The Space Telescope SI C&DH system. [Scientific Instrument Control and Data Handling Subsystem

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gadwal, Govind R.; Barasch, Ronald S.

1990-01-01

The Hubble Space Telescope Scientific Instrument Control and Data Handling Subsystem (SI C&DH) is designed to interface with five scientific instruments of the Space Telescope to provide ground and autonomous control and collect health and status information using the Standard Telemetry and Command Components (STACC) multiplex data bus. It also formats high throughput science data into packets. The packetized data is interleaved and Reed-Solomon encoded for error correction and Pseudo Random encoded. An inner convolutional coding with the outer Reed-Solomon coding provides excellent error correction capability. The subsystem is designed with the capacity for orbital replacement in order to meet a mission life of fifteen years. The spacecraft computer and the SI C&DH computer coordinate the activities of the spacecraft and the scientific instruments to achieve the mission objectives.

"ON ALGEBRAIC DECODING OF Q-ARY REED-MULLER AND PRODUCT REED-SOLOMON CODES"

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

SANTHI, NANDAKISHORE

We consider a list decoding algorithm recently proposed by Pellikaan-Wu for q-ary Reed-Muller codes RM{sub q}({ell}, m, n) of length n {le} q{sup m} when {ell} {le} q. A simple and easily accessible correctness proof is given which shows that this algorithm achieves a relative error-correction radius of {tau} {le} (1-{radical}{ell}q{sup m-1}/n). This is an improvement over the proof using one-point Algebraic-Geometric decoding method given in. The described algorithm can be adapted to decode product Reed-Solomon codes. We then propose a new low complexity recursive aJgebraic decoding algorithm for product Reed-Solomon codes and Reed-Muller codes. This algorithm achieves a relativemore » error correction radius of {tau} {le} {Pi}{sub i=1}{sup m} (1 - {radical}k{sub i}/q). This algorithm is then proved to outperform the Pellikaan-Wu algorithm in both complexity and error correction radius over a wide range of code rates.« less

Enhanced decoding for the Galileo low-gain antenna mission: Viterbi redecoding with four decoding stages

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dolinar, S.; Belongie, M.

1995-01-01

The Galileo low-gain antenna mission will be supported by a coding system that uses a (14,1/4) inner convolutional code concatenated with Reed-Solomon codes of four different redundancies. Decoding for this code is designed to proceed in four distinct stages of Viterbi decoding followed by Reed-Solomon decoding. In each successive stage, the Reed-Solomon decoder only tries to decode the highest redundancy codewords not yet decoded in previous stages, and the Viterbi decoder redecodes its data utilizing the known symbols from previously decoded Reed-Solomon codewords. A previous article analyzed a two-stage decoding option that was not selected by Galileo. The present article analyzes the four-stage decoding scheme and derives the near-optimum set of redundancies selected for use by Galileo. The performance improvements relative to one- and two-stage decoding systems are evaluated.

An Interactive Concatenated Turbo Coding System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Liu, Ye; Tang, Heng; Lin, Shu; Fossorier, Marc

1999-01-01

This paper presents a concatenated turbo coding system in which a Reed-Solomon outer code is concatenated with a binary turbo inner code. In the proposed system, the outer code decoder and the inner turbo code decoder interact to achieve both good bit error and frame error performances. The outer code decoder helps the inner turbo code decoder to terminate its decoding iteration while the inner turbo code decoder provides soft-output information to the outer code decoder to carry out a reliability-based soft- decision decoding. In the case that the outer code decoding fails, the outer code decoder instructs the inner code decoder to continue its decoding iterations until the outer code decoding is successful or a preset maximum number of decoding iterations is reached. This interaction between outer and inner code decoders reduces decoding delay. Also presented in the paper are an effective criterion for stopping the iteration process of the inner code decoder and a new reliability-based decoding algorithm for nonbinary codes.

More on the decoder error probability for Reed-Solomon codes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cheung, K.-M.

1987-01-01

The decoder error probability for Reed-Solomon codes (more generally, linear maximum distance separable codes) is examined. McEliece and Swanson offered an upper bound on P sub E (u), the decoder error probability given that u symbol errors occurs. This upper bound is slightly greater than Q, the probability that a completely random error pattern will cause decoder error. By using a combinatoric technique, the principle of inclusion and exclusion, an exact formula for P sub E (u) is derived. The P sub e (u) for the (255, 223) Reed-Solomon Code used by NASA, and for the (31,15) Reed-Solomon code (JTIDS code), are calculated using the exact formula, and the P sub E (u)'s are observed to approach the Q's of the codes rapidly as u gets larger. An upper bound for the expression is derived, and is shown to decrease nearly exponentially as u increases. This proves analytically that P sub E (u) indeed approaches Q as u becomes large, and some laws of large numbers come into play.

Tutorial on Reed-Solomon error correction coding

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Geisel, William A.

1990-01-01

This tutorial attempts to provide a frank, step-by-step approach to Reed-Solomon (RS) error correction coding. RS encoding and RS decoding both with and without erasing code symbols are emphasized. There is no need to present rigorous proofs and extreme mathematical detail. Rather, the simple concepts of groups and fields, specifically Galois fields, are presented with a minimum of complexity. Before RS codes are presented, other block codes are presented as a technical introduction into coding. A primitive (15, 9) RS coding example is then completely developed from start to finish, demonstrating the encoding and decoding calculations and a derivation of the famous error-locator polynomial. The objective is to present practical information about Reed-Solomon coding in a manner such that it can be easily understood.

A comparison of VLSI architectures for time and transform domain decoding of Reed-Solomon codes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hsu, I. S.; Truong, T. K.; Deutsch, L. J.; Satorius, E. H.; Reed, I. S.

1988-01-01

It is well known that the Euclidean algorithm or its equivalent, continued fractions, can be used to find the error locator polynomial needed to decode a Reed-Solomon (RS) code. It is shown that this algorithm can be used for both time and transform domain decoding by replacing its initial conditions with the Forney syndromes and the erasure locator polynomial. By this means both the errata locator polynomial and the errate evaluator polynomial can be obtained with the Euclidean algorithm. With these ideas, both time and transform domain Reed-Solomon decoders for correcting errors and erasures are simplified and compared. As a consequence, the architectures of Reed-Solomon decoders for correcting both errors and erasures can be made more modular, regular, simple, and naturally suitable for VLSI implementation.

Fast transform decoding of nonsystematic Reed-Solomon codes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Truong, T. K.; Cheung, K.-M.; Reed, I. S.; Shiozaki, A.

1989-01-01

A Reed-Solomon (RS) code is considered to be a special case of a redundant residue polynomial (RRP) code, and a fast transform decoding algorithm to correct both errors and erasures is presented. This decoding scheme is an improvement of the decoding algorithm for the RRP code suggested by Shiozaki and Nishida, and can be realized readily on very large scale integration chips.

Parallel Subspace Subcodes of Reed-Solomon Codes for Magnetic Recording Channels

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wang, Han

2010-01-01

Read channel architectures based on a single low-density parity-check (LDPC) code are being considered for the next generation of hard disk drives. However, LDPC-only solutions suffer from the error floor problem, which may compromise reliability, if not handled properly. Concatenated architectures using an LDPC code plus a Reed-Solomon (RS) code…

Code Optimization Techniques

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

MAGEE,GLEN I.

Computers transfer data in a number of different ways. Whether through a serial port, a parallel port, over a modem, over an ethernet cable, or internally from a hard disk to memory, some data will be lost. To compensate for that loss, numerous error detection and correction algorithms have been developed. One of the most common error correction codes is the Reed-Solomon code, which is a special subset of BCH (Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem) linear cyclic block codes. In the AURA project, an unmanned aircraft sends the data it collects back to earth so it can be analyzed during flight and possible flightmore » modifications made. To counter possible data corruption during transmission, the data is encoded using a multi-block Reed-Solomon implementation with a possibly shortened final block. In order to maximize the amount of data transmitted, it was necessary to reduce the computation time of a Reed-Solomon encoding to three percent of the processor's time. To achieve such a reduction, many code optimization techniques were employed. This paper outlines the steps taken to reduce the processing time of a Reed-Solomon encoding and the insight into modern optimization techniques gained from the experience.« less

Reed-Solomon decoder

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lahmeyer, Charles R. (Inventor)

1987-01-01

A Reed-Solomon decoder with dedicated hardware for five sequential algorithms was designed with overall pipelining by memory swapping between input, processing and output memories, and internal pipelining through the five algorithms. The code definition used in decoding is specified by a keyword received with each block of data so that a number of different code formats may be decoded by the same hardware.

Hybrid Hard and Soft Decision Decoding of Reed-Solomon Codes for M-ary Frequency-Shift Keying

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-06-01

Reed-Solomon (RS) coding, Orthogonal signaling, Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), Pulse-Noise Interference (PNI), coherent detection, noncoherent ...Coherent Demodulation of MFSK ....................................................10 2. Noncoherent Demodulation of MFSK...62 V. PERFORMANCE SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF MFSK WITH RS ENCODING, HYBRID HD SD DECODING, AND NONCOHERENT DEMODULATION IN AWGN

Advanced imaging communication system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hilbert, E. E.; Rice, R. F.

1977-01-01

Key elements of system are imaging and nonimaging sensors, data compressor/decompressor, interleaved Reed-Solomon block coder, convolutional-encoded/Viterbi-decoded telemetry channel, and Reed-Solomon decoding. Data compression provides efficient representation of sensor data, and channel coding improves reliability of data transmission.

Multilevel Concatenated Block Modulation Codes for the Frequency Non-selective Rayleigh Fading Channel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lin, Shu; Rhee, Dojun

1996-01-01

This paper is concerned with construction of multilevel concatenated block modulation codes using a multi-level concatenation scheme for the frequency non-selective Rayleigh fading channel. In the construction of multilevel concatenated modulation code, block modulation codes are used as the inner codes. Various types of codes (block or convolutional, binary or nonbinary) are being considered as the outer codes. In particular, we focus on the special case for which Reed-Solomon (RS) codes are used as the outer codes. For this special case, a systematic algebraic technique for constructing q-level concatenated block modulation codes is proposed. Codes have been constructed for certain specific values of q and compared with the single-level concatenated block modulation codes using the same inner codes. A multilevel closest coset decoding scheme for these codes is proposed.

On the error statistics of Viterbi decoding and the performance of concatenated codes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miller, R. L.; Deutsch, L. J.; Butman, S. A.

1981-01-01

Computer simulation results are presented on the performance of convolutional codes of constraint lengths 7 and 10 concatenated with the (255, 223) Reed-Solomon code (a proposed NASA standard). These results indicate that as much as 0.8 dB can be gained by concatenating this Reed-Solomon code with a (10, 1/3) convolutional code, instead of the (7, 1/2) code currently used by the DSN. A mathematical model of Viterbi decoder burst-error statistics is developed and is validated through additional computer simulations.

Bandwidth efficient CCSDS coding standard proposals

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Costello, Daniel J., Jr.; Perez, Lance C.; Wang, Fu-Quan

1992-01-01

The basic concatenated coding system for the space telemetry channel consists of a Reed-Solomon (RS) outer code, a symbol interleaver/deinterleaver, and a bandwidth efficient trellis inner code. A block diagram of this configuration is shown. The system may operate with or without the outer code and interleaver. In this recommendation, the outer code remains the (255,223) RS code over GF(2 exp 8) with an error correcting capability of t = 16 eight bit symbols. This code's excellent performance and the existence of fast, cost effective, decoders justify its continued use. The purpose of the interleaver/deinterleaver is to distribute burst errors out of the inner decoder over multiple codewords of the outer code. This utilizes the error correcting capability of the outer code more efficiently and reduces the probability of an RS decoder failure. Since the space telemetry channel is not considered bursty, the required interleaving depth is primarily a function of the inner decoding method. A diagram of an interleaver with depth 4 that is compatible with the (255,223) RS code is shown. Specific interleaver requirements are discussed after the inner code recommendations.

Review of finite fields: Applications to discrete Fourier, transforms and Reed-Solomon coding

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wong, J. S. L.; Truong, T. K.; Benjauthrit, B.; Mulhall, B. D. L.; Reed, I. S.

1977-01-01

An attempt is made to provide a step-by-step approach to the subject of finite fields. Rigorous proofs and highly theoretical materials are avoided. The simple concepts of groups, rings, and fields are discussed and developed more or less heuristically. Examples are used liberally to illustrate the meaning of definitions and theories. Applications include discrete Fourier transforms and Reed-Solomon coding.

Binary weight distributions of some Reed-Solomon codes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pollara, F.; Arnold, S.

1992-01-01

The binary weight distributions of the (7,5) and (15,9) Reed-Solomon (RS) codes and their duals are computed using the MacWilliams identities. Several mappings of symbols to bits are considered and those offering the largest binary minimum distance are found. These results are then used to compute bounds on the soft-decoding performance of these codes in the presence of additive Gaussian noise. These bounds are useful for finding large binary block codes with good performance and for verifying the performance obtained by specific soft-coding algorithms presently under development.

A cascaded coding scheme for error control and its performance analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lin, Shu; Kasami, Tadao; Fujiwara, Tohru; Takata, Toyoo

1986-01-01

A coding scheme is investigated for error control in data communication systems. The scheme is obtained by cascading two error correcting codes, called the inner and outer codes. The error performance of the scheme is analyzed for a binary symmetric channel with bit error rate epsilon <1/2. It is shown that if the inner and outer codes are chosen properly, extremely high reliability can be attained even for a high channel bit error rate. Various specific example schemes with inner codes ranging form high rates to very low rates and Reed-Solomon codes as inner codes are considered, and their error probabilities are evaluated. They all provide extremely high reliability even for very high bit error rates. Several example schemes are being considered by NASA for satellite and spacecraft down link error control.

A cascaded coding scheme for error control and its performance analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lin, S.

1986-01-01

A coding scheme for error control in data communication systems is investigated. The scheme is obtained by cascading two error correcting codes, called the inner and the outer codes. The error performance of the scheme is analyzed for a binary symmetric channel with bit error rate epsilon < 1/2. It is shown that, if the inner and outer codes are chosen properly, extremely high reliability can be attained even for a high channel bit error rate. Various specific example schemes with inner codes ranging from high rates to very low rates and Reed-Solomon codes are considered, and their probabilities are evaluated. They all provide extremely high reliability even for very high bit error rates, say 0.1 to 0.01. Several example schemes are being considered by NASA for satellite and spacecraft down link error control.

High rate concatenated coding systems using bandwidth efficient trellis inner codes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Deng, Robert H.; Costello, Daniel J., Jr.

1989-01-01

High-rate concatenated coding systems with bandwidth-efficient trellis inner codes and Reed-Solomon (RS) outer codes are investigated for application in high-speed satellite communication systems. Two concatenated coding schemes are proposed. In one the inner code is decoded with soft-decision Viterbi decoding, and the outer RS code performs error-correction-only decoding (decoding without side information). In the other, the inner code is decoded with a modified Viterbi algorithm, which produces reliability information along with the decoded output. In this algorithm, path metrics are used to estimate the entire information sequence, whereas branch metrics are used to provide reliability information on the decoded sequence. This information is used to erase unreliable bits in the decoded output. An errors-and-erasures RS decoder is then used for the outer code. The two schemes have been proposed for high-speed data communication on NASA satellite channels. The rates considered are at least double those used in current NASA systems, and the results indicate that high system reliability can still be achieved.

A (72, 36; 15) box code

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Solomon, G.

1993-01-01

A (72,36;15) box code is constructed as a 9 x 8 matrix whose columns add to form an extended BCH-Hamming (8,4;4) code and whose rows sum to odd or even parity. The newly constructed code, due to its matrix form, is easily decodable for all seven-error and many eight-error patterns. The code comes from a slight modification in the parity (eighth) dimension of the Reed-Solomon (8,4;5) code over GF(512). Error correction uses the row sum parity information to detect errors, which then become erasures in a Reed-Solomon correction algorithm.

The VLSI design of a Reed-Solomon encoder using Berlekamps bit-serial multiplier algorithm

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Truong, T. K.; Deutsch, L. J.; Reed, I. S.; Hsu, I. S.; Wang, K.; Yeh, C. S.

1982-01-01

Realization of a bit-serial multiplication algorithm for the encoding of Reed-Solomon (RS) codes on a single VLSI chip using NMOS technology is demonstrated to be feasible. A dual basis (255, 223) over a Galois field is used. The conventional RS encoder for long codes ofter requires look-up tables to perform the multiplication of two field elements. Berlekamp's algorithm requires only shifting and exclusive-OR operations.

A new VLSI architecture for a single-chip-type Reed-Solomon decoder

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hsu, I. S.; Truong, T. K.

1989-01-01

A new very large scale integration (VLSI) architecture for implementing Reed-Solomon (RS) decoders that can correct both errors and erasures is described. This new architecture implements a Reed-Solomon decoder by using replication of a single VLSI chip. It is anticipated that this single chip type RS decoder approach will save substantial development and production costs. It is estimated that reduction in cost by a factor of four is possible with this new architecture. Furthermore, this Reed-Solomon decoder is programmable between 8 bit and 10 bit symbol sizes. Therefore, both an 8 bit Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) RS decoder and a 10 bit decoder are obtained at the same time, and when concatenated with a (15,1/6) Viterbi decoder, provide an additional 2.1-dB coding gain.

Reed-Solomon Codes and the Deep Hole Problem

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Keti, Matt

In many types of modern communication, a message is transmitted over a noisy medium. When this is done, there is a chance that the message will be corrupted. An error-correcting code adds redundant information to the message which allows the receiver to detect and correct errors accrued during the transmission. We will study the famous Reed-Solomon code (found in QR codes, compact discs, deep space probes,ldots) and investigate the limits of its error-correcting capacity. It can be shown that understanding this is related to understanding the "deep hole" problem, which is a question of determining when a received message has, in a sense, incurred the worst possible corruption. We partially resolve this in its traditional context, when the code is based on the finite field F q or Fq*, as well as new contexts, when it is based on a subgroup of F q* or the image of a Dickson polynomial. This is a new and important problem that could give insight on the true error-correcting potential of the Reed-Solomon code.

A low-complexity and high performance concatenated coding scheme for high-speed satellite communications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lin, Shu; Rhee, Dojun; Rajpal, Sandeep

1993-01-01

This report presents a low-complexity and high performance concatenated coding scheme for high-speed satellite communications. In this proposed scheme, the NASA Standard Reed-Solomon (RS) code over GF(2(exp 8) is used as the outer code and the second-order Reed-Muller (RM) code of Hamming distance 8 is used as the inner code. The RM inner code has a very simple trellis structure and is decoded with the soft-decision Viterbi decoding algorithm. It is shown that the proposed concatenated coding scheme achieves an error performance which is comparable to that of the NASA TDRS concatenated coding scheme in which the NASA Standard rate-1/2 convolutional code of constraint length 7 and d sub free = 10 is used as the inner code. However, the proposed RM inner code has much smaller decoding complexity, less decoding delay, and much higher decoding speed. Consequently, the proposed concatenated coding scheme is suitable for reliable high-speed satellite communications, and it may be considered as an alternate coding scheme for the NASA TDRS system.

An extended Reed Solomon decoder design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chen, J.; Owsley, P.; Purviance, J.

1991-01-01

It has previously been shown that the Reed-Solomon (RS) codes can correct errors beyond the Singleton and Rieger Bounds with an arbitrarily small probability of a miscorrect. That is, an (n,k) RS code can correct more than (n-k)/2 errors. An implementation of such an RS decoder is presented in this paper. An existing RS decoder, the AHA4010, is utilized in this work. This decoder is especially useful for errors which are patterned with a long burst plus some random errors.

The decoding of Reed-Solomon codes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mceliece, R. J.

1988-01-01

Reed-Solomon (RS) codes form an important part of the high-rate downlink telemetry system for the Magellan mission, and the RS decoding function for this project will be done by DSN. Although the basic idea behind all Reed-Solomon decoding algorithms was developed by Berlekamp in 1968, there are dozens of variants of Berlekamp's algorithm in current use. An attempt to restore order is made by presenting a mathematical theory which explains the working of almost all known RS decoding algorithms. The key innovation that makes this possible is the unified approach to the solution of the key equation, which simultaneously describes the Berlekamp, Berlekamp-Massey, Euclid, and continued fractions approaches. Additionally, a detailed analysis is made of what can happen to a generic RS decoding algorithm when the number of errors and erasures exceeds the code's designed correction capability, and it is shown that while most published algorithms do not detect as many of these error-erasure patterns as possible, by making a small change in the algorithms, this problem can be overcome.

Low complexity Reed-Solomon-based low-density parity-check design for software defined optical transmission system based on adaptive puncturing decoding algorithm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pan, Xiaolong; Liu, Bo; Zheng, Jianglong; Tian, Qinghua

2016-08-01

We propose and demonstrate a low complexity Reed-Solomon-based low-density parity-check (RS-LDPC) code with adaptive puncturing decoding algorithm for elastic optical transmission system. Partial received codes and the relevant column in parity-check matrix can be punctured to reduce the calculation complexity by adaptive parity-check matrix during decoding process. The results show that the complexity of the proposed decoding algorithm is reduced by 30% compared with the regular RS-LDPC system. The optimized code rate of the RS-LDPC code can be obtained after five times iteration.

High data rate Reed-Solomon encoding and decoding using VLSI technology

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miller, Warner; Morakis, James

1987-01-01

Presented as an implementation of a Reed-Solomon encode and decoder, which is 16-symbol error correcting, each symbol is 8 bits. This Reed-Solomon (RS) code is an efficient error correcting code that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) will use in future space communications missions. A Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) implementation of the encoder and decoder accepts data rates up 80 Mbps. A total of seven chips are needed for the decoder (four of the seven decoding chips are customized using 3-micron Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconduction (CMOS) technology) and one chip is required for the encoder. The decoder operates with the symbol clock being the system clock for the chip set. Approximately 1.65 billion Galois Field (GF) operations per second are achieved with the decoder chip set and 640 MOPS are achieved with the encoder chip.

A Systolic VLSI Design of a Pipeline Reed-solomon Decoder

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shao, H. M.; Truong, T. K.; Deutsch, L. J.; Yuen, J. H.; Reed, I. S.

1984-01-01

A pipeline structure of a transform decoder similar to a systolic array was developed to decode Reed-Solomon (RS) codes. An important ingredient of this design is a modified Euclidean algorithm for computing the error locator polynomial. The computation of inverse field elements is completely avoided in this modification of Euclid's algorithm. The new decoder is regular and simple, and naturally suitable for VLSI implementation.

A VLSI design of a pipeline Reed-Solomon decoder

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shao, H. M.; Truong, T. K.; Deutsch, L. J.; Yuen, J. H.; Reed, I. S.

1985-01-01

A pipeline structure of a transform decoder similar to a systolic array was developed to decode Reed-Solomon (RS) codes. An important ingredient of this design is a modified Euclidean algorithm for computing the error locator polynomial. The computation of inverse field elements is completely avoided in this modification of Euclid's algorithm. The new decoder is regular and simple, and naturally suitable for VLSI implementation.

A /31,15/ Reed-Solomon Code for large memory systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lim, R. S.

1979-01-01

This paper describes the encoding and the decoding of a (31,15) Reed-Solomon Code for multiple-burst error correction for large memory systems. The decoding procedure consists of four steps: (1) syndrome calculation, (2) error-location polynomial calculation, (3) error-location numbers calculation, and (4) error values calculation. The principal features of the design are the use of a hardware shift register for both high-speed encoding and syndrome calculation, and the use of a commercially available (31,15) decoder for decoding Steps 2, 3 and 4.

Fast decoding techniques for extended single-and-double-error-correcting Reed Solomon codes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Costello, D. J., Jr.; Deng, H.; Lin, S.

1984-01-01

A problem in designing semiconductor memories is to provide some measure of error control without requiring excessive coding overhead or decoding time. For example, some 256K-bit dynamic random access memories are organized as 32K x 8 bit-bytes. Byte-oriented codes such as Reed Solomon (RS) codes provide efficient low overhead error control for such memories. However, the standard iterative algorithm for decoding RS codes is too slow for these applications. Some special high speed decoding techniques for extended single and double error correcting RS codes. These techniques are designed to find the error locations and the error values directly from the syndrome without having to form the error locator polynomial and solve for its roots.

The design plan of a VLSI single chip (255, 223) Reed-Solomon decoder

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hsu, I. S.; Shao, H. M.; Deutsch, L. J.

1987-01-01

The very large-scale integration (VLSI) architecture of a single chip (255, 223) Reed-Solomon decoder for decoding both errors and erasures is described. A decoding failure detection capability is also included in this system so that the decoder will recognize a failure to decode instead of introducing additional errors. This could happen whenever the received word contains too many errors and erasures for the code to correct. The number of transistors needed to implement this decoder is estimated at about 75,000 if the delay for received message is not included. This is in contrast to the older transform decoding algorithm which needs about 100,000 transistors. However, the transform decoder is simpler in architecture than the time decoder. It is therefore possible to implement a single chip (255, 223) Reed-Solomon decoder with today's VLSI technology. An implementation strategy for the decoder system is presented. This represents the first step in a plan to take advantage of advanced coding techniques to realize a 2.0 dB coding gain for future space missions.

A concatenated coding scheme for error control

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lin, S.

1985-01-01

A concatenated coding scheme for error control in data communications is analyzed. The inner code is used for both error correction and detection, however the outer code is used only for error detection. A retransmission is requested if the outer code detects the presence of errors after the inner code decoding. The probability of undetected error of the above error control scheme is derived and upper bounded. Two specific exmaples are analyzed. In the first example, the inner code is a distance-4 shortened Hamming code with generator polynomial (X+1)(X(6)+X+1) = X(7)+X(6)+X(2)+1 and the outer code is a distance-4 shortened Hamming code with generator polynomial (X+1)X(15+X(14)+X(13)+X(12)+X(4)+X(3)+X(2)+X+1) = X(16)+X(12)+X(5)+1 which is the X.25 standard for packet-switched data network. This example is proposed for error control on NASA telecommand links. In the second example, the inner code is the same as that in the first example but the outer code is a shortened Reed-Solomon code with symbols from GF(2(8)) and generator polynomial (X+1)(X+alpha) where alpha is a primitive element in GF(z(8)).

Performance of concatenated Reed-Solomon/Viterbi channel coding

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Divsalar, D.; Yuen, J. H.

1982-01-01

The concatenated Reed-Solomon (RS)/Viterbi coding system is reviewed. The performance of the system is analyzed and results are derived with a new simple approach. A functional model for the input RS symbol error probability is presented. Based on this new functional model, we compute the performance of a concatenated system in terms of RS word error probability, output RS symbol error probability, bit error probability due to decoding failure, and bit error probability due to decoding error. Finally we analyze the effects of the noisy carrier reference and the slow fading on the system performance.

General Purpose Graphics Processing Unit Based High-Rate Rice Decompression and Reed-Solomon Decoding

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Loughry, Thomas A.

As the volume of data acquired by space-based sensors increases, mission data compression/decompression and forward error correction code processing performance must likewise scale. This competency development effort was explored using the General Purpose Graphics Processing Unit (GPGPU) to accomplish high-rate Rice Decompression and high-rate Reed-Solomon (RS) decoding at the satellite mission ground station. Each algorithm was implemented and benchmarked on a single GPGPU. Distributed processing across one to four GPGPUs was also investigated. The results show that the GPGPU has considerable potential for performing satellite communication Data Signal Processing, with three times or better performance improvements and up to tenmore » times reduction in cost over custom hardware, at least in the case of Rice Decompression and Reed-Solomon Decoding.« less

FPGA Implementation of Reed-Solomon Decoder for IEEE 802.16 WiMAX Systems using Simulink-Sysgen Design Environment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bobrek, Miljko; Albright, Austin P

This paper presents FPGA implementation of the Reed-Solomon decoder for use in IEEE 802.16 WiMAX systems. The decoder is based on RS(255,239) code, and is additionally shortened and punctured according to the WiMAX specifications. Simulink model based on Sysgen library of Xilinx blocks was used for simulation and hardware implementation. At the end, simulation results and hardware implementation performances are presented.

Improved Iterative Decoding of Network-Channel Codes for Multiple-Access Relay Channel.

PubMed

Majumder, Saikat; Verma, Shrish

2015-01-01

Cooperative communication using relay nodes is one of the most effective means of exploiting space diversity for low cost nodes in wireless network. In cooperative communication, users, besides communicating their own information, also relay the information of other users. In this paper we investigate a scheme where cooperation is achieved using a common relay node which performs network coding to provide space diversity for two information nodes transmitting to a base station. We propose a scheme which uses Reed-Solomon error correcting code for encoding the information bit at the user nodes and convolutional code as network code, instead of XOR based network coding. Based on this encoder, we propose iterative soft decoding of joint network-channel code by treating it as a concatenated Reed-Solomon convolutional code. Simulation results show significant improvement in performance compared to existing scheme based on compound codes.

Error control techniques for satellite and space communications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Costello, D. J., Jr.

1986-01-01

High rate concatenated coding systems with trellis inner codes and Reed-Solomon (RS) outer codes for application in satellite communication systems are considered. Two types of inner codes are studied: high rate punctured binary convolutional codes which result in overall effective information rates between 1/2 and 1 bit per channel use; and bandwidth efficient signal space trellis codes which can achieve overall effective information rates greater than 1 bit per channel use. Channel capacity calculations with and without side information performed for the concatenated coding system. Concatenated coding schemes are investigated. In Scheme 1, the inner code is decoded with the Viterbi algorithm and the outer RS code performs error-correction only (decoding without side information). In scheme 2, the inner code is decoded with a modified Viterbi algorithm which produces reliability information along with the decoded output. In this algorithm, path metrics are used to estimate the entire information sequence, while branch metrics are used to provide the reliability information on the decoded sequence. This information is used to erase unreliable bits in the decoded output. An errors-and-erasures RS decoder is then used for the outer code. These two schemes are proposed for use on NASA satellite channels. Results indicate that high system reliability can be achieved with little or no bandwidth expansion.

Bandwidth efficient coding for satellite communications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lin, Shu; Costello, Daniel J., Jr.; Miller, Warner H.; Morakis, James C.; Poland, William B., Jr.

1992-01-01

An error control coding scheme was devised to achieve large coding gain and high reliability by using coded modulation with reduced decoding complexity. To achieve a 3 to 5 dB coding gain and moderate reliability, the decoding complexity is quite modest. In fact, to achieve a 3 dB coding gain, the decoding complexity is quite simple, no matter whether trellis coded modulation or block coded modulation is used. However, to achieve coding gains exceeding 5 dB, the decoding complexity increases drastically, and the implementation of the decoder becomes very expensive and unpractical. The use is proposed of coded modulation in conjunction with concatenated (or cascaded) coding. A good short bandwidth efficient modulation code is used as the inner code and relatively powerful Reed-Solomon code is used as the outer code. With properly chosen inner and outer codes, a concatenated coded modulation scheme not only can achieve large coding gains and high reliability with good bandwidth efficiency but also can be practically implemented. This combination of coded modulation and concatenated coding really offers a way of achieving the best of three worlds, reliability and coding gain, bandwidth efficiency, and decoding complexity.

Reed Solomon codes for error control in byte organized computer memory systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lin, S.; Costello, D. J., Jr.

1984-01-01

A problem in designing semiconductor memories is to provide some measure of error control without requiring excessive coding overhead or decoding time. In LSI and VLSI technology, memories are often organized on a multiple bit (or byte) per chip basis. For example, some 256K-bit DRAM's are organized in 32Kx8 bit-bytes. Byte oriented codes such as Reed Solomon (RS) codes can provide efficient low overhead error control for such memories. However, the standard iterative algorithm for decoding RS codes is too slow for these applications. Some special decoding techniques for extended single-and-double-error-correcting RS codes which are capable of high speed operation are presented. These techniques are designed to find the error locations and the error values directly from the syndrome without having to use the iterative algorithm to find the error locator polynomial.

Decoding of DBEC-TBED Reed-Solomon codes. [Double-Byte-Error-Correcting, Triple-Byte-Error-Detecting

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Deng, Robert H.; Costello, Daniel J., Jr.

1987-01-01

A problem in designing semiconductor memories is to provide some measure of error control without requiring excessive coding overhead or decoding time. In LSI and VLSI technology, memories are often organized on a multiple bit (or byte) per chip basis. For example, some 256 K bit DRAM's are organized in 32 K x 8 bit-bytes. Byte-oriented codes such as Reed-Solomon (RS) codes can provide efficient low overhead error control for such memories. However, the standard iterative algorithm for decoding RS codes is too slow for these applications. The paper presents a special decoding technique for double-byte-error-correcting, triple-byte-error-detecting RS codes which is capable of high-speed operation. This technique is designed to find the error locations and the error values directly from the syndrome without having to use the iterative algorithm to find the error locator polynomial.

Transform Decoding of Reed-Solomon Codes. Volume I. Algorithm and Signal Processing Structure

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-11-01

systematic channel co.’e. 1. lake the inverse transform of the r- ceived se, - nee. 2. Isolate the error syndrome from the inverse transform and use... inverse transform is identic l with interpolation of the polynomial a(z) from its n values. In order to generate a Reed-Solomon (n,k) cooce, we let the set...in accordance with the transform of equation (4). If we were to apply the inverse transform of equa- tion (6) to the coefficient sequence of A(z), we

A decoding procedure for the Reed-Solomon codes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lim, R. S.

1978-01-01

A decoding procedure is described for the (n,k) t-error-correcting Reed-Solomon (RS) code, and an implementation of the (31,15) RS code for the I4-TENEX central system. This code can be used for error correction in large archival memory systems. The principal features of the decoder are a Galois field arithmetic unit implemented by microprogramming a microprocessor, and syndrome calculation by using the g(x) encoding shift register. Complete decoding of the (31,15) code is expected to take less than 500 microsecs. The syndrome calculation is performed by hardware using the encoding shift register and a modified Chien search. The error location polynomial is computed by using Lin's table, which is an interpretation of Berlekamp's iterative algorithm. The error location numbers are calculated by using the Chien search. Finally, the error values are computed by using Forney's method.

Reduction of PAPR in coded OFDM using fast Reed-Solomon codes over prime Galois fields

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Motazedi, Mohammad Reza; Dianat, Reza

2017-02-01

In this work, two new techniques using Reed-Solomon (RS) codes over GF(257) and GF(65,537) are proposed for peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction in coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The lengths of these codes are well-matched to the length of OFDM frames. Over these fields, the block lengths of codes are powers of two and we fully exploit the radix-2 fast Fourier transform algorithms. Multiplications and additions are simple modulus operations. These codes provide desirable randomness with a small perturbation in information symbols that is essential for generation of different statistically independent candidates. Our simulations show that the PAPR reduction ability of RS codes is the same as that of conventional selected mapping (SLM), but contrary to SLM, we can get error correction capability. Also for the second proposed technique, the transmission of side information is not needed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work using RS codes for PAPR reduction in single-input single-output systems.

A simplified procedure for correcting both errors and erasures of a Reed-Solomon code using the Euclidean algorithm

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Truong, T. K.; Hsu, I. S.; Eastman, W. L.; Reed, I. S.

1987-01-01

It is well known that the Euclidean algorithm or its equivalent, continued fractions, can be used to find the error locator polynomial and the error evaluator polynomial in Berlekamp's key equation needed to decode a Reed-Solomon (RS) code. A simplified procedure is developed and proved to correct erasures as well as errors by replacing the initial condition of the Euclidean algorithm by the erasure locator polynomial and the Forney syndrome polynomial. By this means, the errata locator polynomial and the errata evaluator polynomial can be obtained, simultaneously and simply, by the Euclidean algorithm only. With this improved technique the complexity of time domain RS decoders for correcting both errors and erasures is reduced substantially from previous approaches. As a consequence, decoders for correcting both errors and erasures of RS codes can be made more modular, regular, simple, and naturally suitable for both VLSI and software implementation. An example illustrating this modified decoding procedure is given for a (15, 9) RS code.

Error coding simulations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Noble, Viveca K.

1993-01-01

There are various elements such as radio frequency interference (RFI) which may induce errors in data being transmitted via a satellite communication link. When a transmission is affected by interference or other error-causing elements, the transmitted data becomes indecipherable. It becomes necessary to implement techniques to recover from these disturbances. The objective of this research is to develop software which simulates error control circuits and evaluate the performance of these modules in various bit error rate environments. The results of the evaluation provide the engineer with information which helps determine the optimal error control scheme. The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) recommends the use of Reed-Solomon (RS) and convolutional encoders and Viterbi and RS decoders for error correction. The use of forward error correction techniques greatly reduces the received signal to noise needed for a certain desired bit error rate. The use of concatenated coding, e.g. inner convolutional code and outer RS code, provides even greater coding gain. The 16-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code is recommended by CCSDS for error detection.

Signal Detection and Frame Synchronization of Multiple Wireless Networking Waveforms

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-09-01

punctured to obtain coding rates of 2 3 and 3 4 . Convolutional forward error correction coding is used to detect and correct bit...likely to be isolated and be correctable by the convolutional decoder. 44 Data rate (Mbps) Modulation Coding Rate Coded bits per subcarrier...binary convolutional code . A shortened Reed-Solomon technique is employed first. The code is shortened depending upon the data

Telemetry advances in data compression and channel coding

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miller, Warner H.; Morakis, James C.; Yeh, Pen-Shu

1990-01-01

Addressed in this paper is the dependence of telecommunication channel, forward error correcting coding and source data compression coding on integrated circuit technology. Emphasis is placed on real time high speed Reed Solomon (RS) decoding using full custom VLSI technology. Performance curves of NASA's standard channel coder and a proposed standard lossless data compression coder are presented.

Maximum likelihood decoding of Reed Solomon Codes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sudan, M.

We present a randomized algorithm which takes as input n distinct points ((x{sub i}, y{sub i})){sup n}{sub i=1} from F x F (where F is a field) and integer parameters t and d and returns a list of all univariate polynomials f over F in the variable x of degree at most d which agree with the given set of points in at least t places (i.e., y{sub i} = f (x{sub i}) for at least t values of i), provided t = {Omega}({radical}nd). The running time is bounded by a polynomial in n. This immediately provides a maximum likelihoodmore » decoding algorithm for Reed Solomon Codes, which works in a setting with a larger number of errors than any previously known algorithm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first efficient (i.e., polynomial time bounded) algorithm which provides some maximum likelihood decoding for any efficient (i.e., constant or even polynomial rate) code.« less

Viterbi decoder node synchronization losses in the Reed-Solomon/Veterbi concatenated channel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Deutsch, L. J.; Miller, R. L.

1982-01-01

The Viterbi decoders currently used by the Deep Space Network (DSN) employ an algorithm for maintaining node synchronization that significantly degrades at bit signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of below 2.0 dB. In a recent report by the authors, it was shown that the telemetry receiving system, which uses a convolutionally encoded downlink, will suffer losses of 0.85 dB and 1.25 dB respectively at Voyager 2 Uranus and Neptune encounters. This report extends the results of that study to a concatenated (255,223) Reed-Solomon/(7, 1/2) convolutionally coded channel, by developing a new radio loss model for the concatenated channel. It is shown here that losses due to improper node synchronization of 0.57 dB at Uranus and 1.0 dB at Neptune can be expected if concatenated coding is used along with an array of one 64-meter and three 34-meter antennas.

Design space exploration of high throughput finite field multipliers for channel coding on Xilinx FPGAs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

de Schryver, C.; Weithoffer, S.; Wasenmüller, U.; Wehn, N.

2012-09-01

Channel coding is a standard technique in all wireless communication systems. In addition to the typically employed methods like convolutional coding, turbo coding or low density parity check (LDPC) coding, algebraic codes are used in many cases. For example, outer BCH coding is applied in the DVB-S2 standard for satellite TV broadcasting. A key operation for BCH and the related Reed-Solomon codes are multiplications in finite fields (Galois Fields), where extension fields of prime fields are used. A lot of architectures for multiplications in finite fields have been published over the last decades. This paper examines four different multiplier architectures in detail that offer the potential for very high throughputs. We investigate the implementation performance of these multipliers on FPGA technology in the context of channel coding. We study the efficiency of the multipliers with respect to area, frequency and throughput, as well as configurability and scalability. The implementation data of the fully verified circuits are provided for a Xilinx Virtex-4 device after place and route.

The fast decoding of Reed-Solomon codes using number theoretic transforms

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reed, I. S.; Welch, L. R.; Truong, T. K.

1976-01-01

It is shown that Reed-Solomon (RS) codes can be encoded and decoded by using a fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm over finite fields. The arithmetic utilized to perform these transforms requires only integer additions, circular shifts and a minimum number of integer multiplications. The computing time of this transform encoder-decoder for RS codes is less than the time of the standard method for RS codes. More generally, the field GF(q) is also considered, where q is a prime of the form K x 2 to the nth power + 1 and K and n are integers. GF(q) can be used to decode very long RS codes by an efficient FFT algorithm with an improvement in the number of symbols. It is shown that a radix-8 FFT algorithm over GF(q squared) can be utilized to encode and decode very long RS codes with a large number of symbols. For eight symbols in GF(q squared), this transform over GF(q squared) can be made simpler than any other known number theoretic transform with a similar capability. Of special interest is the decoding of a 16-tuple RS code with four errors.

Spacecraft Reed-Solomon downlink module

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Luong, Huy H. (Inventor); Donaldson, James A. (Inventor); Wood, Steven H. (Inventor)

1998-01-01

Apparatus and method for providing downlink frames to be transmitted from a spacecraft to a ground station. Each downlink frame includes a synchronization pattern and a transfer frame. The apparatus may comprise a monolithic Reed-Solomon downlink (RSDL) encoding chip coupled to data buffers for storing transfer frames. The RSKL chip includes a timing device, a bus interface, a timing and control unit, a synchronization pattern unit, and a Reed-Solomon encoding unit, and a bus arbiter.

Multiplier Architecture for Coding Circuits

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wang, C. C.; Truong, T. K.; Shao, H. M.; Deutsch, L. J.

1986-01-01

Multipliers based on new algorithm for Galois-field (GF) arithmetic regular and expandable. Pipeline structures used for computing both multiplications and inverses. Designs suitable for implementation in very-large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits. This general type of inverter and multiplier architecture especially useful in performing finite-field arithmetic of Reed-Solomon error-correcting codes and of some cryptographic algorithms.

VLSI design of a single chip reed-solomon encoder

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Truong, T.K.; Deutsch, L.J.; Reed, I.S.

A design for a single chip implementation of a Reed-Solomon encoder is presented. The architecture that leads to this single VLSI chip design makes use of a bit serial finite field multiplication algorithm.

The VLSI design of a single chip Reed-Solomon encoder

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Truong, T. K.; Deutsch, L. J.; Reed, I. S.

1982-01-01

A design for a single chip implementation of a Reed-Solomon encoder is presented. The architecture that leads to this single VLSI chip design makes use of a bit serial finite field multiplication algorithm.

Coding for Efficient Image Transmission

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rice, R. F.; Lee, J. J.

1986-01-01

NASA publication second in series on data-coding techniques for noiseless channels. Techniques used even in noisy channels, provided data further processed with Reed-Solomon or other error-correcting code. Techniques discussed in context of transmission of monochrome imagery from Voyager II spacecraft but applicable to other streams of data. Objective of this type coding to "compress" data; that is, to transmit using as few bits as possible by omitting as much as possible of portion of information repeated in subsequent samples (or picture elements).

The 2.5 bit/detected photon demonstration program: Phase 2 and 3 experimental results

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Katz, J.

1982-01-01

The experimental program for laboratory demonstration of and energy efficient optical communication channel operating at a rate of 2.5 bits/detected photon is described. Results of the uncoded PPM channel performance are presented. It is indicated that the throughput efficiency can be achieved not only with a Reed-Solomon code as originally predicted, but with a less complex code as well.

Performance Analysis of the Link-16/JTIDS Waveform With Concatenated Coding

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-09-01

noncoherent demodulation in terms of both required signal power and throughput. 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 101 14. SUBJECT TERMS Link-16/JTIDS, Reed-Solomon...Pulsed-Noise Interference (PNI), Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), coherent detection, noncoherent detection. 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY...than the existing Link-16/JTIDS waveform in both AWGN and PNI, for both coherent and noncoherent demodulation, in terms of both required signal

Product code optimization for determinate state LDPC decoding in robust image transmission.

PubMed

Thomos, Nikolaos; Boulgouris, Nikolaos V; Strintzis, Michael G

2006-08-01

We propose a novel scheme for error-resilient image transmission. The proposed scheme employs a product coder consisting of low-density parity check (LDPC) codes and Reed-Solomon codes in order to deal effectively with bit errors. The efficiency of the proposed scheme is based on the exploitation of determinate symbols in Tanner graph decoding of LDPC codes and a novel product code optimization technique based on error estimation. Experimental evaluation demonstrates the superiority of the proposed system in comparison to recent state-of-the-art techniques for image transmission.

On the VLSI design of a pipeline Reed-Solomon decoder using systolic arrays

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shao, H.M.; Reed, I.S.

A new VLSI design of a pipeline Reed-Solomon decoder is presented. The transform decoding technique used in a previous paper is replaced by a time domain algorithm through a detailed comparison of their VLSI implementations. A new architecture that implements the time domain algorithm permits efficient pipeline processing with reduced circuitry. Erasure correction capability is also incorporated with little additional complexity. By using a multiplexing technique, a new implementation of Euclid's algorithm maintains the throughput rate with less circuitry. Such improvements result in both enhanced capability and significant reduction in silicon area, therefore making it possible to build a pipelinemore » Reed-Solomon decoder on a single VLSI chip.« less

New coding advances for deep space communications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yuen, Joseph H.

1987-01-01

Advances made in error-correction coding for deep space communications are described. The code believed to be the best is a (15, 1/6) convolutional code, with maximum likelihood decoding; when it is concatenated with a 10-bit Reed-Solomon code, it achieves a bit error rate of 10 to the -6th, at a bit SNR of 0.42 dB. This code outperforms the Voyager code by 2.11 dB. The use of source statics in decoding convolutionally encoded Voyager images from the Uranus encounter is investigated, and it is found that a 2 dB decoding gain can be achieved.

Schematic driven layout of Reed Solomon encoders

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Arave, Kari; Canaris, John; Miles, Lowell; Whitaker, Sterling

1992-01-01

Two Reed Solomon error correcting encoders are presented. Schematic driven layout tools were used to create the encoder layouts. Special consideration had to be given to the architecture and logic to provide scalability of the encoder designs. Knowledge gained from these projects was used to create a more flexible schematic driven layout system.

Coding for reliable satellite communications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gaarder, N. T.; Lin, S.

1986-01-01

This research project was set up to study various kinds of coding techniques for error control in satellite and space communications for NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. During the project period, researchers investigated the following areas: (1) decoding of Reed-Solomon codes in terms of dual basis; (2) concatenated and cascaded error control coding schemes for satellite and space communications; (3) use of hybrid coding schemes (error correction and detection incorporated with retransmission) to improve system reliability and throughput in satellite communications; (4) good codes for simultaneous error correction and error detection, and (5) error control techniques for ring and star networks.

Performance Analysis of the Link-16/JTIDS Waveform with Concatenated Coding, Soft Decision Reed-Solomon Decoding, and Noise-Normalization

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-09-01

the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the...Col Terry Smith for his time spent serving as the second reader of this thesis. xxii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 1 I. INTRODUCTION...However, this is the first time that concatenated coding in combination with noise- normalization has been considered. 2 B. THESIS OUTLINE The thesis

Analysis of error-correction constraints in an optical disk.

PubMed

Roberts, J D; Ryley, A; Jones, D M; Burke, D

1996-07-10

The compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM) is a mature storage medium with complex error control. It comprises four levels of Reed Solomon codes allied to a sequence of sophisticated interleaving strategies and 8:14 modulation coding. New storage media are being developed and introduced that place still further demands on signal processing for error correction. It is therefore appropriate to explore thoroughly the limit of existing strategies to assess future requirements. We describe a simulation of all stages of the CD-ROM coding, modulation, and decoding. The results of decoding the burst error of a prescribed number of modulation bits are discussed in detail. Measures of residual uncorrected error within a sector are displayed by C1, C2, P, and Q error counts and by the status of the final cyclic redundancy check (CRC). Where each data sector is encoded separately, it is shown that error-correction performance against burst errors depends critically on the position of the burst within a sector. The C1 error measures the burst length, whereas C2 errors reflect the burst position. The performance of Reed Solomon product codes is shown by the P and Q statistics. It is shown that synchronization loss is critical near the limits of error correction. An example is given of miscorrection that is identified by the CRC check.

Analysis of error-correction constraints in an optical disk

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roberts, Jonathan D.; Ryley, Alan; Jones, David M.; Burke, David

1996-07-01

The compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM) is a mature storage medium with complex error control. It comprises four levels of Reed Solomon codes allied to a sequence of sophisticated interleaving strategies and 8:14 modulation coding. New storage media are being developed and introduced that place still further demands on signal processing for error correction. It is therefore appropriate to explore thoroughly the limit of existing strategies to assess future requirements. We describe a simulation of all stages of the CD-ROM coding, modulation, and decoding. The results of decoding the burst error of a prescribed number of modulation bits are discussed in detail. Measures of residual uncorrected error within a sector are displayed by C1, C2, P, and Q error counts and by the status of the final cyclic redundancy check (CRC). Where each data sector is encoded separately, it is shown that error-correction performance against burst errors depends critically on the position of the burst within a sector. The C1 error measures the burst length, whereas C2 errors reflect the burst position. The performance of Reed Solomon product codes is shown by the P and Q statistics. It is shown that synchronization loss is critical near the limits of error correction. An example is given of miscorrection that is identified by the CRC check.

Error coding simulations in C

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Noble, Viveca K.

1994-01-01

When data is transmitted through a noisy channel, errors are produced within the data rendering it indecipherable. Through the use of error control coding techniques, the bit error rate can be reduced to any desired level without sacrificing the transmission data rate. The Astrionics Laboratory at Marshall Space Flight Center has decided to use a modular, end-to-end telemetry data simulator to simulate the transmission of data from flight to ground and various methods of error control. The simulator includes modules for random data generation, data compression, Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) transfer frame formation, error correction/detection, error generation and error statistics. The simulator utilizes a concatenated coding scheme which includes CCSDS standard (255,223) Reed-Solomon (RS) code over GF(2(exp 8)) with interleave depth of 5 as the outermost code, (7, 1/2) convolutional code as an inner code and CCSDS recommended (n, n-16) cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code as the innermost code, where n is the number of information bits plus 16 parity bits. The received signal-to-noise for a desired bit error rate is greatly reduced through the use of forward error correction techniques. Even greater coding gain is provided through the use of a concatenated coding scheme. Interleaving/deinterleaving is necessary to randomize burst errors which may appear at the input of the RS decoder. The burst correction capability length is increased in proportion to the interleave depth. The modular nature of the simulator allows for inclusion or exclusion of modules as needed. This paper describes the development and operation of the simulator, the verification of a C-language Reed-Solomon code, and the possibility of using Comdisco SPW(tm) as a tool for determining optimal error control schemes.

Systolic VLSI Reed-Solomon Decoder

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shao, H. M.; Truong, T. K.; Deutsch, L. J.; Yuen, J. H.

1986-01-01

Decoder for digital communications provides high-speed, pipelined ReedSolomon (RS) error-correction decoding of data streams. Principal new feature of proposed decoder is modification of Euclid greatest-common-divisor algorithm to avoid need for time-consuming computations of inverse of certain Galois-field quantities. Decoder architecture suitable for implementation on very-large-scale integrated (VLSI) chips with negative-channel metaloxide/silicon circuitry.

A single VLSI chip for computing syndromes in the (225, 223) Reed-Solomon decoder

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hsu, I. S.; Truong, T. K.; Shao, H. M.; Deutsch, L. J.

1986-01-01

A description of a single VLSI chip for computing syndromes in the (255, 223) Reed-Solomon decoder is presented. The architecture that leads to this single VLSI chip design makes use of the dual basis multiplication algorithm. The same architecture can be applied to design VLSI chips to compute various kinds of number theoretic transforms.

Modulation and coding for satellite and space communications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yuen, Joseph H.; Simon, Marvin K.; Pollara, Fabrizio; Divsalar, Dariush; Miller, Warner H.; Morakis, James C.; Ryan, Carl R.

1990-01-01

Several modulation and coding advances supported by NASA are summarized. To support long-constraint-length convolutional code, a VLSI maximum-likelihood decoder, utilizing parallel processing techniques, which is being developed to decode convolutional codes of constraint length 15 and a code rate as low as 1/6 is discussed. A VLSI high-speed 8-b Reed-Solomon decoder which is being developed for advanced tracking and data relay satellite (ATDRS) applications is discussed. A 300-Mb/s modem with continuous phase modulation (CPM) and codings which is being developed for ATDRS is discussed. Trellis-coded modulation (TCM) techniques are discussed for satellite-based mobile communication applications.

The Composite Analytic and Simulation Package or RFI (CASPR) on a coded channel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Freedman, Jeff; Berman, Ted

1993-01-01

CASPR is an analysis package which determines the performance of a coded signal in the presence of Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) and Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). It can analyze a system with convolutional coding, Reed-Solomon (RS) coding, or a concatenation of the two. The signals can either be interleaved or non-interleaved. The model measures the system performance in terms of either the E(sub b)/N(sub 0) required to achieve a given Bit Error Rate (BER) or the BER needed for a constant E(sub b)/N(sub 0).

Digital Semaphore: Technical Feasibility of QR Code Optical Signaling for Fleet Communications

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-01

Standards (http://www.iso.org) JIS Japanese Industrial Standard JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group (digital image format; http://www.jpeg.org) LED...Denso Wave corporation in the 1990s for the Japanese automotive manufacturing industry. See Appendix A for full details. Reed-Solomon Error...eliminates camera blur induced by the shutter, providing clear images at extremely high frame rates. Thusly, digital cinema cameras are more suitable

SEU hardened memory cells for a CCSDS Reed Solomon encoder

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Whitaker, S.; Canaris, J.; Liu, K.

This paper reports on design technique to harden CMOS memory circuits against Single Event Upset (SEU) in the space environment. The design technique provides a recovery mechanism which is independent of the shape of the upsetting event. A RAM cell and Flip Flop design are presented to demonstrate the method. The Flip Flop was used in the control circuitry for a Reed Solomon encoder designed for the Space Station and Explorer platforms.

Error Control Coding Techniques for Space and Satellite Communications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lin, Shu

2000-01-01

This paper presents a concatenated turbo coding system in which a Reed-Solomom outer code is concatenated with a binary turbo inner code. In the proposed system, the outer code decoder and the inner turbo code decoder interact to achieve both good bit error and frame error performances. The outer code decoder helps the inner turbo code decoder to terminate its decoding iteration while the inner turbo code decoder provides soft-output information to the outer code decoder to carry out a reliability-based soft-decision decoding. In the case that the outer code decoding fails, the outer code decoder instructs the inner code decoder to continue its decoding iterations until the outer code decoding is successful or a preset maximum number of decoding iterations is reached. This interaction between outer and inner code decoders reduces decoding delay. Also presented in the paper are an effective criterion for stopping the iteration process of the inner code decoder and a new reliability-based decoding algorithm for nonbinary codes.

VLSI architecture for a Reed-Solomon decoder

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hsu, In-Shek (Inventor); Truong, Trieu-Kie (Inventor)

1992-01-01

A basic single-chip building block for a Reed-Solomon (RS) decoder system is partitioned into a plurality of sections, the first of which consists of a plurality of syndrome subcells each of which contains identical standard-basis finite-field multipliers that are programmable between 10 and 8 bit operation. A desired number of basic building blocks may be assembled to provide a RS decoder of any syndrome subcell size that is programmable between 10 and 8 bit operation.

Nonlinear, nonbinary cyclic group codes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Solomon, G.

1992-01-01

New cyclic group codes of length 2(exp m) - 1 over (m - j)-bit symbols are introduced. These codes can be systematically encoded and decoded algebraically. The code rates are very close to Reed-Solomon (RS) codes and are much better than Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes (a former alternative). The binary (m - j)-tuples are identified with a subgroup of the binary m-tuples which represents the field GF(2 exp m). Encoding is systematic and involves a two-stage procedure consisting of the usual linear feedback register (using the division or check polynomial) and a small table lookup. For low rates, a second shift-register encoding operation may be invoked. Decoding uses the RS error-correcting procedures for the m-tuple codes for m = 4, 5, and 6.

Architecture for VLSI design of Reed-Solomon encoders

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Liu, K. Y.

1982-01-01

A description is given of the logic structure of the universal VLSI symbol-slice Reed-Solomon (RS) encoder chip, from a group of which an RS encoder may be constructed through cascading and proper interconnection. As a design example, it is shown that an RS encoder presently requiring approximately 40 discrete CMOS ICs may be replaced by an RS encoder consisting of four identical, interconnected VLSI RS encoder chips, offering in addition to greater compactness both a lower power requirement and greater reliability.

Architecture for VLSI design of Reed-Solomon encoders

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, K. Y.

1982-02-01

A description is given of the logic structure of the universal VLSI symbol-slice Reed-Solomon (RS) encoder chip, from a group of which an RS encoder may be constructed through cascading and proper interconnection. As a design example, it is shown that an RS encoder presently requiring approximately 40 discrete CMOS ICs may be replaced by an RS encoder consisting of four identical, interconnected VLSI RS encoder chips, offering in addition to greater compactness both a lower power requirement and greater reliability.

A software simulation study of a (255,223) Reed-Solomon encoder-decoder

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pollara, F.

1985-01-01

A set of software programs which simulates a (255,223) Reed-Solomon encoder/decoder pair is described. The transform decoder algorithm uses a modified Euclid algorithm, and closely follows the pipeline architecture proposed for the hardware decoder. Uncorrectable error patterns are detected by a simple test, and the inverse transform is computed by a finite field FFT. Numerical examples of the decoder operation are given for some test codewords, with and without errors. The use of the software package is briefly described.

High-Speed Soft-Decision Decoding of Two Reed-Muller Codes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lin, Shu; Uehara, Gregory T.

1996-01-01

In his research, we have proposed the (64, 40, 8) subcode of the third-order Reed-Muller (RM) code to NASA for high-speed satellite communications. This RM subcode can be used either alone or as an inner code of a concatenated coding system with the NASA standard (255, 233, 33) Reed-Solomon (RS) code as the outer code to achieve high performance (or low bit-error rate) with reduced decoding complexity. It can also be used as a component code in a multilevel bandwidth efficient coded modulation system to achieve reliable bandwidth efficient data transmission. This report will summarize the key progress we have made toward achieving our eventual goal of implementing a decoder system based upon this code. In the first phase of study, we investigated the complexities of various sectionalized trellis diagrams for the proposed (64, 40, 8) RNI subcode. We found a specific 8-trellis diagram for this code which requires the least decoding complexity with a high possibility of achieving a decoding speed of 600 M bits per second (Mbps). The combination of a large number of states and a hi ch data rate will be made possible due to the utilization of a high degree of parallelism throughout the architecture. This trellis diagram will be presented and briefly described. In the second phase of study which was carried out through the past year, we investigated circuit architectures to determine the feasibility of VLSI implementation of a high-speed Viterbi decoder based on this 8-section trellis diagram. We began to examine specific design and implementation approaches to implement a fully custom integrated circuit (IC) which will be a key building block for a decoder system implementation. The key results will be presented in this report. This report will be divided into three primary sections. First, we will briefly describe the system block diagram in which the proposed decoder is assumed to be operating and present some of the key architectural approaches being used to implement the system at high speed. Second, we will describe details of the 8-trellis diagram we found to best meet the trade-offs between chip and overall system complexity. The chosen approach implements the trellis for the (64, 40, 8) RM subcode with 32 independent sub-trellises. And third, we will describe results of our feasibility study on the implementation of such an IC chip in CMOS technology to implement one of these sub-trellises.

High-Speed Soft-Decision Decoding of Two Reed-Muller Codes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lin, Shu; Uehara, Gregory T.

1996-01-01

In this research, we have proposed the (64, 40, 8) subcode of the third-order Reed-Muller (RM) code to NASA for high-speed satellite communications. This RM subcode can be used either alone or as an inner code of a concatenated coding system with the NASA standard (255, 233, 33) Reed-Solomon (RS) code as the outer code to achieve high performance (or low bit-error rate) with reduced decoding complexity. It can also be used as a component code in a multilevel bandwidth efficient coded modulation system to achieve reliable bandwidth efficient data transmission. This report will summarize the key progress we have made toward achieving our eventual goal of implementing, a decoder system based upon this code. In the first phase of study, we investigated the complexities of various sectionalized trellis diagrams for the proposed (64, 40, 8) RM subcode. We found a specific 8-trellis diagram for this code which requires the least decoding complexity with a high possibility of achieving a decoding speed of 600 M bits per second (Mbps). The combination of a large number of states and a high data rate will be made possible due to the utilization of a high degree of parallelism throughout the architecture. This trellis diagram will be presented and briefly described. In the second phase of study, which was carried out through the past year, we investigated circuit architectures to determine the feasibility of VLSI implementation of a high-speed Viterbi decoder based on this 8-section trellis diagram. We began to examine specific design and implementation approaches to implement a fully custom integrated circuit (IC) which will be a key building block for a decoder system implementation. The key results will be presented in this report. This report will be divided into three primary sections. First, we will briefly describe the system block diagram in which the proposed decoder is assumed to be operating, and present some of the key architectural approaches being used to implement the system at high speed. Second, we will describe details of the 8-trellis diagram we found to best meet the trade-offs between chip and overall system complexity. The chosen approach implements the trellis for the (64, 40, 8) RM subcode with 32 independent sub-trellises. And third, we will describe results of our feasibility study on the implementation of such an IC chip in CMOS technology to implement one of these sub-trellises.

The algebraic decoding of the (41, 21, 9) quadratic residue code

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reed, Irving S.; Truong, T. K.; Chen, Xuemin; Yin, Xiaowei

1992-01-01

A new algebraic approach for decoding the quadratic residue (QR) codes, in particular the (41, 21, 9) QR code is presented. The key ideas behind this decoding technique are a systematic application of the Sylvester resultant method to the Newton identities associated with the code syndromes to find the error-locator polynomial, and next a method for determining error locations by solving certain quadratic, cubic and quartic equations over GF(2 exp m) in a new way which uses Zech's logarithms for the arithmetic. The algorithms developed here are suitable for implementation in a programmable microprocessor or special-purpose VLSI chip. It is expected that the algebraic methods developed here can apply generally to other codes such as the BCH and Reed-Solomon codes.

Is QR code an optimal data container in optical encryption systems from an error-correction coding perspective?

PubMed

Jiao, Shuming; Jin, Zhi; Zhou, Changyuan; Zou, Wenbin; Li, Xia

2018-01-01

Quick response (QR) code has been employed as a data carrier for optical cryptosystems in many recent research works, and the error-correction coding mechanism allows the decrypted result to be noise free. However, in this paper, we point out for the first time that the Reed-Solomon coding algorithm in QR code is not a very suitable option for the nonlocally distributed speckle noise in optical cryptosystems from an information coding perspective. The average channel capacity is proposed to measure the data storage capacity and noise-resistant capability of different encoding schemes. We design an alternative 2D barcode scheme based on Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) coding, which demonstrates substantially better average channel capacity than QR code in numerical simulated optical cryptosystems.

Circuit Design Approaches for Implementation of a Subtrellis IC for a Reed-Muller Subcode

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lin, Shu; Uehara, Gregory T.; Nakamura, Eric B.; Chu, Cecilia W. P.

1996-01-01

In his research, we have proposed the (64, 40, 8) subcode of the third-order Reed-Muller (RM) code to NASA for high-speed satellite communications. This RM subcode can be used either alone or as an inner code of a concatenated coding system with the NASA standard (255, 233, 33) Reed-Solomon (RS) code as the outer code to achieve high performance (or low bit-error rate) with reduced decoding complexity. It can also be used as a component code in a multilevel bandwidth efficient coded modulation system to achieve reliable bandwidth efficient data transmission. This report will summarize the key progress we have made toward achieving our eventual goal of implementing a decoder system based upon this code. In the first phase of study, we investigated the complexities of various sectionalized trellis diagrams for the proposed (64, 40, 8) RM subcode. We found a specific 8-trellis diagram for this code which requires the least decoding complexity with a high possibility of achieving a decoding speed of 600 M bits per second(Mbps). The combination of a large number of states and a high data rate will be made possible due to the utilization of a high degree of parallelism throughout the architecture. This trellis diagram will be presented and briefly described. In the second phase of study which was carried out through the past year, we investigated circuit architectures to determine the feasibility of VLSI implementation of a high- speed Viterbi decoder based on this 8-section trellis diagram. We began to examine specific design and implementation approaches to implement a fully custom integrated circuit (IC) which will be a key building block for a decoder system implementation. The key results will be presented in this report. This report will be divided into three primary sections. First, we will briefly describe the system block diagram in which the proposed decoder is assumed to be operating and present some of the key architectural approaches being used to implement the system at high speed. Second, we will describe details of the 8-trellis diagram we found to best meet the trade-offs between chip and overall system complexity. The chosen approach implements the trellis for the (64, 40, 8) RM subcode with 32 independent sub-trellises. And third, we will describe results of our feasibility study on the implementation of such an IC chip in CMOS technology to implement one of these subtrellises.

Circuit Design Approaches for Implementation of a Subtrellis IC for a Reed-Muller Subcode

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lin, Shu; Uehara, Gregory T.; Nakamura, Eric B.; Chu, Cecilia W. P.

1996-01-01

In this research, we have proposed the (64, 40, 8) subcode of the third-order Reed-Muller (RM) code to NASA for high-speed satellite communications. This RM subcode can be used either alone or as an inner code of a concatenated coding system with the NASA standard (255, 233, 33) Reed-Solomon (RS) code as the outer code to achieve high performance (or low bit-error rate) with reduced decoding complexity. It can also be used as a component code in a multilevel bandwidth efficient coded modulation system to achieve reliable bandwidth efficient data transmission. This report will summarize the key progress we have made toward achieving our eventual goal of implementing a decoder system based upon this code. In the first phase of study, we investigated the complexities of various sectionalized trellis diagrams for the proposed (64, 40, 8) RM subcode. We found a specific 8-trellis diagram for this code which requires the least decoding complexity with a high possibility of achieving a decoding speed of 600 M bits per second (Mbps). The combination of a large number of states and a high data rate will be made possible due to the utilization of a high degree of parallelism throughout the architecture. This trellis diagram will be presented and briefly described. In the second phase of study which was carried out through the past year, we investigated circuit architectures to determine the feasibility of VLSI implementation of a high-speed Viterbi decoder based on this 8-section trellis diagram. We began to examine specific design and implementation approaches to implement a fully custom integrated circuit (IC) which will be a key building block for a decoder system implementation. The key results will be presented in this report. This report will be divided into three primary sections. First, we will briefly describe the system block diagram in which the proposed decoder is assumed to be operating and present some of the key architectural approaches being used to implement the system at high speed. Second, we will describe details of the 8-trellis diagram we found to best meet the trade-offs between chip and overall system complexity. The chosen approach implements the trellis for the (64, 40, 8) RM subcode with 32 independent sub-trellises. And third, we will describe results of our feasibility study on the implementation of such an IC chip in CMOS technology to implement one of these subtrellises.

Architecture for VLSI design of Reed-Solomon encoders

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Liu, K. Y.

1981-01-01

The logic structure of a universal VLSI chip called the symbol-slice Reed-Solomon (RS) encoder chip is discussed. An RS encoder can be constructed by cascading and properly interconnecting a group of such VLSI chips. As a design example, it is shown that a (255,223) RD encoder requiring around 40 discrete CMOS ICs may be replaced by an RS encoder consisting of four identical interconnected VLSI RS encoder chips. Besides the size advantage, the VLSI RS encoder also has the potential advantages of requiring less power and having a higher reliability.

Real-Time Reed-Solomon Decoder

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Maki, Gary K.; Cameron, Kelly B.; Owsley, Patrick A.

1994-01-01

Generic Reed-Solomon decoder fast enough to correct errors in real time in practical applications designed to be implemented in fewer and smaller very-large-scale integrated, VLSI, circuit chips. Configured to operate in pipelined manner. One outstanding aspect of decoder design is that Euclid multiplier and divider modules contain Galoisfield multipliers configured as combinational-logic cells. Operates at speeds greater than older multipliers. Cellular configuration highly regular and requires little interconnection area, making it ideal for implementation in extraordinarily dense VLSI circuitry. Flight electronics single chip version of this technology implemented and available.

FDMA/TDM satellite communication systems for domestic/business services

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Perrotta, G.; Losquadro, G.; Giubilei, R.

A design concept is presented for a Ka-band satellite communication system for domestic business applications, based on FDMA uplinks and time-domain-multiplexed (TDM) downlinks. The single-hop modular-design regenerative/processing repeaters employed are capable of handling up to 16 2-Mb/s uplink carriers each. The internal (short-block) and external (Reed-Solomon) coding techniques, frequency relations and symbol synchronization, and optional mini-TDMA implementation are explained, and the results of numerical simulations of subcomponent performance are presented graphically.

Research Trends in Military Communications: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Wickenburg, Arizona on 1-4 May 1983.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-12-17

weeks bensuygthsfrRd-omn:’-" been studying this for Reed- Solomon ago and they are doing more than lookingintoit.The remakng gros 95 codes where the...were formed in four basic areas: ’a) array signal processing in the spread spectrum environment, (b) spread spectrum communication in jamming, (c...research areas. Panels were formed in four basic areas: (a) array signal processing in the spread spectrum environment, (b) spread spectrum

Simultaneous Laser Ranging and Communication from an Earth-Based Satellite Laser Ranging Station to the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter in Lunar Orbit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sun, Xiaoli; Skillman, David R.; Hoffman, Evan D.; Mao, Dandan; McGarry, Jan F.; Neumann, Gregory A.; McIntire, Leva; Zellar, Ronald S.; Davidson, Frederic M.; Fong, Wai H.;

On the VLSI design of a pipeline Reed-Solomon decoder using systolic arrays

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shao, H. M.; Deutsch, L. J.; Reed, I. S.

1987-01-01

A new very large scale integration (VLSI) design of a pipeline Reed-Solomon decoder is presented. The transform decoding technique used in a previous article is replaced by a time domain algorithm through a detailed comparison of their VLSI implementations. A new architecture that implements the time domain algorithm permits efficient pipeline processing with reduced circuitry. Erasure correction capability is also incorporated with little additional complexity. By using a multiplexing technique, a new implementation of Euclid's algorithm maintains the throughput rate with less circuitry. Such improvements result in both enhanced capability and significant reduction in silicon area.

On the VLSI design of a pipeline Reed-Solomon decoder using systolic arrays

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shao, Howard M.; Reed, Irving S.

1988-01-01

A new very large scale integration (VLSI) design of a pipeline Reed-Solomon decoder is presented. The transform decoding technique used in a previous article is replaced by a time domain algorithm through a detailed comparison of their VLSI implementations. A new architecture that implements the time domain algorithm permits efficient pipeline processing with reduced circuitry. Erasure correction capability is also incorporated with little additional complexity. By using multiplexing technique, a new implementation of Euclid's algorithm maintains the throughput rate with less circuitry. Such improvements result in both enhanced capability and significant reduction in silicon area.

Space Qualified High Speed Reed Solomon Encoder

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gambles, Jody W.; Winkert, Tom

1993-01-01

This paper reports a Class S CCSDS recommendation Reed Solomon encoder circuit baselined for several NASA programs. The chip is fabricated using United Technologies Microelectronics Center's UTE-R radiation-hardened gate array family, contains 64,000 p-n transistor pairs, and operates at a sustained output data rate of 200 MBits/s. The chip features a pin selectable message interleave depth of from 1 to 8 and supports output block lengths of 33 to 255 bytes. The UTE-R process is reported to produce parts that are radiation hardened to 16 Rads (Si) total dose and 1.0(exp -10) errors/bit-day.

A bandwidth efficient coding scheme for the Hubble Space Telescope

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pietrobon, Steven S.; Costello, Daniel J., Jr.

1991-01-01

As a demonstration of the performance capabilities of trellis codes using multidimensional signal sets, a Viterbi decoder was designed. The choice of code was based on two factors. The first factor was its application as a possible replacement for the coding scheme currently used on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The HST at present uses the rate 1/3 nu = 6 (with 2 (exp nu) = 64 states) convolutional code with Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation. With the modulator restricted to a 3 Msym/s, this implies a data rate of only 1 Mbit/s, since the bandwidth efficiency K = 1/3 bit/sym. This is a very bandwidth inefficient scheme, although the system has the advantage of simplicity and large coding gain. The basic requirement from NASA was for a scheme that has as large a K as possible. Since a satellite channel was being used, 8PSK modulation was selected. This allows a K of between 2 and 3 bit/sym. The next influencing factor was INTELSAT's intention of transmitting the SONET 155.52 Mbit/s standard data rate over the 72 MHz transponders on its satellites. This requires a bandwidth efficiency of around 2.5 bit/sym. A Reed-Solomon block code is used as an outer code to give very low bit error rates (BER). A 16 state rate 5/6, 2.5 bit/sym, 4D-8PSK trellis code was selected. This code has reasonable complexity and has a coding gain of 4.8 dB compared to uncoded 8PSK (2). This trellis code also has the advantage that it is 45 deg rotationally invariant. This means that the decoder needs only to synchronize to one of the two naturally mapped 8PSK signals in the signal set.

Low-density parity-check codes for volume holographic memory systems.

PubMed

Pishro-Nik, Hossein; Rahnavard, Nazanin; Ha, Jeongseok; Fekri, Faramarz; Adibi, Ali

2003-02-10

We investigate the application of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes in volume holographic memory (VHM) systems. We show that a carefully designed irregular LDPC code has a very good performance in VHM systems. We optimize high-rate LDPC codes for the nonuniform error pattern in holographic memories to reduce the bit error rate extensively. The prior knowledge of noise distribution is used for designing as well as decoding the LDPC codes. We show that these codes have a superior performance to that of Reed-Solomon (RS) codes and regular LDPC counterparts. Our simulation shows that we can increase the maximum storage capacity of holographic memories by more than 50 percent if we use irregular LDPC codes with soft-decision decoding instead of conventionally employed RS codes with hard-decision decoding. The performance of these LDPC codes is close to the information theoretic capacity.

Free Space Laser Communication Experiments from Earth to the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter in Lunar Orbit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sun, Xiaoli; Skillman, David R.; Hoffman, Evan D.; Mao, Dandan; McGarry, Jan F.; Zellar, Ronald S.; Fong, Wai H; Krainak, Michael A.; Neumann, Gregory A.; Smith, David E.

2013-01-01

Laser communication and ranging experiments were successfully conducted from the satellite laser ranging (SLR) station at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) to the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) in lunar orbit. The experiments used 4096-ary pulse position modulation (PPM) for the laser pulses during one-way LRO Laser Ranging (LR) operations. Reed-Solomon forward error correction codes were used to correct the PPM symbol errors due to atmosphere turbulence and pointing jitter. The signal fading was measured and the results were compared to the model.

A pipeline design of a fast prime factor DFT on a finite field

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Truong, T. K.; Hsu, In-Shek; Shao, H. M.; Reed, Irving S.; Shyu, Hsuen-Chyun

1988-01-01

A conventional prime factor discrete Fourier transform (DFT) algorithm is used to realize a discrete Fourier-like transform on the finite field, GF(q sub n). This algorithm is developed to compute cyclic convolutions of complex numbers and to decode Reed-Solomon codes. Such a pipeline fast prime factor DFT algorithm over GF(q sub n) is regular, simple, expandable, and naturally suitable for VLSI implementation. An example illustrating the pipeline aspect of a 30-point transform over GF(q sub n) is presented.

A single chip VLSI Reed-Solomon decoder

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shao, H. M.; Truong, T. K.; Hsu, I. S.; Deutsch, L. J.; Reed, I. S.

1986-01-01

A new VLSI design of a pipeline Reed-Solomon decoder is presented. The transform decoding technique used in a previous design is replaced by a time domain algorithm. A new architecture that implements such an algorithm permits efficient pipeline processing with minimum circuitry. A systolic array is also developed to perform erasure corrections in the new design. A modified form of Euclid's algorithm is implemented by a new architecture that maintains the throughput rate with less circuitry. Such improvements result in both enhanced capability and a significant reduction in silicon area, therefore making it possible to build a pipeline (31,15)RS decoder on a single VLSI chip.

Box codes of lengths 48 and 72

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Solomon, G.; Jin, Y.

1993-01-01

A self-dual code length 48, dimension 24, with Hamming distance essentially equal to 12 is constructed here. There are only six code words of weight eight. All the other code words have weights that are multiples of four and have a minimum weight equal to 12. This code may be encoded systematically and arises from a strict binary representation of the (8,4;5) Reed-Solomon (RS) code over GF (64). The code may be considered as six interrelated (8,7;2) codes. The Mattson-Solomon representation of the cyclic decomposition of these codes and their parity sums are used to detect an odd number of errors in any of the six codes. These may then be used in a correction algorithm for hard or soft decision decoding. A (72,36;15) box code was constructed from a (63,35;8) cyclic code. The theoretical justification is presented herein. A second (72,36;15) code is constructed from an inner (63,27;16) Bose Chaudhuri Hocquenghem (BCH) code and expanded to length 72 using box code algorithms for extension. This code was simulated and verified to have a minimum distance of 15 with even weight words congruent to zero modulo four. The decoding for hard and soft decision is still more complex than the first code constructed above. Finally, an (8,4;5) RS code over GF (512) in the binary representation of the (72,36;15) box code gives rise to a (72,36;16*) code with nine words of weight eight, and all the rest have weights greater than or equal to 16.

Software Communications Architecture (SCA) Compliant Software Defined Radio Design for IEEE 802.16 Wirelessman-OFDMTM Transceiver

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-12-01

Convolutional encoder of rate 1/2 (From [10]). Table 3 shows the puncturing patterns used to derive the different code rates . X precedes Y in the order... convolutional code with puncturing configuration (From [10])......11 Table 4. Mandatory channel coding per modulation (From [10...a concatenation of a Reed– Solomon outer code and a rate -adjustable convolutional inner code . At the transmitter, data shall first be encoded with

Real-time high-resolution PC-based system for measurement of errors on compact disks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tehranchi, Babak; Howe, Dennis G.

1994-10-01

Hardware and software utilities are developed to directly monitor the Eight-to-Fourteen (EFM) demodulated data bytes at the input of a CD player's Cross-Interleaved Reed-Solomon Code (CIRC) block decoder. The hardware is capable of identifying erroneous data with single-byte resolution in the serial data stream read from a Compact Disc by a CDD 461 Philips CD-ROM drive. In addition, the system produces graphical maps that show the physical location of the measured errors on the entire disc, or via a zooming and planning feature, on user selectable local disc regions.

Transform Decoding of Reed-Solomon Codes. Volume II. Logical Design and Implementation.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-11-01

i A. nE aib’ = a(bJ) ; j=0, 1, ... , n-l (2-8) i=01 Similarly, the inverse transform is obtained by interpolation of the polynomial a(z) from its n...with the transform so that either a forward or an inverse transform may be used to encode. The only requirement is that tie reverse of the encoding... inverse transform of the received sequence is the polynomial sum r(z) = e(z) + a(z), where e(z) is the inverse transform of the error polynomial E(z), and a

Optimal bit allocation for hybrid scalable/multiple-description video transmission over wireless channels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jubran, Mohammad K.; Bansal, Manu; Kondi, Lisimachos P.

2006-01-01

In this paper, we consider the problem of optimal bit allocation for wireless video transmission over fading channels. We use a newly developed hybrid scalable/multiple-description codec that combines the functionality of both scalable and multiple-description codecs. It produces a base layer and multiple-description enhancement layers. Any of the enhancement layers can be decoded (in a non-hierarchical manner) with the base layer to improve the reconstructed video quality. Two different channel coding schemes (Rate-Compatible Punctured Convolutional (RCPC)/Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) coding and, product code Reed Solomon (RS)+RCPC/CRC coding) are used for unequal error protection of the layered bitstream. Optimal allocation of the bitrate between source and channel coding is performed for discrete sets of source coding rates and channel coding rates. Experimental results are presented for a wide range of channel conditions. Also, comparisons with classical scalable coding show the effectiveness of using hybrid scalable/multiple-description coding for wireless transmission.

Optimizing the Galileo space communication link

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Statman, J. I.

1994-01-01

The Galileo mission was originally designed to investigate Jupiter and its moons utilizing a high-rate, X-band (8415 MHz) communication downlink with a maximum rate of 134.4 kb/sec. However, following the failure of the high-gain antenna (HGA) to fully deploy, a completely new communication link design was established that is based on Galileo's S-band (2295 MHz), low-gain antenna (LGA). The new link relies on data compression, local and intercontinental arraying of antennas, a (14,1/4) convolutional code, a (255,M) variable-redundancy Reed-Solomon code, decoding feedback, and techniques to reprocess recorded data to greatly reduce data losses during signal acquisition. The combination of these techniques will enable return of significant science data from the mission.

A low-complexity Reed-Solomon decoder using new key equation solver

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xie, Jun; Yuan, Songxin; Tu, Xiaodong; Zhang, Chongfu

2006-09-01

This paper presents a low-complexity parallel Reed-Solomon (RS) (255,239) decoder architecture using a novel pipelined variable stages recursive Modified Euclidean (ME) algorithm for optical communication. The pipelined four-parallel syndrome generator is proposed. The time multiplexing and resource sharing schemes are used in the novel recursive ME algorithm to reduce the logic gate count. The new key equation solver can be shared by two decoder macro. A new Chien search cell which doesn't need initialization is proposed in the paper. The proposed decoder can be used for 2.5Gb/s data rates device. The decoder is implemented in Altera' Stratixll device. The resource utilization is reduced about 40% comparing to the conventional method.

On the performance of a code division multiple access scheme with transmit/receive conflicts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Silvester, J. A.

One of the benefits of spread spectrum is that by assigning each user a different orthogonal signal set, multiple transmissions can occur simultaneously. This possibility is utilized in new access schemes called Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). The present investigation is concerned with a particular CDMA implementation in which the transmit times for each symbol are exactly determined in a distributed manner such that both sender and receiver know them. In connection with a decision whether to transmit or receive, the loss of a symbol in one of the channels results. The system employs thus a coding technique which permits correct decoding of a codeword even if some constituent symbols are missing or in error. The technique used is Reed Solomon coding. The performance of this system is analyzed, and attention is given to the optimum strategy which should be used in deciding whether to receive or transmit.

Evaluation of an Ultra-Low Power Reed Solomon Encoder for NASA's Space Technology 5 Mission

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lei, K. E.; Xapsos, M. A.; Poivey, C.; LaBel, K. A.; Stone, R. F.; Yeh, P-S.; Gambles, J.; Hass, J.; Maki, G.; Murguia, J.

2003-01-01

Radiation test results and analyses are presented for ultra-low power Reed Solomon encoder circuits that are being considered for use on the Space Technology 5 (ST5) mission. The total ionizing dose tolerance is in excess of 100 krad(Si) and is due to the low supply voltage and the use of back-bias, which suppresses radiation-induced leakage currents in the n-channel devices. The circuits do not latch-up for ion LET values of at least 90 MeV-sq cm/mg. A hardened-by-design approach to SEU has achieved an upset threshold of about 20 MeV-sq cm/mg. The SEU rate expected for these circuits in the geosynchronous transfer orbit of ST5 is low.

Gibraltar v 1.0

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

CURRY, MATTHEW LEON; WARD, H. LEE; & SKJELLUM, ANTHONY

Gibraltar is a library and associated test suite which performs Reed-Solomon coding and decoding of data buffers using graphics processing units which support NVIDIA's CUDA technology. This library is used to generate redundant data allowing for recovery of lost information. For example, a user can generate m new blocks of data from n original blocks, distributing those pieces over n+m devices. If any m devices fail, the contents of those devices can be recovered from the contents of the other n devices, even if some of the original blocks are lost. This is a generalized description of RAID, a techniquemore » for increasing data storage speed and size.« less

A VLSI pipeline design of a fast prime factor DFT on a finite field

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Truong, T. K.; Hsu, I. S.; Shao, H. M.; Reed, I. S.; Shyu, H. C.

1986-01-01

A conventional prime factor discrete Fourier transform (DFT) algorithm is used to realize a discrete Fourier-like transform on the finite field, GF(q sub n). A pipeline structure is used to implement this prime factor DFT over GF(q sub n). This algorithm is developed to compute cyclic convolutions of complex numbers and to decode Reed-Solomon codes. Such a pipeline fast prime factor DFT algorithm over GF(q sub n) is regular, simple, expandable, and naturally suitable for VLSI implementation. An example illustrating the pipeline aspect of a 30-point transform over GF(q sub n) is presented.

A high speed CCSDS encoder for space applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Whitaker, S.; Liu, K.

1990-01-01

This paper reports a VLSI implementation of the CCSDS standard Reed Solomon encoder circuit for the Space Station. The 1.0 micron double metal CMOS chip is 5.9 mm by 3.6 mm, contains 48,000 transistors, operates at a sustained data rate of 320 Mbits/s, and executes 2,560 Mops. The chip features a pin selectable interleave depth of 1 to 8. Block lengths of up to 255 bytes, as well as shortened codes, are supported. The control circuitry uses register cells which are immune to Single Event Upset. In addition, the CMOS process used is reported to be tolerant of over 1 Mrad total dose radiation.

An evaluation of the effect of JPEG, JPEG2000, and H.264/AVC on CQR codes decoding process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vizcarra Melgar, Max E.; Farias, Mylène C. Q.; Zaghetto, Alexandre

2015-02-01

This paper presents a binarymatrix code based on QR Code (Quick Response Code), denoted as CQR Code (Colored Quick Response Code), and evaluates the effect of JPEG, JPEG2000 and H.264/AVC compression on the decoding process. The proposed CQR Code has three additional colors (red, green and blue), what enables twice as much storage capacity when compared to the traditional black and white QR Code. Using the Reed-Solomon error-correcting code, the CQR Code model has a theoretical correction capability of 38.41%. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the effect that degradations inserted by common image compression algorithms have on the decoding process. Results show that a successful decoding process can be achieved for compression rates up to 0.3877 bits/pixel, 0.1093 bits/pixel and 0.3808 bits/pixel for JPEG, JPEG2000 and H.264/AVC formats, respectively. The algorithm that presents the best performance is the H.264/AVC, followed by the JPEG2000, and JPEG.

An approach enabling adaptive FEC for OFDM in fiber-VLLC system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wei, Yiran; He, Jing; Deng, Rui; Shi, Jin; Chen, Shenghai; Chen, Lin

2017-12-01

In this paper, we propose an orthogonal circulant matrix transform (OCT)-based adaptive frame-level-forward error correction (FEC) scheme for fiber-visible laser light communication (VLLC) system and experimentally demonstrate by Reed-Solomon (RS) Code. In this method, no extra bits are spent for adaptive message, except training sequence (TS), which is simultaneously used for synchronization and channel estimation. Therefore, RS-coding can be adaptively performed frames by frames via the last received codeword-error-rate (CER) feedback estimated by the TSs of the previous few OFDM frames. In addition, the experimental results exhibit that over 20 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) and 8 m visible light transmission, the costs of RS codewords are at most 14.12% lower than those of conventional adaptive subcarrier-RS-code based 16-QAM OFDM at bit error rate (BER) of 10-5.

In-orbit verification of small optical transponder (SOTA): evaluation of satellite-to-ground laser communication links

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Takenaka, Hideki; Koyama, Yoshisada; Akioka, Maki; Kolev, Dimitar; Iwakiri, Naohiko; Kunimori, Hiroo; Carrasco-Casado, Alberto; Munemasa, Yasushi; Okamoto, Eiji; Toyoshima, Morio

2016-03-01

Research and development of space optical communications is conducted in the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT). The NICT developed the Small Optical TrAnsponder (SOTA), which was embarked on a 50kg-class satellite and launched into a low earth orbit (LEO). The space-to-ground laser communication experiments have been conducted with the SOTA. Atmospheric turbulence causes signal fadings and becomes an issue to be solved in satellite-to-ground laser communication links. Therefore, as error-correcting functions, a Reed-Solomon (RS) code and a Low-Density Generator Matrix (LDGM) code are implemented in the communication system onboard the SOTA. In this paper, we present the in-orbit verification results of SOTA including the characteristic of the functions, the communication performance with the LDGM code via satellite-to-ground atmospheric paths, and the link budget analysis and the comparison between theoretical and experimental results.

Iterative channel decoding of FEC-based multiple-description codes.

PubMed

Chang, Seok-Ho; Cosman, Pamela C; Milstein, Laurence B

2012-03-01

Multiple description coding has been receiving attention as a robust transmission framework for multimedia services. This paper studies the iterative decoding of FEC-based multiple description codes. The proposed decoding algorithms take advantage of the error detection capability of Reed-Solomon (RS) erasure codes. The information of correctly decoded RS codewords is exploited to enhance the error correction capability of the Viterbi algorithm at the next iteration of decoding. In the proposed algorithm, an intradescription interleaver is synergistically combined with the iterative decoder. The interleaver does not affect the performance of noniterative decoding but greatly enhances the performance when the system is iteratively decoded. We also address the optimal allocation of RS parity symbols for unequal error protection. For the optimal allocation in iterative decoding, we derive mathematical equations from which the probability distributions of description erasures can be generated in a simple way. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated over an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing system. The results show that the performance of the multiple description codes is significantly enhanced.

Capacity, cutoff rate, and coding for a direct-detection optical channel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Massey, J. L.

1980-01-01

It is shown that Pierce's pulse position modulation scheme with 2 to the L pulse positions used on a self-noise-limited direct detection optical communication channel results in a 2 to the L-ary erasure channel that is equivalent to the parallel combination of L completely correlated binary erasure channels. The capacity of the full channel is the sum of the capacities of the component channels, but the cutoff rate of the full channel is shown to be much smaller than the sum of the cutoff rates. An interpretation of the cutoff rate is given that suggests a complexity advantage in coding separately on the component channels. It is shown that if short-constraint-length convolutional codes with Viterbi decoders are used on the component channels, then the performance and complexity compare favorably with the Reed-Solomon coding system proposed by McEliece for the full channel. The reasons for this unexpectedly fine performance by the convolutional code system are explored in detail, as are various facets of the channel structure.

Error control for reliable digital data transmission and storage systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Costello, D. J., Jr.; Deng, R. H.

1985-01-01

A problem in designing semiconductor memories is to provide some measure of error control without requiring excessive coding overhead or decoding time. In LSI and VLSI technology, memories are often organized on a multiple bit (or byte) per chip basis. For example, some 256K-bit DRAM's are organized in 32Kx8 bit-bytes. Byte oriented codes such as Reed Solomon (RS) codes can provide efficient low overhead error control for such memories. However, the standard iterative algorithm for decoding RS codes is too slow for these applications. In this paper we present some special decoding techniques for extended single-and-double-error-correcting RS codes which are capable of high speed operation. These techniques are designed to find the error locations and the error values directly from the syndrome without having to use the iterative alorithm to find the error locator polynomial. Two codes are considered: (1) a d sub min = 4 single-byte-error-correcting (SBEC), double-byte-error-detecting (DBED) RS code; and (2) a d sub min = 6 double-byte-error-correcting (DBEC), triple-byte-error-detecting (TBED) RS code.

Robust Transmission of H.264/AVC Streams Using Adaptive Group Slicing and Unequal Error Protection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thomos, Nikolaos; Argyropoulos, Savvas; Boulgouris, Nikolaos V.; Strintzis, Michael G.

2006-12-01

We present a novel scheme for the transmission of H.264/AVC video streams over lossy packet networks. The proposed scheme exploits the error-resilient features of H.264/AVC codec and employs Reed-Solomon codes to protect effectively the streams. A novel technique for adaptive classification of macroblocks into three slice groups is also proposed. The optimal classification of macroblocks and the optimal channel rate allocation are achieved by iterating two interdependent steps. Dynamic programming techniques are used for the channel rate allocation process in order to reduce complexity. Simulations clearly demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over other recent algorithms for transmission of H.264/AVC streams.

Control structures for high speed processors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Maki, G. K.; Mankin, R.; Owsley, P. A.; Kim, G. M.

1982-01-01

A special processor was designed to function as a Reed Solomon decoder with throughput data rate in the Mhz range. This data rate is significantly greater than is possible with conventional digital architectures. To achieve this rate, the processor design includes sequential, pipelined, distributed, and parallel processing. The processor was designed using a high level language register transfer language. The RTL can be used to describe how the different processes are implemented by the hardware. One problem of special interest was the development of dependent processes which are analogous to software subroutines. For greater flexibility, the RTL control structure was implemented in ROM. The special purpose hardware required approximately 1000 SSI and MSI components. The data rate throughput is 2.5 megabits/second. This data rate is achieved through the use of pipelined and distributed processing. This data rate can be compared with 800 kilobits/second in a recently proposed very large scale integration design of a Reed Solomon encoder.

Use of FEC coding to improve statistical multiplexing performance for video transport over ATM networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kurceren, Ragip; Modestino, James W.

1998-12-01

The use of forward error-control (FEC) coding, possibly in conjunction with ARQ techniques, has emerged as a promising approach for video transport over ATM networks for cell-loss recovery and/or bit error correction, such as might be required for wireless links. Although FEC provides cell-loss recovery capabilities it also introduces transmission overhead which can possibly cause additional cell losses. A methodology is described to maximize the number of video sources multiplexed at a given quality of service (QoS), measured in terms of decoded cell loss probability, using interlaced FEC codes. The transport channel is modelled as a block interference channel (BIC) and the multiplexer as single server, deterministic service, finite buffer supporting N users. Based upon an information-theoretic characterization of the BIC and large deviation bounds on the buffer overflow probability, the described methodology provides theoretically achievable upper limits on the number of sources multiplexed. Performance of specific coding techniques using interlaced nonbinary Reed-Solomon (RS) codes and binary rate-compatible punctured convolutional (RCPC) codes is illustrated.

RETRACTED — PMD mitigation through interleaving LDPC codes with polarization scramblers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Han, Dahai; Chen, Haoran; Xi, Lixia

2012-11-01

The combination of forward error correction (FEC) and distributed fast polarization scramblers (D-FPSs) is approved as an effective method to mitigate polarization mode dispersion (PMD) in high-speed optical fiber communication system. The low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are newly introduced into the PMD mitigation scheme with D-FPSs in this paper as one of the promising FEC codes to achieve better performance. The scrambling speed of FPS for LDPC (2040, 1903) codes system is discussed, and the reasonable speed 10 MHz is obtained from the simulation results. For easy application in practical large scale integrated (LSI) circuit, the number of iterations in decoding LDPC codes is also investigated. The PMD tolerance and cut-off optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of LDPC codes are compared with Reed-Solomon (RS) codes in different conditions. In the simulation, the interleaving LDPC codes brings incremental performance of error correction, and the PMD tolerance is 10 ps at OSNR=11.4 dB. The results show that the meaning of the work is that LDPC codes are a substitute for traditional RS codes with D-FPSs and all of the executable code files are open for researchers who have practical LSI platform for PMD mitigation.

PMD mitigation through interleaving LDPC codes with polarization scramblers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Han, Dahai; Chen, Haoran; Xi, Lixia

2013-09-01

The combination of forward error correction (FEC) and distributed fast polarization scramblers (D-FPSs) is approved an effective method to mitigate polarization mode dispersion (PMD) in high-speed optical fiber communication system. The low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are newly introduced into the PMD mitigation scheme with D-FPSs in this article as one of the promising FEC codes to achieve better performance. The scrambling speed of FPS for LDPC (2040, 1903) codes system is discussed, and the reasonable speed 10MHz is obtained from the simulation results. For easy application in practical large scale integrated (LSI) circuit, the number of iterations in decoding LDPC codes is also investigated. The PMD tolerance and cut-off optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of LDPC codes are compared with Reed-Solomon (RS) codes in different conditions. In the simulation, the interleaving LDPC codes bring incremental performance of error correction, and the PMD tolerance is 10ps at OSNR=11.4dB. The results show the meaning of the work is that LDPC codes are a substitute for traditional RS codes with D-FPSs and all of the executable code files are open for researchers who have practical LSI platform for PMD mitigation.

Aeronautical audio broadcasting via satellite

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tzeng, Forrest F.

1993-01-01

A system design for aeronautical audio broadcasting, with C-band uplink and L-band downlink, via Inmarsat space segments is presented. Near-transparent-quality compression of 5-kHz bandwidth audio at 20.5 kbit/s is achieved based on a hybrid technique employing linear predictive modeling and transform-domain residual quantization. Concatenated Reed-Solomon/convolutional codes with quadrature phase shift keying are selected for bandwidth and power efficiency. RF bandwidth at 25 kHz per channel, and a decoded bit error rate at 10(exp -6) with E(sub b)/N(sub o) at 3.75 dB are obtained. An interleaver, scrambler, modem synchronization, and frame format were designed, and frequency-division multiple access was selected over code-division multiple access. A link budget computation based on a worst-case scenario indicates sufficient system power margins. Transponder occupancy analysis for 72 audio channels demonstrates ample remaining capacity to accommodate emerging aeronautical services.

Architecture for time or transform domain decoding of reed-solomon codes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hsu, In-Shek (Inventor); Truong, Trieu-Kie (Inventor); Deutsch, Leslie J. (Inventor); Shao, Howard M. (Inventor)

1989-01-01

Two pipeline (255,233) RS decoders, one a time domain decoder and the other a transform domain decoder, use the same first part to develop an errata locator polynomial .tau.(x), and an errata evaluator polynominal A(x). Both the time domain decoder and transform domain decoder have a modified GCD that uses an input multiplexer and an output demultiplexer to reduce the number of GCD cells required. The time domain decoder uses a Chien search and polynomial evaluator on the GCD outputs .tau.(x) and A(x), for the final decoding steps, while the transform domain decoder uses a transform error pattern algorithm operating on .tau.(x) and the initial syndrome computation S(x), followed by an inverse transform algorithm in sequence for the final decoding steps prior to adding the received RS coded message to produce a decoded output message.

Mission science value-cost savings from the Advanced Imaging Communication System (AICS)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rice, R. F.

1984-01-01

An Advanced Imaging Communication System (AICS) was proposed in the mid-1970s as an alternative to the Voyager data/communication system architecture. The AICS achieved virtually error free communication with little loss in the downlink data rate by concatenating a powerful Reed-Solomon block code with the Voyager convolutionally coded, Viterbi decoded downlink channel. The clean channel allowed AICS sophisticated adaptive data compression techniques. Both Voyager and the Galileo mission have implemented AICS components, and the concatenated channel itself is heading for international standardization. An analysis that assigns a dollar value/cost savings to AICS mission performance gains is presented. A conservative value or savings of $3 million for Voyager, $4.5 million for Galileo, and as much as $7 to 9.5 million per mission for future projects such as the proposed Mariner Mar 2 series is shown.

Experimental demonstration of a real-time PAM-4 Q-band RoF system based on CMMA equalization and interleaved RS code

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deng, Rui; Yu, Jianjun; He, Jing; Wei, Yiran

2018-05-01

In this paper, we experimentally demonstrated a complete real-time 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) Q-band radio-over-fiber (RoF) system with optical heterodyning and envelope detector (ED) down-conversion. Meanwhile, a cost-efficient real-time implementation scheme of cascaded multi-modulus algorithm (CMMA) equalization is proposed in this paper. By using the proposed scheme, the CMMA equalization is applied in the system for signal recovery. In addition, to improve the transmission performance of the system, an interleaved Reed-Solomon (RS) code is applied in the real-time system. Although there is serious power impulse noise in the system, the system can still achieve a bit error rate (BER) at below 1 × 10-7 after 25 km standard single mode fiber (SSMF) transmission and 1-m wireless transmission.

Link performance optimization for digital satellite broadcasting systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

de Gaudenzi, R.; Elia, C.; Viola, R.

The authors introduce the concept of digital direct satellite broadcasting (D-DBS), which allows unprecedented flexibility by providing a large number of audiovisual services. The concept assumes an information rate of 40 Mb/s, which is compatible with practically all present-day transponders. After discussion of the general system concept, the results of transmission system optimization are presented. Channel and interference effects are taken into account. Numerical results show that the scheme with the best performance is trellis-coded 8-PSK (phase shift keying) modulation concatenated with Reed-Solomon block code. For a net data rate of 40 Mb/s a bit error rate of 10-10 can be achieved with an equivalent bit energy to noise density of 9.5 dB, including channel, interference, and demodulator impairments. A link budget analysis shows how a medium-power direct-to-home TV satellite can provide multimedia services to users equipped with small (60-cm) dish antennas.

Performance of an optical relay satellite using Reed-Solomon coding over a cascaded optical PPM and BPSK channel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Divsalar, D.; Naderi, F.

1982-01-01

The nature of the optical/microwave interface aboard the relay satellite is considered. To allow for the maximum system flexibility, without overburdening either the optical or RF channel, demodulating the optical on board the relay satellite but leaving the optical channel decoding to be performed at the ground station is examined. The occurrence of erasures in the optical channel is treated. A hard decision on the erasure (i.e., the relay selecting a symbol at random in case of erasure occurrence) seriously degrades the performance of the overall system. Coding the erasure occurrences at the relay and transmitting this information via an extra bit to the ground station where it can be used by the decoder is suggested. Many examples with varying bit/photon energy efficiency and for the noisy and noiseless optical channel are considered. It is shown that coding the erasure occurrences dramatically improves the performance of the cascaded channel relative to the case of hard decision on the erasure by the relay.

On Correlated Failures in Survivable Storage Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-05-01

Littlewood, D.R. Miller, “Conceptual modeling of coincident failures in multiversion software”, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Volume: 15 Issue...Recovery in Multiversion Software”. IEEE Transaction on Software Engineering, Vol. 16 No.3, March 1990 [Plank1997] J. Plank “A tutorial on Reed-Solomon

Interactive Video Coding and Transmission over Heterogeneous Wired-to-Wireless IP Networks Using an Edge Proxy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pei, Yong; Modestino, James W.

2004-12-01

Digital video delivered over wired-to-wireless networks is expected to suffer quality degradation from both packet loss and bit errors in the payload. In this paper, the quality degradation due to packet loss and bit errors in the payload are quantitatively evaluated and their effects are assessed. We propose the use of a concatenated forward error correction (FEC) coding scheme employing Reed-Solomon (RS) codes and rate-compatible punctured convolutional (RCPC) codes to protect the video data from packet loss and bit errors, respectively. Furthermore, the performance of a joint source-channel coding (JSCC) approach employing this concatenated FEC coding scheme for video transmission is studied. Finally, we describe an improved end-to-end architecture using an edge proxy in a mobile support station to implement differential error protection for the corresponding channel impairments expected on the two networks. Results indicate that with an appropriate JSCC approach and the use of an edge proxy, FEC-based error-control techniques together with passive error-recovery techniques can significantly improve the effective video throughput and lead to acceptable video delivery quality over time-varying heterogeneous wired-to-wireless IP networks.

Evaluation of an Ultra-Low Power Reed Solomon Encoder for NASA's Space Technology 5 Mission

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Li, K. E.; Xapsos, M. A.; Poivey, C.; LaBel, K. A.; Stone, R. F.; Yeh, P-S.; Gambles, J.; Hass, J.; Maki, G.; Marguia, J.

2003-01-01

This viewgraph presentation provides information on radiation tests on encoders intended for a constellation of microsatellites. The encoders use CMOS Ultra-Low Power Radiation Tolerant (CULPRiT) technology. The presentation addresses power consumption, radiation dosage, and Single Event Upset (SEU).

Implementing MANETS in Android based environment using Wi-Fi direct

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Waqas, Muhammad; Babar, Mohammad Inayatullah Khan; Zafar, Mohammad Haseeb

2015-05-01

Packet loss occurs in real-time voice transmission over wireless broadcast Ad-hoc network which creates disruptions in sound. Basic objective of this research is to design a wireless Ad-hoc network based on two Android devices by using the Wireless Fidelity (WIFI) Direct Application Programming Interface (API) and apply the Network Codec, Reed Solomon Code. The network codec is used to encode the data of a music wav file and recover the lost packets if any, packets are dropped using a loss module at the transmitter device to analyze the performance with the objective of retrieving the original file at the receiver device using the network codec. This resulted in faster transmission of the files despite dropped packets. In the end both files had the original formatted music files with complete performance analysis based on the transmission delay.

Least Reliable Bits Coding (LRBC) for high data rate satellite communications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vanderaar, Mark; Wagner, Paul; Budinger, James

1992-01-01

An analysis and discussion of a bandwidth efficient multi-level/multi-stage block coded modulation technique called Least Reliable Bits Coding (LRBC) is presented. LRBC uses simple multi-level component codes that provide increased error protection on increasingly unreliable modulated bits in order to maintain an overall high code rate that increases spectral efficiency. Further, soft-decision multi-stage decoding is used to make decisions on unprotected bits through corrections made on more protected bits. Using analytical expressions and tight performance bounds it is shown that LRBC can achieve increased spectral efficiency and maintain equivalent or better power efficiency compared to that of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK). Bit error rates (BER) vs. channel bit energy with Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) are given for a set of LRB Reed-Solomon (RS) encoded 8PSK modulation formats with an ensemble rate of 8/9. All formats exhibit a spectral efficiency of 2.67 = (log2(8))(8/9) information bps/Hz. Bit by bit coded and uncoded error probabilities with soft-decision information are determined. These are traded with with code rate to determine parameters that achieve good performance. The relative simplicity of Galois field algebra vs. the Viterbi algorithm and the availability of high speed commercial Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) for block codes indicates that LRBC using block codes is a desirable method for high data rate implementations.

Scalable video transmission over Rayleigh fading channels using LDPC codes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bansal, Manu; Kondi, Lisimachos P.

2005-03-01

In this paper, we investigate an important problem of efficiently utilizing the available resources for video transmission over wireless channels while maintaining a good decoded video quality and resilience to channel impairments. Our system consists of the video codec based on 3-D set partitioning in hierarchical trees (3-D SPIHT) algorithm and employs two different schemes using low-density parity check (LDPC) codes for channel error protection. The first method uses the serial concatenation of the constant-rate LDPC code and rate-compatible punctured convolutional (RCPC) codes. Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is used to detect transmission errors. In the other scheme, we use the product code structure consisting of a constant rate LDPC/CRC code across the rows of the `blocks' of source data and an erasure-correction systematic Reed-Solomon (RS) code as the column code. In both the schemes introduced here, we use fixed-length source packets protected with unequal forward error correction coding ensuring a strictly decreasing protection across the bitstream. A Rayleigh flat-fading channel with additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is modeled for the transmission. The rate-distortion optimization algorithm is developed and carried out for the selection of source coding and channel coding rates using Lagrangian optimization. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this system under different wireless channel conditions and both the proposed methods (LDPC+RCPC/CRC and RS+LDPC/CRC) outperform the more conventional schemes such as those employing RCPC/CRC.

An investigation of error correcting techniques for OMV and AXAF

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ingels, Frank; Fryer, John

1991-01-01

The original objectives of this project were to build a test system for the NASA 255/223 Reed/Solomon encoding/decoding chip set and circuit board. This test system was then to be interfaced with a convolutional system at MSFC to examine the performance of the concantinated codes. After considerable work, it was discovered that the convolutional system could not function as needed. This report documents the design, construction, and testing of the test apparatus for the R/S chip set. The approach taken was to verify the error correcting behavior of the chip set by injecting known error patterns onto data and observing the results. Error sequences were generated using pseudo-random number generator programs, with Poisson time distribution between errors and Gaussian burst lengths. Sample means, variances, and number of un-correctable errors were calculated for each data set before testing.

Bandwidth efficient bidirectional 5 Gb/s overlapped-SCM WDM PON with electronic equalization and forward-error correction.

PubMed

Buset, Jonathan M; El-Sahn, Ziad A; Plant, David V

2012-06-18

We demonstrate an improved overlapped-subcarrier multiplexed (O-SCM) WDM PON architecture transmitting over a single feeder using cost sensitive intensity modulation/direct detection transceivers, data re-modulation and simple electronics. Incorporating electronic equalization and Reed-Solomon forward-error correction codes helps to overcome the bandwidth limitation of a remotely seeded reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA)-based ONU transmitter. The O-SCM architecture yields greater spectral efficiency and higher bit rates than many other SCM techniques while maintaining resilience to upstream impairments. We demonstrate full-duplex 5 Gb/s transmission over 20 km and analyze BER performance as a function of transmitted and received power. The architecture provides flexibility to network operators by relaxing common design constraints and enabling full-duplex operation at BER ∼ 10(-10) over a wide range of OLT launch powers from 3.5 to 8 dBm.

Use of CCSDS and OSI Protocols on the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chirieleison, Don

1996-01-01

Although ACTS (Advanced Communications Technology Satellite) provides an almost error-free channel during much of the day and under most conditions, there are times when it is not suitable for reliably error-free data communications when operating in the uncoded mode. Because coded operation is not always available to every earth station, measures must be taken in the end system to maintain adequate throughput when transferring data under adverse conditions. The most effective approach that we tested to improve performance was the addition of an 'outer' Reed-Solomon code through use of CCSDS (Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems) GOS 2 (a forward error correcting code). This addition can benefit all users of an ACTS channel including those applications that do not require totally reliable transport, but it is somewhat expensive because additional hardware is needed. Although we could not characterize the link noise statistically (it appeared to resemble uncorrelated white noise, the type that block codes are least effective in correcting), we did find that CCSDS GOS 2 gave an essentially error-free link at BER's (bit error rate) as high as 6x10(exp -4). For users that demand reliable transport, an ARQ (Automatic Repeat Queuing) protocol such as TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) or TP4 (Transport Protocol, Class 4) will probably be used. In this category, it comes as no surprise that the best choice of the protocol suites tested over ACTS was TP4 using CCSDS GOS 2. TP4 behaves very well over an error-free link which GOS 2 provides up to a point. Without forward error correction, however, TP4 service begins to degrade in the 10(exp -7)-10(exp -6) range and by 4x10(exp -6), it barely gives any throughput at all. If Congestion Avoidance is used in TP4, the degradation is even more pronounced. Fortunately, as demonstrated here, this effect can be more than compensated for by choosing the Selective Acknowledgment option. In fact, this option can enable TP4 to deliver some throughput at error rates as high as 10(exp -5).

Analysis of Optical CDMA Signal Transmission: Capacity Limits and Simulation Results

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Garba, Aminata A.; Yim, Raymond M. H.; Bajcsy, Jan; Chen, Lawrence R.

2005-12-01

We present performance limits of the optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) networks. In particular, we evaluate the information-theoretical capacity of the OCDMA transmission when single-user detection (SUD) is used by the receiver. First, we model the OCDMA transmission as a discrete memoryless channel, evaluate its capacity when binary modulation is used in the interference-limited (noiseless) case, and extend this analysis to the case when additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is corrupting the received signals. Next, we analyze the benefits of using nonbinary signaling for increasing the throughput of optical CDMA transmission. It turns out that up to a fourfold increase in the network throughput can be achieved with practical numbers of modulation levels in comparison to the traditionally considered binary case. Finally, we present BER simulation results for channel coded binary and[InlineEquation not available: see fulltext.]-ary OCDMA transmission systems. In particular, we apply turbo codes concatenated with Reed-Solomon codes so that up to several hundred concurrent optical CDMA users can be supported at low target bit error rates. We observe that unlike conventional OCDMA systems, turbo-empowered OCDMA can allow overloading (more active users than is the length of the spreading sequences) with good bit error rate system performance.

Highly fault-tolerant parallel computation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Spielman, D.A.

We re-introduce the coded model of fault-tolerant computation in which the input and output of a computational device are treated as words in an error-correcting code. A computational device correctly computes a function in the coded model if its input and output, once decoded, are a valid input and output of the function. In the coded model, it is reasonable to hope to simulate all computational devices by devices whose size is greater by a constant factor but which are exponentially reliable even if each of their components can fail with some constant probability. We consider fine-grained parallel computations inmore » which each processor has a constant probability of producing the wrong output at each time step. We show that any parallel computation that runs for time t on w processors can be performed reliably on a faulty machine in the coded model using w log{sup O(l)} w processors and time t log{sup O(l)} w. The failure probability of the computation will be at most t {center_dot} exp(-w{sup 1/4}). The codes used to communicate with our fault-tolerant machines are generalized Reed-Solomon codes and can thus be encoded and decoded in O(n log{sup O(1)} n) sequential time and are independent of the machine they are used to communicate with. We also show how coded computation can be used to self-correct many linear functions in parallel with arbitrarily small overhead.« less

Read-Write-Codes: An Erasure Resilient Encoding System for Flexible Reading and Writing in Storage Networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mense, Mario; Schindelhauer, Christian

We introduce the Read-Write-Coding-System (RWC) - a very flexible class of linear block codes that generate efficient and flexible erasure codes for storage networks. In particular, given a message x of k symbols and a codeword y of n symbols, an RW code defines additional parameters k ≤ r,w ≤ n that offer enhanced possibilities to adjust the fault-tolerance capability of the code. More precisely, an RWC provides linear left(n,k,dright)-codes that have (a) minimum distance d = n - r + 1 for any two codewords, and (b) for each codeword there exists a codeword for each other message with distance of at most w. Furthermore, depending on the values r,w and the code alphabet, different block codes such as parity codes (e.g. RAID 4/5) or Reed-Solomon (RS) codes (if r = k and thus, w = n) can be generated. In storage networks in which I/O accesses are very costly and redundancy is crucial, this flexibility has considerable advantages as r and w can optimally be adapted to read or write intensive applications; only w symbols must be updated if the message x changes completely, what is different from other codes which always need to rewrite y completely as x changes. In this paper, we first state a tight lower bound and basic conditions for all RW codes. Furthermore, we introduce special RW codes in which all mentioned parameters are adjustable even online, that is, those RW codes are adaptive to changing demands. At last, we point out some useful properties regarding safety and security of the stored data.

Efficient coding and detection of ultra-long IDs for visible light positioning systems.

PubMed

Zhang, Hualong; Yang, Chuanchuan

2018-05-14

Visible light positioning (VLP) is a promising technique to complement Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) such as Global positioning system (GPS) and BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) which features the advantage of low-cost and high accuracy. The situation becomes even more crucial for indoor environments, where satellite signals are weak or even unavailable. For large-scale application of VLP, there would be a considerable number of Light emitting diode (LED) IDs, which bring forward the demand of long LED ID detection. In particular, to provision indoor localization globally, a convenient way is to program a unique ID into each LED during manufacture. This poses a big challenge for image sensors, such as the CMOS camera in everybody's hands since the long ID covers the span of multiple frames. In this paper, we investigate the detection of ultra-long ID using rolling shutter cameras. By analyzing the pattern of data loss in each frame, we proposed a novel coding technique to improve the efficiency of LED ID detection. We studied the performance of Reed-Solomon (RS) code in this system and designed a new coding method which considered the trade-off between performance and decoding complexity. Coding technique decreases the number of frames needed in data processing, significantly reduces the detection time, and improves the accuracy of detection. Numerical and experimental results show that the detected LED ID can be much longer with the coding technique. Besides, our proposed coding method is proved to achieve a performance close to that of RS code while the decoding complexity is much lower.

Prioritized packet video transmission over time-varying wireless channel using proactive FEC

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumwilaisak, Wuttipong; Kim, JongWon; Kuo, C.-C. Jay

2000-12-01

Quality of video transmitted over time-varying wireless channels relies heavily on the coordinated effort to cope with both channel and source variations dynamically. Given the priority of each source packet and the estimated channel condition, an adaptive protection scheme based on joint source-channel criteria is investigated via proactive forward error correction (FEC). With proactive FEC in Reed Solomon (RS)/Rate-compatible punctured convolutional (RCPC) codes, we study a practical algorithm to match the relative priority of source packets and instantaneous channel conditions. The channel condition is estimated to capture the long-term fading effect in terms of the averaged SNR over a preset window. Proactive protection is performed for each packet based on the joint source-channel criteria with special attention to the accuracy, time-scale match, and feedback delay of channel status estimation. The overall gain of the proposed protection mechanism is demonstrated in terms of the end-to-end wireless video performance.

Reeds computer code

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bjork, C.

1981-01-01

The REEDS (rocket exhaust effluent diffusion single layer) computer code is used for the estimation of certain rocket exhaust effluent concentrations and dosages and their distributions near the Earth's surface following a rocket launch event. Output from REEDS is used in producing near real time air quality and environmental assessments of the effects of certain potentially harmful effluents, namely HCl, Al2O3, CO, and NO.

Counterinsurgency in a Test Tube. Analyzing the Success of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI)

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

claim success.” She is correct. Crawshaw recognizes the “huge success in terms of the objectives of the first year,” but she reminds us that...interagency coordination, 20 Crawshaw (2006a). 142 Counterinsurgency in a Test Tube multinational cooperation, fine leadership, disciplined and...sols_provincial_gov.pdf Crawford, John, and Glyn Harper, Operation East Timor, Auckland, New Zealand: Reed Books, 2001. Crawshaw , Marion, interview with Russell W

SHOCKPROOF MAGNETIC REED SWITCH

DOEpatents

Medal, E.

1962-03-13

A shockproof magnetic reed switch is described which comprises essentially a plurality of pairs of reed contacts of magnetic, electrical conducting material which are arranged generally in circumferential spaced relationship. At least two of the pairs are disposed to operate at a predetermined angle with respect to each other, and the contacts are wired in the circuit, so that the continuity, or discontinuity, of the circuit is not affected by a shock imposed on the switch. The contacts are hermetically sealed within an outer tubular jacket. (AEC)

Coding gains and error rates from the Big Viterbi Decoder

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Onyszchuk, I. M.

1991-01-01

A prototype hardware Big Viterbi Decoder (BVD) was completed for an experiment with the Galileo Spacecraft. Searches for new convolutional codes, studies of Viterbi decoder hardware designs and architectures, mathematical formulations, and decompositions of the deBruijn graph into identical and hierarchical subgraphs, and very large scale integration (VLSI) chip design are just a few examples of tasks completed for this project. The BVD bit error rates (BER), measured from hardware and software simulations, are plotted as a function of bit signal to noise ratio E sub b/N sub 0 on the additive white Gaussian noise channel. Using the constraint length 15, rate 1/4, experimental convolutional code for the Galileo mission, the BVD gains 1.5 dB over the NASA standard (7,1/2) Maximum Likelihood Convolution Decoder (MCD) at a BER of 0.005. At this BER, the same gain results when the (255,233) NASA standard Reed-Solomon decoder is used, which yields a word error rate of 2.1 x 10(exp -8) and a BER of 1.4 x 10(exp -9). The (15, 1/6) code to be used by the Cometary Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby (CRAF)/Cassini Missions yields 1.7 dB of coding gain. These gains are measured with respect to symbols input to the BVD and increase with decreasing BER. Also, 8-bit input symbol quantization makes the BVD resistant to demodulated signal-level variations which may cause higher bandwidth than the NASA (7,1/2) code, these gains are offset by about 0.1 dB of expected additional receiver losses. Coding gains of several decibels are possible by compressing all spacecraft data.

Reconfigurable, Bi-Directional Flexfet Level Shifter for Low-Power, Rad-Hard Integration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

DeGregorio, Kelly; Wilson, Dale G.

2009-01-01

Two prototype Reconfigurable, Bi-directional Flexfet Level Shifters (ReBiLS) have been developed, where one version is a stand-alone component designed to interface between external low voltage and high voltage, and the other version is an embedded integrated circuit (IC) for interface between internal low-voltage logic and external high-voltage components. Targeting stand-alone and embedded circuits separately allows optimization for these distinct applications. Both ReBiLS designs use the commercially available 180-nm Flex fet Independently Double-Gated (IDG) SOI CMOS (silicon on insulator, complementary metal oxide semiconductor) technology. Embedded ReBiLS circuits were integrated with a Reed-Solomon (RS) encoder using CMOS Ultra-Low-Power Radiation Tolerant (CULPRiT) double-gated digital logic circuits. The scope of the project includes: creation of a new high-voltage process, development of ReBiLS circuit designs, and adjustment of the designs to maximize performance through simulation, layout, and manufacture of prototypes. The primary technical objectives were to develop a high-voltage, thick oxide option for the 180-nm Flexfet process, and to develop a stand-alone ReBiLS IC with two 8-channel I/O busses, 1.8 2.5 I/O on the low-voltage pins, 5.0-V-tolerant input and 3.3-V output I/O on the high-voltage pins, and 100-MHz minimum operation with 10-pF external loads. Another objective was to develop an embedded, rad-hard ReBiLS I/O cell with 0.5-V low-voltage operation for interface with core logic, 5.0-V-tolerant input and 3.3-V output I/O pins, and 100-MHz minimum operation with 10- pF external loads. A third objective was to develop a 0.5- V Reed-Solomon Encoder with embedded ReBilS I/O: Transfer the existing CULPRiT RS encoder from a 0.35-micron bulk-CMOS process to the ASI 180-nm Flexfet, rad-hard SOI Process. 0.5-V low-voltage core logic. 5.0-V-tolerant input and 3.3-V output I/O pins. 100-MHz minimum operation with 10- pF external loads. The stand-alone ReBiLS chip will allow system designers to provide efficient bi-directional communication between components operating at different voltages. Embedding the ReBiLS cells into the proven Reed-Solomon encoder will demonstrate the ability to support new product development in a commercially viable, rad-hard, scalable 180-nm SOI CMOS process.

Hardware Implementation of Serially Concatenated PPM Decoder

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moision, Bruce; Hamkins, Jon; Barsoum, Maged; Cheng, Michael; Nakashima, Michael

2009-01-01

A prototype decoder for a serially concatenated pulse position modulation (SCPPM) code has been implemented in a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). At the time of this reporting, this is the first known hardware SCPPM decoder. The SCPPM coding scheme, conceived for free-space optical communications with both deep-space and terrestrial applications in mind, is an improvement of several dB over the conventional Reed-Solomon PPM scheme. The design of the FPGA SCPPM decoder is based on a turbo decoding algorithm that requires relatively low computational complexity while delivering error-rate performance within approximately 1 dB of channel capacity. The SCPPM encoder consists of an outer convolutional encoder, an interleaver, an accumulator, and an inner modulation encoder (more precisely, a mapping of bits to PPM symbols). Each code is describable by a trellis (a finite directed graph). The SCPPM decoder consists of an inner soft-in-soft-out (SISO) module, a de-interleaver, an outer SISO module, and an interleaver connected in a loop (see figure). Each SISO module applies the Bahl-Cocke-Jelinek-Raviv (BCJR) algorithm to compute a-posteriori bit log-likelihood ratios (LLRs) from apriori LLRs by traversing the code trellis in forward and backward directions. The SISO modules iteratively refine the LLRs by passing the estimates between one another much like the working of a turbine engine. Extrinsic information (the difference between the a-posteriori and a-priori LLRs) is exchanged rather than the a-posteriori LLRs to minimize undesired feedback. All computations are performed in the logarithmic domain, wherein multiplications are translated into additions, thereby reducing complexity and sensitivity to fixed-point implementation roundoff errors. To lower the required memory for storing channel likelihood data and the amounts of data transfer between the decoder and the receiver, one can discard the majority of channel likelihoods, using only the remainder in operation of the decoder. This is accomplished in the receiver by transmitting only a subset consisting of the likelihoods that correspond to time slots containing the largest numbers of observed photons during each PPM symbol period. The assumed number of observed photons in the remaining time slots is set to the mean of a noise slot. In low background noise, the selection of a small subset in this manner results in only negligible loss. Other features of the decoder design to reduce complexity and increase speed include (1) quantization of metrics in an efficient procedure chosen to incur no more than a small performance loss and (2) the use of the max-star function that allows sum of exponentials to be computed by simple operations that involve only an addition, a subtraction, and a table lookup. Another prominent feature of the design is a provision for access to interleaver and de-interleaver memory in a single clock cycle, eliminating the multiple clock-cycle latency characteristic of prior interleaver and de-interleaver designs.

Compact disk error measurements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Howe, D.; Harriman, K.; Tehranchi, B.

1993-01-01

The objectives of this project are as follows: provide hardware and software that will perform simple, real-time, high resolution (single-byte) measurement of the error burst and good data gap statistics seen by a photoCD player read channel when recorded CD write-once discs of variable quality (i.e., condition) are being read; extend the above system to enable measurement of the hard decision (i.e., 1-bit error flags) and soft decision (i.e., 2-bit error flags) decoding information that is produced/used by the Cross Interleaved - Reed - Solomon - Code (CIRC) block decoder employed in the photoCD player read channel; construct a model that uses data obtained via the systems described above to produce meaningful estimates of output error rates (due to both uncorrected ECC words and misdecoded ECC words) when a CD disc having specific (measured) error statistics is read (completion date to be determined); and check the hypothesis that current adaptive CIRC block decoders are optimized for pressed (DAD/ROM) CD discs. If warranted, do a conceptual design of an adaptive CIRC decoder that is optimized for write-once CD discs.

Predictable and reliable ECG monitoring over IEEE 802.11 WLANs within a hospital.

PubMed

Park, Juyoung; Kang, Kyungtae

2014-09-01

Telecardiology provides mobility for patients who require constant electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring. However, its safety is dependent on the predictability and robustness of data delivery, which must overcome errors in the wireless channel through which the ECG data are transmitted. We report here a framework that can be used to gauge the applicability of IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN) technology to ECG monitoring systems in terms of delay constraints and transmission reliability. For this purpose, a medical-grade WLAN architecture achieved predictable delay through the combination of a medium access control mechanism based on the point coordination function provided by IEEE 802.11 and an error control scheme based on Reed-Solomon coding and block interleaving. The size of the jitter buffer needed was determined by this architecture to avoid service dropout caused by buffer underrun, through analysis of variations in transmission delay. Finally, we assessed this architecture in terms of service latency and reliability by modeling the transmission of uncompressed two-lead electrocardiogram data from the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database and highlight the applicability of this wireless technology to telecardiology.

Space-to-Space Communications System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tu, Kwei; Gaylor, Kent; Vitalpur, Sharada; Sham, Cathy

1999-01-01

The Space-to-Space Communications System (SSCS) is an Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Time-Division-Multiple Access (TDMA) system that is designed, developed, and deployed by the NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) to provide voice, commands, telemetry and data services in close proximity among three space elements: International Space Station (ISS), Space Shuttle Orbiter, and Extravehicular Mobility Units (EMU). The SSCS consists of a family of three radios which are, Space-to-Space Station Radio (SSSR), Space-to-Space Orbiter Radio (SSOR), and Space-to-Space Extravehicular Mobility Radio (SSER). The SSCS can support up to five such radios at a time. Each user has its own time slot within which to transmit voice and data. Continuous Phase Frequency Shift Keying (CPFSK) carrier modulation with a burst data rate of 695 kbps and a frequency deviation of 486.5 kHz is employed by the system. Reed-Solomon (R-S) coding is also adopted to ensure data quality. In this paper, the SSCS system requirements, operational scenario, detailed system architecture and parameters, link acquisition strategy, and link performance analysis will be presented and discussed

VLA telemetry performance with concatenated coding for Voyager at Neptune

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dolinar, S. J., Jr.

1988-01-01

Current plans for supporting the Voyager encounter at Neptune include the arraying of the Deep Space Network (DSN) antennas at Goldstone, California, with the National Radio Astronomy Observatory's Very Large Array (VLA) in New Mexico. Not designed as a communications antenna, the VLA signal transmission facility suffers a disadvantage in that the received signal is subjected to a gap or blackout period of approximately 1.6 msec once every 5/96 sec control cycle. Previous analyses showed that the VLA data gaps could cause disastrous performance degradation in a VLA stand-alone system and modest degradation when the VLA is arrayed equally with Goldstone. New analysis indicates that the earlier predictions for concatenated code performance were overly pessimistic for most combinations of system parameters, including those of Voyager-VLA. The periodicity of the VLA gap cycle tends to guarantee that all Reed-Solomon codewords will receive an average share of erroneous symbols from the gaps. However, large deterministic fluctuations in the number of gapped symbols from codeword to codeword may occur for certain combinations of code parameters, gap cycle parameters, and data rates. Several mechanisms for causing these fluctuations are identified and analyzed. Even though graceful degradation is predicted for the Voyager-VLA parameters, catastrophic degradation greater than 2 dB can occur for a VLA stand-alone system at certain non-Voyager data rates inside the range of the actual Voyager rates. Thus, it is imperative that all of the Voyager-VLA parameters be very accurately known and precisely controlled.

Optimal Codes for the Burst Erasure Channel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hamkins, Jon

2010-01-01

Deep space communications over noisy channels lead to certain packets that are not decodable. These packets leave gaps, or bursts of erasures, in the data stream. Burst erasure correcting codes overcome this problem. These are forward erasure correcting codes that allow one to recover the missing gaps of data. Much of the recent work on this topic concentrated on Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes. These are more complicated to encode and decode than Single Parity Check (SPC) codes or Reed-Solomon (RS) codes, and so far have not been able to achieve the theoretical limit for burst erasure protection. A block interleaved maximum distance separable (MDS) code (e.g., an SPC or RS code) offers near-optimal burst erasure protection, in the sense that no other scheme of equal total transmission length and code rate could improve the guaranteed correctible burst erasure length by more than one symbol. The optimality does not depend on the length of the code, i.e., a short MDS code block interleaved to a given length would perform as well as a longer MDS code interleaved to the same overall length. As a result, this approach offers lower decoding complexity with better burst erasure protection compared to other recent designs for the burst erasure channel (e.g., LDPC codes). A limitation of the design is its lack of robustness to channels that have impairments other than burst erasures (e.g., additive white Gaussian noise), making its application best suited for correcting data erasures in layers above the physical layer. The efficiency of a burst erasure code is the length of its burst erasure correction capability divided by the theoretical upper limit on this length. The inefficiency is one minus the efficiency. The illustration compares the inefficiency of interleaved RS codes to Quasi-Cyclic (QC) LDPC codes, Euclidean Geometry (EG) LDPC codes, extended Irregular Repeat Accumulate (eIRA) codes, array codes, and random LDPC codes previously proposed for burst erasure protection. As can be seen, the simple interleaved RS codes have substantially lower inefficiency over a wide range of transmission lengths.

Optical PAyload for Lasercomm Science (OPALS) link validation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Biswas, Abhijit; Oaida, Bogdan V.; Andrews, Kenneth S.; Kovalik, Joseph M.; Abrahamson, Matthew J.; Wright, Malcolm W.

2015-01-01

Recently several day and nighttime links under diverse atmospheric conditions were completed using the Optical Payload for Lasercomm Science (OPALS) flight system on-board the International Space Station (ISS). In this paper we compare measured optical power and its variance at either end of the link with predictions that include atmospheric propagation models. For the 976 nm laser beacon mean power transmitted from the ground to the ISS the predicted mean irradiance of 10's of microwatts per square meter close to zenith and its decrease with range and increased air mass shows good agreement with predictions. The irradiance fluctuations sampled at 100 Hz also follow the expected increase in scintillation with air mass representative of atmospheric coherence lengths at zenith at 500 nm in the 3-8 cm range. The downlink predicted power of 100's of nanowatts was also reconciled within the uncertainty of the atmospheric losses. Expected link performance with uncoded bit-error rates less than 1E-4 required for the Reed-Solomon code to correct errors for video, text and file transmission was verified. The results of predicted and measured powers and fluctuations suggest the need for further study and refinement.

Robust and Blind 3D Mesh Watermarking in Spatial Domain Based on Faces Categorization and Sorting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Molaei, Amir Masoud; Ebrahimnezhad, Hossein; Sedaaghi, Mohammad Hossein

2016-06-01

In this paper, a 3D watermarking algorithm in spatial domain is presented with blind detection. In the proposed method, a negligible visual distortion is observed in host model. Initially, a preprocessing is applied on the 3D model to make it robust against geometric transformation attacks. Then, a number of triangle faces are determined as mark triangles using a novel systematic approach in which faces are categorized and sorted robustly. In order to enhance the capability of information retrieval by attacks, block watermarks are encoded using Reed-Solomon block error-correcting code before embedding into the mark triangles. Next, the encoded watermarks are embedded in spherical coordinates. The proposed method is robust against additive noise, mesh smoothing and quantization attacks. Also, it is stout next to geometric transformation, vertices and faces reordering attacks. Moreover, the proposed algorithm is designed so that it is robust against the cropping attack. Simulation results confirm that the watermarked models confront very low distortion if the control parameters are selected properly. Comparison with other methods demonstrates that the proposed method has good performance against the mesh smoothing attacks.

High-sensitivity DPSK receiver for high-bandwidth free-space optical communication links.

PubMed

Juarez, Juan C; Young, David W; Sluz, Joseph E; Stotts, Larry B

2011-05-23

A high-sensitivity modem and high-dynamic range optical automatic gain controller (OAGC) have been developed to provide maximum link margin and to overcome the dynamic nature of free-space optical links. A sensitivity of -48.9 dBm (10 photons per bit) at 10 Gbps was achieved employing a return-to-zero differential phase shift keying based modem and a commercial Reed-Solomon forward error correction system. Low-noise optical gain was provided by an OAGC with a noise figure of 4.1 dB (including system required input loses) and a dynamic range of greater than 60 dB.

Fault-tolerant conversion between adjacent Reed-Muller quantum codes based on gauge fixing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Quan, Dong-Xiao; Zhu, Li-Li; Pei, Chang-Xing; Sanders, Barry C.

2018-03-01

We design forward and backward fault-tolerant conversion circuits, which convert between the Steane code and the 15-qubit Reed-Muller quantum code so as to provide a universal transversal gate set. In our method, only seven out of a total 14 code stabilizers need to be measured, and we further enhance the circuit by simplifying some stabilizers; thus, we need only to measure eight weight-4 stabilizers for one round of forward conversion and seven weight-4 stabilizers for one round of backward conversion. For conversion, we treat random single-qubit errors and their influence on syndromes of gauge operators, and our novel single-step process enables more efficient fault-tolerant conversion between these two codes. We make our method quite general by showing how to convert between any two adjacent Reed-Muller quantum codes \\overline{\\textsf{RM}}(1,m) and \\overline{\\textsf{RM}}≤ft(1,m+1\\right) , for which we need only measure stabilizers whose number scales linearly with m rather than exponentially with m obtained in previous work. We provide the explicit mathematical expression for the necessary stabilizers and the concomitant resources required.

Plant a Planetary Pennant, and Other Art Projects

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wilcox, Claudia; and others

1970-01-01

Art projects discussed include the creation of outer space flags, painting with wool, making ceramics and sculptures from inexpensive ingredients, constructing cardboard rockets, costume design, and reed representations of flowers and insects. (DB)

76 FR 39798 - EPA Responses to State and Tribal 2010 NO2

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-07

..., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, telephone (919) 541-4132, e-mail at solomon[email protected] . For... FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For general questions concerning this action, please contact Doug Solomon, U... Code C404-02, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, telephone (919) 541-0880, e-mail at [email protected

Error suppression via complementary gauge choices in Reed-Muller codes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chamberland, Christopher; Jochym-O'Connor, Tomas

2017-09-01

Concatenation of two quantum error-correcting codes with complementary sets of transversal gates can provide a means toward universal fault-tolerant quantum computation. We first show that it is generally preferable to choose the inner code with the higher pseudo-threshold to achieve lower logical failure rates. We then explore the threshold properties of a wide range of concatenation schemes. Notably, we demonstrate that the concatenation of complementary sets of Reed-Muller codes can increase the code capacity threshold under depolarizing noise when compared to extensions of previously proposed concatenation models. We also analyze the properties of logical errors under circuit-level noise, showing that smaller codes perform better for all sampled physical error rates. Our work provides new insights into the performance of universal concatenated quantum codes for both code capacity and circuit-level noise.

System considerations for efficient communication and storage of MSTI image data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rice, Robert F.

1994-01-01

The Ballistic Missile Defense Organization has been developing the capability to evaluate one or more high-rate sensor/hardware combinations by incorporating them as payloads on a series of Miniature Seeker Technology Insertion (MSTI) flights. This publication represents the final report of a 1993 study to analyze the potential impact f data compression and of related communication system technologies on post-MSTI 3 flights. Lossless compression is considered alone and in conjunction with various spatial editing modes. Additionally, JPEG and Fractal algorithms are examined in order to bound the potential gains from the use of lossy compression. but lossless compression is clearly shown to better fit the goals of the MSTI investigations. Lossless compression factors of between 2:1 and 6:1 would provide significant benefits to both on-board mass memory and the downlink. for on-board mass memory, the savings could range from $5 million to $9 million. Such benefits should be possible by direct application of recently developed NASA VLSI microcircuits. It is shown that further downlink enhancements of 2:1 to 3:1 should be feasible thorough use of practical modifications to the existing modulation system and incorporation of Reed-Solomon channel coding. The latter enhancement could also be achieved by applying recently developed VLSI microcircuits.

Nonuniform code concatenation for universal fault-tolerant quantum computing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nikahd, Eesa; Sedighi, Mehdi; Saheb Zamani, Morteza

2017-09-01

Using transversal gates is a straightforward and efficient technique for fault-tolerant quantum computing. Since transversal gates alone cannot be computationally universal, they must be combined with other approaches such as magic state distillation, code switching, or code concatenation to achieve universality. In this paper we propose an alternative approach for universal fault-tolerant quantum computing, mainly based on the code concatenation approach proposed in [T. Jochym-O'Connor and R. Laflamme, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 010505 (2014), 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.010505], but in a nonuniform fashion. The proposed approach is described based on nonuniform concatenation of the 7-qubit Steane code with the 15-qubit Reed-Muller code, as well as the 5-qubit code with the 15-qubit Reed-Muller code, which lead to two 49-qubit and 47-qubit codes, respectively. These codes can correct any arbitrary single physical error with the ability to perform a universal set of fault-tolerant gates, without using magic state distillation.

Design the RS(255,239) encoder and interleaving in the space laser communication system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lang, Yue; Tong, Shou-feng

2013-08-01

Space laser communication is researched by more and more countries. Space laser communication deserves to be researched. We can acquire higher transmission speed and better transmission quality between satellite and satellite, satellite and earth by setting up laser link. But in the space laser communication system，the reliability is under influences of many factors of atmosphere，detector noise, optical platform jitter and other factors. The intensity of the signal which is attenuated because of the long transmission distance is demanded to have higher intensity to acquire low BER. The channel code technology can enhance the anti-interference ability of the system. The theory of channel coding technology is that some redundancies is added to information codes. So it can make use of the checkout polynomial to correct errors at the sink port. It help the system to get low BER rate and coding gain. Reed-Solomon (RS) code is one of the channel code, and it is one kind of multi-ary BCH code, and it can correct both burst errors and random errors, and it is widely used in the error-control schemes. The new method of the RS encoder and interleaving based on the FPGA is proposed, aiming at satisfying the needs of the widely-used error control technology in the space laser communication field. An improved method for Finite Galois Field multiplier of encoding is proposed, and it is suitable for FPGA implementation. Comparison of the XOR gates cost between the optimization and original, the number of XOR gates is lessen more than 40% .Then give a new structure of interleaving by using the FPGA. By controlling the in-data stream and out-data stream of encoder, the asynchronous process of the whole frame is accomplished, while by using multi-level pipeline, the real-time transfer of the data is achieved. By controlling the read-address and write-address of the block RAM, the interleaving operation of the arbitrary depth is synchronously implemented. Compared with the normal method, it could reduce the complexity of the channel encoder and the hardware requirement effectively.

Technical Reports Prepared Under Contract N00014-76-C-0475.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-05-29

264 Approximations to Densities in Geometric H. Solomon 10/27/78 Probability M.A. Stephens 3. Technical Relort No. Title Author Date 265 Sequential ...Certain Multivariate S. Iyengar 8/12/82 Normal Probabilities 323 EDF Statistics for Testing for the Gamma M.A. Stephens 8/13/82 Distribution with...20-85 Nets 360 Random Sequential Coding By Hamming Distance Yoshiaki Itoh 07-11-85 Herbert Solomon 361 Transforming Censored Samples And Testing Fit

Catching the whispers from Uranus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bartok, C. D.

1986-01-01

Sophisticated telecommunications techniques are described that were used to acquire images of Uranus, its 14 moons and ten narrow rings darker than coal. The images, equal in quality to those transmitted from Saturn several years earlier despite the signal being weaker by 6 dB due to the increased distance, were received from Voyager 2 during its January 24, 1986 flyby of Uranus. Solutions to the problem of the weakening signal were found in modifications to Voyager's image processing system and NASA's ground tracking network. In April 1985, Voyager's prime flight data computer was reconfigured to accept only nonimaging science data, and its backup, only imaging data; the latter was reprogrammed to determine only arithmetic differences between adjacent pixel intensities rather than absolute intensities. By image compression, equivalent imaging information could be sent at lower bit rates. Instead of Golay coding, Reed-Solomon onboard encoding was used. These techniques gained the equivalent of 4-dB in imaging yield. Additional improvements were gained by using earth station antennas in pairs (the Parkes radio telescope and the Canberra ground station antenna). Moves under way to prepare for the Voyager encounter with Neptune in 1989 are described (using additional antennas and arrays, scaling up the Deep Space Network antennas from 64 m to 70 m, etc.) to assure almost Saturn-equivalent pictures despite a further 3.5-dB drop in signal strength.

Microhard MHX2420 Orbital Performance Evaluation Using RT Logic T400CS

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

TintoreGazulla, Oriol; Lombardi, Mark

2012-01-01

RT Logic allows simulation of Ground Station - satellite communications: Static tests have been successful. Dynamic tests have been performed for simple passes. Future dynamic tests are needed to simulate real orbit communications. Satellite attitude changes antenna gain. Atmospheric and rain losses need to be added. STK Plug-in will be the next step to improve the dynamic tests. There is a possibility of running longer simulations. Simulation of different losses available in the STK Plug-in. Microhard optimization: Effect of Microhard settings on the data throughput have been understood. Optimized settings improve data throughput for LEO communications. Longer hop intervals make transfer of larger packets more efficient (more time between hops in frequency). Use of FEC (Reed-Solomon) reduces the number of retransmissions for long-range or noisy communications.

VLSI architectures for computing multiplications and inverses in GF(2m)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wang, C. C.; Truong, T. K.; Shao, H. M.; Deutsch, L. J.; Omura, J. K.

1985-01-01

Finite field arithmetic logic is central in the implementation of Reed-Solomon coders and in some cryptographic algorithms. There is a need for good multiplication and inversion algorithms that are easily realized on VLSI chips. Massey and Omura recently developed a new multiplication algorithm for Galois fields based on a normal basis representation. A pipeline structure is developed to realize the Massey-Omura multiplier in the finite field GF(2m). With the simple squaring property of the normal-basis representation used together with this multiplier, a pipeline architecture is also developed for computing inverse elements in GF(2m). The designs developed for the Massey-Omura multiplier and the computation of inverse elements are regular, simple, expandable and, therefore, naturally suitable for VLSI implementation.

VLSI architectures for computing multiplications and inverses in GF(2-m)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wang, C. C.; Truong, T. K.; Shao, H. M.; Deutsch, L. J.; Omura, J. K.; Reed, I. S.

1983-01-01

Finite field arithmetic logic is central in the implementation of Reed-Solomon coders and in some cryptographic algorithms. There is a need for good multiplication and inversion algorithms that are easily realized on VLSI chips. Massey and Omura recently developed a new multiplication algorithm for Galois fields based on a normal basis representation. A pipeline structure is developed to realize the Massey-Omura multiplier in the finite field GF(2m). With the simple squaring property of the normal-basis representation used together with this multiplier, a pipeline architecture is also developed for computing inverse elements in GF(2m). The designs developed for the Massey-Omura multiplier and the computation of inverse elements are regular, simple, expandable and, therefore, naturally suitable for VLSI implementation.

VLSI architectures for computing multiplications and inverses in GF(2m).

PubMed

Wang, C C; Truong, T K; Shao, H M; Deutsch, L J; Omura, J K; Reed, I S

1985-08-01

Finite field arithmetic logic is central in the implementation of Reed-Solomon coders and in some cryptographic algorithms. There is a need for good multiplication and inversion algorithms that can be easily realized on VLSI chips. Massey and Omura recently developed a new multiplication algorithm for Galois fields based on a normal basis representation. In this paper, a pipeline structure is developed to realize the Massey-Omura multiplier in the finite field GF(2m). With the simple squaring property of the normal basis representation used together with this multiplier, a pipeline architecture is developed for computing inverse elements in GF(2m). The designs developed for the Massey-Omura multiplier and the computation of inverse elements are regular, simple, expandable, and therefore, naturally suitable for VLSI implementation.

Implementation of a level 1 trigger system using high speed serial (VXS) techniques for the 12GeV high luminosity experimental programs at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

C. Cuevas, B. Raydo, H. Dong, A. Gupta, F.J. Barbosa, J. Wilson, W.M. Taylor, E. Jastrzembski, D. Abbott

We will demonstrate a hardware and firmware solution for a complete fully pipelined multi-crate trigger system that takes advantage of the elegant high speed VXS serial extensions for VME. This trigger system includes three sections starting with the front end crate trigger processor (CTP), a global Sub-System Processor (SSP) and a Trigger Supervisor that manages the timing, synchronization and front end event readout. Within a front end crate, trigger information is gathered from each 16 Channel, 12 bit Flash ADC module at 4 nS intervals via the VXS backplane, to a Crate Trigger Processor (CTP). Each Crate Trigger Processor receivesmore » these 500 MB/S VXS links from the 16 FADC-250 modules, aligns skewed data inherent of Aurora protocol, and performs real time crate level trigger algorithms. The algorithm results are encoded using a Reed-Solomon technique and transmission of this Level 1 trigger data is sent to the SSP using a multi-fiber link. The multi-fiber link achieves an aggregate trigger data transfer rate to the global trigger at 8 Gb/s. The SSP receives and decodes Reed-Solomon error correcting transmission from each crate, aligns the data, and performs the global level trigger algorithms. The entire trigger system is synchronous and operates at 250 MHz with the Trigger Supervisor managing not only the front end event readout, but also the distribution of the critical timing clocks, synchronization signals, and the global trigger signals to each front end readout crate. These signals are distributed to the front end crates on a separate fiber link and each crate is synchronized using a unique encoding scheme to guarantee that each front end crate is synchronous with a fixed latency, independent of the distance between each crate. The overall trigger signal latency is <3 uS, and the proposed 12GeV experiments at Jefferson Lab require up to 200KHz Level 1 trigger rate.« less

Dispersion model studies for Space Shuttle environmental effects activities

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1981-01-01

The NASA/MSFC REED computer code was developed for predicting concentrations, dosage, and deposition downwind from rocket vehicle launches. The calculation procedures and results of nine studies using the code are presented. Topics include plume expansion, hydrazine concentrations, and hazard calculations for postulated fuel spills.

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of In Vitro Toxicity of Ethylene Oxide Sterilized Bone Repair Materials.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-08-15

16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION To be published in J. of Oral Implantology 17. COSATI CODES 18. SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify...of Pathology% Physiologyt and Microbiology§ U.S. Army Institute of Dental Research Walter Reed Army Medical Center Washington.D.C. 20307-5300...Correspondence to Col. Theodore Zislis U.S. Army Institute of Dental Research Walter Reed Army Medical Center Washington, D.C. 20307-53C0 Tel. (301) 677-4915

Unintentional injury prevention and the role of occupational therapy in the Solomon Islands: an integrative review.

PubMed

Daufanamae, Barbara U; Franklin, Richard C; Eagers, Jackie

2016-01-01

Unintentional injuries (injuries for which there is no evidence of a predetermined intent) are one of the leading causes of death worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Although evidence demonstrates unintentional injuries are preventable it is a public health challenge for many LMICs such as the Solomon Islands. Occupational therapists are well placed to contribute to injury prevention, as they have specialised skills to analyse the accessibility and safety of the environments within which people conduct their daily occupations. While the role of occupational therapy in unintentional injury prevention is well known in high-income countries, it is unfamiliar in LMICs, especially in the Solomon Islands. This integrative review aimed to explore the incidence of common unintentional injuries, and the burden in the Solomon Islands; and explore the potential role of occupational therapy in unintentional injury prevention in the Solomon Islands, based on current activities in LMICs. Articles were reviewed from six databases (Medline, CINAHL, OTDBase, OT Seeker, Scopus and PsychInfo). Five articles met the inclusion criteria for the first objective and 15 articles met the inclusion criteria for the second objective. These articles were thematically analysed where themes and codes associated with the research objectives were extracted and analysed. Unintentional injuries in the Solomon Islands reported in the literature included ocular trauma, falls from fruit trees and coconut palms, and road traffic crashes. Burden of injury reported was mostly associated with loss of productivity. Occupational therapists undertook rehabilitative, biomechanical, neurodevelopmental and educational roles in LMIC, focusing on tertiary and secondary injury prevention. This integrative review suggests that there is limited information regarding injury in the Solomon Islands. However, evidence is available in LMICs to suggest that occupational therapy services can play a potential significant role in unintentional injury prevention, demonstrating a need for establishing injury prevention within the occupational therapy role in the Solomon Islands.

Error Correcting Codes and Related Designs

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-09-30

Theory, IT-37 (1991), 1222-1224. 6. Codes and designs, existence and uniqueness, Discrete Math ., to appear. 7. (with R. Brualdi and N. Cai), Orphan...structure of the first order Reed-Muller codes, Discrete Math ., to appear. 8. (with J. H. Conway and N.J.A. Sloane), The binary self-dual codes of length up...18, 1988. 4. "Codes and Designs," Mathematics Colloquium, Technion, Haifa, Israel, March 6, 1989. 5. "On the Covering Radius of Codes," Discrete Math . Group

NATCRCTR: One-dimensional thermal-hydraulics analysis code for natural-circulation TRIGA reactors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Feltus, M.A.; Rubinaccio, G.

1996-12-31

The Pennsylvania State University nuclear engineering department is evaluating the upgrade of the Reed College (Portland, Oregon) TRIGA reactor from 250 kW to 1 MW in two areas: thermal-hydraulics and steady-state neutronics analysis. This analysis was initiated as a cooperative effort between Penn State and Reed College as a training project for two International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) fellows from Ghana. The two Ghanaian IAEA fellows were assisted by G. Rubinaccio, an undergraduate, who undertook the task of writing the new computer programs for the thermal-hydraulic and physics evaluation as a three-credit special design project course. The Reed College TRIGA,more » which has a fixed graphite radial reflector, is cooled by natural circulation, without external cross-flow; whereas, the Penn State Breazeale Reactor has significant crossflow into its sides. To model the Reed TRIGA, the NATCRCTR program has been developed from first principles using the following assumptions: 1. The core is surrounded by the fixed reflector structure, which acts as a one-dimensional channel. 2. The core inlet temperature distribution is constant at the core bottom. 3. The axial heat flux distribution is a chopped cosine shape. 4. The heat transfer in the fuel is primarily in the radial directions. 5. A small gap between the fuel and cladding exists. The NATCRCTR code is used to find the peak centerline fuel, gap, and cladding surface temperatures, based on assumed flux and engineering peaking factors.« less

The NASA Spacecraft Transponding Modem

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Berner, Jeff B.; Kayalar, Selahattin; Perret, Jonathan D.

2000-01-01

A new deep space transponder is being developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for NASA. The Spacecraft Transponding Modem (STM) implements the standard transponder functions and the channel service functions that have previously resided in spacecraft Command/Data Subsystems. The STM uses custom ASICs, MMICs, and MCMs to reduce the active device parts count to 70, mass to I kg, and volume to 524 cc. The first STMs will be flown on missions launching in the 2003 time frame. The STM tracks an X-band uplink signal and provides both X-band and Ka-band downlinks, either coherent or non-coherent with the uplink. A NASA standard Command Detector Unit is integrated into the STM, along with a codeblock processor and a hardware command decoder. The decoded command codeblocks are output to the spacecraft command/data subsystem. Virtual Channel 0 (VC-0) (hardware) commands are processed and output as critical controller (CRC) commands. Downlink telemetry is received from the spacecraft data subsystem as telemetry frames. The STM provides the following downlink coding options: the standard CCSDS (7-1/2) convolutional coding, ReedSolomon coding with interleave depths one and five, (15-1/6) convolutional coding, and Turbo coding with rates 1/3 and 1/6. The downlink symbol rates can be linearly ramped to match the G/T curve of the receiving station, providing up to a 1 dB increase in data return. Data rates range from 5 bits per second (bps) to 24 Mbps, with three modulation modes provided: modulated subcarrier (3 different frequencies provided), biphase-L modulated direct on carrier, and Offset QPSK. Also, the capability to generate one of four non-harmonically related telemetry beacon tones is provided, to allow for a simple spacecraft status monitoring scheme for cruise phases of missions. Three ranging modes are provided: standard turn around ranging, regenerative pseudo-noise (PN) ranging, and Differential One-way Ranging (DOR) tones. The regenerative ranging provides the capability of increasing the ground received ranging SNR by up to 30 dB. Two different avionics interfaces to the command/data subsystem's data bus are provided: a MIL STD 1553B bus or an industry standard PCI interface. Digital interfaces provide the capability to control antenna selection (e.g., switching between high gain and low gain antennas) and antenna pointing (for future steered Ka-band antennas).

On complexity of trellis structure of linear block codes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lin, Shu

1990-01-01

The trellis structure of linear block codes (LBCs) is discussed. The state and branch complexities of a trellis diagram (TD) for a LBC is investigated. The TD with the minimum number of states is said to be minimal. The branch complexity of a minimal TD for a LBC is expressed in terms of the dimensions of specific subcodes of the given code. Then upper and lower bounds are derived on the number of states of a minimal TD for a LBC, and it is shown that a cyclic (or shortened cyclic) code is the worst in terms of the state complexity among the LBCs of the same length and dimension. Furthermore, it is shown that the structural complexity of a minimal TD for a LBC depends on the order of its bit positions. This fact suggests that an appropriate permutation of the bit positions of a code may result in an equivalent code with a much simpler minimal TD. Boolean polynomial representation of codewords of a LBC is also considered. This representation helps in study of the trellis structure of the code. Boolean polynomial representation of a code is applied to construct its minimal TD. Particularly, the construction of minimal trellises for Reed-Muller codes and the extended and permuted binary primitive BCH codes which contain Reed-Muller as subcodes is emphasized. Finally, the structural complexity of minimal trellises for the extended and permuted, and double-error-correcting BCH codes is analyzed and presented. It is shown that these codes have relatively simple trellis structure and hence can be decoded with the Viterbi decoding algorithm.

Optical multiple access techniques for on-board routing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mendez, Antonio J.; Park, Eugene; Gagliardi, Robert M.

1992-01-01

The purpose of this research contract was to design and analyze an optical multiple access system, based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) techniques, for on board routing applications on a future communication satellite. The optical multiple access system was to effect the functions of a circuit switch under the control of an autonomous network controller and to serve eight (8) concurrent users at a point to point (port to port) data rate of 180 Mb/s. (At the start of this program, the bit error rate requirement (BER) was undefined, so it was treated as a design variable during the contract effort.) CDMA was selected over other multiple access techniques because it lends itself to bursty, asynchronous, concurrent communication and potentially can be implemented with off the shelf, reliable optical transceivers compatible with long term unattended operations. Temporal, temporal/spatial hybrids and single pulse per row (SPR, sometimes termed 'sonar matrices') matrix types of CDMA designs were considered. The design, analysis, and trade offs required by the statement of work selected a temporal/spatial CDMA scheme which has SPR properties as the preferred solution. This selected design can be implemented for feasibility demonstration with off the shelf components (which are identified in the bill of materials of the contract Final Report). The photonic network architecture of the selected design is based on M(8,4,4) matrix codes. The network requires eight multimode laser transmitters with laser pulses of 0.93 ns operating at 180 Mb/s and 9-13 dBm peak power, and 8 PIN diode receivers with sensitivity of -27 dBm for the 0.93 ns pulses. The wavelength is not critical, but 830 nm technology readily meets the requirements. The passive optical components of the photonic network are all multimode and off the shelf. Bit error rate (BER) computations, based on both electronic noise and intercode crosstalk, predict a raw BER of (10 exp -3) when all eight users are communicating concurrently. If better BER performance is required, then error correction codes (ECC) using near term electronic technology can be used. For example, the M(8,4,4) optical code together with Reed-Solomon (54,38,8) encoding provides a BER of better than (10 exp -11). The optical transceiver must then operate at 256 Mb/s with pulses of 0.65 ns because the 'bits' are now channel symbols.

Serial turbo trellis coded modulation using a serially concatenated coder

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Divsalar, Dariush (Inventor); Dolinar, Samuel J. (Inventor); Pollara, Fabrizio (Inventor)

2010-01-01

Serial concatenated trellis coded modulation (SCTCM) includes an outer coder, an interleaver, a recursive inner coder and a mapping element. The outer coder receives data to be coded and produces outer coded data. The interleaver permutes the outer coded data to produce interleaved data. The recursive inner coder codes the interleaved data to produce inner coded data. The mapping element maps the inner coded data to a symbol. The recursive inner coder has a structure which facilitates iterative decoding of the symbols at a decoder system. The recursive inner coder and the mapping element are selected to maximize the effective free Euclidean distance of a trellis coded modulator formed from the recursive inner coder and the mapping element. The decoder system includes a demodulation unit, an inner SISO (soft-input soft-output) decoder, a deinterleaver, an outer SISO decoder, and an interleaver.

Preparation and Use of Liposomes in Immunological Studies

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-01-01

SYMBOL MFI RO W 0 E FANIZATION Division of Bioctmnistry El O9V09W399 6c. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code). DRESS(Ci State, and ZIP Code) "Walter Reed...Anuv Institute of Research 1 A Washington. DC 20307-5100 oC" 8a. NAME OF FUNDING/SPONSORING 8b. OFFICE SYMBOL 9. PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION...12a NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL 22b. TELEPHONE (Include Area Code) 22c. OFFICE SYMBOL OD Form 1473, JUN 86 Previous editions are obsolete

Reliability and throughput issues for optical wireless and RF wireless systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, Meng

The fast development of wireless communication technologies has two main trends. On one hand, in point-to-point communications, the demand for higher throughput called for the emergence of wireless broadband techniques including optical wireless (OW). One the other hand, wireless networks are becoming pervasive. New application of wireless networks ask for more flexible system infrastructures beyond the point-to-point prototype to achieve better performance. This dissertation investigates two topics on the reliability and throughput issues of new wireless technologies. The first topic is to study the capacity, and practical forward error control strategies for OW systems. We investigate the performance of OW systems under weak atmospheric turbulence. We first investigate the capacity and power allocation for multi-laser and multi-detector systems. Our results show that uniform power allocation is a practically optimal solution for paralleled channels. We also investigate the performance of Reed Solomon (RS) codes and turbo codes for OW systems. We present RS codes as good candidates for OW systems. The second topic targets user cooperation in wireless networks. We evaluate the relative merits of amplify-forward (AF) and decode-forward (DF) in practical scenarios. Both analysis and simulations show that the overall system performance is critically affected by the quality of the inter-user channel. Following this result, we investigate two schemes to improve the overall system performance. We first investigate the impact of the relay location on the overall system performance and determine the optimal location of relay. A best-selective single-relay 1 system is proposed and evaluated. Through the analysis of the average capacity and outage, we show that a small candidate pool of 3 to 5 relays suffices to reap most of the "geometric" gain available to a selective system. Second, we propose a new user cooperation scheme to provide an effective better inter-user channel. Most user cooperation protocols work in a time sharing manner, where a node forwards others' messages and sends its own message at different sections within a provisioned time slot. In the proposed scheme the two messages are encoded together in a single codework using network coding and transmitted in the given time slot. We also propose a general multiple-user cooperation framework. Under this framework, we show that network coding can achieve better diversity and provide effective better inter-user channels than time sharing. The last part of the dissertation focuses on multi-relay packet transmission. We propose an adaptive and distributive coding scheme for the relay nodes to adaptively cooperate and forward messages. The adaptive scheme shows performance gain over fixed schemes. Then we shift our viewpoint and represent the network as part of encoders and part of decoders.

Reed-Muller Codes in Error Correction in Wireless Adhoc Networks

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-03-01

resulting spectrum is the spectrum of the windowed signal. Therefore, the window width is an important pa- rameter that affects the BER performanceof ... compare the results, the same random message was used. The seed value in msg.m was changed only for comparing the PAPR values of the system with

A Specification Technique for the Common APSE (Ada Programming Support Environments) Interface Set.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-04-01

NOSC So fTech Code 8322 460 Totten Pond Road San Diego, CA 92152 Waltham, MA 02154 Philip Myers Chuck Waltrip Dave Pasterchik Johns Hopkins University...06856 Georgia Tech Atlanta, GA 30332 Reed Kotler Lockheed Missiles & Space Dick Drake 1111 Lockheed Way IBM Sunnyvale, CA 94086 Federal Systems

Using concatenated quantum codes for universal fault-tolerant quantum gates.

PubMed

Jochym-O'Connor, Tomas; Laflamme, Raymond

2014-01-10

We propose a method for universal fault-tolerant quantum computation using concatenated quantum error correcting codes. The concatenation scheme exploits the transversal properties of two different codes, combining them to provide a means to protect against low-weight arbitrary errors. We give the required properties of the error correcting codes to ensure universal fault tolerance and discuss a particular example using the 7-qubit Steane and 15-qubit Reed-Muller codes. Namely, other than computational basis state preparation as required by the DiVincenzo criteria, our scheme requires no special ancillary state preparation to achieve universality, as opposed to schemes such as magic state distillation. We believe that optimizing the codes used in such a scheme could provide a useful alternative to state distillation schemes that exhibit high overhead costs.

Multiple component codes based generalized LDPC codes for high-speed optical transport.

PubMed

Djordjevic, Ivan B; Wang, Ting

2014-07-14

A class of generalized low-density parity-check (GLDPC) codes suitable for optical communications is proposed, which consists of multiple local codes. It is shown that Hamming, BCH, and Reed-Muller codes can be used as local codes, and that the maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) decoding of these local codes by Ashikhmin-Lytsin algorithm is feasible in terms of complexity and performance. We demonstrate that record coding gains can be obtained from properly designed GLDPC codes, derived from multiple component codes. We then show that several recently proposed classes of LDPC codes such as convolutional and spatially-coupled codes can be described using the concept of GLDPC coding, which indicates that the GLDPC coding can be used as a unified platform for advanced FEC enabling ultra-high speed optical transport. The proposed class of GLDPC codes is also suitable for code-rate adaption, to adjust the error correction strength depending on the optical channel conditions.

The Solomon Sea eddy activity from a 1/36° regional model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Djath, Bughsin; Babonneix, Antoine; Gourdeau, Lionel; Marin, Frédéric; Verron, Jacques

2013-04-01

In the South West Pacific, the Solomon Sea exhibits the highest levels of eddy kinetic energy but relatively little is known about the eddy activity in this region. This Sea is directly influenced by a monsoonal regime and ENSO variability, and occupies a strategical location as the Western Boundary Currents exiting it are known to feed the warm pool and to be the principal sources of the Equatorial UnderCurrent. During their transit in the Solomon Sea, meso-scale eddies are suspected to notably interact and influence these water masses. The goal of this study is to give an exhaustive description of this eddy activity. A dual approach, based both on altimetric data and high resolution modeling, has then been chosen for this purpose. First, an algorithm is applied on nearly 20 years of 1/3° x 1/3° gridded SLA maps (provided by the AVISO project). This allows eddies to be automatically detected and tracked, thus providing some basic eddy properties. The preliminary results show that two main and distinct types of eddies are detected. Eddies in the north-eastern part shows a variability associated with the mean structure, while those in the southern part are associated with generation/propagation processes. However, the resolution of the AVISO dataset is not very well suited to observe fine structures and to match with the numerous islands bordering the Solomon Sea. For this reason, we will confront these observations with the outputs of a 1/36° resolution realistic model of the Solomon Sea. The high resolution numerical model (1/36°) indeed permits to reproduce very fine scale features, such as eddies and filaments. The model is two-way embedded in a 1/12° regional model which is itself one-way embedded in the DRAKKAR 1/12° global model. The NEMO code is used as well as the AGRIF software for model nestings. Validation is realized by comparison with AVISO observations and available in situ data. In preparing the future wide-swath altimetric SWOT mission that is expected to provide observations of small-scale sea level variability, spectral analysis is performed from the 1/36° resolution realistic model in order to characterize the finer scale signals in the Solomon sea region. The preliminary SSH spectral analysis shows a k-4 slope, in good agreement with the suface quasigeostrophic (SQG) turbulence theory. Keywords: Solomon Sea; meso-scale activity; eddy detection, tracking and properties; wavenumber spectrum.

75 FR 20870 - Small Business Size Standards: Waiver of the Nonmanufacturer Rule

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-21

... for Improved Outer Tactical Vests and related accessories under Product Service Code (PSC) 8470 (Armor... granting a waiver of the Nonmanufacturer Rule for Improved Outer Tactical Vests. According to a request, no... Outer Tactical Vests and related accessories under NAICS code 339113, Surgical Appliance and Supplies...

Coding Accuracy of the Ambulatory Data System: A Study of Coding Accuracy Within the General Internal Medicine Clinic, Walter Reed Army Medical Center

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-04-17

concerns center around its ultimate goal to maximize appropriate care and minimize or eliminate inappropriate care (DoD UM Policy , 1996). While the...uasp cncd . GCK Tobacco taw disorder tr’O: Anemia ID: Acute bronchial ID: A«Jtt]ihiir<rtiK*i» 10: Acute refft iafection ID: Acute xinucm ID...181-187. Department of Defense (DoD) Ultilization Management Policy for the Direct Care System (Draft) (1996). Duncan, D.G. & Servais, C.S., (1996

Permanence analysis of a concatenated coding scheme for error control

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Costello, D. J., Jr.; Lin, S.; Kasami, T.

1983-01-01

A concatenated coding scheme for error control in data communications is analyzed. In this scheme, the inner code is used for both error correction and detection, however, the outer code is used only for error detection. A retransmission is requested if the outer code detects the presence of errors after the inner code decoding. Probability of undetected error is derived and bounded. A particular example, proposed for the planetary program, is analyzed.

Probability of undetected error after decoding for a concatenated coding scheme

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Costello, D. J., Jr.; Lin, S.

1984-01-01

A concatenated coding scheme for error control in data communications is analyzed. In this scheme, the inner code is used for both error correction and detection, however the outer code is used only for error detection. A retransmission is requested if the outer code detects the presence of errors after the inner code decoding. Probability of undetected error is derived and bounded. A particular example, proposed for NASA telecommand system is analyzed.

NOAA News Online (Story 368)

Science.gov Websites

Solomon January 31, 2000 — The White House today named Susan Solomon, a leading atmospheric scientist at Solomon, and some new friends, on Antarctic expedition in 1987 near McMurdo Station.] Secretary of Commerce William M. Daley praised Solomon's achievements, noting that "Solomon has been one of the

Convolutional encoding of self-dual codes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Solomon, G.

1994-01-01

There exist almost complete convolutional encodings of self-dual codes, i.e., block codes of rate 1/2 with weights w, w = 0 mod 4. The codes are of length 8m with the convolutional portion of length 8m-2 and the nonsystematic information of length 4m-1. The last two bits are parity checks on the two (4m-1) length parity sequences. The final information bit complements one of the extended parity sequences of length 4m. Solomon and van Tilborg have developed algorithms to generate these for the Quadratic Residue (QR) Codes of lengths 48 and beyond. For these codes and reasonable constraint lengths, there are sequential decodings for both hard and soft decisions. There are also possible Viterbi-type decodings that may be simple, as in a convolutional encoding/decoding of the extended Golay Code. In addition, the previously found constraint length K = 9 for the QR (48, 24;12) Code is lowered here to K = 8.

Seismogenic Fault Geometry of 2010 Mw 7.1 Solomon Islands Earthquake

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuo, Y.; Ku, C.; Taylor, F. W.; Huang, B.; Chen, Y.; Chao, W.; Huang, H.; Kuo, Y.; Wu, Y.; Suppe, J.

2010-12-01

The Solomon Islands is located in southwestern Pacific, where the Indo-Australian Plate is subducting northeastward beneath the Pacific Plate. Due to subduction of rugged seafloor topography, including seamounts, the seismic activity and tectonic behavior may be complicated. Seismicity in this region was anomalously low until 2007 when a megathrust rupture (Mw 8.1) occurred. More recently, on 3 January 2010, a Mw7.1 earthquake occurred beneath the extreme outer forearc next to the trench. It came with one foreshock (Mw 6.6, 50 minutes ahead) and two large aftershocks (Mw 6.8 and 6.0) greater than magnitude 6 within a week. It is interesting to note that these four focal mechanisms are very much similar and appear to have occurred along the interplate thrust zone between the Indo-Australian plate and Solomon Islands forearc. This Earthquake nucleated approximately 50 km to the southeast of the M8.1 Earthquake occurring in April of 2007, which is located to the other side of Rendova Island. Because a tsunami followed the 2010 earthquake, it is likely that submarine surface deformation accompanied the event. By the results of D-InSAR on ALOS and ERS, plus limited points of ground displacement from GPS and strong motion seismometers, the continuous ground displacement field is constructed and normalized. Our preliminary result shows the ground movement in the Rendova Island can reach tens of centimeters, implying shallow earthquake source consistent with the suggestion by triggering tsunami. Besides, the earthquake sequence retrieved from our local seismometer observation network allows us to further define underground fault geometry. The spatial distribution of the epicenter also concludes the seamount located in the middle divides two seismogenic asperities which generate 2007 and 2010 earthquakes respectively.

Performance analysis of a cascaded coding scheme with interleaved outer code

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lin, S.

1986-01-01

A cascaded coding scheme for a random error channel with a bit-error rate is analyzed. In this scheme, the inner code C sub 1 is an (n sub 1, m sub 1l) binary linear block code which is designed for simultaneous error correction and detection. The outer code C sub 2 is a linear block code with symbols from the Galois field GF (2 sup l) which is designed for correcting both symbol errors and erasures, and is interleaved with a degree m sub 1. A procedure for computing the probability of a correct decoding is presented and an upper bound on the probability of a decoding error is derived. The bound provides much better results than the previous bound for a cascaded coding scheme with an interleaved outer code. Example schemes with inner codes ranging from high rates to very low rates are evaluated. Several schemes provide extremely high reliability even for very high bit-error rates say 10 to the -1 to 10 to the -2 power.

The Clarinet Reed: AN Introduction to its Biology, Chemistry, and Physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Casadonte, Donald Jay

Although clarinet reeds have been used for over two-hundred years, there has been little scientific study of the reed, either from a material science or engineering perspective. This document is intended to be the first large-scale study of the clarinet reed covering its biology, chemistry and physics. The reed is made, most often, from cane--Arundo donax. We present a complete atlas of the anatomy of Arundo donax, and examine the role of each of the cellular components in the clarinet reed performance. We examine the three principal chemical components of the processed clarinet reed: cellulose, xylan, and lignin through the use of instrumental analysis. We examine the breakdown pathways of the clarinet reed, and isolate five: (1) decrystallization of the cellulose microstructure, (2) removal of xylan by saliva, (3) plasticization of the reed material due to alkalai attack in saliva, (4) the culturing of a bacterium, Staph Epidermitis, in the cell wall matrix, (5) density changes due to salival coating of the reed. The physics of the reed is examined, and a finite element model of the modal shapes is presented. We present a theoretical treatment of the two modes of excitation of the reed, a low frequency mode (normal playing mode) due to vortex shedding, and a high frequency mode which is associated with reed squeak.

Shrubby Reed-Mustard Habitat: Parent Material, Soil, and Landscape Characteristics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kelly, L. S.; Boettinger, J. L.

2012-12-01

Shrubby reed-mustard (Glaucocarpum suffrutescens, a.k.a. Schoenocrambe suffrutescens, Glaucocarpum suffrutescens, or Hesperidanthus suffrutescens) is an endangered perennial shrub endemic to the southern Uinta Basin in northeast Utah. Only seven populations of shrubby reed-mustard have been identified. The arid area where the plant grows is rich in natural gas and oil deposits, as well as oil shale. Oil wells already dot the landscape, and there is significant concern that further development of these resources will threaten the continued existence of shrubby reed-mustard. Determination of the parent material, soil and landscape characteristics associated with shrubby reed-mustard habitat is imperative to facilitate conservation management. Shrubby reed-mustard grows where little else does and, based on field observations and remotely sensed spectral data, appears to occur in a particular type of strata. Our objective is to identify the physical and chemical characteristics of shrubby reed-mustard's environment. Site characteristics such as parent material and associated vegetation have been identified and documented. Soil properties such as water-soluble and total leachable elements, particle-size distribution, organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus and potassium are being determined. During the course of this investigation, soils within four shrubby reed-mustard habitat areas were sampled. Soils from non-shrubby reed-mustard areas adjacent to the four shrubby reed-mustard populations were also sampled. Soil samples were collected from a total of twenty-five shrubby reed-mustard soil pits and twenty-four non-shrubby reed-mustard soil pits. The soil horizons of each pedon were delineated, and samples were collected from each horizon. Field data indicate that shrubby reed-mustard occurs exclusively in shale-derived, shallow soils on bedrock-controlled uplands. Although there is some overlap of plant species on both types of soils, soils that do not support shrubby reed-mustard are dominated by black sage, a species not found in shrubby reed-mustard habitat. To date, statistical analyses to compare shrubby reed-mustard sites and non-shrubby reed-mustard sites have included Mann-Whitney rank sum tests and t-tests. Statistical results to date show that chemical properties differ between shrubby reed-mustard and non-shrubby reed-mustard sites. Concentrations of several soluble and total metals were significantly higher in shrubby reed-mustard soils compared to adjacent soils, including copper, lead, nickel, and lithium. Soluble, total, and available phosphorus were significantly lower in shrubby reed-mustard soils than in non-shrubby reed-mustard soils. Elevated metals may be indicative of shrubby reed-mustard tolerance of these elements, while low phosphorus concentrations in shrubby reed-mustard soils may indicate that this plant can tolerate low-nutrient status soils. Additional laboratory analyses are underway to further characterize the habitat of shrubby reed-mustard. Descriptive analysis is continuing. Statistical analyses will be finalized upon completion of all laboratory tests. Based on these determinations, shrubby reed-mustard habitat will be better defined and understood, which will assist with the preservation of this endangered species in the face of further resource development.

A concatenated coding scheme for error control

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lin, S.

1985-01-01

A concatenated coding scheme for error contol in data communications was analyzed. The inner code is used for both error correction and detection, however the outer code is used only for error detection. A retransmission is requested if either the inner code decoder fails to make a successful decoding or the outer code decoder detects the presence of errors after the inner code decoding. Probability of undetected error of the proposed scheme is derived. An efficient method for computing this probability is presented. Throughout efficiency of the proposed error control scheme incorporated with a selective repeat ARQ retransmission strategy is analyzed.

Meta-Analysis and the Solomon Four-Group Design.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sawilowsky, Shlomo; And Others

1994-01-01

A Monte Carlo study considers the use of meta analysis with the Solomon four-group design. Experiment-wise Type I error properties and the relative power properties of Stouffer's Z in the Solomon four-group design are explored. Obstacles to conducting meta analysis in the Solomon design are discussed. (SLD)

77 FR 49601 - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Status for Six West Texas Aquatic...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-16

... very system (four restricted range. springs). Phantom Lake springsnail.... San Solomon Spring very rare in a very system (four restricted range. springs). diminutive amphipod......... San Solomon Spring... Solomon Spring system to include four different existing spring outflows: San Solomon Spring, Giffin...

Host plant development, water level and water parameters shape Phragmites australis-associated oomycete communities and determine reed pathogen dynamics in a large lake.

PubMed

Wielgoss, Anna; Nechwatal, Jan; Bogs, Carolin; Mendgen, Kurt

2009-08-01

In a 3-year-study, we analysed the population dynamics of the reed pathogen Pythium phragmitis and other reed-associated oomycetes colonizing fresh and dried reed leaves in the littoral zone of a large lake. Oomycete communities derived from internal transcribed spacer clone libraries were clearly differentiated according to substrate and seasonal influences. In fresh leaves, diverse communities consisting of P. phragmitis and other reed-associated pathogens were generally dominant. Pythium phragmitis populations peaked in spring with the emergence of young reed shoots, and in autumn after extreme flooding events. In summer it decreased with falling water levels, changing water chemistry and rising temperatures. Another Pythium species was also highly abundant in fresh leaves throughout the year and might represent a new, as-yet uncultured reed pathogen. In dried leaves, reed pathogens were rarely detected, whereas saprophytic species occurred abundantly during all seasons. Saprophyte communities were less diverse, less temperature sensitive and independent of reed development. In general, our results provide evidence for the occurrence of highly specialized sets of reed-associated oomycetes in a natural reed ecosystem. Quantitative analyses (clone abundances and quantitative real-time PCR) revealed that the reed pathogen P. phragmitis is particularly affected by changing water levels, water chemistry and the stage of reed development.

Frequency, cost and impact of inter-island referrals in the Solomon Islands.

PubMed

Negin, Joel; Martiniuk, Alexandra L C; Farrell, Penny; Dalipanda, Tenneth

2012-01-01

Providing quality health services to people living in remote areas is central to global efforts to achieve universal access to health care. Effective referral systems are especially critical in resource-limited countries where small populations are separated by considerable distances, geographic challenges and the limitations of human resources for health. This study aimed to build an evidence base on inter-island referrals in the Solomon Islands, in particular regarding the number of referrals, reasons for referrals, and cost, to ultimately provide recommendations regarding referral practice effectiveness and efficiency. Data were taken from the referral database collected and maintained by the National Referral Hospital (NRH) in the capital, Honiara. Data included age, sex, ward or department visited, date of travel back to home port, home port and province. Data were available and included for 2008, 6 months of 2009, all of 2010 and 1 month of 2011; a total of 31 months. Travel costs were taken from NRH administrative information and included in the analysis. In addition, 10 qualitative interviews were conducted with clinicians and policy-makers in the tertiary hospital and one provincial hospital to gather information regarding inter-island referrals, their appropriateness and challenges faced. In the Solomon Islands, referrals from outer islands to the NRH are substantial and are gradually increasing over time. The two most populous provinces outside of the capital, Western and Malaita, represented 51% of all referrals in the study period. Of those referred, 21% were less than 15 years of age - even though 40% of the country's population is under 15 - with 30% being young adults of 15-24 years. Orthopaedic conditions comprised the largest number of referrals, with obstetric and gynaecological conditions a close second. The cost of referrals is rapidly increasing and was almost US$350,000 per year for the NRH alone. The amount budgeted for patient travel from the provinces to the NRH was a fraction of what is needed to cover the current number of referrals leading to a substantial budget shortfall. There did not appear to be a clear link between number of doctors in each province and the rate of referrals. Improving the appropriateness of referrals can have a substantial impact on access, quality of care and costs. Improvements in equipment in remote facilities, in human resources for health and in information technology can strengthen the quality of care in outer islands. Reducing the burden on referral facilities will allow them to provide appropriate care to those most in need while building public trust in all layers of the health system.

An inward striking free reed coupled to a cylindrical pipe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vines, Justin; Paquette, Ammon; Cottingham, James P.

2003-10-01

A number of acoustical measurements have made on a reed-pipe combination consisting of a harmonium-type reed from an American reed organ installed at the closed end of a cylindrical pipe. This configuration, which somewhat resembles the configuration of free-reed organ pipes, differs from the reed-pipe combination occurring in the mouth organs of Asia, which use symmetric (outward striking) free reeds and normally operate on both possible directions of airflow. Measurements have been made of the sounding frequency, amplitude of vibration of the reed tongue, and the sound spectrum. Of particular interest is the degree to which the reed frequency can be altered by altering the pipe length, and hence the pipe resonance frequency. In this case the sounding frequency can be pulled considerably below the natural frequency of the reed. These results can be compared with the results of similar measurements on free-reed organ pipes [J. Braasch, C. Ahrens, J. P. Cottingham, and T. D. Rossing, Fortschr. Akust., DAGA (2000)]. In addition, some interesting ``special effects'' have been studied, which can be obtained using unusual pipe lengths and blowing in the ``wrong'' direction. [Work supported by the NSF from REU Grant No. 0139096.

VizieR Online Data Catalog: Transiting planet WASP-50b (Tregloan-Reed+, 2013)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tregloan-Reed, J.; Southworth, J.

2018-05-01

Two high-quality light curves of transits of the extrasolar planetary system WASP-50 are presented. They were obtained using the 3.6m NTT at ESO La Silla, Chile, in the Gunn r passband. The errorbars for each transit have been scaled so the best-fitting model (obtained using the JKTEBOP code) has a reduced chi-squared value of 1.0. (1 data file).

40 CFR 131.34 - Kansas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Contact Recreation Basin: Solomon Subbasin: Upper North Fork Solomon Ash Creek 10260011 24 Primary Contact... Recreation Subbasin: Lower North Fork Solomon Beaver Creek 10260012 10 Primary Contact Recreation...

40 CFR 131.34 - Kansas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Contact Recreation Basin: Solomon Subbasin: Upper North Fork Solomon Ash Creek 10260011 24 Primary Contact... Recreation Subbasin: Lower North Fork Solomon Beaver Creek 10260012 10 Primary Contact Recreation...

40 CFR 131.34 - Kansas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Contact Recreation Basin: Solomon Subbasin: Upper North Fork Solomon Ash Creek 10260011 24 Primary Contact... Recreation Subbasin: Lower North Fork Solomon Beaver Creek 10260012 10 Primary Contact Recreation...

40 CFR 131.34 - Kansas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Contact Recreation Basin: Solomon Subbasin: Upper North Fork Solomon Ash Creek 10260011 24 Primary Contact... Recreation Subbasin: Lower North Fork Solomon Beaver Creek 10260012 10 Primary Contact Recreation...

40 CFR 131.34 - Kansas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Contact Recreation Basin: Solomon Subbasin: Upper North Fork Solomon Ash Creek 10260011 24 Primary Contact... Recreation Subbasin: Lower North Fork Solomon Beaver Creek 10260012 10 Primary Contact Recreation Beaver...

Augmented burst-error correction for UNICON laser memory. [digital memory

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lim, R. S.

1974-01-01

A single-burst-error correction system is described for data stored in the UNICON laser memory. In the proposed system, a long fire code with code length n greater than 16,768 bits was used as an outer code to augment an existing inner shorter fire code for burst error corrections. The inner fire code is a (80,64) code shortened from the (630,614) code, and it is used to correct a single-burst-error on a per-word basis with burst length b less than or equal to 6. The outer code, with b less than or equal to 12, would be used to correct a single-burst-error on a per-page basis, where a page consists of 512 32-bit words. In the proposed system, the encoding and error detection processes are implemented by hardware. A minicomputer, currently used as a UNICON memory management processor, is used on a time-demanding basis for error correction. Based upon existing error statistics, this combination of an inner code and an outer code would enable the UNICON system to obtain a very low error rate in spite of flaws affecting the recorded data.

Statistical Analysis for the Solomon Four-Group Design. Research Report 99-06.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

van Engelenburg, Gijsbert

The Solomon four-group design (R. Solomon, 1949) is a very useful experimental design to investigate the main effect of a pretest and the interaction of pretest and treatment. Although the design was proposed half a century ago, no proper data analysis techniques have been available. This paper describes how data from the Solomon four-group design…

Oloketa Tingting Fo Apem Education Long Solomon Islands: Issues in Solomon Islands Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alcorn, Noeline

2010-01-01

This book makes available to a wider audience for the first time material based on fieldwork carried out by the Solomon Island researchers in their own country. The findings will have vital relevance to policy makers, teachers and students. Over the past four years the School of Education, Solomon Islands College of Higher Education and the…

Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) | Energy Analysis | NREL

Science.gov Websites

System Model The Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) model helps the U.S. Department of model. Visualize Future Capacity Expansion of Renewable Energy Watch this video of the ReEDS model audio. Model Documentation ReEDS Model Documentation: Version 2016 ReEDS Map with Numbered Regions

Breeding bird territory placement in riparian wet meadows in relation to invasive reed canary grass, Phalaris arundinacea

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kirsch, E.M.; Gray, B.R.; Fox, T.J.; Thogmartin, W.E.

2007-01-01

Invasive plants are a growing concern worldwide for conservation of native habitats. In endangered wet meadow habitat in the Upper Midwestern United States, reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) is a recognized problem and its prevalence is more widespread than the better-known invasive wetland plant purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). Although resource managers are concerned about the effect of reed canary grass on birds, this is the first study to report how common wet meadow birds use habitat in relation to reed canary grass cover and dominance. We examined three response variables: territory placement, size of territories, and numbers of territories per plot in relation to cover of reed canary grass. Territory locations for Sedge Wren (Cistothorus platensis) and Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) were positively associated with reed canary grass cover, while those for Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas) were not. Only Swamp Sparrow (M. georgiana) territory locations were negatively associated with reed canary grass cover and dominance (which indicated a tendency to place territories where there was no reed canary grass or where many plant species occurred with reed canary grass). Swamp Sparrow territories were positively associated with vegetation height density and litter depth. Common Yellowthroat territories were positively associated with vegetation height density and shrub cover. Song Sparrow territories were negatively associated with litter depth. Reed canary grass cover within territories was not associated with territory size for any of these four bird species. Territory density per plot was not associated with average reed canary grass cover of plots for all four species. Sedge Wrens and Song Sparrows may not respond negatively to reed canary grass because this grass is native to wet meadows of North America, and in the study area it merely replaces other tall lush plants. Avoidance of reed canary grass by Swamp Sparrows may be mediated through their preference for wet areas where reed canary grass typically does not dominate. ?? 2007, The Society of Wetland Scientists.

77 FR 74583 - Guidance Regarding Deduction and Capitalization of Expenditures Related to Tangible Property

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-17

...)-1T, 1.168(i)-7T, 1.168(i)-8T, 1.263A-1T, and 1.1016-3T, Kathleen Reed or Patrick Clinton, Office... 162, 165, 167,168, 263, 263A, and 1016 of the Internal Revenue Code. The temporary regulations (TD..., 2012. * * * * * 0 Par. 10. Section 1.168(i)-7T is amended by: 0 1. Revising paragraph (e)(1). 0 2...

Residual anastomoses in twin-twin transfusion syndrome after laser: the Solomon randomized trial.

PubMed

Slaghekke, Femke; Lewi, Liesbeth; Middeldorp, Johanna M; Weingertner, Anne Sophie; Klumper, Frans J; Dekoninck, Philip; Devlieger, Roland; Lanna, Mariano M; Deprest, Jan; Favre, Romain; Oepkes, Dick; Lopriore, Enrico

2014-09-01

Residual anastomoses after fetoscopic laser surgery for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) may lead to severe postoperative complications, including recurrent TTTS and twin anemia-polycythemia sequence (TAPS). A novel technique (Solomon technique) using laser coagulation of the entire vascular equator was recently investigated in a randomized controlled trial (Solomon trial) and compared with the Standard selective laser technique. The aim of this secondary analysis was to evaluate the occurrence and characteristics of residual anastomoses in placentas included in the Solomon trial. International multicenter randomized controlled trial in TTTS, randomized 1:1 ratio to either the Solomon laser technique or Standard laser technique. At time of laser, surgeons recorded whether they considered the procedure to be complete. Placental dye injection was performed after birth in the participating centers to evaluate the presence of residual anastomoses. A total of 151 placentas were included in the study. The percentage of placentas with residual anastomoses in the Solomon group and Standard group was 19% (14/74) and 34% (26/77), respectively (P = .04). The percentage of placentas with residual anastomoses in the subgroup of cases where the procedure was recorded as complete was 8/65 (12%) and 22/69 (32%) in the Solomon group and Standard group, respectively (P < .01). The Solomon laser technique reduces the risk of residual anastomoses. However, careful follow-up remains essential also after the Solomon technique, as complete dichorionization is not always achieved. Copyright © 2014 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Inter Annual Variability of the Acoustic Propagation in the Yellow Sea Identified from a Synoptic Monthly Gridded Database as Compared with GDEM

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-01

the world climate is in fact warming due to anthropogenic causes (Anderegg et al. 2010; Solomon et al. 2009). To put this in terms for this research ...2006). The present research uses a 0.5’ resolution. B. SEDIMENTS DATABASE There are four openly available sediment databases: Enhanced, Standard...DISTRIBUTION CODE 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) This research investigates the inter-annual acoustic variability in the Yellow Sea identified from

Golay sequences coded coherent optical OFDM for long-haul transmission

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qin, Cui; Ma, Xiangrong; Hua, Tao; Zhao, Jing; Yu, Huilong; Zhang, Jian

2017-09-01

We propose to use binary Golay sequences in coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) to improve the long-haul transmission performance. The Golay sequences are generated by binary Reed-Muller codes, which have low peak-to-average power ratio and certain error correction capability. A low-complexity decoding algorithm for the Golay sequences is then proposed to recover the signal. Under same spectral efficiency, the QPSK modulated OFDM with binary Golay sequences coding with and without discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spreading (DFTS-QPSK-GOFDM and QPSK-GOFDM) are compared with the normal BPSK modulated OFDM with and without DFT spreading (DFTS-BPSK-OFDM and BPSK-OFDM) after long-haul transmission. At a 7% forward error correction code threshold (Q2 factor of 8.5 dB), it is shown that DFTS-QPSK-GOFDM outperforms DFTS-BPSK-OFDM by extending the transmission distance by 29% and 18%, in non-dispersion managed and dispersion managed links, respectively.

Solomon Technique Versus Selective Coagulation for Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome.

PubMed

Slaghekke, Femke; Oepkes, Dick

2016-06-01

Monochorionic twin pregnancies can be complicated by twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). The best treatment option for TTTS is fetoscopic laser coagulation of the vascular anastomoses between donor and recipient. After laser therapy, up to 33% residual anastomoses were seen. These residual anastomoses can cause twin anemia polycythemia sequence (TAPS) and recurrent TTTS. In order to reduce the number of residual anastomoses and their complications, a new technique, the Solomon technique, where the whole vascular equator will be coagulated, was introduced. The Solomon technique showed a reduction of recurrent TTS compared to the selective technique. The incidence of recurrent TTTS after the Solomon technique ranged from 0% to 3.9% compared to 5.3-8.5% after the selective technique. The incidence of TAPS after the Solomon technique ranged from 0% to 2.9% compared to 4.2-15.6% after the selective technique. The Solomon technique may improve dual survival rates ranging from 64% to 85% compared to 46-76% for the selective technique. There was no difference reported in procedure-related complications such as intrauterine infection and preterm premature rupture of membranes. The Solomon technique significantly reduced the incidence of TAPS and recurrent TTTS and may improve survival and neonatal outcome, without identifiable adverse outcome or complications; therefore, the Solomon technique is recommended for the treatment of TTTS.

Acoustical studies of the American reed organ

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cottingham, James P.

2004-05-01

The reed organ enjoyed a period of great popularity in North America which reached a peak in the late 19th century, when thousands of instruments per year were manufactured and sold in the United States and Canada. Displaced by the emergence of the upright piano, the reed organ had very much fallen out of favor by 1929. In the past decade a number of acoustical investigations have been undertaken on the instrument known as the American reed organ. Observations of reed motion and velocity have been made with electronic proximity sensors and a laser vibrometer system. The variation of the frequency and amplitude of reed vibration as a function of blowing pressure has been explored in some detail and the results compared with predictions of a simple theoretical model. Measurements have been made of the spectrum of the near-field sound including the effects of changes in dimensions of the reed cell. While most treatments of free reed oscillation approximate the reed vibration as a sinusoidal oscillation of a cantilever beam in the fundamental transverse mode, recently some evidence of higher transverse modes and torsional modes of vibration have been observed.

PEER - Earthquake Reconnaissance Reports

Science.gov Websites

struck off Mexico's Pacific coast - Wave 3 News - Live video Kirakira, Solomon Islands 2016 - USGS image - M7.8 - 69km WSW of Kirakira, Solomon Islands - BBC - Solomon Islands tsunami warning lifted after

50 CFR 300.65 - Catch sharing plan and domestic management measures in waters in and off Alaska.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Municipality Solomon Census Designated Place South Naknek Census Designated Place St. Michael Municipality... of Sheldon's Point Shishmaref Native Village of Shishmaref Solomon Village of Solomon South Naknek...

Spectral discrimination of giant reed (Arundo donax L.): A seasonal study in riparian areas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fernandes, Maria Rosário; Aguiar, Francisca C.; Silva, João M. N.; Ferreira, Maria Teresa; Pereira, José M. C.

2013-06-01

The giant reed (Arundo donax L.) is amongst the one hundred worst invasive alien species of the world, and it is responsible for biodiversity loss and failure of ecosystem functions in riparian habitats. In this work, field spectroradiometry was used to assess the spectral separability of the giant reed from the adjacent vegetation and from the common reed, a native similar species. The study was conducted at different phenological periods and also for the giant reed stands regenerated after mechanical cutting (giant reed_RAC). A hierarchical procedure using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Classification and Regression Trees (CART) was used to select the minimum number of optimal bands that discriminate the giant reed from the adjacent vegetation. A new approach was used to identify sets of wavelengths - wavezones - that maximize the spectral separability beyond the minimum number of optimal bands. Jeffries Matusita and Bhattacharya distance were used to evaluate the spectral separability using the minimum optimal bands and in three simulated satellite images, namely Landsat, IKONOS and SPOT. Giant reed was spectrally separable from the adjacent vegetation, both at the vegetative and the senescent period, exception made to the common reed at the vegetative period. The red edge region was repeatedly selected, although the visible region was also important to separate the giant reed from the herbaceous vegetation and the mid infrared region to the discrimination from the woody vegetation. The highest separability was obtained for the giant reed_RAC stands, due to its highly homogeneous, dense and dark-green stands. Results are discussed by relating the phenological, morphological and structural features of the giant reed stands and the adjacent vegetation with their optical traits. Weaknesses and strengths of the giant reed spectral discrimination are highlighted and implications of imagery selection for mapping purposes are argued based on present results.

A shallow lake remediation regime with Phragmites australis: Incorporating nutrient removal and water evapotranspiration.

PubMed

Zhao, Ying; Yang, Zhifeng; Xia, Xinghui; Wang, Fei

2012-11-01

Shallow lake eutrophication has been an important issue of global water environment. Based on the simulation and field sampling experiments in Baiyangdian Lake, the largest shallow lake in North China, this study proposed a shallow lake remediation regime with Phragmites australis (reed) incorporating its opposite effects of nutrient removal and water evapotranspiration on water quality. The results of simulation experiments showed that both total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP) removal efficiencies increased with the increasing reed coverage. The TN removal efficiencies by reed aboveground uptake and rhizosphere denitrification were 11.2%, 13.8%, 22.6%, 28.4%, and 29.6% for the reed coverage of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, respectively. Correspondingly, TP removal efficiencies by aboveground reed uptake were 1.4%, 2.5%, 4.4%, 7.4% and 7.9%, respectively. However, the water quality was best when the reed coverage was 60% (72 plants m(-2)). This was due to the fact that the concentration effect of reed evapotranspiration on nutrient increased with reed coverage. When the reed coverage was 100% (120 plants m(-2)), the evapotranspiration was approximately twice that without reeds. The field sampling results showed that the highest aboveground nutrient storages occurred in September. Thus, the proposed remediation regime for Baiyangdian Lake was that the reed coverage should be adjusted to 60%, and the aboveground biomass of reeds should be harvested in each September. With this remediation regime, TN and TP removal in Baiyangdian Lake were 117.8 and 4.0 g m(-2), respectively, and the corresponding removal efficiencies were estimated to be 49% and 8.5% after six years. This study suggests that reed is an effective plant for the remediation of shallow lake eutrophication, and its contrasting effects of nutrient removal and evapotranspiration on water quality should be considered for establishing the remediation regime in the future. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A STUDY OF RECOVERING A REED ECOSYSTEM USING POROUS CONCRETE IN THE LAKE BIWA SHORE

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Takeda, Naho; Kato, Hayato; Okamoto, Takahisa; Kojima, Takayuki

In this study, reed planting tests were carried out at the Biyo-center, an experiment station on the Lake Biwa shore, in order to evaluate the feasibility of a planting method with porous concrete (PoC method). Reed planting tests with coconut-fiber mats (mat method), which were generally used around Lake Biwa, were simultaneously carried out to compare with the PoC method. The reeds planted by the PoC method grew better than the ones planted by the mat method, and the number of reeds which were washed away by waves was smaller than that planted by the mat method. The result of the observation of reeds planted in the PoC showed plant maturation, and reeds could ta ke root into the PoC without interference with the voids of the PoC. As a result, it was shown that the reed planting tests with the PoC method was simple and effective, so it would become in harmony with the environment around Lake Biwa.

a Comparative Study of Alto Saxophone Reeds Through Spectral and Subjective Analyses.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Henderson, Caroline Blythe

The purpose of this study was to analyze six brands of cane reeds and five brands of synthetic reeds to determine the differences in tone quality produced by each. Spectral analysis was used to determine the individual reed which conformed most closely to the average profile of each brand. A panel of seven saxophone performers then presented their opinions of the each reed's tone quality upon hearing a live performance of an excerpt from Eugene Bozza's Aria for alto saxophone and piano performed on the reeds most representative of each brand. The evaluation form used by the judges included ten sets of bipolar adjectives: good-bad, harmonious-dissonant, clean-dirty, light-dark, pleasurable-painful, beautiful-ugly, strong-weak, complex -simple, masculine-feminine, and interesting-boring. The results indicated that the primary factors influencing the tone quality of a given reed were the strength of the overtones present regardless of their order and the dominance of either the fundamental or the first overtone. Although professional musicians normally hand-select their reeds for performance, this research based on both spectral and subjective analyses provides clear evidence for both musicians and music educators to refine and improve their reed selection process.

Toward an architecture of attachment disorganization: John Bowlby's published and unpublished reflections.

PubMed

Solomon, Judith; Duschinsky, Robbie; Bakkum, Lianne; Schuengel, Carlo

2017-10-01

This article examines the construct of disorganized attachment originally proposed by Main and Solomon, developing some new conjectures based on inspiration from a largely unknown source: John Bowlby's unpublished texts, housed at the Wellcome Trust Library Archive in London (with permission from the Bowlby family). We explore Bowlby's discussions of disorganized attachment, which he understood from the perspective of ethological theories of conflict behavior. Bowlby's reflections regarding differences among the behaviors used to code disorganized attachment will be used to explore distinctions that may underlie the structure of the current coding system. The article closes with an emphasis on the importance Bowlby placed on Popper's distinction between the context of discovery and the context of justification in developmental science.

Three-Dimensional Unsteady Separation at Low Reynolds Numbers

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-07-01

novel, robust adaptive- grid technique for incompressible flow (Shen & Reed 1990a "Shepard’s Interpolation for Solution-Adaptive Methods" submitted to...3-D adaptive- grid schemes developed for flat plate for full, unsteady, incompressible Navier Stokes. 4. 2-D and 3-D unsteady, vortex-lattice code...perforated to tailor suction through wall. Honeycomb and contractiong uide flow uniformly crons "a dn muwet a m Fiur32 c ic R n R ev lving -disc seals

VizieR Online Data Catalog: Transiting planet WASP-6b (Tregloan-Reed+, 2015)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tregloan-Reed, J.; Southworth, J.; Burgdorf, M.; Calchi Novati, S.; Dominik, M.; Finet, F.; Jorgensen, U. G.; Maier, G.; Mancini, L.; Prof, S.; Ricci, D.; Snodgrass, C.; Bozza, V.; Browne, P.; Dodds, P.; Gerner, T.; Harpsoe, K.; Hinse, T. C.; Hundertmark, M.; Kains, N.; Kerins, E.; Liebig, C.; Penny, M. T.; Rahvar, S.; Sahu, K.; Scarpetta, G.; Schafer, S.; Schonebeck, F.; Skottfelt, J.; Surdej, J.

2018-05-01

Four light curves of transits of the extrasolar planetary system WASP-6 are presented. They were obtained using the Danish 1.54m telescope at ESO La Silla, Chile, in the Bessell R passband. The errorbars for each transit have been scaled so the best-fitting model (obtained using the JKTEBOP code and without accounting for the presence of starspots) has a reduced chi-squared value of 1.0. (1 data file).

77 FR 43369 - Lexisnexis, a Subsidiary of Reed Elsevier Customer Service Department and Fulfillment Department...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-24

..., a Subsidiary of Reed Elsevier Customer Service Department and Fulfillment Department, Including On... Including Remote Workers in New York Reporting to Miamisburg, OH; Lexisnexis, a Subsidiary of Reed Elsevier... subsidiary of Reed Elsevier, Inc., Customer Service Department and Fulfillment Department, including on-site...

Neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years in twin-twin transfusion syndrome survivors randomized for the Solomon trial.

PubMed

van Klink, Jeanine M M; Slaghekke, Femke; Balestriero, Marina A; Scelsa, Barbara; Introvini, Paola; Rustico, Mariangela; Faiola, Stefano; Rijken, Monique; Koopman, Hendrik M; Middeldorp, Johanna M; Oepkes, Dick; Lopriore, Enrico

2016-01-01

The preferred treatment for twin-twin transfusion syndrome is fetoscopic laser coagulation of inter-twin vascular anastomoses on the monochorionic placenta. Severe postoperative complications can occur when inter-twin vascular anastomoses remain patent including twin-anemia polycythemia sequence or recurrent twin-twin transfusion syndrome. To minimize the occurrence of residual anastomoses, a modified laser surgery technique, the Solomon technique, was developed in which the entire vascular equator is coagulated. In the Solomon randomized controlled trial (NTR1245), the Solomon technique was associated with a significant reduction in twin-anemia polycythemia sequence and recurrence of twin-twin transfusion syndrome when compared with the standard laser surgery technique. Although a significant improvement in perinatal outcome was shown after the Solomon technique, the clinical importance should also be ascertained with long-term follow-up evaluation of the surviving children. The purpose of this study was to compare the long-term neurodevelopmental outcome in surviving children with twin-twin transfusion syndrome who were included in the Solomon randomized trial and treated with either the Solomon technique or standard laser surgery technique. Routine standardized follow-up evaluation in survivors, at least 2 years after the estimated date of delivery, was performed at 2 of the 5 centers that participated in the Solomon trial: Buzzi Hospital Milan (Italy) and Leiden University Medical Center (The Netherlands). The primary outcome of this follow-up study was survival without long-term neurodevelopmental impairment at age 2 years. Neurodevelopmental impairment was defined as cerebral palsy, cognitive and/or motor development score of <85, bilateral blindness, or deafness. Cognitive and motor development was evaluated with the use of Bayley-III. All analyses per fetus, neonate, or child were conducted with the generalized estimated equation module to account for the effect that observations between co-twins are not independent. The primary outcome (survival without neurodevelopmental impairment) was detected in 95 of 141 cases (67%) in the Solomon group and in 99 of 146 cases (68%) in the standard group (P = .92). Neurodevelopmental impairment in long-term survivors who were included for follow-up evaluation was detected in 12 of 107 cases (11%) in the Solomon and in 10 of 109 cases (9%) in the standard group (P = .61). Neurodevelopmental impairment was due to cerebral palsy in 1 case (1%; spastic unilateral) in the Solomon group and in 2 cases (2%; spastic unilateral and spastic bilateral) in the standard group (P = .58). Cognitive development <85 cases was detected in 2 of 105 children (2%) in the Solomon group and in 6 of 106 children (6%) in the standard group (P = .23). Motor development <85 occurred in 8 of 103 children (8%) in the Solomon group and 3 of 104 children (3%) in the standard group (P = .23). We found no difference in survival without neurodevelopmental impairment between the Solomon and standard laser techniques. In view of the reduction of short-term complications and the absence of increased adverse long-term effects, these data support the use of the Solomon technique in the treatment of twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Publications - RDF 2015-4 | Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical

Science.gov Websites

, and the northern Darby Mountains, Bendeleben, Candle, Kotzebue, and Solomon quadrangles, Alaska publication sales page for more information. Quadrangle(s): Bendeleben; Candle; Kotzebue; Solomon drainages, Granite Mountain, and the northern Darby Mountains, Bendeleben, Candle, Kotzebue, and Solomon

Aerodynamic excitation and sound production of blown-closed free reeds without acoustic coupling: the example of the accordion reed.

PubMed

Ricot, Denis; Caussé, René; Misdariis, Nicolas

2005-04-01

The accordion reed is an example of a blown-closed free reed. Unlike most oscillating valves in wind musical instruments, self-sustained oscillations occur without acoustic coupling. Flow visualizations and measurements in water show that the flow can be supposed incompressible and potential. A model is developed and the solution is calculated in the time domain. The excitation force is found to be associated with the inertial load of the unsteady flow through the reed gaps. Inertial effect leads to velocity fluctuations in the reed opening and then to an unsteady Bernoulli force. A pressure component generated by the local reciprocal air movement around the reed is added to the modeled aerodynamic excitation pressure. Since the model is two-dimensional, only qualitative comparisons with air flow measurements are possible. The agreement between the simulated pressure waveforms and measured pressure in the very near-field of the reed is reasonable. In addition, an aeroacoustic model using the permeable Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings integral method is presented. The integral expressions of the far-field acoustic pressure are also computed in the time domain. In agreement with experimental data, the sound is found to be dominated by the dipolar source associated by the strong momentum fluctuations of the flow through the reed gaps.

Aerodynamic excitation and sound production of blown-closed free reeds without acoustic coupling: The example of the accordion reed

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ricot, Denis; Caussé, René; Misdariis, Nicolas

2005-04-01

The accordion reed is an example of a blown-closed free reed. Unlike most oscillating valves in wind musical instruments, self-sustained oscillations occur without acoustic coupling. Flow visualizations and measurements in water show that the flow can be supposed incompressible and potential. A model is developed and the solution is calculated in the time domain. The excitation force is found to be associated with the inertial load of the unsteady flow through the reed gaps. Inertial effect leads to velocity fluctuations in the reed opening and then to an unsteady Bernoulli force. A pressure component generated by the local reciprocal air movement around the reed is added to the modeled aerodynamic excitation pressure. Since the model is two-dimensional, only qualitative comparisons with air flow measurements are possible. The agreement between the simulated pressure waveforms and measured pressure in the very near-field of the reed is reasonable. In addition, an aeroacoustic model using the permeable Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings integral method is presented. The integral expressions of the far-field acoustic pressure are also computed in the time domain. In agreement with experimental data, the sound is found to be dominated by the dipolar source associated by the strong momentum fluctuations of the flow through the reed gaps. .

A concatenated coding scheme for error control

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kasami, T.; Fujiwara, T.; Lin, S.

1986-01-01

In this paper, a concatenated coding scheme for error control in data communications is presented and analyzed. In this scheme, the inner code is used for both error correction and detection; however, the outer code is used only for error detection. A retransmission is requested if either the inner code decoder fails to make a successful decoding or the outer code decoder detects the presence of errors after the inner code decoding. Probability of undetected error (or decoding error) of the proposed scheme is derived. An efficient method for computing this probability is presented. Throughput efficiency of the proposed error control scheme incorporated with a selective-repeat ARQ retransmission strategy is also analyzed. Three specific examples are presented. One of the examples is proposed for error control in the NASA Telecommand System.

Error Control Coding Techniques for Space and Satellite Communications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Costello, Daniel J., Jr.; Takeshita, Oscar Y.; Cabral, Hermano A.

1998-01-01

It is well known that the BER performance of a parallel concatenated turbo-code improves roughly as 1/N, where N is the information block length. However, it has been observed by Benedetto and Montorsi that for most parallel concatenated turbo-codes, the FER performance does not improve monotonically with N. In this report, we study the FER of turbo-codes, and the effects of their concatenation with an outer code. Two methods of concatenation are investigated: across several frames and within each frame. Some asymmetric codes are shown to have excellent FER performance with an information block length of 16384. We also show that the proposed outer coding schemes can improve the BER performance as well by eliminating pathological frames generated by the iterative MAP decoding process.

Differences in breeding bird assemblages related to reed canary grass cover cover and forest structure on the Upper Mississippi River

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kirsch, Eileen M.; Gray, Brian R.

2017-01-01

Floodplain forest of the Upper Mississippi River provides habitat for an abundant and diverse breeding bird community. However, reed canary grass Phalaris arundinacea invasion is a serious threat to the future condition of this forest. Reed canary grass is a well-known aggressive invader of wetland systems in the northern tier states of the conterminous United States. Aided by altered flow regimes and nutrient inputs from agriculture, reed canary grass has formed dense stands in canopy gaps and forest edges, retarding tree regeneration. We sampled vegetation and breeding birds in Upper Mississippi River floodplain forest edge and interior areas to 1) measure reed canary grass cover and 2) evaluate whether the breeding bird assemblage responded to differences in reed canary grass cover. Reed canary grass was found far into forest interiors, and its cover was similar between interior and edge sites. Bird assemblages differed between areas with more or less reed canary grass cover (.53% cover breakpoint). Common yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas, black-capped chickadee Parus atricapillus, and rose-breasted grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus were more common and American redstart Setophaga ruticilla, great crested flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus, and Baltimore oriole Icterus galbula were less common in sites with more reed canary grass cover. Bird diversity and abundance were similar between sites with different reed canary grass cover. A stronger divergence in bird assemblages was associated with ground cover ,15%, resulting from prolonged spring flooding. These sites hosted more prothonotary warbler Protonotaria citrea, but they had reduced bird abundance and diversity compared to other sites. Our results indicate that frequently flooded sites may be important for prothonotary warblers and that bird assemblages shift in response to reed canary grass invasion.

Publications - RDF 2005-2 | Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical

Science.gov Websites

, and non-carbonate carbon data from rocks collected in the Solomon, Bendeleben, and Nome quadrangles for more information. Quadrangle(s): Bendeleben; Nome; Solomon Bibliographic Reference Werdon, M.B , geochemical, and non-carbonate carbon data from rocks collected in the Solomon, Bendeleben, and Nome

Publications - RDF 2011-1 | Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical

Science.gov Websites

Solomon Quadrangle, Seward Peninsula, Alaska Authors: Werdon, M.B. Publication Date: Mar 2011 Publisher or please see our publication sales page for more information. Quadrangle(s): Solomon Bibliographic Reference Werdon, M.B., 2011, Outcrop structural data collected in 2006 in the Solomon Quadrangle, Seward

50 CFR 300.65 - Catch sharing plan and domestic management measures in waters in and off Alaska.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Municipality Shaktoolik Municipality Sheldon Point (Nunam Iqua) Municipality Shishmaref Municipality Solomon... Shishmaref Native Village of Shishmaref Solomon Village of Solomon South Naknek South Naknek Village St... in the four non-subsistence marine waters areas defined as follows: (i) Ketchikan non-subsistence...

50 CFR 300.65 - Catch sharing plan and domestic management measures in waters in and off Alaska.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Municipality Shaktoolik Municipality Sheldon Point (Nunam Iqua) Municipality Shishmaref Municipality Solomon... Shishmaref Native Village of Shishmaref Solomon Village of Solomon South Naknek South Naknek Village St... in the four non-subsistence marine waters areas defined as follows: (i) Ketchikan non-subsistence...

50 CFR 300.65 - Catch sharing plan and domestic management measures in waters in and off Alaska.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Municipality Shaktoolik Municipality Sheldon Point (Nunam Iqua) Municipality Shishmaref Municipality Solomon... Shishmaref Native Village of Shishmaref Solomon Village of Solomon South Naknek South Naknek Village St... in the four non-subsistence marine waters areas defined as follows: (i) Ketchikan non-subsistence...

50 CFR 300.65 - Catch sharing plan and domestic management measures in waters in and off Alaska.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Municipality Shaktoolik Municipality Sheldon Point (Nunam Iqua) Municipality Shishmaref Municipality Solomon... Shishmaref Native Village of Shishmaref Solomon Village of Solomon South Naknek South Naknek Village St... in the four non-subsistence marine waters areas defined as follows: (i) Ketchikan non-subsistence...

78 FR 34035 - Forest Resource Coordinating Committee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-06

... morning of each conference call. Written comments may be submited by mail to Attn: Maya Solomon, 1400... Maya Solomon via phone at 202-205-1376 or via email at [email protected] prior to the conference call to facilitate distribution of support materials. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Maya Solomon...

A Case of Ancylostoma ceylanicum Infection Occurring in an Australian Soldier Returned from Solomon Islands.

PubMed

Speare, Rick; Bradbury, Richard Stewart; Croese, John

2016-08-01

A 26-year-old male member of the Australian Defense Force presented with a history of central abdominal pain of 4 weeks duration and peripheral eosinophilia consistent with eosinophilic enteritis. Acute hookworm disease was diagnosed as the cause. Adult worms recovered from feces after therapy with albendazole were morphologically consistent with Ancylostoma ceylanicum. As the patient had been deployed with the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands for 6 months prior to this presentation, it is very likely that the A. ceylanicum was acquired in Solomon Islands. Until now, it has been assumed that any Ancylostoma spp. recovered from humans in Solomon Islands is A. duodenale. However, this case demonstrates that human hookworm infection acquired in the Solomon Islands could be caused by A. ceylanicum.

Mental health in the Solomon Islands: developing reforms and partnerships.

PubMed

Ryan, Brigid; Orotaloa, Paul; Araitewa, Stephen; Gaoifa, Daniel; Moreen, John; Kiloe, Edwin; Same, William; Goding, Margaret; Ng, Chee

2015-12-01

The Solomon Islands face significant shortages and geographical imbalances in the distribution of skilled health workers and resources, which severely impact the delivery of mental health services. The government's Integrated Mental Health Service has emphasised the importance of greater community ownership and involvement in community-based mental health care, and of moving from centralised services to increased local and accessible care. From 2012 to 2014, the Solomon Islands Integrated Mental Health service worked with Asia-Australia Mental Health to build workforce capacity and deliver sustainable community mental health programs. Supported by the Australian Aid Program's Public Sector Linkages Program, this project shared resources and fostered links between public sector agencies in Australia, Fiji and the Solomon Islands. Key learning points from the collaboration included the critical need to establish partnerships with community stakeholders, the importance of sustaining a well-functioning mental health team, and optimising the strengths of the local resources in the Solomon Islands. Through this project, national policies, promotion and service delivery were strengthened, through the exchange of experiences and mobilisation of north-south (Australia-Solomon Islands) and south-south (Solomon Islands-other Pacific nations) technical expertise. This project demonstrates the potential for international partnerships to contribute to the development of culturally-appropriate and integrated mental health services. © The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists 2015.

The influence of reed curvature on the tone quality of lingual organ pipes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Plitnik, G. R.; Angster, J.

2002-11-01

Given certain design constraints, such as the type of stop being voiced and the desired tone quality, reed voicers must use consummate skill to curve each tongue so as to produce the best and most stable tone, as well as maintaining a consistent tone quality across an entire rank of pipes. The curvature given to a reed tongue influences not only the harmonic structure of the steady-state sound, but also the attack. Two fundamentally different types of curvature are typically employed, the chorus reed (trompette) curve (which yields a bright sound) and the smooth-toned curve employed for solo reeds such as the clarinet. This study investigated the effect of reed curvature on the vibration and tone of reed tongues of both types. Two F2 pipes (a trompette and a clarinet) were constructed and voiced with 6 different tongues each to produce a variety of tones. The reed's vibration was measured under typical conditions by laser vibrometer; the pressure waves in the boot and in the shallot were measured by means of one-eighth inch microphones and the emitted sound was recorded at the egress. By performing various measurements simultaneously, phase differences were also determined.

Accumulate repeat accumulate codes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Abbasfar, A.; Divsalar, D.; Yao, K.

2004-01-01

In this paper we propose an innovative channel coding scheme called Accumulate Repeat Accumulate codes. This class of codes can be viewed as trubo-like codes, namely a double serial concatenation of a rate-1 accumulator as an outer code, a regular or irregular repetition as a middle code, and a punctured accumulator as an inner code.

From Kratzenstein to Wheatstone: Episodes in the early history of free reed acoustics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cottingham, James P.

2002-05-01

In 1780 C. G. Kratzenstein published a paper in St. Petersburg describing a machine which produced vowel sounds using free reeds with resonators of various shapes. This marks a convenient, if arbitrary, starting point for the history of the free reed musical instruments of European origin. These instruments developed rapidly, and by 1850 the accordion, concertina, harmonica, reed organ, and harmonium all had been invented and developed into more or less final form. A key figure in this period is Charles Wheatstone, who not only published papers on acoustical research but was also an inventor and commercially successful manufacturer of musical instruments, most notably the Wheatstone English concertina. Much of Wheatstone's research in acoustics and almost all of his work as an inventor of musical instruments involved free reeds. This paper presents some episodes in the development of the free reed instruments and some examples of acoustical research involving free reeds during the 18th and 19th centuries.

Toward an architecture of attachment disorganization: John Bowlby’s published and unpublished reflections

PubMed Central

Solomon, Judith; Duschinsky, Robbie; Bakkum, Lianne; Schuengel, Carlo

2017-01-01

This article examines the construct of disorganized attachment originally proposed by Main and Solomon, developing some new conjectures based on inspiration from a largely unknown source: John Bowlby’s unpublished texts, housed at the Wellcome Trust Library Archive in London (with permission from the Bowlby family). We explore Bowlby’s discussions of disorganized attachment, which he understood from the perspective of ethological theories of conflict behavior. Bowlby’s reflections regarding differences among the behaviors used to code disorganized attachment will be used to explore distinctions that may underlie the structure of the current coding system. The article closes with an emphasis on the importance Bowlby placed on Popper’s distinction between the context of discovery and the context of justification in developmental science. PMID:28791871

Locating relationship and communication issues among stressors associated with breast cancer.

PubMed

Weber, Kirsten M; Solomon, Denise Haunani

2008-11-01

This article clarifies how the social contexts in which breast cancer survivors live can contribute to the stress they experience because of the disease. Guided by Solomon and Knobloch's (2004) relational turbulence model and Petronio's (2002) communication privacy management theory, this study explores personal relationship and communication boundary issues within stressors that are associated with the diagnosis, treatment, and early survivorship of breast cancer. A qualitative analysis of discourse posted on breast cancer discussion boards and weblogs using the constant comparative method and open-coding techniques revealed 12 sources of stress. Using axial coding methods and probing these topics for underlying relationship and communication issues yielded 5 themes. The discussion highlights the implications of the findings for the theories that guided this investigation and for breast cancer survivorship more generally.

Size illusion, distance illusion, and terrestrial passage: comment on reed.

PubMed

Loftus, G R

1985-03-01

Two assumptions of Reed's (1984) terrestrial passage theory are questioned. First, Reed assumes that the moon's failure to increase in visual subtense while elevating is accounted for strictly by perceptual distancing. This allows a formal account of the moon distance illusion, but at the expense of a compelling explanation of the moon size illusion. Second, in order to explain the distance illusion, Reed assumes that all objects, regardless of their perceived altitude, are perceived to start from a common point at the horizon. Several alternative application of Reed's terrestrial-passage foundation to the actual illusions are suggested.

NOAA News Online (Story 2249)

Science.gov Websites

ON OZONE HOLE NOAA image of Susan Solomon in her office in Boulder, Colo. June 23, 2004 - Susan Solomon, a leading atmospheric scientist at the NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory in Boulder, Colo., was awarded larger view of Susan Solomon in her office in Boulder, Colo. Click here for high resolution version

Publications - RI 2005-1D | Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical

Science.gov Websites

content DGGS RI 2005-1D Publication Details Title: Geologic map of the Council Area, Solomon D-4 and publication sales page for more information. Quadrangle(s): Bendeleben; Solomon Bibliographic Reference Council Area, Solomon D-4 and Bendeleben A-4 quadrangles, Seward Peninsula, Alaska: Alaska Division of

Publications - RI 2005-1B | Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical

Science.gov Websites

half of the Solomon C-5 Quadrangle, Seward Peninsula, Alaska Authors: Werdon, M.B., Newberry, R.J publication sales page for more information. Quadrangle(s): Solomon Bibliographic Reference Werdon, M.B area, northern half of the Solomon C-5 Quadrangle, Seward Peninsula, Alaska: Alaska Division of

78 FR 41227 - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of Endangered Species Status for Six...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-09

... common in a very restricted range. system (four springs). Phantom Lake springsnail....... San Solomon Spring very rare in a very restricted range. system (four springs). diminutive amphipod San Solomon... Solomon Spring System. However, we use this term as a common reference for the four springs, which are...

Publications - RDF 2007-4 | Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical

Science.gov Websites

, and non-carbonate carbon data from rocks collected in the Solomon and Nome quadrangles, Seward information. Quadrangle(s): Nome; Solomon Bibliographic Reference Werdon, M.B., Newberry, R.J., Szumigala, D.J -carbonate carbon data from rocks collected in the Solomon and Nome quadrangles, Seward Peninsula, Alaska in

50 CFR 300.34 - Reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., by species; and condition of the catch on board the vessel (“fresh” or “frozen”). (v) Solomon Islands. (A) At least 24 hours prior to entry into Solomon Islands Fisheries Limits, a report must be... vessel is in the exclusive economic zone of Solomon Islands, a report that covers the period from 12:01 a...

50 CFR 300.34 - Reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., by species; and condition of the catch on board the vessel (“fresh” or “frozen”). (v) Solomon Islands. (A) At least 24 hours prior to entry into Solomon Islands Fisheries Limits, a report must be... vessel is in the exclusive economic zone of Solomon Islands, a report that covers the period from 12:01 a...

Vernacular Literacy in the Touo Language of the Solomon Islands

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dunn, Michael

2005-01-01

The Touo language is a non-Austronesian language spoken on Rendova Island (Western Province, Solomon Islands). First language speakers of Touo are typically multilingual, and are likely to speak other (Austronesian) vernaculars, as well as Solomon Island Pijin and English. There is no institutional support of literacy in Touo: schools function in…

50 CFR 300.34 - Reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., by species; and condition of the catch on board the vessel (“fresh” or “frozen”). (v) Solomon Islands. (A) At least 24 hours prior to entry into Solomon Islands Fisheries Limits, a report must be... vessel is in the exclusive economic zone of Solomon Islands, a report that covers the period from 12:01 a...

50 CFR 300.34 - Reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., by species; and condition of the catch on board the vessel (“fresh” or “frozen”). (v) Solomon Islands. (A) At least 24 hours prior to entry into Solomon Islands Fisheries Limits, a report must be... vessel is in the exclusive economic zone of Solomon Islands, a report that covers the period from 12:01 a...

50 CFR 300.34 - Reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., by species; and condition of the catch on board the vessel (“fresh” or “frozen”). (v) Solomon Islands. (A) At least 24 hours prior to entry into Solomon Islands Fisheries Limits, a report must be... vessel is in the exclusive economic zone of Solomon Islands, a report that covers the period from 12:01 a...

Solomon Islands School Leaders Readiness for Inclusive Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Porakari, James; Sevala, Brenda; Miniti, Patrick; Saemane, George; Sharma, Umesh; Forlin, Chris

2015-01-01

The inclusion of students with disabilities was initiated by the Ministry of Education and Human Resource Development in the Solomon Islands in 2013. This paper investigates the knowledge, skills, and values of school leaders in public and private schools in Honiara, the capital of the Solomon Islands, in regard to providing support for inclusive…

Introduction: Addressing Air Pollution and Health Science Questions to Inform Science and Policy

EPA Science Inventory

This special issue of Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health (AQAH) is the sixth and final in a series of special journal issues (Solomon 2010, 2011a, b; Solomon et al. 2011; Solomon 2012) associated with the 2010 Air Pollution and Heath Conference: Bridging the Gap between Sources ...

Telemedicine in the Solomon Islands: 2006 to 2009.

PubMed

Martiniuk, Alexandra; Negin, Joel; Hersch, Fred; Dalipanda, Tenneth; Jagilli, Rooney; Houasia, Patrick; Gorringe, Lilijana; Christie, Annie

2011-01-01

Telemedicine has been used in the Solomon Islands since 2000. We used quantitative and qualitative methods to examine telemedicine use in the Solomon Islands from January 2006 to June 2009. During the study period 66 telemedicine cases were submitted to the store and forward telemedicine system being used there. These included orthopaedic, oncology, cardiothoracic, infectious, congenital, gastroenterology and dermatology cases. Most cases (52%) were submitted by doctors at the National Referral Hospital (NRH) in Honiara. The majority of responses came from the NRH (27%). A final, firm recommendation regarding patient diagnosis and/or care was given for 46% of the cases. Interviews were conducted with 23 stakeholders in the Solomon Islands and in Australia to better understand the current and future use of telemedicine. The interviews identified the fragility of the Solomon Islands infrastructure, including the lack of training, as the largest barrier to the future use of telemedicine. The best use of telemedicine appears to be case sharing within the Solomon Islands, with connections to clinicians in other countries as a secondary benefit when particular expertise is required.

A soft decoding algorithm and hardware implementation for the visual prosthesis based on high order soft demodulation.

PubMed

Yang, Yuan; Quan, Nannan; Bu, Jingjing; Li, Xueping; Yu, Ningmei

2016-09-26

High order modulation and demodulation technology can solve the frequency requirement between the wireless energy transmission and data communication. In order to achieve reliable wireless data communication based on high order modulation technology for visual prosthesis, this work proposed a Reed-Solomon (RS) error correcting code (ECC) circuit on the basis of differential amplitude and phase shift keying (DAPSK) soft demodulation. Firstly, recognizing the weakness of the traditional DAPSK soft demodulation algorithm based on division that is complex for hardware implementation, an improved phase soft demodulation algorithm for visual prosthesis to reduce the hardware complexity is put forward. Based on this new algorithm, an improved RS soft decoding method is hence proposed. In this new decoding method, the combination of Chase algorithm and hard decoding algorithms is used to achieve soft decoding. In order to meet the requirements of implantable visual prosthesis, the method to calculate reliability of symbol-level based on multiplication of bit reliability is derived, which reduces the testing vectors number of Chase algorithm. The proposed algorithms are verified by MATLAB simulation and FPGA experimental results. During MATLAB simulation, the biological channel attenuation property model is added into the ECC circuit. The data rate is 8 Mbps in the MATLAB simulation and FPGA experiments. MATLAB simulation results show that the improved phase soft demodulation algorithm proposed in this paper saves hardware resources without losing bit error rate (BER) performance. Compared with the traditional demodulation circuit, the coding gain of the ECC circuit has been improved by about 3 dB under the same BER of [Formula: see text]. The FPGA experimental results show that under the condition of data demodulation error with wireless coils 3 cm away, the system can correct it. The greater the distance, the higher the BER. Then we use a bit error rate analyzer to measure BER of the demodulation circuit and the RS ECC circuit with different distance of two coils. And the experimental results show that the RS ECC circuit has about an order of magnitude lower BER than the demodulation circuit when under the same coils distance. Therefore, the RS ECC circuit has more higher reliability of the communication in the system. The improved phase soft demodulation algorithm and soft decoding algorithm proposed in this paper enables data communication that is more reliable than other demodulation system, which also provide a significant reference for further study to the visual prosthesis system.

Distillation with Sublogarithmic Overhead.

PubMed

Hastings, Matthew B; Haah, Jeongwan

2018-02-02

It has been conjectured that, for any distillation protocol for magic states for the T gate, the number of noisy input magic states required per output magic state at output error rate ε is Ω[log(1/ε)]. We show that this conjecture is false. We find a family of quantum error correcting codes of parameters ⟦∑[under i=w+1][over m](m/i),∑[under i=0][over w](m/i),∑[under i=w+1][over r+1](r+1/i)⟧ for any integers m>2r, r>w≥0, by puncturing quantum Reed-Muller codes. When m>νr, our code admits a transversal logical gate at the νth level of Clifford hierarchy. In a distillation protocol for magic states at the level ν=3 (T gate), the ratio of input to output magic states is O(log^{γ}(1/ε)), where γ=log(n/k)/log(d)<0.678 for some m, r, w. The smallest code in our family for which γ<1 is on ≈2^{58} qubits.

Fetoscopic laser ablation of placental anastomoses in twin-twin transfusion syndrome using 'Solomon technique'.

PubMed

Ruano, R; Rodo, C; Peiro, J L; Shamshirsaz, A A; Haeri, S; Nomura, M L; Salustiano, E M A; de Andrade, K K; Sangi-Haghpeykar, H; Carreras, E; Belfort, M A

2013-10-01

To document perinatal outcomes following use of the 'Solomon technique' in the selective photocoagulation of placental anastomoses for severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). Between January 2010 and July 2012, data were collected from 102 consecutive monochorionic twin pregnancies complicated by severe TTTS that underwent fetoscopic laser ablation at four different centers. We compared outcomes between subjects that underwent selective laser coagulation using the Solomon technique (cases) and those that underwent selective laser coagulation without this procedure (controls). Of the 102 pregnancies examined, 26 (25.5%) underwent the Solomon technique and 76 (74.5%) did not. Of the 204 fetuses, 139 (68.1%) survived up to 30 days of age. At least one twin survived in 82 (80.4%) pregnancies and both twins survived in 57 (55.9%) pregnancies. When compared with the control group, the Solomon-technique group had a significantly higher survival rate for both twins (84.6 vs 46.1%; P < 0.01) and a higher overall neonatal survival rate (45/52 (86.5%) vs 94/152 (61.8%); P < 0.01). Use of the Solomon technique remained independently associated with dual twin survival (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 11.35 (95% CI, 3.11-53.14); P = 0.0007) and overall neonatal survival rate (aOR, 4.65 (95% CI, 1.59-13.62); P = 0.005) on multivariable analysis. There were no cases of recurrent TTTS or twin anemia-polycythemia sequence (TAPS) in the Solomon-technique group. Use of the Solomon technique following selective laser coagulation of placental anastomoses appears to improve twin survival and may reduce the risk of recurrent TTTS and TAPS. Our data support the idea of performing a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of the Solomon technique. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Evaluation of inner-outer space distinction and verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia.

PubMed

Stephane, Massoud; Kuskowski, Michael; McClannahan, Kate; Surerus, Christa; Nelson, Katie

2010-09-01

Verbal hallucinations could result from attributing one's own inner speech to another. Inner speech is usually experienced in inner space, whereas hallucinations are often experienced in outer space. To clarify this paradox, we investigated schizophrenia patients' ability to distinguish between speech experienced in inner space, and speech experienced in outer space. 32 schizophrenia patients and 26 matched healthy controls underwent a two-stage experiment. First, they read sentences aloud or silently. Afterwards, they were required to distinguish between the sentences read aloud (experienced in outer space), the sentences read silently (experienced in inner space), and new sentences not previously read (no space coding). The sentences were in the first, second, or third person in equal proportions. Linear mixed models were used to investigate the effects of group, sentence location, pronoun, and hallucinations status. Schizophrenia patients were similar to controls in recognition capacity of sentences without space coding. They exhibited both inner-outer and outer-inner space confusion (they confused silently read sentences for sentences read aloud, and vice versa). Patients who experienced hallucinations inside their head were more likely to have outer-inner space bias. For speech generated by one's own brain, schizophrenia patients have bidirectional failure of inner-outer space distinction (inner-outer and outer-inner space biases); this might explain why hallucinations (abnormal inner speech) could be experienced in outer space. Furthermore, the direction of inner-outer space indistinction could determine the spatial location of the experienced hallucinations (inside or outside the head).

Characteristic Evolution and Matching

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Winicour, Jeffrey

2012-01-01

I review the development of numerical evolution codes for general relativity based upon the characteristic initial-value problem. Progress in characteristic evolution is traced from the early stage of 1D feasibility studies to 2D-axisymmetric codes that accurately simulate the oscillations and gravitational collapse of relativistic stars and to current 3D codes that provide pieces of a binary black-hole spacetime. Cauchy codes have now been successful at simulating all aspects of the binary black-hole problem inside an artificially constructed outer boundary. A prime application of characteristic evolution is to extend such simulations to null infinity where the waveform from the binary inspiral and merger can be unambiguously computed. This has now been accomplished by Cauchy-characteristic extraction, where data for the characteristic evolution is supplied by Cauchy data on an extraction worldtube inside the artificial outer boundary. The ultimate application of characteristic evolution is to eliminate the role of this outer boundary by constructing a global solution via Cauchy-characteristic matching. Progress in this direction is discussed.

Dental Faculty Accuracy When Using Diagnostic Codes: A Pilot Study.

PubMed

Sutton, Jeanne C; Fay, Rose-Marie; Huynh, Carolyn P; Johnson, Cleverick D; Zhu, Liang; Quock, Ryan L

2017-05-01

The aim of this study was to examine the accuracy of dental faculty members' utilization of diagnostic codes and resulting treatment planning based on radiographic interproximal tooth radiolucencies. In 2015, 50 full-time and part-time general dentistry faculty members at one U.S. dental school were shown a sequence of 15 bitewing radiographs; one interproximal radiolucency was highlighted on each bitewing. For each radiographic lesion, participants were asked to choose the most appropriate diagnostic code (from a concise list of five codes, corresponding to lesion progression to outer/inner halves of enamel and outer/middle/pulpal thirds of dentin), acute treatment (attempt to arrest/remineralize non-invasively, operative intervention, or no treatment), and level of confidence in choices. Diagnostic and treatment choices of participants were compared to "gold standard" correct responses, as determined by expert radiology and operative faculty members, respectively. The majority of the participants selected the correct diagnostic code for lesions in the outer one-third of dentin (p<0.0001) and the pulpal one-third of dentin (p<0.0001). For lesions in the outer and inner halves of enamel and the middle one-third of dentin, the correct rates were moderate. However, the majority of the participants chose correct treatments on all types of lesions (correct rate 63.6-100%). Faculty members' confidence in their responses was generally high for all lesions, all above 90%. Diagnostic codes were appropriately assigned by participants for the very deepest lesions, but they were not assigned accurately for more incipient lesions (limited to enamel). Paradoxically, treatment choices were generally correct, regardless of diagnostic choices. Further calibration is needed to improve faculty use and teaching of diagnostic codes.

Publications - RI 2005-1F | Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical

Science.gov Websites

content DGGS RI 2005-1F Publication Details Title: Surficial geologic map of the Council Area, Solomon D-4 ): Bendeleben; Solomon Bibliographic Reference Stevens, D.S.P., 2005, Surficial geologic map of the Council Area , Solomon D-4 and Bendeleben A-4 quadrangles, Seward Peninsula, Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological &

Publications - RI 2005-1A | Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical

Science.gov Websites

the Solomon C-5 Quadrangle, Seward Peninsula, Alaska Authors: Werdon, M.B., Stevens, D.S.P., Newberry please see our publication sales page for more information. Quadrangle(s): Solomon Bibliographic , Geologic map of the Big Hurrah area, northern half of the Solomon C-5 Quadrangle, Seward Peninsula, Alaska

Publications - RI 2005-1C | Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical

Science.gov Websites

half of the Solomon C-5 Quadrangle, Seward Peninsula, Alaska Authors: Stevens, D.S.P. Publication Date ): Solomon Bibliographic Reference Stevens, D.S.P., 2005, Surficial geologic map of the Big Hurrah area , northern half of the Solomon C-5 Quadrangle, Seward Peninsula, Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological &

Scenes of Devastation: Chasing Hawaii's Deadly Ohia Fungus | Hawaii Public

Science.gov Websites

Scenes of Devastation: Chasing Hawaii's Deadly Ohia Fungus By Molly Solomon * Mar 25, 2016 TweetShareGoogle+Email Molly Solomon Rapid Ohia Death has devastated native forests on Hawaii Island, especially in Lower Puna subdivisions like Leilani Estates. Credit Molly Solomon One of Hawai'i's oldest and most

Publications - RI 2005-1E | Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical

Science.gov Websites

content DGGS RI 2005-1E Publication Details Title: Bedrock geologic map of the Council area, Solomon D-4 for more information. Quadrangle(s): Bendeleben; Solomon Bibliographic Reference Newberry, R.J ., Werdon, M.B., Athey, J.E., and Szumigala, D.J., 2005, Bedrock geologic map of the Council area, Solomon D

Appreciating Unity in Diversity: An Interview with Andrew Solomon

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Peters, Dane L.

2014-01-01

The theme of the AMS 2014 Annual Conference is "Unity in Diversity," a concept that also describes the work of conference keynote speaker Andrew Solomon. Solomon is a writer and lecturer on psychology and politics; winner of the National Book Award; and an activist for LGBT [lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender] rights, mental health,…

The State of Libraries in Solomon Islands in the 1990s.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dadalo, Tony

The purpose of this research project was to examine the current state of libraries in the Solomon Islands with particular attention to the resources available and the services provided. Data was collected through a survey questionnaire, site visits, and informal interviews carried out in the Solomon Islands between July and August 1998. The 20…

Bioaccumulation of metals in reeds collected from an acid mine drainage contaminated site in winter and spring.

PubMed

Guo, Lin; Cutright, Teresa J

2016-01-01

Wetland plants such as Phragmites australis has been used to treat acid mine drainage (AMD) contaminated soil which is a serious environmental issue worldwide. This project investigated metal plaque content(s) and metal uptake in reeds grown in an AMD field in winter and spring. The results indicated that the level of Fe plaque was much higher than Mn and Al plaque as the soil contained more Fe than Al and Mn. The amounts of Mn and Al plaque formed on reeds in spring were not significantly different from that in winter (p > .05). However, more Fe plaque was formed on reeds collected in spring. The concentrations of metals in underground organs were positively related to the metal levels in soils. More Mn and Al transferred to the aboveground tissues of reeds during the spring while the Fe levels in reeds did not significantly vary with seasons. Roots and rhizomes were the main organs for Fe sequestration (16.3 ± 4.15 mg/g in roots in spring) while most Al was sequestered in the shoots of reeds (2.05 ± 0.09 mg/g in shoots in spring). Further research may be needed to enhance the translocation of metals in reeds and increase the phytoremediation efficiency.

Cancer in the Solomon Islands.

PubMed

Martiniuk, Alexandra; Jagilli, Rooney; Natuzzi, Eileen; Ilopitu, John Wesley; Oipata, Meltus; Christie, Annie-Marie; Korini, Jefferey; Vujovich-Dunn, Cassandra; Yu, William

2017-10-01

The Solomon Islands, with a population of 550,000, has significant challenges in addressing non-communicable diseases, including cancer, in the face of significant economic, cultural, general awareness and health system challenges. To summarise the existing knowledge regarding cancer in the Solomon Islands, to gather new data and make recommendations. A literature review was undertaken and cancer data from the National Referral Hospital, Honiara were analysed and are presented. Key stakeholders were interviewed for their perspectives including areas to target for ongoing, incremental improvements. Last, a health services audit for cancer using the WHO SARA tool was undertaken. Breast and cervical cancer remain the first and second most commonly identified cancers in the Solomon Islands. The Solomons cancer registry is hospital based and suffers from incomplete data collection due to its passive nature, lack of resources for data entry and processing resulting in weak data which is rarely used for decision-making. The health system audit revealed system and individual reasons for delayed diagnosis or lack of cancer treatment or palliation in the Solomon Islands. Reasons included lack of patient knowledge regarding symptoms, late referrals to the National Referral Hospital and inability of health care workers to detect cancers either due to lack of skills to do so, or lack of diagnostic capabilities, and an overall lack of access to any health care, due to geographical barriers and overall national economic fragility. The Solomon Islands is challenged in preventing, diagnosing, treating and palliating cancer. Stakeholders recommend establishing specialty expertise (in the form of a cancer unit), improved registry processes and increased collaboration between the sole tertiary hospital nationwide and other Solomon health services as important targets for incremental improvement. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Oligocene to Recent tectonic history of the Central Solomon intra-arc basin as determined from marine seismic reflection data and compilation of onland geology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cowley, Shane; Mann, Paul; Coffin, M. F.; Shipley, Thomas H.

2004-10-01

Systematic analysis of a grid of 3450 km of multichannel seismic reflection lines from the Solomon Islands constrains the late Tertiary sedimentary and tectonic history of the Solomon Island arc and its convergent interaction with the Cretaceous Ontong Java oceanic plateau (OJP). The OJP, the largest oceanic plateau on Earth, subducted beneath the northern edge of the Solomon arc in the late Neogene, but the timing and consequences of this obliquely convergent event and its role in the subduction polarity reversal process remain poorly constrained. The Central Solomon intra-arc basin (CSB), which developed in Oligocene to Recent time above the Solomon arc, provides a valuable record of the tectonic environment prior to and accompanying the OJP convergent event and the subsequent arc polarity reversal. Recognition of regionally extensive stratigraphic sequences—whose ages can be inferred from marine sedimentary sections exposed onland in the Solomon Islands—indicate four distinct tectonic phases affecting the Solomon Island arc. Phase 1: Late Oligocene-Late Miocene rifting of the northeast-facing Solomon Island arc produced basal, normal-fault-controlled, asymmetrical sequences of the CSB; the proto-North Solomon trench was probably much closer to the CSB and is inferred to coincide with the trace of the present-day Kia-Kaipito-Korigole (KKK) fault zone; this protracted period of intra-arc extension shows no evidence for interruption by an early Miocene period of convergent "soft docking" of the Ontong Java Plateau as proposed by previous workers. Phase 2: Late Miocene-Pliocene oblique convergence of the Ontong Java Plateau at the proto-North Solomon trench (KKK fault zone) and folding of the CSB and formation of the Malaita accretionary prism (MAP); the highly oblique and diachronous convergence between the Ontong Java plateau and the Solomon arc terminates intra-arc extension first in the southeast (Russell subbasin of the CSB) during the Late Miocene and later during the Pliocene in the northwest (Shortland subbasin of the CSB); folds in the CSB form by inversion of normal faults formed during Phase 1; Phinney et al. [Sequence stratigraphy, structural style, and age of deformation of the Malaita accretionary prism (Solomon arc-Ontong Java Plateau convergent zone)] show a coeval pattern of southeast to northwest younging in folding and faulting of the MAP. Phase 3: Late Pliocene-early Pleistocene arc polarity reversal and subduction initiation at the San Cristobal trench. Effects of this event in the CSB include the formation of a chain of volcanoes above the subducting Australia plate at the San Cristobal trench, the formation of the broad synclinal structure of the CSB with evidence for truncation at the uplifted flanks, and widespread occurrence of slides and "seismites" (deposits formed by seismic shaking). Phase 4: Pleistocene to Recent continued shortening and synclinal subsidence of the CSB. Continued Australia-Pacific oblique plate convergence has led to deepening of the submarine, elongate basin axis of the synclinal CSB and uplift of the dual chain of the islands on its flanks.

The infant disorganised attachment classification: "Patterning within the disturbance of coherence".

PubMed

Reijman, Sophie; Foster, Sarah; Duschinsky, Robbie

2018-03-01

Since its introduction by Main and Solomon in 1990, the infant disorganised attachment classification has functioned as a predictor of mental health in developmental psychology research. It has also been used by practitioners as an indicator of inadequate parenting and developmental risk, at times with greater confidence than research would support. Although attachment disorganisation takes many forms, it is generally understood to reflect a child's experience of being repeatedly alarmed by their parent's behaviour. In this paper we analyse how the infant disorganised attachment classification has been stabilised and interpreted, reporting results from archival study, ethnographic observations at four training institutes for coding disorganised attachment, interviews with researchers, certified coders and clinicians, and focus groups with child welfare practitioners. Our analysis points to the role of power/knowledge disjunctures in hindering communication between key groups: Main and Solomon and their readers; the oral culture of coders and the written culture of published papers; the research community and practitioners. We highlight how understandings of disorganised attachment have been magnetised by a simplified image of a child fearful of his or her own parent. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Differentiation of pigmented Spitz nevi and Reed nevi by integration of dermatopathologic and dermatoscopic findings

PubMed Central

Bär, Michael; Tschandl, Philipp; Kittler, Harald

2012-01-01

Background: It is unclear whether pigmented Spitz and Reed nevi are distinct morphologic entities or part of the spectrum of Spitz nevi. Methods: In a retrospective observational study we analyzed dermatopathologic slides of 22 cases with clinical and dermatoscopic features indicative of pigmented Spitz or Reed nevus in a blinded fashion according to predefined criteria and subsequently correlated dermatopathologic with clinical and dermatoscopic findings. Results: We differentiated pigmented Spitz and Reed nevus dermatopathologically by their capacity of melanin production and a vertical versus horizontal growth pattern. Based on histopathology 20 nevi (91%) could be reliably diagnosed as Reed nevus (68%, n=15) or as pigmented Spitz nevus (23%, n=5). In two cases (9%, n=2) it was not possible to make a clear distinction from a dermatopathologic point of view. Dermatopathologic-dermatoscopic correlation showed that Reed nevi were characterized by a dermatoscopic pattern of peripheral radial lines or pseudopods (fascicular growth pattern), whereas pigmented Spitz nevi were typified by a pattern consisting of clods (nested growth pattern). “Spitz cells” (large epithelioid melanocytes) were more commonly found in Spitz nevi (100%, n = 5) but were also present in Reed nevi (n=6, 40%). Spindle cells were found in both types of nevi. Conclusions: Pigmented Spitz and Reed nevi can be reliably distinguished based on their dermatopathologic and dermatoscopic patterns. The specific dermatopathologic patterns of pigmented Spitz and Reed nevi correspond well to their dermatoscopic patterns. The presence of “Spitz cells” or spindle cells should not be regarded as the decisive criterion to differentiate between these two entities. PMID:24765545

A reduced complexity highly power/bandwidth efficient coded FQPSK system with iterative decoding

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Simon, M. K.; Divsalar, D.

2001-01-01

Based on a representation of FQPSK as a trellis-coded modulation, this paper investigates the potential improvement in power efficiency obtained from the application of simple outer codes to form a concatenated coding arrangement with iterative decoding.

Development library of finite elements for computer-aided design system of reed sensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kozlov, A. S.; Shmakov, N. A.; Tkalich, V. L.; Labkovskaia, R. I.; Kalinkina, M. E.; Pirozhnikova, O. I.

2018-05-01

The article is devoted to the development of a modern highly reliable element base of devices for security and fire alarm systems, in particular, to the improvement of the quality of contact cores (reed and membrane) of reed sensors. Modeling of elastic sensitive elements uses quadrangular elements of plates and shells, considered in the system of curvilinear orthogonal coordinates. The developed mathematical models and the formed finite element library are designed for systems of automated design of reed switch detectors to create competitive devices alarms. The finite element library is used for the automated system production of reed switch detectors both in series production and in the implementation of individual orders.

Reed canarygrass yield improvement

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Reed canarygrass is well adapted to the northern USA. Eight cultivars and 72 accessions collected in rural landscapes from Iowa to New Hampshire were evaluated for yield. Accessions produced on average 7% higher biomass yield compared to existing cultivars. Naturalized populations of reed canarygras...

Solomon Islands: Summary Report. Educational Experience Survey: Education, Language and Literacy Experience. Asia-South Pacific Education Watch

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

de Guzman, Sylvia

2007-01-01

The Education Watch initiative is being implemented in the Solomon Islands by the Coalition on Education Solomon Islands (COESI) in partnership with Asian South Pacific Bureau of Adult Education (ASPBAE). COESI aims to generate a reliable body of information that will: (1) Accurately explain how much the national government has done and can do to…

Thick Explanation in the Ethnographic Study of Child Socialization: A Longitudinal Study of the Problem of Schooling for Kwara'ae (Solomon Islands) Children.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Watson-Gegeo, Karen Ann

1992-01-01

Outlines a framework for examining children's socialization that combines microlevels and macrolevels. Applies the framework to a case study of student failure in the Solomon Islands. Concludes that children's failure had less to do with home socialization than with larger societal processes that shape schooling in the Solomons. (MM)

Frame Decoder for Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reyes, Miguel A. De Jesus

2014-01-01

GNU Radio is a free and open source development toolkit that provides signal processing to implement software radios. It can be used with low-cost external RF hardware to create software defined radios, or without hardware in a simulation-like environment. GNU Radio applications are primarily written in Python and C++. The Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) is a computer-hosted software radio designed by Ettus Research. The USRP connects to a host computer via high-speed Gigabit Ethernet. Using the open source Universal Hardware Driver (UHD), we can run GNU Radio applications using the USRP. An SDR is a "radio in which some or all physical layer functions are software defined"(IEEE Definition). A radio is any kind of device that wirelessly transmits or receives radio frequency (RF) signals in the radio frequency. An SDR is a radio communication system where components that have been typically implemented in hardware are implemented in software. GNU Radio has a generic packet decoder block that is not optimized for CCSDS frames. Using this generic packet decoder will add bytes to the CCSDS frames and will not permit for bit error correction using Reed-Solomon. The CCSDS frames consist of 256 bytes, including a 32-bit sync marker (0x1ACFFC1D). This frames are generated by the Space Data Processor and GNU Radio will perform the modulation and framing operations, including frame synchronization.

Calibrated Link Budget of a Silicon Photonics WDM Transceiver with SOA and Semiconductor Mode-Locked Laser.

PubMed

Moscoso-Mártir, Alvaro; Müller, Juliana; Islamova, Elmira; Merget, Florian; Witzens, Jeremy

2017-09-20

Based on the single channel characterization of a Silicon Photonics (SiP) transceiver with Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) and semiconductor Mode-Locked Laser (MLL), we evaluate the optical power budget of a corresponding Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) link in which penalties associated to multi-channel operation and the management of polarization diversity are introduced. In particular, channel cross-talk as well as Cross Gain Modulation (XGM) and Four Wave Mixing (FWM) inside the SOA are taken into account. Based on these link budget models, the technology is expected to support up to 12 multiplexed channels without channel pre-emphasis or equalization. Forward Error Correction (FEC) does not appear to be required at 14 Gbps if the SOA is maintained at 25 °C and MLL-to-SiP as well as SiP-to-SOA interface losses can be maintained below 3 dB. In semi-cooled operation with an SOA temperature below 55 °C, multi-channel operation is expected to be compatible with standard 802.3bj Reed-Solomon FEC at 14 Gbps provided interface losses are maintained below 4.5 dB. With these interface losses and some improvements to the Transmitter (Tx) and Receiver (Rx) electronics, 25 Gbps multi-channel operation is expected to be compatible with 7% overhead hard decision FEC.

Assemblage of filamentous fungi associated with aculeate hymenopteran brood in reed galls.

PubMed

Heneberg, Petr; Bizos, Jiří; Čmoková, Adéla; Kolařík, Miroslav; Astapenková, Alena; Bogusch, Petr

2016-01-01

Monotypic stands of common reed and the reed-gall-associated insect assemblages are distributed worldwide. However, fungi associated with these assemblages have not been characterized in detail. Here we examined 5200 individuals (12 species) of immature aculeate hymenopterans or their parasitoids collected at 34 sampling sites in Central Europe. We noticed fungal outgrowth on exoskeletons of 83 (1.60%) larvae and pupae. The most common host was eudominant Pemphredon fabricii. However, the less abundant aculeate hymenopteran reed gall inquilines were infected at higher prevalence, these included Trypoxylon deceptorium, Trypoxylon minus, Hoplitis leucomelana and Hylaeus moricei (all considered new host records). We identified three fungal species, Penicillium buchwaldii (72% of cases), Aspergillus pseudoglaucus (22%) and Penicillium quebecense (6%). When multibrooded nests were affected, only a part of individuals was infected in 62% of cases. The sampling site-specific infection rate reached up to 13%, thus fungal infections should be considered an important variable driving the abundance of gall inquilines. Infections of generalist host species were more frequent than those of reed gall specialists, suggesting that suboptimal conditions decreased the immunocompetence of non-specialized species, which only occasionally nest in reed galls and feed in reed beds. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Double-reed exhaust valve engine

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bennett, Charles L.

An engine based on a reciprocating piston engine that extracts work from pressurized working fluid. The engine includes a double reed outlet valve for controlling the flow of low-pressure working fluid out of the engine. The double reed provides a stronger force resisting closure of the outlet valve than the force tending to open the outlet valve. The double reed valve enables engine operation at relatively higher torque and lower efficiency at low speed, with lower torque, but higher efficiency at high speed.

Reed beds may facilitate transfer of tributyltin from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems through insect vectors in the Archipelago Sea, SW Finland.

PubMed

Lilley, Thomas M; Meierjohann, Axel; Ruokolainen, Lasse; Peltonen, Jani; Vesterinen, Eero; Kronberg, Leif; Nikinmaa, Mikko

2012-08-01

Due to their adsorptive behavior, organotin compounds (OTCs), such as tributyltin (TBT), are accumulated in aquatic sediments. They resist biodegradation and, despite a ban in 2008, are a potential source for future exposure. Sediment OTCs have mostly been measured from sites of known high concentrations such as ports, shipping lanes, and marine dredging waste sites. The possible flow of OTCs from marine to terrestrial ecosystems, however, has not been studied. In the present study, the authors assessed whether sediments in common reed beds (Phragmites australis) accumulate TBT and whether chironomid (Diptera: Chironomidae) communities developing in reed-bed sediments act as vectors in the transfer of TBT from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems in the Airisto channel, Archipelago Sea. The authors also investigated whether distance from the only known source and depth and TBT concentration of the adjacent shipping lane affect reed-bed concentrations. Thirty-six sites along the Airisto channel were sampled at 2-km intervals with triplicate samples from reed beds and the adjacent shipping lane for sediment and seven reed-bed sites for chironomids, and these were analyzed with an solid phase extraction liquid chromatography tamdem mass spectrometry method. The closer to the source the sample site was, the higher the measured TBT concentrations were; and the deeper the shipping lane, the lower the concentration of TBT in reed-bed sediments. The chironomid TBT concentrations correlated with reed-bed sediment TBT concentrations and showed evidence of accumulation. Therefore, TBT may be transferred, through the food web, from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems relatively close to a source through ecosystem boundaries, such as common reed beds, which are areas of high insect biomass production in the Archipelago Sea. Copyright © 2012 SETAC.

Micro-tidal coastal reed beds: Hydro-morphological insights and observations on wave transformation from the southern Baltic Sea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

I.; | J., Möller; | T., Mantilla-Contreras; | A., Spencer; Hayes

2011-05-01

This paper investigates the hydro-morphological controls on incident wind-generated waves at, and the transformation of such waves within, two Phragmites australis reed beds in the southern Baltic Sea. Meteorological conditions in combination with geomorphological controls result, over short (<2 km) distances, in significant differences in water level and wave climate to which fringing reed beds are exposed. Significant wave height attenuation reached a maximum of 2.6% m -1 and 11.8% m -1 at the transition from open water into the reed vegetation at the sheltered and exposed sites respectively. Wave attenuation through the emergent reed vegetation was significantly lower in greater water depths, suggesting (1) a reduced influence of bed friction by small shoots/roots and/or (2) drag reduction due to flexing of plants when the wave motion is impacting stems at a greater height above the bed. For a given water depth, wave dissipation increased with increasing incident wave height, however, suggesting that, despite their ability to flex, reed stems may be rigid enough to cause increased drag under greater wave forcing. The higher frequency part of the wave spectrum (>0.5 Hz) was preferentially reduced at the reed margin, confirming the theoretical wave frequency dependence of bottom friction. The possibility of physiological adaptation (differences in reed stem diameter) to water depth and wave exposure differences is discussed. The results have implications for the possible impact of environmental changes, both acute (e.g. storm surges) or chronic (e.g. sea level rise) in character, and for the appropriate management of reed bed sites and delivery of ecological goods and services.

New Estimates of Crustal Velocity in the Solomon Islands

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Phillips, D. A.; Bevis, M.; Taylor, F. W.; Papabatu, A. K.; Basi, S.; Kendrick, E.

2002-12-01

We present crustal velocity estimates derived from a dense GPS network in the western Solomon Islands. Initial crustal motion estimates reported by Tregoning et al. (1998) showed convergence between the Australian Plate and the Solomon Arc at the San Cristobal Trench. Active deformation between the Pacific Plate and the Solomon Arc block was also detected. In 1997, we established a continuous GPS (CGPS) site on Guadalcanal and five rover GPS sites in the New Georgia Group. The Guadalcanal site was short-lived due to vandalism so we established a new CGPS site in the New Georgia Group in 1999. The original rover sites were re-occupied in 1999 and 2001. We have analyzed this four-year time series using GAMIT/GLOBK software. Our measurements show convergence with the Australian Plate as well as motion between the Solomon Arc and the Pacific Plate. Possible intra-arc deformation is also observed. Regional tectonic interpretations based upon our GPS measurements and other data will be discussed.

Intraslab rupture triggering megathrust rupture coseismically in the 17 December 2016 Solomon Islands Mw 7.9 earthquake

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lay, Thorne; Ye, Lingling; Ammon, Charles J.; Kanamori, Hiroo

2017-02-01

The 17 December 2016 Solomon Islands earthquake (Mw 7.9) initiated 103 km deep in the subducting Solomon Sea slab near the junction of the Solomon Islands and New Britain trenches. Most aftershocks are located near the Solomon Islands plate boundary megathrust west of Bougainville, where previous large interplate thrust faulting earthquakes occurred in 1995 (Mw 7.7) and 1971 (Mw 8.0). Teleseismic body wave modeling and aftershock relocations indicate that the initial 30 s of the 2016 rupture occurred over depths of 90 to 120 km on an intraslab fault dipping 30° to the southwest, almost perpendicular to the dipping slab interface. The next 50 s of rupture took place at depths of 32 to 47 km in the deeper (Domain C) portion of the overlying megathrust fault dipping 35° to the northeast. High susceptibility to triggering in the region accounts for this compound rupture of two separate fault planes.

75 FR 28077 - Small Business Size Standards: Waiver of the Nonmanufacturer Rule

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-19

... class waiver of the Nonmanufacturer Rule for Improved Outer Tactical Vests and related accessories under... Class Waiver for Improved Outer Tactical Vests, PSC 8470, NAICS code 339113, Federal Register Notice...

Modeling & Testing of Inflatable Structures for Rapidly Deployable Port Infrastructures

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-07-01

Rapidly Deployable Port Infrastructures By: Andrew Bloxom Abel Medellin Chris Vince Dr. Solomon Yim N SW C C D -C IS D -2 01...Andrew Bloxom, Abel Medellin , Chris Vince, Dr. Solomon Yim 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING...Andrew Bloxom Abel Medellin Chris Vince Dr. Solomon Yim A special thanks to: • Ben Testerman and Dr. Pat

Amphibian Engineers in the Southwest Pacific

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-08

groups supporting Marine ground combat on small island chains. Such actions dominate the central Pacific. The ideal depiction of combat is Marine...to: first capture Tulagi and Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands, second capture the remainder of the Solomon Islands plus Lae and Salamaua, and...air, sea, and ground operations from New Guinea through the Solomons and into the Marianas. Seizing Rabaul was critical to the allied forces in the

From Multilingualism to Bilingualism: Changes in Language Use, Language Value, and Social Mobility among Engdewu Speakers in the Solomon Islands

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Emerine Hicks, Rachel

2017-01-01

On the island of Santa Cruz in the Solomon Islands, the Engdewu language is facing imminent language shift because of the increasing use of the lingua franca Solomon Islands Pijin in the community. In this article, I argue that this language shift is occurring because of changes to the social structure in Baemawz, one of the villages where Engdewu…

Evaluation of Effect of CMA Radius on SOQPSK Equalization

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-23

N/A 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) Henry Umuolo, Habtamu Betelle and Solomon Thang, Dr. Arlene Cole-Rhodes and Dr. Farzad Moazzami 5d...MD 21251-0002 arlene.colerhodes@morgan.edu Attn: Farzad Moazzami 4 0 0 Cc: Henry Umuolo, Habtamu Betelle , Solomon Thang...EVALUATION OF EFFECT OF CMA RADIUS ON SOQPSK EQUALIZATION Henry Umuolo, Habtamu Betelle and Solomon Thang Faculty Advisors: Dr. Arlene Cole-Rhodes

The Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-06-01

Solomon Islands (RAMSI) or a robust platform for lessons learned. Rather, it offers a general introduction to the country and an overview of a...fragile and conflict- affected countries such as the Solomon Islands are more relevant to future U.S. commitments than the plethora of lessons...New Guinea. With a population of approximately 560,000, the country has a diverse cultural mix across dr. andrew Leith currently resides in the

Lignocellulosic crop supply chains (eg, Miscanthus, switchgrass, reed canary grass, rye, giant reed, etc.) Chapter 12 of "Biomass Supply Chains for Bioenergy and Biorefining"

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Roni, Mohammad S.; Cafferty, Kara G.; Hess, J. Richard

This chapter provides an overview of lignocellulosic crop supply chains such as Miscanthus, switch grass, reed canary grass, rye, and giant reed by outlining typical logistic operations in support of a liquid biofuel market. We present two strategies for managing feedstocks within the biomass supply system: (1) the conventional bale feedstock supply system and (2) the advanced supply system concept. Finally, we discuss feedstock blending and integrated landscape management as innovative improvements to the lignocellulosic crop supply chain.

Unsteady Heat Transfer in Channel Flow using Small-Scale Vorticity Concentrations Effected by a Vibrating Reed

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hidalgo, Pablo; Glezer, Ari

2011-11-01

Heat transfer enhancement by small-scale vorticity concentrations that are induced within the core flow of a mm-scale heated channel are investigated experimentally. These small-scale motions are engendered by the cross stream vibrations of a streamwise cantilevered reed that spans most of the channel's width. The interactions between the reed the core flow over a range of flow rates lead to the formation, shedding, and advection of time-periodic vorticity concentrations that interact with the wall boundary layers, and increase cross stream mixing of the core flow. Heating of the channel walls is controlled using microfabricated serpentine resistive heaters embedded with streamwise arrays of temperature sensors. It is shown that the actuation disrupts the thermal boundary layers and result in significant enhancement of the local and global heat transfer along the channel compared to the baseline flow in the absence of the reed. The effect of the reed on the cross flow is measured using high resolution particle image velocimetry (PIV), and the reed motion is characterized using a laser-based position sensor. The blockage induced by the presence of the reed and its cross stream motion is characterized using detailed streamwise pressure distributions. Supported by DARPA and UTRC.

Engine Cycle Analysis of Air Breathing Microwave Rocket with Reed Valves

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fukunari, Masafumi; Komatsu, Reiji; Yamaguchi, Toshikazu

The Microwave Rocket is a candidate for a low cost launcher system. Pulsed plasma generated by a high power millimeter wave beam drives a blast wave, and a vehicle acquires impulsive thrust by exhausting the blast wave. The thrust generation process of the Microwave Rocket is similar to a pulse detonation engine. In order to enhance the performance of its air refreshment, the air-breathing mechanism using reed valves is under development. Ambient air is taken to the thruster through reed valves. Reed valves are closed while the inside pressure is high enough. After the time when the shock wave exhaustsmore » at the open end, an expansion wave is driven and propagates to the thrust-wall. The reed valve is opened by the negative gauge pressure induced by the expansion wave and its reflection wave. In these processes, the pressure oscillation is important parameter. In this paper, the pressure oscillation in the thruster was calculated by CFD combined with the flux through from reed valves, which is estimated analytically. As a result, the air-breathing performance is evaluated using Partial Filling Rate (PFR), the ratio of thruster length to diameter L/D, and ratio of opening area of reed valves to superficial area {alpha}. An engine cycle and predicted thrust was explained.« less

48 CFR 25.003 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Tanzania, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Yemen..., Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Tanzania, Togo...

48 CFR 25.003 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan, Tanzania, Timor-Leste..., Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan, Tanzania, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu...

48 CFR 25.003 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., Mauritania, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon... Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Tanzania, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Yemen, or Zambia. Least...

48 CFR 25.003 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., Mauritania, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon... Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Tanzania, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Yemen, or Zambia. Least...

Decerebrate posture

MedlinePlus

... posture; Decorticate posture - decerebrate posture References Ball JW, Dains JE, Flynn JA, Solomon BS, Stewart RW. Neurologic system. In: Ball JW, Dains JE, Flynn JA, Solomon BS, Stewart RW, eds. ...

Hypermobile joints

MedlinePlus

... Hypermobility syndrome Images Hypermobile joints References Ball JW, Dains JE, Flynn JA, Solomon BS, Stewart RW. Musculoskeletal system. In: Ball JW, Dains JE, Flynn JA, Solomon BS, Stewart RW, eds. ...

Fatigue crack growth under general-yielding cyclic-loading

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Minzhong, Z.; Liu, H. W.

1986-01-01

In low cycle fatigue, cracks are initiated and propagated under general yielding cyclic loading. For general yielding cyclic loading, Dowling and Begley have shown that fatigue crack growth rate correlates well with the measured delta J. The correlation of da/dN with delta J was also studied by a number of other investigators. However, none of thse studies have correlated da/dN with delta J calculated specifically for the test specimens. Solomon measured fatigue crack growth in specimens in general yielding cyclic loading. The crack tips fields for Solomon's specimens are calculated using the finite element method and the J values of Solomon's tests are evaluated. The measured crack growth rate in Solomon's specimens correlates very well with the calculated delta J.

Error-correction coding

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hinds, Erold W. (Principal Investigator)

1996-01-01

This report describes the progress made towards the completion of a specific task on error-correcting coding. The proposed research consisted of investigating the use of modulation block codes as the inner code of a concatenated coding system in order to improve the overall space link communications performance. The study proposed to identify and analyze candidate codes that will complement the performance of the overall coding system which uses the interleaved RS (255,223) code as the outer code.

Data-driven Modeling of the Solar Corona by a New Three-dimensional Path-conservative Osher-Solomon MHD Model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feng, Xueshang; Li, Caixia; Xiang, Changqing; Zhang, Man; Li, HuiChao; Wei, Fengsi

2017-11-01

A second-order path-conservative scheme with a Godunov-type finite-volume method has been implemented to advance the equations of single-fluid solar wind plasma magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) in time. This code operates on the six-component composite grid system in three-dimensional spherical coordinates with hexahedral cells of quadrilateral frustum type. The generalized Osher-Solomon Riemann solver is employed based on a numerical integration of the path-dependent dissipation matrix. For simplicity, the straight line segment path is used, and the path integral is evaluated in a fully numerical way by a high-order numerical Gauss-Legendre quadrature. Besides its very close similarity to Godunov type, the resulting scheme retains the attractive features of the original solver: it is nonlinear, free of entropy-fix, differentiable, and complete, in that each characteristic field results in a different numerical viscosity, due to the full use of the MHD eigenstructure. By using a minmod limiter for spatial oscillation control, the path-conservative scheme is realized for the generalized Lagrange multiplier and the extended generalized Lagrange multiplier formulation of solar wind MHD systems. This new model that is second order in space and time is written in the FORTRAN language with Message Passing Interface parallelization and validated in modeling the time-dependent large-scale structure of the solar corona, driven continuously by Global Oscillation Network Group data. To demonstrate the suitability of our code for the simulation of solar wind, we present selected results from 2009 October 9 to 2009 December 29 show its capability of producing a structured solar corona in agreement with solar coronal observations.

Data-Driven Modeling of Solar Corona by a New 3d Path-Conservative Osher-Solomon MHD Odel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feng, X. S.; Li, C.

2017-12-01

A second-order path-conservative scheme with Godunov-type finite volume method (FVM) has been implemented to advance the equations of single-fluid solar wind plasma magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) in time. This code operates on the six-component composite grid system in 3D spherical coordinates with hexahedral cells of quadrilateral frustum type. The generalized Osher-Solomon Riemann solver is employed based on a numerical integration of the path-dependentdissipation matrix. For simplicity, the straight line segment path is used and the path-integral is evaluated in a fully numerical way by high-order numerical Gauss-Legendre quadrature. Besides its closest similarity to Godunov, the resulting scheme retains the attractive features of the original solver: it is nonlinear, free of entropy-fix, differentiable and complete in that each characteristic field results in a different numerical viscosity, due to the full use of the MHD eigenstructure. By using a minmod limiter for spatial oscillation control, the pathconservative scheme is realized for the generalized Lagrange multiplier (GLM) and the extended generalized Lagrange multiplier (EGLM) formulation of solar wind MHD systems. This new model of second-order in space and time is written in FORTRAN language with Message Passing Interface (MPI) parallelization, and validated in modeling time-dependent large-scale structure of solar corona, driven continuously by the Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) data. To demonstrate the suitability of our code for the simulation of solar wind, we present selected results from October 9th, 2009 to December 29th, 2009 , & Year 2008 to show its capability of producing structured solar wind in agreement with the observations.

Transillumination

MedlinePlus

... test References Ball JW, Dains JE, Flynn JA, Solomon BS, Stewart RW. Examination techniques and equipment. In: Ball JW, Dains JE, Flynn JA, Solomon BS, Stewart RW, eds. Seidel's Guide to Physical ...

50 CFR 300.31 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 224). Whaling Act (Cap 225). SOLOMON ISLANDS Delimitation of Marine Waters Act, 1978.Fisheries Act... waters. SOLOMON ISLANDS All internal waters, territorial seas and archipelagic waters; and such...

50 CFR 300.31 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 224). Whaling Act (Cap 225). SOLOMON ISLANDS Delimitation of Marine Waters Act, 1978.Fisheries Act... waters. SOLOMON ISLANDS All internal waters, territorial seas and archipelagic waters; and such...

50 CFR 300.31 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 224). Whaling Act (Cap 225). SOLOMON ISLANDS Delimitation of Marine Waters Act, 1978.Fisheries Act... waters. SOLOMON ISLANDS All internal waters, territorial seas and archipelagic waters; and such...

50 CFR 300.31 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 224). Whaling Act (Cap 225). SOLOMON ISLANDS Delimitation of Marine Waters Act, 1978.Fisheries Act... waters. SOLOMON ISLANDS All internal waters, territorial seas and archipelagic waters; and such...

78 FR 6806 - Forest Resource Coordinating Committee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-31

...: Maya Solomon, 1400 Independence Ave. SW., mailstop 1123, Washington, DC 20250 or by email to... CONTACT: Maya Solomon, Forest Resource Coordinating Committee Program Coordinator, Cooperative Forestry...

50 CFR 300.31 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 224). Whaling Act (Cap 225). SOLOMON ISLANDS Delimitation of Marine Waters Act, 1978.Fisheries Act... waters. SOLOMON ISLANDS All internal waters, territorial seas and archipelagic waters; and such...

48 CFR 25.003 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan, Tanzania, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu..., Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia...

"We can move forward": challenging historical inequity in public health research in Solomon Islands.

PubMed

Redman-Maclaren, Michelle L; Maclaren, David J; Asugeni, Rowena; Fa'anuabae, Chillion E; Harrington, Humpress; Muse, Alwin; Speare, Richard; Clough, Alan R

2010-11-05

In resource-poor countries, such as Solomon Islands, the research agenda on health is often dominated by researchers from resource-rich countries. New strategies are needed to empower local researchers to set directions for health research. This paper presents a process which seeks to enable a local and potentially more equitable research agenda at a remote hospital in Solomon Islands. In preparation for a health research capacity-building workshop at Atoifi Adventist Hospital, Malaita, Solomon Islands, a computer-based search was conducted of Solomon Islands public health literature. Using a levels-of-agreement approach publications were categorised as: a) original research, b) reviews, c) program descriptions and d) commentaries or discussion. Original research publications were further sub-categorised as: i) measurement, ii) descriptive research and iii) intervention studies. Results were reviewed with Solomon Islander health professionals in a focus group discussion during the health research workshop. Focus group participants were invited to discuss reactions to literature search results and how results might assist current or future local researchers to identify gaps in the published research literature and possible research opportunities at the hospital and surrounding communities. Focus group data were analysed using a grounded theory approach. Of the 218 publications meeting inclusion criteria, 144 (66%) were categorised as 'original research', 42 (19%) as 'commentaries/discussion', 28 (13%) as 'descriptions of programs' and 4 (2%) as 'reviews'. Agreement between three authors' (MRM, DM, AC) independent categorisation was 'excellent' (0.8 <κ). The 144 'original research' publications included 115 (80%) 'descriptive studies' (κ = 0.82); 19 (13%) 'intervention studies' (κ = 0.77); and 10 (7%) 'measurement studies'(κ = 0.80). Key themes identified in the focus group discussion challenged historical inequities evident from the literature review. These included: i) who has done/is doing research in Solomon Islands (largely non-Solomon Islanders); ii) when the research was done (research needs to keep up to date); iii) amount of published research (there should be more); iv) types of research (lack of intervention and operational research); v) value of published research (important); vi) gaps in published literature (need more research about nursing); vii) opportunities for research action (start small); viii) support required to undertake research at the hospital and in surrounding communities (mentoring and partnering with experienced researchers). A search and collaborative review of public health literature for Solomon Islands at a health research capacity building workshop has uncovered and challenged historical inequity in the conduct and access to public health research. Emerging Solomon Islander researchers at a remote hospital are now working to set priorities and strengthen local research efforts. These efforts have highlighted the importance of collaboration and mentoring for Solomon Islanders to instigate and implement public health research to improve the health of individuals and communities served by this remote hospital.

Genetic mutations in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) in Vanuatu and Solomon Islands prior to the introduction of artemisinin combination therapy.

PubMed

Gresty, Karryn J; Gray, Karen-Ann; Bobogare, Albino; Wini, Lyndes; Taleo, George; Hii, Jeffrey; Cheng, Qin; Waters, Norman C

2014-10-14

Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are endemic in Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands. While both countries have introduced artemether-lumefantrine (AL) as first-line therapy for both P. falciparum and P. vivax since 2008, chloroquine and sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) were used as first-line therapy for many years prior to the introduction of AL. Limited data are available on the extent of SP resistance at the time of policy change. Blood spots were obtained from epidemiological surveys conducted on Tanna Island, Tafea Province, Vanuatu and Temotu Province, Solomon Islands in 2008. Additional samples from Malaita Province, Solomon Islands were collected as part of an AL therapeutic efficacy study conducted in 2008. Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum dhfr and dhps genes were sequenced to detect nucleotide polymorphisms. All P. falciparum samples analysed (n=114) possessed a double mutant pfdhfr allele (C59R/S108N). Additionally, mutation A437G in pfhdps was detected in a small number of samples 2/13, 1/17 and 3/26 from Tanna Island, Vanuatu and Temotu and Malaita Provinces Solomon Islands respectively. Mutations were also common in pvdhfr from Tanna Island, Vanuatu, where 33/51 parasites carried the double amino acid substitution S58R/S117N, while in Temotu and Malaita Provinces, Solomon Islands 32/40 and 39/46 isolates carried the quadruple amino acid substitution F57L/S58R/T61M/S117T in DHFR respectively. No mutations in pvdhps (n=108) were detected in these three island groups. Prior to the introduction of AL, there was a moderate level of SP resistance in the P. falciparum population that may cause SP treatment failure in young children. Of the P. vivax isolates, a majority of Solomon Islands isolates carried quadruple mutant pvdhfr alleles while a majority of Vanuatu isolates carried double mutant pvdhfr alleles. This suggests a higher level of SP resistance in the P. vivax population in Solomon Islands compared to the sympatric P. falciparum population and there is a higher level of SP resistance in P. vivax parasites from Solomon Islands than Vanuatu. This study demonstrates that the change of treatment policy in these countries from SP to ACT was timely. The information also provides a baseline for future monitoring.

Dementia - daily care

MedlinePlus

... pdf . Accessed on June 27, 2016. Budson AE, Solomon PR. Life adjustments for memory loss, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia. In: Budson AE, Solomon PR, eds. Memory Loss, Alzheimer's Disease, and Dementia: ...

The case for investing in family planning in the Pacific: costs and benefits of reducing unmet need for contraception in Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands.

PubMed

Kennedy, Elissa C; Mackesy-Buckley, Sean; Subramaniam, Sumi; Demmke, Andreas; Latu, Rufina; Robertson, Annette Sachs; Tiban, Kabwea; Tokon, Apisai; Luchters, Stanley

2013-06-10

Unmet need for family planning in the Pacific is among the highest in the world. Better understanding of required investments and associated benefits of increased access to family planning in the Pacific may assist prioritisation and funding. We modelled the costs and associated health, demographic and economic impacts of reducing unmet need for family planning between 2010-2025 in Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands. Baseline data were obtained from census reports, Demographic and Health Surveys, and UN agency reports. Using a demographic modelling program we compared a scenario of "no change in unmet need" with two distinct scenarios: 1) all family planning needs met by 2020; and, 2) all needs met by 2050. Meeting family planning needs by 2020 would increase prevalence of modern contraception in 2025 from 36.8 to 65.5% in Vanuatu and 28.5 to 37.6% in the Solomon Islands. Between 2010-2025 the average annual number of unintended pregnancies would decline by 68% in Vanuatu and 50% in the Solomon Islands, and high-risk births would fall by more than 20%, averting 2,573 maternal and infant deaths. Total fertility rates would fall from 4.1 to 2.2 in Vanuatu and 3.5 in the Solomon Islands, contributing to slowed population growth and lower dependency ratios. The direct cost of reducing unmet need by 2020 was estimated to be $5.19 million for Vanuatu and $3.36 million for the Solomon Islands between 2010-2025. Preventing unintended pregnancies would save $112 million in health and education expenditure. In small island developing states such as Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands, increasing investment in family planning would contribute to improved maternal and infant outcomes and substantial public sector savings.

Density-dependent impacts of the arundo scale (Rhizaspidiotus donacis) on the productivity and physiology of giant reed

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The armored arundo scale, Rhizaspidiotus donacis (Homoptera: Diaspididae) has been permitted for a biological control agent to control invasive populations of giant reed (Arundo donax L.). A non-native, highly invasive woody grass, giant reed infests waterways and riparian areas of the southwestern...

Performance Bounds on Two Concatenated, Interleaved Codes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moision, Bruce; Dolinar, Samuel

2010-01-01

A method has been developed of computing bounds on the performance of a code comprised of two linear binary codes generated by two encoders serially concatenated through an interleaver. Originally intended for use in evaluating the performances of some codes proposed for deep-space communication links, the method can also be used in evaluating the performances of short-block-length codes in other applications. The method applies, more specifically, to a communication system in which following processes take place: At the transmitter, the original binary information that one seeks to transmit is first processed by an encoder into an outer code (Co) characterized by, among other things, a pair of numbers (n,k), where n (n > k)is the total number of code bits associated with k information bits and n k bits are used for correcting or at least detecting errors. Next, the outer code is processed through either a block or a convolutional interleaver. In the block interleaver, the words of the outer code are processed in blocks of I words. In the convolutional interleaver, the interleaving operation is performed bit-wise in N rows with delays that are multiples of B bits. The output of the interleaver is processed through a second encoder to obtain an inner code (Ci) characterized by (ni,ki). The output of the inner code is transmitted over an additive-white-Gaussian- noise channel characterized by a symbol signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) Es/No and a bit SNR Eb/No. At the receiver, an inner decoder generates estimates of bits. Depending on whether a block or a convolutional interleaver is used at the transmitter, the sequence of estimated bits is processed through a block or a convolutional de-interleaver, respectively, to obtain estimates of code words. Then the estimates of the code words are processed through an outer decoder, which generates estimates of the original information along with flags indicating which estimates are presumed to be correct and which are found to be erroneous. From the perspective of the present method, the topic of major interest is the performance of the communication system as quantified in the word-error rate and the undetected-error rate as functions of the SNRs and the total latency of the interleaver and inner code. The method is embodied in equations that describe bounds on these functions. Throughout the derivation of the equations that embody the method, it is assumed that the decoder for the outer code corrects any error pattern of t or fewer errors, detects any error pattern of s or fewer errors, may detect some error patterns of more than s errors, and does not correct any patterns of more than t errors. Because a mathematically complete description of the equations that embody the method and of the derivation of the equations would greatly exceed the space available for this article, it must suffice to summarize by reporting that the derivation includes consideration of several complex issues, including relationships between latency and memory requirements for block and convolutional codes, burst error statistics, enumeration of error-event intersections, and effects of different interleaving depths. In a demonstration, the method was used to calculate bounds on the performances of several communication systems, each based on serial concatenation of a (63,56) expurgated Hamming code with a convolutional inner code through a convolutional interleaver. The bounds calculated by use of the method were compared with results of numerical simulations of performances of the systems to show the regions where the bounds are tight (see figure).

33 CFR 208.11 - Regulations for use of storage allocated for flood control or navigation and/or project operation...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Lk KS Mitchel Solomon R FIM 722.3204.8 1488.31455.6 1455.61428.0 3368212602 126023341 PL 78-534PL 79....34051.0 137309410 9410820 PL 78-534 USBR. Kirwin Dam & Res KS Phillips N Fork Solomon R FICR 215.189.6... 1330 890 PL 78-534 VT Webster Dam & Res KS Rocks S Fork Solomon R FIRC 183.472.1 1923.71892.5 1892...

33 CFR 208.11 - Regulations for use of storage allocated for flood control or navigation and/or project operation...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Lk KS Mitchel Solomon R FIM 722.3204.8 1488.31455.6 1455.61428.0 3368212602 126023341 PL 78-534PL 79....34051.0 137309410 9410820 PL 78-534 USBR. Kirwin Dam & Res KS Phillips N Fork Solomon R FICR 215.189.6... 1330 890 PL 78-534 VT Webster Dam & Res KS Rocks S Fork Solomon R FIRC 183.472.1 1923.71892.5 1892...

33 CFR 208.11 - Regulations for use of storage allocated for flood control or navigation and/or project operation...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Lk KS Mitchel Solomon R FIM 722.3204.8 1488.31455.6 1455.61428.0 3368212602 126023341 PL 78-534PL 79....34051.0 137309410 9410820 PL 78-534 USBR. Kirwin Dam & Res KS Phillips N Fork Solomon R FICR 215.189.6... 1330 890 PL 78-534 VT Webster Dam & Res KS Rocks S Fork Solomon R FIRC 183.472.1 1923.71892.5 1892...

Counting the Cost of Diabetes in the Solomon Islands and Nauru.

PubMed

Tin, Si Thu Win; Iro, George; Gadabu, Eva; Colagiuri, Ruth

2015-01-01

To determine the costs associated with diabetes to governments, people with diabetes and their carers, and its impact on quality of life in two Pacific Island countries--the Solomon Islands and Nauru. This cross-sectional cost of illness study was conducted on 330 people with type 2 diabetes (197 from the Solomon Islands and 133 from Nauru) using a structured cost of illness survey questionnaire adapted from the Australian DiabCo$t study. Quality of life was measured by the EQ-5D Visual Analogue Scale. There were 330 respondents (50% female; mean duration of diabetes 10.9 years; mean age 52.6 years). The estimated annual national cost of diabetes incurred by the Solomon Islands government was AUD 12.8 million (AUD 281 per person/year) and by Nauru government was AUD 1.2 million (AUD 747 per person/year). The major contribution to the government costs was inpatient services cost (71% in the Solomon Islands and 83% in Nauru). Annual expenditure for diabetes was approximately 20% of the governments' annual health care expenditure. Considerable absenteeism and retirement from work due to diabetes was found. This study found substantial public and personal costs associated with diabetes. The findings provide objective data on which health policy, funding and planning decisions about the prevention and control of diabetes in the Solomon Islands and Nauru can be reliably based and subsequently evaluated.

Yaws

MedlinePlus

... in 5 countries (Congo, Ghana, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu) has provided promising results and ... in 5 countries (Congo, Ghana, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu) has provided promising results and ...

Dementia - home care

MedlinePlus

... with dementia; Home care - dementia References Budson AE, Solomon PR. Why diagnose and treat memory loss, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia? In: Budson AE, Solomon PR, eds. Memory Loss, Alzheimer's Disease, and Dementia . ...

Blood pressure measurement

MedlinePlus

... pubmed/27979896 . Ball JW, Dains JE, Flynn JA, Solomon BS, Stewart RW. Examination techniques and equipment. In: Ball JW, Dains JE, Flynn JA, Solomon BS, Stewart RW, eds. Seidel's Guide to Physical ...

78 FR 44519 - Forest Resource Coordinating Committee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-24

... the addresses below: Nominations sent via express mail or overnight courier service: Maya Solomon...; 1400 Independence Avenue SW., Washington, DC 20250-1123. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Maya Solomon...

75 FR 54085 - Dairy Industry Advisory Committee; Public Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-03

... comments. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Solomon Whitfield, Designated Federal Official; phone: (202) 720-9886; e-mail: solomon[email protected] . Persons with disabilities who require alternative means...

76 FR 8998 - Dairy Industry Advisory Committee; Public Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-16

... instructions for submitting comments. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Solomon Whitfield, Designated Federal Official; phone: (202) 720-9886; e-mail: solomon[email protected] . Persons with disabilities who...

76 FR 4611 - Dairy Industry Advisory Committee; Public Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-26

... instructions for submitting comments. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Solomon Whitfield, Designated Federal Official; phone: (202) 720-9886; e-mail: solomon[email protected] . Persons with disabilities who...

78 FR 57128 - Forest Resource Coordinating Committee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-17

... Solomon, Forest Resource Coordinating Committee Program Coordinator, Cooperative Forestry Staff, 202-205.... Written comments and requests for time for oral comments must be sent to Maya Solomon, Forest Resource...

75 FR 72785 - Dairy Industry Advisory Committee; Public Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-26

... instructions for submitting comments. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Solomon Whitfield, Designated Federal Official; phone: (202) 720-9886; e-mail: solomon[email protected] . Persons with disabilities who...

78 FR 73819 - Forest Resource Coordinating Committee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-09

... into the Whitten Building. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Maya Solomon, Forest Resource Coordinating... and requests for time for oral comments must be sent to Maya Solomon, Forest Resource Coordinating...

76 FR 28778 - Ocean Transportation Intermediary License; Applicants

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-18

.... Mora, Director, Application Type: New NVO & OFF License. Solomon Emeke dba Desaiah Limited (NVO & OFF), 3696 Park Avenue, Ellicott City, MD 21043, Officer: Solomon Emeke, Sole Proprietor, (Qualifying...

Hydrologic data collection activities in the Solomon Gulch basin near Valdez, Alaska

USGS Publications Warehouse

Bigelow, B.B.

1988-01-01

In 1981, the Alaska Power Authority completed construction of a dam spillway at the north end of Solomon Lake near Valdez. Regulation and diversion from the dam since 1982 have significantly altered the natural flow characteristics of Solomon Gulch. In September 1986, the Geological Survey began data collection to determine mean daily discharge at four sites below Solomon Lake and thus document the effects of regulation and diversion of water on the flow at various points in the system. Periodic discharge measurements and continuous records of water stage were obtained at two of the sites, and daily discharge values were computed for all four sites. The report contains descriptions of the data collection sites and the discharge records for each site for September 1986 and water year 1987. (USGS)

Apparent episodicity of magmatic activity based on radiometric age determination: A section in The United States Geological Survey in Alaska: Accomplishments during 1980

USGS Publications Warehouse

Wilson, Frederic H.; Shew, Nora B.

1982-01-01

Results of recent potassium-argon age studies in the Chignik region, Alaska, (Wilson, 1980; Wilson and others, 1982) have suggested a distinct episodicity in igneous activity during Tertiary time. To date work on the Aleutian magmatic arc indicates that plutonic activity took place along the present outer Pacific margin and in the northern Alaska-Aleutian Range batholith (Reed and Lanphere, 1973; Kienle and Turner, 1976; DeLong and others, 1978) in latest Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary time (70-58 m.y.) and was followed by a hiatus lasting until late Eocene ( 45 m.y~) time. Late Eocene to earliest Miocene ( 45-20 m.y.) magmatic activity was followed by a middle Miocene hiatus (10 m.y.). Since that time, magmatic activity in the Aleutian arc has been continuous.

Neutron transport analysis for nuclear reactor design

DOEpatents

Vujic, Jasmina L.

1993-01-01

Replacing regular mesh-dependent ray tracing modules in a collision/transfer probability (CTP) code with a ray tracing module based upon combinatorial geometry of a modified geometrical module (GMC) provides a general geometry transfer theory code in two dimensions (2D) for analyzing nuclear reactor design and control. The primary modification of the GMC module involves generation of a fixed inner frame and a rotating outer frame, where the inner frame contains all reactor regions of interest, e.g., part of a reactor assembly, an assembly, or several assemblies, and the outer frame, with a set of parallel equidistant rays (lines) attached to it, rotates around the inner frame. The modified GMC module allows for determining for each parallel ray (line), the intersections with zone boundaries, the path length between the intersections, the total number of zones on a track, the zone and medium numbers, and the intersections with the outer surface, which parameters may be used in the CTP code to calculate collision/transfer probability and cross-section values.

Neutron transport analysis for nuclear reactor design

DOEpatents

Vujic, J.L.

1993-11-30

Replacing regular mesh-dependent ray tracing modules in a collision/transfer probability (CTP) code with a ray tracing module based upon combinatorial geometry of a modified geometrical module (GMC) provides a general geometry transfer theory code in two dimensions (2D) for analyzing nuclear reactor design and control. The primary modification of the GMC module involves generation of a fixed inner frame and a rotating outer frame, where the inner frame contains all reactor regions of interest, e.g., part of a reactor assembly, an assembly, or several assemblies, and the outer frame, with a set of parallel equidistant rays (lines) attached to it, rotates around the inner frame. The modified GMC module allows for determining for each parallel ray (line), the intersections with zone boundaries, the path length between the intersections, the total number of zones on a track, the zone and medium numbers, and the intersections with the outer surface, which parameters may be used in the CTP code to calculate collision/transfer probability and cross-section values. 28 figures.

Aspects of design, structure, performance and operation of reed beds--eight years' experience in northeastern New South Wales, Australia.

PubMed

Davison, L; Headley, T; Pratt, K

2005-01-01

Reed beds (horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands) have been employed as secondary treatment devices in on-site and decentralised wastewater management systems in the northeast of the Australian state of New South Wales (NSW) for over a decade. This paper summarises some of the practical and research findings that have come to light in that time. Experience with various aspects of reed bed structure is discussed. A study of the evaporative performance of four small beds planted with Phragmites australis yielded an annual crop factor of 2.6. A total of 28 studies on reed beds treating a variety of commonly encountered wastewater streams yielded the following mean pollutant removal efficiencies: total suspended solids (TSS) 83%, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 81%, total nitrogen (TN) 57%, total phosphorus (TP) 35% and faecal coliforms (FC) 1.9 logs. The reed bed is becoming the preferred on-site technology for removing TN and BOD and polishing TSS from primary settled domestic wastewater. Sizing beds for a residence time of approximately five days has become standard practice. A study of six reed beds found six different species of earthworm present, mainly Perionyx excavatus (Indian Blue). A mesocosm experiment subsequently showed that the worms were translocating clogging material from the substrate interstices to the surface of the bed thereby indicating a possible method for prolonging reed bed life.

High speed transition prediction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gasperas, Gediminis

1993-01-01

The main objective of this work period was to develop, maintain and exercise state-of-the-art methods for transition prediction in supersonic flow fields. Basic state and stability codes, acquired during the last work period, were exercised and applied to calculate the properties of various flowfields. The development of a code for the prediction of transition location using a currently novel method (the PSE or Parabolized Stability Equation method), initiated during the last work period and continued during the present work period, was cancelled at mid-year for budgetary reasons. Other activities during this period included the presentation of a paper at the APS meeting in Tallahassee, Florida entitled 'Stability of Two-Dimensional Compressible Boundary Layers', as well as the initiation of a paper co-authored with H. Reed of the Arizona State University entitled 'Stability of Boundary Layers'.

32 CFR 216.4 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... notices, etc., on behalf of military recruiters to comply with the Solomon Amendment; (3) Has failed to... comply with the Solomon Amendment; (3) Military recruiters are prohibited from scheduling their visits at...

32 CFR 216.4 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... notices, etc., on behalf of military recruiters to comply with the Solomon Amendment; (3) Has failed to... comply with the Solomon Amendment; (3) Military recruiters are prohibited from scheduling their visits at...

32 CFR 216.4 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... notices, etc., on behalf of military recruiters to comply with the Solomon Amendment; (3) Has failed to... comply with the Solomon Amendment; (3) Military recruiters are prohibited from scheduling their visits at...

32 CFR 216.4 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... notices, etc., on behalf of military recruiters to comply with the Solomon Amendment; (3) Has failed to... comply with the Solomon Amendment; (3) Military recruiters are prohibited from scheduling their visits at...

76 FR 7209 - Ocean Transportation Intermediary License; Applicants

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-09

...). Application Type: New OFF License. Solomon Emeke dba Desaiah Limited (OFF), 3696 Park Avenue, 300, Ellicott City, MD 21043. Officer: Solomon Emeke, Sole Proprietor (Qualifying Individual). Application Type: New...

Dementia - what to ask your doctor

MedlinePlus

... recs.pdf . Accessed December 8, 2016. Budson AE, Solomon PR. Life adjustments for memory loss, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia. In: Budson AE, Solomon PR, eds. Memory Loss, Alzheimer's Disease, and Dementia: ...

75 FR 26710 - Dairy Industry Advisory Committee; Public Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-12

... provide a written copy of your comments. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Solomon Whitfield, Designated Federal Official; phone: (202) 720-9886; e-mail: solomon[email protected] . Persons with...

32 CFR 216.4 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... notices, etc., on behalf of military recruiters to comply with the Solomon Amendment; (3) Has failed to... comply with the Solomon Amendment; (3) Military recruiters are prohibited from scheduling their visits at...

Dementia - keeping safe in the home

MedlinePlus

... recs.pdf . Accessed June 27, 2016. Budson AE, Solomon PR. Life adjustments for memory loss, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia. In: Budson AE, Solomon PR, eds. Memory Loss, Alzheimer's Disease, and Dementia: ...

77 FR 26321 - Reed College, Reed Research Nuclear Reactor, Renewed Facility Operating License No. R-112

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-03

... Nuclear Reactor, Renewed Facility Operating License No. R-112 AGENCY: Nuclear Regulatory Commission... Commission (NRC or the Commission) has issued renewed Facility Operating License No. R- 112, held by Reed... License No. R-112 will expire 20 years from its date of issuance. The renewed facility operating license...

Building a Joint Force on the Fly: The Relationship of Admiral Aubrey W. Fitch and Lieutenant General Millard F. Harmon

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-01

v ABSTRACT The Solomons air campaign is an early example of a combined (New Zealand) and joint (Army, Navy, and Marine Corps) air campaign in...of victory in the Pacific was always at the forefront of their commands. The case of the Solomons air campaign provides an avenue to understanding...Station Norfolk, VA . . . . 26 3 USMC Solomon Islands Campaign Map, 1943. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4 COMAIRSOPAC change of command 20

33 CFR 208.11 - Regulations for use of storage allocated for flood control or navigation and/or project operation...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... VA Pwr. Glen Elder Dam & Waconda Lk KS Mitchel Solomon R FIM 722.3204.8 1488.31455.6 1455.61428.0... 820 PL 78-534 USBR. Kirwin Dam & Res KS Phillips N Fork Solomon R F ICR 215.1 89.6 1757.3 1729.2 1729... Webster Dam & Res KS Rocks S Fork Solomon R F IRC 183.4 72.1 1923.7 1892.5 1892.5 1860.0 8480 3772 3772...

33 CFR 208.11 - Regulations for use of storage allocated for flood control or navigation and/or project operation...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... VA Pwr. Glen Elder Dam & Waconda Lk KS Mitchel Solomon R FIM 722.3204.8 1488.31455.6 1455.61428.0... 820 PL 78-534 USBR. Kirwin Dam & Res KS Phillips N Fork Solomon R F ICR 215.1 89.6 1757.3 1729.2 1729... Webster Dam & Res KS Rocks S Fork Solomon R F IRC 183.4 72.1 1923.7 1892.5 1892.5 1860.0 8480 3772 3772...

Solomon Receives 2005 Harry H. Hess Medal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Purdy, G. Michael; Solomon, Sean C.

2006-02-01

Sean C. Solomon received the Harry H. Hess Medal at the 2005 Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, which was held on 7 December in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is given for outstanding achievements in research on the constitution and evolution of the Earth and other planets. It is a privilege to present Sean C. Solomon as the American Geophysical Union's Harry H. Hess Medal recipient. During more than 30 years of accomplished research he has established himself as one of the remarkable leadersin geophysical research today.

Noise Estimation and Adaptive Encoding for Asymmetric Quantum Error Correcting Codes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Florjanczyk, Jan; Brun, Todd; CenterQuantum Information Science; Technology Team

We present a technique that improves the performance of asymmetric quantum error correcting codes in the presence of biased qubit noise channels. Our study is motivated by considering what useful information can be learned from the statistics of syndrome measurements in stabilizer quantum error correcting codes (QECC). We consider the case of a qubit dephasing channel where the dephasing axis is unknown and time-varying. We are able to estimate the dephasing angle from the statistics of the standard syndrome measurements used in stabilizer QECC's. We use this estimate to rotate the computational basis of the code in such a way that the most likely type of error is covered by the highest distance of the asymmetric code. In particular, we use the [ [ 15 , 1 , 3 ] ] shortened Reed-Muller code which can correct one phase-flip error but up to three bit-flip errors. In our simulations, we tune the computational basis to match the estimated dephasing axis which in turn leads to a decrease in the probability of a phase-flip error. With a sufficiently accurate estimate of the dephasing axis, our memory's effective error is dominated by the much lower probability of four bit-flips. Aro MURI Grant No. W911NF-11-1-0268.

Efficient Signal, Code, and Receiver Designs for MIMO Communication Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-06-01

167 5-31 Concatenation of a tilted-QAM inner code with an LDPC outer code with a two component iterative soft-decision decoder. . . . . . . . . 168 5...for AWGN channels has long been studied. There are well-known soft-decision codes like the turbo codes and LDPC codes that can approach capacity to...bits) low density parity check ( LDPC ) code 1. 2. The coded bits are randomly interleaved so that bits nearby go through different sub-channels, and are

Dynamic chromosomal rearrangements in Hodgkin's lymphoma are due to ongoing three-dimensional nuclear remodeling and breakage-bridge-fusion cycles.

PubMed

Guffei, Amanda; Sarkar, Rahul; Klewes, Ludger; Righolt, Christiaan; Knecht, Hans; Mai, Sabine

2010-12-01

Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the presence of mono-nucleated Hodgkin cells and bi- to multi-nucleated Reed-Sternberg cells. We have recently shown telomere dysfunction and aberrant synchronous/asynchronous cell divisions during the transition of Hodgkin cells to Reed-Sternberg cells.1 To determine whether overall changes in nuclear architecture affect genomic instability during the transition of Hodgkin cells to Reed-Sternberg cells, we investigated the nuclear organization of chromosomes in these cells. Three-dimensional fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed irregular nuclear positioning of individual chromosomes in Hodgkin cells and, more so, in Reed-Sternberg cells. We characterized an increasingly unequal distribution of chromosomes as mono-nucleated cells became multi-nucleated cells, some of which also contained chromosome-poor 'ghost' cell nuclei. Measurements of nuclear chromosome positions suggested chromosome overlaps in both types of cells. Spectral karyotyping then revealed both aneuploidy and complex chromosomal rearrangements: multiple breakage-bridge-fusion cycles were at the origin of the multiple rearranged chromosomes. This conclusion was challenged by super resolution three-dimensional structured illumination imaging of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg nuclei. Three-dimensional super resolution microscopy data documented inter-nuclear DNA bridges in multi-nucleated cells but not in mono-nucleated cells. These bridges consisted of chromatids and chromosomes shared by two Reed-Sternberg nuclei. The complexity of chromosomal rearrangements increased as Hodgkin cells developed into multi-nucleated cells, thus indicating tumor progression and evolution in Hodgkin's lymphoma, with Reed-Sternberg cells representing the highest complexity in chromosomal rearrangements in this disease. This is the first study to demonstrate nuclear remodeling and associated genomic instability leading to the generation of Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin's lymphoma. We defined nuclear remodeling as a key feature of Hodgkin's lymphoma, highlighting the relevance of nuclear architecture in cancer.

VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL) Benchmark Suite

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-10-01

T7 prit.iy label iTM Architecture label I flO inch Label I TIC ) P rae s Label I W Conkgurstion Spec. 1 21 Appendix B. Test Descriptions, Shell Code...Siensls R Accnss Operaist s Iov (soc 3 3 & 7 3 61 $ File I/0 S1 Reed S2 Write T Label Site TI Signal TIA Archi~ecture TIE Block TIC Port T2 VariableI...Access Operations I (sec 3 3 & 7.3 61 1 S FI I/0 1 Sl Read 52 Write T Label SreI TI Signal TIA Architeclt TIR Block TIC

ANA (Antinuclear Antibody Test)

MedlinePlus

... findarticles.com . Kavanaugh A, Tomar R, Reveille J, Solomon DH, Homburger HA. Guidelines for clinical use of ... Russell Tomar, MD, John Reveille, MD, Daniel H. Solomon, MD, MPH, and Henry A. Homburger, MD. Guidelines ...

Dengue and Severe Dengue

MedlinePlus

... to the previous year for both countries. The Solomon Islands declared an outbreak with more than 7000 ... to the previous year for both countries. The Solomon Islands declared an outbreak with more than 7000 ...

Comparison of Solomon technique with selective laser ablation for twin-twin transfusion syndrome: a systematic review.

PubMed

Dhillon, R K; Hillman, S C; Pounds, R; Morris, R K; Kilby, M D

2015-11-01

To compare the Solomon and selective techniques for fetoscopic laser ablation (FLA) for the treatment of twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) in monochorionic-diamniotic twin pregnancies. This was a systematic review conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement. Electronic searches were performed for relevant citations published from inception to September 2014. Selected studies included pregnancies undergoing FLA for TTTS that reported on recurrence of TTTS, occurrence of twin anemia-polycythemia sequence (TAPS) or survival. From 270 possible citations, three studies were included, two cohort studies and one randomized controlled trial (RCT), which directly compared the Solomon and selective techniques for FLA. The odds ratios (OR) of recurrent TTTS when using the Solomon vs the selective technique in the two cohort studies (n = 249) were 0.30 (95% CI, 0.00-4.46) and 0.45 (95% CI, 0.07-2.20). The RCT (n = 274) demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in risk of recurrent TTTS with the Solomon technique (OR, 0.21 (95% CI, 0.04-0.98); P = 0.03). The ORs for the development of TAPS following the Solomon and the selective techniques were 0.20 (95% CI, 0.00-2.46) and 0.61 (95% CI, 0.05-5.53) in the cohort studies and 0.16 (95% CI, 0.05-0.49) in the RCT, with statistically significant differences for the RCT only (P < 0.001). Observational evidence suggested overall better survival with the Solomon technique, which was statistically significant for survival of at least one twin. The RCT did not demonstrate a significant difference in survival between the two techniques, most probably owing to the small sample size and lack of power. This systematic review of observational, comparative cohort and RCT data suggests a trend towards a reduction in TAPS and recurrent TTTS and an increase in twin survival, with no increase in the occurrence of complications or adverse events, when using the Solomon compared to the selective technique for the treatment of TTTS. These findings need to be confirmed by an appropriately-powered RCT with long-term neurological follow-up. Copyright © 2015 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

American Society of Hand Therapists

MedlinePlus

... Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Sint Maarten Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Georgia and the ... Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Sint Maarten Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Georgia and the ...

Genetics Home Reference: Muenke syndrome

MedlinePlus

... Muenke syndrome Sources for This Page Agochukwu NB, Solomon BD, Muenke M. Impact of genetics on the ... Hadley DW, Brewer C, Zalewski C, Kim HJ, Solomon B, Rosenbaum K, Domingo DL, Hart TC, Brooks ...

77 FR 19362 - Environmental Assessment and Finding of No Significant Impact for License Renewal for the Reed...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-30

... serves about 1,300 students. The Reed Research Reactor is housed in a section of the Psychology Building constructed specifically for that purpose. The section of the Psychology building housing the Reed Research... encompasses the entire Psychology Building and all areas 76 meters (250 feet) from the center of the reactor...

Using aerial photography for mapping giant reed infestations along the Texas-Mexico portion of the Rio Grande.

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Giant reed (Arundo donax L.) is an invasive weed throughout the southern half of the United States with the densest stands growing along the coastal rivers of southern California and the Rio Grande in Texas. The objective of this study was to use aerial photography to map giant reed infestations and...

Mapping giant reed (Arundo donax) infestations along the Texas-Mexico portion of the Rio Grande using aerial photography

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Giant reed is an invasive weed throughout the southern half of the United States with the densest stands growing along the coastal rivers of southern California and the Rio Grande in Texas. The objective of this study was to use aerial photography to map giant reed infestations and estimate infested...

Treatment of Mycobacterium intracellulare Infected Mice with Walter Reed Compound H

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-09-25

including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae , Staphylococcusaureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, enterococ----ci, Neissr•~n...97 SAD "Treatment of Mycobacterium intracellulare Infected Mice with Walter Reed Compound H" Final Comprehensive Report J. Kenneth McClatchy, Ph.D...REPORT & PERIOD COVERED "TREATMENT OF MYCOBACTERIUM INTRACELLULARE - Final Comprehensive Report INFECTED MICE WITH WALTER REED COMPOUND H"li G

78 FR 56839 - Compatibility of Generally Licensed and Exempt Devices

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-16

... 20852. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Solomon Sahle, Office of Federal and State Materials and...-415- 3781, email: Solomon[email protected] . SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: I. The Petition Section 2.802 of...

75 FR 65533 - Data Collection Available for Public Comments and Recommendations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-25

... minimize the estimated burden and enhance the quality of the collection, to George Solomon, Senior Policy..., Washington, DC 20416. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: George Solomon, Office of Senior [[Page 65534

The design of the CMOS wireless bar code scanner applying optical system based on ZigBee

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Yuelin; Peng, Jian

2008-03-01

The traditional bar code scanner is influenced by the length of data line, but the farthest distance of the wireless bar code scanner of wireless communication is generally between 30m and 100m on the market. By rebuilding the traditional CCD optical bar code scanner, a CMOS code scanner is designed based on the ZigBee to meet the demands of market. The scan system consists of the CMOS image sensor and embedded chip S3C2401X, when the two dimensional bar code is read, the results show the inaccurate and wrong code bar, resulted from image defile, disturber, reads image condition badness, signal interference, unstable system voltage. So we put forward the method which uses the matrix evaluation and Read-Solomon arithmetic to solve them. In order to construct the whole wireless optics of bar code system and to ensure its ability of transmitting bar code image signals digitally with long distances, ZigBee is used to transmit data to the base station, and this module is designed based on image acquisition system, and at last the wireless transmitting/receiving CC2430 module circuit linking chart is established. And by transplanting the embedded RTOS system LINUX to the MCU, an applying wireless CMOS optics bar code scanner and multi-task system is constructed. Finally, performance of communication is tested by evaluation software Smart RF. In broad space, every ZIGBEE node can realize 50m transmission with high reliability. When adding more ZigBee nodes, the transmission distance can be several thousands of meters long.

Noncontact modal analysis of a pipe organ reed using airborne ultrasound stimulated vibrometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huber, Thomas M.; Fatemi, Mostafa; Kinnick, Randall R.; Greenleaf, James F.

2004-05-01

The goal of this experiment was to excite and measure, in a noncontact manner, the vibrational modes of the reed from a reed organ pipe. To perform ultrasound stimulated excitation, two ultrasound beams in air of different frequencies were directed at the reed; the audio-range beat frequency between these ultrasound beams induced vibrations. The resulting vibrational deflection shapes were measured with a scanning vibrometer. The modes of any relatively small object can be studied in air using this technique. For a 36 mm by 7 mm clamped brass reed cantilever, displacements and velocites of 5 μ and 4 mm/s could be imparted at the fundamental frequency of 145 Hz. Using the same ultrasound transducer, excitation across the entire range of audio frequencies was obtained, which was not possible using audio excitation with a speaker. Since the beam was focused on the reed, ultrasound stimulated excitation eliminated background effects observed during mechanical shaker excitation, such as vibrations of clamps and supports. We will discuss the results obtained using single, dual, and confocal ultrasound transducers in AM and unmodulated CW modes, along with results obtained using a mechanical shaker and audio excitation using a speaker.

Photo-protective mechanisms in reed canary grass to alleviate photo-inhibition of PSII on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

PubMed

Zhang, Chao; Zhang, Da-Wei; Sun, Yan-Ni; Arfan, Muhammad; Li, Da-Xu; Yan, Jia-Jun; You, Ming-Hong; Bai, Shi-Qie; Lin, Hong-Hui

2017-08-01

Due to its characteristic of high biomass yield potential, there is considerable interest in cultivating Phalaris arundinacea L. cv. 'chuancaoyin No.3' (reed canary grass) on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau where there is an abundance of alpine steppe meadow and a potential large market for animal husbandry. In this study, we 1) investigate whether reed canary grass exhibits superior productive capacity to Elymus nutans 'Aba' (E. nutans), ordinary common pasture, during the long warm days of summer at high-altitude; and 2) compare the cold tolerance between reed canary grass and E. nutans, including photosynthesis, photo-inhibition, and photo-protection. The results suggest that reed canary grass exhibits higher photosynthetic capacity compared to E. nutans at latitudes of the cool temperate zone. Meanwhile, cold-induced photo-inhibition and photo-damage at high altitudes in reed canary grass were due to both stomatal and non-stomatal limitation, and the enhancement in photo-respiration, thermal dissipation, and Mehler reaction are important processes to minimize the negative effects of high elevation and a cold environment. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.

Internal tides in the Solomon Sea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lionel, Tchilibou Michel; Gourdeau, Lionel; Djath, Bugshin; Lyard, Florent; Allain, Damien; Koch Larrouy, Ariane; Yoga Nogroho, Dwi; Morrow, Rosemary

2017-04-01

In the south west Pacific, the Solomon Sea lies on the pathway of the Low Latitudes Western Boundary Currents (LLWBCs) that connect the subtropics to the equator. The Solomon Sea have a particular interest in a climatic context, since they are a critical pathway for ENSO and its low frequency modulation. The western Pacific is a place of energetic internal tides generated over its complex bottom topographic features. In the Indonesian Archipelago, they are particularly active in defining the properties of the waters that move from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean. The salinity maximum at the thermocline level, which is characteristic of the South Pacific Tropical Waters (SPTW) flowing within the LLWBCs and feeding the Equatorial UnderCurrent, is largely eroded within the Solomon Sea. Different mechanisms could explain such salt erosion including current/bathymetry interactions, internal tides, and eddy activity. The motivation of this study is to investigate the potential role of internal tides for such water mass transformation. Results from a 1/36° resolution regional model including explicit tides are presented. As a first step, the generation and propagation of internal tides in the Solomon Sea are determined, and the conversion rate from barotropic to baroclinic energy is estimated.

Variability of Equatorward Transport in the Tropical Southwestern Pacific

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alberty, M. S.; Sprintall, J.; MacKinnon, J. A.; Cravatte, S. E.; Ganachaud, A. S.; Germineaud, C.

2016-02-01

Situated in the Pacific warm pool, the Solomon Sea is a semi-enclosed sea containing a system of low latitude Western boundary currents that serve as the primary source water for the Equatorial Undercurrent. The variability of equatorward heat and volume transport through the Solomon Sea has the capability to modulate regional and basin-scale climate processes, yet there are few and synoptic observations of these fluxes. Here we present the mean and variability of heat and volume transport out of the Solomon Sea observed during the MoorSPICE experiment. MoorSPICE is the Solomon Sea mooring-based observational component of the Southwest Pacific Ocean Circulation and Climate Experiment (SPICE), an international research project working to observe and improve our understanding of the southwest Pacific Ocean circulation and climate. Arrays of moorings were deployed in the outflow channels of the Solomon Sea for July 2012 until March 2014 to resolve the temperature and velocity fields in each strait. In particular we will discuss the phasing of the observed transport variability for each channel compared to that of the satellite-observed monsoonal wind forcing and annual cycle of the mesoscale eddy field.

Genetics Home Reference: VACTERL association

MedlinePlus

... PubMed Raam MS, Pineda-Alvarez DE, Hadley DW, Solomon BD. Long-term outcomes of adults with features ... on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central Solomon BD, Pineda-Alvarez DE, Raam MS, Bous SM, ...

Really a Matter of Data: A Reply to Solomon.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sroufe, L. Alan

1980-01-01

Replies to Solomon's paper that basic criticisms made earlier of Shaffran and Decaries' study still apply. Views the study as essentially a confirmation of the null hypothesis based on weak measures. (Author/RH)

Development and impact of biological control of giant reed, Arundo donax, in the Rio Grande Basin of the U.S. and Mexico

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Giant reed (Arundo donax L.) also known as giant cane or carrizo cane, is an exotic perennial grass that has infested over 60,000 hectares along riparian corridors in the southwestern U.S. The most severe infestations are in the Lower Rio Grande Basin, where giant reed along the Rio Grande and Mexic...

Defense.gov - Special Report - Walter Reed: 100 Years of Care

Science.gov Websites

Service WASHINGTON, May 1, 2009 – Walter Reed Army Medical Center opened its doors here 100 years ago fanfare,” Walter Reed historian Sherman Fleek said. “Medical treatment and care commenced quietly.” Not ) -- As the 20th century dawned, the medical community, especially in the United States, was in the midst

The case for investing in family planning in the Pacific: costs and benefits of reducing unmet need for contraception in Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background Unmet need for family planning in the Pacific is among the highest in the world. Better understanding of required investments and associated benefits of increased access to family planning in the Pacific may assist prioritisation and funding. Methods We modelled the costs and associated health, demographic and economic impacts of reducing unmet need for family planning between 2010–2025 in Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands. Baseline data were obtained from census reports, Demographic and Health Surveys, and UN agency reports. Using a demographic modelling program we compared a scenario of “no change in unmet need” with two distinct scenarios: 1) all family planning needs met by 2020; and, 2) all needs met by 2050. Results Meeting family planning needs by 2020 would increase prevalence of modern contraception in 2025 from 36.8 to 65.5% in Vanuatu and 28.5 to 37.6% in the Solomon Islands. Between 2010–2025 the average annual number of unintended pregnancies would decline by 68% in Vanuatu and 50% in the Solomon Islands, and high-risk births would fall by more than 20%, averting 2,573 maternal and infant deaths. Total fertility rates would fall from 4.1 to 2.2 in Vanuatu and 3.5 in the Solomon Islands, contributing to slowed population growth and lower dependency ratios. The direct cost of reducing unmet need by 2020 was estimated to be $5.19 million for Vanuatu and $3.36 million for the Solomon Islands between 2010–2025. Preventing unintended pregnancies would save $112 million in health and education expenditure. Conclusions In small island developing states such as Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands, increasing investment in family planning would contribute to improved maternal and infant outcomes and substantial public sector savings. PMID:23758783

48 CFR 52.225-23 - Required Use of American Iron, Steel, and Manufactured Goods-Buy American Act-Construction...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Tanzania, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Yemen..., Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Tanzania, Togo...

78 FR 28290 - Unblocking of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons Pursuant to Executive Order...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-14

..., Solomon Tapfumaneyi Ruzambo (a.k.a. ``NANGO, Rex''); DOB 01 May 1949; Passport ZD001348 (Zimbabwe... Deputy Secretary for Finance (individual) [ZIMBABWE]. 8. TAWENGWA, Solomon; DOB 15 Jun 1940; Former...

48 CFR 52.225-23 - Required Use of American Iron, Steel, and Manufactured Goods-Buy American Act-Construction...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Tanzania, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Yemen..., Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Tanzania, Togo...

Oyster shell conveyor used to lift shells from the dock ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Oyster shell conveyor used to lift shells from the dock into the receiving room housed in the 1965 concrete block addition. - J.C. Lore Oyster House, 14430 Solomons Island Road, Solomons, Calvert County, MD

78 FR 42102 - Termination of Radiotelephone Medium Frequency 2182 kHz Watchkeeping, 2187.5 kHz Digital...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-15

... questions on this Notice, contact Larry S. Solomon, Spectrum Management and Telecommunications Policy Counsel (Commandant CG-652) telephone: 202-475-3556; email: larry.s.solomon@uscg.mil . SUPPLEMENTARY...

48 CFR 52.225-23 - Required Use of American Iron, Steel, and Manufactured Goods-Buy American Statute-Construction...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands... Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan, Tanzania, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu...

Genetics Home Reference: nonsyndromic holoprosencephaly

MedlinePlus

... on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central Solomon BD, Gropman A, Muenke M. Holoprosencephaly Overview. 2000 ... nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1530/ Citation on PubMed Solomon BD, Mercier S, Vélez JI, Pineda-Alvarez DE, Wyllie ...

Cooperation, integration, and long-term commitment: what Solomon Islanders and development workers say about health sector aid.

PubMed

Martiniuk, Alexandra L C; Millar, Heather C; Malefoasi, George; Vergeer, Petra; Garland, Trevor; Knight, Simon

2008-01-01

The Solomon Islands is experiencing instability and insecurity and also a concomitant increase in aid. This article aims to address the need for theoretical coordination frameworks to be further informed by the actual experiences, requirements, and views of the recipients of aid. Qualitative research techniques were used to better understand governmental and nongovernmental leaders' views of health sector aid in the Solomon Islands. Data were collected using previously published literature, government and nongovernmental documents, and in-person interviews. Two key themes emerged from the interviews: the need for coordination and integration of aid and the need for this integration to occur over the long-term. These themes are presented using quotations from key informants. Themes and quotations arising from the analyses may assist in understanding theoretical frameworks for coordination, particularly in postconflict states. Future needs regarding mechanisms of collaboration in the Solomons are also discussed.

Characteristics on fault coupling along the Solomon megathrust based on GPS observations from 2011 to 2014

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuo, Yu-Ting; Ku, Chin-Shang; Chen, Yue-Gau; Wang, Yu; Lin, Yu-Nung Nina; Chuang, Ray Y.; Hsu, Ya-Ju; Taylor, Frederick W.; Huang, Bor-Shouh; Tung, Hsin

2016-08-01

The Solomon megathrust along the western Solomon arc generated two megathrust earthquakes in the past decade (Mw 8.1 in 2007 and Mw 7.1 in 2010). To investigate the interseismic deformation and inferred coupling on the megathrust, we deployed the first continuous GPS network in the Western Solomon Islands. Our 2011-2014 GPS data and the back slip inversion model show coupling ratio as high as 73% along the southeastern 2007 rupture segment but only 10% on average along the segment of 2010 event. Based on the spatial distribution of coseismic slip, aftershock clusters, derived coupling pattern, and paleogeodetic records, we discovered the former as a semipermanent asperity and the latter as a potential megathrust barrier. We propose that a characteristic earthquake of magnitude not less than Mw 8 will recur in an interval of 100 or more years by either single or doublet earthquake.

Glow discharge electrolysis plasma initiated preparation of temperature/pH dual sensitivity reed hemicellulose-based hydrogels.

PubMed

Zhang, Wenming; Zhu, Sha; Bai, Yunping; Xi, Ning; Wang, Shaoyang; Bian, Yang; Li, Xiaowei; Zhang, Yucang

2015-05-20

The temperature/pH dual sensitivity reed hemicellulose-based hydrogels have been prepared through glow discharge electrolysis plasma (GDEP). The effect of different discharge voltages on the temperature and pH response performance of reed hemicellulose-based hydrogels was inspected, and the formation mechanism, deswelling behaviors of reed hemicellulose-based hydrogels were also discussed. At the same time, infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning differential thermal analysis (DSC) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were adopted to characterize the structure, phase transformation behaviors and microstructure of hydrogels. It turned out to be that all reed hemicellulose-based hydrogels had a double sensitivity to temperature and pH, and their phase transition temperatures were all approximately 33 °C, as well as the deswelling dynamics met the first model. In addition, the hydrogel (TPRH-3), under discharge voltage 600 V, was more sensitive to temperature and pH and had higher deswelling ratio. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ammonia Fiber Expansion Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis on Two Different Growth Stages of Reed Canarygrass

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bradshaw, Tamika C.; Alizadeh, Hasan; Teymouri, Farzaneh; Balan, Venkatesh; Dale, Bruce E.

Plant materials from the vegetative growth stage of reed canarygrass and the seed stage of reed canarygrass are pretreated by ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) and enzymatically hydrolyzed using 15 filter paper units (FPU) cellulase/g glucan to evaluate glucose and xylose yields. Percent conversions of glucose and xylose, effects of temperature and ammonia loading, and hydrolysis profiles are analyzed to determine the most effective AFEX treatment condition for each of the selected materials. The controls used in this study were untreated samples of each biomass material. All pretreatment conditions tested enhanced enzyme digestibility and improved sugar conversions for reed canarygrass compared with their untreated counterparts. Based on 168 h hydrolysis results using 15 FPU Spezyme CP cellulase/g glucan the most effective AFEX treatment conditions were determined as: vegetative growth stage of reed canarygrass—100°C, 60% moisture content, 1.2∶1 kg ammonia/kg of dry matter (86% glucose and 78% xylose) and seed stage of reed canarygrass—100°C, 60% moisture content, 0.8∶1 kg ammonia/kg of dry matter (89% glucose and 81% xylose). Supplementation by commercial Multifect 720 xylanase along with cellulase further increased both glucose and xylose yields by 10-12% at the most effective AFEX conditions.

The clarinet: how blowing pressure, lip force, lip position and reed "hardness" affect pitch, sound level, and spectrum.

PubMed

Almeida, Andre; George, David; Smith, John; Wolfe, Joe

2013-09-01

Using an automated clarinet playing system, the frequency f, sound level L, and spectral characteristics are measured as functions of blowing pressure P and the force F applied by the mechanical lip at different places on the reed. The playing regime on the (P,F) plane lies below an extinction line F(P) with a negative slope of a few square centimeters and above a pressure threshold with a more negative slope. Lower values of F and P can produce squeaks. Over much of the playing regime, lines of equal frequency have negative slope. This is qualitatively consistent with passive reed behavior: Increasing F or P gradually closes the reed, reducing its equivalent acoustic compliance, which increases the frequency of the peaks of the parallel impedance of bore and reed. High P and low F produce the highest sound levels and stronger higher harmonics. At low P, sound level can be increased at constant frequency by increasing P while simultaneously decreasing F. At high P, where lines of equal f and of equal L are nearly parallel, this compensation is less effective. Applying F further from the mouthpiece tip moves the playing regime to higher F and P, as does a stiffer reed.

Estimation of Saxophone Control Parameters by Convex Optimization.

PubMed

Wang, Cheng-I; Smyth, Tamara; Lipton, Zachary C

2014-12-01

In this work, an approach to jointly estimating the tone hole configuration (fingering) and reed model parameters of a saxophone is presented. The problem isn't one of merely estimating pitch as one applied fingering can be used to produce several different pitches by bugling or overblowing. Nor can a fingering be estimated solely by the spectral envelope of the produced sound (as it might for estimation of vocal tract shape in speech) since one fingering can produce markedly different spectral envelopes depending on the player's embouchure and control of the reed. The problem is therefore addressed by jointly estimating both the reed (source) parameters and the fingering (filter) of a saxophone model using convex optimization and 1) a bank of filter frequency responses derived from measurement of the saxophone configured with all possible fingerings and 2) sample recordings of notes produced using all possible fingerings, played with different overblowing, dynamics and timbre. The saxophone model couples one of several possible frequency response pairs (corresponding to the applied fingering), and a quasi-static reed model generating input pressure at the mouthpiece, with control parameters being blowing pressure and reed stiffness. Applied fingering and reed parameters are estimated for a given recording by formalizing a minimization problem, where the cost function is the error between the recording and the synthesized sound produced by the model having incremental parameter values for blowing pressure and reed stiffness. The minimization problem is nonlinear and not differentiable and is made solvable using convex optimization. The performance of the fingering identification is evaluated with better accuracy than previous reported value.

Removal of personal care compounds from sewage sludge in reed bed container (lysimeter) studies--effects of macrophytes.

PubMed

Chen, Xijuan; Pauly, Udo; Rehfus, Stefan; Bester, Kai

2009-10-15

Sludge reed beds have been used for dewatering (draining and evapotranspiration) and mineralisation of sludge in Europe since 1988. Although reed beds are considered as a low cost and low contamination method in reducing volume, breaking down organic matter and increasing the density of sludge, it is not yet clear whether this enhanced biological treatment is suitable for degradation of organic micro-pollutants such as personal care products. Within this project the effect of biological sludge treatment in a reed bed on reducing the concentrations of the fragrances HHCB, AHTN, OTNE was studied as on the bactericide Triclosan. Additionally, the capacity of different macrophytes species to affect the treatment process was examined. Three different macrophyte species were compared: bulrush (Typha latifolia), reed (Phragmites australis) and reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea). They were planted into containers (lysimeters) with a size of 1 m x 1 m x 1 m which were filled with 20 cm gravel at the bottom and 50 cm sludge on top, into which the macrophytes were planted. During the twelve months experiment reduction of 20-30% for HHCB and AHTN, 70% for Triclosan and 70% for OTNE were determined under environmental conditions. The reduction is most likely due to degradation, since volatilization, uptake into plants and leaching are insignificant. No difference between the containers with different macrophyte species or the unplanted containers was observed. Considering the usual operation time of 10 years for reed beds, an assessment was made for the whole life time.

Healthy Pre-Pregnancy Diet and Exercise May Reduce Risk of Gestational Diabetes

MedlinePlus

... 21, 2014 All NICHD Spotlights Zhang, C., Liu, S., Solomon, C. G., & Hu, F. B. (2006). Dietary fiber ... 2241. PMID: 19940226 Zhang, C., Schulze, M. B., Solomon, C. G., & Hu, F. B. (2006). A prospective ...

75 FR 36619 - International Fisheries; South Pacific Tuna Fisheries; Procedures to Request Licenses and a...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-28

... Islands Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA), based in Honiara, Solomon Islands, which acts as the Treaty..., Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu. Treaty licenses are issued by the...

48 CFR 52.225-23 - Required Use of American Iron, Steel, and Manufactured Goods-Buy American Act-Construction...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands..., Mauritania, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon...

48 CFR 52.225-23 - Required Use of American Iron, Steel, and Manufactured Goods-Buy American Act-Construction...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan..., Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands...

76 FR 57796 - Petition for Waiver of Compliance

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-16

... CP Solomon at MP-PT 352.5 near Pittsburgh, PA, with an absolute block to be established in advance of... Solomon. 3. Operations on the Fort Wayne Line, Pittsburgh Division, from CP Rochester at MP-PC 29.5, near...

75 FR 74640 - International Fisheries; South Pacific Tuna Fisheries; Procedures To Request Licenses and a...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-01

... Honiara, Solomon Islands, which acts as the Treaty Administrator on behalf of the PIPs. Licenses are... Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu. [[Page 74641...

Distillation with Sublogarithmic Overhead

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hastings, Matthew B.; Haah, Jeongwan

2018-02-01

It has been conjectured that, for any distillation protocol for magic states for the T gate, the number of noisy input magic states required per output magic state at output error rate ɛ is Ω [log (1 /ɛ )] . We show that this conjecture is false. We find a family of quantum error correcting codes of parameters ⟦ ∑ i =w +1 m (m i ),∑ i =0 w (m i ),∑ i =w +1 r +1 (r +1 i )⟧ for any integers m >2 r , r >w ≥0 , by puncturing quantum Reed-Muller codes. When m >ν r , our code admits a transversal logical gate at the ν th level of Clifford hierarchy. In a distillation protocol for magic states at the level ν =3 (T gate), the ratio of input to output magic states is O (logγ(1 /ɛ )) , where γ =log (n /k )/log (d )<0.678 for some m , r , w . The smallest code in our family for which γ <1 is on ≈258 qubits.

Locality-constrained anomaly detection for hyperspectral imagery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Jiabin; Li, Wei; Du, Qian; Liu, Kui

2015-12-01

Detecting a target with low-occurrence-probability from unknown background in a hyperspectral image, namely anomaly detection, is of practical significance. Reed-Xiaoli (RX) algorithm is considered as a classic anomaly detector, which calculates the Mahalanobis distance between local background and the pixel under test. Local RX, as an adaptive RX detector, employs a dual-window strategy to consider pixels within the frame between inner and outer windows as local background. However, the detector is sensitive if such a local region contains anomalous pixels (i.e., outliers). In this paper, a locality-constrained anomaly detector is proposed to remove outliers in the local background region before employing the RX algorithm. Specifically, a local linear representation is designed to exploit the internal relationship between linearly correlated pixels in the local background region and the pixel under test and its neighbors. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed detector improves the original local RX algorithm.

DETAIL OF SPARE CONICAL CRUSHER AND GRINDING BURR WHEELS REMOVED ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

DETAIL OF SPARE CONICAL CRUSHER AND GRINDING BURR WHEELS REMOVED FROM THE MILLING MACHINE. - F. & H. Benning Company Oyster Mill, 14430 Solomons Island Road (moved from 1014 Benning Road, Galesville, Anne Arundel County, Maryland), Solomons, Calvert County, MD

Interior of main shucking room. The castiron pot belly stove ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Interior of main shucking room. The cast-iron pot belly stove at center heated the room. Note the concrete tables and shucking stands lining the walls. - J.C. Lore Oyster House, 14430 Solomons Island Road, Solomons, Calvert County, MD

Solomon Receives 2007 William Bowie Medal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brasseur, Guy; Solomon, Susan

2008-01-01

Susan Solomon was awarded the 2007 William Bowie Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, which was held on 12 December 2007 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for ``outstanding contributions to fundamental geophysics and for unselfish cooperation in research.''

Equilibrium and nonequilibrium models on Solomon networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lima, F. W. S.

2016-05-01

We investigate the critical properties of the equilibrium and nonequilibrium systems on Solomon networks. The equilibrium and nonequilibrium systems studied here are the Ising and Majority-vote models, respectively. These systems are simulated by applying the Monte Carlo method. We calculate the critical points, as well as the critical exponents ratio γ/ν, β/ν and 1/ν. We find that both systems present identical exponents on Solomon networks and are of different universality class as the regular two-dimensional ferromagnetic model. Our results are in agreement with the Grinstein criterion for models with up and down symmetry on regular lattices.

Solomon Islands.

PubMed

1988-06-01

The Solomon Islands, which form an archipelago in the Southwest Pacific about 1900 km northeast of Australia, are described. Included are brief descriptions about such points as geography, people, history, type of government, political conditions, economy, and foreign relations. In 1987 the population was 301,180 (49% under age 14); the annual growth rate was 3.67%. The infant mortality rate is 46/1000; the life expectancy, 54 years. Health conditions in the Solomons generally are adequate, and the country does not suffer from serious endemic diseases other than malaria, in both the vivax and falsiparum strains. Hospitals and pharmacies are limited to population centers and missions.

LLWBCS changes through surface mesoscale activity and baroclinic tides in the Solomon Sea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gourdeau, L.; Djath, B.; Ganachaud, A. S.; Tchilibou, M. L.; Verron, J. A.; Jouanno, J.

2016-02-01

In the south west Pacific, the Solomon Sea is on the pathway of the Low Latitudes Western Boundary Currents that connect the subtropics to the equator. Changes in their strengths, or in their water mass properties may have implication for ENSO and its low frequency modulation. During their transit in the Solomon Sea, the salinity maximum at thermocline level, characteristic of the South Pacific Tropical Waters (SPTW), is largely eroded. Different mechanisms could explain such salt erosion whose current/bathymetry interaction, internal tides, eddy activity. The Solomon Sea is an area of high level of eddy kinetic energy (EKE), especially in the surface layers, and its complex bathymetry is favourable for generation and dissipation of internal tides. Based on high resolution modelling, glider, and altimetric data mesoscale eddies observed at the surface are analysed in their 4D aspects. Their role on water mass transformation is explored. These eddies may affect the surface layers (σ<23.3) and the upper thermocline waters (23.3< σ <24.3), but they cannot explained the erosion of the salinity maximum below. Simulations with and without explicit tides provide a description of baroclinic tides in the Solomon Sea. Their role on water mixing is evaluated, especially for the SPTW.

Alcohol and other substance use among a sample of young people in the Solomon Islands.

PubMed

Quinn, Brendan; Peach, Elizabeth; Wright, Cassandra J C; Lim, Megan S C; Davidson, Lisa; Dietze, Paul

2017-08-01

Investigate alcohol and other substance use, with a focus on harmful alcohol use patterns, among young people in the Solomon Islands. A structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire was administered to respondents aged 15-24 years across four of the country's provinces in late 2015. Four hundred young people completed the questionnaire across urban, peri-urban and rural communities. The most common substances ever used by participants were betel nut (94%), licit/store-bought and/or illicit alcohol (79%) and tobacco (76%). Lifetime and recent substance use was particularly common among male respondents; e.g. 89% of male participants reported ever using any alcohol versus 54% of females (p<0.001). Harmful alcohol use patterns were common. Our sample generally reported higher levels of substance use compared to previous research in the Solomon Islands, including in relation to the country's relatively recent (2012/13) Household Income and Expenditure Survey. Implications for public health: Our study made considerable advances in addressing key knowledge gaps regarding alcohol and other substance use among young people in the Solomon Islands. Evidence-based initiatives to address early initiation of alcohol and other substance use and the progression to more problematic use patterns among young people in the Solomon Islands need to be explored. © 2017 The Authors.

Translations from Kommunist, Number 11, July 1978

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-09-28

its kind in the country which contains Russia’s overall medieval artistic heritage with all its periods and directions, is unable to fulfill its... LITERATURA , No 11, 1957, p 5). Reed described the active and comprehensive work of the Soviets of workers’, peasants’, and soldiers’ deputies which...Communist Party (see "Lenin and Reed." Documents of the Institute of Marxism Leninism, INOSTRANNAYA LITERATURA , No 11, 1957, p 3). John Reed displayed

Biological studies and field observations in Europe of Lasioptera donacis potential biological control agent of giant reed, Arundo donax, an invasive weed of the Rio Grande Basin of Texas and Mexico

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Giant reed, Arundo donax L. (Poaceae; Arundinoideae), is a clonal reed grass that is native from the western Mediterranean to India and invasive in North America and other arid temperate/subtropical parts of the world, including the Rio Grande Basin of Texas and Mexico. A biological control of gian...

Soil-Structure Interaction Study of Red River Lock and Dam No. 1 Subjected to Sediment Loading

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-09-01

Sediment Loading by Robert M. Ebeling, Reed L. Mosher, Kevin Abraham Information Technology Laboratory John F. Peters Geotechnical Laboratory DTIC fl ELECTE...Robert M. Ebeling, Reed L. Mosher, Kevin Abraham Information Technology Laboratory John F. Peters Geotechnical Laboratory U.S. Army Corps of Engineers...Division (CAED), Informa- tion Technology Laboratory (ITL), Dr. Reed L. Mosher, Acting Chief, CAED, Mr. Kevin Abraham, Scientific and Engineering

Biology, Management and Utilization of Common Reed Pharagnites australis.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-02-01

Vrije Universiteit Waterways Experiment Staticn Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology Environmental Laboratory P.O. Box 7161 P.O. Box 631 1007 MC...Madelijn van der Werff Vrije Universiteit Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology Amsterdam and John W. Simmers and Stratford H. Kay Waterways...lowing and cutting 67 5.2.4. Active regulation of the water table 68 5.5. Nature conservation 68 5.4. Reed cultivation 69 Z.4. 1. Reed harvest 69 6

76 FR 41556 - Petition for Waiver of Compliance

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-14

... Cannon at MP-PT 118.9 near Duncannon, PA to CP Solomon at MP-PT 352.5 near Pittsburgh, PA, with the... between CP Bloom at MP-PT 351.6 near Pittsburg, PA and CP Solomon. Operations on the Fort Wayne Line...

Linking Dense Gas from the Milky Way to External Galaxies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stephens, Ian W.; Jackson, James M.; Whitaker, J. Scott; Contreras, Yanett; Guzmán, Andrés E.; Sanhueza, Patricio; Foster, Jonathan B.; Rathborne, Jill M.

2016-06-01

In a survey of 65 galaxies, Gao & Solomon found a tight linear relation between the infrared luminosity (L IR, a proxy for the star formation rate) and the HCN(1-0) luminosity ({L}{{HCN}}). Wu et al. found that this relation extends from these galaxies to the much less luminous Galactic molecular high-mass star-forming clumps (˜1 pc scales), and posited that there exists a characteristic ratio L IR/{L}{{HCN}} for high-mass star-forming clumps. The Gao-Solomon relation for galaxies could then be explained as a summation of large numbers of high-mass star-forming clumps, resulting in the same L IR/{L}{{HCN}} ratio for galaxies. We test this explanation and other possible origins of the Gao-Solomon relation using high-density tracers (including HCN(1-0), N2H+(1-0), HCO+(1-0), HNC(1-0), HC3N(10-9), and C2H(1-0)) for ˜300 Galactic clumps from the Millimetre Astronomy Legacy Team 90 GHz (MALT90) survey. The MALT90 data show that the Gao-Solomon relation in galaxies cannot be satisfactorily explained by the blending of large numbers of high-mass clumps in the telescope beam. Not only do the clumps have a large scatter in the L IR/{L}{{HCN}} ratio, but also far too many high-mass clumps are required to account for the Galactic IR and HCN luminosities. We suggest that the scatter in the L IR/{L}{{HCN}} ratio converges to the scatter of the Gao-Solomon relation at some size-scale ≳1 kpc. We suggest that the Gao-Solomon relation could instead result from of a universal large-scale star formation efficiency, initial mass function, core mass function, and clump mass function.

Polymorphisms associated with a tropical climate and root crop diet induce susceptibility to metabolic and cardiovascular diseases in Solomon Islands.

PubMed

Furusawa, Takuro; Naka, Izumi; Yamauchi, Taro; Natsuhara, Kazumi; Eddie, Ricky; Kimura, Ryosuke; Nakazawa, Minato; Ishida, Takafumi; Ohtsuka, Ryutaro; Ohashi, Jun

2017-01-01

The people of the Solomon Islands represent an Austronesian (AN)-speaking population's adaptation to a humid tropical environment and subsistence of tuberous crops. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of other populations (e.g. the Human Genome Diversity Project [HGDP]) have suggested the existence of genotypes adaptive to ecoregion, diet, and subsistence, and that those genotypes are also associated with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Recently, the incidence of non-communicable diseases has been increasing in the Solomon Islands. In the present study, we explored the association of genotypes adaptive to a tropical environment and tuberous crop diet with metabolic and cardiovascular conditions in rural and urban AN-speaking Melanesian and Micronesian populations of the Solomon Islands. A total of 561 participants were genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) potentially associated with a tropical environment (rs174570 and rs2237892) and a tuberous crop diet (rs162036, rs185819, and rs2722425). The results showed that the allele frequencies of the Solomon Islands populations adopted patterns similar to those in populations from other hot, tropical areas with a tuberous crop diet in previous studies. Furthermore, rs162036, rs185819, rs2237892, and rs2722425 were all strongly associated with one or more metabolic and cardiovascular conditions. The derived allele of rs2722425 (i.e. rs2722425-G) was significantly associated with an elevated LDL level (P = 0.000264) even after the significance level was adjusted for multiple testing (i.e., α = 0.0005). Our results suggest that the inhabitants of the Solomon Islands exhibit the effects of the tropical environment and tuberous crop diet on their allele frequencies, and that their susceptibility to metabolic and cardiovascular diseases is therefore considered to be associated with their environment and diet.

Enhanced Small Scale Heat Transfer in Rectangular Channels using Autonomous, Aero-Elastically Fluttering Reeds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jha, Sourabh; Crittenden, Thomas; Glezer, Ari

2017-11-01

The limits of low Reynolds number forced convection heat transport within rectangular, mm-scale channels that model segments of air-cooled heat sinks are overcome by the deliberate formation of unsteady small-scale vortical motions that are induced by autonomous aero-elastic fluttering of cantilevered planar thin-film reeds. The coupled flow-structure interactions between the fluttering reeds and the embedding channel flow and the formation and evolution of the induced unsteady small-scale vortical motions are explored using video imaging and PIV. Concave/convex undulations of the reed's surface that are bounded by the channel's walls lead to the formation and advection of cells of vorticity concentration and ultimately to alternate shedding of spanwise CW and CCW vortices. These vortices scale with the channel height, and result in increased turbulent kinetic energy and enhanced dissipation that persist far downstream from the reed and are reminiscent of a turbulent flow at significantly higher Reynolds numbers (e.g., at Re = 800, TKE increases by 86% ,40 channel widths downstream of reed tip). These small-scale motions lead to strong enhancement in heat transfer that increases with Re (e.g., at Re = 1,000 and 14,000, Nu increases by 36% and 91%, respectively). The utility of this approach is demonstrated in improving the thermal performance of low-Re heat sinks in air-cooled condensers of thermoelectric power plants. NSF-EPRI.

Development of 3D electromagnetic modeling tools for airborne vehicles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Volakis, John L.

1992-01-01

The main goal of this project is to develop methodologies for scattering by airborne composite vehicles. Although our primary focus continues to be the development of a general purpose code for analyzing the entire structure as a single unit, a number of other tasks are also pursued in parallel with this effort. These tasks are important in testing the overall approach and in developing suitable models for materials coatings, junctions and, more generally, in assessing the effectiveness of the various parts comprising the final code. Here, we briefly discuss our progress on the five different tasks which were pursued during this period. Our progress on each of these tasks is described in the detailed reports (listed at the end of this report) and the memoranda included. The first task described below is, of course, the core of this project and deals with the development of the overall code. Undoubtedly, it is the outcome of the research which was funded by NASA-Ames and the Navy over the past three years. During this year we developed the first finite element code for scattering by structures of arbitrary shape and composition. The code employs a new absorbing boundary condition which allows termination of the finite element mesh only 0.3 lambda from the outer surface of the target. This leads to a remarkable reduction of the mesh size and is a unique feature of the code. Other unique features of this code include capabilities to model resistive sheets, impedance sheets and anisotropic materials. This last capability is the latest feature of the code and is still under development. The code has been extensively validated for a number of composite geometries and some examples are given. The validation of the code is still in progress for anisotropic and larger non-metallic geometries and cavities. The developed finite element code is based on a Galerkin's formulation and employs edge-based tetrahedral elements for discretizing the dielectric sections and the region between the target and the outer mesh termination boundary (ATB). This boundary is placed in conformity with the target's outer surface, thus resulting in additional reduction of the unknown count.

Coordinated design of coding and modulation systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Massey, J. L.; Ancheta, T.; Johannesson, R.; Lauer, G.; Lee, L.

1976-01-01

The joint optimization of the coding and modulation systems employed in telemetry systems was investigated. Emphasis was placed on formulating inner and outer coding standards used by the Goddard Spaceflight Center. Convolutional codes were found that are nearly optimum for use with Viterbi decoding in the inner coding of concatenated coding systems. A convolutional code, the unit-memory code, was discovered and is ideal for inner system usage because of its byte-oriented structure. Simulations of sequential decoding on the deep-space channel were carried out to compare directly various convolutional codes that are proposed for use in deep-space systems.

49 CFR 179.400-3 - Type.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... essentially concentric within an outer jacket of circular cross section, with the out of roundness of both the inner tank and outer jacket limited in accordance with Paragraph UG-80 in Section VIII of the ASME Code (IBR, see § 171.7 of this subchapter); (2) Have the annular space evacuated after filling the annular...

49 CFR 179.400-3 - Type.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... essentially concentric within an outer jacket of circular cross section, with the out of roundness of both the inner tank and outer jacket limited in accordance with Paragraph UG-80 in Section VIII of the ASME Code (IBR, see § 171.7 of this subchapter); (2) Have the annular space evacuated after filling the annular...

49 CFR 179.400-3 - Type.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... essentially concentric within an outer jacket of circular cross section, with the out of roundness of both the inner tank and outer jacket limited in accordance with Paragraph UG-80 in Section VIII of the ASME Code (IBR, see § 171.7 of this subchapter); (2) Have the annular space evacuated after filling the annular...

49 CFR 179.400-3 - Type.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... essentially concentric within an outer jacket of circular cross section, with the out of roundness of both the inner tank and outer jacket limited in accordance with Paragraph UG-80 in Section VIII of the ASME Code (IBR, see § 171.7 of this subchapter); (2) Have the annular space evacuated after filling the annular...

Noncontact modal analysis of a pipe organ reed using airborne ultrasound stimulated vibrometry.

PubMed

Huber, Thomas M; Fatemi, Mostafa; Kinnick, Randy; Greenleaf, James

2006-04-01

The goal of this study was to excite and measure, in a noncontact manner, the vibrational modes of the reed from a reed organ pipe. To perform ultrasound stimulated excitation, the audio-range difference frequency between a pair of ultrasound beams produced a radiation force that induced vibrations. The resulting vibrational deflection shapes were measured with a scanning laser vibrometer. The resonances of any relatively small object can be studied in air using this technique. For a 36 mm x 6 mm brass reed, displacements and velocities in excess of 5 microm and 4 mm/s could be imparted at the fundamental frequency of 145 Hz. Using the same ultrasound transducer, excitation across the entire range of audio frequencies was obtained. Since the beam was focused on the reed, ultrasound stimulated excitation eliminated background effects observed during mechanical shaker excitation, such as vibrations of clamps and supports. The results obtained using single, dual and confocal ultrasound transducers in AM and two-beam modes, along with results obtained using a mechanical shaker and audio excitation using a speaker are discussed.

Effects of root exudates on gel-beads/reeds combination remediation of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

PubMed

Tian, Weijun; Zhao, Jing; Zhou, Yuhang; Qiao, Kaili; Jin, Xin; Liu, Qing

2017-01-01

Changes in root exudates, including low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs), amino acids and sugars, in rhizosphere soils during the gel-beads/reeds combination remediation for high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAHs) and the degree of the effects on HMW-PAH biodegradation were evaluated in this study. The results showed that the gel-beads/reeds combination remediation notably increased the removal rates of pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (65.0-68.9%, 60.0-68.5% and 85.2-85.9%, respectively). During the removal of HMW-PAHs, the LMWOAs, particularly maleic acid, enhanced the biodegradation of HMW-PAHs. Arginine and trehalose monitored in reed root exudates promoted the growth of plants and microorganisms and then improved the removal of HMW-PAHs, especially pyrene. However, the contribution of reed root exudates on degradation of 5- and 6-ring PAHs was minor. These results indicated that the utilization of root exudates was certainly not the only important trait for the removal of HMW-PAHs. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Differences in adsorption mechanisms of heavy metal by two different plant biomasses: reed and brown seaweed.

PubMed

Southichak, B; Nakano, K; Nomura, M; Chiba, N; Nishimura, O

2009-01-01

The adsorption of Pb(II) by two different biomaterials, reed (Phragmites australis) and brown seaweed (Sargassum horneri) biomass pretreated with CaCl(2), were compared in an attempt to explain the differences in adsorption performance between the two biosorbents. A very interesting characteristic was found in their individual adsorption performances; the Pb(II) adsorption capacity of brown seaweed (Q(max)=0.45 mmol/g) was much higher than that of reed (Q(max)=0.05 mmol/g), but its adsorption affinity (b=112 L/mmol) was much lower compared with that of reed (b=471 L/mmol). To elucidate the mechanism, the elemental components, ion exchange phenomenon and roles of functional groups of these two biosorbents were compared. The higher Pb(II) adsorption by brown seaweed could be due to its richness in total functional groups and calcium contents on its surface. In contrast, the functional complexity, higher zeta potential and pK(a) value (deprotonation state) of reed are believed to lead to its high adsorption affinity.

Integrated Canada-U.S. Power Sector Modeling with the Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Martinez, A.; Eurek, K.; Mai, T.

2013-02-01

The electric power system in North America is linked between the United States and Canada. Canada has historically been a net exporter of electricity to the United States. The extent to which this remains true will depend on the future evolution of power markets, technology deployment, and policies. To evaluate these and related questions, we modify the Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) model to include an explicit representation of the grid-connected power system in Canada to the continental United States. ReEDS is unique among long-term capacity expansion models for its high spatial resolution and statistical treatment of the impact ofmore » variable renewable generation on capacity planning and dispatch. These unique traits are extended to new Canadian regions. We present example scenario results using the fully integrated Canada-U.S. version of ReEDS to demonstrate model capabilities. The newly developed, integrated Canada-U.S. ReEDS model can be used to analyze the dynamics of electricity transfers and other grid services between the two countries under different scenarios.« less

Solomon Rex and Solomon Grundy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jorgensen, Brian

1993-01-01

Discusses the basic principles that shaped the development of Boston University's liberal arts core curriculum. Four areas are addressed: history, tradition, greatness, and relevance. Final comments examine the core experience for teacher educators and describe one professor's success at lessening time-killing human behavior in order to accomplish…

VIEW ALONG RAW MATERIAL CONVEYOR AT RIGHT WITH CRUSHED SHELL ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

VIEW ALONG RAW MATERIAL CONVEYOR AT RIGHT WITH CRUSHED SHELL CONVEYOR ABOVE. ENGINE AND RADIATOR AT LOWER LEFT. - F. & H. Benning Company Oyster Mill, 14430 Solomons Island Road (moved from 1014 Benning Road, Galesville, Anne Arundel County, Maryland), Solomons, Calvert County, MD

76 FR 63621 - Findings of Research Misconduct

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-13

... Research Integrity (ORI) has taken final action in the following case: Nicola Solomon, Ph.D., University of... DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Office of the Secretary Findings of Research Misconduct... (UMMS) and a preliminary analysis conducted by ORI, ORI found that Dr. Nicola Solomon, former...

The CCSDS Next Generation Space Data Link Protocol (NGSLP)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kazz, Greg J.; Greenberg, Edward

2014-01-01

The CCSDS space link protocols i.e., Telemetry (TM), Telecommand (TC), Advanced Orbiting Systems (AOS) were developed in the early growth period of the space program. They were designed to meet the needs of the early missions, be compatible with the available technology and focused on the specific link environments. Digital technology was in its infancy and spacecraft power and mass issues enforced severe constraints on flight implementations. Therefore the Telecommand protocol was designed around a simple Bose, Hocquenghem, Chaudhuri (BCH) code that provided little coding gain and limited error detection but was relatively simple to decode on board. The infusion of the concatenated Convolutional and Reed-Solomon codes5 for telemetry was a major milestone and transformed telemetry applications by providing them the ability to more efficiently utilize the telemetry link and its ability to deliver user data. The ability to significantly lower the error rates on the telemetry links enabled the use of packet telemetry and data compression. The infusion of the high performance codes for telemetry was enabled by the advent of digital processing, but it was limited to earth based systems supporting telemetry. The latest CCSDS space link protocol, Proximity-1 was developed in early 2000 to meet the needs of short-range, bi-directional, fixed or mobile radio links characterized by short time delays, moderate but not weak signals, and short independent sessions. Proximity-1 has been successfully deployed on both NASA and ESA missions at Mars and is planned to be utilized by all Mars missions in development. A new age has arisen, one that now provides the means to perform advanced digital processing in spacecraft systems enabling the use of improved transponders, digital correlators, and high performance forward error correcting codes for all communications links. Flight transponders utilizing digital technology have emerged and can efficiently provide the means to make the next leap in performance for space link communications. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) provide the capability to incorporate high performance forward error correcting codes implemented within software transponders providing improved performance in data transfer, ranging, link security, and time correlation. Given these synergistic technological breakthroughs, the time has come to take advantage of them in applying them to both on going (e.g., command, telemetry) and emerging (e.g., space link security, optical communication) space link applications. However one of the constraining factors within the Data Link Layer in realizing these performance gains is the lack of a generic transfer frame format and common supporting services amongst the existing CCSDS link layer protocols. Currently each of the four CCSDS link layer protocols (TM, TC, AOS, and Proximity-1) have unique formats and services which prohibits their reuse across the totality of all space link applications of CCSDS member space agencies. For example, Mars missions. These missions implement their proximity data link layer using the Proximity-1 frame format and the services it supports but is still required to support the direct from Earth (TC) protocols and the Direct To Earth (AOS/TM) protocols. The prime purpose of this paper, is to describe a new general purpose CCSDS Data Link layer protocol, the NGSLP that will provide the required services along with a common transfer frame format for all the CCSDS space links (ground to/from space and space to space links) targeted for emerging missions after a CCSDS agency-wide coordinated date. This paper will also describe related options that can be included for the Coding and Synchronization sub-layer of the Data Link layer to extend the capacities of the link and additionally provide an independence of the transfer frame sub-layer from the coding sublayer. This feature will provide missions the option of running either the currently performed synchronous coding and transfer frame data link or an asynchronous coding/frame data link, in which the transfer frame length is independent of the block size of the code. The benefits from the elimination of this constraint (frame synchronized to the code block) will simplify the interface between the transponder and the data handling equipment and reduce implementation costs and complexities. The benefits include: inclusion of encoders/decoders into transmitters and receivers without regard to data link protocols, providing the ability to insert latency sensitive messages into the link to support launch, landing/docking, telerobotics. and Variable Coded Modulation (VCM). In addition the ability to transfer different sized frames can provide a backup for delivering stored anomaly engineering data simultaneously with real time data, or relaying of frames from various sources onto a trunk line for delivery to Earth.

Distribution and tectonic implications of Cretaceous-Quaternary sedimentary facies in Solomon Islands

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Turner, C. C.; Hughes, G. W.

1982-08-01

Sedimentary rocks of the Solomon Islands-Bougainville Arc are described in terms of nine widespread facies. Four facies associations are recognised by grouping facies which developed in broadly similar sedimentary environments. A marine pelagic association of Early Cretaceous to Miocene rocks comprises three facies. Facies Al: Early Cretaceous siliceous mudstone, found only on Malaita, is interpreted as deep marine siliceous ooze. Facies A2: Early Cretaceous to Eocene limestone with chert, overlies the siliceous mudstone facies, and is widespread in the central and eastern Solomons. It represents lithified calcareous ooze. Facies A3: Oligocene to Miocene calcisiltite with thin tuffaceous beds, overlies Facies A2 in most areas, and also occurs in the western Solomons. This represents similar, but less lithified calcareous ooze, and the deposits of periodic andesitic volcanism. An open marine detrital association of Oligocene to Recent age occurs throughout the Solomons. This comprises two facies. Facies B1 is variably calcareous siltstone, of hemipelagic origin; and Facies B2 consists of volcanogenic clastic deposits, laid down from submarine mass flows. A third association, of shallow marine carbonates, ranges in age from Late Oligocene to Recent. Facies C1 is biohermal limestone, and Facies C2 is biostromal calcarenite. The fourth association comprises areally restricted Pliocene to Recent paralic detrital deposits. Facies D1 includes nearshore clastic sediments, and Facies D2 comprises alluvial sands and gravels. Pre-Oligocene pelagic sediments were deposited contemporaneously with, and subsequent to, the extrusion of oceanic tholeiite. Island arc volcanism commenced along the length of the Solomons during the Oligocene, and greatly influenced sedimentation. Thick volcaniclastic sequences were deposited from submarine mass flows, and shallow marine carbonates accumulated locally. Fine grained graded tuffaceous beds within the marine pelagic association are interpreted as products of this volcanism, suggesting that the Santa Isabel-Malaita-Ulawa area, where these beds are prevalent, was relatively close to the main Solomons chain at this time. A subduction zone may have dipped towards the northeast beneath this volcanic chain. Pliocene to Pleistocene calcalkaline volcanism and tectonism resulted in the emergence of all large islands and led to deposition of clastic and carbonate facies in paralic, shallow and deep marine environments.

Genetic mutations in pfcrt and pfmdr1 at the time of artemisinin combination therapy introduction in South Pacific islands of Vanuatu and Solomon Islands.

PubMed

Gresty, Karryn J; Gray, Karen-Ann; Bobogare, Albino; Taleo, George; Hii, Jeffrey; Wini, Lyndes; Cheng, Qin; Waters, Norman C

2014-10-15

Chloroquine (CQ), alone or in combination with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine, was widely used for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax for several decades in both Vanuatu and Solomon Islands prior to the introduction of artemether-lumefantrine (AL) in 2008. However, the effect of chloroquine selection on parasite population, which may affect the efficacy of lumefantrine or other partner drugs of artemisinin, has not been well assessed. This study aims to provide baseline data on molecular markers (pfcrt and pfmdr1), along with the origins of pfcrt, prior to the introduction of AL. Blood spots were obtained from epidemiological surveys conducted on Tanna Island, Tafea Province, Vanuatu and Temotu Province, Solomon Islands in 2008. Additional samples from Malaita Province, Solomon Islands were collected as part of an artemether-lumefantrine efficacy study in 2008. Plasmodium falciparum pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes were examined for polymorphisms. Microsatellite markers flanking pfcrt were also examined to ascertain origins of CQ resistance. Pfcrt analysis revealed 100% of parasites from Tafea Province, Vanuatu and Malaita Province, Solomon Islands and 98% of parasites from Temotu Province, Solomon Islands carried the K76T polymorphism that confers CQ resistance. Comparison of pfcrt allelic patterns and microsatellite markers flanking pfcrt revealed six haplotypes with more than 70% of isolates possessing haplotypes very similar to those observed in Papua New Guinea. The dominant (98.5%) pfmdr1 allele across all island groups was YYCND. Prior to the introduction of AL in the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, P. falciparum isolates possessed point mutations known to confer CQ resistance and possibly associated with a decreased susceptibility to quinine and halofantrine, but an increased susceptibility to artemisinin and lumefantrine. Overall, pfcrt allelic types and the flanking microsatellite markers exhibited similarities to those of Papua New Guinea, suggesting these parasites share a common ancestry. The current use of AL for both P. falciparum and P. vivax infections will enable changes in these markers, in the absence of CQ pressure, to be monitored.

Simulation of high-energy radiation belt electron fluxes using NARMAX-VERB coupled codes

PubMed Central

Pakhotin, I P; Drozdov, A Y; Shprits, Y Y; Boynton, R J; Subbotin, D A; Balikhin, M A

2014-01-01

This study presents a fusion of data-driven and physics-driven methodologies of energetic electron flux forecasting in the outer radiation belt. Data-driven NARMAX (Nonlinear AutoRegressive Moving Averages with eXogenous inputs) model predictions for geosynchronous orbit fluxes have been used as an outer boundary condition to drive the physics-based Versatile Electron Radiation Belt (VERB) code, to simulate energetic electron fluxes in the outer radiation belt environment. The coupled system has been tested for three extended time periods totalling several weeks of observations. The time periods involved periods of quiet, moderate, and strong geomagnetic activity and captured a range of dynamics typical of the radiation belts. The model has successfully simulated energetic electron fluxes for various magnetospheric conditions. Physical mechanisms that may be responsible for the discrepancies between the model results and observations are discussed. PMID:26167432

Complete Host Range Testing on Common Reed with Potential Biological Control Agents and Investigation into Biological Control for Flowering Rush

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-07-01

ER D C/ EL C R- 16 -5 Aquatic Plant Control Research Program Complete Host Range Testing on Common Reed with Potential Biological...client/default. Aquatic Plant Control Research Program ERDC/EL CR-16-5 July 2016 Complete Host Range Testing on Common Reed with Potential...and started with sequential no-choice oviposition tests. So far, no eggs were found on any of the 22 test plants offered. The authors also found the

Complete Host Testing with a Potential Biological Control Agent on Common Reed in View of Submitting a Petition for Field Release in Winter 2014/15

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-12-01

natural field setting. Leaf sheaths of native reed are looser and tend to fall off before winter. Ovipositing females might notice the difference and...Interim Report August-December 2014 Contract No. W911NF-14-1-0510 Project title: Complete host testing with a potential ...4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Complete host testing with a potential biological control agent on common reed in view of submitting a petition for field

75 FR 34336 - Reimbursement Transportation Cost Payment Program for Geographically Disadvantaged Farmers and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-17

..., 2010. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Solomon Whitfield, Director, Price Support Division, Farm...., Washington, DC 20250-0512; telephone (202) 720-7901; fax (202) 690- 3307; e-mail, Solomon[email protected], group of individuals, partnership, corporation, estate, trust, association, cooperative, or other...

Elevation of waterfront facade looking west. The twostory structure at ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Elevation of waterfront facade looking west. The two-story structure at the left houses the F. & H. Benning Company Mill and is not part of the J.C. Lore Oyster House. - J.C. Lore Oyster House, 14430 Solomons Island Road, Solomons, Calvert County, MD

Elevation of south facade. The twostory structure to the right ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Elevation of south facade. The two-story structure to the right of the J.C. Lore Oyster House houses the F. & H. Benning Company Oyster Mill, see HAER No. MD-135. - J.C. Lore Oyster House, 14430 Solomons Island Road, Solomons, Calvert County, MD

Geochemical maps showing the distribution and abundance of selected elements in stream-sediment samples, Solomon and Bendeleben 1 degree by 3 degree quadrangles, Seward Peninsula, Alaska

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Smith, S.C.; King, H.D.; O'Leary, R.M.

Geochemical maps showing the distribution and abundance of selected elements in stream-sediment samples, Solomon and Bendeleben 1{degree} by 3{degree} quadrangles, Seward Peninsula, Alaska is presented.

Global tectonic significance of the Solomon Islands and Ontong Java Plateau convergent zone

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mann, Paul; Taira, Asahiko

2004-10-01

Oceanic plateaus, areas of anomalously thick oceanic crust, cover about 3% of the Earth's seafloor and are thought to mark the surface location of mantle plume "heads". Hotspot tracks represent continuing magmatism associated with the remaining plume conduit or "tail". It is presently controversial whether voluminous and mafic oceanic plateau lithosphere is eventually accreted at subduction zones, and, therefore: (1) influences the eventual composition of continental crust and; (2) is responsible for significantly higher rates of continental growth than growth only by accretion of island arcs. The Ontong Java Plateau (OJP) of the southwestern Pacific Ocean is the largest and thickest oceanic plateau on Earth and the largest plateau currently converging on an island arc (Solomon Islands). For this reason, this convergent zone is a key area for understanding the fate of large and thick plateaus on reaching subduction zones. This volume consists of a series of four papers that summarize the results of joint US-Japan marine geophysical studies in 1995 and 1998 of the Solomon Islands-Ontong Java Plateau convergent zone. Marine geophysical data include single and multi-channel seismic reflection, ocean-bottom seismometer (OBS) refraction, gravity, magnetic, sidescan sonar, and earthquake studies. Objectives of this introductory paper include: (1) review of the significance of oceanic plateaus as potential contributors to continental crust; (2) review of the current theories on the fate of oceanic plateaus at subduction zones; (3) establish the present-day and Neogene tectonic setting of the Solomon Islands-Ontong Java Plateau convergent zone; (4) discuss the controversial sequence and timing of tectonic events surrounding Ontong Java Plateau-Solomon arc convergence; (5) present a series of tectonic reconstructions for the period 20 Ma (early Miocene) to the present-day in support of our proposed timing of major tectonic events affecting the Ontong Java Plateau-Solomon Islands convergent zone; and (6) compare the structural and deformational pattern observed in the Solomon Islands to ancient oceanic plateaus preserved in Precambrian and Phanerozoic orogenic belts. Our main conclusion of this study is that 80% of the crustal thickness of the Ontong Java Plateau is subducted beneath the Solomon island arc; only the uppermost basaltic and sedimentary part of the crust (˜7 km) is preserved on the overriding plate by subduction-accretion processes. This observation is consistent with the observed imbricate structural style of plateaus and seamount chains preserved in both Precambrian and Phanerozoic orogenic belts.

Error floor behavior study of LDPC codes for concatenated codes design

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Weigang; Yin, Liuguo; Lu, Jianhua

2007-11-01

Error floor behavior of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes using quantized decoding algorithms is statistically studied with experimental results on a hardware evaluation platform. The results present the distribution of the residual errors after decoding failure and reveal that the number of residual error bits in a codeword is usually very small using quantized sum-product (SP) algorithm. Therefore, LDPC code may serve as the inner code in a concatenated coding system with a high code rate outer code and thus an ultra low error floor can be achieved. This conclusion is also verified by the experimental results.

Concatenated coding for low date rate space communications.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chen, C. H.

1972-01-01

In deep space communications with distant planets, the data rate as well as the operating SNR may be very low. To maintain the error rate also at a very low level, it is necessary to use a sophisticated coding system (longer code) without excessive decoding complexity. The concatenated coding has been shown to meet such requirements in that the error rate decreases exponentially with the overall length of the code while the decoder complexity increases only algebraically. Three methods of concatenating an inner code with an outer code are considered. Performance comparison of the three concatenated codes is made.

Emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases during combined pre-composting and vermicomposting of duck manure

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Jinzhi; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049; Hu, Zhengyi, E-mail: zhyhu@ucas.ac.cn

Highlights: • Earthworms significantly decreased emissions of N{sub 2}O and CH{sub 4}, but had a marginal effect on CO{sub 2} emission. • NH{sub 3}, N{sub 2}O, and CH{sub 4} emissions were significantly reduced by reed straw and zeolite, CO{sub 2} emission was increased by reed straw. • Combined pre-composting and vermicomposting with reed straw and zeolite would be recommended for disposal of duck manure. - Abstract: Combined pre-composting and vermicomposting has shown potential for reclamation of solid wastes, which is a significant source of ammonia (NH{sub 3}), and greenhouse gases (GHG), including nitrous oxide (N{sub 2}O), methane (CH{sub 4}), andmore » carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}). Earthworms and amendments may both affect physico-chemical characteristics that control gas-producing processes, and thus affect NH{sub 3} and GHG emissions. Here, we used two-way ANOVA to test the effects of addition of reed straw and combined addition of reed straw and zeolite on NH{sub 3} and GHG emissions during pre-composting of duck manure, either with or without a follow-up phase of vermicomposting. Results showed that cumulative N{sub 2}O, CH{sub 4}, and CO{sub 2} emissions during pre-composting and vermicomposting ranged from 92.8, 5.8, and 260.6 mg kg{sup −1} DM to 274.2, 30.4, and 314.0 mg kg{sup −1} DM, respectively. Earthworms and amendments significantly decreased N{sub 2}O and CH{sub 4} emissions. Emission of CO{sub 2} was not affected by earthworms, but increased in responses to addition of reed straw. Cumulative NH{sub 3} emission ranged from 3.0 to 8.1 g kg{sup −1} DM, and was significantly decreased by reed straw and zeolite addition. In conclusion, combined pre-composting and vermicomposting with reed straw and zeolite addition would be strongly recommended in mitigating emissions of N{sub 2}O, CH{sub 4}, and NH{sub 3} from duck manure. Moreover, this method also provides nutrient-rich products that can be used as a fertilizer.« less

Mental health issues from rising sea level in a remote coastal region of the Solomon Islands: current and future.

PubMed

Asugeni, James; MacLaren, David; Massey, Peter D; Speare, Rick

2015-12-01

There is little published research about mental health and climate change in the Pacific, including Solomon Islands. Solomon Islands has one of the highest rates of sea-level rise globally. The aim of this research was to document mental health issues related to sea-level rise for people in East Malaita, Solomon Islands. A cross-sectional study was carried out in six low-lying villages in East Malaita, Solomon Islands. The researcher travelled to villages by dugout canoe. In addition to quantitative, closed-ended questions, open-ended questions with villagers explored individual and community responses to rising sea level. Of 60 people asked, 57 completed the questionnaire. Of these, 90% reported having seen a change in the weather patterns. Nearly all participants reported that sea-level rise is affecting them and their family and is causing fear and worry on a personal and community level. Four themes emerged from the qualitative analysis: experience of physical impacts of climate change; worry about the future; adaptation to climate change; government response needed. Given predictions of ongoing sea-level rise in the Pacific it is essential that more research is conducted to further understand the human impact of climate change for small island states which will inform local, provincial and national-level mental health responses. © The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists 2015.

Anisn-Dort Neutron-Gamma Flux Intercomparison Exercise for a Simple Testing Model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boehmer, B.; Konheiser, J.; Borodkin, G.; Brodkin, E.; Egorov, A.; Kozhevnikov, A.; Zaritsky, S.; Manturov, G.; Voloschenko, A.

2003-06-01

The ability of transport codes ANISN, DORT, ROZ-6, MCNP and TRAMO, as well as nuclear data libraries BUGLE-96, ABBN-93, VITAMIN-B6 and ENDF/B-6 to deliver consistent gamma and neutron flux results was tested in the calculation of a one-dimensional cylindrical model consisting of a homogeneous core and an outer zone with a single material. Model variants with H2O, Fe, Cr and Ni in the outer zones were investigated. The results are compared with MCNP-ENDF/B-6 results. Discrepancies are discussed. The specified test model is proposed as a computational benchmark for testing calculation codes and data libraries.

77 FR 35965 - Federal Home Loan Bank Members Selected for Community Support Review

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-15

... Belen New Mexico. Citizens Bank of Clovis Clovis New Mexico. Four Corners Community Bank Farmington New... State Bank Seneca Kansas. The Solomon State Bank Solomon Kansas. Bank of Kansas South Hutchinson Kansas..., 2012, each Bank will notify its Advisory Council and nonprofit housing developers, community groups...

NOAA News Online (Story 2686)

Science.gov Websites

years ago this month, four teams of scientists from NOAA, NASA and two universities arrived in . 1) Susan Solomon, NOAA senior scientist, opening statement. 7:06 3) Eric Chiang, National Science story," said Susan Solomon, winner of the 2004 Blue Planet Award and the 1999 National Medal of

Publications - RI 2005-1 | Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical

Science.gov Websites

; Solomon Bibliographic Reference Werdon, M.B., Stevens, D.S.P., Newberry, R.J., Szumigala, D.J., Athey, J.E ; Geochronology; Geology; Igneous Rocks; Mesozoic; Metamorphic Rocks; Nome; Nome Group; Ordovician; Paleozoic ; Plutonic Rocks; Proterozoic; Quaternary; Rb-Sr; STATEMAP Project; Seward Peninsula; Solomon Schist

Limping or Flying? Psychoanalysis, Afrocentrism, and "Song of Solomon."

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tidey, Ashley

2000-01-01

Explores the possibility of seeing in Toni Morrison's novel, "Song of Solomon," the co-existence of two narratives of subjectivity. Examines the extent to which the application of a Western and non-Western narrative of subject formation yields conflicting interpretations of the novel and, in particular, the novel's ending. (SC)

Influence of Schools on Economically Disadvantageous Attitudes: A Solomon Islands Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

MacBeth, Alastair M.

1976-01-01

This study examines the economically detrimental attitude of regionalism in a Solomon Islands secondary school and measures changes in regionalism with exposure to school experience that stressed regional integration. Significant decreases in regionalism were recorded. (Available from Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 West 17 Street, New York, NY…

INTERIOR VIEW WITH GRINDING MILL AND CONVEYOR EXTENDING UP TO ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

INTERIOR VIEW WITH GRINDING MILL AND CONVEYOR EXTENDING UP TO SORTING DRUM. DRIVE ENGINE AT LOWER LEFT. RADIATOR FOR ENGINE AT RIGHT. - F. & H. Benning Company Oyster Mill, 14430 Solomons Island Road (moved from 1014 Benning Road, Galesville, Anne Arundel County, Maryland), Solomons, Calvert County, MD

Aid for Education in Post-Conflict Solomon Islands

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Whalan, Jeni

2011-01-01

Between 1998 and 2003, conflict, violent crime, and a severe economic downturn pushed the Solomon Islands state to the brink of failure, exacerbating the problems of an already struggling education sector. Most schools on Guadalcanal were seriously disrupted; some were burned down or vandalized, others closed as teachers and students fled…

Development of artificial bait for brown treesnake suppression

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) was accidentally introduced to Guam in the late 1940s or early 1950s, probably from the Solomon Islands. A native of Australia, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands, the brown treesnake (BTS) continues to threaten the economy and ecology of Guam and is c...

Interior of the shipping room with doorway leading to processing ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Interior of the shipping room with doorway leading to processing room. A pass-through window with conveyor allowed the fresh packed oysters to be sent from the processing room into the shipping room. - J.C. Lore Oyster House, 14430 Solomons Island Road, Solomons, Calvert County, MD

Trap Nesting Wasps and Bees in Agriculture: A Comparison of Sown Wildflower and Fallow Plots in Florida

PubMed Central

Smithers, Cherice; Irvin, Allyn; Stanley-Stahr, Cory; Daniels, Jaret C.; Ellis, James D.

2017-01-01

Wildflower strip plantings in intensive agricultural systems have become a widespread tool for promoting pollination services and biological conservation because of their use by wasps and bees. Many of the trap-nesting wasps are important predators of common crop pests, and cavity-nesting bees that utilize trap-nests are important pollinators for native plants and many crops. The impact of wildflower strips on the nesting frequency of trap-nesting wasps or bees within localized areas has not been thoroughly investigated. Trap-nests made of bamboo reeds (Bambusa sp.) were placed adjacent to eight 0.1 ha wildflower plots and paired fallow areas (control plots) to determine if wildflower strips encourage the nesting of wasps and bees. From August 2014 to November 2015, occupied reeds were gathered and adults were collected as they emerged from the trap-nests. Treatment (wildflower or fallow plots) did not impact the number of occupied reeds or species richness of trap-nesting wasps using the occupied reeds. The wasps Pachodynerus erynnis, Euodynerus megaera, Parancistrocerus pedestris, and Isodontia spp. were the most common trap-nesting species collected. Less than 2% of the occupied reeds contained bees, and all were from the genus Megachile. The nesting wasp and bee species demonstrated preferences for reeds with certain inside diameters (IDs). The narrow range of ID preferences exhibited by each bee/wasp may provide opportunities to take advantage of their natural histories for biological control and/or pollination purposes. PMID:28994726

Organic matter and heavy metals content modeling in sewage sludge treated with reed bed system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boruszko, Dariusz; Dąbrowski, Wojciech; Malinowski, Paweł

2017-11-01

The long process of sludge stabilization (7-15 years) remarkably reduces the organic matter content and causes the process of sludge humifaction. This paper presents the results of using low-cost methods of sludge treatment in the wastewater treatment plant located in Zambrow, Podlaskie Province. The results of studies on the organic matter and heavy metals content in sewage sludge after treatment in a reed bed system are presented. The aim of the research was to evaluate and model organic matter and heavy metals concentrations during sewage stabilization in reed bed lagoons. The lowest concentration, below 1.3 mg/kg DM of the examined seven heavy metals was mercury (Hg). The highest concentration, exceeding 1300 mg/kg DM was zinc (Zn). The obtained results for the heavy metals in sewage sludge from the reed bed lagoons in Zambrow show that the average content of the analyzed heavy metals is approximately 1620 mg/kg DM. The results of the study demonstrate a high efficiency of low-cost methods used in Zambrów WWTP in terms of the quality of the processed sludge. Sewage sludge from the lowest layer of the reed lagoon (12-14 years of dewatering and transformation) is characterized by the lowest organic matter and heavy metals content. The higher a sediment layer lies, i.e. the shorter the time of processing, the higher is the heavy metals content. This indicates a great role of reeds in the accumulation of these compounds.

Synthesis of superhydrophobic ultralight aerogels from nanofibrillated cellulose isolated from natural reed for high-performance adsorbents

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiao, Yue; Wan, Caichao; Qiang, Tiangang; Li, Jian

2016-07-01

Reed is one of the widely available aquatic plant resources, and its applications are generally limited to some traditional areas like papermaking and animals' fodder. Besides, most of reed is wasted or directly burned every year causing serious air pollution (like atmospheric haze). Therefore, it is worth to further develop new forms of high-value applications of reed. Herein, natural reed was collected to fabricate ultralight adsorbents namely nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) aerogels via an easily operated method, which includes chemical purification, ultrasonication, and freeze drying. The NFC aerogels with an ultra-low density of 4.9 mg cm-3 were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. For acquiring good hydrophobicity, the NFC aerogels were subjected to a hydrophobic treatment by methyltrichlorosilane. The superhydrophobic NFC aerogels with contact angles of as high as 151°-155° have excellent adsorption efficiency (53-93 g g-1) for various organic solvents and waste oil. More importantly, the aerogels also exhibit favorable adsorption recyclability, which can maintain more than 80 % of the initial adsorption efficiency after the five cycles.

NPDES Permit Walter Reed Army Medical Center

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Under National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit number DC0000361, the Department of the Army is authorized to discharge from a facility located at Walter Reed Army Medical Center into receiving waters named Rock Creek.

Equilibrium and nonequilibrium models on solomon networks with two square lattices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lima, F. W. S.

We investigate the critical properties of the equilibrium and nonequilibrium two-dimensional (2D) systems on Solomon networks with both nearest and random neighbors. The equilibrium and nonequilibrium 2D systems studied here by Monte Carlo simulations are the Ising and Majority-vote 2D models, respectively. We calculate the critical points as well as the critical exponent ratios γ/ν, β/ν, and 1/ν. We find that numerically both systems present the same exponents on Solomon networks (2D) and are of different universality class than the regular 2D ferromagnetic model. Our results are in agreement with the Grinstein criterion for models with up and down symmetry on regular lattices.

Meghan Rene, et al., v. Dr. Suellen Reed, et al. "Due Process." Lesson Plans for Secondary School Teachers on the Constitutional Requirement of "Due Process of Law." Courts in the Classroom: Curriculum Concepts and Other Information on Indiana's Courts for the K-12 Educator.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Osborn, Elizabeth

In the Rene v. Reed case, Meghan Rene and other disabled students argued that their due process rights were violated in regard to the Indiana Statewide Testing for Educational Progress (ISTEP) graduation examination. This set of four lesson plans uses the case of Rene v. Reed, which was first argued before the Indiana Supreme Court, to study the…

A cascaded coding scheme for error control

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shu, L.; Kasami, T.

1985-01-01

A cascade coding scheme for error control is investigated. The scheme employs a combination of hard and soft decisions in decoding. Error performance is analyzed. If the inner and outer codes are chosen properly, extremely high reliability can be attained even for a high channel bit-error-rate. Some example schemes are evaluated. They seem to be quite suitable for satellite down-link error control.

A cascaded coding scheme for error control

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kasami, T.; Lin, S.

1985-01-01

A cascaded coding scheme for error control was investigated. The scheme employs a combination of hard and soft decisions in decoding. Error performance is analyzed. If the inner and outer codes are chosen properly, extremely high reliability can be attained even for a high channel bit-error-rate. Some example schemes are studied which seem to be quite suitable for satellite down-link error control.

75 FR 41789 - Special Local Regulations for Marine Events; Patuxent River, Solomons, MD

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-19

...-AA08 Special Local Regulations for Marine Events; Patuxent River, Solomons, MD AGENCY: Coast Guard, DHS... proposed special local regulations for the ``Chesapeake Challenge'' power boat races, a marine event to be... proposal adds an additional date to the ``Chesapeake Challenge'' power boat racing on October 3, 2010...

77 FR 3640 - Withdrawal of Proposed Rule and Closure of Petition for Rulemaking: Organization of Agreement...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-25

... INFORMATION CONTACT: Solomon Sahle, Office of Federal and State Materials and Environmental Management...: Solomon[email protected] . SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The Petition In its PRM, the OAS requested that the NRC... four comment letters from States and industry. The commenters had differing views on using the...

75 FR 32866 - Special Local Regulations for Marine Events; Patuxent River, Solomons, MD

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-10

...-9329. To avoid duplication, please use only one of these four methods. See the ``Public Participation... four methods specified under ADDRESSES. Please explain why you believe a public meeting would be... Patuxent River, MD. The start and finish lines will be located near the Solomon's Pier. A large spectator...

76 FR 2915 - Identification of Foreign Countries Whose Nationals Are Eligible To Participate in the H-2A and H...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-18

.... This determination is made taking into account the four factors identified above. The Secretary of... Guinea, Samoa, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu as countries whose nationals are... Samoa Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands South Africa South Korea Tonga Turkey Tuvalu Ukraine...

Solomon's Sea and [Pi

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Simoson, Andrew J.

2009-01-01

This paper is a whimsical survey of the various explanations which might account for the biblical passage in I Kings 7:23 that describes a round object--a bronze basin called Solomon's Sea--as having diameter ten cubits and circumference thirty cubits. Can the biblical pi be any number other than 3? We offer seven different perspectives on this…