developing advanced multivariate analysis and machine learning techniques, which are better able to handle "big data". Consequently, advances in data science methods will expand the knowledge for testing new hypotheses about biomechanical risk factors associated with walking and running gait-related musculoskeletal injury. This paper begins with a brief introduction to an automated three-dimensional (3D) biomechanical gait data collection system: 3D GAIT, followed by how the studies in the field of gait biomechanics fit the quantities in the 5 V's definition of big data: volume, velocity, variety, veracity, and value. Next, we provide a review of recent research and development in multivariate and machine learning methods-based gait analysis that can be applied to big data analytics. These modern biomechanical gait analysis methods include several main modules such as initial input features, dimensionality reduction (feature selection and extraction), and learning algorithms (classification and clustering). Finally, a promising big data exploration tool called "topological data analysis" and directions for future research are outlined and discussed.

Arioc: high-throughput read alignment with GPU-accelerated exploration of the seed-and-extend search space

PubMed Central

Budavari, Tamas; Langmead, Ben; Wheelan, Sarah J.; Salzberg, Steven L.; Szalay, Alexander S.

2015-01-01

When computing alignments of DNA sequences to a large genome, a key element in achieving high processing throughput is to prioritize locations in the genome where high-scoring mappings might be expected. We formulated this task as a series of list-processing operations that can be efficiently performed on graphics processing unit (GPU) hardware.We followed this approach in implementing a read aligner called Arioc that uses GPU-based parallel sort and reduction techniques to identify high-priority locations where potential alignments may be found. We then carried out a read-by-read comparison of Arioc’s reported alignments with the alignments found by several leading read aligners. With simulated reads, Arioc has comparable or better accuracy than the other read aligners we tested. With human sequencing reads, Arioc demonstrates significantly greater throughput than the other aligners we evaluated across a wide range of sensitivity settings. The Arioc software is available at https://github.com/RWilton/Arioc. It is released under a BSD open-source license. PMID:25780763

Intelligent Control of a Sensor-Actuator System via Kernelized Least-Squares Policy Iteration

PubMed Central

Liu, Bo; Chen, Sanfeng; Li, Shuai; Liang, Yongsheng

2012-01-01

In this paper a new framework, called Compressive Kernelized Reinforcement Learning (CKRL), for computing near-optimal policies in sequential decision making with uncertainty is proposed via incorporating the non-adaptive data-independent Random Projections and nonparametric Kernelized Least-squares Policy Iteration (KLSPI). Random Projections are a fast, non-adaptive dimensionality reduction framework in which high-dimensionality data is projected onto a random lower-dimension subspace via spherically random rotation and coordination sampling. KLSPI introduce kernel trick into the LSPI framework for Reinforcement Learning, often achieving faster convergence and providing automatic feature selection via various kernel sparsification approaches. In this approach, policies are computed in a low-dimensional subspace generated by projecting the high-dimensional features onto a set of random basis. We first show how Random Projections constitute an efficient sparsification technique and how our method often converges faster than regular LSPI, while at lower computational costs. Theoretical foundation underlying this approach is a fast approximation of Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). Finally, simulation results are exhibited on benchmark MDP domains, which confirm gains both in computation time and in performance in large feature spaces. PMID:22736969

Sequence-independent construction of ordered combinatorial libraries with predefined crossover points.

PubMed

Jézéquel, Laetitia; Loeper, Jacqueline; Pompon, Denis

2008-11-01

Combinatorial libraries coding for mosaic enzymes with predefined crossover points constitute useful tools to address and model structure-function relationships and for functional optimization of enzymes based on multivariate statistics. The presented method, called sequence-independent generation of a chimera-ordered library (SIGNAL), allows easy shuffling of any predefined amino acid segment between two or more proteins. This method is particularly well adapted to the exchange of protein structural modules. The procedure could also be well suited to generate ordered combinatorial libraries independent of sequence similarities in a robotized manner. Sequence segments to be recombined are first extracted by PCR from a single-stranded template coding for an enzyme of interest using a biotin-avidin-based method. This technique allows the reduction of parental template contamination in the final library. Specific PCR primers allow amplification of two complementary mosaic DNA fragments, overlapping in the region to be exchanged. Fragments are finally reassembled using a fusion PCR. The process is illustrated via the construction of a set of mosaic CYP2B enzymes using this highly modular approach.

Balancing quality and cost for Adult Tobacco Telephone Surveys.

PubMed

Fernandez, Barbara M; Hannah, Kristie M; Wallack, Randal S Zu; Hicks, Jennifer K D; Gorrigan, Anne M; Mariolis, Peter

2007-01-01

To demonstrate the ability to cost-effectively coordinate Adult Tobacco Survey stakeholder interests while reducing the risk of potential bias. Key smoking indicators were compared across 2 surveys and analyzed based on modifications to calling protocols. Mixed results were found when comparing smoking rates across 2 surveys, by early, mid, and late respondents, and by the number of rufusals. Significant cost sayings can be obtained by reducing the number of telephone call attempts. Few significant differences may encourage reductions in protocol, but this must be weighed against the possibility of cost-saving measures resulting in biased estimates.

76 FR 47539 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-05

... of information under the provisions of the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. chapter 35). Agency: U... critical decision-making on a variety of issues including market trends, analysis, and segmentation. Each... proposal can be obtained by calling or writing Diana Hynek, [[Page 47540

Psycho-Cultural Analysis of Disaster Risk Attitudes in Situation Awareness

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-09-01

the American Geophysical Union called for greater resilience in facing such hazards which would curb damages and economic losses (Lewis, 2012). Most of...Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation. Rugby , UK: Practical Action Publishing, ISBN 978-1-85339-786-8. UNISDR (2009). Terminology on Disaster Risk

Cloudy outlook. Supercommittee failure leaves healthcare providers questioning future cuts, impact on hospitals.

PubMed

Zigmond, Jessica

2011-11-28

President Barack Obama responded to the failure of the so-called supercommittee with a message that he won't allow Congress to water down the automatic cuts triggered under the August deficit law, which would include a 2% reduction in Medicare payments.

Educators' Response to Stress: Towards a Coping Taxonomy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gmelch, Walter H.

In assessing coping techniques, the individual is the most important variable; no one technique will be successful for an individual in all situations. Also, stress-reduction techniques must be sensitive to individual differences, both culturally and situationally. Consequently, since no one technique will work for everyone, a stress-reduction…

Climate change and frog calls: long-term correlations along a tropical altitudinal gradient

PubMed Central

Narins, Peter M.; Meenderink, Sebastiaan W. F.

2014-01-01

Temperature affects nearly all biological processes, including acoustic signal production and reception. Here, we report on advertisement calls of the Puerto Rican coqui frog (Eleutherodactylus coqui) that were recorded along an altitudinal gradient and compared these with similar recordings along the same altitudinal gradient obtained 23 years earlier. We found that over this period, at any given elevation, calls exhibited both significant increases in pitch and shortening of their duration. All of the observed differences are consistent with a shift to higher elevations for the population, a well-known strategy for adapting to a rise in ambient temperature. Using independent temperature data over the same time period, we confirm a significant increase in temperature, the magnitude of which closely predicts the observed changes in the frogs’ calls. Physiological responses to long-term temperature rises include reduction in individual body size and concomitantly, population biomass. These can have potentially dire consequences, as coqui frogs form an integral component of the food web in the Puerto Rican rainforest. PMID:24718765

Climate change and frog calls: long-term correlations along a tropical altitudinal gradient.

PubMed

Narins, Peter M; Meenderink, Sebastiaan W F

2014-05-22

Temperature affects nearly all biological processes, including acoustic signal production and reception. Here, we report on advertisement calls of the Puerto Rican coqui frog (Eleutherodactylus coqui) that were recorded along an altitudinal gradient and compared these with similar recordings along the same altitudinal gradient obtained 23 years earlier. We found that over this period, at any given elevation, calls exhibited both significant increases in pitch and shortening of their duration. All of the observed differences are consistent with a shift to higher elevations for the population, a well-known strategy for adapting to a rise in ambient temperature. Using independent temperature data over the same time period, we confirm a significant increase in temperature, the magnitude of which closely predicts the observed changes in the frogs' calls. Physiological responses to long-term temperature rises include reduction in individual body size and concomitantly, population biomass. These can have potentially dire consequences, as coqui frogs form an integral component of the food web in the Puerto Rican rainforest.

Vibration of carbon nanotubes with defects: order reduction methods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hudson, Robert B.; Sinha, Alok

2018-03-01

Order reduction methods are widely used to reduce computational effort when calculating the impact of defects on the vibrational properties of nearly periodic structures in engineering applications, such as a gas-turbine bladed disc. However, despite obvious similarities these techniques have not yet been adapted for use in analysing atomic structures with inevitable defects. Two order reduction techniques, modal domain analysis and modified modal domain analysis, are successfully used in this paper to examine the changes in vibrational frequencies, mode shapes and mode localization caused by defects in carbon nanotubes. The defects considered are isotope defects and Stone-Wales defects, though the methods described can be extended to other defects.

Artistic Tasks Outperform Nonartistic Tasks for Stress Reduction

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Abbott, Kayleigh A.; Shanahan, Matthew J.; Neufeld, Richard W. J.

2013-01-01

Art making has been documented as an effective stress reduction technique. In this between-subjects experimental study, possible mechanisms of stress reduction were examined in a sample of 52 university students randomly assigned to one of four conditions generated by factorially crossing Activity Type (artistic or nonartistic) with Coping…

78 FR 55778 - Proposed Information Collection (Regulation on Reduction of Nursing Shortages in State Homes...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-11

... DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS [OMB Control No. 2900-0709] Proposed Information Collection (Regulation on Reduction of Nursing Shortages in State Homes; Application for Assistance for Hiring and... techniques or the use of other forms of information technology. Title: Regulation on Reduction of Nursing...

Improving Demonstration Using Better Interaction Techniques

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-01-14

Programming by demonstration (PBD) can be used to create tools and methods that eliminate the need to learn difficult computer languages. Gamut is a...do this, Gamut uses advanced interaction techniques that make it easier for a software author to express all needed aspects of one’s program. These...techniques include a simplified way to demonstrate new examples, called nudges, and a way to highlight objects to show they are important. Also, Gamut

Calling behavior of mass-reared and wild Anastrepha serpentina (Diptera: Tephritidae).

PubMed

Castrejón-Gómez, Victor R; Lascares, Shaila; Malo, Edi A; Toledo, Jorge; Rojas, Julio C

2007-08-01

The calling behavior of mass-reared and wild males of Anastrepha serpentina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) was studied both in the laboratory and in field cage tests. In the laboratory, density (1, 5, and 10 males per container), age, and hour of day significantly affected calling behavior. Mass-reared males called independently of density, whereas wild males only called at densities of 5 and 10 individuals. Males of both strains started calling when they were 5-7 d old. The daily pattern of male calling was similar in both strains, starting at 0730 hours, and reaching a peak at 1330-1630 hours. Field cage tests showed that mass-reared males started calling when they were 5d old; the period of peak calling was when males were 8-9 d old. In contrast, wild males began calling when they were 10 d old, reaching peaks when males were 13, 15, and 18 d old. Wild males tended to form leks to call during each day of the experiment, whereas mass-reared males only formed leks during 2 d, both strains displaying very low levels. During field cage tests, males, independently of strain, displayed two calling peaks, one peak in the morning and one peak in the afternoon, whereas males observed in the laboratory only showed a single calling peak. The results are discussed in view of the effects of mass rearing A. serpentina males in relation to potential use of the sterile insect technique.

Interactomes to Biological Phase Space: a call to begin thinking at a new level in computational biology.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Davidson, George S.; Brown, William Michael

2007-09-01

Techniques for high throughput determinations of interactomes, together with high resolution protein collocalizations maps within organelles and through membranes will soon create a vast resource. With these data, biological descriptions, akin to the high dimensional phase spaces familiar to physicists, will become possible. These descriptions will capture sufficient information to make possible realistic, system-level models of cells. The descriptions and the computational models they enable will require powerful computing techniques. This report is offered as a call to the computational biology community to begin thinking at this scale and as a challenge to develop the required algorithms and codes tomore » make use of the new data.3« less

An Application of the A* Search to Trajectory Optimization

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-05-11

linearized model of orbital motion called the Clohessy - Wiltshire Equations and a node search technique called A*. The planner discussed in this thesis starts...states while transfer time is left unspecified. 13 Chapter 2. Background HILL’S ( CLOHESSY - WILTSHIRE ) EQUATIONS The Euler-Hill equations describe... Clohessy - Wiltshire equations. The coordinate system used in this thesis is commonly referred to as Local Vertical, Local Horizontal or LVLH reference frame

A vector scanning processing technique for pulsed laser velocimetry

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wernet, Mark P.; Edwards, Robert V.

1989-01-01

Pulsed-laser-sheet velocimetry yields two-dimensional velocity vectors across an extended planar region of a flow. Current processing techniques offer high-precision (1-percent) velocity estimates, but can require hours of processing time on specialized array processors. Sometimes, however, a less accurate (about 5 percent) data-reduction technique which also gives unambiguous velocity vector information is acceptable. Here, a direct space-domain processing technique is described and shown to be far superior to previous methods in achieving these objectives. It uses a novel data coding and reduction technique and has no 180-deg directional ambiguity. A complex convection vortex flow was recorded and completely processed in under 2 min on an 80386-based PC, producing a two-dimensional velocity-vector map of the flowfield. Pulsed-laser velocimetry data can thus be reduced quickly and reasonably accurately, without specialized array processing hardware.

Time-lagged autoencoders: Deep learning of slow collective variables for molecular kinetics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wehmeyer, Christoph; Noé, Frank

2018-06-01

Inspired by the success of deep learning techniques in the physical and chemical sciences, we apply a modification of an autoencoder type deep neural network to the task of dimension reduction of molecular dynamics data. We can show that our time-lagged autoencoder reliably finds low-dimensional embeddings for high-dimensional feature spaces which capture the slow dynamics of the underlying stochastic processes—beyond the capabilities of linear dimension reduction techniques.

Comparing Benefit Estimation Techniques: Residential Flood Hazard Reduction Benefits in Roanoke, Virginia

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-03-01

benefit estimation techniques used to monetize the value of flood hazard reduction in the City of Roanoke. Each method was then used to estimate...behavior. This framework justifies interpreting people’s choices to infer and then monetize their preferences. If individuals have well-ordered and...Journal of Agricultural Economics. 68 (1986) 2: 280-290. Soule, Don M. and Claude M. Vaughn, "Flood Protection Benefits as Reflected in Property

Speckle noise reduction in quantitative optical metrology techniques by application of the discrete wavelet transformation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Furlong, Cosme; Pryputniewicz, Ryszard J.

2002-06-01

Effective suppression of speckle noise content in interferometric data images can help in improving accuracy and resolution of the results obtained with interferometric optical metrology techniques. In this paper, novel speckle noise reduction algorithms based on the discrete wavelet transformation are presented. The algorithms proceed by: (a) estimating the noise level contained in the interferograms of interest, (b) selecting wavelet families, (c) applying the wavelet transformation using the selected families, (d) wavelet thresholding, and (e) applying the inverse wavelet transformation, producing denoised interferograms. The algorithms are applied to the different stages of the processing procedures utilized for generation of quantitative speckle correlation interferometry data of fiber-optic based opto-electronic holography (FOBOEH) techniques, allowing identification of optimal processing conditions. It is shown that wavelet algorithms are effective for speckle noise reduction while preserving image features otherwise faded with other algorithms.

Intelligent and integrated techniques for coalbed methane (CBM) recovery and reduction of greenhouse gas emission.

PubMed

Qianting, Hu; Yunpei, Liang; Han, Wang; Quanle, Zou; Haitao, Sun

2017-07-01

Coalbed methane (CBM) recovery is a crucial approach to realize the exploitation of a clean energy and the reduction of the greenhouse gas emission. In the past 10 years, remarkable achievements on CBM recovery have been obtained in China. However, some key difficulties still exist such as long borehole drilling in complicated geological condition, and poor gas drainage effect due to low permeability. In this study, intelligent and integrated techniques for CBM recovery are introduced. These integrated techniques mainly include underground CBM recovery techniques and ground well CBM recovery techniques. The underground CBM recovery techniques consist of the borehole formation technique, gas concentration improvement technique, and permeability enhancement technique. According to the division of mining-induced disturbance area, the ground well arrangement area and well structure type in mining-induced disturbance developing area and mining-induced disturbance stable area are optimized to significantly improve the ground well CBM recovery. Besides, automatic devices such as drilling pipe installation device are also developed to achieve remote control of data recording, which makes the integrated techniques intelligent. These techniques can provide key solutions to some long-term difficulties in CBM recovery.

Viscous drag reduction in boundary layers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bushnell, Dennis M. (Editor); Hefner, Jerry N. (Editor)

1990-01-01

The present volume discusses the development status of stability theory for laminar flow control design, applied aspects of laminar-flow technology, transition delays using compliant walls, the application of CFD to skin friction drag-reduction, active-wave control of boundary-layer transitions, and such passive turbulent-drag reduction methods as outer-layer manipulators and complex-curvature concepts. Also treated are such active turbulent drag-reduction technique applications as those pertinent to MHD flow drag reduction, as well as drag reduction in liquid boundary layers by gas injection, drag reduction by means of polymers and surfactants, drag reduction by particle addition, viscous drag reduction via surface mass injection, and interactive wall-turbulence control.

Automatic DNA Diagnosis for 1D Gel Electrophoresis Images using Bio-image Processing Technique.

PubMed

Intarapanich, Apichart; Kaewkamnerd, Saowaluck; Shaw, Philip J; Ukosakit, Kittipat; Tragoonrung, Somvong; Tongsima, Sissades

2015-01-01

DNA gel electrophoresis is a molecular biology technique for separating different sizes of DNA fragments. Applications of DNA gel electrophoresis include DNA fingerprinting (genetic diagnosis), size estimation of DNA, and DNA separation for Southern blotting. Accurate interpretation of DNA banding patterns from electrophoretic images can be laborious and error prone when a large number of bands are interrogated manually. Although many bio-imaging techniques have been proposed, none of them can fully automate the typing of DNA owing to the complexities of migration patterns typically obtained. We developed an image-processing tool that automatically calls genotypes from DNA gel electrophoresis images. The image processing workflow comprises three main steps: 1) lane segmentation, 2) extraction of DNA bands and 3) band genotyping classification. The tool was originally intended to facilitate large-scale genotyping analysis of sugarcane cultivars. We tested the proposed tool on 10 gel images (433 cultivars) obtained from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of PCR amplicons for detecting intron length polymorphisms (ILP) on one locus of the sugarcanes. These gel images demonstrated many challenges in automated lane/band segmentation in image processing including lane distortion, band deformity, high degree of noise in the background, and bands that are very close together (doublets). Using the proposed bio-imaging workflow, lanes and DNA bands contained within are properly segmented, even for adjacent bands with aberrant migration that cannot be separated by conventional techniques. The software, called GELect, automatically performs genotype calling on each lane by comparing with an all-banding reference, which was created by clustering the existing bands into the non-redundant set of reference bands. The automated genotype calling results were verified by independent manual typing by molecular biologists. This work presents an automated genotyping tool from DNA gel electrophoresis images, called GELect, which was written in Java and made available through the imageJ framework. With a novel automated image processing workflow, the tool can accurately segment lanes from a gel matrix, intelligently extract distorted and even doublet bands that are difficult to identify by existing image processing tools. Consequently, genotyping from DNA gel electrophoresis can be performed automatically allowing users to efficiently conduct large scale DNA fingerprinting via DNA gel electrophoresis. The software is freely available from http://www.biotec.or.th/gi/tools/gelect.

Towards a Novel Integrated Approach for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Support of International Agreements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reimann, S.; Vollmer, M. K.; Henne, S.; Brunner, D.; Emmenegger, L.; Manning, A.; Fraser, P. J.; Krummel, P. B.; Dunse, B. L.; DeCola, P.; Tarasova, O. A.

2016-12-01

In the recently adopted Paris Agreement the community of signatory states has agreed to limit the future global temperature increase between +1.5 °C and +2.0 °C, compared to pre-industrial times. To achieve this goal, emission reduction targets have been submitted by individual nations (called Intended Nationally Determined Contributions, INDCs). Inventories will be used for checking progress towards these envisaged goals. These inventories are calculated by combining information on specific activities (e.g. passenger cars, agriculture) with activity-related, typically IPCC-sanctioned, emission factors - the so-called bottom-up method. These calculated emissions are reported on an annual basis and are checked by external bodies by using the same method. A second independent method estimates emissions by translating greenhouse gas measurements made at regionally representative stations into regional/global emissions using meteorologically-based transport models. In recent years this so-called top-down approach has been substantially advanced into a powerful tool and emission estimates at the national/regional level have become possible. This method is already used in Switzerland, in the United Kingdom and in Australia to estimate greenhouse gas emissions and independently support the national bottom-up emission inventories within the UNFCCC framework. Examples of the comparison of the two independent methods will be presented and the added-value will be discussed. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and partner organizations are currently developing a plan to expand this top-down approach and to expand the globally representative GAW network of ground-based stations and remote-sensing platforms and integrate their information with atmospheric transport models. This Integrated Global Greenhouse Gas Information System (IG3IS) initiative will help nations to improve the accuracy of their country-based emissions inventories and their ability to evaluate the success of emission reductions strategies. This could foster trans-national collaboration on methodologies for estimation of emissions. Furthermore, more accurate emission knowledge will clarify the value of emission reduction efforts and could encourage countries to strengthen their reduction pledges.

Management of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS)-associated Refractory Hepatic Encephalopathy by Shunt Reduction Using the Parallel Technique: Outcomes of a Retrospective Case Series

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cookson, Daniel T., E-mail: danielthomascookson@yahoo.co.uk; Zaman, Zubayr; Gordon-Smith, James

2011-02-15

Purpose: To investigate the reproducibility and technical and clinical success of the parallel technique of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) reduction in the management of refractory hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Materials and Methods: A 10-mm-diameter self-expanding stent graft and a 5-6-mm-diameter balloon-expandable stent were placed in parallel inside the existing TIPS in 8 patients via a dual unilateral transjugular approach. Changes in portosystemic pressure gradient and HE grade were used as primary end points. Results: TIPS reduction was technically successful in all patients. Mean {+-} standard deviation portosystemic pressure gradient before and after shunt reduction was 4.9 {+-} 3.6 mmHg (range,more » 0-12 mmHg) and 10.5 {+-} 3.9 mmHg (range, 6-18 mmHg). Duration of follow-up was 137 {+-} 117.8 days (range, 18-326 days). Clinical improvement of HE occurred in 5 patients (62.5%) with resolution of HE in 4 patients (50%). Single episodes of recurrent gastrointestinal hemorrhage occurred in 3 patients (37.5%). These were self-limiting in 2 cases and successfully managed in 1 case by correction of coagulopathy and blood transfusion. Two of these patients (25%) died, one each of renal failure and hepatorenal failure. Conclusion: The parallel technique of TIPS reduction is reproducible and has a high technical success rate. A dual unilateral transjugular approach is advantageous when performing this procedure. The parallel technique allows repeat bidirectional TIPS adjustment and may be of significant clinical benefit in the management of refractory HE.« less

Defect inspection using a time-domain mode decomposition technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Jinlong; Goddard, Lynford L.

2018-03-01

In this paper, we propose a technique called time-varying frequency scanning (TVFS) to meet the challenges in killer defect inspection. The proposed technique enables the dynamic monitoring of defects by checking the hopping in the instantaneous frequency data and the classification of defect types by comparing the difference in frequencies. The TVFS technique utilizes the bidimensional empirical mode decomposition (BEMD) method to separate the defect information from the sea of system errors. This significantly improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and moreover, it potentially enables reference-free defect inspection.

Portable apparatus for surface evaluation of furniture panels

Treesearch

B. G. Heebink

1963-01-01

In 1959, a new technique was devised at the Forest Products Laboratory that provided a means of examining, evaluating, and recording the show- through pattern (often called telegraphing) of panels made with particle board cores. Although the technique was devised as a working tool to evaluate show-through characteristics of particle board cores, it can be used equally...

Benefits of advanced software techniques for mission planning systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gasquet, A.; Parrod, Y.; Desaintvincent, A.

1994-01-01

The increasing complexity of modern spacecraft, and the stringent requirement for maximizing their mission return, call for a new generation of Mission Planning Systems (MPS). In this paper, we discuss the requirements for the Space Mission Planning and the benefits which can be expected from Artificial Intelligence techniques through examples of applications developed by Matra Marconi Space.

Using a Polytope to Estimate Efficient Production Functions of Joint Product Processes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Simpson, William A.

In the last decade, a modeling technique has been developed to handle complex input/output analyses where outputs involve joint products and there are no known mathematical relationships linking the outputs or inputs. The technique uses the geometrical concept of a six-dimensional shape called a polytope to analyze the efficiency of each…

Benefits of advanced software techniques for mission planning systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gasquet, A.; Parrod, Y.; Desaintvincent, A.

1994-10-01

The increasing complexity of modern spacecraft, and the stringent requirement for maximizing their mission return, call for a new generation of Mission Planning Systems (MPS). In this paper, we discuss the requirements for the Space Mission Planning and the benefits which can be expected from Artificial Intelligence techniques through examples of applications developed by Matra Marconi Space.

The Sandtray Technique for Swedish Children 1945-1960: Diagnostics, Psychotherapy and Processes of Individualisation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nelson, Karin Zetterqvist

2011-01-01

The present article examines the development of a diagnostic and therapeutic technique named The Sandtray at the Erica Foundation, a privately-run child counselling service in Stockholm. Originally it was called The World, developed by the British paediatrician and child psychiatrist Margaret Lowenfeld. In the 1930s it was imported to Sweden,…

Forest control and regulation ... a comparison of traditional methods and alternatives

Treesearch

LeRoy C. Hennes; Michael J. Irving; Daniel I. Navon

1971-01-01

Two traditional techniques of forest control and regulation-formulas and area-volume check-are compared to linear programing, as used in a new computerized planning system called Timber Resource Allocation Method ( Timber RAM). Inventory data from a National Forest in California illustrate how each technique is used. The traditional methods are simpler to apply and...

Brain Friendly Techniques: Mind Mapping

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goldberg, Cristine

2004-01-01

Mind Mapping can be called the Swiss Army Knife for the brain, a total visual thinking tool or a multi-handed thought catcher. Invented by Tony Buzan in the early 1970s and used by millions around the world, it is a method that can be a part of a techniques repertoire when teaching information literacy, planning, presenting, thinking, and so…

Ballet as Somatic Practice: A Case Study Exploring the Integration of Somatic Practices in Ballet Pedagogy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Berg, Tanya

2017-01-01

This case study explores one teacher's integration of Alexander Technique and the work of neuromuscular retrainer Irene Dowd in ballet pedagogy to establish a somatic approach to teaching, learning, and performing ballet technique. This case study highlights the teacher's unique teaching method called IMAGE TECH for dancers (ITD) and offers…

Using Single Drop Microextraction for Headspace Analysis with Gas Chromatography

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Riccio, Daniel; Wood, Derrick C.; Miller, James M.

2008-01-01

Headspace (HS) gas chromatography (GC) is commonly used to analyze samples that contain non-volatiles. In 1996, a new sampling technique called single drop microextraction, SDME, was introduced, and in 2001 it was applied to HS analysis. It is a simple technique that uses equipment normally found in the undergraduate laboratory, making it ideal…