Sample records for requirements document frd

  1. 10 CFR 1045.35 - Training requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    .... (a) RD management officials shall ensure that persons with access to RD and FRD information are trained on the authorities required to classify and declassify RD and FRD information and documents and on... for classifying, declassifying, marking and handling RD and FRD information and documents. (b) The...

  2. 10 CFR 1045.35 - Training requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    .... (a) RD management officials shall ensure that persons with access to RD and FRD information are trained on the authorities required to classify and declassify RD and FRD information and documents and on... for classifying, declassifying, marking and handling RD and FRD information and documents. (b) The...

  3. 10 CFR 1045.35 - Training requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    .... (a) RD management officials shall ensure that persons with access to RD and FRD information are trained on the authorities required to classify and declassify RD and FRD information and documents and on... for classifying, declassifying, marking and handling RD and FRD information and documents. (b) The...

  4. 10 CFR 1045.40 - Marking requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    .... (a) RD classifiers shall ensure that each RD and FRD document is clearly marked to convey to the holder that it contains RD or FRD information, the level of classification assigned, and the additional... sanctions. (2) If the document contains FRD but does not contain RD: FORMERLY RESTRICTED DATA Unauthorized...

  5. 10 CFR 1045.40 - Marking requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    .... (a) RD classifiers shall ensure that each RD and FRD document is clearly marked to convey to the holder that it contains RD or FRD information, the level of classification assigned, and the additional... sanctions. (2) If the document contains FRD but does not contain RD: FORMERLY RESTRICTED DATA Unauthorized...

  6. 10 CFR 1045.40 - Marking requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    .... (a) RD classifiers shall ensure that each RD and FRD document is clearly marked to convey to the holder that it contains RD or FRD information, the level of classification assigned, and the additional... sanctions. (2) If the document contains FRD but does not contain RD: FORMERLY RESTRICTED DATA Unauthorized...

  7. Computer Applications Group FY91 final report, February 11, 1991--September 30, 1991

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    1992-02-24

    This Functional Requirements Document (FRD) defines the functional requirements and general solutions required for design of the Integrated Data System (IDS). The FRD is the primary source of requirements for the designers and all requirements used in the design process shall be part of this or succeeding revisions of the FRD with no exceptions.

  8. Step 1: Human System Interface (HSI) Functional Requirements Document (FRD). Version 2

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    2006-01-01

    This Functional Requirements Document (FRD) establishes a minimum set of Human System Interface (HSI) functional requirements to achieve the Access 5 Vision of "operating High Altitude, Long Endurance (HALE) Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) routinely, safely, and reliably in the National Airspace System (NAS)". Basically, it provides what functions are necessary to fly UAS in the NAS. The framework used to identify the appropriate functions was the "Aviate, Navigate, Communicate, and Avoid Hazards" structure identified in the Access 5 FRD. As a result, fifteen high-level functional requirements were developed. In addition, several of them have been decomposed into low-level functional requirements to provide more detail.

  9. Collision Avoidance Functional Requirements for Step 1. Revision 6

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    2006-01-01

    This Functional Requirements Document (FRD) describes the flow of requirements from the high level operational objectives down to the functional requirements specific to cooperative collision avoidance for high altitude, long endurance unmanned aircraft systems. These are further decomposed into performance and safety guidelines that are backed up by analysis or references to various documents or research findings. The FRD should be considered when establishing future policies, procedures, and standards pertaining to cooperative collision avoidance.

  10. 10 CFR 1045.32 - Authorities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... of RD and FRD documents. (1) To the maximum extent practical, all RD and FRD documents shall be...) Only individuals designated as RD classifiers may classify RD and FRD documents, except within the DoD. Within the DoD, any individual with access to RD and FRD who has been trained may classify RD and FRD...

  11. 10 CFR 1045.32 - Authorities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... of RD and FRD documents. (1) To the maximum extent practical, all RD and FRD documents shall be...) Only individuals designated as RD classifiers may classify RD and FRD documents, except within the DoD. Within the DoD, any individual with access to RD and FRD who has been trained may classify RD and FRD...

  12. 10 CFR 1045.32 - Authorities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... of RD and FRD documents. (1) To the maximum extent practical, all RD and FRD documents shall be...) Only individuals designated as RD classifiers may classify RD and FRD documents, except within the DoD. Within the DoD, any individual with access to RD and FRD who has been trained may classify RD and FRD...

  13. 10 CFR 1045.32 - Authorities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... of RD and FRD documents. (1) To the maximum extent practical, all RD and FRD documents shall be...) Only individuals designated as RD classifiers may classify RD and FRD documents, except within the DoD. Within the DoD, any individual with access to RD and FRD who has been trained may classify RD and FRD...

  14. 10 CFR 1045.39 - Challenging classification and declassification determinations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... holder of an RD or FRD document who, in good faith, believes that the RD or FRD document has an improper... classified the document. (b) Agencies shall establish procedures under which authorized holders of RD and FRD... involving RD or FRD may be appealed to the Director of Classification. In the case of FRD and RD related...

  15. 10 CFR 1045.39 - Challenging classification and declassification determinations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... holder of an RD or FRD document who, in good faith, believes that the RD or FRD document has an improper... classified the document. (b) Agencies shall establish procedures under which authorized holders of RD and FRD... involving RD or FRD may be appealed to the Director of Classification. In the case of FRD and RD related...

  16. 10 CFR 1045.39 - Challenging classification and declassification determinations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... holder of an RD or FRD document who, in good faith, believes that the RD or FRD document has an improper... classified the document. (b) Agencies shall establish procedures under which authorized holders of RD and FRD... involving RD or FRD may be appealed to the Director of Classification. In the case of FRD and RD related...

  17. 10 CFR 1045.30 - Purpose and scope.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... with access to RD and FRD, describes authorities and procedures for RD and FRD document classification and declassification, provides for periodic or systematic review of RD and FRD documents, and describes procedures for the mandatory review of RD and FRD documents. This subpart applies to all RD and...

  18. 10 CFR 1045.30 - Purpose and scope.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... with access to RD and FRD, describes authorities and procedures for RD and FRD document classification and declassification, provides for periodic or systematic review of RD and FRD documents, and describes procedures for the mandatory review of RD and FRD documents. This subpart applies to all RD and...

  19. 10 CFR 1045.30 - Purpose and scope.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... with access to RD and FRD, describes authorities and procedures for RD and FRD document classification and declassification, provides for periodic or systematic review of RD and FRD documents, and describes procedures for the mandatory review of RD and FRD documents. This subpart applies to all RD and...

  20. 10 CFR 1045.43 - Systematic review for declassification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... ensure that FRD documents, are periodically and systematically reviewed for declassification. The focus... declassification upon review. (b) Agencies with RD or FRD document holdings shall cooperate with the Director of Classification (and with the DoD for FRD) to ensure the systematic review of RD and FRD documents. (c) Review of...

  1. 10 CFR 1045.43 - Systematic review for declassification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... ensure that FRD documents, are periodically and systematically reviewed for declassification. The focus... declassification upon review. (b) Agencies with RD or FRD document holdings shall cooperate with the Director of Classification (and with the DoD for FRD) to ensure the systematic review of RD and FRD documents. (c) Review of...

  2. 10 CFR 1045.43 - Systematic review for declassification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... ensure that FRD documents, are periodically and systematically reviewed for declassification. The focus... declassification upon review. (b) Agencies with RD or FRD document holdings shall cooperate with the Director of Classification (and with the DoD for FRD) to ensure the systematic review of RD and FRD documents. (c) Review of...

  3. 10 CFR 1045.41 - Use of classified addendums.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... simplify document handling procedures, document originators should segregate RD or FRD into an addendum whenever practical. When RD or FRD is segregated into an addendum, the originator shall acknowledge the...) When segregation of RD or FRD into an addendum is not practical, document originators are encouraged to...

  4. 10 CFR 1045.41 - Use of classified addendums.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... simplify document handling procedures, document originators should segregate RD or FRD into an addendum whenever practical. When RD or FRD is segregated into an addendum, the originator shall acknowledge the...) When segregation of RD or FRD into an addendum is not practical, document originators are encouraged to...

  5. 10 CFR 1045.41 - Use of classified addendums.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... simplify document handling procedures, document originators should segregate RD or FRD into an addendum whenever practical. When RD or FRD is segregated into an addendum, the originator shall acknowledge the...) When segregation of RD or FRD into an addendum is not practical, document originators are encouraged to...

  6. 10 CFR 1045.41 - Use of classified addendums.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... simplify document handling procedures, document originators should segregate RD or FRD into an addendum whenever practical. When RD or FRD is segregated into an addendum, the originator shall acknowledge the...) When segregation of RD or FRD into an addendum is not practical, document originators are encouraged to...

  7. 10 CFR 1045.41 - Use of classified addendums.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... simplify document handling procedures, document originators should segregate RD or FRD into an addendum whenever practical. When RD or FRD is segregated into an addendum, the originator shall acknowledge the...) When segregation of RD or FRD into an addendum is not practical, document originators are encouraged to...

  8. 10 CFR 1045.38 - Automatic declassification prohibition.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... Automatic declassification prohibition. (a) Documents containing RD and FRD remain classified until a... Energy Act, no date or event for automatic declassification ever applies to RD and FRD documents, even if such documents also contain NSI. (c) E.O. 12958 acknowledges that RD and FRD are exempt from all...

  9. 10 CFR 1045.38 - Automatic declassification prohibition.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Automatic declassification prohibition. (a) Documents containing RD and FRD remain classified until a... Energy Act, no date or event for automatic declassification ever applies to RD and FRD documents, even if such documents also contain NSI. (c) E.O. 12958 acknowledges that RD and FRD are exempt from all...

  10. 10 CFR 1045.38 - Automatic declassification prohibition.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... Automatic declassification prohibition. (a) Documents containing RD and FRD remain classified until a... Energy Act, no date or event for automatic declassification ever applies to RD and FRD documents, even if such documents also contain NSI. (c) E.O. 12958 acknowledges that RD and FRD are exempt from all...

  11. 10 CFR 1045.38 - Automatic declassification prohibition.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... Automatic declassification prohibition. (a) Documents containing RD and FRD remain classified until a... Energy Act, no date or event for automatic declassification ever applies to RD and FRD documents, even if such documents also contain NSI. (c) E.O. 12958 acknowledges that RD and FRD are exempt from all...

  12. 10 CFR 1045.38 - Automatic declassification prohibition.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Automatic declassification prohibition. (a) Documents containing RD and FRD remain classified until a... Energy Act, no date or event for automatic declassification ever applies to RD and FRD documents, even if such documents also contain NSI. (c) E.O. 12958 acknowledges that RD and FRD are exempt from all...

  13. 10 CFR 1045.42 - Mandatory and Freedom of Information Act reviews for declassification of restricted data and...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... documents. (a) General. (1) Agencies with documents containing RD and FRD shall respond to mandatory review... nonexistence is itself classified as RD or FRD. (b) Processing Requests. (1) Agencies shall forward documents containing RD to DOE for review. (2) Agencies shall forward documents containing FRD to the DOE or to the DoD...

  14. 10 CFR 1045.42 - Mandatory and Freedom of Information Act reviews for declassification of restricted data and...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... documents. (a) General. (1) Agencies with documents containing RD and FRD shall respond to mandatory review... nonexistence is itself classified as RD or FRD. (b) Processing Requests. (1) Agencies shall forward documents containing RD to DOE for review. (2) Agencies shall forward documents containing FRD to the DOE or to the DoD...

  15. 10 CFR 1045.42 - Mandatory and Freedom of Information Act reviews for declassification of restricted data and...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... documents. (a) General. (1) Agencies with documents containing RD and FRD shall respond to mandatory review... nonexistence is itself classified as RD or FRD. (b) Processing Requests. (1) Agencies shall forward documents containing RD to DOE for review. (2) Agencies shall forward documents containing FRD to the DOE or to the DoD...

  16. 10 CFR 1045.42 - Mandatory and Freedom of Information Act reviews for declassification of restricted data and...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... documents. (a) General. (1) Agencies with documents containing RD and FRD shall respond to mandatory review... nonexistence is itself classified as RD or FRD. (b) Processing Requests. (1) Agencies shall forward documents containing RD to DOE for review. (2) Agencies shall forward documents containing FRD to the DOE or to the DoD...

  17. 10 CFR 1045.35 - Training requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Training requirements. 1045.35 Section 1045.35 Energy... of Documents Containing Restricted Data and Formerly Restricted Data § 1045.35 Training requirements... trained on the authorities required to classify and declassify RD and FRD information and documents and on...

  18. 10 CFR 1045.35 - Training requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Training requirements. 1045.35 Section 1045.35 Energy... of Documents Containing Restricted Data and Formerly Restricted Data § 1045.35 Training requirements... trained on the authorities required to classify and declassify RD and FRD information and documents and on...

  19. Functions and requirements for tank farm restoration and safe operations, Project W-314. Revision 3

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Garrison, R.C.

    1995-02-01

    This Functions and Requirements document (FRD) establishes the basic performance criteria for Project W-314, in accordance with the guidance outlined in the letter from R.W. Brown, RL, to President, WHC, ``Tank Waste Remediation System (TWRS) Project Documentation Methodology,`` 94-PRJ-018, dated 3/18/94. The FRD replaces the Functional Design Criteria (FDC) as the project technical baseline documentation. Project W-314 will improve the reliability of safety related systems, minimize onsite health and safety hazards, and support waste retrieval and disposal activities by restoring and/or upgrading existing Tank Farm facilities and systems. The scope of Project W-314 encompasses the necessary restoration upgrades of themore » Tank Farms` instrumentation, ventilation, electrical distribution, and waste transfer systems.« less

  20. Yucca Mountain Project Integrated Data System (IDS); Final report, October 1, 1989--December 31, 1990

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    NONE

    1991-05-23

    This final report for LANL Subcontract 9-XS8-2604-1 includes copies of all formal letters, memorandums, and reports provided by CAG to support the IDS effort in the LANL Test Managers Office, Las Vegas, Nevada from October 1, 1989 through the end of the contract on December 31, 1990. The material is divided into two sections; the Functional Requirements Document (FRD) and other reports, letters, and memorandums. All documents are arranged in chronological order with most recent last. Numerous draft copies of the FRD were prepared and cover sheets for all drafts are included. The complete text of only the last versionmore » supplied (July 27, 1990) is included in this document.« less

  1. 10 CFR 1045.40 - Marking requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) NUCLEAR CLASSIFICATION AND DECLASSIFICATION Generation and Review... holder that it contains RD or FRD information, the level of classification assigned, and the additional... classification level of the document, the following notices shall appear on the front of the document, as...

  2. 10 CFR 1045.40 - Marking requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) NUCLEAR CLASSIFICATION AND DECLASSIFICATION Generation and Review... holder that it contains RD or FRD information, the level of classification assigned, and the additional... classification level of the document, the following notices shall appear on the front of the document, as...

  3. 10 CFR 1045.44 - Classification review prior to public release.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ....44 Classification review prior to public release. Any person with authorized access to RD or FRD who generates a document intended for public release in an RD or FRD subject area shall ensure that it is... organization (for FRD) prior to its release. ...

  4. 10 CFR 1045.44 - Classification review prior to public release.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ....44 Classification review prior to public release. Any person with authorized access to RD or FRD who generates a document intended for public release in an RD or FRD subject area shall ensure that it is... organization (for FRD) prior to its release. ...

  5. 10 CFR 1045.44 - Classification review prior to public release.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ....44 Classification review prior to public release. Any person with authorized access to RD or FRD who generates a document intended for public release in an RD or FRD subject area shall ensure that it is... organization (for FRD) prior to its release. ...

  6. 10 CFR 1045.44 - Classification review prior to public release.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ....44 Classification review prior to public release. Any person with authorized access to RD or FRD who generates a document intended for public release in an RD or FRD subject area shall ensure that it is... organization (for FRD) prior to its release. ...

  7. 10 CFR 1045.44 - Classification review prior to public release.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ....44 Classification review prior to public release. Any person with authorized access to RD or FRD who generates a document intended for public release in an RD or FRD subject area shall ensure that it is... organization (for FRD) prior to its release. ...

  8. 10 CFR 1045.30 - Purpose and scope.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... and declassification, provides for periodic or systematic review of RD and FRD documents, and describes procedures for the mandatory review of RD and FRD documents. This subpart applies to all RD and... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) NUCLEAR CLASSIFICATION AND DECLASSIFICATION Generation and Review...

  9. 10 CFR 1045.30 - Purpose and scope.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... and declassification, provides for periodic or systematic review of RD and FRD documents, and describes procedures for the mandatory review of RD and FRD documents. This subpart applies to all RD and... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) NUCLEAR CLASSIFICATION AND DECLASSIFICATION Generation and Review...

  10. Regional pore-fluid pressures in the active western Taiwan thrust belt: A test of the classic Hubbert-Rubey fault-weakening hypothesis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yue, Li-Fan; Suppe, John

    2014-12-01

    We document regional pore-fluid pressures in the active Taiwan thrust belt using 55 deep boreholes to test the classic Hubbert-Rubey hypothesis that high static fluid pressures (depth normalized as λ = Pf/ρrgz) account for the extreme weakness of thrust faults, since effective friction μf∗ =μf(1 - λ) . Taiwan fluid pressures are dominated by disequilibrium compaction, showing fully compacted sediments with hydrostatic fluid pressures at shallow depths until the fluid-retention depth zFRD ≈ 3 km, below which sediments are increasingly undercompacted and overpressured. The Hubbert-Rubey fault weakening coefficient is a simple function of depth (1 - λ) ≈ 0.6zFRD/z. We map present-day and pre-erosion fluid pressures and weakening (1 - λ) regionally and show that active thrusts are too shallow relative to zFRD for the classic Hubbert-Rubey mechanism to be important, which requires z ≥ ˜4zFRD ≈ 12 km to have the required order-of-magnitude Hubbert-Rubey fault weakening of (1 - λ) ≤ ˜0.15. The best-characterized thrust is the Chelungpu fault that slipped in the 1999 (Mw = 7.6) Chi-Chi earthquake, which has a low effective friction μf∗ ≈ 0.08- 0.12 , yet lies near the base of the hydrostatic zone at depths of 1-5 km with a modest Hubbert-Rubey weakening of (1 - λ) ≈ 0.4-0.6. Overpressured Miocene and Oligocene detachments at 5-7 km depth have (1 - λ) ≈ 0.3. Therefore, other mechanisms of fault weakening are required, such as the dynamical mechanisms documented for the Chi-Chi earthquake.

  11. Mission analysis for cross-site transfer

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Riesenweber, S.D.; Fritz, R.L.; Shipley, L.E.

    1995-11-01

    The Mission Analysis Report describes the requirements and constraints associated with the Transfer Waste Function as necessary to support the Manage Tank Waste, Retrieve Waste, and Process Tank Waste Functions described in WHC-SD-WM-FRD-020, Tank Waste Remediation System (TWRS) Functions and Requirements Document and DOE/RL-92-60, Revision 1, TWRS Functions and Requirements Document, March 1994. It further assesses the ability of the ``initial state`` (or current cross-site transfer system) to meet the requirements and constraints.

  12. 10 CFR 1045.43 - Systematic review for declassification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Systematic review for declassification. 1045.43 Section... Systematic review for declassification. (a) The Secretary shall ensure that RD documents, and the DoD shall... Classification (and with the DoD for FRD) to ensure the systematic review of RD and FRD documents. (c) Review of...

  13. 10 CFR 1045.43 - Systematic review for declassification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Systematic review for declassification. 1045.43 Section... Systematic review for declassification. (a) The Secretary shall ensure that RD documents, and the DoD shall... Classification (and with the DoD for FRD) to ensure the systematic review of RD and FRD documents. (c) Review of...

  14. Automated personnel data base system specifications, Task V. Final report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Bartley, H.J.; Bocast, A.K.; Deppner, F.O.

    1978-11-01

    The full title of this study is 'Development of Qualification Requirements, Training Programs, Career Plans, and Methodologies for Effective Management and Training of Inspection and Enforcement Personnel.' Task V required the development of an automated personnel data base system for NRC/IE. This system is identified as the NRC/IE Personnel, Assignment, Qualifications, and Training System (PAQTS). This Task V report provides the documentation for PAQTS including the Functional Requirements Document (FRD), the Data Requirements Document (DRD), the Hardware and Software Capabilities Assessment, and the Detailed Implementation Schedule. Specific recommendations to facilitate implementation of PAQTS are also included.

  15. Design criteria for the light duty utility arm system end effectors

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Pardini, A.F.; Kiebel, G.R.

    1995-12-01

    The purpose of this document is to provide criteria for the design of end effectors that will be used as part of the Light Duty Utility Arm (LDUA) System. Actual component design, fabrication, testing, and inspection will be performed by various DOE laboratories, industry, and academia. This document augments WHC-SD-TD-FRD-003, `Functions and Requirements for the Light Duty Utility Arm Integrated System` (F). All requirements dictated in the F shall also be applicable in this document. Whenever conflicts arise between this document and the F, this document shall take precedence.

  16. 10 CFR 1045.34 - Designation of restricted data classifiers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... shall ensure that persons who derivatively classify RD or FRD documents are designated by position or by name as RD classifiers. (b) All contractor organizations with access to RD and FRD, including DoD...

  17. 10 CFR 1045.34 - Designation of restricted data classifiers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... shall ensure that persons who derivatively classify RD or FRD documents are designated by position or by name as RD classifiers. (b) All contractor organizations with access to RD and FRD, including DoD...

  18. 10 CFR 1045.34 - Designation of restricted data classifiers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... shall ensure that persons who derivatively classify RD or FRD documents are designated by position or by name as RD classifiers. (b) All contractor organizations with access to RD and FRD, including DoD...

  19. 10 CFR 1045.34 - Designation of restricted data classifiers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... shall ensure that persons who derivatively classify RD or FRD documents are designated by position or by name as RD classifiers. (b) All contractor organizations with access to RD and FRD, including DoD...

  20. 10 CFR 1045.34 - Designation of restricted data classifiers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... shall ensure that persons who derivatively classify RD or FRD documents are designated by position or by name as RD classifiers. (b) All contractor organizations with access to RD and FRD, including DoD...

  1. Functional Requirements Document for HALE UAS Operations in the NAS: Step 1. Version 3

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    2006-01-01

    The purpose of this Functional Requirements Document (FRD) is to compile the functional requirements needed to achieve the Access 5 Vision of "operating High Altitude, Long Endurance (HALE) Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) routinely, safely, and reliably in the national airspace system (NAS)" for Step 1. These functional requirements could support the development of a minimum set of policies, procedures and standards by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and various standards organizations. It is envisioned that this comprehensive body of work will enable the FAA to establish and approve regulations to govern safe operation of UAS in the NAS on a routine or daily "file and fly" basis. The approach used to derive the functional requirements found within this FRD was to decompose the operational requirements and objectives identified within the Access 5 Concept of Operations (CONOPS) into the functions needed to routinely and safely operate a HALE UAS in the NAS. As a result, four major functional areas evolved to enable routine and safe UAS operations for an on-demand basis in the NAS. These four major functions are: Aviate, Navigate, Communicate, and Avoid Hazards. All of the functional requirements within this document can be directly traceable to one of these four major functions. Some functions, however, are traceable to several, or even all, of these four major functions. These cross-cutting functional requirements support the "Command / Control: function as well as the "Manage Contingencies" function. The requirements associated to these high-level functions and all of their supporting low-level functions are addressed in subsequent sections of this document.

  2. The succinate dehydrogenase assembly factor, SdhE, is required for the flavinylation and activation of fumarate reductase in bacteria.

    PubMed

    McNeil, Matthew B; Hampton, Hannah G; Hards, Kiel J; Watson, Bridget N J; Cook, Gregory M; Fineran, Peter C

    2014-01-31

    The activity of the respiratory enzyme fumarate reductase (FRD) is dependent on the covalent attachment of the redox cofactor flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). We demonstrate that the FAD assembly factor SdhE, which flavinylates and activates the respiratory enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), is also required for the complete activation and flavinylation of FRD. SdhE interacted with, and flavinylated, the flavoprotein subunit FrdA, whilst mutations in a conserved RGxxE motif impaired the complete flavinylation and activation of FRD. These results are of widespread relevance because SDH and FRD play an important role in cellular energetics and are required for virulence in many important bacterial pathogens. Copyright © 2013 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  3. Functions & Requirements for Debris Removal System Project A-2

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    PRECECHTEL, D.R.

    1999-12-29

    This revision of the Functions and Requirements Document updates the approved Functions and Requirements for Debris Removal Subproject WHC-SD-SNF-FRD-009, Rev. 0. It has been revised in its entirety to reflect the current scope of work for Debris Removal as canisters and lids under the K Basin Projects work breakdown structure (WBS). In this revision the canisters and lids will be consider debris and a new set of Functions and Requirements have been developed to remove the canisters and lids from the basin.

  4. Structural and biochemical analyses reveal insights into covalent flavinylation of the Escherichia coli Complex II homolog quinol:fumarate reductase

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Starbird, C. A.; Maklashina, Elena; Sharma, Pankaj

    The Escherichia coli Complex II homolog quinol:fumarate reductase (QFR, FrdABCD) catalyzes the interconversion of fumarate and succinate at a covalently attached FAD within the FrdA subunit. The SdhE assembly factor enhances covalent flavinylation of Complex II homologs, but the mechanisms underlying the covalent attachment of FAD remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we explored the mechanisms of covalent flavinylation of the E. coli QFR FrdA subunit. Using a ΔsdhE E. coli strain, we show that the requirement for the assembly factor depends on the cellular redox environment. We next identified residues important for the covalent attachment and selected the FrdAE245more » residue, which contributes to proton shuttling during fumarate reduction, for detailed biophysical and structural characterization. We found that QFR complexes containing FrdAE245Q have a structure similar to that of the WT flavoprotein, but lack detectable substrate binding and turnover. In the context of the isolated FrdA subunit, the anticipated assembly intermediate during covalent flavinylation, FrdAE245 variants had stability similar to that of WT FrdA, contained noncovalent FAD, and displayed a reduced capacity to interact with SdhE. However, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis of WT FrdA cross-linked to SdhE suggested that the FrdAE245 residue is unlikely to contribute directly to the FrdA-SdhE protein-protein interface. We also found that no auxiliary factor is absolutely required for flavinylation, indicating that the covalent flavinylation is autocatalytic. We propose that multiple factors, including the SdhE assembly factor and bound dicarboxylates, stimulate covalent flavinylation by preorganizing the active site to stabilize the quinone-methide intermediate.« less

  5. Automated personnel data base system specifications, Task V. Final report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Bartley, H.J.; Bocast, A.K.; Deppner, F.O.

    1978-09-01

    This document is the General Research Corporation report on Task V of a study for the Office of Inspection and Enforcement of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC/IE). The full title of this study is ''Development of Qualification Requirements, Training Programs, Career Plans, and Methodologies for Effective Management and Training of Inspection and Enforcement Personnel.'' Task V required the development of an automated personnel data base system for NRC/IE. This system is identified as the NRC/IE Personnel, Assignment, Qualifications, and Training System (PAQTS). This Task V report provides the documentation for PAQTS including the Functional Requirements Document (FRD), the Data Requirementsmore » Document (DRD), the Hardware and Software Capabilities Assessment, and the Detailed Implementation Schedule. Specific recommendations to facilitate implementation of PAQTS are also included.« less

  6. Space Station Furnace Facility. Experiment/Facility Requirements Document (E/FRD), volume 2, appendix 5

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Kephart, Nancy

    1992-01-01

    The function of the Space Station Furnace Facility (SSFF) is to support materials research into the crystal growth and solidification processes of electronic and photonic materials, metals and alloys, and glasses and ceramics. To support this broad base of research requirements, the SSFF will employ a variety of furnace modules operated, regulated, and supported by a core of common subsystems. Furnace modules may be reconfigured or specifically developed to provide unique solidifcation conditions for each set of experiments. The SSFF modular approach permits the addition of new or scaled-up furnace modules to support the evolution of the facility as new science requirements are identified. The SSFF Core is of modular design to permit augmentation for enhanced capabilities. The fully integrated configuration of the SSFF will consist of three racks with the capability of supporting up to two furnace modules per rack. The initial configuration of the SSFF will consist of two of the three racks and one furnace module. This Experiment/Facility Requirements Document (E/FRD) describes the integrated facility requirements for the Space Station Freedom (SSF) Integrated Configuration-1 (IC1) mission. The IC1 SSFF will consist of two racks: the Core Rack, with the centralized subsystem equipment, and the Experiment Rack-1, with Furnace Module-1 and the distributed subsystem equipment to support the furnace.

  7. DOD Financial Management: Marine Corps Statement of Budgetary Resources Audit Results and Lessons Learned

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2011-09-01

    Management Regulation FOS Family of Systems FRD Functional Requirements Document GAAP Generally Accepted Accounting Principles GDA Global Data...Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year 2010 mandated that DOD be prepared to validate (certify) that its consolidated financial...accounting principles ( GAAP ) for the federal government. The SBR is designed to provide information on authorized budgeted spending authority and links to

  8. Alginate Lyase (AlgL) Activity Is Required for Alginate Biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

    PubMed Central

    Albrecht, Mark T.; Schiller, Neal L.

    2005-01-01

    To determine whether AlgL's lyase activity is required for alginate production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an algLΔ::Gmr mutant (FRD-MA7) was created. algL complementation of FRD-MA7 restored alginate production, but algL constructs containing mutations inactivating lyase activity did not, demonstrating that the enzymatic activity of AlgL is required for alginate production. PMID:15901714

  9. Final design review summary report for the TN-WHC cask and transportation system

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Kee, A.T.

    1997-01-17

    This document represents comments generated from a review of Transnuclear`s Final Design Package distributed on December 10, 1996 and a review of the Final Design Analysis Report meeting held on December 17 & 18, 1996. The Final design describes desicn features and presents final analyses @j performed to fabricate and operate the system while meeting the Cask/Transportation Functions and Requirements, WHC-SD-SNF-FRD-011, Rev. 0 and specification WHC-S-0396, Rev. 1.

  10. Escherichia coli mutant with altered respiratory control of the frd operon.

    PubMed Central

    Iuchi, S; Kuritzkes, D R; Lin, E C

    1985-01-01

    In wild-type Escherichia coli, fumarate reductase encoded by the frd operon is inducible by its substrate in the absence of molecular oxygen and nitrate. Synthesis of this enzyme under permissive conditions requires the fnr+ gene product, which is believed to be a pleiotropic regulatory protein that activates transcription. A spontaneous mutant was isolated in which the expression of the frd operon no longer depended on the presence of fumarate or the fnr+ gene product. Aerobic repression of the operon was abolished, but nitrate repression remained intact. Transductional analysis showed that the mutation was closely linked to the frd locus. The mutant phenotype strongly suggests that repression by molecular oxygen and nitrate is mediated by different mechanisms. PMID:3882660

  11. Kinetic mechanism and quaternary structure of Aminobacter aminovorans NADH:flavin oxidoreductase: an unusual flavin reductase with bound flavin.

    PubMed

    Russell, Thomas R; Demeler, Borries; Tu, Shiao-Chun

    2004-02-17

    The homodimeric NADH:flavin oxidoreductase from Aminobacter aminovorans is an NADH-specific flavin reductase herein designated FRD(Aa). FRD(Aa) was characterized with respect to purification yields, thermal stability, isoelectric point, molar absorption coefficient, and effects of phosphate buffer strength and pH on activity. Evidence from this work favors the classification of FRD(Aa) as a flavin cofactor-utilizing class I flavin reductase. The isolated native FRD(Aa) contained about 0.5 bound riboflavin-5'-phosphate (FMN) per enzyme monomer, but one bound flavin cofactor per monomer was obtainable in the presence of excess FMN or riboflavin. In addition, FRD(Aa) holoenzyme also utilized FMN, riboflavin, or FAD as a substrate. Steady-state kinetic results of substrate titrations, dead-end inhibition by AMP and lumichrome, and product inhibition by NAD(+) indicated an ordered sequential mechanism with NADH as the first binding substrate and reduced FMN as the first leaving product. This is contrary to the ping-pong mechanism shown by other class I flavin reductases. The FMN bound to the native FRD(Aa) can be fully reduced by NADH and subsequently reoxidized by oxygen. No NADH binding was detected using 90 microM FRD(Aa) apoenzyme and 300 microM NADH. All results favor the interpretation that the bound FMN was a cofactor rather than a substrate. It is highly unusual that a flavin reductase using a sequential mechanism would require a flavin cofactor to facilitate redox exchange between NADH and a flavin substrate. FRD(Aa) exhibited a monomer-dimer equilibrium with a K(d) of 2.7 microM. Similarities and differences between FRD(Aa) and certain flavin reductases are discussed.

  12. Fructose-rich diet induces gender-specific changes in expression of the renin-angiotensin system in rat heart and upregulates the ACE/AT1R axis in the male rat aorta.

    PubMed

    Bundalo, Maja M; Zivkovic, Maja D; Romic, Snjezana Dj; Tepavcevic, Snezana N; Koricanac, Goran B; Djuric, Tamara M; Stankovic, Aleksandra D

    2016-01-01

    The cardiovascular renin-angiotensin system (RAS) could be affected by gender and dietary regime. We hypothesized that male rats will be more susceptible to activation of RAS in the heart and aorta, as a response to a fructose-rich diet (FRD). Both male and female Wistar rats were given a 10% (w/v) fructose solution for 9 weeks. We measured the biochemical parameters, blood pressure (BP) and heart rate. We used Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to quantify protein and gene expression. In the male rats, the FRD elevated BP and expression of cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), while the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and angiotensin II Type 2 receptor (AT2R) were significantly decreased. In female rats, there were no changes in cardiac RAS expression due to FRD. Furthermore, the ACE/AT1R axis was overexpressed in the FRD male rats' aortae, while only AT1R was upregulated in the FRD female rats' aortae. ACE2 expression remained unchanged in the aortae of both genders receiving the FRD. The FRD induced gender-specific changes in the expression of the RAS in the heart and aortae of male rats. Further investigations are required in order to get a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms of gender-specific fructose-induced cardiovascular pathologies. © The Author(s) 2016.

  13. Fructose-rich diet induces gender-specific changes in expression of the renin–angiotensin system in rat heart and upregulates the ACE/AT1R axis in the male rat aorta

    PubMed Central

    Bundalo, Maja M; Zivkovic, Maja D; Romic, Snjezana Dj; Tepavcevic, Snezana N; Koricanac, Goran B; Djuric, Tamara M; Stankovic, Aleksandra D

    2016-01-01

    Introduction: The cardiovascular renin–angiotensin system (RAS) could be affected by gender and dietary regime. We hypothesized that male rats will be more susceptible to activation of RAS in the heart and aorta, as a response to a fructose-rich diet (FRD). Materials and methods: Both male and female Wistar rats were given a 10% (w/v) fructose solution for 9 weeks. We measured the biochemical parameters, blood pressure (BP) and heart rate. We used Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to quantify protein and gene expression. Results: In the male rats, the FRD elevated BP and expression of cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), while the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and angiotensin II Type 2 receptor (AT2R) were significantly decreased. In female rats, there were no changes in cardiac RAS expression due to FRD. Furthermore, the ACE/AT1R axis was overexpressed in the FRD male rats’ aortae, while only AT1R was upregulated in the FRD female rats’ aortae. ACE2 expression remained unchanged in the aortae of both genders receiving the FRD. Conclusions: The FRD induced gender-specific changes in the expression of the RAS in the heart and aortae of male rats. Further investigations are required in order to get a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms of gender-specific fructose-induced cardiovascular pathologies. PMID:27121972

  14. The bacterial flagellar switch complex is getting more complex

    PubMed Central

    Cohen-Ben-Lulu, Galit N; Francis, Noreen R; Shimoni, Eyal; Noy, Dror; Davidov, Yaacov; Prasad, Krishna; Sagi, Yael; Cecchini, Gary; Johnstone, Rose M; Eisenbach, Michael

    2008-01-01

    The mechanism of function of the bacterial flagellar switch, which determines the direction of flagellar rotation and is essential for chemotaxis, has remained an enigma for many years. Here we show that the switch complex associates with the membrane-bound respiratory protein fumarate reductase (FRD). We provide evidence that FRD binds to preparations of isolated switch complexes, forms a 1:1 complex with the switch protein FliG, and that this interaction is required for both flagellar assembly and switching the direction of flagellar rotation. We further show that fumarate, known to be a clockwise/switch factor, affects the direction of flagellar rotation through FRD. These results not only uncover a new component important for switching and flagellar assembly, but they also reveal that FRD, an enzyme known to be primarily expressed and functional under anaerobic conditions in Escherichia coli, nonetheless, has important, unexpected functions under aerobic conditions. PMID:18337747

  15. Falls-Related Drug Use and Risk of Falls Among Older Adults: A Study in a US Medicare Population.

    PubMed

    Musich, Shirley; Wang, Shaohung S; Ruiz, Joann; Hawkins, Kevin; Wicker, Ellen

    2017-07-01

    Approximately one-third of community-dwelling older adults fall each year, and approximately 10% have falls requiring medical services. Among other factors, research studies have linked certain medications with an increased risk of falls. The aim of this study was to examine the risk of falls relative to use patterns among new and continuing falls-related drug (FRD) users. A 10% random sample, insured in AARP ® Medicare Supplement and AARP Medicare Part D Rx plans, was utilized to define new and continuing FRD users. New users had a 12-month pre-period without FRD use, whereas continuing users had at least one FRD in the pre-period. Both groups had 12-month follow-up after initiating or continuing FRD use. Characteristics associated with the risk of falls for new and continuing users were determined using multivariate logistic regression models. Among insureds, 44% used at least one of the FRD classes. Of these, 29% were new users (N = 35,340) and 71% were continuing users (N = 121,488). Fall rates for the two subgroups were similar at 7 and 8%, respectively. Characteristics associated with the risk of falls were previous injurious fall, use of two or more classes of FRDs, older age, poorer health, and being female. New users were at higher risk than continuing users. New users of FRDs were at highest risk of falls, and continuing users were at increased risk, especially with higher numbers of FRD classes. Both groups could benefit from falls awareness and prevention programs.

  16. Coherent Frequency Reference System for the NASA Deep Space Network

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Tucker, Blake C.; Lauf, John E.; Hamell, Robert L.; Gonzaler, Jorge, Jr.; Diener, William A.; Tjoelker, Robert L.

    2010-01-01

    The NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) requires state-of-the-art frequency references that are derived and distributed from very stable atomic frequency standards. A new Frequency Reference System (FRS) and Frequency Reference Distribution System (FRD) have been developed, which together replace the previous Coherent Reference Generator System (CRG). The FRS and FRD each provide new capabilities that significantly improve operability and reliability. The FRS allows for selection and switching between frequency standards, a flywheel capability (to avoid interruptions when switching frequency standards), and a frequency synthesis system (to generate standardized 5-, 10-, and 100-MHz reference signals). The FRS is powered by redundant, specially filtered, and sustainable power systems and includes a monitor and control capability for station operations to interact and control the frequency-standard selection process. The FRD receives the standardized 5-, 10-, and 100-MHz reference signals and distributes signals to distribution amplifiers in a fan out fashion to dozens of DSN users that require the highly stable reference signals. The FRD is also powered by redundant, specially filtered, and sustainable power systems. The new DSN Frequency Distribution System, which consists of the FRS and FRD systems described here, is central to all operational activities of the NASA DSN. The frequency generation and distribution system provides ultra-stable, coherent, and very low phase-noise references at 5, l0, and 100 MHz to between 60 and 100 separate users at each Deep Space Communications Complex.

  17. DEEM, a versatile platform of FRD measurement for highly multiplexed fibre systems in astronomy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yan, Yunxiang; Yan, Qi; Wang, Gang; Sun, Weimin; Luo, A.-Li; Ma, Zhenyu; Zhang, Qiong; Li, Jian; Wang, Shuqing

    2018-06-01

    We present a new method of DEEM, the direct energy encircling method, for characterizing the performance of fibres in most astronomical spectroscopic applications. It is a versatile platform to measure focal ratio degradation (FRD), throughput, and point spread function. The principle of DEEM and the relation between the encircled energy and the spot size were derived and simulated based on the power distribution model (PDM). We analysed the errors of DEEM and pointed out the major error source for better understanding and optimization. The validation of DEEM has been confirmed by comparing the results with conventional method which shows that DEEM has good robustness with high accuracy in both stable and complex experiment environments. Applications on the integral field unit (IFU) show that the FRD of 50 μm core fibre is substandard for the requirement which requires the output focal ratio to be slower than 4.5. The homogeneity of throughput is acceptable and higher than 85 per cent. The prototype IFU of the first generation helps to find out the imperfections to optimize the new design of the next generation based on the staggered structure with 35 μm core fibres of N.A. = 0.12, which can improve the FRD performance. The FRD dependence on wavelength and core size is revealed that higher output focal ratio occurs at shorter wavelengths for large core fibres, which is in agreement with the prediction of PDM. But the dependence of the observed data is weaker than the prediction.

  18. Improvement of the intracellular environment for enhancing l-arginine production of Corynebacterium glutamicum by inactivation of H2O2-forming flavin reductases and optimization of ATP supply.

    PubMed

    Man, Zaiwei; Rao, Zhiming; Xu, Meijuan; Guo, Jing; Yang, Taowei; Zhang, Xian; Xu, Zhenghong

    2016-11-01

    l-arginine, a semi essential amino acid, is an important amino acid in food flavoring and pharmaceutical industries. Its production by microbial fermentation is gaining more and more attention. In previous work, we obtained a new l-arginine producing Corynebacterium crenatum (subspecies of Corynebacterium glutamicum) through mutation breeding. In this work, we enhanced l-arginine production through improvement of the intracellular environment. First, two NAD(P)H-dependent H 2 O 2 -forming flavin reductases Frd181 (encoded by frd1 gene) and Frd188 (encoded by frd2) in C. glutamicum were identified for the first time. Next, the roles of Frd181 and Frd188 in C. glutamicum were studied by overexpression and deletion of the encoding genes, and the results showed that the inactivation of Frd181 and Frd188 was beneficial for cell growth and l-arginine production, owing to the decreased H 2 O 2 synthesis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, and increased intracellular NADH and ATP levels. Then, the ATP level was further increased by deletion of noxA (encoding NADH oxidase) and amn (encoding AMP nucleosidase), and overexpression of pgk (encoding 3-phosphoglycerate kinase) and pyk (encoding pyruvate kinase), and the l-arginine production and yield from glucose were significantly increased. In fed-batch fermentation, the l-arginine production and yield from glucose of the final strain reached 57.3g/L and 0.326g/g, respectively, which were 49.2% and 34.2% higher than those of the parent strain, respectively. ROS and ATP are important elements of the intracellular environment, and l-arginine biosynthesis requires a large amount of ATP. For the first time, we enhanced l-arginine production and yield from glucose through reducing the H 2 O 2 synthesis and increasing the ATP supply. Copyright © 2016 International Metabolic Engineering Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  19. The European flood risk directive: challenges for research

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mostert, E.; Junier, S. J.

    2009-07-01

    In recent years, flood management has shifted from protection against floods to managing the risks of floods. In Europe, this shift is reflected in the Flood risk directive of October 2007 (2007/60/EC; FRD). The FRD requires EU Member States to undertake a preliminary assessment of flood risks and, for areas with a significant flood risk, to prepare flood hazard and flood risk maps and flood risk management plans. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the FRD and discuss the challenges that the FRD poses to research. These challenges include the issue how to define and measure ''flood risk'', the selection of alternatives to be assessed, coping with uncertainty, risk communication, nurturing trust and promoting collaboration. These research challenges cannot be addressed properly within any single discipline and without involving the flood risk managers and other stakeholders. The paper therefore concludes that there is a large need for interdisciplinary and participatory research. This constitutes in fact the biggest research challenge.

  20. Frodo proteins: modulators of Wnt signaling in vertebrate development.

    PubMed

    Brott, Barbara K; Sokol, Sergei Y

    2005-09-01

    The Frodo/dapper (Frd) proteins are recently discovered signaling adaptors, which functionally and physically interact with Wnt and Nodal signaling pathways during vertebrate development. The Frd1 and Frd2 genes are expressed in dynamic patterns in early embryos, frequently in cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The Frd proteins function in multiple developmental processes, including mesoderm and neural tissue specification, early morphogenetic cell movements, and organogenesis. Loss-of-function studies using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides demonstrate that the Frd proteins regulate Wnt signal transduction in a context-dependent manner and may be involved in Nodal signaling. The identification of Frd-associated factors and cellular targets of the Frd proteins should shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying Frd functions in embryonic development and in cancer.

  1. End effects in optical fibres

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Allington-Smith, Jeremy; Dunlop, Colin; Lemke, Ulrike; Murray, Graham

    2013-12-01

    The performance of highly multiplexed spectrographs is limited by focal ratio degradation (FRD) in the optical fibres. It has already been shown that this is caused mainly by processes concentrated around the mounting points at the ends of the fibres. We use the thickness of rings produced in the far-field when a fibre is illuminated by a collimated beam, to estimate the size of the region where the FRD is generated. This requires the development of a new model, using features of existing ray-tracing and wave-based models, which fits existing data very well. The results suggest that the amount of FRD is primarily determined by the length of fibre bonded into the supporting ferrule. We point out the implications for the production of future fibre systems.

  2. The dependence of the properties of optical fibres on length

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Poppett, C. L.; Allington-Smith, J. R.

    2010-05-01

    We investigate the dependence on length of optical fibres used in astronomy, especially the focal ratio degradation (FRD) which places constraints on the performance of fibre-fed spectrographs used for multiplexed spectroscopy. To this end, we present a modified version of the FRD model proposed by Carrasco & Parry to quantify the number of scattering defects within an optical fibre using a single parameter. The model predicts many trends which are seen experimentally, for example, a decrease in FRD as core diameter increases, and also as wavelength increases. However, the model also predicts a strong dependence on FRD with length that is not seen experimentally. By adapting the single fibre model to include a second fibre, we can quantify the amount of FRD due to stress caused by the method of termination. By fitting the model to experimental data, we find that polishing the fibre causes more stress to be induced in the end of the fibre compared to a simple cleave technique. We estimate that the number of scattering defects caused by polishing is approximately double that produced by cleaving. By placing limits on the end effect, the model can be used to estimate the residual-length dependence in very long fibres, such as those required for Extremely Large Telescopes, without having to carry out costly experiments. We also use our data to compare different methods of fibre termination.

  3. 10 CFR 1045.33 - Appointment of restricted data management official.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Appointment of restricted data management official. 1045... DECLASSIFICATION Generation and Review of Documents Containing Restricted Data and Formerly Restricted Data § 1045.33 Appointment of restricted data management official. (a) Each agency with access to RD or FRD shall...

  4. Simulation of complex phenomena in optical fibres

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Allington-Smith, Jeremy; Murray, Graham; Lemke, Ulrike

    2012-12-01

    Optical fibres are essential for many types of highly multiplexed and precision spectroscopy. The success of the new generation of multifibre instruments under construction to investigate fundamental problems in cosmology, such as the nature of dark energy, requires accurate modellization of the fibre system to achieve their signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) goals. Despite their simple construction, fibres exhibit unexpected behaviour including non-conservation of etendue (focal ratio degradation, FRD) and modal noise. Furthermore, new fibre geometries (non-circular or tapered) have become available to improve the scrambling properties that, together with modal noise, limit the achievable SNR in precision spectroscopy. These issues have often been addressed by extensive tests on candidate fibres and their terminations, but these are difficult and time-consuming. Modelling by ray tracing and wave analysis is possible with commercial software packages, but these do not address the more complex features, in particular FRD. We use a phase-tracking ray-tracing method to provide a practical description of FRD derived from our previous experimental work on circular fibres and apply it to non-standard fibres. This allows the relationship between scrambling and FRD to be quantified for the first time. We find that scrambling primarily affects the shape of the near-field pattern but has negligible effect on the barycentre. FRD helps to homogenize the near-field pattern but does not make it completely uniform. Fibres with polygonal cross-section improve scrambling without amplifying the FRD. Elliptical fibres, in conjunction with tapering, may offer an efficient means of image slicing to improve the product of resolving power and throughput, but the result is sensitive to the details of illumination. We also investigated the performance of fibres close to the limiting numerical aperture since this may affect the uniformity of the SNR for some prime focus fibre instrumentation.

  5. Relative contributions of scattering, diffraction and modal diffusion to focal ratio degradation in optical fibres

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Haynes, D. M.; Withford, M. J.; Dawes, J. M.; Lawrence, J. S.; Haynes, R.

    2011-06-01

    Focal ratio degradation (FRD) is a major contributor to light loss in astronomical instruments employing multimode optical fibres. We present a powerful diagnostic model that uniquely quantifies the various sources of FRD in multimode fibres. There are three main phenomena that can contribute to FRD: scattering, diffraction and modal diffusion. We propose a Voigt FRD model where the diffraction and modal diffusion are modelled by the Gaussian component and the end-face scattering is modelled by the Lorentzian component. The Voigt FRD model can be deconvolved into its Gaussian and Lorentzian components and used to analyse the contribution of each of the three major components. We used the Voigt FRD model to analyse the FRD of modern astronomical grade fibre for variations in (i) end-face surface roughness, (ii) wavelength, (iii) fibre length and (iv) external fibre stress. The elevated FRD we observed was mostly due to external factors, i.e. fibre end effects such as surface roughness, subsurface damage and environmentally induced microbending caused by the epoxy, ferrules and fibre cable design. The Voigt FRD model has numerous applications such as a diagnostic tool for current fibre instrumentation that show elevated FRD, as a quality control method for fibre manufacture and fibre cable assembly and as a research and development tool for the characterization of new fibre technologies.

  6. Fructose Rich Diet-Induced High Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) Production in the Adult Female Rat: Protective Effect of Progesterone

    PubMed Central

    Castrogiovanni, Daniel; Alzamendi, Ana; Ongaro, Luisina; Giovambattista, Andrés; Gaillard, Rolf C.; Spinedi, Eduardo

    2012-01-01

    The effect of progesterone (P4) on fructose rich diet (FRD) intake-induced metabolic, endocrine and parametrial adipose tissue (PMAT) dysfunctions was studied in the adult female rat. Sixty day-old rats were i.m. treated with oil alone (control, CT) or containing P4 (12 mg/kg). Rats ate Purina chow-diet ad libitum throughout the entire experiment and, between 100 and 120 days of age drank ad libitum tap water alone (normal diet; CT-ND and P4-ND) or containing fructose (10% w/v; CT-FRD and P4-FRD). At age 120 days, animals were subjected to a glucose tolerance test or decapitated. Plasma concentrations of various biomarkers and PMAT gene abundance were monitored. P4-ND (vs. CT-ND) rats showed elevated circulating levels of lipids. CT-FRD rats displayed high (vs. CT-ND) plasma concentrations of lipids, leptin, adiponectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Lipidemia and adiponectinemia were high (vs. P4-ND) in P4-FRD rats. Although P4 failed to prevent FRD-induced hyperleptinemia, it was fully protective on FRD-enhanced plasma PAI-1 levels. PMAT leptin and adiponectin mRNAs were high in CT-FRD and P4-FRD rats. While FRD enhanced PMAT PAI-1 mRNA abundance in CT rats, this effect was absent in P4 rats. Our study supports that a preceding P4-enriched milieu prevented the enhanced prothrombotic risk induced by FRD-elicited high PAI-1 production. PMID:23016136

  7. Fructose rich diet-induced high plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) production in the adult female rat: protective effect of progesterone.

    PubMed

    Castrogiovanni, Daniel; Alzamendi, Ana; Ongaro, Luisina; Giovambattista, Andrés; Gaillard, Rolf C; Spinedi, Eduardo

    2012-08-01

    The effect of progesterone (P4) on fructose rich diet (FRD) intake-induced metabolic, endocrine and parametrial adipose tissue (PMAT) dysfunctions was studied in the adult female rat. Sixty day-old rats were i.m. treated with oil alone (control, CT) or containing P4 (12 mg/kg). Rats ate Purina chow-diet ad libitum throughout the entire experiment and, between 100 and 120 days of age drank ad libitum tap water alone (normal diet; CT-ND and P4-ND) or containing fructose (10% w/v; CT-FRD and P4-FRD). At age 120 days, animals were subjected to a glucose tolerance test or decapitated. Plasma concentrations of various biomarkers and PMAT gene abundance were monitored. P4-ND (vs. CT-ND) rats showed elevated circulating levels of lipids. CT-FRD rats displayed high (vs. CT-ND) plasma concentrations of lipids, leptin, adiponectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Lipidemia and adiponectinemia were high (vs. P4-ND) in P4-FRD rats. Although P4 failed to prevent FRD-induced hyperleptinemia, it was fully protective on FRD-enhanced plasma PAI-1 levels. PMAT leptin and adiponectin mRNAs were high in CT-FRD and P4-FRD rats. While FRD enhanced PMAT PAI-1 mRNA abundance in CT rats, this effect was absent in P4 rats. Our study supports that a preceding P4-enriched milieu prevented the enhanced prothrombotic risk induced by FRD-elicited high PAI-1 production.

  8. A Soluble NADH-Dependent Fumarate Reductase in the Reductive Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle of Hydrogenobacter thermophilus TK-6▿

    PubMed Central

    Miura, Akane; Kameya, Masafumi; Arai, Hiroyuki; Ishii, Masaharu; Igarashi, Yasuo

    2008-01-01

    Fumarate reductase (FRD) is an enzyme that reduces fumarate to succinate. In many organisms, it is bound to the membrane and uses electron donors such as quinol. In this study, an FRD from a thermophilic chemolithoautotrophic bacterium, Hydrogenobacter thermophilus TK-6, was purified and characterized. FRD activity using NADH as an electron donor was not detected in the membrane fraction but was found in the soluble fraction. The purified enzyme was demonstrated to be a novel type of FRD, consisting of five subunits. One subunit showed high sequence identity to the catalytic subunits of known FRDs. Although the genes of typical FRDs are assembled in a cluster, the five genes encoding the H. thermophilus FRD were distant from each other in the genome. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis showed that the H. thermophilus FRD was located in a distinct position from those of known soluble FRDs. This is the first report of a soluble NADH-dependent FRD in Bacteria and of the purification of a FRD that operates in the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle. PMID:18757546

  9. A soluble NADH-dependent fumarate reductase in the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle of Hydrogenobacter thermophilus TK-6.

    PubMed

    Miura, Akane; Kameya, Masafumi; Arai, Hiroyuki; Ishii, Masaharu; Igarashi, Yasuo

    2008-11-01

    Fumarate reductase (FRD) is an enzyme that reduces fumarate to succinate. In many organisms, it is bound to the membrane and uses electron donors such as quinol. In this study, an FRD from a thermophilic chemolithoautotrophic bacterium, Hydrogenobacter thermophilus TK-6, was purified and characterized. FRD activity using NADH as an electron donor was not detected in the membrane fraction but was found in the soluble fraction. The purified enzyme was demonstrated to be a novel type of FRD, consisting of five subunits. One subunit showed high sequence identity to the catalytic subunits of known FRDs. Although the genes of typical FRDs are assembled in a cluster, the five genes encoding the H. thermophilus FRD were distant from each other in the genome. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis showed that the H. thermophilus FRD was located in a distinct position from those of known soluble FRDs. This is the first report of a soluble NADH-dependent FRD in Bacteria and of the purification of a FRD that operates in the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle.

  10. Space Shuttle Missions Summary

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bennett, Floyd V.; Legler, Robert D.

    2011-01-01

    This document has been produced and updated over a 21-year period. It is intended to be a handy reference document, basically one page per flight, and care has been exercised to make it as error-free as possible. This document is basically "as flown" data and has been compiled from many sources including flight logs, flight rules, flight anomaly logs, mod flight descent summary, post flight analysis of mps propellants, FDRD, FRD, SODB, and the MER shuttle flight data and inflight anomaly list. Orbit distance traveled is taken from the PAO mission statistics.

  11. Oral metformin treatment prevents enhanced insulin demand and placental dysfunction in the pregnant rat fed a fructose-rich diet.

    PubMed

    Alzamendi, Ana; Del Zotto, Hector; Castrogiovanni, Daniel; Romero, Jose; Giovambattista, Andres; Spinedi, Eduardo

    2012-01-01

    The intake of a fructose-rich diet (FRD) in the normal female rat induces features similar to those observed in the human metabolic syndrome phenotype. We studied the impact of FRD administration to mothers on pregnancy outcome. On gestational day (Gd) zero rats were assigned to either group: ad libitum drinking tap water alone (normal diet, ND) or containing fructose (10% w/vol; FRD) through pregnancy; all rats were fed a Purina chow diet ad libitum ND and FRD rats were daily cotreated or not with metformin (60 mg/Kg/day oral; ND + MF and FRD + MF) and submitted to a high glucose load test on Gd 14. Additionally, placentas from different groups were studied on Gd 20. Data indicated that: (1) although FRD rats well tolerated glucose overload, their circulating levels of insulin were significantly higher than in ND rats; (2) the mesometrial triangle blood vessel area was significantly lower in placentas from FRD than ND dams; (3) the detrimental effects of FRD administration to mothers were ameliorated by metformin cotreatment. Our study suggests that excessive intake of fructose during pregnancy enhanced the risk for developing gestational diabetes and subsequent preeclampsia, and that metformin prevented the poor pregnancy outcome induced by FRD.

  12. Oral Metformin Treatment Prevents Enhanced Insulin Demand and Placental Dysfunction in the Pregnant Rat Fed a Fructose-Rich Diet

    PubMed Central

    Alzamendi, Ana; Del Zotto, Hector; Castrogiovanni, Daniel; Romero, Jose; Giovambattista, Andres; Spinedi, Eduardo

    2012-01-01

    The intake of a fructose-rich diet (FRD) in the normal female rat induces features similar to those observed in the human metabolic syndrome phenotype. We studied the impact of FRD administration to mothers on pregnancy outcome. On gestational day (Gd) zero rats were assigned to either group: ad libitum drinking tap water alone (normal diet, ND) or containing fructose (10% w/vol; FRD) through pregnancy; all rats were fed a Purina chow diet ad libitum ND and FRD rats were daily cotreated or not with metformin (60 mg/Kg/day oral; ND + MF and FRD + MF) and submitted to a high glucose load test on Gd 14. Additionally, placentas from different groups were studied on Gd 20. Data indicated that: (1) although FRD rats well tolerated glucose overload, their circulating levels of insulin were significantly higher than in ND rats; (2) the mesometrial triangle blood vessel area was significantly lower in placentas from FRD than ND dams; (3) the detrimental effects of FRD administration to mothers were ameliorated by metformin cotreatment. Our study suggests that excessive intake of fructose during pregnancy enhanced the risk for developing gestational diabetes and subsequent preeclampsia, and that metformin prevented the poor pregnancy outcome induced by FRD. PMID:22957268

  13. Calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase mediates the intracellular signalling pathways of cardiac apoptosis in mice with impaired glucose tolerance.

    PubMed

    Federico, Marilen; Portiansky, Enrique L; Sommese, Leandro; Alvarado, Francisco J; Blanco, Paula G; Zanuzzi, Carolina N; Dedman, John; Kaetzel, Marcia; Wehrens, Xander H T; Mattiazzi, Alicia; Palomeque, Julieta

    2017-06-15

    Spontaneous sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca 2+ release events increased in fructose-rich diet mouse (FRD) myocytes vs. control diet (CD) mice, in the absence of significant changes in SR Ca 2+ load. In HEK293 cells, hyperglycaemia significantly enhanced [ 3 H]ryanodine binding and Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) phosphorylation of RyR2-S2814 residue vs. normoglycaemia. These increases were prevented by CaMKII inhibition. FRD significantly augmented cardiac apoptosis in WT vs. CD-WT mice, which was prevented by co-treatment with the reactive oxygen species scavenger Tempol. Oxidative stress was also increased in FRD-SR-autocamide inhibitory peptide (AIP) mice, expressing the SR-targeted CaMKII inhibitor AIP, without any significant enhancement of apoptosis vs. CD-SR-AIP mice. FRD produced mitochondrial swelling and membrane depolarization in FRD-WT mice but not in FRD-S2814A mice, in which the CaMKII site on ryanodine receptor 2 was ablated. FRD decreased mitochondrial area, mean Feret diameter and the mean distance between SR and the outer mitochondrial membrane vs. CD hearts. This remodelling was prevented in AC3I mice, with cardiac-targeted CaMKII inhibition. The impact of cardiac apoptosis in pre-diabetic stages of diabetic cardiomyopathy is unknown. We show that myocytes from fructose-rich diet (FRD) animals exhibit arrhythmias produced by exacerbated Ca 2+ /calmodulin-protein kinase (CaMKII) activity, ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) phosphorylation and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca 2+ leak. We tested the hypothesis that this mechanism also underlies cardiac apoptosis in pre-diabetes. We generated a pre-diabetic model in FRD mice. FRD mice showed an increase in oxidative stress, hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction. FRD myocytes exhibited enhanced SR Ca 2+ spontaneous events in the absence of SR Ca 2+ load alterations vs. control-diet (CD) myocytes. In HEK293 cells, hyperglycaemia significantly enhanced [ 3 H]ryanodine binding and CaMKII phosphorylation of RyR2-S2814 residue vs. normoglycaemia. CaMKII inhibition prevented hyperglycaemia-induced alterations. FRD also evoked cardiac apoptosis in WT mice vs. CD-WT mice. Co-treatment with the reactive oxygen species scavenger Tempol prevented FRD-induced apoptosis in WT mice. In contrast, FRD enhanced oxidative stress but not apoptosis in FRD-SR-AIP mice, in which a CaMKII inhibitor is targeted to the SR. FRD produced mitochondrial membrane depolarization in WT mice but not in S2814A mice, in which the CaMKII phosphorylation site on RyR2 was ablated. Furthermore, FRD decreased mitochondrial area, mean Feret diameter and mean SR-mitochondrial distance vs. CD-WT hearts. This remodelling was prevented in AC3I mice, with cardiac-targeted CaMKII inhibition. CaMKII phosphorylation of RyR2, SR Ca 2+ leak and mitochondrial membrane depolarization are critically involved in the apoptotic pathway of the pre-diabetic heart. The FRD-induced decrease in SR-mitochondrial distance is likely to additionally favour Ca 2+ transit between the two organelles. © 2017 The Authors. The Journal of Physiology © 2017 The Physiological Society.

  14. GiFRD encodes a protein involved in anaerobic growth in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices.

    PubMed

    Sędzielewska, Kinga A; Vetter, Katja; Bode, Rüdiger; Baronian, Keith; Watzke, Roland; Kunze, Gotthard

    2012-04-01

    Fumarate reductase is a protein involved in the maintenance of redox balance during oxygen deficiency. This enzyme irreversibly catalyzes the reduction of fumarate to succinate and requires flavin cofactors as electron donors. Two examples are the soluble mitochondrial and the cytosolic fumarate reductases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encoded by the OSM1 and FRDS1 genes, respectively. This work reports the identification and characterization of the gene encoding cytosolic fumarate reductase enzyme in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus intraradices and the establishment of its physiological role. Using a yeast expression system, we demonstrate that G. intraradices GiFRD encodes a protein that has fumarate reductase activity which can functionally substitute for the S. cerevisiae fumarate reductases. Additionally, we showed that GiFRD transformants are not affected by presence of salt in medium, indicating that the presence of this gene has no effect on yeast behavior under osmotic stress. The fact that GiFRD expression and enzymatic activity was present only in asymbiotic stage confirmed existence of at least one anaerobic metabolic pathway in this phase of fungus life cycle. This suggests that the AMF behave as facultative anaerobes in the asymbiotic stage. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  15. PREDICTIVE FACTORS OF SURGICAL OUTCOMES IN VITRECTOMY FOR MYOPIC TRACTION MACULOPATHY.

    PubMed

    Hattori, Kyoko; Kataoka, Keiko; Takeuchi, Jun; Ito, Yasuki; Terasaki, Hiroko

    2017-11-07

    To assess predictive factors and surgical outcomes for myopic traction maculopathy. This retrospective observational case study enrolled 73 patients who underwent vitrectomy for myopic traction maculopathy. The 79 eyes obtained from our study sample were divided into 4 types: retinoschisis, lamellar macular hole (lamellar MH), foveal retinal detachment (FRD), and FRD + lamellar MH, or into 2 types according to the presence of FRD preoperatively. Dependent variables of interest were age, sex, pre- and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at 6 months, and axial length. All the four types showed moderately strong-to-strong positive correlations with pre- and postoperative BCVA (retinochisisi: r = 0.61; lamellar MH: r = 0.62; FRD: r = 0.51; FRD + lamellar MH; r = 0.83). Preoperative BCVA was associated with postoperative BCVA (P < 0.0001), but age, axial length, and the types of preoperative foveal status were not. Eyes with FRD had significantly worse pre- and postoperative BCVA than eyes without FRD (P = 0.036 and P = 0.046, respectively). Postoperative full-thickness macular holes developed in 5.1% of cases and in all types but retinoschisis. Preoperative visual acuity and the presence of FRD should be considered for surgical indication of myopic traction maculopathy.

  16. Tracer Studies to Characterize the Effects of Roadside Noise Barriers on Near-Road Pollutant Dispersion under Varying Atmospheric Stability Conditions

    EPA Science Inventory

    A roadway toxics dispersion study was conducted by the Field Research Division (FRD) of NOAA at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) near Idaho Falls, ID to document the effects on concentrations of roadway emissions behind a roadside sound barrier in various conditions of atmosph...

  17. Aminobacter aminovorans NADH:flavin oxidoreductase His140: a highly conserved residue critical for NADH binding and utilization.

    PubMed

    Russell, Thomas R; Tu, Shiao-Chun

    2004-10-12

    Homodimeric FRD(Aa) Class I is an NADH:flavin oxidoreductase from Aminobacter aminovorans. It is unusual because it contains an FMN cofactor but utilizes a sequential-ordered kinetic mechanism. Because little is known about NADH-specific flavin reductases in general and FRD(Aa) in particular, this study aimed to further explore FRD(Aa) by identifying the functionalities of a key residue. A sequence alignment of FRD(Aa) with several known and hypothetical flavoproteins in the same subfamily reveals within the flavin reductase active-site domain a conserved GDH motif, which is believed to be responsible for the enzyme and NADH interaction. Mutation of the His140 in this GDH motif to alanine reduced FRD(Aa) activity to <3%. An ultrafiltration assay and fluorescence quenching demonstrated that H140A FRD(Aa) binds FMN in the same 1:1 stoichiometric ratio as the wild-type enzyme, but with slightly weakened affinity (K(d) = 0.9 microM). Anaerobic stopped-flow studies were carried out using both the native and mutated FRD(Aa). Similar to the native enzyme, H140A FRD(Aa) was also able to reduce the FMN cofactor by NADH although much less efficiently. Kinetic analysis of anaerobic reduction measurements indicated that the His140 residue of FRD(Aa) was essential to NADH binding, as well as important for the reduction of the FMN cofactor. For the native enzyme, the cofactor reduction was followed by at least one slower step in the catalytic pathway.

  18. Effects of probiotic bacteria in dogs with food responsive diarrhoea treated with an elimination diet.

    PubMed

    Sauter, S N; Benyacoub, J; Allenspach, K; Gaschen, F; Ontsouka, E; Reuteler, G; Cavadini, C; Knorr, R; Blum, J W

    2006-08-01

    We evaluated whether a probiotic supplementation in dogs with food responsive diarrhoea (FRD) has beneficial effects on intestinal cytokine patterns and on microbiota. Twenty-one client-owned dogs with FRD were presented for clinically needed duodeno- and colonoscopy and were enrolled in a prospective placebo (PL)-controlled probiotic trial. Intestinal tissue samples and faeces were collected during endoscopy. Intestinal mRNA abundance of interleukin (IL)-5, -10, -12p40 and -13, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta1 and interferon (IFN)-gamma were analysed and numbers of Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Enterococcus spp. and Enterobacteriaceae and supplemented probiotic bacteria were determined in faeces. The Canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity Index, a scoring system comprising general attitude, appetite, faecal consistency, defecation frequency, and vomitus, decreased in all dogs (p < 0.0001). Duodenal IL-10 mRNA levels decreased (p = 0.1) and colonic IFN-gamma mRNA levels increased (p = 0.08) after probiotic treatment. Numbers of Enterobacteriaceae decreased in FRD dogs receiving probiotic cocktail (FRD(PC)) and FRD dogs fed PL (FRD(PL)) during treatment (p < 0.05), numbers of Lactobacillus spp. increased in FRD(PC after) when compared with FRD(PC before) (p < 0.1). One strain of PC was detected in five of eight FRD(PC) dogs after probiotic supplementation. In conclusion, all dogs clinically improved after treatment, but cytokine patterns were not associated with the clinical features irrespective of the dietary supplementation.

  19. Fructose-rich diet-induced abdominal adipose tissue endocrine dysfunction in normal male rats.

    PubMed

    Alzamendi, Ana; Giovambattista, Andrés; Raschia, Agustina; Madrid, Viviana; Gaillard, Rolf C; Rebolledo, Oscar; Gagliardino, Juan J; Spinedi, Eduardo

    2009-04-01

    We have currently studied the changes induced by administration of a fructose-rich diet (FRD) to normal rats in the mass and the endocrine function of abdominal (omental) adipose tissue (AAT). Rats were fed ad libitum a standard commercial chow and tap water, either alone (control diet, CD) or containing fructose (10%, w/vol) (FRD). Three weeks after treatment, circulating metabolic markers and leptin release from adipocytes of AAT were measured. Plasma free fatty acids (FFAs), leptin, adiponectin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels were significantly higher in FRD than in CD rats. AAT mass was greater in FRD than in CD rats and their adipocytes were larger, they secreted more leptin and showed impaired insulin sensitivity. While leptin mRNA expression increased in AAT from FRD rats, gene expression of insulin receptor substrate, IRS1 and IRS2 was significantly reduced. Our study demonstrates that administration of a FRD significantly affects insulin sensitivity and several AAT endocrine/metabolic functions. These alterations could be part of a network of interacting abnormalities triggered by FRD-induced oxidative stress at the AAT level. In view of the impaired glucose tolerance observed in FRD rats, these alterations could play a key role in both the development of metabolic syndrome (MS) and beta-cell failure.

  20. Effect of Pioglitazone on the Fructose-Induced Abdominal Adipose Tissue Dysfunction

    PubMed Central

    Alzamendi, Ana; Giovambattista, Andrés; García, María E.; Rebolledo, Oscar R.; Gagliardino, Juan J.; Spinedi, Eduardo

    2012-01-01

    Aim. To test the potential role of PPARγ in the endocrine abdominal tissue dysfunction induced by feeding normal rats with a fructose rich diet (FRD) during three weeks. Methodology. Adult normal male rats received a standard commercial diet (CD) or FRD, (10% in drinking water) without or with pioglitazone (PIO) (i.p. 0.25 mg/Kg BW/day; CD-PIO and FRD-PIO). Thereafter, we measured circulating metabolic, endocrine, and oxidative stress (OS) markers, abdominal adipose tissue (AAT) mass, leptin (LEP) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) tissue content/expression, and leptin release by isolated adipocytes incubated with different concentrations of insulin. Results. Plasma glucose, insulin, triglyceride, TBARS, LEP, and PAI-1 levels were higher in FRD rats; PIO coadministration fully prevented all these increments. AAT adipocytes from FRD rats were larger, secreted a higher amount of LEP, and displayed decreased sensitivity to insulin stimulation; these effects were significantly ameliorated by PIO. Whereas AAT LEP and PAI-1 (mRNA) concentrations increased significantly in FRD rats, those of insulin-receptor-substrate- (IRS-) 1 and IRS-2 were reduced. PIO coadministration prevented FRD effects on LEP, PAI-1, and IRS-2 (fully) and IRS-1 (partially) mRNAs in AAT. Conclusion. PPARγ would play a relevant role in the development of the FRD-induced metabolic-endocrine dysfunction. PMID:23091482

  1. Effect of pioglitazone on the fructose-induced abdominal adipose tissue dysfunction.

    PubMed

    Alzamendi, Ana; Giovambattista, Andrés; García, María E; Rebolledo, Oscar R; Gagliardino, Juan J; Spinedi, Eduardo

    2012-01-01

    Aim. To test the potential role of PPARγ in the endocrine abdominal tissue dysfunction induced by feeding normal rats with a fructose rich diet (FRD) during three weeks. Methodology. Adult normal male rats received a standard commercial diet (CD) or FRD, (10% in drinking water) without or with pioglitazone (PIO) (i.p. 0.25 mg/Kg BW/day; CD-PIO and FRD-PIO). Thereafter, we measured circulating metabolic, endocrine, and oxidative stress (OS) markers, abdominal adipose tissue (AAT) mass, leptin (LEP) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) tissue content/expression, and leptin release by isolated adipocytes incubated with different concentrations of insulin. Results. Plasma glucose, insulin, triglyceride, TBARS, LEP, and PAI-1 levels were higher in FRD rats; PIO coadministration fully prevented all these increments. AAT adipocytes from FRD rats were larger, secreted a higher amount of LEP, and displayed decreased sensitivity to insulin stimulation; these effects were significantly ameliorated by PIO. Whereas AAT LEP and PAI-1 (mRNA) concentrations increased significantly in FRD rats, those of insulin-receptor-substrate- (IRS-) 1 and IRS-2 were reduced. PIO coadministration prevented FRD effects on LEP, PAI-1, and IRS-2 (fully) and IRS-1 (partially) mRNAs in AAT. Conclusion. PPARγ would play a relevant role in the development of the FRD-induced metabolic-endocrine dysfunction.

  2. Molybdenum effector of fumarate reductase repression and nitrate reductase induction in Escherichia coli.

    PubMed Central

    Iuchi, S; Lin, E C

    1987-01-01

    In Escherichia coli the presence of nitrate prevents the utilization of fumarate as an anaerobic electron acceptor. The induction of the narC operon encoding the nitrate reductase is coupled to the repression of the frd operon encoding the fumarate reductase. This coupling is mediated by nitrate as an effector and the narL product as the regulatory protein (S. Iuchi and E. C. C. Lin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:3901-3905, 1987). The protein-ligand complex appears to control narC positively but frd negatively. In the present study we found that a molybdenum coeffector acted synergistically with nitrate in the regulation of frd and narC. In chlD mutants believed to be impaired in molybdate transport (or processing), full repression of phi(frd-lac) and full induction of phi(narC-lac) by nitrate did not occur unless the growth medium was directly supplemented with molybdate (1 microM). This requirement was not clearly manifested in wild-type cells, apparently because it was met by the trace quantities of molybdate present as a contaminant in the mineral medium. In chlB mutants, which are known to accumulate the Mo cofactor because of its failure to be inserted as a prosthetic group into proteins such as nitrate reductase, nitrate repression of frd and induction of narC were also intensified by molybdate supplementation. In this case a deficiency of the molybdenum coeffector might have resulted from enhanced feedback inhibition of molybdate transport (or processing) by the elevated level of the unutilized Mo cofactor. In addition, mutations in chlE, which are known to block the synthesis of the organic moiety of the Mo cofactor, lowered the threshold concentration of nitrate (< 1 micromole) necessary for frd repression and narC induction. These changes could be explained simply by the higher intracellular nitrate attainable in cells lacking the ability to destroy the effector. PMID:3301812

  3. Overexpression of NADH-dependent fumarate reductase improves D-xylose fermentation in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

    PubMed

    Salusjärvi, Laura; Kaunisto, Sanna; Holmström, Sami; Vehkomäki, Maija-Leena; Koivuranta, Kari; Pitkänen, Juha-Pekka; Ruohonen, Laura

    2013-12-01

    Deviation from optimal levels and ratios of redox cofactors NAD(H) and NADP(H) is common when microbes are metabolically engineered. The resulting redox imbalance often reduces the rate of substrate utilization as well as biomass and product formation. An example is the metabolism of D-xylose by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains expressing xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase encoding genes from Scheffersomyces stipitis. This pathway requires both NADPH and NAD(+). The effect of overexpressing the glycosomal NADH-dependent fumarate reductase (FRD) of Trypanosoma brucei in D-xylose-utilizing S. cerevisiae alone and together with an endogenous, cytosol directed NADH-kinase (POS5Δ17) was studied as one possible solution to overcome this imbalance. Expression of FRD and FRD + POS5Δ17 resulted in 60 and 23 % increase in ethanol yield, respectively, on D-xylose under anaerobic conditions. At the same time, xylitol yield decreased in the FRD strain suggesting an improvement in redox balance. We show that fumarate reductase of T. brucei can provide an important source of NAD(+) in yeast under anaerobic conditions, and can be useful for metabolic engineering strategies where the redox cofactors need to be balanced. The effects of FRD and NADH-kinase on aerobic and anaerobic D-xylose and D-glucose metabolism are discussed.

  4. An special epithelial staining agents: folic acid receptor-mediated diagnosis (FRD) effectively and conveniently screen patients with cervical cancer.

    PubMed

    Lu, Meng-Han; Hu, Ling-Yun; Du, Xin-Xin; Yang, Min; Zhang, Wei-Yi; Huang, Ke; Li, Li-An; Jiang, Shu-Fang; Li, Ya-Li

    2015-01-01

    High-quality screening with cytology has markedly reduced mortality from cervical cancer. However, it needs experienced pathologists to review and make the final decisions. We have developed folic acid receptor-mediated diagnosis (FRD) kits to effectively and conveniently screen patients with cervical cancer. We conduct present study aim to assess clinical significances of FRD in screening cervical cancer. A total of 169 patients were enrolled at Chinese People's liberation Army (PLA) general hospital. We compared diagnostic significances of FRD with thinprep cytology test (TCT). Meanwhile, colposcopy was also performed to confirm any lesion suspicious for cervical cancer. The sensitivity and specificity of FRD were 71.93% and 66.07% in diagnosis cervical cancer, respectively. Meanwhile, the positive predictive values (PPV), negative predictive values (NPV), Youden index were 51.90%, 82.22%, 0.38, respectively. On the other hand, the sensitivity and specificity of TCT in diagnosis cervical cancer were 73.68% and 61.61% respectively. PPV, NPV and Youden index for TCT were 49.41%, 82.14% and 0.35 respectively. Overall, FRD have high values of sensitivity, specificity and Youden index. However, this difference failed to statistical significance. FRD have comparable diagnostic significance with TCT. Therefore, FRD might serve as one effective method to screen cervical cancer. Especially for those patients living in remote regions of China, where cytology was unavailable.

  5. An special epithelial staining agents: folic acid receptor-mediated diagnosis (FRD) effectively and conveniently screen patients with cervical cancer

    PubMed Central

    Lu, Meng-Han; Hu, Ling-Yun; Du, Xin-Xin; Yang, Min; Zhang, Wei-Yi; Huang, Ke; Li, Li-An; Jiang, Shu-Fang; Li, Ya-Li

    2015-01-01

    High-quality screening with cytology has markedly reduced mortality from cervical cancer. However, it needs experienced pathologists to review and make the final decisions. We have developed folic acid receptor-mediated diagnosis (FRD) kits to effectively and conveniently screen patients with cervical cancer. We conduct present study aim to assess clinical significances of FRD in screening cervical cancer. A total of 169 patients were enrolled at Chinese People’s liberation Army (PLA) general hospital. We compared diagnostic significances of FRD with thinprep cytology test (TCT). Meanwhile, colposcopy was also performed to confirm any lesion suspicious for cervical cancer. The sensitivity and specificity of FRD were 71.93% and 66.07% in diagnosis cervical cancer, respectively. Meanwhile, the positive predictive values (PPV), negative predictive values (NPV), Youden index were 51.90%, 82.22%, 0.38, respectively. On the other hand, the sensitivity and specificity of TCT in diagnosis cervical cancer were 73.68% and 61.61% respectively. PPV, NPV and Youden index for TCT were 49.41%, 82.14% and 0.35 respectively. Overall, FRD have high values of sensitivity, specificity and Youden index. However, this difference failed to statistical significance. FRD have comparable diagnostic significance with TCT. Therefore, FRD might serve as one effective method to screen cervical cancer. Especially for those patients living in remote regions of China, where cytology was unavailable. PMID:26221336

  6. The influence of motion and stress on optical fibers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Murphy, Jeremy D.; Hill, Gary J.; MacQueen, Phillip J.; Taylor, Trey; Soukup, Ian; Moreira, Walter; Cornell, Mark E.; Good, John; Anderson, Seth; Fuller, Lindsay; Lee, Hanshin; Kelz, Andreas; Rafal, Marc; Rafferty, Tom; Tuttle, Sarah; Vattiat, Brian

    2012-09-01

    We report on extensive testing carried out on the optical fibers for the VIRUS instrument. The primary result of this work explores how 10+ years of simulated wear on a VIRUS fiber bundle affects both transmission and focal ratio degradation (FRD) of the optical fibers. During the accelerated lifetime tests we continuously monitored the fibers for signs of FRD. We find that transient FRD events were common during the portions of the tests when motion was at telescope slew rates, but dropped to negligible levels during rates of motion typical for science observation. Tests of fiber transmission and FRD conducted both before and after the lifetime tests reveal that while transmission values do not change over the 10+ years of simulated wear, a clear increase in FRD is seen in all 18 fibers tested. This increase in FRD is likely due to microfractures that develop over time from repeated flexure of the fiber bundle, and stands in contrast to the transient FRD events that stem from localized stress and subsequent modal diffusion of light within the fibers. There was no measurable wavelength dependence on the increase in FRD over 350 nm to 600 nm. We also report on bend radius tests conducted on individual fibers and find the 266 μm VIRUS fibers to be immune to bending-induced FRD at bend radii of R 10 cm. Below this bend radius FRD increases slightly with decreasing radius. Lastly, we give details of a degradation seen in the fiber bundle currently deployed on the Mitchell Spectrograph (formally VIRUS-P) at McDonald Observatory. The degradation is shown to be caused by a localized shear in a select number of optical fibers that leads to an explosive form of FRD. In a few fibers, the overall transmission loss through the instrument can exceed 80%. These results are important for the VIRUS instrument, and for both current and proposed instruments that make use of optical fibers, particularly when the fibers are in continual motion during an observation, or experience repeated mechanical stress during their deployment.

  7. 10 CFR 1045.10 - Purpose and scope.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Government-wide policies and procedures concerning the classification and declassification of RD and FRD information. (b) This subpart establishes procedures for classification prohibitions for RD and FRD, describes authorities and procedures for identifying RD and FRD information, and specifies the policies and criteria DOE...

  8. 10 CFR 1045.10 - Purpose and scope.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Government-wide policies and procedures concerning the classification and declassification of RD and FRD information. (b) This subpart establishes procedures for classification prohibitions for RD and FRD, describes authorities and procedures for identifying RD and FRD information, and specifies the policies and criteria DOE...

  9. 10 CFR 1045.10 - Purpose and scope.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... Government-wide policies and procedures concerning the classification and declassification of RD and FRD information. (b) This subpart establishes procedures for classification prohibitions for RD and FRD, describes authorities and procedures for identifying RD and FRD information, and specifies the policies and criteria DOE...

  10. Repair of Traumatic Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Combined with Congenital Falciform Retinal Detachment.

    PubMed

    Mano, Fukutaro; Chang, Kuo-Chung; Mano, Tomiya

    2018-01-01

    To report a case of surgical repair of traumatic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment combined with congenital falciform retinal detachment (FRD). A retrospective case report. A 36-year-old man with traumatic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment complicating a previously known FRD was successfully treated despite residual FRD following pars plana lensectomy, vitrectomy, and encircling scleral buckling. His best corrected visual acuity improved from hand motion at 50 cm to 20/1,000. We concluded that the root of the FRD is susceptible to trauma because of the contraction of fibrovascular tissue. The early intervention of modern vitrectomy to traumatic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment complicating a previously known FRD is an important consideration for enhanced quality of care and optimal patient outcomes.

  11. Repair of Traumatic Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Combined with Congenital Falciform Retinal Detachment

    PubMed Central

    Mano, Fukutaro; Chang, Kuo-Chung; Mano, Tomiya

    2018-01-01

    Purpose To report a case of surgical repair of traumatic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment combined with congenital falciform retinal detachment (FRD). Methods A retrospective case report. Results A 36-year-old man with traumatic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment complicating a previously known FRD was successfully treated despite residual FRD following pars plana lensectomy, vitrectomy, and encircling scleral buckling. His best corrected visual acuity improved from hand motion at 50 cm to 20/1,000. Conclusion We concluded that the root of the FRD is susceptible to trauma because of the contraction of fibrovascular tissue. The early intervention of modern vitrectomy to traumatic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment complicating a previously known FRD is an important consideration for enhanced quality of care and optimal patient outcomes. PMID:29643782

  12. 10 CFR 1045.19 - Accountability for classification and declassification determinations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... classification or declassification determination concerning RD or FRD information is made, the Director of... FRD and RD primarily related to military utilization, the Director of Classification and the Chief... include a rationale for the departure. Often the justification itself will contain RD or FRD information...

  13. 10 CFR 1045.4 - Responsibilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... declassification of RD and FRD in accordance with the Atomic Energy Act; (2) In coordination with the DoD, develop regulations to implement the RD and FRD classification system; (3) Determine whether nuclear-related information is RD; (4) Oversee agency implementation of the RD and FRD classification system to ensure...

  14. 10 CFR 1045.19 - Accountability for classification and declassification determinations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... classification or declassification determination concerning RD or FRD information is made, the Director of... FRD and RD primarily related to military utilization, the Director of Classification and the Chief... include a rationale for the departure. Often the justification itself will contain RD or FRD information...

  15. 10 CFR 1045.19 - Accountability for classification and declassification determinations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... classification or declassification determination concerning RD or FRD information is made, the Director of... FRD and RD primarily related to military utilization, the Director of Classification and the Chief... include a rationale for the departure. Often the justification itself will contain RD or FRD information...

  16. 10 CFR 1045.4 - Responsibilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... declassification of RD and FRD in accordance with the Atomic Energy Act; (2) In coordination with the DoD, develop regulations to implement the RD and FRD classification system; (3) Determine whether nuclear-related information is RD; (4) Oversee agency implementation of the RD and FRD classification system to ensure...

  17. 10 CFR 1045.4 - Responsibilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... declassification of RD and FRD in accordance with the Atomic Energy Act; (2) In coordination with the DoD, develop regulations to implement the RD and FRD classification system; (3) Determine whether nuclear-related information is RD; (4) Oversee agency implementation of the RD and FRD classification system to ensure...

  18. 10 CFR 1045.4 - Responsibilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... declassification of RD and FRD in accordance with the Atomic Energy Act; (2) In coordination with the DoD, develop regulations to implement the RD and FRD classification system; (3) Determine whether nuclear-related information is RD; (4) Oversee agency implementation of the RD and FRD classification system to ensure...

  19. 10 CFR 1045.4 - Responsibilities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... declassification of RD and FRD in accordance with the Atomic Energy Act; (2) In coordination with the DoD, develop regulations to implement the RD and FRD classification system; (3) Determine whether nuclear-related information is RD; (4) Oversee agency implementation of the RD and FRD classification system to ensure...

  20. APOGEE fiber development and FRD testing

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Brunner, Sophia; Burton, Adam; Crane, Jeff; Zhao, Bo; Hearty, Fred R.; Wilson, John C.; Carey, Larry; Leger, French; Skrutskie, Mike; Schiavon, Ricardo; Majewski, Steven R.

    2010-07-01

    Development of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) near-infrared spectrograph has motivated thorough investigation into the properties and performance of optical fibers. The fiber selected for APOGEE is a step index, multi-mode fiber, developed by PolyMicro, with a 120μm low OH, fused silica core, 25μm cladding, and 10μm buffer. The instrument design includes a 40 meter fiber run, connecting the spectrograph to the 2.5m Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) telescope, and an additional 2.5 meter fiber segment located within the instrument dewar, a vacuum-sealed, cryogenic environment. This light path is convoluted and includes many transitions and connections where the beam is susceptible irrevocable loss. To optimize the spectrograph performance it is necessary to minimize the losses incurred in the fiber system, especially those resulting in focal ratio degradation (FRD). The focus of this research has been to identify potential sources of loss and where applicable, select material components to minimize this effect. There is little previous documented work concerning the performance of optical fibers within this wavelength band (1.5-1.7μm). Consequently, the following includes comprehensive explanations of the APOGEE fiber system components, our experimental design and optical test bed set-up, beam alignment procedures, fiber terminating and polishing techniques, and results from our examination of FRD as correlated with source wavelength, fiber length and termination, and environmental conditions.

  1. The roles of family history of dyslexia, language, speech production and phonological processing in predicting literacy progress.

    PubMed

    Carroll, Julia M; Mundy, Ian R; Cunningham, Anna J

    2014-09-01

    It is well established that speech, language and phonological skills are closely associated with literacy, and that children with a family risk of dyslexia (FRD) tend to show deficits in each of these areas in the preschool years. This paper examines what the relationships are between FRD and these skills, and whether deficits in speech, language and phonological processing fully account for the increased risk of dyslexia in children with FRD. One hundred and fifty-three 4-6-year-old children, 44 of whom had FRD, completed a battery of speech, language, phonology and literacy tasks. Word reading and spelling were retested 6 months later, and text reading accuracy and reading comprehension were tested 3 years later. The children with FRD were at increased risk of developing difficulties in reading accuracy, but not reading comprehension. Four groups were compared: good and poor readers with and without FRD. In most cases good readers outperformed poor readers regardless of family history, but there was an effect of family history on naming and nonword repetition regardless of literacy outcome, suggesting a role for speech production skills as an endophenotype of dyslexia. Phonological processing predicted spelling, while language predicted text reading accuracy and comprehension. FRD was a significant additional predictor of reading and spelling after controlling for speech production, language and phonological processing, suggesting that children with FRD show additional difficulties in literacy that cannot be fully explained in terms of their language and phonological skills. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  2. A comparison of the treatment effects of the Forsus Fatigue Resistance Device and the Twin Block appliance in patients with class II malocclusions

    PubMed Central

    Hanoun, Abdulfatah; Al-Jewair, Thikriat S; Tabbaa, Sawsan; Allaymouni, Mhd Amer; Preston, Charles B

    2014-01-01

    Objectives We evaluated the skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of the Forsus Fatigue Resistance Device (FRD) and the Twin Block appliance (TB) in comparison with nontreated controls in the treatment of patients with class II division 1 malocclusion. Materials and methods This retrospective study included three groups: TB (n=37; mean age, 11.2 years), FRD (n=30; mean age, 12.9 years), and controls (n=25; mean age, 12.6 years). Lateral cephalograms were evaluated at T1 (pretreatment) and at T2 (postappliance removal/equivalent time frame in controls). Cephalometric changes were evaluated using the Clark analysis, including 27 measurements. Results Sagittal correction of class II malocclusion appeared to be mainly achieved by dentoalveolar changes in the FRD group. The TB was able to induce both skeletal and dentoalveolar changes. A favorable influence on facial convexity was achieved by both groups. Significant upper incisor retroclination occurred with the TB (−12.42°), whereas only −4° was observed in the FRD group. The lower incisors proclined more in the FRD group than the TB group. Incisor overjet reduction was 62% in the TB group versus 56% in the FRD group. Molar relation was corrected in both functional groups, resulting in a class I relation, although no change appeared in the control sample. Conclusion Both appliances were effective in correcting the class II malocclusion. Both the FRD and the TB induced significant maxillary and mandibular dentoalveolar changes; skeletal changes were induced by TB but not FRD therapy. PMID:25114591

  3. A comparison of the treatment effects of the Forsus Fatigue Resistance Device and the Twin Block appliance in patients with class II malocclusions.

    PubMed

    Hanoun, Abdulfatah; Al-Jewair, Thikriat S; Tabbaa, Sawsan; Allaymouni, Mhd Amer; Preston, Charles B

    2014-01-01

    We evaluated the skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of the Forsus Fatigue Resistance Device (FRD) and the Twin Block appliance (TB) in comparison with nontreated controls in the treatment of patients with class II division 1 malocclusion. THIS RETROSPECTIVE STUDY INCLUDED THREE GROUPS: TB (n=37; mean age, 11.2 years), FRD (n=30; mean age, 12.9 years), and controls (n=25; mean age, 12.6 years). Lateral cephalograms were evaluated at T1 (pretreatment) and at T2 (postappliance removal/equivalent time frame in controls). Cephalometric changes were evaluated using the Clark analysis, including 27 measurements. Sagittal correction of class II malocclusion appeared to be mainly achieved by dentoalveolar changes in the FRD group. The TB was able to induce both skeletal and dentoalveolar changes. A favorable influence on facial convexity was achieved by both groups. Significant upper incisor retroclination occurred with the TB (-12.42°), whereas only -4° was observed in the FRD group. The lower incisors proclined more in the FRD group than the TB group. Incisor overjet reduction was 62% in the TB group versus 56% in the FRD group. Molar relation was corrected in both functional groups, resulting in a class I relation, although no change appeared in the control sample. Both appliances were effective in correcting the class II malocclusion. Both the FRD and the TB induced significant maxillary and mandibular dentoalveolar changes; skeletal changes were induced by TB but not FRD therapy.

  4. Inhibition of fumarate reductase in Leishmania major and L. donovani by chalcones.

    PubMed

    Chen, M; Zhai, L; Christensen, S B; Theander, T G; Kharazmi, A

    2001-07-01

    Our previous studies have shown that chalcones exhibit potent antileishmanial and antimalarial activities in vitro and in vivo. Preliminary studies showed that these compounds destroyed the ultrastructure of Leishmania parasite mitochondria and inhibited the respiration and the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenases of Leishmania parasites. The present study was designed to further investigate the mechanism of action of chalcones, focusing on the parasite respiratory chain. The data show that licochalcone A inhibited the activity of fumarate reductase (FRD) in the permeabilized Leishmania major promastigote and in the parasite mitochondria, and it also inhibited solubilized FRD and a purified FRD from L. donovani. Two other chalcones, 2,4-dimethoxy-4'-allyloxychalcone (24m4ac) and 2,4-dimethoxy-4'-butoxychalcone (24mbc), also exhibited inhibitory effects on the activity of solubilized FRD in L. major promastigotes. Although licochalcone A inhibited the activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), NADH dehydrogenase (NDH), and succinate- and NADH-cytochrome c reductases in the parasite mitochondria, the 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) of licochalcone A for these enzymes were at least 20 times higher than that for FRD. The IC(50) of licochalcone A for SDH and NDH in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were at least 70 times higher than that for FRD. These findings indicate that FRD, one of the enzymes of the parasite respiratory chain, might be the specific target for the chalcones tested. Since FRD exists in the Leishmania parasite and does not exist in mammalian cells, it could be an excellent target for antiprotozoal drugs.

  5. Inhibition of Fumarate Reductase in Leishmania major and L. donovani by Chalcones

    PubMed Central

    Chen, Ming; Zhai, Lin; Christensen, Søren Brøgger; Theander, Thor G.; Kharazmi, Arsalan

    2001-01-01

    Our previous studies have shown that chalcones exhibit potent antileishmanial and antimalarial activities in vitro and in vivo. Preliminary studies showed that these compounds destroyed the ultrastructure of Leishmania parasite mitochondria and inhibited the respiration and the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenases of Leishmania parasites. The present study was designed to further investigate the mechanism of action of chalcones, focusing on the parasite respiratory chain. The data show that licochalcone A inhibited the activity of fumarate reductase (FRD) in the permeabilized Leishmania major promastigote and in the parasite mitochondria, and it also inhibited solubilized FRD and a purified FRD from L. donovani. Two other chalcones, 2,4-dimethoxy-4′-allyloxychalcone (24m4ac) and 2,4-dimethoxy-4′-butoxychalcone (24mbc), also exhibited inhibitory effects on the activity of solubilized FRD in L. major promastigotes. Although licochalcone A inhibited the activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), NADH dehydrogenase (NDH), and succinate- and NADH-cytochrome c reductases in the parasite mitochondria, the 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of licochalcone A for these enzymes were at least 20 times higher than that for FRD. The IC50 of licochalcone A for SDH and NDH in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were at least 70 times higher than that for FRD. These findings indicate that FRD, one of the enzymes of the parasite respiratory chain, might be the specific target for the chalcones tested. Since FRD exists in the Leishmania parasite and does not exist in mammalian cells, it could be an excellent target for antiprotozoal drugs. PMID:11408218

  6. 10 CFR 1045.20 - Ongoing call for declassification proposals.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... from the public or agencies or contractors for declassification of RD and FRD information on an ongoing basis. Declassification proposals for RD and FRD information shall be forwarded to the Chief Health... declassification proposals for FRD information. [62 FR 68509, Dec. 31, 1997, as amended at 71 FR 68737, Nov. 28...

  7. 10 CFR 1045.20 - Ongoing call for declassification proposals.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... from the public or agencies or contractors for declassification of RD and FRD information on an ongoing basis. Declassification proposals for RD and FRD information shall be forwarded to the Chief Health... declassification proposals for FRD information. [62 FR 68509, Dec. 31, 1997, as amended at 71 FR 68737, Nov. 28...

  8. 10 CFR 1045.20 - Ongoing call for declassification proposals.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... from the public or agencies or contractors for declassification of RD and FRD information on an ongoing basis. Declassification proposals for RD and FRD information shall be forwarded to the Chief Health... declassification proposals for FRD information. [62 FR 68509, Dec. 31, 1997, as amended at 71 FR 68737, Nov. 28...

  9. 10 CFR 1045.20 - Ongoing call for declassification proposals.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... from the public or agencies or contractors for declassification of RD and FRD information on an ongoing basis. Declassification proposals for RD and FRD information shall be forwarded to the Chief Health... declassification proposals for FRD information. [62 FR 68509, Dec. 31, 1997, as amended at 71 FR 68737, Nov. 28...

  10. 36 CFR § 1260.28 - Who is responsible for declassifying Restricted Data, Formerly Restricted Data, and...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... declassification of Formerly Restricted Data (FRD) (as defined in 10 CFR 1045.3) may only be performed after... the FRD marking may be removed. Declassification of Transclassified Foreign Nuclear Information (TFNI... record that contains RD, FRD, or TFNI shall be excluded from automatic declassification and referred by...

  11. 10 CFR 1045.20 - Ongoing call for declassification proposals.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... from the public or agencies or contractors for declassification of RD and FRD information on an ongoing basis. Declassification proposals for RD and FRD information shall be forwarded to the Chief Health... declassification proposals for FRD information. [62 FR 68509, Dec. 31, 1997, as amended at 71 FR 68737, Nov. 28...

  12. Regulation of succinate-ubiquinone reductase and fumarate reductase activities in human complex II by phosphorylation of its flavoprotein subunit.

    PubMed

    Tomitsuka, Eriko; Kita, Kiyoshi; Esumi, Hiroyasu

    2009-01-01

    Complex II (succinate-ubiquinone reductase; SQR) is a mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme that is directly involved in the TCA cycle. Complex II exerts a reverse reaction, fumarate reductase (FRD) activity, in various species such as bacteria, parasitic helminths and shellfish, but the existence of FRD activity in humans has not been previously reported. Here, we describe the detection of FRD activity in human cancer cells. The activity level was low, but distinct, and it increased significantly when the cells were cultured under hypoxic and glucose-deprived conditions. Treatment with phosphatase caused the dephosphorylation of flavoprotein subunit (Fp) with a concomitant increase in SQR activity, whereas FRD activity decreased. On the other hand, treatment with protein kinase caused an increase in FRD activity and a decrease in SQR activity. These data suggest that modification of the Fp subunit regulates both the SQR and FRD activities of complex II and that the phosphorylation of Fp might be important for maintaining mitochondrial energy metabolism within the tumor microenvironment.

  13. Long-Term Fructose Intake Increases Adipogenic Potential: Evidence of Direct Effects of Fructose on Adipocyte Precursor Cells

    PubMed Central

    Zubiría, María Guillermina; Alzamendi, Ana; Moreno, Griselda; Rey, María Amanda; Spinedi, Eduardo; Giovambattista, Andrés

    2016-01-01

    We have previously addressed that fructose rich diet (FRD) intake for three weeks increases the adipogenic potential of stromal vascular fraction cells from the retroperitoneal adipose tissue (RPAT). We have now evaluated the effect of prolonged FRD intake (eight weeks) on metabolic parameters, number of adipocyte precursor cells (APCs) and in vitro adipogenic potential from control (CTR) and FRD adult male rats. Additionally, we have examined the direct fructose effects on the adipogenic capacity of normal APCs. FRD fed rats had increased plasma levels of insulin, triglyceride and leptin, and RPAT mass and adipocyte size. FACS studies showed higher APCs number and adipogenic potential in FRD RPAT pads; data is supported by high mRNA levels of competency markers: PPARγ2 and Zfp423. Complementary in vitro experiments indicate that fructose-exposed normal APCs displayed an overall increased adipogenic capacity. We conclude that the RPAT mass expansion observed in eight week-FRD fed rats depends on combined accelerated adipogenesis and adipocyte hypertrophy, partially due to a direct effect of fructose on APCs. PMID:27049396

  14. Long-Term Fructose Intake Increases Adipogenic Potential: Evidence of Direct Effects of Fructose on Adipocyte Precursor Cells.

    PubMed

    Zubiría, María Guillermina; Alzamendi, Ana; Moreno, Griselda; Rey, María Amanda; Spinedi, Eduardo; Giovambattista, Andrés

    2016-04-02

    We have previously addressed that fructose rich diet (FRD) intake for three weeks increases the adipogenic potential of stromal vascular fraction cells from the retroperitoneal adipose tissue (RPAT). We have now evaluated the effect of prolonged FRD intake (eight weeks) on metabolic parameters, number of adipocyte precursor cells (APCs) and in vitro adipogenic potential from control (CTR) and FRD adult male rats. Additionally, we have examined the direct fructose effects on the adipogenic capacity of normal APCs. FRD fed rats had increased plasma levels of insulin, triglyceride and leptin, and RPAT mass and adipocyte size. FACS studies showed higher APCs number and adipogenic potential in FRD RPAT pads; data is supported by high mRNA levels of competency markers: PPARγ2 and Zfp423. Complementary in vitro experiments indicate that fructose-exposed normal APCs displayed an overall increased adipogenic capacity. We conclude that the RPAT mass expansion observed in eight week-FRD fed rats depends on combined accelerated adipogenesis and adipocyte hypertrophy, partially due to a direct effect of fructose on APCs.

  15. Focal ratio degradation and transmission in VIRUS-P optical fibers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Murphy, Jeremy D.; MacQueen, Phillip J.; Hill, Gary J.; Grupp, Frank; Kelz, Andreas; Palunas, Povilas; Roth, Martin; Fry, Alexander

    2008-07-01

    We have conducted extensive tests of both transmission and focal ratio degradation (FRD) on two integral field units currently in use on the VIRUS-P integral field spectrograph. VIRUS-P is a prototype for the VIRUS instrument proposed for the Hobby-Eberly Telescope at McDonald Observatory. All tests have been conducted at an input f-ratio of F/3.65 and with an 18% central obscuration in order to simulate optical conditions on the HET. Transmission measurements were conducted with narrow-band interference filters (FWHM: 10 nm) at 10 discrete wavelengths (337 to 600 nm), while FRD tests were made at 365 nm, 400 nm and 600 nm. The influence of wavelength, end immersion, fiber type and length on both FRD and transmission is explored. Most notably, we find no wavelength dependence on FRD down to 365 nm. All fibers tested are within the VIRUS instrument specifications for both FRD and transmission. We present the details of our differential FRD testing method and explain a simple and robust technique of aligning the test bench and optical fiber axes to within +/-0.1 degrees.

  16. Deriving fractional rate of degradation of logistic-exponential (LE) model to evaluate early in vitro fermentation.

    PubMed

    Wang, M; Sun, X Z; Tang, S X; Tan, Z L; Pacheco, D

    2013-06-01

    Water-soluble components of feedstuffs are mainly utilized during the early phase of microbial fermentation, which could be deemed an important determinant of gas production behavior in vitro. Many studies proposed that the fractional rate of degradation (FRD) estimated by fitting gas production curves to mathematical models might be used to characterize the early incubation for in vitro systems. In this study, the mathematical concept of FRD was developed on the basis of the Logistic-Exponential (LE) model, with initial gas volume being zero (LE0). The FRD of the LE0 model exhibits a continuous increase from initial (FRD 0) toward final asymptotic value (FRD F) with longer incubation time. The relationships between the FRD and gas production at incubation times 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h were compared for four models, in addition to LE0, Generalization of the Mitscherlich (GM), c th order Michaelis-Menten (MM) and Exponential with a discrete LAG (EXPLAG). A total of 94 in vitro gas curves from four subsets with a wide range of feedstuffs from different laboratories and incubation periods were used for model testing. Results indicated that compared with the GM, MM and EXPLAG models, the FRD of LE0 model consistently had stronger correlations with gas production across the four subsets, especially at incubation times 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 h. Thus, the LE0 model was deemed to provide a better representation of the early fermentation rates. Furthermore, the FRD 0 also exhibited strong correlations (P < 0.05) with gas production at early incubation times 2, 4, 6 and 8 h across all four subsets. In summary, the FRD of LE0 model provides an alternative to quantify the rate of early stage incubation, and its initial value could be an important starting parameter of rate.

  17. Comparison of the overlapping frd and ampC operons of Escherichia coli with the corresponding DNA sequences in other gram-negative bacteria.

    PubMed

    Bergström, S; Lindberg, F P; Olsson, O; Normark, S

    1983-09-01

    Specific DNA probes from Escherichia coli K-12 were used to analyze the sequence divergence of the frd and ampC operons in various species of gram-negative bacteria. These operons code for the fumarate reductase complex and the chromosomal beta-lactamase, respectively. We demonstrate that the two operons show the same general pattern of divergence, although the frd operon is considerably more conserved than is the ampC operon. The major exception is Salmonella typhimurium LT2, which shows a strong homology to the E. coli frd probe but none to the E. coli ampC probe. The operons from Citrobacter freundii and Shigella sonnei were cloned and characterized by physical mapping, Southern hybridization, and protein synthesis in minicells. In S. sonnei, as in E. coli K-12, the frd and ampC operons overlap (T. Grundström and B. Jaurin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79:1111-1115, 1982). Only minor discrepancies between the two operons were found over the entire frd-ampC region. In C. freundii, the ampC and frd operons do not overlap, being separated by about 1,100 base pairs. Presumably the inducible property of the C. freundii chromosomal beta-lactamase is encoded by this 1,100-base-pair DNA segment.

  18. Naringin prevents the inhibition of intestinal Ca2+ absorption induced by a fructose rich diet.

    PubMed

    Rodríguez, V; Rivoira, M; Guizzardi, S; Tolosa de Talamoni, N

    2017-12-15

    This study tries to elucidate the mechanisms by which fructose rich diets (FRD) inhibit the rat intestinal Ca 2+ absorption, and determine if any or all underlying alterations are prevented by naringin (NAR). Male rats were divided into: 1) controls, 2) treated with FRD, 3) treated with FRD and NAR. The intestinal Ca 2+ absorption and proteins of the transcellular and paracellular Ca 2+ pathways were measured. Oxidative/nitrosative stress and inflammation parameters were evaluated. FRD rats showed inhibition of the intestinal Ca 2+ absorption and decrease in the protein expression of molecules of both Ca 2+ pathways, which were blocked by NAR. FRD rats showed an increase in the superoxide anion, a decrease in the glutathione and in the enzymatic activities of the antioxidant system, as well as an increase in the NO content and in the nitrotyrosine content of proteins. They also exhibited an increase in both IL-6 and nuclear NF-κB. All these changes were prevented by NAR. In conclusion, FRD inhibit both pathways of the intestinal Ca 2+ absorption due to the oxidative/nitrosative stress and inflammation. Since NAR prevents the oxidative/nitrosative stress and inflammation, it might be a drug to avoid alteration in the intestinal Ca 2+ absorption caused by FRD. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  19. 36 CFR 1260.28 - Who is responsible for declassifying Restricted Data, Formerly Restricted Data, and...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... Restricted Data (FRD) (as defined in 10 CFR 1045.3) may only be performed after designated officials within DOE, in conjunction with designated officials within DOD, have determined that the FRD marking may be....24(i)) may be performed only by designated officials within DOE. (b) Any record that contains RD, FRD...

  20. 36 CFR 1260.28 - Who is responsible for declassifying Restricted Data, Formerly Restricted Data, and...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... Restricted Data (FRD) (as defined in 10 CFR 1045.3) may only be performed after designated officials within DOE, in conjunction with designated officials within DOD, have determined that the FRD marking may be....24(i)) may be performed only by designated officials within DOE. (b) Any record that contains RD, FRD...

  1. Influence of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction and Friction-Related Disease on the Severity of Dry Eye.

    PubMed

    Vu, Chi Hoang Viet; Kawashima, Motoko; Yamada, Masakazu; Suwaki, Kazuhisa; Uchino, Miki; Shigeyasu, Chika; Hiratsuka, Yoshimune; Yokoi, Norihiko; Tsubota, Kazuo

    2018-02-16

    To evaluate the effect of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and friction-related disease (FRD) on the severity of dry eye disease (DED). Cross-sectional observational study. This study enrolled 449 patients with DED (63 men and 386 women; mean age, 62.6±15.7 years [range, 21-90 years]) for analysis. Subjective symptoms, the ocular surface, tear function, and the presence of MGD and FRD (superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, conjunctivochalasis, and lid wiper epitheliopathy) were investigated. Schirmer value, tear film breakup time (TBUT), and keratoconjunctival score. We classified the participants into aqueous-deficient dry eye (ADDE; n = 231 [51.4%]) and short TBUT dry eye subtype (TBUT-DE; n = 109 [24.3%]) subgroups. The TBUT was shorter in patients with MGD than in those without MGD, whereas other ocular signs showed no difference (TBUT: MGD present, 1.97±1.02 seconds; MGD absent, 2.94±1.63 seconds [P < 0.001]; ADDE/MGD present, 1.94±1.08 seconds; ADDE/MGD absent, 2.77±1.61 seconds [P < 0.001]; short TBUT-DE/MGD present, 2.07±0.97 seconds; short TBUT-DE/MGD absent, 2.94±1.23 seconds [P = 0.01]). The ADDE patients with FRD showed a worse TBUT than ADDE patients without FRD (TBUT: ADDE/FRD present, 2.08±1.39 seconds; ADDE/FRD absent, 2.92±1.54 seconds; P < 0.001). This study showed associations between MGD, FRD, or both and ocular signs in DED. In the presence of MGD, FRD, or both, TBUT was significantly shortened regardless of the dry eye status or subtype. Copyright © 2018 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  2. Antioxidant treatment prevents the development of fructose-induced abdominal adipose tissue dysfunction.

    PubMed

    Fariña, Juan Pablo; García, María Elisa; Alzamendi, Ana; Giovambattista, Andrés; Marra, Carlos Alberto; Spinedi, Eduardo; Gagliardino, Juan José

    2013-07-01

    In the present study, we tested the effect of OS (oxidative stress) inhibition in rats fed on an FRD [fructose-rich diet; 10% (w/v) in drinking water] for 3 weeks. Normal adult male rats received a standard CD (commercial diet) or an FRD without or with an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, APO (apocynin; 5 mM in drinking water; CD-APO and FRD-APO). We thereafter measured plasma OS and metabolic-endocrine markers, AAT (abdominal adipose tissue) mass and cell size, FA (fatty acid) composition (content and release), OS status, LEP (leptin) and IRS (insulin receptor substrate)-1/IRS-2 mRNAs, ROS (reactive oxygen species) production, NADPH oxidase activity and LEP release by isolated AAT adipocytes. FRD-fed rats had larger AAT mass without changes in body weight, and higher plasma levels of TAG (triacylglycerol), FAs, TBARS (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance) and LEP. Although no significant changes in glucose and insulin plasma levels were observed in these animals, their HOMA-IR (homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) values were significantly higher than those of CD. The AAT from FRD-fed rats had larger adipocytes, higher saturated FA content, higher NADPH oxidase activity, greater ROS production, a distorted FA content/release pattern, lower insulin sensitivity together with higher and lower mRNA content of LEP and IRS-1-/2 respectively, and released a larger amount of LEP. The development of all the clinical, OS, metabolic, endocrine and molecular changes induced by the FRD were significantly prevented by APO co-administration. The fact that APO treatment prevented both changes in NADPH oxidase activity and the development of all the FRD-induced AAT dysfunctions in normal rats strongly suggests that OS plays an important role in the FRD-induced MS (metabolic syndrome) phenotype.

  3. Perinuclear antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody and response to treatment in diarrheic dogs with food responsive disease or inflammatory bowel disease.

    PubMed

    Luckschander, Nicole; Allenspach, Karin; Hall, Jean; Seibold, Frank; Gröne, Andrea; Doherr, Marcus G; Gaschen, Frédéric

    2006-01-01

    The goal of this study was to investigate the correlation between perinuclear antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody (pANCA) and clinical scores before and after treatment in diarrheic dogs with food-responsive disease (FRD) or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). pANCA serology was evaluated prospectively by indirect immunofluorescence in 65 dogs with signs of gastrointestinal disease, and if positive, pANCA antibody titers were determined. Thirty-nine dogs with FRD responded to a novel diet, and 26 dogs with IBD were treated with corticosteroids. The severity of clinical signs was scored by means of a canine IBD activity index (CIBDAI). At initial examination, a significantly (P = .002) higher percentage of dogs were pANCA-positive in the FRD group (62%) compared with the IBD group (23%). pANCA titers were significantly higher (P = .003) before treatment in the FRD group (median titer 100) compared with the IBD group (median titer 1). However, there was no difference in pANCA titers between the groups after respective treatments because dogs in the IBD group had a significant increase in pANCA titer after treatment. The CIBDAI score decreased significantly (P < .001) after treatment in both groups (74% moderate to severe in FRD dogs before versus 8% after treatment; 85% moderate to severe in IBD dogs before versus 32% after treatment). There was no correlation between pANCA status in FRD or IBD dogs before treatment and scores for CIBDAI, endoscopy, or histopathology before or after treatment, except for the endoscopic duodenal score in dogs with FRD after treatment (P = .03). A positive pANCA test before therapy may aid in the diagnosis of FRD.

  4. A new approach to developing a fugitive road dust emission inventory and emission trend from 2006 to 2010 in the beijing metropolitan area, china.

    PubMed

    Fan, Shoubin; Tian, Gang; Cheng, Shuiyuan; Qin, Jianping

    2013-07-01

    The USEPA emission factor (AP-42) of fugitive road dust (FRD) is widely used in establishing emission inventories. However, road silt loading sampling for AP-42 is expensive, time consuming, and dangerous. Therefore, a new method for establishing emission inventories based on road dust-fall (DF) monitors is described. Between January 2006 and December 2010, DF was monitored at 40 sites (80 samples), and background dust fall (DF) was monitored at 14 sites in the Beijing metropolitan area. Also during this period, 58 samples of road silt loadings were taken and used in the AP-42 emission factor equation to calculate FRD with particulate matter ≤10 μm in diameter [FRD(PM)] emission from the roads. Simultaneous measurement of FRD(PM) emissions calculated by AP-42 and ΔDF (i.e., the difference between the DF and DF) measured using gauges showed that the FRD(PM) emission for road dust was proportional to the ΔDF ( = 0.92). The FRD(PM) emission (kg km × 30 d) was calculated using the monitored ΔDF (t km × 30 d) by the formulation FRD(PM) = 278.3 × ΔDF - 1151.2. The ΔDF showed a general decline from 2006 to 2010. In particular, there was a sharp decline in August, September, and October 2008 due to strict dust controls enforced during the 2008 Olympic Games. Although there was a small increase in ΔDF after the Games, by the end of 2010 values were still lower than those before the Games. Using the 2006 ΔDF value as a benchmark, ΔDF values declined by 24.7, 33.0, 38.3, and 31.4% in 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010, respectively. Based on using AP-42 calculations from silt loading and traffic information in 2007, the FRD(PM) emission distribution in the Beijing metropolitan area was mapped, and there were 2.05 × 10 tons of FRD(PM) emitted in 2007. The FRD(PM) from 2006 to 2010 was calculated by the ΔDF values. Copyright © by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.

  5. The RavA-ViaA Chaperone-Like System Interacts with and Modulates the Activity of the Fumarate Reductase Respiratory Complex.

    PubMed

    Wong, Keith S; Bhandari, Vaibhav; Janga, Sarath Chandra; Houry, Walid A

    2017-01-20

    Regulatory ATPase variant A (RavA) is a MoxR AAA+ protein that functions together with a partner protein that we termed VWA interacting with AAA+ ATPase (ViaA) containing a von Willebrand Factor A domain. However, the functional role of RavA-ViaA in the cell is not yet well established. Here, we show that RavA-ViaA are functionally associated with anaerobic respiration in Escherichia coli through interactions with the fumarate reductase (Frd) electron transport complex. Expression analysis of ravA and viaA genes showed that both proteins are co-expressed with multiple anaerobic respiratory genes, many of which are regulated by the anaerobic transcriptional regulator Fnr. Consistently, the expression of both ravA and viaA was found to be dependent on Fnr in cells grown under oxygen-limiting condition. ViaA was found to physically interact with FrdA, the flavin-containing subunit of the Frd complex. Both RavA and the Fe-S-containing subunit of the Frd complex, FrdB, regulate this interaction. Importantly, Frd activity was observed to increase in the absence of RavA and ViaA. This indicates that RavA and ViaA modulate the activity of the Frd complex, signifying a potential regulatory chaperone-like function for RavA-ViaA during bacterial anaerobic respiration with fumarate as the terminal electron acceptor. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  6. Focal ratio degradation: a new perspective

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Haynes, Dionne M.; Withford, Michael J.; Dawes, Judith M.; Haynes, Roger; Bland-Hawthorn, Joss

    2008-07-01

    We have developed an alternative FRD empirical model for the parallel laser beam technique which can accommodate contributions from both scattering and modal diffusion. It is consistent with scattering inducing a Lorentzian contribution and modal diffusion inducing a Gaussian contribution. The convolution of these two functions produces a Voigt function which is shown to better simulate the observed behavior of the FRD distribution and provides a greatly improved fit over the standard Gaussian fitting approach. The Voigt model can also be used to quantify the amount of energy displaced by FRD, therefore allowing astronomical instrument scientists to identify, quantify and potentially minimize the various sources of FRD, and optimise the fiber and instrument performance.

  7. Catalytically important flavin linked through a phosphoester bond in a eukaryotic fumarate reductase.

    PubMed

    Serebryakova, Marina V; Bertsova, Yulia V; Sokolov, Svyatoslav S; Kolesnikov, Alexander A; Baykov, Alexander A; Bogachev, Alexander V

    2018-06-01

    One of the three domains of kinetoplastid NADH:fumarate oxidoreductase (FRD) is homologous to bacterial flavin transferase that catalyzes transfer of FMN residue from FAD to threonine in flavoproteins. Leptomonas pyrrhocoris FRD produced in yeast cells, which lack flavin transferase gene in their proteome, reduces fumarate in the presence of NADH and contains an FMN residue covalently linked to a Ser9 residue. The conserved flavinylation motif of FRD, D 3 (g/s)x(s/t)(s/g)AS 9 , is similar to the Dxx(s/t)gAT motif recognized by flavin transferase in prokaryotic proteins. Ser9 replacement abolished the flavinylation and fumarate reductase activity of FRD. These findings suggest that the flavinylation is important for the activity of FRD and that this post-translational modification is carried out by the own flavin transferase domain. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. and Société Française de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire (SFBBM). All rights reserved.

  8. A new method to quantitatively compare focal ratio degradation due to different end termination techniques

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Poppett, Claire; Allington-Smith, Jeremy

    2010-07-01

    We investigate the FRD performance of a 150 μm core fibre for its suitability to the SIDE project.1 This work builds on our previous work2 (Paper 1) where we examined the dependence of FRD on length in fibres with a core size of 100 μm and proposed a new multi-component model to explain the results. In order to predict the FRD characteristics of a fibre, the most commonly used model is an adaptation of the Gloge8model by Carrasco and Parry3 which quantifies the the number of scattering defects within an optical bre using a single parameter, d0. The model predicts many trends which are seen experimentally, for example, a decrease in FRD as core diameter increases, and also as wavelength increases. However the model also predicts a strong dependence on FRD with length that is not seen experimentally. By adapting the single fibre model to include a second fibre, we can quantify the amount of FRD due to stress caused by the method of termination. By fitting the model to experimental data we find that polishing the fibre causes a small increase in stress to be induced in the end of the fibre compared to a simple cleave technique.

  9. Natural Variation at the FRD3 MATE Transporter Locus Reveals Cross-Talk between Fe Homeostasis and Zn Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana

    PubMed Central

    Pineau, Christophe; Loubet, Stéphanie; Lefoulon, Cécile; Chalies, Claude; Fizames, Cécile; Lacombe, Benoit; Ferrand, Marina; Loudet, Olivier; Berthomieu, Pierre; Richard, Odile

    2012-01-01

    Zinc (Zn) is essential for the optimal growth of plants but is toxic if present in excess, so Zn homeostasis needs to be finely tuned. Understanding Zn homeostasis mechanisms in plants will help in the development of innovative approaches for the phytoremediation of Zn-contaminated sites. In this study, Zn tolerance quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified by analyzing differences in the Bay-0 and Shahdara accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana. Fine-scale mapping showed that a variant of the Fe homeostasis-related FERRIC REDUCTASE DEFECTIVE3 (FRD3) gene, which encodes a multidrug and toxin efflux (MATE) transporter, is responsible for reduced Zn tolerance in A. thaliana. Allelic variation in FRD3 revealed which amino acids are necessary for FRD3 function. In addition, the results of allele-specific expression assays in F1 individuals provide evidence for the existence of at least one putative metal-responsive cis-regulatory element. Our results suggest that FRD3 works as a multimer and is involved in loading Zn into xylem. Cross-homeostasis between Fe and Zn therefore appears to be important for Zn tolerance in A. thaliana with FRD3 acting as an essential regulator. PMID:23236296

  10. Effects of fructose-induced metabolic syndrome on rat skeletal cells and tissue, and their responses to metformin treatment.

    PubMed

    Felice, Juan Ignacio; Schurman, León; McCarthy, Antonio Desmond; Sedlinsky, Claudia; Aguirre, José Ignacio; Cortizo, Ana María

    2017-04-01

    Deleterious effects of metabolic syndrome (MS) on bone are still controversial. In this study we evaluated the effects of a fructose-induced MS, and/or an oral treatment with metformin on the osteogenic potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), as well as on bone formation and architecture. 32 male 8week-old Wistar rats were assigned to four groups: control (C), control plus oral metformin (CM), rats receiving 10% fructose in drinking water (FRD), and FRD plus metformin (FRDM). Samples were collected to measure blood parameters, and to perform pQCT analysis and static and dynamic histomorphometry. MSC were isolated to determine their osteogenic potential. Metformin improved blood parameters in FRDM rats. pQCT and static and dynamic histomorphometry showed no significant differences in trabecular and cortical bone parameters among groups. FRD reduced TRAP expression and osteocyte density in trabecular bone and metformin only normalized osteocyte density. FRD decreased the osteogenic potential of MSC and metformin administration could revert some of these parameters. FRD-induced MS shows reduction in MSC osteogenic potential, in osteocyte density and in TRAP activity. Oral metformin treatment was able to prevent trabecular osteocyte loss and the reduction in extracellular mineralization induced by FRD-induced MS. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  11. Effect of fructose-reduced diet in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, and its correlation to a standard fructose breath test.

    PubMed

    Berg, Leif Kyrre; Fagerli, Erik; Martinussen, Marit; Myhre, Arnt-Otto; Florholmen, Jon; Goll, Rasmus

    2013-08-01

    To perform a validation of dairy registrations for use as diagnostic tool in IBS and fructose malabsorption (FM). To investigate the precision of the fructose breath test (FBT) as compared with symptom score reduction on fructose-reduced diet (FRD) in a cohort of patients with Rome II defined irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). IBS patients diagnosed according to the Rome II criteria and with no organic gastrointestinal disease were enrolled. The patients were randomized in an open study design with a 2 week run-in on IBS diet, followed by 4 weeks w/wo additional FRD. FBT was performed in all patients. Dairy registrations of stool frequency and consistency as well as abdominal pain/discomfort and bloating on a visual analog scale (VAS) were performed during the whole study. A total of 182 subjects performed the study according to protocol (88 FRD, 94 controls). The VAS symptom registration performed well in validation procedures, whereas stool data showed less impressive characteristics. FRD improved symptom scores (abdominal pain/discomfort and bloating) significantly whereas no changes were observed in the control group. The effect of FRD on the stool frequency was modest but no effect was observed on the stool consistency. The FBT did not discriminate between patients with and without effect of FRD, and even in the group with a negative FBT significant improvement of symptom scores was observed. VAS measures yield reliable symptom evaluation in dairy registrations of IBS. FRD improves symptom scores in IBS patients independent of results from the FBT.

  12. Increased male offspring's risk of metabolic-neuroendocrine dysfunction and overweight after fructose-rich diet intake by the lactating mother.

    PubMed

    Alzamendi, Ana; Castrogiovanni, Daniel; Gaillard, Rolf C; Spinedi, Eduardo; Giovambattista, Andrés

    2010-09-01

    An adverse endogenous environment during early life predisposes the organism to develop metabolic disorders. We evaluated the impact of intake of an iso-caloric fructose rich diet (FRD) by lactating mothers (LM) on several metabolic functions of their male offspring. On postnatal d 1, ad libitum eating, lactating Sprague-Dawley rats received either 10% F (wt/vol; FRD-LM) or tap water (controls, CTR-LM) to drink throughout lactation. Weaned male offspring were fed ad libitum a normal diet, and body weight (BW) and food intake were registered until experimentation (60 d of age). Basal circulating levels of metabolic markers were evaluated. Both iv glucose tolerance and hypothalamic leptin sensitivity tests were performed. The hypothalamus was dissected for isolation of total RNA and Western blot analysis. Retroperitoneal (RP) adipose tissue was dissected and either kept frozen for gene analysis or digested to isolate adipocytes or for histological studies. FRD rats showed increased BW and decreased hypothalamic sensitivity to exogenous leptin, enhanced food intake (between 49-60 d), and decreased hypothalamic expression of several anorexigenic signals. FRD rats developed increased insulin and leptin peripheral levels and decreased adiponectinemia; although FRD rats normally tolerated glucose excess, it was associated with enhanced insulin secretion. FRD RP adipocytes were enlarged and spontaneously released high leptin, although they were less sensitive to insulin-induced leptin release. Accordingly, RP fat leptin gene expression was high in FRD rats. Excessive fructose consumption by lactating mothers resulted in deep neuroendocrine-metabolic disorders of their male offspring, probably enhancing the susceptibility to develop overweight/obesity during adult life.

  13. Evaluation of serum biochemical marker concentrations and survival time in dogs with protein-losing enteropathy.

    PubMed

    Equilino, Mirjam; Théodoloz, Vincent; Gorgas, Daniela; Doherr, Marcus G; Heilmann, Romy M; Suchodolski, Jan S; Steiner, Jörg M; Burgener Dvm, Iwan A

    2015-01-01

    To evaluate serum concentrations of biochemical markers and survival time in dogs with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE). Prospective study. 29 dogs with PLE and 18 dogs with food-responsive diarrhea (FRD). Data regarding serum concentrations of various biochemical markers at the initial evaluation were available for 18 of the 29 dogs with PLE and compared with findings for dogs with FRD. Correlations between biochemical marker concentrations and survival time (interval between time of initial evaluation and death or euthanasia) for dogs with PLE were evaluated. Serum C-reactive protein concentration was high in 13 of 18 dogs with PLE and in 2 of 18 dogs with FRD. Serum concentration of canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity was high in 3 dogs with PLE but within the reference interval in all dogs with FRD. Serum α1-proteinase inhibitor concentration was less than the lower reference limit in 9 dogs with PLE and 1 dog with FRD. Compared with findings in dogs with FRD, values of those 3 variables in dogs with PLE were significantly different. Serum calprotectin (measured by radioimmunoassay and ELISA) and S100A12 concentrations were high but did not differ significantly between groups. Seventeen of the 29 dogs with PLE were euthanized owing to this disease; median survival time was 67 days (range, 2 to 2,551 days). Serum C-reactive protein, canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity, and α1-proteinase inhibitor concentrations differed significantly between dogs with PLE and FRD. Most initial biomarker concentrations were not predictive of survival time in dogs with PLE.

  14. Nuclear receptor and target gene mRNA abundance in duodenum and colon of dogs with chronic enteropathies.

    PubMed

    Greger, D L; Gropp, F; Morel, C; Sauter, S; Blum, J W

    2006-11-01

    Nuclear receptors (NR), such as constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), pregnane X receptor (PXR) and peroxisome proliferator-associated receptors alpha and gamma (PPARalpha, PPARgamma) are mediators of inflammation and may be involved in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and food responsive diarrhea (FRD) of dogs. The present study compared mRNA abundance of NR and NR target genes [multi drug-resistance gene-1 (MDR1), multiple drug-resistance-associated proteins (MRD2, MRD3), cytochrome P450 (CYP3A12), phenol-sulfating phenol sulfotransferase (SULT1A1) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST A3-3)] in biopsies obtained from duodenum and colon of dogs with IBD and FRD and healthy control dogs (CON; n=7 per group). Upon first presentation of dogs, mRNA levels of PPARalpha, PPARgamma, CAR, PXR and RXRalpha in duodenum as well as PPARgamma, CAR, PXR and RXRalpha in colon were not different among groups (P>0.10). Although mRNA abundance of PPARalpha in colon of dogs with FRD was similar in both IBD and CON (P>0.10), PPARalpha mRNA abundance was higher in IBD than CON (P<0.05). Levels of mRNA of MDR1 in duodenum were higher in FRD than IBD (P<0.05) or CON (P<0.001). Compared with CON, abundances of mRNA for MRP2, CYP3A12 and SULT1A1 were higher in both FRD and IBD than CON (P<0.05). Differences in mRNA levels of PPARalpha and MRP2 in colon and MDR1, MRP2, CYP3A12 and SULT1A1 in duodenum may be indicative for enteropathy in FRD and (or) IBD dogs relative to healthy dogs. More importantly, increased expression of MDR1 in FRD relative to IBD in duodenum may be a useful diagnostic marker to distinguish dogs with FRD from dogs with IBD.

  15. Parametrial adipose tissue and metabolic dysfunctions induced by fructose-rich diet in normal and neonatal-androgenized adult female rats.

    PubMed

    Alzamendi, Ana; Castrogiovanni, Daniel; Ortega, Hugo H; Gaillard, Rolf C; Giovambattista, Andres; Spinedi, Eduardo

    2010-03-01

    Hyperandrogenemia predisposes an organism toward developing impaired insulin sensitivity. The aim of our study was to evaluate endocrine and metabolic effects during early allostasis induced by a fructose-rich diet (FRD) in normal (control; CT) and neonatal-androgenized (testosterone propionate; TP) female adult rats. CT and TP rats were fed either a normal diet (ND) or an FRD for 3 weeks immediately before the day of study, which was at age 100 days. Energy intake, body weight (BW), parametrial (PM) fat characteristics, and endocrine/metabolic biomarkers were then evaluated. Daily energy intake was similar in CT and TP rats regardless of the differences in diet. When compared with CT-ND rats, the TP-ND rats were heavier, had larger PM fat, and were characterized by basal hypoadiponectinemia and enhanced plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and leptin. FRD-fed CT rats, when compared with CT-ND rats, had high plasma levels of NEFA, triglyceride (TG), PAI-1, leptin, and adiponectin. The TP-FRD rats, when compared with TP-ND rats, displayed enhanced leptinemia and triglyceridemia, and were hyperinsulinemic, with glucose intolerance. The PM fat taken from TP rats displayed increase in the size of adipocytes, decrease in adiponectin (protein/gene), and a greater abundance of the leptin gene. PM adipocyte response to insulin was impaired in CT-FRD, TP-ND, and TP-FRD rats. A very short duration of isocaloric FRD intake in TP rats induced severe metabolic dysfunction at the reproductive age. Our study supports the hypothesis that the early-androgenized female rat phenotype is highly susceptible to developing endocrine/metabolic dysfunction. In turn, these abnormalities enhance the risk of metabolic syndrome, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

  16. Comparative evaluation of soft tissue changes one year post-treatment in Twin Block and FORSUS FRD treated patients.

    PubMed

    Chaudhary, Dinesh Chander; Kumar, Prasanna; Sharma, Mohit; Nehra, Karan

    2016-10-01

    The objective of this study was to compare and evaluate the effects of two functional treatment modalities, namely, Twin Block (TB) and FORSUS fatigue resistant device (FORSUS FRD) on facial soft tissues before and at one-year post-treatment. This was a retrospective cephalometric study involving 10 patients with skeletal class II abnormalities in each group. The mean age of patients was 12.5 ± 1.5 and 13.5 ± 1 years and treatment duration 20 ± 2 and 18 ± 2 months, respectively for TB and FORSUS FRD groups, respectively. The pre-treatment (T0) and one-year post-treatment cephalograms (T1) were compared for evaluation. Data were analysed using a paired t -test and independent sample t -test for within-group and between-group comparisons, respectively. The groups were compared at T0 and T1, and treatment/observation differences (T1 - T0) were evaluated with paired samples t -test at P  < 0.05 level and unpaired sample t -test for group comparison. Statistically significant treatment changes were found for soft tissue changes in both TB and FORSUS FRD groups. Between the two groups, TB showed significant increase in the LAFH compared to the FORSUS FRD group. Statistically significant soft tissue changes were observed after TB and FORSUS FRD appliance therapy, resulting in improvement of facial balance and aesthetics. Both, TB and FORSUS FRD, have similar effects on soft tissues, but the effect of TB on LAFH and that of FORSUS on mentolabial sulcus was more profound.

  17. Evaluation of Serum 3-Bromotyrosine Concentrations in Dogs with Steroid-Responsive Diarrhea and Food-Responsive Diarrhea.

    PubMed

    Sattasathuchana, P; Allenspach, K; Lopes, R; Suchodolski, J S; Steiner, J M

    2017-07-01

    The clinical usefulness of serum 3-BrY concentrations for subclassifying dogs with food-responsive diarrhea (FRD) and steroid-responsive diarrhea (SRD) has not been studied. To compare serum 3-BrY concentrations in dogs with FRD, dogs with SRD, and healthy control dogs. 38 dogs with FRD, 14 dogs with SRD, and 46 healthy dogs. Prospective study. Measurement of 3-BrY concentration in serum samples was performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. There was no association of peripheral eosinophilia in dogs with FRD, SRD, and healthy control dogs (P = 0.069). There was no significant correlation between peripheral eosinophil counts and serum 3-BrY concentrations (ρ = -0.15, P = 0.13). Serum 3-BrY concentrations in dogs with SRD (median [range] = 3.27, 0.9-26.23 μmol/L) were significantly higher than in dogs with FRD (median [range] = 0.99, 0.62-8.82 μmol/L; P = 0.007) or in healthy dogs (median [range] = 0.62, 0.62-1.79 μmol/L; P < 0.001). Also, serum 3-BrY concentrations in dogs with FRD were significantly higher than in healthy dogs (P = 0.025). There was no significant correlation between the canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index and serum 3-BrY concentrations (ρ = 0.17, P = 0.23). Measurement of serum 3-BrY concentrations, but not the peripheral eosinophil count, is helpful for detecting dogs with SRD and FRD. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.

  18. Treatment effects of the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device used with miniscrew anchorage.

    PubMed

    Aslan, Belma I; Kucukkaraca, Ebru; Turkoz, Cagri; Dincer, Mufide

    2014-01-01

    To evaluate the dentofacial effects of the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device (FRD) used with miniscrew anchorage (FRDMS) and compare them with those of conventional FRD and an untreated Class II control group. The sample consisted of 48 Class II subjects. Sixteen patients (13.68 ± 1.09 years of age) were treated with FRDMS, whereas 17 subjects (14.64 ± 1.56 years of age) were treated with only FRD. Also, a control sample of 15 untreated Class II subjects (14.13 ± 1.50 years of age) was constructed. Angular and linear measurements were made on 96 lateral cephalograms. Paired t, one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey tests were used for statistical analysis. Class I molar relationship and overjet correction were achieved in an average period of 6.5 ± 1.97 and 5.5 ± 1.80 months in the FRDMS and FRD groups, respectively. No skeletal effect was determined in both treatment groups. Greater overbite correction was found in the FRD group. Retrusion and extrusion of maxillary incisors, distalization of maxillary molars, and extrusion of mandibular molars were significant in both treatment groups. Labial tipping of mandibular incisors was significantly greater in the FRD group than in the FRDMS group. Overjet and molar correction was totally dentoalveolar. Unfavorable labial tipping of mandibular incisors was effectively minimized with the usage of miniscrews.

  19. Comparison of the intestinal mucosal microbiota in dogs diagnosed with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease and dogs with food-responsive diarrhea before and after treatment.

    PubMed

    Kalenyak, Katja; Isaiah, Anitha; Heilmann, Romy M; Suchodolski, Jan S; Burgener, Iwan A

    2018-02-01

    We report the first study to evaluate the intestinal mucosal microbiota of dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and dogs with food-responsive diarrhea (FRD) before and after treatment. It was hypothesized that differences in the microbial composition exist between both disease groups and within groups pre- vs. post-treatment. Duodenal and colonic biopsies were obtained endoscopically from 24 dogs (15 FRD, 9 IBD) before and after treatment. The intestinal microbiota was evaluated by Illumina sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. The global bacterial composition did not differ between IBD and FRD dogs, nor between treatment status. However, several bacterial taxa showed a difference in abundance. Comparing disease groups, an unclassified genus of Neisseriaceae was abundant in the duodenum in the IBD group, whereas Bilophila occurred more frequently in the duodenum and Burkholderia in the colon of FRD dogs. Comparing the microbiota pre- and post-treatment revealed Enterococcus, Corynebacterium and Proteobacteria to be enriched in the duodenum of FRD dogs pre-treatment, while Bacteroides was abundant in the colon post-treatment. In dogs with IBD, Bacteroides also reached significant abundance in the colon post-treatment. In conclusion, some differences in individual bacterial taxa were identified between IBD and FRD dogs and between treatment status. © FEMS 2017. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

  20. Comparison of the effects of fixed and removable functional appliances on the skeletal and dentoalveolar structures.

    PubMed

    Bilgiç, Fundagül; Hamamci, Orhan; Başaran, Güvenç

    2011-11-01

    To compare and analyse the effects of activator and Forsus FRD EZ appliances in the treatment of skeletal Class II division I malocclusion. Lateral cephalograms and hand-wrist radiographs were collected from 24 Class II division I growing patients (14 females, 10 males). The patients were randomly divided into two equal groups and either treated with an activator appliance (Mean age 12.67 +/- 1.24 years) or with a Forsus FRD EZ appliance (Mean age 12.31 +/- 1.09 years). Pretreatment and posttreatment cephalometric radiographs were obtained, traced, superimposed and data analysed using paired t-tests and the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The results demonstrated that the Forsus FRD EZ effectively corrected the Class II malocclusion, but the changes were mainly dentoalveolar. The Forsus FRD EZ appliance induced a clockwise rotation of the occlusal plane without significant alteration in the vertical facial dimension. Skeletally, maxillary growth was restricted and pogonion moved forward which improved the profile. The Forsus FRD EZ appliance may be an effective dentoalveolar treatment method to manage a skeletal imbalance and improve the profile in growing patients.

  1. Characterizing octagonal and rectangular fibers for MAROON-X

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sutherland, Adam P.; Stuermer, Julian; Miller, Katrina R.; Seifahrt, Andreas; Bean, Jacob L.

    2016-07-01

    We report on the scrambling performance and focal-ratio-degradation (FRD) of various octagonal and rectangular fibers considered for MAROON-X. Our measurements demonstrate the detrimental effect of thin claddings on the FRD of octagonal and rectangular fibers and that stress induced at the connectors can further increase the FRD. We find that fibers with a thick, round cladding show low FRD. We further demonstrate that the scrambling behavior of non-circular fibers is often complex and introduce a new metric to fully capture non-linear scrambling performance, leading to much lower scrambling gain values than are typically reported in the literature (<=1000 compared to 10,000 or more). We find that scrambling gain measurements for small-core, non-circular fibers are often speckle dominated if the fiber is not agitated.

  2. Regulation of liver glucokinase activity in rats with fructose-induced insulin resistance and impaired glucose and lipid metabolism.

    PubMed

    Francini, Flavio; Castro, María C; Gagliardino, Juan J; Massa, María L

    2009-09-01

    We evaluated the relative role of different regulatory mechanisms, particularly 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase (PFK2/FBPase-2), in liver glucokinase (GK) activity in intact animals with fructose-induced insulin resistance and impaired glucose and lipid metabolism. We measured blood glucose, triglyceride and insulin concentration, glucose tolerance, liver triglyceride content, GK activity, and GK and PFK2 protein and gene expression in fructose-rich diet (FRD) and control rats. After 3 weeks, FRD rats had significantly higher blood glucose, insulin and triglyceride levels, and liver triglyceride content, insulin resistance, and impaired glucose tolerance. FRD rats also had significantly higher GK activity in the cytosolic fraction (18.3 +/- 0.35 vs. 11.27 +/- 0.34 mU/mg protein). Differences in GK protein concentration (116% and 100%) were not significant, suggesting a potentially impaired GK translocation in FRD rats. Although GK transcription level was similar, PFK2 gene expression and protein concentration were 4- and 5-fold higher in the cytosolic fraction of FRD animals. PFK2 immunological blockage significantly decreased GK activity in control and FRD rats; in the latter, this blockage decreased GK activity to control levels. Results suggest that increased liver GK activity might participate in the adaptative response to fructose overload to maintain glucose/triglyceride homeostasis in intact animals. Under these conditions, PFK2 increase would be the main enhancer of GK activity.

  3. Treatment effects of skeletally anchored Forsus FRD EZ and Herbst appliances: A retrospective clinical study.

    PubMed

    Celikoglu, Mevlut; Buyuk, Suleyman Kutalmis; Ekizer, Abdullah; Unal, Tuba

    2016-03-01

    To evaluate the skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue effects of the Forsus FRD appliance with miniplate anchorage inserted in the mandibular symphyses and to compare the findings with a well-matched control group treated with a Herbst appliance for the correction of a skeletal Class II malocclusion due to mandibular retrusion. The sample consisted of 32 Class II subjects divided into two groups. Group I consisted of 16 patients (10 females and 6 males; mean age, 13.20 ± 1.33 years) treated using the Forsus FRD EZ appliance with miniplate anchorage inserted in the mandibular symphyses. Group II consisted of 16 patients (9 females and 7 males; mean age, 13.56 ± 1.27 years) treated using the Herbst appliance. Seventeen linear and 10 angular measurements were performed to evaluate and compare the skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue effects of the appliances using paired and Student's t-tests. Both appliances were effective in correcting skeletal class II malocclusion and showed similar skeletal and soft tissue changes. The maxillary incisor was statistically significantly more retruded in the skeletally anchored Forsus FRD group (P < .01). The mandibular incisor was retruded in the skeletally anchored Forsus FRD group (-4.09° ± 5.12°), while it was protruded in the Herbst group (7.50° ± 3.98°) (P < .001). Although both appliances were successful in correcting the skeletal Class II malocclusion, the skeletally anchored Forsus FRD EZ appliance did so without protruding the mandibular incisors.

  4. Expression of the fusogenic HERV-FRD Env glycoprotein (syncytin 2) in human placenta is restricted to villous cytotrophoblastic cells.

    PubMed

    Malassiné, A; Blaise, S; Handschuh, K; Lalucque, H; Dupressoir, A; Evain-Brion, D; Heidmann, T

    2007-01-01

    Recently, the expression of a human endogenous retrovirus HERV-FRD, able to encode a fusogenic envelope protein (syncytin 2), has been observed in human placenta. The aim of the present study was to localize the expression of syncytin 2 in first trimester placenta. In addition, we investigated the presence of HERV-FRD transcripts during the in vitro differentiation of isolated villous and extravillous trophoblastic cells from first trimester chorionic villi. Using a monoclonal antibody specifically raised against the HERV-FRD Env protein, syncytin 2 was immunolocalized only in the villous trophoblast of the chorionic villi, at the level of cytotrophoblastic cells. Interestingly, immunostaining was not observed in all cells but only in some of them, and was detected, more frequently, at the membrane level at the interface between the cytotrophoblastic cells and syncytiotrophoblast. Labeling was observed neither in the syncytiotrophoblast nor in the mesenchymal core of the villi nor in the extravillous trophoblast. In vitro detection of HERV-FRD transcripts was restricted to villous trophoblastic cells and decreased significantly with time in culture. These results suggest that syncytin 2 might play a role in human trophoblastic cell fusion.

  5. The impact of surface-polish on the angular and wavelength dependence of fiber focal ratio degradation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Eigenbrot, Arthur D.; Bershady, Matthew A.; Wood, Corey M.

    2012-09-01

    We present measurements of how multimode fiber focal-ratio degradation (FRD) and throughput vary with levels of fiber surface polish from 60 to 0.5 micron grit. Measurements used full-beam and laser injection methods at wavelengths between 0.4 and 0.8 microns on 17 meter lengths of Polymicro FBP 300 and 400 μm core fiber. Full-beam injection probed input focal-ratios between f/3 and f/13.5, while laser injection allowed us to isolate FRD at discrete injection angles up to 17 degrees (f/1.6 marginal ray). We find (1) FRD effects decrease as grit size decreases, with the largest gains in beam quality occurring at grit sizes above 5 μm (2) total throughput increases as grit size decreases, reaching 90% at 790 nm with the finest polishing levels; (3) total throughput is higher at redder wavelengths for coarser polishing grit, indicating surface-scattering as the primary source of loss. We also quantify the angular dependence of FRD as a function of polishing level. Our results indicate that a commonly adopted micro-bending model for FRD is a poor descriptor of the observed phenomenon.

  6. Comparing modal noise and FRD of circular and non-circular cross-section fibres

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sablowski, D. P.; Plüschke, D.; Weber, M.; Strassmeier, K. G.; Järvinen, A.

    2016-03-01

    Modal noise is a common source of noise introduced to the measurements by optical fibres and is particularly important for fibre-fed spectroscopic instruments, especially for high-resolution measurements. This noise source can limit the signal-to-noise ratio and jeopardize photon-noise limited data. The subject of the present work is to compare measurements of modal noise and focal-ratio degradation (FRD) for several commonly used fibres. We study the influence of a simple mechanical scrambling method (excenter) on both FRD and modal noise. Measurements are performed with circular and octagonal fibres from Polymicro Technology (FBP-Series) with diameters of 100, 200, and 300 μm and for square and rectangular fibres from CeramOptec, among others. FRD measurements for the same sample of fibres are performed as a function of wavelength. Furthermore, we replaced the circular fibre of the STELLA-échelle-spectrograph (SES) in Tenerife with an octagonal and found a SNR increase by a factor of 1.6 at 678 nm. It is shown in the laboratory that an excenter with a large amplitude and low frequency will not influence the FRD but will reduce modal noise rather effectively by up to 180%.

  7. Abundance of mRNA of growth hormone receptor and insulin-like growth factors-1 and -2 in duodenal and colonic biopsies of dogs with chronic enteropathies*.

    PubMed

    Spichiger, A C; Allenspach, K; Ontsouka, E; Gaschen, F; Morel, C; Blum, J W; Sauter, S N

    2005-12-01

    Repair processes of the inflamed intestine are very important for dissolution of chronic enteropathies (CE). Therefore, we examined the mRNA abundance of growth hormone receptor (GHR), insulin-like growth factors (IGF)-1 and -2 in duodenal and colonic biopsies of dogs with CE such as food-responsive diarrhoea (FRD) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) before and after treatment as compared with each other and healthy dogs. A clinical score (Canine IBD Activity Index = CIBDAI) was applied to judge the severity of CE. Biopsies of duodenum and colon from client-owned dogs with CE were sampled before (FRD(bef), n = 5; IBD(bef), n = 5) and after treatment (FRD(aft), n = 5; IBD(aft), n = 5). Intestinal control samples were available from a homogenous control population (n = 15; C). Intestinal samples were homogenized, total RNA was extracted, reverse transcribed and analysed by real-time polymerase chain reaction to measure mRNA levels of GHR, IGF-1 and IGF-2. Results were normalized with glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase as housekeeping gene. The CIBDAI decreased during the treatment period in FRD and IBD (P < 0.01). In duodenum, GHR mRNA levels were higher in all groups than in C (P < 0.001). Duodenal IGF-1 mRNA levels in FRD(aft) and IBD(aft) tended to be higher than in C (P < 0.1). The IGF-2 mRNA abundance in FRD(aft) was higher than in C (P < 0.05) in duodenum. In colon, mRNA levels of IGF-1 in IBD(aft) were higher than in FRD(aft) (P < 0.05) and levels differed between IBD(aft) and C (P < 0.05). In conclusion, mRNA levels of GHR, IGF-1 and IGF-2 in the gastrointestinal tract were increased during CE when compared with gastrointestinally healthy dogs. The data suggest that GHR, IGF-1 and IGF-2 are involved in gastrointestinal repair processes.

  8. 10 CFR 1045.33 - Appointment of restricted data management official.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ....33 Appointment of restricted data management official. (a) Each agency with access to RD or FRD shall... of Classification on RD and FRD classification and declassification issues. (c) Within the DoD, an RD...

  9. 10 CFR 1045.33 - Appointment of restricted data management official.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ....33 Appointment of restricted data management official. (a) Each agency with access to RD or FRD shall... of Classification on RD and FRD classification and declassification issues. (c) Within the DoD, an RD...

  10. 10 CFR 1045.33 - Appointment of restricted data management official.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ....33 Appointment of restricted data management official. (a) Each agency with access to RD or FRD shall... of Classification on RD and FRD classification and declassification issues. (c) Within the DoD, an RD...

  11. 10 CFR 1045.33 - Appointment of restricted data management official.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ....33 Appointment of restricted data management official. (a) Each agency with access to RD or FRD shall... of Classification on RD and FRD classification and declassification issues. (c) Within the DoD, an RD...

  12. Effects of high-fat diet and fructose-rich diet on obesity, dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia in the WBN/Kob-Leprfa rat, a new model of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

    PubMed

    Namekawa, Junichi; Takagi, Yoshiichi; Wakabayashi, Kaoru; Nakamura, Yuki; Watanabe, Ayaka; Nagakubo, Dai; Shirai, Mitsuyuki; Asai, Fumitoshi

    2017-06-10

    Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are occurring at epidemic-like rates, and these epidemics appear to have emerged largely from changes in daily diet. In the present study, we compared effects of high-fat diet (HFD) and fructose-rich diet (FRD) in WBN/Kob-Lepr fa (WBKDF) rats that spontaneously develop obesity, dyslipidemia and T2DM. After a 4-week feeding of each diet, WBKDF-HFD and WBKDF-FRD rats exhibited aggravated obesity and dyslipidemia compared with WBKDF rats fed standard diet (STD). In contrast, hyperglycemia developed in WBKDF-STD rats was significantly inhibited in WBKDF-FRD rats, but not in WBKDF-HFD rats. The present study demonstrated that the 4-week feeding of HFD and FRD caused diet-induced obesity with a distinct phenotype in the glucose metabolism in WBKDF rats.

  13. Effects of high-fat diet and fructose-rich diet on obesity, dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia in the WBN/Kob-Leprfa rat, a new model of type 2 diabetes mellitus

    PubMed Central

    NAMEKAWA, Junichi; TAKAGI, Yoshiichi; WAKABAYASHI, Kaoru; NAKAMURA, Yuki; WATANABE, Ayaka; NAGAKUBO, Dai; SHIRAI, Mitsuyuki; ASAI, Fumitoshi

    2017-01-01

    Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are occurring at epidemic-like rates, and these epidemics appear to have emerged largely from changes in daily diet. In the present study, we compared effects of high-fat diet (HFD) and fructose-rich diet (FRD) in WBN/Kob-Leprfa (WBKDF) rats that spontaneously develop obesity, dyslipidemia and T2DM. After a 4-week feeding of each diet, WBKDF-HFD and WBKDF-FRD rats exhibited aggravated obesity and dyslipidemia compared with WBKDF rats fed standard diet (STD). In contrast, hyperglycemia developed in WBKDF-STD rats was significantly inhibited in WBKDF-FRD rats, but not in WBKDF-HFD rats. The present study demonstrated that the 4-week feeding of HFD and FRD caused diet-induced obesity with a distinct phenotype in the glucose metabolism in WBKDF rats. PMID:28442647

  14. Studying focal ratio degradation of optical fibers for Subaru's Prime Focus Spectrograph

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    dos Santos, Jesulino Bispo; de Oliveira, Antonio Cesar; Gunn, James; de Oliveira, Ligia Souza; Vital de Arruda, Marcio; Castilho, Bruno; Gneiding, Clemens Darvin; Ribeiro, Flavio Felipe; Murray, Graham; Reiley, Daniel J.; Sodré Junior, Laerte; de Oliveira, Claudia Mendes

    2014-07-01

    Focal Ration Degradation (FRD) is a change in light's angular distribution caused by fiber optics. FRD is important to fiber-fed, spectroscopic astronomical systems because it can cause loss of signal, degradation in spectral resolution, or increased complexity in spectrograph design. Laboratório Nacional de Astrofísica (LNA) has developed a system that can accurately and precisely measures FRD, using an absolute method that can also measure fiber throughput. This paper describes the metrology system and shows measurements of Polymicro's fiber FBP129168190, FBP127165190 and Fujikura fiber 128170190. Although the FRD of the two fibers are low and similar to one another, it is very important to know the exact characteristics of these fibers since both will be used in the construction of FOCCoS (Fiber Optical Cable and Connectors System) for PFS (Prime Focus Spectrograph) to be installed at the Subaru telescope.

  15. Performance comparison AN/FRD-10 versus PUSHER

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vincent, Wilbur R.; Adler, Richard W.

    1995-02-01

    The possibility of replacing some of the AN/FRD-10 Circular Disposed Antenna Array (CDAA) facilities with lower cost PUSHER type of CDAA is an option available to planners. It is generally assumed that the ability of the PUSHER to receive signals of interest (SOI) is only slightly less than that of the larger AN/FRD-10 and AN/FLR-9 types of CDAA. However, no specific analysis of the actual difference in performance is known to exist. This report provides a preliminary performance analysis of the two types of facilities. Detailed performance-related measurements have been made at a number of AN/FRD-10 CDAA sites. These measurements were made as a part of the U.S. Navy's Signal-to-Noise-Enhancement Program (SNEP). The objective of the SNEP is to identify and mitigate all factors that degrade the ability of receiving sites to receive SOI and process data from them. Similar measurements have also been made at PUSHER sites, although complete data is available from only a single PUSHER site. This report uses data accumulated from the AN/FRD-10 sites and from one measured PUSHER site to examine the differences in their ability to receive SOI. The performance Evaluation Technique (PET) developed by the Naval Postgraduate School was used to evaluate the performance of each kind of CDAA. To simplify this initial analysis, the assumption was made that an AN/FRD-10 site containing an RFSS type of RF switch would be replaced with a PUSHER. Only the technical properties of the two types of CDAA were considered.

  16. Identification of an Envelope Protein from the FRD Family of Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERV-FRD) Conferring Infectivity and Functional Conservation among Simians

    PubMed Central

    Blaise, Sandra; Ruggieri, Alessia; Dewannieux, Marie; Cosset, François-Loic; Heidmann, Thierry

    2004-01-01

    A member of the HERV-W family of human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) had previously been demonstrated to encode a functional envelope which can form pseudotypes with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions and confer infectivity on the resulting retrovirus particles. Here we show that a second envelope protein sorted out by a systematic search for fusogenic proteins that we made among all the HERV coding envelope genes and belonging to the HERV-FRD family can also make pseudotypes and confer infectivity. We further show that the orthologous envelope genes that were isolated from simians—from New World monkeys to humans—are also functional in the infectivity assay, with one singular exception for the gibbon HERV-FRD gene, which is found to be fusogenic in a cell-cell fusion assay, as observed for the other simian envelopes, but which is not infectious. Sequence comparison of the FRD envelopes revealed a limited number of mutations among simians, and one point mutation—located in the TM subunit—was shown to be responsible for the loss of infectivity of the gibbon envelope. The functional characterization of the identified envelopes is strongly indicative of an ancestral retrovirus infection and endogenization, with some of the envelope functions subsequently retained in evolution. PMID:14694139

  17. Identification of an envelope protein from the FRD family of human endogenous retroviruses (HERV-FRD) conferring infectivity and functional conservation among simians.

    PubMed

    Blaise, Sandra; Ruggieri, Alessia; Dewannieux, Marie; Cosset, François-Loic; Heidmann, Thierry

    2004-01-01

    A member of the HERV-W family of human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) had previously been demonstrated to encode a functional envelope which can form pseudotypes with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions and confer infectivity on the resulting retrovirus particles. Here we show that a second envelope protein sorted out by a systematic search for fusogenic proteins that we made among all the HERV coding envelope genes and belonging to the HERV-FRD family can also make pseudotypes and confer infectivity. We further show that the orthologous envelope genes that were isolated from simians-from New World monkeys to humans-are also functional in the infectivity assay, with one singular exception for the gibbon HERV-FRD gene, which is found to be fusogenic in a cell-cell fusion assay, as observed for the other simian envelopes, but which is not infectious. Sequence comparison of the FRD envelopes revealed a limited number of mutations among simians, and one point mutation-located in the TM subunit-was shown to be responsible for the loss of infectivity of the gibbon envelope. The functional characterization of the identified envelopes is strongly indicative of an ancestral retrovirus infection and endogenization, with some of the envelope functions subsequently retained in evolution.

  18. Blood donors in Kenya: a comparison of voluntary and family replacement donors based on a population-based survey.

    PubMed

    Kimani, D; Mwangi, J; Mwangi, M; Bunnell, R; Kellogg, T A; Oluoch, T; Gichangi, A; Kaiser, R; Mugo, N; Odongo, T; Oduor, M; Marum, L

    2011-02-01

    Blood safety and sufficiency are major challenges in Kenya and other sub-Saharan African countries forcing many countries to rely on family replacement donors (FRD). We analysed data from a national AIDS indicator survey to describe blood donors in Kenya and potential risks of transfusion transmissible infections (TTI) comparing voluntary donors and FRD. A population-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2007 among 15- to 64-year-olds. Consenting participants were interviewed about blood donation history and were tested for HIV, HSV-2 and syphilis. Of the 17,940 people surveyed, 445 (2·3%) reported donating blood in the prior 12 months. Sixty-four per cent were voluntary donors, and the rest were FRD. Compared to FRD, the majority of voluntary donors were <25 years old (59% versus 18%), from the highest wealth quintile (57% versus 42%) and single (64% versus 23%). In addition, voluntary donors were less likely to have been sexually active than replacement donors (43% versus 13%). HIV prevalence was lower among voluntary donors than among FRD (2·6% versus 7·4%, P-value=0·07). The majority of blood donors in Kenya are voluntary with lower potential risk of TTI. © 2010 The Author(s). Vox Sanguinis © 2010 International Society of Blood Transfusion.

  19. Treatment and posttreatment effects induced by the Forsus appliance: A controlled clinical study.

    PubMed

    Cacciatore, Giorgio; Ghislanzoni, Luis Tomas Huanca; Alvetro, Lisa; Giuntini, Veronica; Franchi, Lorenzo

    2014-11-01

    To evaluate treatment and posttreatment dentoskeletal effects induced by the Forsus device (FRD) in growing patients with Class II malocclusion in a retrospective controlled clinical study. Thirty-six Class II patients (mean [SD] age 12.3 [1.2] years) were treated consecutively with the FRD protocol and compared with a sample of 20 subjects with untreated Class II malocclusion (mean [SD] age 12.2 [0.9] years). Lateral cephalograms were taken at the beginning of treatment, at the end of comprehensive treatment (after 2.3 ± 0.4 years), and at a postretention period (after 2.3 ± 1.1 years from the end of comprehensive treatment). Statistical comparisons were carried out with the unpaired t-test and Benjamini-Hochberg correction (P < .05). After comprehensive treatment, the FRD sample showed a significant restriction of the sagittal maxillary growth together with a significant correction in overjet, overbite, and molar relationship. During the overall observation interval, the FRD group exhibited no significant sagittal or vertical skeletal changes, while significant improvements were recorded in overjet (-3.8 mm), overbite (-1.5 mm), and molar relationship (+3.7 mm). The FRD protocol was effective in correcting Class II malocclusion mainly at the dentoalveolar level when evaluated 2 years after the end of comprehensive treatment.

  20. Evolution of the ferric reductase domain (FRD) superfamily: modularity, functional diversification, and signature motifs.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Xuezhi; Krause, Karl-Heinz; Xenarios, Ioannis; Soldati, Thierry; Boeckmann, Brigitte

    2013-01-01

    A heme-containing transmembrane ferric reductase domain (FRD) is found in bacterial and eukaryotic protein families, including ferric reductases (FRE), and NADPH oxidases (NOX). The aim of this study was to understand the phylogeny of the FRD superfamily. Bacteria contain FRD proteins consisting only of the ferric reductase domain, such as YedZ and short bFRE proteins. Full length FRE and NOX enzymes are mostly found in eukaryotic cells and all possess a dehydrogenase domain, allowing them to catalyze electron transfer from cytosolic NADPH to extracellular metal ions (FRE) or oxygen (NOX). Metazoa possess YedZ-related STEAP proteins, possibly derived from bacteria through horizontal gene transfer. Phylogenetic analyses suggests that FRE enzymes appeared early in evolution, followed by a transition towards EF-hand containing NOX enzymes (NOX5- and DUOX-like). An ancestral gene of the NOX(1-4) family probably lost the EF-hands and new regulatory mechanisms of increasing complexity evolved in this clade. Two signature motifs were identified: NOX enzymes are distinguished from FRE enzymes through a four amino acid motif spanning from transmembrane domain 3 (TM3) to TM4, and YedZ/STEAP proteins are identified by the replacement of the first canonical heme-spanning histidine by a highly conserved arginine. The FRD superfamily most likely originated in bacteria.

  1. GENERAL CONTROL NONREPRESSED PROTEIN5-Mediated Histone Acetylation of FERRIC REDUCTASE DEFECTIVE3 Contributes to Iron Homeostasis in Arabidopsis1

    PubMed Central

    Wang, Tianya; Liu, Zhenshan; Xu, Jianqin; Yao, Yingyin; Peng, Huiru; Xin, Mingming; Ni, Zhongfu

    2015-01-01

    Iron homeostasis is essential for plant growth and development. Here, we report that a mutation in GENERAL CONTROL NONREPRESSED PROTEIN5 (GCN5) impaired iron translocation from the root to the shoot in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Illumina high-throughput sequencing revealed 879 GCN5-regulated candidate genes potentially involved in iron homeostasis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that five genes (At3G08040, At2G01530, At2G39380, At2G47160, and At4G05200) are direct targets of GCN5 in iron homeostasis regulation. Notably, GCN5-mediated acetylation of histone 3 lysine 9 and histone 3 lysine 14 of FERRIC REDUCTASE DEFECTIVE3 (FRD3) determined the dynamic expression of FRD3. Consistent with the function of FRD3 as a citrate efflux protein, the iron retention defect in gcn5 was rescued and fertility was partly restored by overexpressing FRD3. Moreover, iron retention in gcn5 roots was significantly reduced by the exogenous application of citrate. Collectively, these data suggest that GCN5 plays a critical role in FRD3-mediated iron homeostasis. Our results provide novel insight into the chromatin-based regulation of iron homeostasis in Arabidopsis. PMID:26002909

  2. Experiment/facility requirements document for the Space Station Furnace Facility. Section 1: Integrated configuration

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    1992-05-01

    The function of the Space Station Furnace Facility (SSFF) is to support materials research into the crystal growth and solidification processes of electronic and photonic materials, metals and alloys, and glasses and ceramics. To support this broad base of research requirements, the SSFF will employ a variety of furnace modules which will be operated, regulated, and supported by a core of common subsystems. Furnace modules may be reconfigured or specifically developed to provide unique solidification conditions for each set of experiments. The SSFF modular approach permits the addition of new or scaled-up furnace modules to support the evolution of the facility as new science requirements are identified. The SSFF Core is of modular design to permit augmentation for enhanced capabilities. The fully integrated configuration of the SSFF will consist of three racks with the capability of supporting up to two furnace modules per rack. The initial configuration of the SSFF will consist of two of the three racks and one furnace module. This Experiment/Facility Requirements Document (E/FRD) describes the integrated facility requirements for the Space Station Freedom (SSF) Integrated Configuration-1 (IC1) mission. The IC1 SSFF will consist of two racks: the Core Rack, with the centralized subsystem equipment; and the Experiment Rack-1, with Furnace Module-1 and the distributed subsystem equipment to support the furnace. The SSFF support functions are provided by the following Core subsystems: power conditioning and distribution subsystem (SSFF PCDS); data management subsystem (SSFF DMS); thermal control Subsystem (SSFF TCS); gas distribution subsystem (SSFF GDS); and mechanical structures subsystem (SSFF MSS).

  3. Experiment/facility requirements document for the Space Station Furnace Facility. Section 1: Integrated configuration

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1992-01-01

    The function of the Space Station Furnace Facility (SSFF) is to support materials research into the crystal growth and solidification processes of electronic and photonic materials, metals and alloys, and glasses and ceramics. To support this broad base of research requirements, the SSFF will employ a variety of furnace modules which will be operated, regulated, and supported by a core of common subsystems. Furnace modules may be reconfigured or specifically developed to provide unique solidification conditions for each set of experiments. The SSFF modular approach permits the addition of new or scaled-up furnace modules to support the evolution of the facility as new science requirements are identified. The SSFF Core is of modular design to permit augmentation for enhanced capabilities. The fully integrated configuration of the SSFF will consist of three racks with the capability of supporting up to two furnace modules per rack. The initial configuration of the SSFF will consist of two of the three racks and one furnace module. This Experiment/Facility Requirements Document (E/FRD) describes the integrated facility requirements for the Space Station Freedom (SSF) Integrated Configuration-1 (IC1) mission. The IC1 SSFF will consist of two racks: the Core Rack, with the centralized subsystem equipment; and the Experiment Rack-1, with Furnace Module-1 and the distributed subsystem equipment to support the furnace. The SSFF support functions are provided by the following Core subsystems: power conditioning and distribution subsystem (SSFF PCDS); data management subsystem (SSFF DMS); thermal control Subsystem (SSFF TCS); gas distribution subsystem (SSFF GDS); and mechanical structures subsystem (SSFF MSS).

  4. A mitochondrial NADH-dependent fumarate reductase involved in the production of succinate excreted by procyclic Trypanosoma brucei.

    PubMed

    Coustou, Virginie; Besteiro, Sébastien; Rivière, Loïc; Biran, Marc; Biteau, Nicolas; Franconi, Jean-Michel; Boshart, Michael; Baltz, Théo; Bringaud, Frédéric

    2005-04-29

    Trypanosoma brucei is a parasitic protist responsible for sleeping sickness in humans. The procyclic stage of T. brucei expresses a soluble NADH-dependent fumarate reductase (FRDg) in the peroxisome-like organelles called glycosomes. This enzyme is responsible for the production of about 70% of the excreted succinate, the major end product of glucose metabolism in this form of the parasite. Here we functionally characterize a new gene encoding FRD (FRDm1) expressed in the procyclic stage. FRDm1 is a mitochondrial protein, as evidenced by immunolocalization, fractionation of digitonin-permeabilized cells, and expression of EGFP-tagged FRDm1 in the parasite. RNA interference was used to deplete FRDm1, FRDg, or both together. The analysis of the resulting mutant cell lines showed that FRDm1 is responsible for 30% of the cellular NADH-FRD activity, which solves a long standing debate regarding the existence of a mitochondrial FRD in trypanosomatids. FRDg and FRDm1 together account for the total NADH-FRD activity in procyclics, because no activity was measured in the double mutant lacking expression of both proteins. Analysis of the end products of 13C-enriched glucose excreted by these mutant cell lines showed that FRDm1 contributes to the production of between 14 and 44% of the succinate excreted by the wild type cells. In addition, depletion of one or both FRD enzymes results in up to 2-fold reduction of the rate of glucose consumption. We propose that FRDm1 is involved in the maintenance of the redox balance in the mitochondrion, as proposed for the ancestral soluble FRD presumably present in primitive anaerobic cells.

  5. Diet compounds, glycemic index and obesity-related cardiac effects.

    PubMed

    Diniz, Yeda S; Burneiko, Regina M; Seiva, Fabio R F; Almeida, Flávia Q A; Galhardi, Cristiano Machado; Filho, José Luiz V B Novelli; Mani, Fernanda; Novelli, Ethel L B

    2008-02-20

    Diet compounds may influence obesity-related cardiac oxidative stress and metabolic sifting. Carbohydrate-rich diet may be disadvantageous from fat-rich diet to cardiac tissue and glycemic index rather than lipid profile may predict the obesity-related cardiac effects. Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups (n=8/group): (C) receiving standard chow (3.0 kcal/g); (CRD) receiving carbohydrate-rich diet (4.0 kcal/g), and (FRD) receiving fat-rich diet (4.0 kcal/g). Rats were sacrificed after the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 60 days of dietary treatments. Lipid profile and oxidative stress parameters were determined in serum. Myocardial samples were used to determine oxidative stress, metabolic enzymes, glycogen and triacylglycerol. FRD rats showed higher final body weight and body mass index than CRD and C. Serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein were higher in FRD than in CRD, while triacylglycerol and oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were higher in CRD than in FRD. CRD rats had the highest myocardial lipid hydroperoxide and diminished superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Myocardial glycogen was lower and triacylglycerol was higher in CRD than in C and FRD rats. Although FRD rats had depressed myocardial-reducing power, no significant changes were observed in myocardial energy metabolism. Myocardial beta-hydroxyacyl coenzyme-A dehydrogenase and citrate synthase, as well as the enhanced lactate dehydrogenase/citrate synthase ratio indicated that fatty acid degradation was decreased in CRD rats. Glycemic index was positively correlated with obesity-related cardiac effects. Isoenergetic carbohydrate-rich and fat-rich diets induced different degree of obesity and differently affected lipid profile. Carbohydrate-rich diet was deleterious relative to fat-rich diet in the heart enhancing lipoperoxidation and shifting the metabolic pathway for energy production. Glycemic index rather than dyslipidemic profile may predict the obesity effects on cardiac tissue.

  6. Does oestradiol attenuate the damaging effects of a fructose-rich diet on cardiac Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase signalling?

    PubMed

    Romic, Snjezana; Tepavcevic, Snezana; Zakula, Zorica; Milosavljevic, Tijana; Stojiljkovic, Mojca; Zivkovic, Maja; Popovic, Milan; Stankovic, Aleksandra; Koricanac, Goran

    2013-06-01

    Fructose-rich diets (FRD) cause cardiac insulin resistance manifested by impairment of Akt/endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) signalling. In contrast, oestradiol (E2) activates this signalling pathway in the heart. To study the ability of E2 to revert the detrimental effect of fructose on cardiac Akt/eNOS, female rats were subjected to a FRD and ovariectomy followed with or without E2 replacement. We also analysed the effects of the FRD and E2 on cardiac extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk 1/2) signalling related to their role in cardiac hypertrophy development. Expression of Akt, eNOS and Erk 1/2, as well as regulatory phosphorylations of these molecules were determined. The protein expression of cardiac Akt and eNOS was not affected by the diet or E2 treatment. However, the FRD was accompanied by a decrease in Akt phosphorylation at Ser(473) and Thr(308), and eNOS at Ser(1177), while the phosphorylation of eNOS at Thr(495) was increased. E2 replacement in ovariectomised fructose-fed rats caused a reversion of the diet effect on Akt and eNOS serine phosphorylation, but mostly had no effect on threonine phosphorylation of the molecules. The FRD and E2 treatment did not influence Erk 1/2 expression and phosphorylation and heart mass as well. The data show that E2 selectively suppress the negative effects of a FRD on Akt/eNOS signalling and probably point to the different effects of E2 on kinase/phosphatase pathways responsible for phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of Akt and eNOS. Furthermore, the results suggest that the heart of females in the reproductive period is partially protected against the damaging effects of increasedfructose intake.

  7. Early identification of the risk for free radical-related diseases in preterm newborns.

    PubMed

    Perrone, Serafina; Tataranno, Maria Luisa; Negro, Simona; Longini, Mariangela; Marzocchi, Barbara; Proietti, Fabrizio; Iacoponi, Francesca; Capitani, Serena; Buonocore, Giuseppe

    2010-04-01

    Despite recent advances in preterm newborns healthcare, perinatal pathologies and disabilities are increasing. Oxidative stress (OS) is determinant for the onset of an unbalance between free radicals (FRs) production and antioxidant systems which plays a key role in pathogenesis of pathologies such as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), grouped as 'free radical-related diseases' (FRD). This study tests the hypothesis that OS markers levels in cord blood may predict the onset of FRD pathologies. 168 preterm newborns of GA: 24-32weeks (28.09+/-1.99); and BW: 470-2480 gr (1358.11+/-454.09) were consecutively recruited. Markers of potential OS risk (non-protein bound iron, NPBI; basal superoxide anion, BSA; under stimulation superoxide anion, USSA) and markers of OS-related damage (total hydroperoxides, TH; advanced oxidation protein products, AOPP) were assessed in cord blood. Associations between FRD onset and OS markers were checked through inferential analysis (univariate logistic regression). The development of FRD was significantly associated to high cord blood levels of TH, AOPP and NPBI (respectively p=0.000, OR=1.025, 95%CI=1.013-1.038; p=0.014, OR=1.092, 95%CI=1.018-1.172; p=0.007, OR=1.26995%CI=1.066-1.511). Elevated levels of TH, AOPP and, above all, NPBI, in cord blood are associated with increased risk for FRD. OS markers allow the early identification of infants at risk for FRD because of perinatal oxidant exposure. This can be useful in devising strategies to prevent or ameliorate perinatal outcome. 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  8. Self-reported dietary fructose intolerance in irritable bowel syndrome: Proposed diagnostic criteria.

    PubMed

    Berg, Leif Kyrre; Fagerli, Erik; Myhre, Arnt-Otto; Florholmen, Jon; Goll, Rasmus

    2015-05-14

    To study the criteria for self-reported dietary fructose intolerance (DFI) and to evaluate subjective global assessment (SGA) as outcome measure. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients were randomized in an open study design with a 2 wk run-in on a habitual IBS diet, followed by 12 wk with/without additional fructose-reduced diet (FRD). Daily registrations of stool frequency and consistency, and symptoms on a visual analog scale (VAS) were performed during the first 4 wk. SGA was used for weekly registrations during the whole study period. Provocation with high-fructose diet was done at the end of the registration period. Fructose breath tests (FBTs) were performed. A total of 182 subjects performed the study according to the protocol (88 FRD, 94 controls). We propose a new clinically feasible diagnostic standard for self-reported fructose intolerance. The instrument is based on VAS registrations of symptom relief on FRD combined with symptom aggravation upon provocation with fructose-rich diet. Using these criteria 43 of 77 patients (56%) in the present cohort of IBS patients had self-reported DFI. To improve the concept for clinical evaluation, we translated the SGA scale instrument to Norwegian and validated it in the context of the IBS diet regimen. The validation procedures showed a sensitivity, specificity and κ value for SGA detecting the self-reported DFI group by FRD response within the IBS patients of 0.79, 0.75 and 0.53, respectively. Addition of the provocation test yielded values of 0.84, 0.76 and 0.61, respectively. The corresponding validation results for FBT were 0.57, 0.34 and -0.13, respectively. FRD improves symptoms in a subgroup of IBS patients. A diet trial followed by a provocation test evaluated by SGA can identify most responders to FRD.

  9. Nicotinamide mononucleotide protects against pro-inflammatory cytokine-mediated impairment of mouse islet function.

    PubMed

    Caton, P W; Kieswich, J; Yaqoob, M M; Holness, M J; Sugden, M C

    2011-12-01

    Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the rate-limiting enzyme for NAD(+) biosynthesis, exists as intracellular NAMPT (iNAMPT) and extracellular NAMPT (eNAMPT). eNAMPT, secreted from adipose tissue, promotes insulin secretion. Administration of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a product of the eNAMPT reaction, corrects impaired islet function in Nampt ( +/- ) mice. One of its potential targets is the NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase sirtuin 1. We hypothesised that altered NAMPT activity might contribute to the suppression of islet function associated with inflammation, and aimed to determine whether NMN could improve cytokine-mediated islet dysfunction. Acute effects of NMN on cytokine-mediated islet dysfunction were examined in islets incubated with TNFα and IL1β, and in mice fed a fructose-rich diet (FRD) for 16 weeks. Changes in iNAMPT, eNAMPT and inflammation levels were determined in FRD-fed mice. FRD-fed mice displayed markedly lower levels of circulating eNAMPT, with impaired insulin secretion and raised islet expression of Il1b. NMN administration lowered Il1b expression and restored suppressed insulin secretion in FRD-fed mice. NMN also restored insulin secretion in islets cultured with pro-inflammatory cytokines. The changes in islet function corresponded with changes in key markers of islet function and differentiation. The anti-inflammatory effects of NMN were partially blocked by inhibition of sirtuin 1. Chronic fructose feeding causes severe islet dysfunction in mice. Onset of beta cell failure in FRD-fed mice may occur via lowered secretion of eNAMPT, leading to increased islet inflammation and impaired beta cell function. Administration of exogenous NMN to FRD-fed mice corrects inflammation-induced islet dysfunction. Modulation of this pathway may be an attractive target for amelioration of islet dysfunction associated with inflammation.

  10. Urinary leukotriene E4 concentrations as a potential marker of inflammation in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease.

    PubMed

    Im Hof, M; Schnyder, M; Hartnack, S; Stanke-Labesque, F; Luckschander, N; Burgener, I A

    2012-01-01

    Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and food-responsive diarrhea (FRD) are chronic enteropathies of dogs (CCE) that currently can only be differentiated by their response to treatment after exclusion of other diseases. In humans, increased urinary concentrations of leukotriene E4 (LTE4) have been associated with active IBD. To evaluate urinary LTE4 concentrations in dogs with IBD, FRD, and healthy controls, and to assess correlation of urinary LTE4 concentrations with the canine IBD activity index (CIBDAI) scores. Eighteen dogs with IBD, 19 dogs with FRD, and 23 healthy control dogs. In this prospective study, urine was collected and CIBDAI scores were calculated in client-owned dogs with IBD and those with FRD. Quantification of LTE4 in urine was performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and corrected to creatinine. Urinary LTE4 concentrations were highest in dogs with IBD (median 85.2 pg/mg creatinine [10th-90th percentiles 10.9-372.6]) followed by those with FRD (median 31.2 pg/mg creatinine [10th-90th percentiles 6.2-114.5]) and control dogs (median 21.1 pg/mg creatinine [10th-90th percentiles 9.1-86.5]). Urinary LTE4 concentrations were higher in dogs with IBD than in control dogs (P = .011), but no significant difference between IBD and FRD was found. No correlation was found between urinary LTE4 concentrations and CIBDAI. The higher urinary LTE4 concentrations in dogs with IBD suggest that cysteinyl leukotriene pathway activation might be a component of the inflammatory process in canine IBD. Furthermore, urinary LTE4 concentrations are of potential use as a marker of inflammation in dogs with CCE. Copyright © 2012 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.

  11. Cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase in dogs with chronic enteropathies.

    PubMed

    Dumusc, S D; Ontsouka, E C; Schnyder, M; Hartnack, S; Albrecht, C; Bruckmaier, R M; Burgener, I A

    2014-01-01

    Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) is the major source of leukotrienes. Their role in IBD has been demonstrated in humans and animal models, but not in dogs with chronic enteropathies (CCE). COX-2 and 5-LO are upregulated in dogs with CCE. Fifteen healthy control dogs (HCD), 10 dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and 15 dogs with food-responsive diarrhea (FRD). Prospective study. mRNA expression of COX-2, 5-LO, IL-1b, IL-4, IL-6, TNF, IL-10 and TFG-β was evaluated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR in duodenal and colonic biopsies before and after treatment. COX-2 expression in the colon was significantly higher in IBD and FRD before and after treatment (all P < .01). IL-1b was higher in FRD in the duodenum after treatment (P = .021). TGF-β expression was significantly higher in the duodenum of HCD compared to FRD/IBD before treatment (both P < .001) and IBD after treatment (P = .012). There were no significant differences among groups and within groups before and after treatment for IL-4, IL-6, TNF, and IL-10. There was a significant correlation between COX-2 and IL-1b in duodenum and colon before treatment in FRD and IBD, whereas 5-LO correlated better with IL-6 and TNF. IL-10 and TGF-β usually were correlated. COX-2 is upregulated in IBD and FRD, whereas IL-1b and TGF-β seem to be important pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, respectively. The use of dual COX/5-LO inhibitors could be an interesting alternative in the treatment of CCE. Copyright © 2014 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.

  12. The FRD and transmission of the 270-m GRACES optical fiber link and a high numerical aperture fiber for astronomy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pazder, John; Fournier, Paul; Pawluczyk, Rafal; van Kooten, Maaike

    2014-07-01

    We report results of the extensive development work done on the 270-m optical fiber link for the GRACES project and a preliminary investigations into a high numerical aperture fiber for astronomy. The Gemini Remote Access CFHT ESPaDOnS Spectrograph (GRACES) is an instrumentation experiment to link ESPaDOnS, a bench-mounted highresolution optical spectrograph at CFHT, to the Gemini-North telescope with an optical fiber link. A 270-m fiber link with less than 14% Focal Ratio Degradation (FRD) has been developed jointly by HIA and FiberTech Optica for the experiment. A preliminary study has been conducted by HIA into a high numerical aperture fiber (0.26 numerical aperture) with the intended application of wide field optical spectrographs fiber fed from the telescope prime focus. The Laboratory test results of FRD, transmission, and stability for the GRACES fiber link and preliminary FRD measurements of the high numerical aperture fiber tests are reported.

  13. Investigation of focal ratio degradation in optical fibres for astronomical instrumentation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Crause, Lisa; Bershady, Matthew; Buckley, David

    2008-07-01

    A differential method was used to investigate the focal ratio degradation (FRD) exhibited by, and throughput of, a selection of current-generation optical fibres. These fibres were tested to establish which would be best suited to feed the High Resolution Spectrograph being built for the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT), as well as for future instruments on WIYN and SALT. The double re-imaging system of Bershady et al. (2004) was substantially modified to improve image quality and measurement efficiency, and to permit a direct FRD-measurement in the far-field. The re-imaging method compares the beam profile produced by light which passes through a fibre to that which does not. Broad and intermediate band-pass filters were used between 400-800 nm to test for wavelength dependence in the observed FRD over a wide range in beam-speeds. Our results continue to be at odds with a mico-bend model for FRD. We conclude that the new Polymicro FBP fibre is the most suitable product for broadband applications.

  14. Fumarate-Mediated Persistence of Escherichia coli against Antibiotics

    PubMed Central

    Kim, Jun-Seob; Cho, Da-Hyeong; Heo, Paul; Jung, Suk-Chae; Park, Myungseo; Oh, Eun-Joong; Sung, Jaeyun; Kim, Pan-Jun; Lee, Suk-Chan; Lee, Dae-Hee; Lee, Sarah; Lee, Choong Hwan; Shin, Dongwoo

    2016-01-01

    Bacterial persisters are a small fraction of quiescent cells that survive in the presence of lethal concentrations of antibiotics. They can regrow to give rise to a new population that has the same vulnerability to the antibiotics as did the parental population. Although formation of bacterial persisters in the presence of various antibiotics has been documented, the molecular mechanisms by which these persisters tolerate the antibiotics are still controversial. We found that amplification of the fumarate reductase operon (FRD) in Escherichia coli led to a higher frequency of persister formation. The persister frequency of E. coli was increased when the cells contained elevated levels of intracellular fumarate. Genetic perturbations of the electron transport chain (ETC), a metabolite supplementation assay, and even the toxin-antitoxin-related hipA7 mutation indicated that surplus fumarate markedly elevated the E. coli persister frequency. An E. coli strain lacking succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), thereby showing a lower intracellular fumarate concentration, was killed ∼1,000-fold more effectively than the wild-type strain in the stationary phase. It appears that SDH and FRD represent a paired system that gives rise to and maintains E. coli persisters by producing and utilizing fumarate, respectively. PMID:26810657

  15. Fatigue reduction diet in breast cancer survivors: a pilot randomized clinical trial.

    PubMed

    Zick, Suzanna Maria; Colacino, Justin; Cornellier, Maria; Khabir, Tohfa; Surnow, Katie; Djuric, Zora

    2017-01-01

    Fatigue is a prevalent and burdensome effect of breast cancer. Fatigue has been linked to chronic inflammation, and diets high in antioxidant nutrients have been associated with lesser prevalence and severity of fatigue. Studies are needed, however, to test if antioxidant-rich diets could improve fatigue. Pilot, randomized, trial conducted between January 2014 and April 2015, to investigate if a 3-month diet rich in fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and omega-3 fatty acid-rich foods, named the fatigue reduction diet (FRD), improved fatigue and sleep compared to an attention control, named the general health curriculum (GHC). 30 stage 0 to III breast cancer survivors, who had completed cancer treatments, were randomized: 15 receiving the FRD and 15 the GHC. Primary outcome was change in fatigue, as measured by the brief fatigue Inventory, from baseline to 3 months analyzed using linear mixed models. Secondary analyses were changes in sleep quality, serum carotenoids, and fatty acids. From baseline to 3-month fatigue improved by 44 ± 39% in FRD compared to 8 ± 34% in GHC (p = 0.01); sleep quality improved by 2.5 ± 3.3 points in FRD, and diminished by 0.9 ± 2.3 in GHC (p = 0.03); serum total carotenoids (p < 0.01), β-cryptoxanthin (p = 0.02), lutein (p = 0.05), zeaxanthin (p = 0.01), lycopene (p = 0.05), omega-3 fatty acids (p < 0.01), and ratio of omega-3:omega-6 fatty acids (p = 0.02) were significantly increased, and percent saturated fatty acids were decreased (p = 0.04) in FRD; γ-tocopherol was significantly increased in GHC (p = 0.03), and there was a significant visit by group difference for α-carotene between the study groups (p = 0.05). The FRD intervention improved fatigue and sleep in breast cancer survivors compared to the GHC. FRD diet could provide a non-toxic treatment strategy for persistent fatigue.

  16. Facilitated citrate-dependent iron translocation increases rice endosperm iron and zinc concentrations.

    PubMed

    Wu, Ting-Ying; Gruissem, Wilhelm; Bhullar, Navreet K

    2018-05-01

    Iron deficiency affects one third of the world population. Most iron biofortification strategies have focused on genes involved in iron uptake and storage but facilitating internal long-distance iron translocation has been understudied for increasing grain iron concentrations. Citrate is a primary iron chelator, and the transporter FERRIC REDUCTASE DEFECTIVE 3 (FRD3) loads citrate into the xylem. We have expressed AtFRD3 in combination with AtNAS1 (NICOTIANAMINE SYNTHASE 1) and PvFER (FERRITIN) or with PvFER alone to facilitate long-distance iron transport together with efficient iron uptake and storage in the rice endosperm. The citrate and iron concentrations in the xylem sap of transgenic plants increased two-fold compared to control plants. Iron and zinc levels increased significantly in polished and unpolished rice grains to more than 70% of the recommended estimated average requirement (EAR) for iron and 140% of the recommended EAR for zinc in polished rice grains. Furthermore, the transformed lines showed normal phenotypic growth, were tolerant to iron deficiency and aluminum toxicity, and had grain cadmium levels similar to control plants. Together, our results demonstrate that deploying FRD for iron biofortification has no obvious anti-nutritive effects and should be considered as an effective strategy for reducing human iron deficiency anemia. Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  17. Evolution of the Ferric Reductase Domain (FRD) Superfamily: Modularity, Functional Diversification, and Signature Motifs

    PubMed Central

    Zhang, Xuezhi; Krause, Karl-Heinz; Xenarios, Ioannis; Soldati, Thierry; Boeckmann, Brigitte

    2013-01-01

    A heme-containing transmembrane ferric reductase domain (FRD) is found in bacterial and eukaryotic protein families, including ferric reductases (FRE), and NADPH oxidases (NOX). The aim of this study was to understand the phylogeny of the FRD superfamily. Bacteria contain FRD proteins consisting only of the ferric reductase domain, such as YedZ and short bFRE proteins. Full length FRE and NOX enzymes are mostly found in eukaryotic cells and all possess a dehydrogenase domain, allowing them to catalyze electron transfer from cytosolic NADPH to extracellular metal ions (FRE) or oxygen (NOX). Metazoa possess YedZ-related STEAP proteins, possibly derived from bacteria through horizontal gene transfer. Phylogenetic analyses suggests that FRE enzymes appeared early in evolution, followed by a transition towards EF-hand containing NOX enzymes (NOX5- and DUOX-like). An ancestral gene of the NOX(1-4) family probably lost the EF-hands and new regulatory mechanisms of increasing complexity evolved in this clade. Two signature motifs were identified: NOX enzymes are distinguished from FRE enzymes through a four amino acid motif spanning from transmembrane domain 3 (TM3) to TM4, and YedZ/STEAP proteins are identified by the replacement of the first canonical heme-spanning histidine by a highly conserved arginine. The FRD superfamily most likely originated in bacteria. PMID:23505460

  18. A cephalometric comparative study of class II correction with Sabbagh Universal Spring (SUS2) and Forsus FRD appliances

    PubMed Central

    Oztoprak, Mehmet Oguz; Nalbantgil, Didem; Uyanlar, Ayhan; Arun, Tulin

    2012-01-01

    Objective The purpose of this clinical prospective study was to compare the dentofacial changes produced by the Sabbagh Universal Spring (SUS2) and Forsus FRD appliances in late adolescent patients with Class II malocclusion, and quantify them in comparison with an untreated group. Method: The study was carried out on 59 patients with skeletal and dental Class II malocclusion due to retrognatic mandible. Among these, 20 were treated with SUS2, 20 were treated with FRD, and no treatment was done to 19 subjects as the control group. 36 cephalometric landmarks were identified on each lateral cephalometric radiograph. Results: The effects of both appliances were dentoalveolar and no significant vertical and sagittal skeletal effect on maxilla and mandible was achieved. The retrusion and extrusion of the maxillary incisors as well as the protrusion and intrusion of mandibular incisors were found to be statistically significant in both treatment groups. Soft tissue profile improvement was limited in both treatment groups. Conclusions: Both appliances corrected Class II discrepancies through dentoalveolar changes; however lower incisor proclination was more prominent with the Forsus FRD. PMID:22904659

  19. A cephalometric comparative study of class II correction with Sabbagh Universal Spring (SUS(2)) and Forsus FRD appliances.

    PubMed

    Oztoprak, Mehmet Oguz; Nalbantgil, Didem; Uyanlar, Ayhan; Arun, Tulin

    2012-07-01

    The purpose of this clinical prospective study was to compare the dentofacial changes produced by the Sabbagh Universal Spring (SUS(2)) and Forsus FRD appliances in late adolescent patients with Class II malocclusion, and quantify them in comparison with an untreated group. The study was carried out on 59 patients with skeletal and dental Class II malocclusion due to retrognatic mandible. Among these, 20 were treated with SUS(2), 20 were treated with FRD, and no treatment was done to 19 subjects as the control group. 36 cephalometric landmarks were identified on each lateral cephalometric radiograph. The effects of both appliances were dentoalveolar and no significant vertical and sagittal skeletal effect on maxilla and mandible was achieved. The retrusion and extrusion of the maxillary incisors as well as the protrusion and intrusion of mandibular incisors were found to be statistically significant in both treatment groups. Soft tissue profile improvement was limited in both treatment groups. Both appliances corrected Class II discrepancies through dentoalveolar changes; however lower incisor proclination was more prominent with the Forsus FRD.

  20. Studying focal ratio degradation of optical fibres with a core size of 50 μm for astronomy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Oliveira, A. C.; de Oliveira, L. S.; dos Santos, J. B.

    2005-01-01

    Along with the spectral attenuation properties, the focal ratio degradation (FRD) properties of optical fibres are the most important for instrumental applications in astronomy. We present a special study about the FRD of optical fibres with a core size of 50 μm to evaluate the effects of stress when mounting the fibre. Optical fibres like this were used to construct the Eucalyptus integral field unit. This fibre is very susceptible to the FRD effects, especially after the removal of the acrylate buffer. This operation is sometimes necessary to allow close packing of the fibres at the input to the spectrograph. Without the acrylate buffer, the protection of the cladding and core of the fibre may be easily damaged. In the near future, fibres of this size will be used to build the Southern Observatory for Astronomical Research (SOAR) integral field unit spectrograph (SIFS) and other instruments. It is important to understand the correct procedure which minimizes any increase in FRD during the construction of the instrument.

  1. Noncontact free-rotating disk triboelectric nanogenerator as a sustainable energy harvester and self-powered mechanical sensor.

    PubMed

    Lin, Long; Wang, Sihong; Niu, Simiao; Liu, Chang; Xie, Yannan; Wang, Zhong Lin

    2014-02-26

    In this work, we introduced an innovative noncontact, free-rotating disk triboelectric nanogenerator (FRD-TENG) for sustainably scavenging the mechanical energy from rotary motions. Its working principle was clarified through numerical calculations of the relative-rotation-induced potential difference, which serves as the driving force for the electricity generation. The unique characteristic of the FRD-TENG enables its high output performance compared to its working at the contact mode, with an effective output power density of 1.22 W/m(2) for continuously driving 100 light-emitting diodes. Ultrahigh stability of the output and exceptional durability of the device structure were achieved, and the reliable output was utilized for fast/effective charging of a lithium ion battery. Based on the relationship between its output performance and the parameters of the mechanical stimuli, the FRD-TENG could be employed as a self-powered mechanical sensor, for simultaneously detecting the vertical displacement and rotation speed. The FRD-TENG has superior advantages over the existing disk triboelectric nanogenerator, and exhibits significant progress toward practical applications of nanogenerators for both energy harvesting and self-powered sensor networks.

  2. Backstepping-based boundary control design for a fractional reaction diffusion system with a space-dependent diffusion coefficient.

    PubMed

    Chen, Juan; Cui, Baotong; Chen, YangQuan

    2018-06-11

    This paper presents a boundary feedback control design for a fractional reaction diffusion (FRD) system with a space-dependent (non-constant) diffusion coefficient via the backstepping method. The contribution of this paper is to generalize the results of backstepping-based boundary feedback control for a FRD system with a space-independent (constant) diffusion coefficient to the case of space-dependent diffusivity. For the boundary stabilization problem of this case, a designed integral transformation treats it as a problem of solving a hyperbolic partial differential equation (PDE) of transformation's kernel, then the well posedness of the kernel PDE is solved for the plant with non-constant diffusivity. Furthermore, by the fractional Lyapunov stability (Mittag-Leffler stability) theory and the backstepping-based boundary feedback controller, the Mittag-Leffler stability of the closed-loop FRD system with non-constant diffusivity is proved. Finally, an extensive numerical example for this closed-loop FRD system with non-constant diffusivity is presented to verify the effectiveness of our proposed controller. Copyright © 2018 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  3. The role of heterogeneous fluid pressures in the shape of critical-taper submarine wedges, with application to Barbados

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yeh, En-Chao; Suppe, John

    2014-05-01

    Some classic accretionary wedges such as Nankai trough and Barbados are mechanically heterogeneous based on their spatial variation in taper, showing inward decrease in surface slope α without covariation in detachment dip β. Possible sources of regional heterogeniety include variation in fluid pressure, density, cohesion and fault strength, which can be constrained by the seismic or borehole observable parameter, fluid-retention depth Z_FRD, below which compaction is strongly diminished. In particular the Hubbert-Rubey fluid-pressure weakening can be addressed as (1-lambda)~0.6Z_FRD/Z. We recast the heterogeneous critical-taper wedge theory of Dahlen (1990) in terms of the observable Z_FRD/H, where H is the detachment depth, which allows for real world applications. For example, seismic velocity and borehole data from the Barbados shows that the fluid-retention depth Z_FRD is approximately constant and Z_FRD/H decreases inward. This leads to a factor of four inward decreases in wedge strength, dominated by fluid pressure, with only a second-order role for density and cohesion. An inward decrease in wedge strength should by itself produce an increase in taper, therefore the observed decreasing taper must be dominated by decreasing fault strength mu_b* from 0.03 to 0.01. Static fluid-pressures along the detachment in equilibrium with the overlying wedge predict the observed wedge geometry well, given a constant intrinsic friction coefficient mu_b=0.15.

  4. Early alterations in vascular contractility associated to changes in fatty acid composition and oxidative stress markers in perivascular adipose tissue.

    PubMed

    Rebolledo, Alejandro; Rebolledo, Oscar R; Marra, Carlos A; García, María E; Roldán Palomo, Ana R; Rimorini, Laura; Gagliardino, Juan J

    2010-10-21

    To test the early effect of fructose-induced changes in fatty acid composition and oxidative stress markers in perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) upon vascular contractility. Adult male Wistar rats were fed a commercial diet without (CD) or with 10% fructose (FRD) in the drinking water for 3 weeks. We measured plasma metabolic parameters, lipid composition and oxidative stress markers in aortic PVAT. Vascular contractility was measured in aortic rings sequentially, stimulated with serotonin (5-HT) and high K+-induced depolarization using intact and thereafter PVAT-deprived rings. Comparable body weights were recorded in both groups. FRD rats had increased plasma triglyceride and fructosamine levels. Their PVAT had an increased saturated to mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty acid ratio, a significant decrease in total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and in the total content of glutathione. Conversely, lipid peroxidation (TBARS), nitric oxide content, and gluthathione reductase activity were significantly higher, indicating an increase in oxidative stress. In aortic rings, removal of PVAT increased serotonin-induced contractions, but the effect was significantly lower in rings from FRD rats. This effect was no longer observed when the two contractions were performed in PVAT-deprived rings. PVAT did not affect the contractions triggered by high K+-induced depolarization either in CD or FRD rats. FRD induces multiple metabolic and endocrine systemic alterations which also alter PVAT and the vascular relaxant properties of this tissue. The changes in PVAT would affect its paracrine modulation of vascular function.

  5. Abdominal adipose tissue: early metabolic dysfunction associated to insulin resistance and oxidative stress induced by an unbalanced diet.

    PubMed

    Rebolledo, O R; Marra, C A; Raschia, A; Rodriguez, S; Gagliardino, J J

    2008-11-01

    The possible contribution of early changes in lipid composition, function, and antioxidant status of abdominal adipose tissue (AAT) induced by a fructose-rich diet (FRD) to the development of insulin resistance (IR) and oxidative stress (OS) was studied. Wistar rats were fed with a commercial diet with (FRD) or without 10% fructose in the drinking water for 3 weeks. The glucose (G), triglyceride (TG), and insulin (I) plasma levels, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, lyposoluble antioxidants, total glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation as TBARS, fatty acid (FA) composition of AAT-TG as well as their release by incubated pieces of AAT were measured. Rats fed with a FRD have significantly higher plasma levels of G, TG, and I. Their AAT showed a marked increase in content and ratios of saturated to monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FAs, TBARS, and catalase, GSH-transferase and GSH-reductase, together with a decrease in superoxide dismutase and GSH-peroxidase activity, and total GSH, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and lycopene content. Incubated AAT from FRD released in vitro higher amount of free fatty acids (FFAs) with higher ratios of saturated to monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FAs. Our data suggest that FRD induced an early prooxidative state and metabolic dysfunction in AAT that would favor the overall development of IR and OS and further development of pancreatic beta-cell failure; therefore, its early control would represent an appropriate strategy to prevent alterations such as the development of type 2 diabetes.

  6. Fructose-rich diet differently affects angiotensin II receptor content in the nucleus and a plasma membrane fraction of visceral adipose tissue.

    PubMed

    Bundalo, Maja; Djordjevic, Ana; Bursac, Biljana; Zivkovic, Maja; Koricanac, Goran; Stanković, Aleksandra

    2017-12-01

    The adipose tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is proposed to be a pathophysiological link between adipose tissue dysregulation and metabolic disorders induced by a fructose-rich diet (FRD). RAS can act intracellularly. We hypothesized that adipocyte nuclear membranes possess angiotensin receptor types 1 and 2 (AT1R and AT2R), which couple to nuclear signaling pathways and regulate oxidative gene expression under FRD conditions. We analyzed the effect of consumption of 10% fructose solution for 9 weeks on biochemical parameters, adipocyte morphology, and expression of AT1R, AT2R, AT1R-associated protein (ATRAP), NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in adipose tissue of Wistar rats. We detected AT1R and AT2R in the nuclear fraction. FRD reduced the level of angiotensin receptors in the nucleus, while increased AT1R and decreased AT2R levels were observed in the plasma membrane. FRD increased the ATRAP mRNA level and decreased MnSOD mRNA and protein levels. No significant differences were observed for MMP-9 and NOX4 mRNA levels. These findings coincided with hyperleptinemia, elevated blood pressure and triglycerides, and unchanged visceral adipose tissue mass and morphology in FRD rats. Besides providing evidence for nuclear localization of angiotensin receptors in visceral adipose tissue, this study demonstrates the different effects of FRD on AT1R expression in different cellular compartments. Elevated blood pressure and decreased antioxidant capacity in visceral fat of fructose-fed rats were accompanied by an increased AT1R level in the plasma membrane, while upregulation of ATRAP and a decrease of nuclear membrane AT1R suggest an increased capacity for attenuation of excessive AT1R signaling and visceral adiposity.

  7. Comprehensive Analyses of Ventricular Myocyte Models Identify Targets Exhibiting Favorable Rate Dependence

    PubMed Central

    Bugana, Marco; Severi, Stefano; Sobie, Eric A.

    2014-01-01

    Reverse rate dependence is a problematic property of antiarrhythmic drugs that prolong the cardiac action potential (AP). The prolongation caused by reverse rate dependent agents is greater at slow heart rates, resulting in both reduced arrhythmia suppression at fast rates and increased arrhythmia risk at slow rates. The opposite property, forward rate dependence, would theoretically overcome these parallel problems, yet forward rate dependent (FRD) antiarrhythmics remain elusive. Moreover, there is evidence that reverse rate dependence is an intrinsic property of perturbations to the AP. We have addressed the possibility of forward rate dependence by performing a comprehensive analysis of 13 ventricular myocyte models. By simulating populations of myocytes with varying properties and analyzing population results statistically, we simultaneously predicted the rate-dependent effects of changes in multiple model parameters. An average of 40 parameters were tested in each model, and effects on AP duration were assessed at slow (0.2 Hz) and fast (2 Hz) rates. The analysis identified a variety of FRD ionic current perturbations and generated specific predictions regarding their mechanisms. For instance, an increase in L-type calcium current is FRD when this is accompanied by indirect, rate-dependent changes in slow delayed rectifier potassium current. A comparison of predictions across models identified inward rectifier potassium current and the sodium-potassium pump as the two targets most likely to produce FRD AP prolongation. Finally, a statistical analysis of results from the 13 models demonstrated that models displaying minimal rate-dependent changes in AP shape have little capacity for FRD perturbations, whereas models with large shape changes have considerable FRD potential. This can explain differences between species and between ventricular cell types. Overall, this study provides new insights, both specific and general, into the determinants of AP duration rate dependence, and illustrates a strategy for the design of potentially beneficial antiarrhythmic drugs. PMID:24675446

  8. Comprehensive analyses of ventricular myocyte models identify targets exhibiting favorable rate dependence.

    PubMed

    Cummins, Megan A; Dalal, Pavan J; Bugana, Marco; Severi, Stefano; Sobie, Eric A

    2014-03-01

    Reverse rate dependence is a problematic property of antiarrhythmic drugs that prolong the cardiac action potential (AP). The prolongation caused by reverse rate dependent agents is greater at slow heart rates, resulting in both reduced arrhythmia suppression at fast rates and increased arrhythmia risk at slow rates. The opposite property, forward rate dependence, would theoretically overcome these parallel problems, yet forward rate dependent (FRD) antiarrhythmics remain elusive. Moreover, there is evidence that reverse rate dependence is an intrinsic property of perturbations to the AP. We have addressed the possibility of forward rate dependence by performing a comprehensive analysis of 13 ventricular myocyte models. By simulating populations of myocytes with varying properties and analyzing population results statistically, we simultaneously predicted the rate-dependent effects of changes in multiple model parameters. An average of 40 parameters were tested in each model, and effects on AP duration were assessed at slow (0.2 Hz) and fast (2 Hz) rates. The analysis identified a variety of FRD ionic current perturbations and generated specific predictions regarding their mechanisms. For instance, an increase in L-type calcium current is FRD when this is accompanied by indirect, rate-dependent changes in slow delayed rectifier potassium current. A comparison of predictions across models identified inward rectifier potassium current and the sodium-potassium pump as the two targets most likely to produce FRD AP prolongation. Finally, a statistical analysis of results from the 13 models demonstrated that models displaying minimal rate-dependent changes in AP shape have little capacity for FRD perturbations, whereas models with large shape changes have considerable FRD potential. This can explain differences between species and between ventricular cell types. Overall, this study provides new insights, both specific and general, into the determinants of AP duration rate dependence, and illustrates a strategy for the design of potentially beneficial antiarrhythmic drugs.

  9. Self-reported dietary fructose intolerance in irritable bowel syndrome: Proposed diagnostic criteria

    PubMed Central

    Berg, Leif Kyrre; Fagerli, Erik; Myhre, Arnt-Otto; Florholmen, Jon; Goll, Rasmus

    2015-01-01

    AIM: To study the criteria for self-reported dietary fructose intolerance (DFI) and to evaluate subjective global assessment (SGA) as outcome measure. METHODS: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients were randomized in an open study design with a 2 wk run-in on a habitual IBS diet, followed by 12 wk with/without additional fructose-reduced diet (FRD). Daily registrations of stool frequency and consistency, and symptoms on a visual analog scale (VAS) were performed during the first 4 wk. SGA was used for weekly registrations during the whole study period. Provocation with high-fructose diet was done at the end of the registration period. Fructose breath tests (FBTs) were performed. A total of 182 subjects performed the study according to the protocol (88 FRD, 94 controls). RESULTS: We propose a new clinically feasible diagnostic standard for self-reported fructose intolerance. The instrument is based on VAS registrations of symptom relief on FRD combined with symptom aggravation upon provocation with fructose-rich diet. Using these criteria 43 of 77 patients (56%) in the present cohort of IBS patients had self-reported DFI. To improve the concept for clinical evaluation, we translated the SGA scale instrument to Norwegian and validated it in the context of the IBS diet regimen. The validation procedures showed a sensitivity, specificity and κ value for SGA detecting the self-reported DFI group by FRD response within the IBS patients of 0.79, 0.75 and 0.53, respectively. Addition of the provocation test yielded values of 0.84, 0.76 and 0.61, respectively. The corresponding validation results for FBT were 0.57, 0.34 and -0.13, respectively. CONCLUSION: FRD improves symptoms in a subgroup of IBS patients. A diet trial followed by a provocation test evaluated by SGA can identify most responders to FRD. PMID:25987795

  10. Optical fiber systems for the BigBOSS instrument

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Edelstein, Jerry; Poppett, Claire; Sirk, Martin; Besuner, Robert; Lafever, Robin; Allington-Smith, Jeremy R.; Murray, Graham J.

    2012-09-01

    We describe the fiber optics systems for use in BigBOSS, a proposed massively parallel multi-object spectrograph for the Kitt Peak Mayall 4-m telescope that will measure baryon acoustic oscillations to explore dark energy. BigBOSS will include 5,000 optical fibers each precisely actuator-positioned to collect an astronomical target’s flux at the telescope prime-focus. The fibers are to be routed 40m through the telescope facility to feed ten visible-band imaging spectrographs. We report on our fiber component development and performance measurement program. Results include the numerical modeling of focal ratio degradation (FRD), observations of actual fibers’ collimated and converging beam FRD, and observations of FRD from different types of fiber terminations, mechanical connectors, and fusion-splice connections.

  11. Multistage extensional evolution of the central East Greenland Caledonides

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    White, Arthur P.; Hodges, Kip V.

    2002-10-01

    Recent field investigations in the central East Greenland Caledonides (72°-74°N) resulted in the identification of an orogen-scale extensional fault system called the Fjord Region Detachment (FRD). Previous geochronologic constraints on this deformation indicated that the FRD was active circa 430-425 Ma, a time when the Baltica-Laurentia collision was thought to be occurring, and continued to be active for up to 80 million years. We present new 40Ar/39Ar thermochronologic data from an E-W transect that cuts across two splays of the FRD. Our data demonstrate that at least two distinct episodes of faulting were responsible for extension in the East Greenland Caledonides: an earlier phase (circa 425-423 Ma) that was synorogenic and penetrated to middle-crustal levels, followed by a post-Caledonian phase of reactivation (˜414 to 380 Ma) that affected even deeper structural levels. Furthermore, we present in situ UV laser 40Ar/39Ar data for pseudotachylite collected along the deepest splay of the FRD that indicate this fault was active again as recently as ˜357 Ma (coeval with Devonian basin formation). Altogether, our data suggest that rather than being active continuously for 80 million years, the FRD consisted of multiple splays that were active for shorter intervals over discrete time periods separated by as much as 60 million years. Finally, our data provide evidence that young extensional deformation associated with postorogenic collapse in East Greenland was not restricted to the formation of sedimentary basins in the far eastern part of the orogen, but also resulted in deformation of the Archean-Paleozoic crystalline basement.

  12. Excess fructose intake-induced hypertrophic visceral adipose tissue results from unbalanced precursor cell adipogenic signals.

    PubMed

    Zubiría, María G; Fariña, Juan P; Moreno, Griselda; Gagliardino, Juan J; Spinedi, Eduardo; Giovambattista, Andrés

    2013-11-01

    We studied the effect of feeding normal adult male rats with a commercial diet supplemented with fructose added to the drinking water (10% w/v; fructose-rich diet, FRD) on the adipogenic capacity of stromal-vascular fraction (SVF) cells isolated from visceral adipose tissue (VAT) pads. Animals received either the commercial diet or FRD ad libitum for 3 weeks; thereafter, we evaluated the in vitro proliferative and adipogenic capacities of their VAT SVF cells. FRD significantly increased plasma insulin, triglyceride and leptin levels, VAT mass/cell size, and the in vitro adipogenic capacity of SVF cells. Flow cytometry studies indicated that the VAT precursor cell population number did not differ between groups; however, the accelerated adipogenic process could result from an imbalance between endogenous pro- and anti-adipogenic SVF cell signals, which are clearly shifted towards the former. The increased insulin milieu and its intracellular mediator (insulin receptor substrate-1) in VAT pads, as well as the enhanced SVF cell expression of Zpf423 and peroxisome proliferator receptor-γ2 (all pro-adipogenic modulators), together with a decreased SVF cell concentration of anti-adipogenic factors (pre-adipocyte factor-1 and wingless-type MMTV-10b), strongly supports this assumption. We hypothesize that the VAT mass expansion recorded in FRD rats results from the combination of initial accelerated adipogenesis and final cell hypertrophy. It remains to be determined whether FRD administration over longer periods could perpetuate both processes, or whether cell hypertrophy itself remains responsible for a further VAT mass expansion, as observed in advanced/morbid obesity. © 2013 FEBS.

  13. Evaluation of the effects of skeletal anchoraged Forsus FRD using miniplates inserted on mandibular symphysis: A new approach for the treatment of Class II malocclusion.

    PubMed

    Unal, Tuba; Celikoglu, Mevlut; Candirli, Celal

    2015-05-01

    To evaluate the skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue effects of the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device (FRD) appliance with miniplate anchorage for the treatment of skeletal Class II malocclusion. The prospective clinical study group included 17 patients (11 girls and 6 boys; mean age 12.96 ± 1.23 years) with Class II malocclusion due to mandibular retrusion and treated with skeletal anchoraged Forsus FRD. After 0.019 × 0.025-inch stainless steel archwire was inserted and cinched back in the maxillary arch, two miniplates were placed bilaterally on the mandibular symphysis. Then, the Forsus FRD EZ2 appliance was adjusted to the miniplates without leveling the mandibular arch. The changes in the leveling and skeletal anchoraged Forsus FRD phases were evaluated by means of the Paired and Student's t-tests using the cephalometric lateral films. The success rate of the miniplates was found to be 91.5% (38 of 42 miniplates). The mandible significantly moved forward (P < .001) and caused a significant restraint in the sagittal position of the maxilla (P < .001). The overjet correction (-5.11 mm) was found to be mainly by skeletal changes (A-VRL, -1.16 mm and Pog-VRL, 2.62 mm; approximately 74%); the remaining changes were due to the dentoalveolar contributions. The maxillary and mandibular incisors were significantly retruded (P < .001). This new approach was an effective method for treating skeletal Class II malocclusion due to the mandibular retrusion via a combination of skeletal and dentoalveolar changes.

  14. Rat liver uncoupling protein 2: changes induced by a fructose-rich diet.

    PubMed

    Castro, María C; Massa, María L; Del Zotto, Héctor; Gagliardino, Juan J; Francini, Flavio

    2011-10-24

    To evaluate the role of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in the response of liver to glycoxidative stress triggered by administration of a fructose-rich diet (FRD). We assessed blood glucose in the fasting state and after a glucose load (glucose-oxidase method), serum triglyceride (enzymatic measurement), insulin (radioimmunoassay), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels (colorimetric kits) in control and FRD animals. In liver, we measured UCP2, PPARα, PPARδ and PPARγ gene (real-time PCR) and protein (Western blot) expression, fatty acid synthase (FAS) and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) gene expression, as well as triglyceride content. Blood glucose, serum insulin and triglyceride levels, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) indexes and impaired glucose tolerance were higher in FRD rats. Whereas UCP2 and PPARδ gene and protein expression increased in these animals; PPARγ levels were lower and those of PPARα remained unchanged. FRD also increased the mRNA expression of PPARδ target genes FAS and GPAT. Our results suggest that a) the increased UCP2 gene and protein expression measured in FRD rats could be part of a compensatory mechanism to reduce reactive oxygen species production induced by the fructose overload, and b) PPARs expression participates actively in the regulation of UCP2 expression, and under the metabolic condition tested, PPARδ played a key role. This knowledge would help to better understand the mechanisms involved in liver adaptation to fructose-induced glycoxidative stress, and to develop appropriate prevention strategies in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  15. Early alterations in vascular contractility associated to changes in fatty acid composition and oxidative stress markers in perivascular adipose tissue

    PubMed Central

    2010-01-01

    Aim To test the early effect of fructose-induced changes in fatty acid composition and oxidative stress markers in perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) upon vascular contractility. Methods Adult male Wistar rats were fed a commercial diet without (CD) or with 10% fructose (FRD) in the drinking water for 3 weeks. We measured plasma metabolic parameters, lipid composition and oxidative stress markers in aortic PVAT. Vascular contractility was measured in aortic rings sequentially, stimulated with serotonin (5-HT) and high K+-induced depolarization using intact and thereafter PVAT-deprived rings. Results Comparable body weights were recorded in both groups. FRD rats had increased plasma triglyceride and fructosamine levels. Their PVAT had an increased saturated to mono- or poly-unsaturated fatty acid ratio, a significant decrease in total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and in the total content of glutathione. Conversely, lipid peroxidation (TBARS), nitric oxide content, and gluthathione reductase activity were significantly higher, indicating an increase in oxidative stress. In aortic rings, removal of PVAT increased serotonin-induced contractions, but the effect was significantly lower in rings from FRD rats. This effect was no longer observed when the two contractions were performed in PVAT-deprived rings. PVAT did not affect the contractions triggered by high K+-induced depolarization either in CD or FRD rats. Conclusions FRD induces multiple metabolic and endocrine systemic alterations which also alter PVAT and the vascular relaxant properties of this tissue. The changes in PVAT would affect its paracrine modulation of vascular function. PMID:20964827

  16. FRD in optical fibres at low temperatures: investigations for Gemini's Wide-field Fibre Multi-Object Spectrograph

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    de Oliveira, A. C.; de Oliveira, L. S.; Dos Santos, J. B.; Arruda, M. V.; Dos Santos, L. G. C.; Rodrigues, F.; de Castro, F. L. F.

    2011-06-01

    While there is no direct evidence for the deterioration in Focal Ratio Degradation (FRD) of optical fibres in severe temperature gradients, the fibre ends inserted into metallic containment devices such as steel ferrules can be a source of stress, and hence increased FRD at low temperatures. In such conditions, instruments using optical fibres may suffer some increase in FRD and consequent loss of system throughput when they are working in environments with significant thermal gradients, a common characteristic of ground-based observatories. In this paper we present results of experiments with optical fibres inserted in different materials as a part of our prototyping study for Gemini's Wide-field Multi-Object Spectrograph (WFMOS) project. Thermal effects and the use of new holding techniques will be discussed in the context of Integral Field Units and multi-fibres systems. In this work, we have used careful methodologies that give absolute measurements of FRD to quantify the advantages of using epoxy-based composites rather than metals as support structures for the fibre ends. This is shown to be especially important in minimizing thermally induced stresses in the fibre terminations. Not only is this important for optimizing fibre spectrograph performance but the benefits of using such materials are demonstrated in the minimization of positional variations and the avoidance of metal-to-glass delamination. Furthermore, by impregnating the composites with small zirconium oxide particles the composite materials supply their own fine polishing grit which aids significantly to the optical quality of the finished product.

  17. The Role of Categorical Speech Perception and Phonological Processing in Familial Risk Children With and Without Dyslexia.

    PubMed

    Hakvoort, Britt; de Bree, Elise; van der Leij, Aryan; Maassen, Ben; van Setten, Ellie; Maurits, Natasha; van Zuijen, Titia L

    2016-12-01

    This study assessed whether a categorical speech perception (CP) deficit is associated with dyslexia or familial risk for dyslexia, by exploring a possible cascading relation from speech perception to phonology to reading and by identifying whether speech perception distinguishes familial risk (FR) children with dyslexia (FRD) from those without dyslexia (FRND). Data were collected from 9-year-old FRD (n = 37) and FRND (n = 41) children and age-matched controls (n = 49) on CP identification and discrimination and on the phonological processing measures rapid automatized naming, phoneme awareness, and nonword repetition. The FRD group performed more poorly on CP than the FRND and control groups. Findings on phonological processing align with the literature in that (a) phonological processing related to reading and (b) the FRD group showed the lowest phonological processing outcomes. Furthermore, CP correlated weakly with reading, but this relationship was fully mediated by rapid automatized naming. Although CP phonological skills are related to dyslexia, there was no strong evidence for a cascade from CP to phonology to reading. Deficits in CP at the behavioral level are not directly associated with dyslexia.

  18. The Roles of Family History of Dyslexia, Language, Speech Production and Phonological Processing in Predicting Literacy Progress

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Carroll, Julia M.; Mundy, Ian R.; Cunningham, Anna J.

    2014-01-01

    It is well established that speech, language and phonological skills are closely associated with literacy, and that children with a family risk of dyslexia (FRD) tend to show deficits in each of these areas in the preschool years. This paper examines what the relationships are between FRD and these skills, and whether deficits in speech, language…

  19. Treatment effects produced by the Twin-block appliance vs the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device in growing Class II patients.

    PubMed

    Giuntini, Veronica; Vangelisti, Andrea; Masucci, Caterina; Defraia, Efisio; McNamara, James A; Franchi, Lorenzo

    2015-09-01

    To compare the dentoskeletal changes produced by the Twin-block appliance (TB) followed by fixed appliances vs the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device (FRD) in combination with fixed appliances in growing patients having Class II division 1 malocclusion. Twenty-eight Class II patients (19 females and 9 males; mean age, 12.4 years) treated consecutively with the TB followed by fixed appliances were compared with a group of 36 patients (16 females and 20 males; mean age, 12.3 years) treated consecutively with the FRD in combination with fixed appliances and with a sample of 27 subjects having untreated Class II malocclusion (13 females and 14 males; mean age, 12.2 years). Mean observation interval was 2.3 years in all groups. Cephalometric changes were compared among the three groups by means of ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests. The FRD produced a significant restraint of the maxilla compared with the TB and control samples (SNA, -1.1° and -1.8°, respectively). The TB sample exhibited significantly greater mandibular advancement and greater increments in total mandibular length than either the FRD or control groups (SNB, 1.9° and 1.5°, respectively; and Co-Gn, 2.0 mm and 3.4 mm, respectively). The FRD produced a significantly greater amount of proclination of the mandibular incisors than what occurred with the TB or the control samples (2.9° and 5.6°, respectively). The TB appliance produced greater skeletal effects in terms of mandibular advancement and growth stimulation while the Forsus caused significant proclination of the mandibular incisors.

  20. Determining prescription durations based on the parametric waiting time distribution.

    PubMed

    Støvring, Henrik; Pottegård, Anton; Hallas, Jesper

    2016-12-01

    The purpose of the study is to develop a method to estimate the duration of single prescriptions in pharmacoepidemiological studies when the single prescription duration is not available. We developed an estimation algorithm based on maximum likelihood estimation of a parametric two-component mixture model for the waiting time distribution (WTD). The distribution component for prevalent users estimates the forward recurrence density (FRD), which is related to the distribution of time between subsequent prescription redemptions, the inter-arrival density (IAD), for users in continued treatment. We exploited this to estimate percentiles of the IAD by inversion of the estimated FRD and defined the duration of a prescription as the time within which 80% of current users will have presented themselves again. Statistical properties were examined in simulation studies, and the method was applied to empirical data for four model drugs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), warfarin, bendroflumethiazide, and levothyroxine. Simulation studies found negligible bias when the data-generating model for the IAD coincided with the FRD used in the WTD estimation (Log-Normal). When the IAD consisted of a mixture of two Log-Normal distributions, but was analyzed with a single Log-Normal distribution, relative bias did not exceed 9%. Using a Log-Normal FRD, we estimated prescription durations of 117, 91, 137, and 118 days for NSAIDs, warfarin, bendroflumethiazide, and levothyroxine, respectively. Similar results were found with a Weibull FRD. The algorithm allows valid estimation of single prescription durations, especially when the WTD reliably separates current users from incident users, and may replace ad-hoc decision rules in automated implementations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  1. Antidepressant effects of Kai-Xin-San in fluoxetine-resistant depression rats.

    PubMed

    Dong, X Z; Wang, D X; Lu, Y P; Yuan, S; Liu, P; Hu, Y

    2017-08-17

    This study aimed to investigate the antidepressant effect and the mechanism of action of Kai-Xin-San (KXS) in fluoxetine-resistant depressive (FRD) rats. Two hundred male Wistar rats weighing 200±10 g were exposed to chronic and unpredictable mild stresses (CUMS) for 4 weeks and given fluoxetine treatment simultaneously. The rats that did not show significant improvement in behavioral indexes were chosen as the FRD model rats. These rats were randomly divided into four groups: FRD model control; oral fluoxetine and aspirin; oral KXS at a dose of 338 mg·kg-1·day-1; and oral KXS at a dose of 676 mg·kg-1·day-1. Rats continued to be exposed to CUMS and underwent treatment once a day for 3 weeks, then cytokine (COX-2, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TGF-β, and TNF-α) levels in the hippocampus and serum, and organ coefficients were measured. Both doses of KXS improved the crossing and rearing frequencies, sucrose-preference index, and body weight in FRD rats. KXS at a dose of 338 mg·kg-1·day-1reduced COX-2, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α levels, increased IL-10 level in the hippocampus, and reduced IL-2 and TNF-α levels in serum. KXS at a dose of 676 mg·kg-1·day-1reduced TNF-α level in the hippocampus, reduced IL-2 and TNF-α levels in serum, and increased IFN-γ and IL-10 levels in the hippocampus and serum. There were no significant differences in organ-coefficients of the spleen among and between groups. The results suggested that oral administration of KXS in FRD rats was effective in improving behavior disorders by influencing various inflammatory pathways.

  2. Effectiveness of comprehensive fixed appliance treatment used with the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device in Class II patients.

    PubMed

    Franchi, Lorenzo; Alvetro, Lisa; Giuntini, Veronica; Masucci, Caterina; Defraia, Efisio; Baccetti, Tiziano

    2011-07-01

    To assess the dental, skeletal, and soft tissue effects of comprehensive fixed appliance treatment combined with the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device (FRD) in Class II patients. Thirty-two Class II patients (mean age 12.7 ± 1.2 years) were treated consecutively with the FRD protocol and compared with a matched sample of 27 untreated Class II subjects (mean age 12.8 ± 1.3 years). Lateral cephalograms were taken before therapy and at the completion of comprehensive therapy. The mean duration of comprehensive treatment was 2.4 ± 0.4 years. Statistical comparisons were carried out with the Student's t-test (P < .05). The success rate was 87.5%. The FRD group showed a significant restraint in the sagittal skeletal position of the maxilla (also at the soft tissue level), a significant increase in mandibular length, and a significant improvement in maxillo-mandibular sagittal skeletal relationships. The treated group exhibited a significant reduction in overjet and a significant increase in molar relationship. The lower incisors were significantly proclined and intruded, while the lower first molars moved significantly in a mesial and vertical direction. The FRD protocol is effective in correcting Class II malocclusion with a combination of skeletal (mainly maxillary) and dentoalveolar (mainly mandibular) modifications.

  3. Treatment of a skeletal Class II malocclusion using fixed functional appliance with miniplate anchorage

    PubMed Central

    Celikoglu, Mevlut; Unal, Tuba; Bayram, Mehmet; Candirli, Celal

    2014-01-01

    Based on our literature search, we found that the use of miniplate anchorage with Forsus fatigue-resistance device (FRD) has not yet been reported. Therefore, the aim of the present case report was to present the treatment of a patient with skeletal Class II malocclusion with mandibular retrusion using Forsus FRD with miniplate anchorage. Fixed appliances with 0.022-inch slots were attached to the maxillary teeth and after 8 months of the leveling and alignment of the upper arch, 0.019 × 0.025-inch stainless steel archwire was inserted and cinched back. Two weeks after the placement of the miniplates bilaterally at the symphysis of the mandible, Forsus FRD was adjusted to the miniplates with a 35-mm length of rod chosen. Nine months after the skeletal anchored Forsus worn, Class I canine and molar relations were achieved and overjet was eliminated. PMID:24966783

  4. Should Kiribati continue to aim for 100% voluntary non-remunerated blood donation as recommended by the WHO?

    PubMed

    Tauma, G; Harries, A D; Merilles, O E A; Tekoaua, R; Teriboriki, B

    2016-12-21

    Setting: Tungaru Central Hospital Blood Bank Laboratory, Nawerewere, Tarawa, Kiribati. Objective: To determine characteristics, deferrals and reasons for deferral amongst blood donors from 2011 to 2016. Design: A cross-sectional study using routinely collected data. Results: From January 2011 to March 2016, 8531 potential blood donors were registered. For each full year, the proportion of voluntary non-remunerated blood donors (VNRBD) was below 10%, although it increased to 13% in 2015. The overall proportion of blood donors deferred increased each year over the 5-year period, from 44% to 57%, with similar increases in deferrals in VNRBD and family replacement donors (FRD). Among all blood donors, a higher proportion of females than males (59% vs. 43%) and VNRBD than FRD (56% vs. 44%) were deferred ( P < 0.001). Deferrals were due to 1) failing the medical questionnaire (53%), 2) having anaemia and/or high white cell count (26%), or 3) transfusion-transmissible infections (21%). More VNRBD were deferred due to failing the medical questionnaire, while more FRD were deferred due to anaemia and/or high white-cell count; the number of deferrals was similar for transfusion-transmissible infections. Conclusion: This 5-year study showed that the proportion of VNRBD is low and deferrals are higher for this group than for FRD. There is a strong case for encouraging both types of donor in the country.

  5. Treatment outcomes of Class II malocclusion cases treated with miniscrew-anchored Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device: A randomized controlled trial.

    PubMed

    Eissa, Osama; El-Shennawy, Mahmoud; Gaballah, Safaa; El-Meehy, Ghada; El Bialy, Tarek

    2017-11-01

    To evaluate the skeletal, dental, and soft tissue effects of the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device (FRD) used with miniscrew anchorage and compare them with those of the conventional Forsus FRD. This study was carried out on 38 patients. These patients were randomly allocated into three groups. The 14 patients in group 1 (aged 12.76 ± 1.0 years) were treated with the FRD appliance. In group 2, the 15 patients (aged 12.52 ± 1.12 years) received treatment with FRD using miniscrew anchorage, and the 9 patients in group 3 (aged 12.82 ± 0.9 years) received no treatment as a control group. Linear and angular measurements were made on lateral cephalograms before and immediately after Forsus treatment. Data were analyzed statistically using paired t-, ANOVA, and Tukey tests. Class I molar relationship and overjet correction were achieved in both treatment groups. Although mandibular growth was statistically nonsignificant, there was a significant headgear effect on the maxilla. Mandibular incisor proclination, maxillary incisor retroclination, and distalization of maxillary molars were significant in both treatment groups. However, no significant differences were found between the treatment groups. Class II correction was mainly dentoalveolar in both treatment groups. Use of miniscrews with Forsus did not enhance mandibular forward growth nor prevent labial tipping of the mandibular incisors.

  6. Evidence for Escherichia coli Diguanylate Cyclase DgcZ Interlinking Surface Sensing and Adhesion via Multiple Regulatory Routes

    PubMed Central

    Lacanna, Egidio; Bigosch, Colette; Kaever, Volkhard; Boehm, Alex

    2016-01-01

    ABSTRACT DgcZ is the main cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP)-producing diguanylate cyclase (DGC) controlling biosynthesis of the exopolysaccharide poly-β-1,6-N-acetylglucosamine (poly-GlcNAc or PGA), which is essential for surface attachment of Escherichia coli. Although the complex regulation of DgcZ has previously been investigated, its primary role and the physiological conditions under which the protein is active are not fully understood. Transcription of dgcZ is regulated by the two-component system CpxAR activated by the lipoprotein NlpE in response to surface sensing. Here, we show that the negative effect of a cpxR mutation and the positive effect of nlpE overexpression on biofilm formation both depend on DgcZ. Coimmunoprecipitation data suggest several potential interaction partners of DgcZ. Interaction with FrdB, a subunit of the fumarate reductase complex (FRD) involved in anaerobic respiration and in control of flagellum assembly, was further supported by a bacterial-two-hybrid assay. Furthermore, the FRD complex was required for the increase in DgcZ-mediated biofilm formation upon induction of oxidative stress by addition of paraquat. A DgcZ-mVENUS fusion protein was found to localize at one bacterial cell pole in response to alkaline pH and carbon starvation. Based on our data and previous knowledge, an integrative role of DgcZ in regulation of surface attachment is proposed. We speculate that both DgcZ-stimulated PGA biosynthesis and interaction of DgcZ with the FRD complex contribute to impeding bacterial escape from the surface. IMPORTANCE Bacterial cells can grow by clonal expansion to surface-associated biofilms that are ubiquitous in the environment but also constitute a pervasive problem related to bacterial infections. Cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) is a widespread bacterial second messenger involved in regulation of motility and biofilm formation, and plays a primary role in bacterial surface attachment. E. coli possesses a plethora of c-di-GMP-producing diguanylate cyclases, including DgcZ. Our study expands the knowledge on the role of DgcZ in regulation of surface attachment and suggests that it interconnects surface sensing and adhesion via multiple routes. PMID:27402625

  7. Evidence for Escherichia coli Diguanylate Cyclase DgcZ Interlinking Surface Sensing and Adhesion via Multiple Regulatory Routes.

    PubMed

    Lacanna, Egidio; Bigosch, Colette; Kaever, Volkhard; Boehm, Alex; Becker, Anke

    2016-09-15

    DgcZ is the main cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP)-producing diguanylate cyclase (DGC) controlling biosynthesis of the exopolysaccharide poly-β-1,6-N-acetylglucosamine (poly-GlcNAc or PGA), which is essential for surface attachment of Escherichia coli Although the complex regulation of DgcZ has previously been investigated, its primary role and the physiological conditions under which the protein is active are not fully understood. Transcription of dgcZ is regulated by the two-component system CpxAR activated by the lipoprotein NlpE in response to surface sensing. Here, we show that the negative effect of a cpxR mutation and the positive effect of nlpE overexpression on biofilm formation both depend on DgcZ. Coimmunoprecipitation data suggest several potential interaction partners of DgcZ. Interaction with FrdB, a subunit of the fumarate reductase complex (FRD) involved in anaerobic respiration and in control of flagellum assembly, was further supported by a bacterial-two-hybrid assay. Furthermore, the FRD complex was required for the increase in DgcZ-mediated biofilm formation upon induction of oxidative stress by addition of paraquat. A DgcZ-mVENUS fusion protein was found to localize at one bacterial cell pole in response to alkaline pH and carbon starvation. Based on our data and previous knowledge, an integrative role of DgcZ in regulation of surface attachment is proposed. We speculate that both DgcZ-stimulated PGA biosynthesis and interaction of DgcZ with the FRD complex contribute to impeding bacterial escape from the surface. Bacterial cells can grow by clonal expansion to surface-associated biofilms that are ubiquitous in the environment but also constitute a pervasive problem related to bacterial infections. Cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) is a widespread bacterial second messenger involved in regulation of motility and biofilm formation, and plays a primary role in bacterial surface attachment. E. coli possesses a plethora of c-di-GMP-producing diguanylate cyclases, including DgcZ. Our study expands the knowledge on the role of DgcZ in regulation of surface attachment and suggests that it interconnects surface sensing and adhesion via multiple routes. Copyright © 2016, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

  8. Modelling complex phenomena in optical fibres

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Allington-Smith, Jeremy; Murray, Graham; Lemke, Ulrike

    2012-09-01

    We present a new model for predicting the performance of fibre systems in the multimode limit. This is based on ray-­-tracing but includes a semi-­-empirical description of Focal Ratio Degradation (FRD). We show how FRD is simulated by the model. With this ability, it can be used to investigate a wide variety of phenomena including scrambling and the loss of light close to the limiting numerical aperture. It can also be used to predict the performance of non-­-round and asymmetric fibres.

  9. Application of fiber tapers in astronomy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Marcel, Jaclyn; Haynes, Roger; Bland-Hawthorn, Joss

    2006-06-01

    Fiber tapers have the potential to significantly advance instrument technology into the realm of fully integrated optical systems. Our initial investigation was directed at the use of fiber tapers as f-ratio transformation devices. Using a technique developed for testing focal ratio degradation (FRD), a collimated light source was injected at different angles into various fiber taper samples and the far-field profile of the fiber output was observed. We compare the FRD present in the optical fiber tapers with conventional fibers and determine how effectively fiber tapers perform as image converters. We demonstrate that while silica fiber tapers may have slightly more intrinsic FRD than conventional fibers they still show promise as adiabatic mode transformers and are worth investigating further for their potential use in astronomical instruments. In this paper we present a brief review of the current status of fiber tapers with particular focus on the astronomical applications. We demonstrate the conservation of etendue in the taper transformation process and present the experimental results for a number of different taper profiles and manufacturers.

  10. Differential effects of metformin on age related comorbidities in older men with type 2 diabetes.

    PubMed

    Wang, Chen-Pin; Lorenzo, Carlos; Habib, Samy L; Jo, Booil; Espinoza, Sara E

    2017-04-01

    To identify distinct temporal likelihoods of age-related comorbidity (ARC) diagnoses: cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancer, depression, dementia, and frailty-related diseases (FRD) in older men with type 2 diabetes (T2D) but ARC naïve initially, and assess the heterogeneous effects of metformin on ARCs and mortality. We identified a clinical cohort of male veterans in the United States who were ≥65years old with T2D and free from ARCs during 2002-2003. ARC diagnoses during 2004-2012 were analyzed using latent class modeling adjusted for confounders. The cohort consisted of 41,204 T2D men with age 74.6±5.8years, HbA1c 6.5±0.97%, and 8393 (20.4%) metformin users. Four ARC classes were identified. 'Healthy Class' (53.6%): metformin reduced likelihoods of all ARCs (from 0.14% in dementia to 6.1% in CVD). 'High Cancer Risk Class' (11.6%): metformin reduced likelihoods of CVD (13.3%), cancer (45.5%), depression (5.0%), and FRD (13.7%). 'High CVD Risk Class' (17.4%): metformin reduced likelihoods of CVD (48.6%), cancer (3.2%), depression (2.8%), and FRD (6.3%). 'High Frailty Risk Class' (17.2%): metformin reduced likelihoods of CVD (18.8%), cancer (3.9%), dementia (3.8%), depression (15.6%), and FRD (23.8%). Metformin slowed ARC development in old men with T2D, and these effects varied by ARC phenotype. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc.

  11. Design of the fiber optic support system and fiber bundle accelerated life test for VIRUS

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Soukup, Ian M.; Beno, Joseph H.; Hayes, Richard J.; Heisler, James T.; Mock, Jason R.; Mollison, Nicholas T.; Good, John M.; Hill, Gary J.; Vattiat, Brian L.; Murphy, Jeremy D.; Anderson, Seth C.; Bauer, Svend M.; Kelz, Andreas; Roth, Martin M.; Fahrenthold, Eric P.

    2010-07-01

    The quantity and length of optical fibers required for the Hobby-Eberly Telescope* Dark Energy eXperiment (HETDEX) create unique fiber handling challenges. For HETDEX‡, at least 33,600 fibers will transmit light from the focal surface of the telescope to an array of spectrographs making up the Visible Integral-Field Replicable Unit Spectrograph (VIRUS). Up to 96 Integral Field Unit (IFU) bundles, each containing 448 fibers, hang suspended from the telescope's moving tracker located more than 15 meters above the VIRUS instruments. A specialized mechanical system is being developed to support fiber optic assemblies onboard the telescope. The discrete behavior of 448 fibers within a conduit is also of primary concern. A life cycle test must be conducted to study fiber behavior and measure Focal Ratio Degradation (FRD) as a function of time. This paper focuses on the technical requirements and design of the HETDEX fiber optic support system, the electro-mechanical test apparatus for accelerated life testing of optical fiber assemblies. Results generated from the test will be of great interest to designers of robotic fiber handling systems for major telescopes. There is concern that friction, localized contact, entanglement, and excessive tension will be present within each IFU conduit and contribute to FRD. The test apparatus design utilizes six linear actuators to replicate the movement of the telescope over 65,000 accelerated cycles, simulating five years of actual operation.

  12. Development of the fibres of MOONS

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Guinouard, Isabelle; Lee, David; Schnetler, Hermine; Taylor, William; Amans, Jean-Philippe; Montgomery, David; Oliva, Ernesto

    2014-07-01

    MOONS will exploit the full 500 square arcmin field of view offered by the Nasmyth focus of the Very Large Telescope and will be equipped with two identical triple arm cryogenic spectrographs covering the wavelength range 0.8 - 1.8 μm, with a multiplex capability of approximately 1000 fibres. Each triple arm spectrograph will produce spectra for half of the targets simultaneously. The system will have both a medium resolution (R~4000-6000) mode and a high resolution (R~20000) mode. The fibres are used to pick off each sub field of 1.05 arcseconds and are used to transport the light from the instrument focal plane to the two spectrographs. Each fibre has a microlens to focus the beam into the fibre at a relative fast focal ratio of F/3.65 to reduce the Focal Ratio Degradation (FRD). This paper presents the overall design of the fibre system and describes the specific developments required to optimise its performance. The design of the fibre input optics, the choice of the fibre connector, and the layout of the slit end are described. The results of preliminary tests to measure the effect of twisting on the FRD performance of prototype fibres are also discussed.

  13. Family donors are critical and legitimate in developing countries.

    PubMed

    Allain, Jean-Pierre; Sibinga, Cees Th Smit

    2016-01-01

    For many years, family blood donors have been considered less safe than volunteer non-remunerated blood donors and actively discouraged by international organisations and affluent countries support agencies for developing countries. In addition to safety, pressure and coercion was considered unethical. However these assumptions were not supported by evidence. To assemble recently collected evidence to reopen the assessment whether or not the ban of family blood donors is justified. Review of old and recent literature through Pubmed and references from identified articles. Viral marker data comparing confirmed seroprevalence in 1(st) time volunteer non-remunerated donors (VNRD) and family/replacement donors (FRD) corrected for gender and age, show no significant difference between the two groups. Evidence has been provided that for both VNRD and FAD benevolence is more appropriate than altruism. The two groups merge for psychological attitude to donation for which knowing someone needing transfusion is a powerful incentive to give blood. Excluding a life or death situation found in areas where severe blood shortage justifies replacement donation, pressures are exerted on both VNRD and FRD. There is no evidence of coercion of FRD. FRDs therefore meet all criteria for VNRD and are willing to become VNRD and to repeat donation. Ostracising FRD is illegitimate and damaging to the blood supply in resource poor areas. In some countries no difference is made between the two groups of donors representing similar populations asked to give blood in different circumstances. FRDs remain a critical source of volunteer, non-remunerated, blood meeting all classical criteria of VNRD that should be considered legitimate and indispensable at this point in time instead of discouraged.

  14. Effects of miniplate anchored and conventional Forsus Fatigue Resistant Devices in the treatment of Class II malocclusion.

    PubMed

    Turkkahraman, Hakan; Eliacik, Sule Kocabas; Findik, Yavuz

    2016-11-01

    To compare the skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue effects of the miniplate anchored Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device (FRD) and the conventional Forsus FRD in the treatment of Class II malocclusion. The study was carried out with 30 patients (10 girls, 20 boys). In the MA-Forsus group, 15 patients (2 girls, 13 boys) were treated with a miniplate anchored Forsus FRD for 9.40 ± 2.25 months. In the C-Forsus group, 15 patients (8 girls, 7 boys) were treated with a conventional Forsus FRD for 9.46 ± 0.81 months. A total of 16 measurements were calculated and statistically analyzed to find intragroup and intergroup differences. Statistically significant differences were found between the groups in IMPA, SN/Occ, SN/GoGn, overjet, overbite, and Li-S measurements (P < .05). In the C-Forsus group, a substantial amount of lower incisor protrusion was observed, whereas retrusion was found in the MA-Forsus group (P < .001). The mandible rotated backward in the MA-Forsus group, whereas it remained unchanged in the C-Forsus group (P < .05). Reductions in overjet (P < .001) and overbite were greater in the C-Forsus group (P < .05). Stimulation of mandibular growth and inhibition of maxillary growth were achieved in both treatment groups. In the C-Forsus group, a substantial amount of lower incisor protrusion was observed, whereas retrusion of lower incisors was found in the MA-Forsus group. The MA-Forsus group was found to be more advantageous as it had no dentoalveolar side effects on mandibular dentition.

  15. A modified method for determining the focal ratio degradation and length properties of optical fibres in astronomy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yan, Yunxiang; Wang, Gang; Sun, Weimin; Luo, A.-Li; Ma, Zhenyu; Li, Jian; Wang, Shuqing

    2017-04-01

    Focal ratio degradation (FRD) is a major contributor to throughput and light loss in a fibre spectroscopic telescope system. We combine the guided mode theory in geometric optics and a well-known model, the power distribution model (PDM), to predict and explain the FRD dependence properties. We present a robust method by modifying the energy distribution method with f-intercept to control the input condition. This method provides a way to determine the proper position of the fibre end on the focal plane to improve energy utilization and FRD performance, which lifts the relative throughput up to 95 per cent with variation of output focal ratio less than 2 per cent. This method can also help to optimize the arrangement of the position of focal-plane plate to enhance the coupling efficiency in a telescope. To investigate length properties, we modified the PDM by introducing a new parameter, the focal distance f, into the original model to make it available for a multiposition measurement system. The results show that the modified model is robust and feasible for measuring the key parameter d0 to simulate the transmission characteristics. The output focal ratio in the experiment does not follow the prediction trend but shows an interesting phenomenon: the output focal ratio increases first to the peak, then decreases and remains stable finally with increasing fibre length longer than 15 m. This provides a reference for choosing the appropriate length of fibre to improve the FRD performance for the design of the fibre system in a telescope.

  16. Differential effects of metformin on age related comorbidities in older men with type 2 diabetes

    PubMed Central

    Wang, Chen-Pin; Lorenzo, Carlos; Habib, Samy L.; Jo, Booil; Espinoza, Sara E.

    2017-01-01

    Aims To identify distinct temporal likelihoods of age-related comorbidity (ARC) diagnoses: cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancer, depression, dementia, and frailty-related diseases (FRD) in older men with type 2 diabetes (T2D) but ARC naïve initially, and assess the heterogeneous effects of metformin on ARCs and mortality. Methods We identified a clinical cohort of male veterans in the United States who were ≥ 65 years old with T2D and free from ARCs during 2002–2003. ARC diagnoses during 2004–2012 were analyzed using latent class modeling adjusted for confounders. Results The cohort consisted of 41,204 T2D men with age 74.6 ± 5.8 years, HbA1c 6.5 ± 0.97%, and 8393 (20.4%) metformin users. Four ARC classes were identified. ‘Healthy Class’ (53.6%): metformin reduced likelihoods of all ARCs (from 0.14% in dementia to 6.1% in CVD). ‘High Cancer Risk Class’ (11.6%): metformin reduced likelihoods of CVD (13.3%), cancer (45.5%), depression (5.0%), and FRD (13.7%). ‘High CVD Risk Class’ (17.4%): metformin reduced likelihoods of CVD (48.6%), cancer (3.2%), depression (2.8%), and FRD (6.3%). ‘High Frailty Risk Class’ (17.2%): metformin reduced likelihoods of CVD (18.8%), cancer (3.9%), dementia (3.8%), depression (15.6%), and FRD (23.8%). Conclusions Metformin slowed ARC development in old men with T2D, and these effects varied by ARC phenotype. PMID:28190681

  17. Treatment of Class II Division 2 Malocclusion Using the Forsus Fatigue Resistance Device and 5-Year Follow-Up

    PubMed Central

    Atik, Ezgi; Kocadereli, Ilken

    2016-01-01

    This case report presents the treatment of a 14-year-and-8-month-old boy with Class II division 2 mandibular retrusion, severe deep bite, and concave profile. The Forsus fatigue resistance device (FRD) was effective in correcting both skeletal and dental parameters. At 5-year posttreatment follow-up, the teeth were well aligned and the occlusion was stable. FRD application with appropriate treatment time can result with prominent changes in the facial profile and dentition, and the outcomes can be maintained at the long-term follow-up periods. PMID:27034855

  18. FRD and scrambling properties of recent non-circular fibres

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Avila, Gerardo

    2012-09-01

    Optical fibres with octagonal, square and rectangular core shapes have been proposed as alternative to the circular fibres to link the telescopes to spectrographs in order to increase the accuracy of radial velocity measurements. Theoretically they offer better scrambling properties than their circular counterparts. First commercial octagonal fibres provided good near field scrambling gains. Unfortunately the far field scrambling did not show important figures. This article shows test results on new fibres from CeramOptec. The measurements show substantial improvements of the far field scrambling gains. In addition, evaluation of their focal ratio degradation (FRD) shows much better performances than previous fibres.

  19. Fiber Scrambling for Extreme Doppler Precision

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Spronck, Julien; Kaplan, Z.; Fischer, D.

    2011-09-01

    The detection of Earth-like exoplanets with the radial velocity method requires extreme Doppler precision and long-term stability in order to measure tiny reflex velocities in the host star. Recent planet searches have led to the detection of so called “super-Earths” (up to a few Earth masses) that induce radial velocity changes of about 1 m/s. However, the detection of true Earth analogs requires a precision of 10 cm/s. One of the factors limiting Doppler precision is variation in the Point Spread Function (PSF) from observation to observation due to changes in the illumination of the slit and spectrograph optics. Thus, this stability has become a focus of current instrumentation work. Fiber optics have been used since the 1980’s to couple telescopes to high-precision spectrographs, initially for simpler mechanical design and control. However, fiber optics are also naturally efficient scramblers. Scrambling refers to a fiber’s ability to produce an output beam independent of input. Our research is focused on understanding the scrambling properties of fibers with different geometries (circular, square, octagonal), different lengths and fiber sizes. Another important parameter when it comes to fibers is the so-called focal ratio degradation (FRD), which accounts for a different (faster) focal ratio after the fiber than the one sent into the fiber. In this paper, we will present new insight on fiber scrambling, FRD and what we call fiber personality, which describes differing behaviors for supposedly identical fiber.

  20. Pharyngeal airway effects of Herbst and skeletal anchored Forsus FRD EZ appliances.

    PubMed

    Celikoglu, Mevlut; Buyuk, Suleyman Kutalmis; Ekizer, Abdullah; Unal, Tuba

    2016-11-01

    To evaluate the skeletal and pharyngeal airway effects of skeletal anchored Forsus FRD EZ appliance using bilateral miniplates inserted on mandibular symphyses and to compare the findings with a well matched control group treated using a Herbst appliance. Thirty patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion due to mandibular retrusion were divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of 15 patients (8 females and 7 males; mean age: 13.11 ± 1.29 years) treated using the Herbst appliance and Group 2 consisted of 15 patients (9 females and 7 males; 12.84 ± 1.27 years) treated using the skeletal anchored Forsus FRD EZ appliance. Treatment changes were assessed by means of linear, angular, and area measurements. The groups were well matched regarding to the chronological ages, gender distribution and initial cephalometric values (P > 0.05). In both groups, skeletal Class II malocclusion was corrected by decrease in SNA and increase in SNB, Co-Gn, VRL-B and VRL-Pog measurements. Those changes caused a significant correction in the maxillo-mandibular relationship. Upper and lower pharyngeal airway dimensions were increased in both group, while the increase in the lower pharyngeal dimension was found to be statistically significant in the skeletal anchored Forsus FRD EZ group (P < 0.05). Oropharyngeal area measurements significantly increased in both groups (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively). Comparison of the groups showed that both groups had similar changes with no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05). Skeletal changes produced by both appliances caused significant pharyngeal airway changes. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  1. Use of a Granulocyte Immunofluorescence Assay Designed for Humans for Detection of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies in Dogs with Chronic Enteropathies.

    PubMed

    Florey, J; Viall, A; Streu, S; DiMuro, V; Riddle, A; Kirk, J; Perazzotti, L; Affeldt, K; Wagner, R; Vaden, S; Harris, T; Allenspach, K

    2017-07-01

    Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA) previously have been shown to be serum markers in dogs with chronic enteropathies, with dogs that have food-responsive disease (FRD) having higher frequencies of seropositivity than dogs with steroid-responsive disease (SRD). The indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) assay used in previous publications is time-consuming to perform, with low interobserver agreement. We hypothesized that a commercially available granulocyte IIF assay designed for humans could be used to detect perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in dogs. Forty-four dogs with FRD, 20 dogs with SRD, 20 control dogs, and 38 soft-coated wheaten terrier (SCWT) or SCWT-cross dogs. A granulocyte assay designed for humans was used to detect pANCA, cANCA, and antinuclear antibodies (ANA), as well as antibodies against proteinase-3 protein (PR-3) and myeloperoxidase protein (MPO) in archived serum samples. Sensitivity of the granulocyte assay to predict FRD in dogs was 0.61 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.45, 0.75), and specificity was 1.00 (95% CI, 0.91, 1.00). A significant association was identified between positive pANCA or cANCA result and diagnosis of FRD (P < 0.0001). Agreement between the two assays to detect ANCA in the same serum samples from SCWT with protein-losing enteropathy/protein-losing nephropathy (PLE/PLN) was substantial (kappa, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.53, 1.00). Eight ANCA-positive cases were positive for MPO or PR-3 antibodies. The granulocyte immunofluorescence assay used in our pilot study was easy and quick to perform. Agreement with the previously published method was good. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.

  2. Relative roles of synthesis and degradation in regulating metallothionein accretion

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Laurin, D.E.

    1989-01-01

    Decay kinetics of {sup 35}S-cysteine (cys) in metallothionein (MT) were used to simultaneously measure rates of MT synthesis and degradation in a HD11 chicken-macrophage cell-line. A reverse-phase (RP) high-performance liquid-chromatography procedure was used to purify 2 MT-isoforms from cytosols with approximately 94% purity. The medium that the macrophages were incubated in was validated to ensure that it contained enough unlabeled cys to adequately chase {sup 35}S-cys released by the degradation of labeled protein. The addition of Zn{sup 2+} and unlabeled cys to the medium did not change the fractional-rates of MT synthesis (FRS) and degradation (FRD). These measurements were alsomore » validated by showing that the measured fractional-rate of MT accretion closely approximated the difference between FRS and FRD. When macrophages were incubated in medium supplemented with 50 or 25 {mu}M Zn{sup 2+} the absolute-rate of MT synthesis (ARS) and FRD increased and decreases, respectively. When macrophages were incubated in medium supplemented with 20 or 10 {mu}M Cd{sup 2+}, the ARS increased but the FDR was not changed.« less

  3. Treatment of class ii in adulthood by forsus frd device.

    PubMed

    DE Nuccio, F; D'Emidio, M M; DE Nuccio, F

    2016-01-01

    Scientific research data show that the Forsus FRD seems to have a great potential in the correction of Class II in childhood. The conclusions reached by the various Authors seem to support the hypothesis of an exclusively or mainly dentoalveolar correction, as the skeletal correction seems to have no - or little - appreciable results. In the light of such provided by different Authors, the potential of dentoalveolar compensation in adult patients with mild skeletal class II was investigated. At the UOC (Complex Operative Unit) of Orthodontics at "G. Eastman" Hospital Rome, 3 cases of skeletal class II mild (ANB <5 °) in adult patients were selected. They were treated with fixed multibracket appliance and Forsus EZ2 module. Cephalometric tracings were compared at the beginning and at the end of the treatment in order to assess the skeletal and dentoalveolar changes. The occlusal correction was achieved through a dentoalveolar compensation characterized by the flaring of the lower teeth. Forsus FRD equipment is an excellent compromise for the correction of mild Class II, even during the post development age. The resulting correction is appreciated at dental alveolar level with a mesial movement of the incisors and molars.

  4. Evaluation of the Immediate Dentofacial Changes in Late Adolescent Patients Treated with the Forsus™ FRD

    PubMed Central

    Gunay, Esen Ali; Arun, Tulin; Nalbantgil, Didem

    2011-01-01

    Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the short-term dentoalveolar and soft tissue changes in late adolescent patients treated with the Forsus™ FRD. Methods: A prospective study was carried out on 54 lateral cephalometric radiograms that were taken before placement and after removal of the appliance in the treatment group (15 subjects) and at the beginning and six months after in the control group (12 subjects). The patient selection criteria were as follows: skeletal and dental Class II malocclusion due to retrognatic mandible, normal or low-angle growth pattern, post-peak growth period, no extracted or congenitally missing permanent teeth, and minimum crowding in the lower dental arch. Results: The statistical assesment of the data suggested the following results: No sagital and vertical skeletal changes were induced. The mandibular incisors were protruded and intruded, while the maxillary incisors were retruded and extruded. The occlusal plane was rotated in clockwise direction as a result of these dentoalveolar changes. Overbite and overjet were reduced in all patients. Soft tissue profile slightly improved. Conclusions: The results revealed that, in late-adolescent patients Forsus™ FRD corrected Class II discrepancies through maxillary and mandibular dentoalveolar changes. PMID:22589581

  5. Evaluation of the Immediate Dentofacial Changes in Late Adolescent Patients Treated with the Forsus(™) FRD.

    PubMed

    Gunay, Esen Ali; Arun, Tulin; Nalbantgil, Didem

    2011-10-01

    The purpose of this study was to evaluate the short-term dentoalveolar and soft tissue changes in late adolescent patients treated with the Forsus™ FRD. A prospective study was carried out on 54 lateral cephalometric radiograms that were taken before placement and after removal of the appliance in the treatment group (15 subjects) and at the beginning and six months after in the control group (12 subjects). The patient selection criteria were as follows: skeletal and dental Class II malocclusion due to retrognatic mandible, normal or low-angle growth pattern, post-peak growth period, no extracted or congenitally missing permanent teeth, and minimum crowding in the lower dental arch. THE STATISTICAL ASSESMENT OF THE DATA SUGGESTED THE FOLLOWING RESULTS: No sagital and vertical skeletal changes were induced. The mandibular incisors were protruded and intruded, while the maxillary incisors were retruded and extruded. The occlusal plane was rotated in clockwise direction as a result of these dentoalveolar changes. Overbite and overjet were reduced in all patients. Soft tissue profile slightly improved. The results revealed that, in late-adolescent patients Forsus™ FRD corrected Class II discrepancies through maxillary and mandibular dentoalveolar changes.

  6. The Chinese Herb Jianpijiedu Contributes to the Regulation of OATP1B2 and ABCC2 in a Rat Model of Orthotopic Transplantation Liver Cancer Pretreated with Food Restriction and Diarrhea

    PubMed Central

    Sun, Baoguo; Chen, Yan; Xiang, Ting; Zhang, Lei; Chen, Zexiong; Zhang, Shijun; Zhou, Houming; Chen, Shuqing

    2015-01-01

    Traditional Chinese Medicine Jianpijiedu decoction (JPJD) could improve the general status of liver cancer patients in clinics, especially the symptoms of decreased food intake and diarrhea. In this study, our results showed that the survival rate of the liver cancer with food restriction and diarrhea (FRD-LC) rats was lower than the liver cancer (LC) rats, and the tumor volume of the FRD-LC rats was higher than the LC rats. It was also shown that the high dose of JPJD significantly improved the survival rate, weight, and organ weight when compared with FRD-LC-induced rats. Moreover, JPJD administration upregulated the mRNA and protein levels of ABCC2 and downregulated the mRNA and protein levels of OATP1B2 in liver tissues. However, opposite results were observed in the cancer tissues. In conclusion, the study indicated that the Chinese Medicine JPJD could contribute to the rats with liver cancer which were pretreated with food restriction and diarrhea by regulating the expression of ABCC2 and OATP1B2 in liver tissues and cancer tissues. PMID:26665149

  7. Deleterious Metabolic Effects of High Fructose Intake: The Preventive Effect of Lactobacillus kefiri Administration.

    PubMed

    Zubiría, María Guillermina; Gambaro, Sabrina Eliana; Rey, María Amanda; Carasi, Paula; Serradell, María de Los Ángeles; Giovambattista, Andrés

    2017-05-17

    Modern lifestyle and diets have been associated with metabolic disorders and an imbalance in the normal gut microbiota. Probiotics are widely known for their health beneficial properties targeting the gut microbial ecosystem. The aim of our study was to evaluate the preventive effect of Lactobacillus kefiri ( L. kefiri ) administration in a fructose-rich diet (FRD) mice model. Mice were provided with tap water or fructose-added (20% w / v ) drinking water supplemented or not with L. kefiri . Results showed that probiotic administration prevented weight gain and epidydimal adipose tissue (EAT) expansion, with partial reversion of the adipocyte hypertrophy developed by FRD. Moreover, the probiotic prevented the increase of plasma triglycerides and leptin, together with the liver triglyceride content. Leptin adipocyte secretion was also improved by L. kefiri , being able to respond to an insulin stimulus. Glucose intolerance was partially prevented by L. kefiri treatment (GTT) and local inflammation (TNFα; IL1β; IL6 and INFγ) was completely inhibited in EAT. L. kefiri supplementation generated an impact on gut microbiota composition, changing Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes profiles. Overall, our results indicate that the administration of probiotics prevents the deleterious effects of FRD intake and should therefore be promoted to improve metabolic disorders.

  8. CRISPR-Cas gene-editing reveals RsmA and RsmC act through FlhDC to repress the SdhE flavinylation factor and control motility and prodigiosin production in Serratia.

    PubMed

    Hampton, Hannah G; McNeil, Matthew B; Paterson, Thomas J; Ney, Blair; Williamson, Neil R; Easingwood, Richard A; Bostina, Mihnea; Salmond, George P C; Fineran, Peter C

    2016-06-01

    SdhE is required for the flavinylation and activation of succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate reductase (FRD). In addition, SdhE is conserved in proteobacteria (α, β and γ) and eukaryotes. Although the function of this recently characterized family of proteins has been determined, almost nothing is known about how their genes are regulated. Here, the RsmA (CsrA) and RsmC (HexY) post-transcriptional and post-translational regulators have been identified and shown to repress sdhEygfX expression in Serratia sp. ATCC 39006. Conversely, the flagella master regulator complex, FlhDC, activated sdhEygfX transcription. To investigate the hierarchy of control, we developed a novel approach that utilized endogenous CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas (CRISPR associated) genome-editing by a type I-F system to generate a chromosomal point mutation in flhC. Mutation of flhC alleviated the ability of RsmC to repress sdhEygfX expression, whereas RsmA acted in both an FlhDC-dependent and -independent manner to inhibit sdhEygfX. Mutation of rsmA or rsmC, or overexpression of FlhDC, led to increased prodigiosin, biosurfactant, swimming and swarming. Consistent with the modulation of sdhE by motility regulators, we have demonstrated that SdhE and FRD are required for maximal flagella-dependent swimming. Together, these results demonstrate that regulators of both metabolism and motility (RsmA, RsmC and FlhDC) control the transcription of the sdhEygfX operon.

  9. CRISPR-Cas gene-editing reveals RsmA and RsmC act through FlhDC to repress the SdhE flavinylation factor and control motility and prodigiosin production in Serratia

    PubMed Central

    Paterson, Thomas J.; Ney, Blair; Williamson, Neil R.; Easingwood, Richard A.; Bostina, Mihnea; Salmond, George P. C.

    2016-01-01

    SdhE is required for the flavinylation and activation of succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate reductase (FRD). In addition, SdhE is conserved in proteobacteria (α, β and γ) and eukaryotes. Although the function of this recently characterized family of proteins has been determined, almost nothing is known about how their genes are regulated. Here, the RsmA (CsrA) and RsmC (HexY) post-transcriptional and post-translational regulators have been identified and shown to repress sdhEygfX expression in Serratia sp. ATCC 39006. Conversely, the flagella master regulator complex, FlhDC, activated sdhEygfX transcription. To investigate the hierarchy of control, we developed a novel approach that utilized endogenous CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas (CRISPR associated) genome-editing by a type I-F system to generate a chromosomal point mutation in flhC. Mutation of flhC alleviated the ability of RsmC to repress sdhEygfX expression, whereas RsmA acted in both an FlhDC-dependent and -independent manner to inhibit sdhEygfX. Mutation of rsmA or rsmC, or overexpression of FlhDC, led to increased prodigiosin, biosurfactant, swimming and swarming. Consistent with the modulation of sdhE by motility regulators, we have demonstrated that SdhE and FRD are required for maximal flagella-dependent swimming. Together, these results demonstrate that regulators of both metabolism and motility (RsmA, RsmC and FlhDC) control the transcription of the sdhEygfX operon. PMID:27010574

  10. SODART telescopes on the Spectrum X-Gamma (SRG) and their complement of instruments

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Schnopper, Herbert W.

    1994-11-01

    Two SODART thin foil X-ray telescopes will fly on SRG. In the focal plane of one telescope there are: HEPC/LEPC (high- and low energy imaging proportional counters), SIXA (solid state spectrometer array), and FRD (focal plane X-ray detector). In the other, there are: another HEPC/LEPC pair, SXRP (stellar X-ray polarimeter), and another FRD. Mounted alongside and co-aligned with the SODART telescopes is TAUVEX (UV telescope). An objective Bragg spectrometer is mounted in front of one of the telescopes. These instruments and their scientific goals will be described briefly. More detailed discussions will be given by the relevant PIs in the poster session.

  11. Identification of flexible structures by frequency-domain observability range context

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hopkins, M. A.

    2013-04-01

    The well known frequency-domain observability range space extraction (FORSE) algorithm provides a powerful multivariable system-identification tool with inherent flexibility, to create state-space models from frequency-response data (FRD). This paper presents a method of using FORSE to create "context models" of a lightly damped system, from which models of individual resonant modes can be extracted. Further, it shows how to combine the extracted models of many individual modes into one large state-space model. Using this method, the author has created very high-order state-space models that accurately match measured FRD over very broad bandwidths, i.e., resonant peaks spread across five orders-of-magnitude of frequency bandwidth.

  12. High Risk of Metabolic and Adipose Tissue Dysfunctions in Adult Male Progeny, Due to Prenatal and Adulthood Malnutrition Induced by Fructose Rich Diet

    PubMed Central

    Alzamendi, Ana; Zubiría, Guillermina; Moreno, Griselda; Portales, Andrea; Spinedi, Eduardo; Giovambattista, Andrés

    2016-01-01

    The aim of this work was to determine the effect of a fructose rich diet (FRD) consumed by the pregnant mother on the endocrine-metabolic and in vivo and in vitro adipose tissue (AT) functions of the male offspring in adulthood. At 60 days of age, rats born to FRD-fed mothers (F) showed impaired glucose tolerance after glucose overload and high circulating levels of leptin (LEP). Despite the diminished mass of retroperitoneal AT, this tissue was characterized by enhanced LEP gene expression, and hypertrophic adipocytes secreting in vitro larger amounts of LEP. Analyses of stromal vascular fraction composition by flow cytometry revealed a reduced number of adipocyte precursor cells. Additionally, 60 day-old control (C) and F male rats were subjected to control diet (CC and FC animals) or FRD (CF and FF rats) for three weeks. FF animals were heavier and consumed more calories. Their metabolic-endocrine parameters were aggravated; they developed severe hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperleptinemia and augmented AT mass with hypertrophic adipocytes. Our study highlights that manipulation of maternal diet induced an offspring phenotype mainly imprinted with a severely unhealthy adipogenic process with undesirable endocrine-metabolic consequences, putting them at high risk for developing a diabetic state. PMID:27011203

  13. Treatment of class ii in adulthood by forsus frd device

    PubMed Central

    DE NUCCIO, F.; D’EMIDIO, M.M.; DE NUCCIO, F.

    2016-01-01

    SUMMARY Objectives Scientific research data show that the Forsus FRD seems to have a great potential in the correction of Class II in childhood. The conclusions reached by the various Authors seem to support the hypothesis of an exclusively or mainly dentoalveolar correction, as the skeletal correction seems to have no – or little – appreciable results. In the light of such provided by different Authors, the potential of dentoalveolar compensation in adult patients with mild skeletal class II was investigated. Materials and methods At the UOC (Complex Operative Unit) of Orthodontics at “G. Eastman” Hospital Rome, 3 cases of skeletal class II mild (ANB <5 °) in adult patients were selected. They were treated with fixed multibracket appliance and Forsus EZ2 module. Cephalometric tracings were compared at the beginning and at the end of the treatment in order to assess the skeletal and dentoalveolar changes. Results The occlusal correction was achieved through a dentoalveolar compensation characterized by the flaring of the lower teeth. Conclusions Forsus FRD equipment is an excellent compromise for the correction of mild Class II, even during the post development age. The resulting correction is appreciated at dental alveolar level with a mesial movement of the incisors and molars. PMID:28280539

  14. The pleiotropic Arabidopsis frd mutation with altered coordination of chloroplast biogenesis, cell size and differentiation, organ size and number.

    PubMed

    Sulmon, Cécile; Gouesbet, Gwenola; Couée, Ivan; Cabello-Hurtado, Francisco; Cavalier, Annie; Penno, Christophe; Zaka, Raïhana; Bechtold, Nicole; Thomas, Daniel; El Amrani, Abdelhak

    2006-11-01

    In higher plants, plastid development must be tightly coordinated with cell and organ development. In this paper, a novel T-DNA-mutagenized Arabidopsis line showing chlorotic leaves and minute stature was identified in a genetic screen for altered chloroplast development. The mutation corresponded to a single locus on chromosome IV and was associated with insertion of the T-DNA. This locus was named FARFADET and resulted in pleiotropic effects on chloroplast biogenesis, cell size and differentiation, organ size and number. Thus, in contrast with previously described chlorotic mutants, frd mutants were affected not only in chloroplast development and chlorophyll accumulation, but also in cell and organ development. Alteration of differentiation affected different cell types such as leaf epidermal cells, trichomes, mesophyll cells, and columella cells. A major effect on mesophyll cell differentiation was the lack of palisadic parenchyma and absence of grana stacks. Moreover, meristem size and lateral meristem initiation were affected. Genetic and molecular characterisation showed that the T-DNA insertion generated 41 bp deletion in a potential miRNA precursor. The predicted miRNA target genes were involved in plant development and stress. It is therefore hypothesized that the frd mutation had affected coordination of cell developmental span and the control of the division-differentiation balance.

  15. Effects of fixed functional therapy on tongue and hyoid positions and posterior airway.

    PubMed

    Ozdemir, Fulya; Ulkur, Feyza; Nalbantgil, Didem

    2014-03-01

    To evaluate how therapy with a fixed functional appliance affects airway dimensions, dentoalveolar changes, and tongue and hyoid positions. A retrospective study was carried out on 46 pre- and posttreatment lateral cephalometric radiographs of 23 post-peak Class II patients (12 girls, 11 boys) treated with a Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device (FRD) appliance. The radiographies were taken at the start and at the end of Forsus FRD appliance therapy when a Class I or overcorrected Class I canine and molar relationship was achieved. The process took an average of 5 months 13 days ± 1 month 4 days. Skeletal and dental parameters were measured using Dolphin software, and the sagittal airway area was measured by AutoCAD software. Analyses of the pre- and posttreatment means revealed that there was no statistically significant skeletal correction of the sagittal malocclusion; increase of lower incisor inclination, decrease of upper incisor inclination, decrease of interincisal angle, and rotation of occlusal plane all contributed to the reduction of overjet. The tongue area and intermaxillary space area increased in response to these dentoalveolar changes; however, there was no statistically significant change in the hyoid position or the oropharyngeal area between the two time points. The dentoalveolar changes produced by Forsus FRD appliance did not cause any significant posterior airway changes in young adult patients.

  16. Deleterious Metabolic Effects of High Fructose Intake: The Preventive Effect of Lactobacillus kefiri Administration

    PubMed Central

    Zubiría, María Guillermina; Gambaro, Sabrina Eliana; Rey, María Amanda; Carasi, Paula; Serradell, María de los Ángeles; Giovambattista, Andrés

    2017-01-01

    Modern lifestyle and diets have been associated with metabolic disorders and an imbalance in the normal gut microbiota. Probiotics are widely known for their health beneficial properties targeting the gut microbial ecosystem. The aim of our study was to evaluate the preventive effect of Lactobacillus kefiri (L. kefiri) administration in a fructose-rich diet (FRD) mice model. Mice were provided with tap water or fructose-added (20% w/v) drinking water supplemented or not with L. kefiri. Results showed that probiotic administration prevented weight gain and epidydimal adipose tissue (EAT) expansion, with partial reversion of the adipocyte hypertrophy developed by FRD. Moreover, the probiotic prevented the increase of plasma triglycerides and leptin, together with the liver triglyceride content. Leptin adipocyte secretion was also improved by L. kefiri, being able to respond to an insulin stimulus. Glucose intolerance was partially prevented by L. kefiri treatment (GTT) and local inflammation (TNFα; IL1β; IL6 and INFγ) was completely inhibited in EAT. L. kefiri supplementation generated an impact on gut microbiota composition, changing Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes profiles. Overall, our results indicate that the administration of probiotics prevents the deleterious effects of FRD intake and should therefore be promoted to improve metabolic disorders. PMID:28513533

  17. Treatment effects of a fixed intermaxillary device to correct class II malocclusions in growing patients.

    PubMed

    Heinrichs, Dean A; Shammaa, Imad; Martin, Chris; Razmus, Thomas; Gunel, Erdogan; Ngan, Peter

    2014-01-01

    The objective of this study was to evaluate the treatment effects of Forsus™ Fatigue Resistant Device (FRD; 3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) in growing patients with Class II non-extraction malocclusions. A retrospective sample of 24 class II patients treated consecutively with the FRD followed by comprehensive orthodontic treatment was compared to a sample of untreated control subjects from the Bolton Brush Study who was matched in age, sex, and craniofacial morphology. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken before treatment (T1) and after removal of fixed appliances (T2). Growth changes were subtracted from the treatment changes to obtain the treatment effects of the appliance. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and a match paired t test. Significant differences were found between the treated and control groups for 12 of the 29 measured variables (Co-Gn minus Co-Apt, Wits, Is-OLp, Ii-OLp, overjet, Mi-OLp, molar relationship, overbite, Mic-ML, SNA, ANB, and Ii-ML). With 27.8 months of treatment, all patients were corrected to a class I dental arch relationship. Overjet and molar relationships were improved by an average of 4.7 and 3.1 mm, respectively. This was contributed by a 1.2 mm of restraint in forward maxillary growth, 0.7 mm of forward movement of the mandible, 1.5 mm of backward movement of the maxillary incisors, 1.3 mm forward movement of the mandibular incisors, 0.5 mm backward movement of the maxillary molars, and 1.3 mm of forward movement of the mandibular molars. The overbite was decreased by 2 mm with no significant change in the occlusal, palatal, or mandibular plane. Individual variations in response to the FRD treatment were large for most of the parameters tested. Significant differences in treatment changes between male and female subjects were found only in a few parameters measured. These results demonstrate that significant overjet and overbite corrections can be obtained with the Forsus FRD in conjunction with comprehensive orthodontic treatment.

  18. Parameters of infection in replacement and voluntary donors in the western part of Turkey.

    PubMed

    Uzun, Berrin; Gungor, Serdar; Demirci, Mustafa

    2014-08-01

    According to our center's experiences familial/replacement donors (FRDs) frequently donate blood for the first time in their lives. Therefore, results of infection parameters are expected to be different voluntary donors (VDs), at similar rates to the population. The present study aimed to investigate if there were any difference in VDs and FRDs in terms of infection parameters. The blood donation records over 6 years (2004-2010) were reviewed, retrospectively. HBsAg, anti-HCV, anti-HIV screening tests were performed by ELISA and syphilis screening was performed by the RPR method. Out of 71.217, 16.727 donors donated whole blood as FRD. Among the whole blood donated by FRD, the positives for HBsAg, anti-HCV and RPR were 1.23%, 0.37%, and 0.07%, respectively. Confirmed anti-HIV screening test was not observed in this group. Positivities for HBsAg, anti-HCV, anti-HIV and RPR in VD were 1.36%, 0.42%, 0.004%, and 0.04%, respectively. When FRD and VD were analyzed statistically, HBsAg rates were significantly higher among FRD in the years 2004, 2007 and 2008, whereas they were significantly high among VD in year 2005. HBsAg rates stated in the years 2006-2009 were insignificant. Significantly high results were observed in HCV rates in the year 2005 among VD, whereas insignificant levels were observed in other years. HIV rates were insignificant among VD in the years 2004 and 2005, confirmed positivity was established in only one patient. Values in all years in RPR rates were statistically insignificant. Grouping donors as replacement and voluntary has no importance in infection parameters. Grouping donors as replacement and voluntary has no importance in infection parameters. Appropriate donor inquiries and screening of infection parameters by reliable proven tests preserve their significances. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  19. The Correction of Fiber Throughput Variation due to Focal Ratio Degradation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chen, Jianjun; Bai, Zhongrui; Li, Guangwei; Zhang, Haotong

    2014-01-01

    The focal ratio degradation (FRD) of optical fibers is a major source causing light loss to astronomical multi-fibre instruments like LAMOST (Oliveira, A. C, et al. 2005). The effects of stress and twist during mounting and rotation of the fibers could change the FRD for individual fibers (Clayton 1989), which means that the transmission efficiency of each individual fiber will vary. We investigate such throughput variation among LAMOST fibers and its relevance to the intensity of sky emission lines (Garstang 1989) over the full wavelength coverage. On the basis of the work, we present an approach to correct the varied fiber throughput by measuring the strength of the sky emission lines as the secondary throughput correction.

  20. Leak location using the pattern of the frequency response diagram in pipelines: a numerical study

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lee, Pedro J.; Vítkovský, John P.; Lambert, Martin F.; Simpson, Angus R.; Liggett, James A.

    2005-06-01

    This paper presents a method of leak detection in a single pipe where the behaviour of the system frequency response diagram (FRD) is used as an indicator of the pipe integrity. The presence of a leak in a pipe imposes a pattern on the resonance peaks of the FRD that can be used as a clear indication of leakage. Analytical expressions describing the pattern of the resonance peaks are derived. Illustrations of how this pattern can be used to individually locate and size multiple leaks within the system are presented. Practical issues with the technique, such as the procedure for frequency response extraction, the impact of measurement position, noise- and frequency-dependent friction are also discussed.

  1. Fluid overpressures and strength of the sedimentary upper crust

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Suppe, John

    2014-12-01

    The classic crustal strength-depth profile based on rock mechanics predicts a brittle strength σ1 -σ3 = κ(ρbar gz -Pf) that increases linearly with depth as a consequence of [1] the intrinsic brittle pressure dependence κ plus [2] an assumption of hydrostatic pore-fluid pressure, Pf = ρwgz. Many deep borehole stress data agree with a critical state of failure of this form. In contrast, fluid pressures greater than hydrostatic ρbar gz >Pf >ρw gz are normally observed in clastic continental margins and shale-rich mountain belts. Therefore we explore the predicted shapes of strength-depth profiles using data from overpressured regions, especially those dominated by the widespread disequilibrium-compaction mechanism, in which fluid pressures are hydrostatic above the fluid-retention depth zFRD and overpressured below, increasing parallel to the lithostatic gradient ρbar gz . Both brittle crustal strength and frictional fault strength below the zFRD must be constant with depth because effective stress (ρbar gz -Pf) is constant, in contrast with the classic linearly increasing profile. Borehole stress and fluid-pressure measurements in several overpressured deforming continental margins agree with this constant-strength prediction, with the same pressure-dependence κ as the overlying hydrostatic strata. The role of zFRD in critical-taper wedge mechanics and jointing is illustrated. The constant-strength approximation is more appropriate for overpressured crust than classic linearly increasing models.

  2. [Ultrasonographic findings for selected gastrointestinal tract diseases].

    PubMed

    Streit, S; Himmelsbach, P; Kiefer, I

    2014-01-01

    In addition to general and specific examinations, ultrasonographic and endoscopic examinations of the gastrointestinal tract may be necessary. This study aimed to determine possible relationships between the ultrasonographic and histopathological findings in the following diseases of the gastrointestinal tract: IBD (inflammatory bowel disease), FRD (food-responsive diarrhoea), ulcer and infection with GHLO (gastric Helicobacter-like organisms). The data of 41 dogs and 19 cats were analysed. The inclusion criterion was the presence of acute or chronic gastrointestinal symptoms in patients that had also undergone the standard diagnostic tests to rule out extragastrointestinal diseases. The patients underwent ultrasonographic and endoscopic examinations of the gastrointestinal tract, and a histopathological examination of the tissue samples from the endoscopy was performed. Patients with intestinal foreign bodies, neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract or inconclu- sive histopathological results were excluded. In a total of 41 dogs, 16 were diagnosed with IBD, 14 with FRD, 5 with ulceration and six with an infection with GHLO. Of the 19 cats, 12 had a diagnosis of IBD, 2 of FRD, 2 with ulceration and 3 with an infection with GHLO. In 26 dogs and 4 cats of the evaluated patients, the ultrasonographic examination did not show pathological changes, even though the patients had clinical symptoms and significant histopathological findings. However, in 14 dogs and 4 cats of the included patients, one or more pathological changes of the extragastrointestinal organs were found. In particular, cats with a diagnosis of IBD often presented lymphadenopathies (4 cats) or thickening of the zona muscularis (six cats). There were no specific ultrasonographic findings confirming an FRD or an infection with GHLO. Only 5 dogs and 1 cat without a primary diagnosis of infection with GHLO were positive for colonization with GHLO. The presence of ulcers was ultrasonographically indicated as areas showing a loss of wall layering with accumulation of gas. Changes can be found during ultrasonographic examinations of patients with IBD and ulcer. However, the absence of findings in ultrasonographic examinations does not necessarily rule out serious gastrointestinal diseases. The histopathological examination still plays an important part in diagnosing the evaluated diseases.

  3. Detail of base of monopole antenna element with graduated pole, ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Detail of base of monopole antenna element with graduated pole, view facing north - U.S. Naval Base, Pearl Harbor, Naval Radio Station, AF/FRD-10 Circularly Disposed Antenna Array, Wahiawa, Honolulu County, HI

  4. Functional requirements for Waste Area Grouping 6 Monitoring Station 3 upgrade

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Fiuzat, A.A.

    1991-06-01

    The surface Waste Area Grouping (WAG)6 at ORNL may undergo many changes in the future as part of the closure activities. Changes in surface characteristics will cause changes in runoff characteristics of the MS 3 watershed. Appropriate assumptions are to be made in this project regarding the future surface conditions of the watershed. The extent to which the assumed surface conditions will affect the project objectives (defined in Section 1.0) is to be identified. The purpose of this FRD is to establish performance requirements for MS 3 consisting of the following: (1) The expected range of discharges passing through themore » station and the required accuracy levels for discharge measurements. (2) The equipment required to measure the expected discharges at the required accuracy levels. (3) The sampling requirements for monitoring water quality. (4) The hydraulic requirements for the discharge conveyance structure to be located under the IWMF access road. (5) The design loads to be used for the bridge over the IWMF access road. 12 refs., 5 figs.« less

  5. Engineering and testing of prime focus fiber feeds on the William Herschel Telescope

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Worswick, Susan P.; Gellatly, David W.; Ferneyhough, Nicholas K.; Terry, Percy; Weise, Andrew J.; Bingham, Richard G.; Jenkins, Charles R.; Watson, Frederick G.

    1994-06-01

    The prime focus of the William Herschel telescope provides a wide field (one degree) for fiber spectroscopy. The production of the fiber feeds, which run from the prime focus to one of the Nasymyth platforms, has required the development of a multiple fiber to fiber connector together with techniques for mounting micro-lenses at the input to the spectrography. The protection of the fibers on the telescope, coupled with careful routing, has led to good focal ratio degradation (FRD) performance. A system for measuring the variation in transmission of the fibers on the telescope has been produced; the technique allows these measurements to be made under normal daytime lighting conditions.

  6. Pilot testing of dissolved air flotation (DAF) in a highly effective coagulation-flocculation integrated (FRD) system.

    PubMed

    Wang, Yili; Guo, Jinlong; Tang, Hongxiao

    2002-01-01

    Factors of pretreatment coagulation/flocculation units were studied using raw water of low temperature and low turbidity. Aluminum sulfate (AS) and selected polyaluminium chlorides (PACls) were all effective in the DAF process when used under favorable conditions of coagulant addition, coagulation, flocculation and flotation units. Compared with the AS coagulant, PACls, at lower dosage, could give the same effective performance even with shorter coagulation/flocculation time or lower recycle ratio during the treatment of cold water. This is attributed to the higher-charged polymeric Al species, and the lower hydrophilic and more compact flocculated flocs of PACl coagulant. Based on results of pilot experiments, the goal of FRD system can be achieved by combining a DAF heterocoagulation reactor with PACl coagulant (F), an efficient flocculation reactor (R), as well as an economical auto-dosing system (D).

  7. Focal ratio degradation in lightly fused hexabundles

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bryant, J. J.; Bland-Hawthorn, J.; Fogarty, L. M. R.; Lawrence, J. S.; Croom, S. M.

    2014-02-01

    We are now moving into an era where multi-object wide-field surveys, which traditionally use single fibres to observe many targets simultaneously, can exploit compact integral field units (IFUs) in place of single fibres. Current multi-object integral field instruments such as Sydney-AAO Multi-object Integral field spectrograph have driven the development of new imaging fibre bundles (hexabundles) for multi-object spectrographs. We have characterized the performance of hexabundles with different cladding thicknesses and compared them to that of the same type of bare fibre, across the range of fill fractions and input f-ratios likely in an IFU instrument. Hexabundles with 7-cores and 61-cores were tested for focal ratio degradation (FRD), throughput and cross-talk when fed with inputs from F/3.4 to >F/8. The five 7-core bundles have cladding thickness ranging from 1 to 8 μm, and the 61-core bundles have 5 μm cladding. As expected, the FRD improves as the input focal ratio decreases. We find that the FRD and throughput of the cores in the hexabundles match the performance of single fibres of the same material at low input f-ratios. The performance results presented can be used to set a limit on the f-ratio of a system based on the maximum loss allowable for a planned instrument. Our results confirm that hexabundles are a successful alternative for fibre imaging devices for multi-object spectroscopy on wide-field telescopes and have prompted further development of hexabundle designs with hexagonal packing and square cores.

  8. The Fumarate Reductase of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, unlike That of Escherichia coli, Is Configured so that It Does Not Generate Reactive Oxygen Species

    PubMed Central

    Lu, Zheng

    2017-01-01

    ABSTRACT The impact of oxidative stress upon organismal fitness is most apparent in the phenomenon of obligate anaerobiosis. The root cause may be multifaceted, but the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) likely plays a key role. ROS are formed when redox enzymes accidentally transfer electrons to oxygen rather than to their physiological substrates. In this study, we confirm that the predominant intestinal anaerobe Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron generates intracellular ROS at a very high rate when it is aerated. Fumarate reductase (Frd) is a prominent enzyme in the anaerobic metabolism of many bacteria, including B. thetaiotaomicron, and prior studies of Escherichia coli Frd showed that the enzyme is unusually prone to ROS generation. Surprisingly, in this study biochemical analysis demonstrated that the B. thetaiotaomicron Frd does not react with oxygen at all: neither superoxide nor hydrogen peroxide is formed. Subunit-swapping experiments indicated that this difference does not derive from the flavoprotein subunit at which ROS normally arise. Experiments with the related enzyme succinate dehydrogenase discouraged the hypothesis that heme moieties are responsible. Thus, resistance to oxidation may reflect a shift of electron density away from the flavin moiety toward the iron-sulfur clusters. This study shows that the autoxidizability of a redox enzyme can be suppressed by subtle modifications that do not compromise its physiological function. One implication is that selective pressures might enhance the oxygen tolerance of an organism by manipulating the electronic properties of its redox enzymes so they do not generate ROS. PMID:28049145

  9. Enhancing the aluminium tolerance of barley by expressing the citrate transporter genes SbMATE and FRD3

    PubMed Central

    Zhou, Gaofeng; Ryan, Peter R.

    2014-01-01

    Malate and citrate efflux from root apices is a mechanism of Al3+ tolerance in many plant species. Citrate efflux is facilitated by members of the MATE (multidrug and toxic compound exudation) family localized to the plasma membrane of root cells. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is among the most Al3+-sensitive cereal species but the small genotypic variation in tolerance that is present is correlated with citrate efflux via a MATE transporter named HvAACT1. This study used a biotechnological approach to increase the Al3+ tolerance of barley by transforming it with two MATE genes that encode citrate transporters: SbMATE is the major Al3+-tolerance gene from sorghum whereas FRD3 is involved with Fe nutrition in Arabidopsis. Independent transgenic and null T3 lines were generated for both transgenes. Lines expressing SbMATE showed Al3+-activated citrate efflux from root apices and greater tolerance to Al3+ toxicity than nulls in hydroponic and short-term soil trials. Transgenic lines expressing FRD3 exhibited similar phenotypes except citrate release from roots occurred constitutively. The Al3+ tolerance of these lines was compared with previously generated transgenic barley lines overexpressing the endogenous HvAACT1 gene and the TaALMT1 gene from wheat. Barley lines expressing TaALMT1 showed significantly greater Al3+ tolerance than all lines expressing MATE genes. This study highlights the relative efficacy of different organic anion transport proteins for increasing the Al3+ tolerance of an important crop species. PMID:24692647

  10. An optimal method for producing low-stress fibre optic cables for astronomy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Murray, Graham; Tamura, Naoyuki; Takato, Naruhisa; Ekpenyong, Paul; Jenkins, Daniel; Leeson, Kim; Trezise, Shaun; Butterley, Timothy; Gunn, James; Ferreira, Decio; Oliveira, Ligia; Sodre, Laerte

    2017-09-01

    An increasing number of astronomical spectrographs employ optical fibres to collect and deliver light. For integral-field and high multiplex multi-object survey instruments, fibres offer unique flexibility in instrument design by enabling spectrographs to be located remotely from the telescope focal plane where the fibre inputs are deployed. Photon-starved astronomical observations demand optimum efficiency from the fibre system. In addition to intrinsic absorption loss in optical fibres, another loss mechanism, so-called focal ratio degradation (FRD) must be considered. A fundamental cause of FRD is stress, therefore low stress fibre cables that impart minimum FRD are essential. The FMOS fibre instrument for Subaru Telescope employed a highly effective cable solution developed at Durham University. The method has been applied again for the PFS project, this time in collaboration with a company, PPC Broadband Ltd. The process, planetary stranding, is adapted from the manufacture of large fibre-count, large diameter marine telecommunications cables. Fibre bundles describe helical paths through the cable, incorporating additional fibre per unit length. As a consequence fibre stress from tension and bend-induced `race-tracking' is minimised. In this paper stranding principles are explained, covering the fundamentals of stranded cable design. The authors describe the evolution of the stranding production line and the numerous steps in the manufacture of the PFS prototype cable. The results of optical verification tests are presented for each stage of cable production, confirming that the PFS prototype performs exceptionally well. The paper concludes with an outline of future on-telescope test plans.

  11. Spatial and temporal analysis of a 17-year lightning climatology over Bangladesh with LIS data

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dewan, Ashraf; Ongee, Emmanuel T.; Rahman, Md. Masudur; Mahmood, Rezaul; Yamane, Yusuke

    2017-10-01

    Using NASA's TRMM Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) data from 1998 to 2014, this paper presents a 17-year lightning climatology of Bangladesh, at 0.5° × 0.5° spatial resolution. Diurnal, seasonal, monthly and annual variations in the occurrence of lightning flashes were explored. The diurnal regime of lightning is dominated by afternoon/evening events. Overall, peak lightning activity occurs in the early morning (0200 LST) and evening (1900 LST). The distribution of lightning flash counts by season over Bangladesh landmass is as follows: pre-monsoon (69.2%), monsoon (24.1%), post-monsoon (4.6%) and winter (2.1%). Flash rate density (FRD) hotspots were primarily located in the north and north-eastern parts of Bangladesh, with a maximum of 72 fl km-2 year-1. Spatially, the distribution of FRD increases from the Bay of Bengal in the south to relatively higher elevations (of the Himalayan foothills) in the north. A spatial shift in FRD hotspots occurs with change in season. For example, in monsoon season, hotspots of lightning activity move in a south-westerly direction from their pre-monsoon location (i.e. north-eastern Bangladesh) towards West Bengal in India. South and south-eastern parts of Bangladesh experience high lightning activity during post-monsoon season due to regional orographic lifting and low-pressure systems (i.e. cyclone) in the Bay of Bengal. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study focused on LIS-based lightning climatology over Bangladesh. This baseline study, therefore, is an essential first step towards effective management of lightning-related hazards in Bangladesh.

  12. Elevation of a portion of the reflector screen and antenna ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Elevation of a portion of the reflector screen and antenna circles from the interior, view facing southeast - U.S. Naval Base, Pearl Harbor, Naval Radio Station, AF/FRD-10 Circularly Disposed Antenna Array, Wahiawa, Honolulu County, HI

  13. Panorama, section 2 of 3, note the Operations Building (Facility ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Panorama, section 2 of 3, note the Operations Building (Facility 294) in the center of facility, view facing west - U.S. Naval Base, Pearl Harbor, Naval Radio Station, AF/FRD-10 Circularly Disposed Antenna Array, Wahiawa, Honolulu County, HI

  14. Detail of monopole antenna element (right) an d25' highband reflector ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Detail of monopole antenna element (right) an d25' high-band reflector screen poles (left), view facing northeast - U.S. Naval Base, Pearl Harbor, Naval Radio Station, AF/FRD-10 Circularly Disposed Antenna Array, Wahiawa, Honolulu County, HI

  15. Practice parameters for the clinical evaluation and treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report.

    PubMed

    Morgenthaler, Timothy I; Lee-Chiong, Teofilo; Alessi, Cathy; Friedman, Leah; Aurora, R Nisha; Boehlecke, Brian; Brown, Terry; Chesson, Andrew L; Kapur, Vishesh; Maganti, Rama; Owens, Judith; Pancer, Jeffrey; Swick, Todd J; Zak, Rochelle

    2007-11-01

    The expanding science of circadian rhythm biology and a growing literature in human clinical research on circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSDs) prompted the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) to convene a task force of experts to write a review of this important topic. Due to the extensive nature of the disorders covered, the review was written in two sections. The first review paper, in addition to providing a general introduction to circadian biology, addresses "exogenous" circadian rhythm sleep disorders, including shift work disorder (SWD) and jet lag disorder (JLD). The second review paper addresses the "endogenous" circadian rhythm sleep disorders, including advanced sleep phase disorder (ASPD), delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD), irregular sleep-wake rhythm (ISWR), and the non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome (nonentrained type) or free-running disorder (FRD). These practice parameters were developed by the Standards of Practice Committee and reviewed and approved by the Board of Directors of the AASM to present recommendations for the assessment and treatment of CRSDs based on the two accompanying comprehensive reviews. The main diagnostic tools considered include sleep logs, actigraphy, the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), circadian phase markers, and polysomnography. Use of a sleep log or diary is indicated in the assessment of patients with a suspected circadian rhythm sleep disorder (Guideline). Actigraphy is indicated to assist in evaluation of patients suspected of circadian rhythm disorders (strength of recommendation varies from "Option" to "Guideline," depending on the suspected CRSD). Polysomnography is not routinely indicated for the diagnosis of CRSDs, but may be indicated to rule out another primary sleep disorder (Standard). There is insufficient evidence to justify the use of MEQ for the routine clinical evaluation of CRSDs (Option). Circadian phase markers are useful to determine circadian phase and confirm the diagnosis of FRD in sighted and unsighted patients but there is insufficient evidence to recommend their routine use in the diagnosis of SWD, JLD, ASPD, DSPD, or ISWR (Option). Additionally, actigraphy is useful as an outcome measure in evaluating the response to treatment for CRSDs (Guideline). A range of therapeutic interventions were considered including planned sleep schedules, timed light exposure, timed melatonin doses, hypnotics, stimulants, and alerting agents. Planned or prescribed sleep schedules are indicated in SWD (Standard) and in JLD, DSPD, ASPD, ISWR (excluding elderly-demented/nursing home residents), and FRD (Option). Specifically dosed and timed light exposure is indicated for each of the circadian disorders with variable success (Option). Timed melatonin administration is indicated for JLD (Standard); SWD, DSPD, and FRD in unsighted persons (Guideline); and for ASPD, FRD in sighted individuals, and for ISWR in children with moderate to severe psychomotor retardation (Option). Hypnotic medications may be indicated to promote or improve daytime sleep among night shift workers (Guideline) and to treat jet lag-induced insomnia (Option). Stimulants may be indicated to improve alertness in JLD and SWD (Option) but may have risks that must be weighed prior to use. Modafinil may be indicated to improve alertness during the night shift for patients with SWD (Guideline).

  16. Detail of 94' lowband reflector screen posts, note the concrete ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Detail of 94' low-band reflector screen posts, note the concrete curb and vertical wires between posts, view facing north northeast - U.S. Naval Base, Pearl Harbor, Naval Radio Station, AF/FRD-10 Circularly Disposed Antenna Array, Wahiawa, Honolulu County, HI

  17. 4MOST fiber feed preliminary design: prototype testing and performance

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Haynes, Dionne M.; Kelz, Andreas; Barden, Samuel C.; Bauer, Svend-Marian; Ehrlich, Katjana; Haynes, Roger; Jahn, Thomas; Saviauk, Allar; de Jong, Roelof S.

    2016-08-01

    The 4MOST instrument is a multi-object-spectrograph for the ESO-VISTA telescope. The 4MOST fiber feed subsystem is composed of a fiber positioner (AESOP) holding 2436 science fibers based on the Echidna tilting spine concept, and the fiber cable, which feeds two low-resolution spectrographs (1624 fibers) and one high-resolution spectrograph (812 fibers). In order to optimize the fiber feed subsystem design and provide essential information required for the spectrograph design, prototyping and testing has been undertaken. In this paper we give an overview of the current fiber feed subsystem design and present the preliminary FRD, scrambling, throughput and system performance impact results for: maximum and minimum spine tilt, fiber connectors, cable de-rotator simulator for fiber cable lifetime tests.

  18. A comparision of Twin-block and Forsus (FRD) functional appliance--a cephalometric study.

    PubMed

    Mahamad, Irfanulla Khan; Neela, Praveen Kumar; Mascarenhas, Rohan; Husain, Akhter

    2012-01-01

    The aim was to compare the effects of Twin-block & Forsus (FRD) functional appliances in the correction of Angles Class II division 1 malocclusions. Pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalograms of 25 patients who underwent treatment with twin block for the correction of class II div 1 were compared with 25 patients who underwent treatment with Forsus appliance. These were again compared with the pre follow up and post follow up lateral cephalograms of 25 patients who have not undergone any treatment during this period. All the 3 group patients were compared for skeletal, dental and soft tissue parameters. Cephalometric analysis revealed that both Twin-block & Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device (FRD) appliances stimulated mandibular growth. Statistically significant differences between the two groups were found. Twin-block patients showed statistically very high significant (p < 0.001) increase in mandibular length (6.02 mm) whereas Forsus appliance patients showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in mandibular length (1.6 mm) when compared with control group (0.3 mm). No significant restriction of maxillary growth was found in either of the two experimental groups when compared to control group. Significant increase in lower anterior facial height & posterior facial height was observed in both experimental groups in relation to control group. Significant reduction of overjet and overbite was observed in both experimental groups. Class I molar relationship and improvement in the soft tissue profile were achieved in both treatment groups compared with control group. Both Twin Block and Forsus were effective in the treatment of Class II Div 1 malocclusion. Class II correction with Twin-block is more due to mandibular skeletal and dentoalveolar changes whereas in Forsus, it is more due to dentoalveolar changes and less skeletal changes.

  19. Enhancing the aluminium tolerance of barley by expressing the citrate transporter genes SbMATE and FRD3.

    PubMed

    Zhou, Gaofeng; Pereira, Jorge F; Delhaize, Emmanuel; Zhou, Meixue; Magalhaes, Jurandir V; Ryan, Peter R

    2014-06-01

    Malate and citrate efflux from root apices is a mechanism of Al(3+) tolerance in many plant species. Citrate efflux is facilitated by members of the MATE (multidrug and toxic compound exudation) family localized to the plasma membrane of root cells. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is among the most Al(3+)-sensitive cereal species but the small genotypic variation in tolerance that is present is correlated with citrate efflux via a MATE transporter named HvAACT1. This study used a biotechnological approach to increase the Al(3+) tolerance of barley by transforming it with two MATE genes that encode citrate transporters: SbMATE is the major Al(3+)-tolerance gene from sorghum whereas FRD3 is involved with Fe nutrition in Arabidopsis. Independent transgenic and null T3 lines were generated for both transgenes. Lines expressing SbMATE showed Al(3+)-activated citrate efflux from root apices and greater tolerance to Al(3+) toxicity than nulls in hydroponic and short-term soil trials. Transgenic lines expressing FRD3 exhibited similar phenotypes except citrate release from roots occurred constitutively. The Al(3+) tolerance of these lines was compared with previously generated transgenic barley lines overexpressing the endogenous HvAACT1 gene and the TaALMT1 gene from wheat. Barley lines expressing TaALMT1 showed significantly greater Al(3+) tolerance than all lines expressing MATE genes. This study highlights the relative efficacy of different organic anion transport proteins for increasing the Al(3+) tolerance of an important crop species. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.

  20. Detail of the underground wire net mat and cable at ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Detail of the underground wire net mat and cable at the base of a 94' low-band reflector screen pole, view facing north - U.S. Naval Base, Pearl Harbor, Naval Radio Station, AF/FRD-10 Circularly Disposed Antenna Array, Wahiawa, Honolulu County, HI

  1. NOAA ARL Field Research Division

    Science.gov Websites

    quality managers become better informed about how and where air pollution is moving and what populations may be affected. Using this science-based information, air quality controls and regulations can be Commerce | NOAA | NOAA Research | ARL | FRD Privacy | Disclaimer | Information Quality | webmaster

  2. 10 CFR 1045.19 - Accountability for classification and declassification determinations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... classification or declassification determination concerning RD or FRD information is made, the Director of... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Accountability for classification and declassification determinations. 1045.19 Section 1045.19 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) NUCLEAR CLASSIFICATION...

  3. 10 CFR 1045.19 - Accountability for classification and declassification determinations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... classification or declassification determination concerning RD or FRD information is made, the Director of... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Accountability for classification and declassification determinations. 1045.19 Section 1045.19 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) NUCLEAR CLASSIFICATION...

  4. A high-efficiency fibre double-scrambler prototype

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Barnes, Stuart I.; MacQueen, Phillip J.

    2010-07-01

    Results for a high efficiency fibre double-scrambler are reported. The scrambler is based on the concept first presented by Casse and Vieira (1997) but with a substantial improvement in performance. The design uses a simple finite conjugate relay with large magnification followed by a combined scrambler/focal reducer singlet. This approach allows flexibility in the coupling of fibres with various focal ratios and diameters, and can be used to minimize loss of throughput due to focal ratio degradation. A prototype has been constructed using simple off-the-shelf optics which is shown to be capable of coupling a 15m long 300 μm fibre to a 5m long 320 μm fibre with an absolute efficiency of 75%. The focal ratio degradation (FRD) of the prototype is 7% when operated at f/3.65. A fully optimized version with both improved efficiency (>85%) and FRD is intended to be deployed as part of the Hobby Eberly Telescope HRS upgrade.

  5. Human endogenous retrovirus-FRD envelope protein (syncytin 2) expression in normal and trisomy 21-affected placenta.

    PubMed

    Malassiné, André; Frendo, Jean-Louis; Blaise, Sandra; Handschuh, Karen; Gerbaud, Pascale; Tsatsaris, Vassilis; Heidmann, Thierry; Evain-Brion, Danièle

    2008-01-23

    Human trophoblast expresses two fusogenic retroviral envelope proteins, the widely studied syncytin 1, encoded by HERV-W and the recently characterized syncytin 2 encoded by HERV-FRD. Here we studied syncytin 2 in normal and Trisomy 21-affected placenta associated with abnormal trophoblast differentiation. Syncytin 2 immunolocalization was restricted throughout normal pregnancy to some villous cytotrophoblastic cells (CT). During the second trimester of pregnancy, syncytin 2 was immunolocalized in some cuboidal CT in T21 placentas, whereas in normal placentas it was observed in flat CT, extending into their cytoplasmic processes. In vitro, CT isolated from normal placenta fuse and differentiate into syncytiotrophoblast. At the same time, syncytin 2 transcript levels decreased significantly with syncytiotrophoblast formation. In contrast, CT isolated from T21-affected placentas fused and differentiated poorly and no variation in syncytin 2 transcript levels was observed. Syncytin 2 expression illustrates the abnormal trophoblast differentiation observed in placenta of fetal T21-affected pregnancies.

  6. GRACES, the Gemini remote access CFHT ESPaDOnS spectrograph: initial design and testing

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tollestrup, Eric V.; Pazder, John; Barrick, Gregory; Martioli, Eder; Schiavon, Ricardo; Anthony, André; Halman, Mark; Veillet, Christian

    2012-09-01

    The Gemini Remote Access CFHT ESPaDOnS Spectrograph (GRACES) is an innovative instrumentation experiment that will demonstrate if ESPaDOnS, a bench-mounted high-resolution optical spectrograph at CFHT, can be fed by a 270-m long fiber from the Gemini-North telescope with low enough losses to remain competitive with conventional spectrographs on other 8 to 10-m telescopes. Detailed simulations have shown that GRACES should be more sensitive than the HIRES spectrograph at Keck Observatory at wavelengths longer than about 600-700 nm. This result is possible by using FPB-type of optical fibers made by Polymicro Technologies and by keeping the critical focal ratio degradation (FRD) losses to less than 10%. Laboratory tests on these FPB optical fibers are underway and show that for 36-m lengths that the FRD losses are as low as 0.8% with a repeatability of 1%. Tests are currently underway on 280-m lengths.

  7. Human endogenous retrovirus-FRD envelope protein (syncytin 2) expression in normal and trisomy 21-affected placenta

    PubMed Central

    Malassiné, André; Frendo, Jean-Louis; Blaise, Sandra; Handschuh, Karen; Gerbaud, Pascale; Tsatsaris, Vassilis; Heidmann, Thierry; Evain-Brion, Danièle

    2008-01-01

    Human trophoblast expresses two fusogenic retroviral envelope proteins, the widely studied syncytin 1, encoded by HERV-W and the recently characterized syncytin 2 encoded by HERV-FRD. Here we studied syncytin 2 in normal and Trisomy 21-affected placenta associated with abnormal trophoblast differentiation. Syncytin 2 immunolocalization was restricted throughout normal pregnancy to some villous cytotrophoblastic cells (CT). During the second trimester of pregnancy, syncytin 2 was immunolocalized in some cuboidal CT in T21 placentas, whereas in normal placentas it was observed in flat CT, extending into their cytoplasmic processes. In vitro, CT isolated from normal placenta fuse and differentiate into syncytiotrophoblast. At the same time, syncytin 2 transcript levels decreased significantly with syncytiotrophoblast formation. In contrast, CT isolated from T21-affected placentas fused and differentiated poorly and no variation in syncytin 2 transcript levels was observed. Syncytin 2 expression illustrates the abnormal trophoblast differentiation observed in placenta of fetal T21-affected pregnancies. PMID:18215254

  8. 78 FR 44607 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board; Notice of Filing of a...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-07-24

    ... disinterested director.''); Bates v. Cekada, 130 F.R.D. 52, 1990 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1571, 16 Fed. R. Serv. 3d... viewing and printing in the Commission's Public Reference Room, 100 F Street NE., Washington, DC 20549, on...

  9. DOD Open Government

    Science.gov Websites

    Skip to main content (Press Enter). DOD Open Government Logo DOD Open Government U.S. Department of Defense Search DOD Open Government: Home Open Government @ DoD Transparency Congressional Inquiries Cooperation Regulatory Program Initiatives FRD Declassification DARPA Open Catalog Contact Us 2016

  10. FOIA

    Science.gov Websites

    Skip to main content (Press Enter). DOD Open Government Logo DOD Open Government U.S. Department of Defense Search DOD Open Government: Home Open Government @ DoD Transparency Congressional Inquiries Cooperation Regulatory Program Initiatives FRD Declassification DARPA Open Catalog Contact Us Freedom of

  11. Detail of dipole antenna element (right) and 94' lowband reflector ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Detail of dipole antenna element (right) and 94' low-band reflector screen poles (left), note the guy wires from the antenna element, view facing north northeast - U.S. Naval Base, Pearl Harbor, Naval Radio Station, AF/FRD-10 Circularly Disposed Antenna Array, Wahiawa, Honolulu County, HI

  12. Roadway into Facility 314 showing the roadway cut through the ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Roadway into Facility 314 showing the roadway cut through the slope formed by leveling the area for the CDAA, note the concrete curb on the right side of the roadway, view facing west - U.S. Naval Base, Pearl Harbor, Naval Radio Station, AF/FRD-10 Circularly Disposed Antenna Array, Wahiawa, Honolulu County, HI

  13. Detail of the base of dipole antenna element with graduated ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Detail of the base of dipole antenna element with graduated pole, note the arms supporting the vertical wires away from the mast and the metal mesh covering the concrete base, view facing west - U.S. Naval Base, Pearl Harbor, Naval Radio Station, AF/FRD-10 Circularly Disposed Antenna Array, Wahiawa, Honolulu County, HI

  14. Level area surrounding Facility 314 showing the planted ring that ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Level area surrounding Facility 314 showing the planted ring that contains the radial ground wires, note the ring beneath the antenna circles is cleared of vegetation and covered with gravel, view facing southwest - U.S. Naval Base, Pearl Harbor, Naval Radio Station, AF/FRD-10 Circularly Disposed Antenna Array, Wahiawa, Honolulu County, HI

  15. 10 CFR 1045.22 - No comment policy.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false No comment policy. 1045.22 Section 1045.22 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) NUCLEAR CLASSIFICATION AND DECLASSIFICATION Identification of Restricted Data and Formerly Restricted Data Information § 1045.22 No comment policy. (a) Authorized holders of RD and FRD shall not confirm or expand...

  16. 10 CFR 1045.22 - No comment policy.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false No comment policy. 1045.22 Section 1045.22 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) NUCLEAR CLASSIFICATION AND DECLASSIFICATION Identification of Restricted Data and Formerly Restricted Data Information § 1045.22 No comment policy. (a) Authorized holders of RD and FRD shall not confirm or expand...

  17. 10 CFR 1045.22 - No comment policy.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false No comment policy. 1045.22 Section 1045.22 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) NUCLEAR CLASSIFICATION AND DECLASSIFICATION Identification of Restricted Data and Formerly Restricted Data Information § 1045.22 No comment policy. (a) Authorized holders of RD and FRD shall not confirm or expand...

  18. Photothermal Spectroscopy Using a Pyroelectric Thin Film Detector.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1983-09-16

    FRD-fi34 291 PHOTOTHERNAL SPECTROSCOPYIJ SING A PYROELECTRIC THIN- I/IT, F FILM DETECTOR(J) INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP I SAN JOSE CALIF SAN...Coufal N01-1C01 9, PERFORMING3 ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT. TASK International Business Machines Corp. AE OKUI UBR San Jose

  19. Fibre systems for future astronomy: anomalous wavelength-temperature effects

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Poppett, C. L.; Allington-Smith, J. R.

    2007-07-01

    Focal ratio degradation is an important property of optical fibres that determines the design and cost of instruments using fibres. Motivated by the importance of fibres in feeding instruments on Extremely Large Telescopes, the need for cryogenic-cooling to reduce thermal background and the desire for broad-band performance, we have studied the dependency of focal ratio degradation (FRD) on both temperature and wavelength. This shows a small but significant reduction in performance when cooled as expected from previous work. We also find an increase in FRD with wavelength broadly consistent with theory at room temperature but this dependency reverses in sign when the fibres are cooled to 77K, contrary to existing theory. We parameterize the wavelength dependency by an ad hoc extension to an existing model but it is clear that existing theory does not provide a good description of the operation of fibres in astronomical systems. This unexpected behaviour, which may relate to frozen-in stress from the manufacturing process, will need to be taken into account when designing future fibre systems.

  20. Role of heterogeneous research and development funds in the productivity of the US manufacturing industry

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Rhee, C.O.

    1987-01-01

    This paper investigates, in the framework of firm's optimal behavior, the effect of company-funded and federally-funded RandD on productivity in selected US industries. Especially, the role of federal funding RandD in productivity through direct as well as indirect mechanisms is analyzed. Using different model specification, two types of RandD-federal and company, and data of industry level, no support can be found for the blanket statement that federally-funded RandD (FRD) crowds out or pulls in company-funding RandD in productivity growth. Whether crowding-out or pulling-in is shown to be industry-specific as well as based on FRD's time dimension. Hence, the lag effectmore » of heterogeneous RandD funds on productivity is emphasized. The classification of heterogeneous RandD funds into basic research, applied research, and development is adopted to look at the impact of each on productivity. The model of firm's optimal behavior following such classification demonstrates that federally-funded basic research has a tremendous pulling-in impact on company-funded applied research and development, respectively.« less

  1. On the rising motion of a drop in stratified fluids

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bayareh, M.; Doostmohammadi, A.; Dabiri, S.; Ardekani, A. M.

    2013-10-01

    The rising dynamics of a deformable drop in a linearly stratified fluid is numerically obtained using a finite-volume/front-tracking method. Our results show that the drag coefficient of a spherical drop in a stratified fluid enhances as C_{d,s}/C_{d,h}-1˜ Fr_d^{-2.86} for drop Froude numbers in the range of 4 < Frd < 16. The role of the deformability of the drop on the temporal evolution of the motion is investigated along with stratification and inertial effects. We also present the important role of stratification on the transient rising motion of the drop. It is shown that a drop can levitate in the presence of a vertical density gradient. The drop undergoes a fading oscillatory motion around its neutrally buoyant position except for high viscosity ratio drops where the oscillation occurs around a density level lighter than the neutral buoyancy level. In addition, a detailed characterization of the flow signature of a rising drop in a linearly stratified fluid including the buoyancy induced vortices and the resultant buoyant jet is presented.

  2. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Robinson, Judith; Johnson, Timothy C.; Slater, Lee D.

    There is an increasing need to characterize discrete fractures away from boreholes to better define fracture distributions and monitor solute transport. We performed a 3D evaluation of static and time-lapse cross-borehole electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data sets from a limestone quarry in which flow and transport are controlled by a bedding-plane feature. Ten boreholes were discretized using an unstructured tetrahedral mesh, and 2D panel measurements were inverted for a 3D distribution of conductivity. We evaluated the benefits of 3D versus 2.5D inversion of ERT data in fractured rock while including the use of borehole regularization disconnects (BRDs) and borehole conductivitymore » constraints. High-conductivity halos (inversion artifacts) surrounding boreholes were removed in static images when BRDs and borehole conductivity constraints were implemented. Furthermore, applying these constraints focused transient changes in conductivity resulting from solute transport on the bedding plane, providing a more physically reasonable model for conductivity changes associated with solute transport at this fractured rock site. Assuming bedding-plane continuity between fractures identified in borehole televiewer data, we discretized a planar region between six boreholes and applied a fracture regularization disconnect (FRD). Although the FRD appropriately focused conductivity changes on the bedding plane, the conductivity distribution within the discretized fracture was nonunique and dependent on the starting homogeneous model conductivity. Synthetic studies performed to better explain field observations showed that inaccurate electrode locations in boreholes resulted in low-conductivity halos surrounding borehole locations. These synthetic studies also showed that the recovery of the true conductivity within an FRD depended on the conductivity contrast between the host rock and fractures. Our findings revealed that the potential exists to improve imaging of fractured rock through 3D inversion and accurate modeling of boreholes. However, deregularization of localized features can result in significant electrical conductivity artifacts, especially when representing features with a high degree of spatial uncertainty.« less

  3. Overexpression of a C4-dicarboxylate transporter is the key for rerouting citric acid to C4-dicarboxylic acid production in Aspergillus carbonarius.

    PubMed

    Yang, Lei; Christakou, Eleni; Vang, Jesper; Lübeck, Mette; Lübeck, Peter Stephensen

    2017-03-14

    C 4 -dicarboxylic acids, including malic acid, fumaric acid and succinic acid, are valuable organic acids that can be produced and secreted by a number of microorganisms. Previous studies on organic acid production by Aspergillus carbonarius, which is capable of producing high amounts of citric acid from varieties carbon sources, have revealed its potential as a fungal cell factory. Earlier attempts to reroute citric acid production into C 4 -dicarboxylic acids have been with limited success. In this study, a glucose oxidase deficient strain of A. carbonarius was used as the parental strain to overexpress a native C 4 -dicarboxylate transporter and the gene frd encoding fumarate reductase from Trypanosoma brucei individually and in combination. Impacts of the introduced genetic modifications on organic acid production were investigated in a defined medium and in a hydrolysate of wheat straw containing high concentrations of glucose and xylose. In the defined medium, overexpression of the C 4 -dicarboxylate transporter alone and in combination with the frd gene significantly increased the production of C 4 -dicarboxylic acids and reduced the accumulation of citric acid, whereas expression of the frd gene alone did not result in any significant change of organic acid production profile. In the wheat straw hydrolysate after 9 days of cultivation, similar results were obtained as in the defined medium. High amounts of malic acid and succinic acid were produced by the same strains. This study demonstrates that the key to change the citric acid production into production of C 4 -dicarboxylic acids in A. carbonarius is the C 4 -dicarboxylate transporter. Furthermore it shows that the C 4 -dicarboxylic acid production by A. carbonarius can be further increased via metabolic engineering and also shows the potential of A. carbonarius to utilize lignocellulosic biomass as substrates for C 4 -dicarboxylic acid production.

  4. Creating libraries for commercial yeast strains through miniaturization of cloning and transformations using the BioRAPTR FRD Microfluidic workstation

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    The ability to miniaturize molecular reactions can lead to significant cost savings when creating libraries of thousands of clones. For this application Beckman Coulter partnered with the USDA to provide a low-volume automated solution for library cloning for use in the development of yeast strains...

  5. Detail of 25' highband reflector screen pole showing the horizontal ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Detail of 25' high-band reflector screen pole showing the horizontal wood beams and vertical wires hung from ceramic insulators, note the dipole antenna element and 94' low-band reflector screen poles in background, view facing north - U.S. Naval Base, Pearl Harbor, Naval Radio Station, AF/FRD-10 Circularly Disposed Antenna Array, Wahiawa, Honolulu County, HI

  6. The Role of Categorical Speech Perception and Phonological Processing in Familial Risk Children with and without Dyslexia

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hakvoort, Britt; de Bree, Elise; van der Leij, Aryan; Maassen, Ben; van Setten, Ellie; Maurits, Natasha; van Zuijen, Titia L.

    2016-01-01

    Purpose: This study assessed whether a categorical speech perception (CP) deficit is associated with dyslexia or familial risk for dyslexia, by exploring a possible cascading relation from speech perception to phonology to reading and by identifying whether speech perception distinguishes familial risk (FR) children with dyslexia (FRD) from those…

  7. 29 CFR Appendix to Subpart B of... - Reporter's Notes

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... ascertainment of the truth, (2) avoid needless consumption of time, and (3) protect witnesses from harassment or... notice of ‘facts.’ Here Wigmore, following Thayer, insists that judicial notice is solely to save time... to Federal Rule of Evidence 302, 56 F.R.D. 118, 211 states: A series of Supreme Court decisions in...

  8. 29 CFR Appendix to Subpart B of... - Reporter's Notes

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... ascertainment of the truth, (2) avoid needless consumption of time, and (3) protect witnesses from harassment or... notice of ‘facts.’ Here Wigmore, following Thayer, insists that judicial notice is solely to save time... to Federal Rule of Evidence 302, 56 F.R.D. 118, 211 states: A series of Supreme Court decisions in...

  9. 29 CFR Appendix to Subpart B of... - Reporter's Notes

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... ascertainment of the truth, (2) avoid needless consumption of time, and (3) protect witnesses from harassment or... notice of ‘facts.’ Here Wigmore, following Thayer, insists that judicial notice is solely to save time... to Federal Rule of Evidence 302, 56 F.R.D. 118, 211 states: A series of Supreme Court decisions in...

  10. 29 CFR Appendix to Subpart B of... - Reporter's Notes

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... ascertainment of the truth, (2) avoid needless consumption of time, and (3) protect witnesses from harassment or... notice of ‘facts.’ Here Wigmore, following Thayer, insists that judicial notice is solely to save time... to Federal Rule of Evidence 302, 56 F.R.D. 118, 211 states: A series of Supreme Court decisions in...

  11. Parental Literacy Predicts Children's Literacy: A Longitudinal Family-Risk Study

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Torppa, Minna; Eklund, Kenneth; van Bergen, Elsje; Lyytinen, Heikki

    2011-01-01

    This family-risk (FR) study examined whether the literacy skills of parents with dyslexia are predictive of the literacy skills of their offspring. We report data from 31 child-parent dyads where both had dyslexia (FR-D) and 68 dyads where the child did not have dyslexia (FR-ND). Findings supported the differences in liability of FR children with…

  12. Detail of 25' highband reflector screen poles with monopole antenna ...

    Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

    Detail of 25' high-band reflector screen poles with monopole antenna elements behind, note the metal sleeve bases of the reflector screen poles and the guy wire anchors from the dipole antenna elements (left foreground), view facing north northwest - U.S. Naval Base, Pearl Harbor, Naval Radio Station, AF/FRD-10 Circularly Disposed Antenna Array, Wahiawa, Honolulu County, HI

  13. Cyberspace, the 7th Joint Function for 21st Century Warfare

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-03-31

    such as final, technical, interim, memorandum, master’s thesis, progress, quarterly, research, special, group study, etc . 3. DATE COVERED...procedures, e.g. RD/FRD, PROPIN, ITAR, etc . Include copyright information. 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. Enter information not included...elsewhere such as: prepared in cooperation with; translation of; report supersedes; old edition number, etc . 14. ABSTRACT. A brief (approximately

  14. Smartphone and GPS technology for free-roaming dog population surveillance - a methodological study.

    PubMed

    Barnard, Shanis; Ippoliti, Carla; Di Flaviano, Daniele; De Ruvo, Andrea; Messori, Stefano; Giovannini, Armando; Dalla Villa, Paolo

    2015-01-01

    Free-roaming dogs (FRD) represent a potential threat to the quality of life in cities from an ecological, social and public health point of view. One of the most urgent concerns is the role of uncontrolled dogs as reservoirs of infectious diseases transmittable to humans and, above all, rabies. An estimate of the FRD population size and characteristics in a given area is the first step for any relevant intervention programme. Direct count methods are still prominent because of their non-invasive approach, information technologies can support such methods facilitating data collection and allowing for a more efficient data handling. This paper presents a new framework for data collection using a topological algorithm implemented as ArcScript in ESRI® ArcGIS software, which allows for a random selection of the sampling areas. It also supplies a mobile phone application for Android® operating system devices which integrates Global Positioning System (GPS) and Google MapsTM. The potential of such a framework was tested in 2 Italian regions. Coupling technological and innovative solutions associated with common counting methods facilitate data collection and transcription. It also paves the way to future applications, which could support dog population management systems.

  15. Laboratory Evaluation of Light Obscuration Particle Counters used to Establish use Limits for Aviation Fuel

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2015-12-01

    markings are indicated, follow agency authorization procedures , e.g. RD/FRD, PROPIN, ITAR, etc. Include copyright information. 13. SUPPLEMENTARY...Contamination in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures ), as a final check of fuel to ensure aviation fuel is clear and bright before flight...Laboratories at the Detroit Arsenal. The online procedure for evaluating the light obscuration particle counters was modified from the concepts found

  16. Fagopyrum tataricum (Buckwheat) Improved High-Glucose-Induced Insulin Resistance in Mouse Hepatocytes and Diabetes in Fructose-Rich Diet-Induced Mice

    PubMed Central

    Lee, Chia-Chen; Hsu, Wei-Hsuan; Shen, Siou-Ru; Cheng, Yu-Hsiang; Wu, She-Ching

    2012-01-01

    Fagopyrum tataricum (buckwheat) is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Taiwan. This study was to evaluate the antihyperglycemic and anti-insulin resistance effects of 75% ethanol extracts of buckwheat (EEB) in FL83B hepatocytes by high-glucose (33 mM) induction and in C57BL/6 mice by fructose-rich diet (FRD; 60%) induction. The active compounds of EEB (100 μg/mL; 50 mg/kg bw), quercetin (6 μg/mL; 3 mg/kg bw), and rutin (23 μg/mL; 11.5 mg/kg bw) were also employed to treat FL83B hepatocytes and animal. Results indicated that EEB, rutin, and quercetin + rutin significantly improved 2-NBDG uptake via promoting Akt phosphorylation and preventing PPARγ degradation caused by high-glucose induction for 48 h in FL83B hepatocytes. We also found that EEB could elevate hepatic antioxidant enzymes activities to attenuate insulin resistance as well as its antioxidation caused by rutin and quercetin. Finally, EEB also inhibited increases in blood glucose and insulin levels of C57BL/6 mice induced by FRD. PMID:22548048

  17. Effects of fiber manipulation methods on optical fiber properties

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Reynolds, Robert O.; Bechter, Andrew; Crass, Jonathan

    2016-07-01

    Optical fibers are routinely used to couple high-resolution spectrographs to modern telescopes, enabling important advantages in areas such as the search for extrasolar planets using spectroscopic radial velocity measurements of candidate stars. Optical fibers partially scramble the input illumination, and this feature enables a fiber feed to provide more uniform illumination to the spectrograph optics, thereby reducing systematic errors in radial velocity measurements. However fibers suffer from focal ratio degradation (FRD), a spreading of the beam at the output of the fiber with respect to that at the fiber input, which results in losses in throughput and resolution. Modal noise, a measurement uncertainty caused by inherent fiber properties and evident as a varying spatial intensity at the fiber exit plane, reduces the signal to noise ratio in the data. Devices such as double scramblers are often used to improve scrambling, and better fiber end preparation can mitigate FRD. Many instruments agitate the fiber during an observation to reduce modal noise, and stretching the fiber during use has been shown to offer a greater reduction in that noise. But effects of agitation and stretching on fiber parameters such as total transmission and focal ratio degradation have not been adequately studied. In this paper we present measurements of transmission loss and focal ratio degradation for both agitated and stretched fibers.

  18. Detecting bacterial lung infections: in vivo evaluation of in vitro volatile fingerprints.

    PubMed

    Zhu, Jiangjiang; Bean, Heather D; Wargo, Matthew J; Leclair, Laurie W; Hill, Jane E

    2013-03-01

    The identification of bacteria by their volatilomes is of interest to many scientists and clinicians as it holds the promise of diagnosing infections in situ, particularly lung infections via breath analysis. While there are many studies reporting various bacterial volatile biomarkers or fingerprints using in vitro experiments, it has proven difficult to translate these data to in vivo breath analyses. Therefore, we aimed to create secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (SESI-MS) pathogen fingerprints directly from the breath of mice with lung infections. In this study we demonstrated that SESI-MS is capable of differentiating infected versus uninfected mice, P. aeruginosa-infected versus S. aureus-infected mice, as well as distinguish between infections caused by P. aeruginosa strains PAO1 versus FRD1, with statistical significance (p < 0.05). In addition, we compared in vitro and in vivo volatiles and observed that only 25-34% of peaks are shared between the in vitro and in vivo SESI-MS fingerprints. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first breath volatiles measured for P. aeruginosa PAO1, FRD1, and S. aureus RN450, and the first comparison of in vivo and in vitro volatile profiles from the same strains using the murine infection model.

  19. Evaluating the use of Spectral Induced Conductivity to Detect Biofilm Development within Porous Media

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rosier, C. L.; Atekwana, E. A.; Price, A.; Sharma, S.; Patrauchan, M.

    2015-12-01

    Microbial biomass accumulation in subsurface sediments dynamically alters porosity/permeability; factors critical to contaminant transport and management of bioremediation efforts. Current methodologies (i.e. plate counts, tracer/slug tests) offer some understanding of biofilm effect on subsurface hydrology, yet do not provide real-time information regarding biofilm development. Due to these limitations there is interest in assessing the near surface geophysical technique Spectral Induced Polarization (SIP), to measure biofilm formation. Our study assesses the influence of cell density and biofilm production on SIP response. Laboratory experiments monitored changes in SIP, measured colony forming units (CFU), and cellular protein levels on sand packed columns inoculated with either Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 (non-mucoid strain) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa FRD1 (biofilm-overproducing mucoid strain) cells over one month. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to confirm the presence of biofilm. Our results indicate that phase and imaginary conductivity remained stable in PAO1 treatments as cell densities and cellular protein levels remained low (1.7x105 CFUml-1; 111 μg ml-1). However, we observed a significant decrease in both phase (0.5 to -0.20 mrad) and imaginary conductivity (0.0 to -3.0x10-5 S m-1) when both cell densities and cellular protein levels increased. In FRD1 treatments we observed an immediate decrease in phase (0.1 mrad) and imaginary conductivity (-2.0x10-6 S m-1) as cell densities were an order of magnitude greater then PAO1 treatments and cellular protein levels surpassed 500 μg ml-1. CLSM and SEM analysis confirmed the presence of biofilm and cells within both PAO1 and FRD1 treatments. Our findings suggest that the ratio of cells to cellular protein production is an important factor influencing both phase and imaginary conductivity response. However, our results are not in agreement with previous studies suggesting large phase shift (~50 mrads) and imaginary conductivity (5.5 S m-1) values due to biofilm development. We hypothesize that large phase shift and imaginary conductivity response are due to trapping of conductive materials within the biofilm matrix, studies are currently underway to address this hypothesis.

  20. The relationships between deformation mechanisms and mechanical properties of additively manufactured porous biomaterials.

    PubMed

    Kadkhodapour, J; Montazerian, H; Darabi, A Ch; Zargarian, A; Schmauder, S

    2017-06-01

    Modulating deformation mechanism through manipulating morphological parameters of scaffold internal pore architecture provides potential to tailor the overall mechanical properties under physiological loadings. Whereas cells sense local strains, cell differentiation is also impressed by the elastic deformations. In this paper, structure-property relations were developed for Ti6-Al-4V scaffolds designed based on triply periodic minimal surfaces. 10mm cubic scaffolds composed of 5×5×5 unit cells formed of F-RD (bending dominated) and I-WP (stretching dominated) architectures were additively manufactured at different volume fractions and subjected to compressive tests. The first stages of deformation for stretching dominated structure, was accompanied by bilateral layer-by-layer failure of unit cells owing to the buckling of micro-struts, while for bending dominated structure, namely F-RD, global shearing bands appeared since the shearing failure of struts in the internal architecture. Promoted mechanical properties were found for stretching dominated structure since the global orientation of struts were parallel to loading direction while inclination of struts diminished specific properties for bending dominated structure. Moreover, elastic-plastic deformation was computationally studied by applying Johnson-Cook damage model to the voxel-based models in FE analysis. Scaling analysis was performed for mechanical properties with respect to the relative density thereby failure mechanism was correlated to the constants of power law describing mechanical properties. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  1. Numerical investigation of split flows by gravity currents into two-layered stratified water bodies

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cortés, A.; Wells, M. G.; Fringer, O. B.; Arthur, R. S.; Rueda, F. J.

    2015-07-01

    The behavior of a two-dimensional (2-D) gravity current impinging upon a density step in a two-layered stratified basin is analyzed using a high-resolution Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes model. The gravity current splits at the density step, and the portion of the buoyancy flux becoming an interflow is largely controlled by the vertical distribution of velocity and density within the gravity current and the magnitude of the density step between the two ambient layers. This is in agreement with recent laboratory observations. The strongest changes in the ambient density profiles occur as a result of the impingement of supercritical currents with strong density contrasts, for which a large portion of the gravity current detaches from the bottom and becomes an interflow. We characterize the current partition process in the simulated experiments using the densimetric Froude number of the current (Fr) across the density step (upstream and downstream). When underflows are formed, more supercritical currents are observed downstream of the density step compared to upstream (Fru < Frd), and thus, stronger mixing of the current with the ambient water downstream. However, when split flows and interflows are formed, smaller Fr values are identified after the current crosses the density step (Fru > Frd), which indicates lower mixing between the current and ambient water after the impingement due to the significant stripping of interfacial material at the density step.

  2. The Changing Epidemiology of Infection in Burn Patients,

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1992-01-01

    sepsis. Burns 6:235, 1980 ante biopsia para determinar el estado microbiol6gico, de la 1I. Bruck, H.S., Nash, G., Stein, J.M., Lindberg, R.B.: Studies on...from the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Re- Des antibiotiques Iocaux, une excision rapide et une couverture search burn center in the mid-1980’s. Since...that time, the cutaade ont contribud A rdduire de fagon significative la frd- infection control program has included 3 time per week cultur- quence

  3. GenX (FRD-902, ammonium (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)propanoate) Does Not Display Estrogenic, (anti)androgenic or Glucocorticoid-like Activity In Vitro Whereas In Utero Exposure Induces Dose-related Maternal And Fetal Rat Liver PPAR Pathway Gene Expression Without Affecting Fetal Testis Testosterone Production.

    EPA Science Inventory

    GenX (CAS 13252-13-6) is an unregulated, persistent contaminant that has been found in both the Cape Fear River and in Wilmington NC drinking water. Concerns exist about the potential health effects of GenX exposure because it is not removed using traditional water treatment met...

  4. Materials Properties Data Management--Approaches to a Critical National Need

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1983-09-01

    President. Research & l)cvcloprn:nuDirector. Lexington Laboratory Air Products & Chemical%. IncThe Kendall Co. Dr. Alan Lawlev P.O. Box 538Lexington...of DelawareEngineering & Research Staff Newark, DE 19"! !1• Frd Motor Co. K M. Zwilsky. txcumie Daek:ior P.O. kx 2053 Dearborn. MI 4h 121 W.. X" 5/M...UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF TNIS PAGE (When Dole EnElo4 -, UNCLASSIFIED UiCUNTIV CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PA6E(Uhm b0 filo generates the major

  5. Coal Conversion at Picatinny Arsenal and Forts Campbell, Bragg, and Gordon: A Feasibility Study

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1993-12-01

    David M. Joncich is Chief, USACERL-FE, and Dr. Michael J. O’Connor is Chief, USACERL-FL. The USACERL technical editor was William J. Wolfe, Information...PanFr apel B4. S.. .......................................... U ,20 .. .... . .... ........ .. ’.... . ... .. i"....... 20 .......... .......... 1...i ~ ~ Chng In X Fgr14 Efe oEsatio Rat onte LC of a iolFrdSoe lnFr apel * S S i S e• B * S S e S e S SS* e e o * S S

  6. Fusion splicing: a novel approach to fiber connections for the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Fagrelius, Parker; Poppett, Claire; Edelstein, Jerry

    2016-08-01

    The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) is under construction to measure the expansion history of the universe using the Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) technique and the growth of structure using redshift-space distortions (RSD). The spectra of 40 million galaxies over 14,000 square degrees will be measured during the life of the experiment. A new prime focus corrector for the KPNO Mayall telescope will deliver light to 5000 fiber optic positioners. The fibers will run 50 meters from the focal plane to the coudé room where they feed ten broadband spectrographs. The focal plane assembly will be integrated separately from the spectrograph slits and long fiber cables in order to ease integration flow, and the two subsystems will be connected before final integration on the telescope. In order to retain maximum throughput and minimize the focal ratio degradation (FRD) when connecting the fiber system, we are employing fusion splicing as opposed to mechanical connectorization. For the best splice performance, the optical fibers are stripped of their polyimide coating, precision cleaved, and then fused with a heating filament. We report results from the splicing process, measuring a collimated FRD increase of less than 0.5 degrees for a f/3.9 input beam compared to >1 degree increase for mechanical connectors. We also show that the near field performance is minimally degraded after splicing. These results represent the first of their kind for a fiber-fed astronomical instrument.

  7. Comparison of Forsus FRD EZ and Andresen activator in the treatment of class II, division 1 malocclusions.

    PubMed

    Bilgiç, Fundagül; Başaran, Güvenç; Hamamci, Orhan

    2015-03-01

    Purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of Forsus Fatigue-Resistant Device (FRD) EZ and Andresen activator in terms of skeletal, dental, and soft tissue changes in actively growing patients presenting with class II, division 1 malocclusion. Study sample included 60 subjects. Inclusion criteria were as follows: class II division 1 malocclusion, retrognathic mandible, normal or low-angle growth pattern, and peak growth period. The first study group consisted of 20 patients who were treated with Forsus appliance, and the second group of 20 patients received treatment with Andresen activator. Control group received no treatment. Our results revealed that both appliances enhanced mandibular growth, helped increase the length of the mandible, and had a restraining growth effect on the maxilla. Anterior face height increased in both of treatment groups, whereas posterior face height had a significant increase in the activator group only. More mandibular incisors protrusion and intrusion were seen with the Forsus appliance. Moreover, occlusal plane and palatal plane rotated significantly in clockwise direction as a result of dentoalveolar changes only in the Forsus group. As well as the Forsus appliances corrected class II discrepancies mostly through dentoalveolar changes as compared to the activator group, both appliances proved effective in the treatment of growing individuals having class II malocclusions with mandibular retrognathia. By this investigation, two treatment methods, which are currently used in clinical practice, will be evaluated, and the results will be useful for clinicians.

  8. Homology of aspartyl- and lysyl-tRNA synthetases.

    PubMed Central

    Gampel, A; Tzagoloff, A

    1989-01-01

    The yeast nuclear gene MSD1 coding for mitochondrial aspartyl-tRNA synthetase has been cloned and sequenced. The identity of the gene is confirmed by the following evidence. (i) The primary structure of the protein derived from the gene sequence is similar to that of the yeast cytoplasmic aspartyl-tRNA synthetase. (ii) In situ disruption of MSD1 in a respiratory-competent haploid strain of yeast induces a pleiotropic phenotype consistent with a lesion in mitochondrial protein synthesis. (iii) Mitochondria from a mutant with a disrupted chromosomal copy of MSD1 are unable to acylate mitochondrial aspartyl-tRNA. The primary structures of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial aspartyl-tRNA synthetases are similar to the yeast cytoplasmic lysyl-tRNA synthetase, suggesting that the two types of synthetases may have a common evolutionary origin. Searches of the current protein banks also have revealed a high degree of sequence similarity of the lysyl-tRNA synthetase to the product of the Escherichia coli herC gene and to the partial sequence of a protein encoded by an unidentified reading frame located adjacent to the E. coli frdA gene. Based on the sequence similarities and the map positions of the herC and frdA loci, we propose herC to be the structural gene of the constitutively expressed lysyl-tRNA synthetase of E. coli and the unidentified reading frame to be the structural gene of the heat-inducible lysyl-tRNA synthetase. Images PMID:2668951

  9. The Fumarate Reductase of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, unlike That of Escherichia coli, Is Configured so that It Does Not Generate Reactive Oxygen Species.

    PubMed

    Lu, Zheng; Imlay, James A

    2017-01-03

    The impact of oxidative stress upon organismal fitness is most apparent in the phenomenon of obligate anaerobiosis. The root cause may be multifaceted, but the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) likely plays a key role. ROS are formed when redox enzymes accidentally transfer electrons to oxygen rather than to their physiological substrates. In this study, we confirm that the predominant intestinal anaerobe Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron generates intracellular ROS at a very high rate when it is aerated. Fumarate reductase (Frd) is a prominent enzyme in the anaerobic metabolism of many bacteria, including B. thetaiotaomicron, and prior studies of Escherichia coli Frd showed that the enzyme is unusually prone to ROS generation. Surprisingly, in this study biochemical analysis demonstrated that the B. thetaiotaomicron Frd does not react with oxygen at all: neither superoxide nor hydrogen peroxide is formed. Subunit-swapping experiments indicated that this difference does not derive from the flavoprotein subunit at which ROS normally arise. Experiments with the related enzyme succinate dehydrogenase discouraged the hypothesis that heme moieties are responsible. Thus, resistance to oxidation may reflect a shift of electron density away from the flavin moiety toward the iron-sulfur clusters. This study shows that the autoxidizability of a redox enzyme can be suppressed by subtle modifications that do not compromise its physiological function. One implication is that selective pressures might enhance the oxygen tolerance of an organism by manipulating the electronic properties of its redox enzymes so they do not generate ROS. Whether in sediments or pathogenic biofilms, the structures of microbial communities are configured around the sensitivities of their members to oxygen. Oxygen triggers the intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the sensitivity of a microbe to oxygen likely depends upon the rates at which ROS are formed inside it. This study supports that idea, as an obligate anaerobe was confirmed to generate ROS very rapidly upon aeration. However, the suspected source of the ROS was disproven, as the fumarate reductase of the anaerobe did not display the high oxidation rate of its E. coli homologue. Evidently, adjustments in its electronic structure can suppress the tendency of an enzyme to generate ROS. Importantly, this outcome suggests that evolutionary pressure may succeed in modifying redox enzymes and thereby diminishing the stress that an organism experiences in oxic environments. The actual source of ROS in the anaerobe remains to be discovered. Copyright © 2017 Lu and Imlay.

  10. Genetic improvement of Escherichia coli for ethanol production: Chromosomal integration of Zymomonas mobilis genes encoding pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase II

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ohta, Kazuyoshi; Beall, D.S.; Mejia, J.P.

    1991-04-01

    Zymomonas mobilis genes for pyruvate decarboxylase (pdc) and alcohol dehydrogenase II (adhB) were integrated into the Escherichia coli chromosome within or near the pyruvate formate-lyase gene (pfl). Integration improved the stability of the Z. mobilis genes in E. coli, but further selection was required to increase expression. Spontaneous mutants were selected for resistance to high levels of chloramphenicol that also expressed high levels of the Z. mobilis genes. Analogous mutants were selected for increased expression of alcohol dehydrogenase on aldehyde indicator plates. These mutants were functionally equivalent to the previous plasmid-based strains for the fermentation of xylose and glucose tomore » ethanol. Ethanol concentrations of 54.4 and 41.6 g/liter were obtained from 10% glucose and 8% xylose, respectively. The efficiency of conversion exceeded theoretical limits (0.51 g of ethanol/g of sugar) on the basis of added sugars because of the additional production of ethanol from the catabolism of complex nutrients. Further mutations were introduced to inactivate succinate production (frd) and to block homologous recombination (recA).« less

  11. The Bimotor Turboprop Multi-Purpose Aircraft, the Yun-11T (Y-11),

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1982-08-13

    TRANSLATION FTD-ID(RS)T-0521-82 13 August 1982 MICROFICHE N : FrD-82-C-001105 THE BIMOTOR TURBOPROP MULTI-PURPOSE AIRCRAFT, THE YUll 11T ( Y -11) By...AD-A142 848 THE BIMOTOR TURBOPROP MULTI-PURPOSE AIRCRAFT THE i/i YUN-jiT ( Y -ii)(U) FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY DIV WRIGHT-PATTERSON RFB OH X WENJIE 03 AUG 82...BUREAU OF STANDARDS- 1963-A -. -q 4 ,,> 1 .77. ADA1 42848 -. -,. FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY DIVISION THE BIMOTOR TURBOPROP MULTI-PURPOSE SAIRCRAFr, THE YTN-1T ( Y

  12. Preferential Use of Central Metabolism In Vivo Reveals a Nutritional Basis for Polymicrobial Infection

    PubMed Central

    Alteri, Christopher J.; Himpsl, Stephanie D.; Mobley, Harry L. T.

    2015-01-01

    The human genitourinary tract is a common anatomical niche for polymicrobial infection and a leading site for the development of bacteremia and sepsis. Most uncomplicated, community-acquired urinary tract infections (UTI) are caused by Escherichia coli, while another bacterium, Proteus mirabilis, is more often associated with complicated UTI. Here, we report that uropathogenic E. coli and P. mirabilis have divergent requirements for specific central pathways in vivo despite colonizing and occupying the same host environment. Using mutants of specific central metabolism enzymes, we determined glycolysis mutants lacking pgi, tpiA, pfkA, or pykA all have fitness defects in vivo for P. mirabilis but do not affect colonization of E. coli during UTI. Similarly, the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway is required only for P. mirabilis in vivo. In contrast, gluconeogenesis is required only for E. coli fitness in vivo. The remarkable difference in central pathway utilization between E. coli and P. mirabilis during experimental UTI was also observed for TCA cycle mutants in sdhB, fumC, and frdA. The distinct in vivo requirements between these pathogens suggest E. coli and P. mirabilis are not direct competitors within host urinary tract nutritional niche. In support of this, we found that co-infection with E. coli and P. mirabilis wild-type strains enhanced bacterial colonization and persistence of both pathogens during UTI. Our results reveal that complementary utilization of central carbon metabolism facilitates polymicrobial disease and suggests microbial activity in vivo alters the host urinary tract nutritional niche. PMID:25568946

  13. Effects of a metabolic syndrome induced by a fructose-rich diet on bone metabolism in rats.

    PubMed

    Felice, Juan Ignacio; Gangoiti, María Virginia; Molinuevo, María Silvina; McCarthy, Antonio Desmond; Cortizo, Ana María

    2014-02-01

    The aims of this study were: first, to evaluate the possible effects of a fructose rich diet (FRD)-induced metabolic syndrome (MS) on different aspects of long bone histomorphometry in young male rats; second, to investigate the effects of this diet on bone tissue regeneration; and third, to correlate these morphometric alterations with changes in the osteogenic/adipogenic potential and expression of specific transcription factors, of marrow stromal cells (MSC) isolated from rats with fructose-induced MS. MS was induced in rats by treatment with a FRD for 28 days. Halfway through treatment, a parietal wound was made and bone healing was evaluated 14 days later. After treatments, histomorphometric analysis was performed in dissected femoral and parietal bones. MSC were isolated from the femora of control or fructose-treated rats and differentiated either to osteoblasts (evaluated by type 1 collagen, Alkaline phosphatase and extracellular nodule mineralization) or to adipocytes (evaluated by intracellular triglyceride accumulation). Expression of Runx2 and PPARγ was assessed by Western blot. Fructose-induced MS induced deleterious effects on femoral metaphysis microarchitecture and impaired bone regeneration. Fructose treatment decreased the osteogenic potential of MSC and Runx2 expression. In addition, it increased the adipogenic commitment of MSC and PPARγ expression. Fructose-induced MS is associated with deleterious effects on bone microarchitecture and with a decrease in bone repair. These alterations could be due to a deviation in the adipogenic/osteogenic commitment of MSC, probably by modulation of the Runx2/PPARγ ratio. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  14. Contingency Contractor Optimization Phase 3 Sustainment Requirements Document Contingency Contractor Optimization Tool - Prototype

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Bandlow, Alisa; Durfee, Justin David; Frazier, Christopher Rawls

    2016-05-01

    This requirements document serves as an addendum to the Contingency Contractor Optimization Phase 2, Requirements Document [1] and Phase 3 Requirements Document [2]. The Phase 2 Requirements document focused on the high-level requirements for the tool. The Phase 3 Requirements document provided more detailed requirements to which the engineering prototype was built in Phase 3. This document will provide detailed requirements for features and enhancements being added to the production pilot in the Phase 3 Sustainment.

  15. Air-clad fibres for astronomical instrumentation: focal-ratio degradation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Åslund, Mattias L.; Canning, John

    2009-05-01

    Focal-ratio degradation (FRD) of light launched into high-numerical aperture (NA) single-annulus all-silica undoped air-clad fibres at an NA of 0.54 is reported. The measured annular light distribution remained Gaussian after 30 m of propagation, but the angular FWHM of the output annulus doubled from 4° after 1 m propagation to 8.5° after 30 m, which is significantly larger than that reported of standard doped-silica fibres (NA < 0.22). No significant diffractive effects were observed. The design of air-clad fibres for broad-band, high-NA astrophotonics applications is discussed.

  16. Step-index all-silica fibres with enhanced transmission in a broad spectral range

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Boucher, Didier

    There are three primary fibre optics properties of concern for astronomical spectroscopic applications: FRD (Focal Ratio Degradation), the extent to which the transmitting fibre preserves the input focal ratio especially under stress, torsion at measuring temperatures (-15C to +30C); image scrambling where fibres eliminate part of instabilities induced by seeing and tracking errors by removing the spatial variability of the stellar image pushing velocity measurements; the best transparency possible from the atmospheric cut-off at 300 nm to the sensitivity drop-off of CCD detectors at about 1000 nm.

  17. Command History 1970. Volume 4

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1970-01-01

    Vietnamese Air Force 1949-19o8 20-148/S Single Manager for Air in SVN I Jul uo 20-149/C Kham Duc 8 Jul 08 20-150/S Air Response to the Tot Offensive...claymore mines on ARVN company traveling to training area at the Thu Duc Inf School (Frd:. 20 KIA, 43 WIA, 2 civilian injured). 20 - Troops of the 4th...WIA, I 1W). 15 -- In Dhuoc Long Proince, 16 km northeast of Duc Phong, troops of the 2d Bde, 1st Cav Div (Ambl) discover 10 ton cache of rice. -- 7th

  18. Contemporary experience with surgical treatment of aortic valve disease in children.

    PubMed

    Khan, Muhammad S; Samayoa, Andres X; Chen, Diane W; Petit, Christopher J; Fraser, Charles D

    2013-09-01

    Surgical treatment of aortic valve (AoV) disease in childhood involves complex decisions particularly in very small patients. There is no consensus regarding the optimum surgical option. The objective of this review was to analyze a contemporary experience of AoV surgery in a large children's hospital. A retrospective review of children (aged ≤ 18 years) undergoing AoV repair or replacement from June 1995 to December 2011 was carried out. A total of 285 AoV operations (97 repairs, 188 replacements) were performed on 241 patients. Hospital survival for repair was 98% and for replacements was 97%. At follow-up of repairs, there were 16 (17%) reoperations and 3 (3%) late deaths. Follow-up of AoV replacements demonstrated 31 (16%) reoperations (homograft 27, autograft 3, mechanical 1) and 8 (4%) late deaths (homograft 5, autograft 2, mechanical 1). Freedom from reintervention or death (FRD) was found to be lower in repairs for infants (P = .048) and truncal valves (P < .05). For AoV replacements, infants and patients who had concomitant CHD or homografts (P < .0001) had lower FRD. Cox regression analysis for AoV replacements identified infants and homograft root replacements at a higher risk for death/reoperation. AoV repairs and replacements were generally found to be associated with low death and reoperation rates at long-term follow-up. Infants had a lower freedom from reintervention or death after either an AoV repair or replacement, although truncal valve repairs and AoV replacement in patients with concomitant CHD were associated with lower valve survival. Among the valve options, homograft root replacement had a higher risk of death/reoperation and lowest freedom from reintervention or death. Copyright © 2013 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

  19. Shoot to root communication is necessary to control the expression of iron-acquisition genes in Strategy I plants.

    PubMed

    García, María J; Romera, Francisco J; Stacey, Minviluz G; Stacey, Gary; Villar, Eduardo; Alcántara, Esteban; Pérez-Vicente, Rafael

    2013-01-01

    Previous research showed that auxin, ethylene, and nitric oxide (NO) can activate the expression of iron (Fe)-acquisition genes in the roots of Strategy I plants grown with low levels of Fe, but not in plants grown with high levels of Fe. However, it is still an open question as to how Fe acts as an inhibitor and which pool of Fe (e.g., root, phloem, etc.) in the plant acts as the key regulator for gene expression control. To further clarify this, we studied the effect of the foliar application of Fe on the expression of Fe-acquisition genes in several Strategy I plants, including wild-type cultivars of Arabidopsis [Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh], pea [Pisum sativum L.], tomato [Solanum lycopersicon Mill.], and cucumber [Cucumis sativus L.], as well as mutants showing constitutive expression of Fe-acquisition genes when grown under Fe-sufficient conditions [Arabidopsis opt3-2 and frd3-3, pea dgl and brz, and tomato chln (chloronerva)]. The results showed that the foliar application of Fe blocked the expression of Fe-acquisition genes in the wild-type cultivars and in the frd3-3, brz, and chln mutants, but not in the opt3-2 and dgl mutants, probably affected in the transport of a Fe-related repressive signal in the phloem. Moreover, the addition of either ACC (ethylene precursor) or GSNO (NO donor) to Fe-deficient plants up-regulated the expression of Fe-acquisition genes, but this effect did not occur in Fe-deficient plants sprayed with foliar Fe, again suggesting the existence of a Fe-related repressive signal moving from leaves to roots.

  20. Apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon sources in lower Fox River, USA, sediments by a chemical mass balance model

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Su, M.C.; Christensen, E.R.; Karls, J.F.

    Four sediment cores were collected from the lower Fox River, Wisconsin, USA, to identify possible sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using a chemical mass balance model. The cores, which were obtained in 1995 from areas close to Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA, had total PAH concentrations between 19.3 and 0.34 ppm. To determine historical trends of PAH inputs, {sup 210}Pb and {sup 137}Cs dating was used, and elemental carbon particle analysis was done to characterize particles from the combustion of coal, wood, and petroleum. Source fingerprints were taken from the literature. Their results indicate that coke oven emissions, highway dust,more » coal gasification, and wood burning are likely sources of PAHs in the lower Fox River. Coke oven emissions are in the range of 40 to 90% of total PAHs, and this fraction decreases from 1930 to 1990, except in core Fox River-A (FR-A). The overall highway dust (HWY) contribution is between 10 and 75%, and this fraction increases from 1930 to present, except in core FR-A. The wood burning (WB) contribution is less than 7% in cores FR-B, FR-C, and FR-D. In core FR-A, a maximum ({approximately}23%) is found around 1960. The contribution of wood burning has changed from less than 6% in 1950 to between 3 and 10% in 1995. Evidence of aerobic biodegradation or photolysis in the sediment of phenanthrene, with a half-life of approximately 0.5 years has been found at the site of core FR-D, which is the shallowest (1.1 m) of the four core sites.« less

  1. Copper Efflux Is Induced during Anaerobic Amino Acid Limitation in Escherichia coli To Protect Iron-Sulfur Cluster Enzymes and Biogenesis

    PubMed Central

    Fung, Danny Ka Chun; Lau, Wai Yin; Chan, Wing Tat

    2013-01-01

    Adaptation to changing environments is essential to bacterial physiology. Here we report a unique role of the copper homeostasis system in adapting Escherichia coli to its host-relevant environment of anaerobiosis coupled with amino acid limitation. We found that expression of the copper/silver efflux pump CusCFBA was significantly upregulated during anaerobic amino acid limitation in E. coli without the supplement of exogenous copper. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis of the total intracellular copper content combined with transcriptional assay of the PcusC-lacZ reporter in the presence of specific Cu(I) chelators indicated that anaerobic amino acid limitation led to the accumulation of free Cu(I) in the periplasmic space of E. coli, resulting in Cu(I) toxicity. Cells lacking cusCFBA and another copper transporter, copA, under this condition displayed growth defects and reduced ATP production during fumarate respiration. Ectopic expression of the Fe-S cluster enzyme fumarate reductase (Frd), or supplementation with amino acids whose biosynthesis involves Fe-S cluster enzymes, rescued the poor growth of ΔcusC cells. Yet, Cu(I) treatment did not impair the Frd activity in vitro. Further studies revealed that the alternative Fe-S cluster biogenesis system Suf was induced during the anaerobic amino acid limitation, and ΔcusC enhanced this upregulation, indicating the impairment of the Fe-S cluster assembly machinery and the increased Fe-S cluster demands under this condition. Taken together, we conclude that the copper efflux system CusCFBA is induced during anaerobic amino acid limitation to protect Fe-S cluster enzymes and biogenesis from the endogenously originated Cu(I) toxicity, thus facilitating the physiological adaptation of E. coli. PMID:23893112

  2. Soft tissue effects of three different Class II/1-camouflage treatment strategies.

    PubMed

    Atik, Ezgi; Akarsu-Guven, Bengisu; Kocadereli, Ilken

    2017-03-01

    Aim of this retrospective study was to compare soft tissue effects of Class II treatments with the forsus fatigue resistant device (FRD), the pendulum appliance, and the extraction of two maxillary premolars, all of which were combined with pre-adjusted fixed appliances. The sample of 54 patients with Class II malocclusions was divided in three groups: group I patients (mean age = 15.91 years) were treated with the FRD concurrently used with fixed appliances; group II patients (mean age = 16.08 years) were treated with the pendulum appliance combined with a Nance and headgear followed by fixed appliances; and group III patients (mean age = 19.04 years) were treated with the extraction of two maxillary premolars with miniscrew anchorage. Soft tissue and dentoskeletal parameters were measured on pretreatment (T1) and posttreatment (T2) lateral cephalograms. The changes from T1 to T2 were compared between the groups using Kruskal-Wallis test, and treatment differences were evaluated with the Wilcoxon test at p < 0.05. Soft tissue measurement changes related to the upper and lower lips were significantly greater in group II than in group III (p < 0.05). Upper incisor measurement changes were significantly different between groups II and III. Lower incisor measurement changes were significantly different between groups I and III and groups II and III (p < 0.05). Pendulum and extraction treatment groups showed significant differences in relation with the upper and lower lip positional changes, which were significantly greater in the pendulum group. Treatment time with the extraction treatment was statistically shorter than with the nonextraction protocols.

  3. High numerical aperture multimode fibers for prime focus use

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Kaiyuan; Zheng, Jessica R.; Saunders, Will

    2016-07-01

    Modern telescopes typically have prime focus speeds too fast for direct use with standard numerical aperture (NA=0.22+/-0.02) silica-cored fibers. Specifically, the current design for the proposed Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE) telescope is f/2, requiring fibers with NA>0.25. Micro foreoptics can be used to slow the beam, as used on the prime focus spectrograph (PFS) on Subaru, but this adds cost and complexity, and increases losses. An attractive alternative is offered by high NA pure silica-cored fibers, which can be used directly at f/2, and which are now available from multiple vendors. We present throughput and focal ratio degradation measurements on two samples of these high NA fibers. It is found that the measured attenuation losses are comparable with the best available standard NA fibers. The fibers were also tested for focal ratio degradation, and the fiber from CeramOptec was found to have acceptable FRD, representng additional collimator losses 1%. The near field performance of the high NA fiber is also investigated and these high NA fibers exhibit very good scrambling performance; we saw no evidence for significant output near-field variations for varying input beam angles or position in a 50m fiber.

  4. New scramblers for precision radial velocity: square and octagonal fibers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chazelas, Bruno; Pepe, Francesco; Wildi, François; Bouchy, Francois; Perruchot, Sandrine; Avila, Gerardo

    2010-07-01

    One of the remaining limitation of the precise radial velocity instruments is the imperfect scrambling produced by the circular fibers. We present here experimental studies on new optical fibers aiming at an improvement of the scrambling they provide. New fibers shapes were tested: square and octagonal. Measurements have been performed of the scrambling performances of these fibers in the near field as well FRD measurements. These fibers show extremely promising performances in the near field scrambling: an improvement of a factor 5 to 10 compared to the circular fiber. They however show some strange behavior in the far field that need to be understood.

  5. Development of deployable fibre integral-field-units for the E-ELT

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kelz, Andreas; Jahn, Thomas; Neumann, Justus; Roth, Martin M.; Rutowska, Monika; Sandin, Christer; Nicklas, Harald; Anwand, Heiko; Schmidt, C.

    2014-07-01

    The use of deployable fibre-bundles plays an increasing role in the design of future Multi-Object-Spectrographs (MOS). Within a research and development project for "Enabling Technologies for the E-ELT", various miniaturized, fibrebundles were designed, built and tested for their suitability for a proposed ELT-MOS instrument. The paper describes the opto-mechanical designs of the bundles and the different manufacture approaches, using glued, stacked and fused optical fibre bundles. The fibre bundles are characterized for performance, using dedicated testbenches in the laboratory and at a telescope simulator. Their performance is measured with respect to geometric accuracy, throughput, FRD behavior and cross-talk between channels.

  6. Tank waste remediation system functions and requirements document

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Carpenter, K.E

    1996-10-03

    This is the Tank Waste Remediation System (TWRS) Functions and Requirements Document derived from the TWRS Technical Baseline. The document consists of several text sections that provide the purpose, scope, background information, and an explanation of how this document assists the application of Systems Engineering to the TWRS. The primary functions identified in the TWRS Functions and Requirements Document are identified in Figure 4.1 (Section 4.0) Currently, this document is part of the overall effort to develop the TWRS Functional Requirements Baseline, and contains the functions and requirements needed to properly define the top three TWRS function levels. TWRS Technicalmore » Baseline information (RDD-100 database) included in the appendices of the attached document contain the TWRS functions, requirements, and architecture necessary to define the TWRS Functional Requirements Baseline. Document organization and user directions are provided in the introductory text. This document will continue to be modified during the TWRS life-cycle.« less

  7. 20 CFR 655.167 - Document retention requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Document retention requirements. 655.167... retention requirements. (a) Entities required to retain documents. All employers filing an Application for... retain the documents and records proving compliance with this subpart. (b) Period of required retention...

  8. 24 CFR 5.502 - Requirements concerning documents.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Requirements concerning documents... § 5.502 Requirements concerning documents. For any notice or document (decision, declaration, consent... regulations for requirements concerning communications with persons with disabilities.) ...

  9. 76 FR 26750 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Documentation Requirements for Articles Entered Under...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-05-09

    ... Activities: Documentation Requirements for Articles Entered Under Various Special Tariff Treatment Provisions...: Documentation Requirements for Articles Entered Under Various Special Tariff Treatment Provisions. This request... collection: Title: Documentation Requirements for Articles Entered Under Various Special Tariff Treatment...

  10. 76 FR 39416 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Documentation Requirements for Articles Entered Under...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-07-06

    ... Activities: Documentation Requirements for Articles Entered Under Various Special Tariff Treatment Provisions... accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act: Documentation Requirements for Articles Entered Under Various... techniques or other forms of information. Title: Documentation Requirements for Articles Entered Under...

  11. 5 CFR 1315.9 - Required documentation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Required documentation. 1315.9 Section 1315.9 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET OMB DIRECTIVES PROMPT PAYMENT § 1315.9 Required documentation. Agencies are required to ensure the following payment documentation is established...

  12. Spectrum analysis on quality requirements consideration in software design documents.

    PubMed

    Kaiya, Haruhiko; Umemura, Masahiro; Ogata, Shinpei; Kaijiri, Kenji

    2013-12-01

    Software quality requirements defined in the requirements analysis stage should be implemented in the final products, such as source codes and system deployment. To guarantee this meta-requirement, quality requirements should be considered in the intermediate stages, such as the design stage or the architectural definition stage. We propose a novel method for checking whether quality requirements are considered in the design stage. In this method, a technique called "spectrum analysis for quality requirements" is applied not only to requirements specifications but also to design documents. The technique enables us to derive the spectrum of a document, and quality requirements considerations in the document are numerically represented in the spectrum. We can thus objectively identify whether the considerations of quality requirements in a requirements document are adapted to its design document. To validate the method, we applied it to commercial software systems with the help of a supporting tool, and we confirmed that the method worked well.

  13. 50 CFR 300.185 - Documentation, reporting and recordkeeping requirements for consignment documents and re-export...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... recordkeeping requirements for consignment documents and re-export certificates. 300.185 Section 300.185..., reporting and recordkeeping requirements for consignment documents and re-export certificates. (a) Imports... apply only to entries for consumption. The reporting requirements of paragraph (a)(3) of this section do...

  14. 50 CFR 300.185 - Documentation, reporting and recordkeeping requirements for consignment documents and re-export...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... recordkeeping requirements for consignment documents and re-export certificates. 300.185 Section 300.185..., reporting and recordkeeping requirements for consignment documents and re-export certificates. (a) Imports... apply only to entries for consumption. The reporting requirements of paragraph (a)(3) of this section do...

  15. 50 CFR 300.185 - Documentation, reporting and recordkeeping requirements for consignment documents and re-export...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... recordkeeping requirements for consignment documents and re-export certificates. 300.185 Section 300.185..., reporting and recordkeeping requirements for consignment documents and re-export certificates. (a) Imports... apply only to entries for consumption. The reporting requirements of paragraph (a)(3) of this section do...

  16. 22 CFR 40.71 - Documentation requirements for immigrants.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Documentation requirements for immigrants. 40... NONIMMIGRANTS AND IMMIGRANTS UNDER THE IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT, AS AMENDED Documentation Requirements § 40.71 Documentation requirements for immigrants. INA 212(a)(7)(A) is not applicable at the time of...

  17. Basic Hitchhiker Payload Requirements

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Horan, Stephen

    1999-01-01

    This document lists the requirements for the NMSU Hitchhiker experiment payload that were developed as part of the EE 498/499 Capstone Design class during the 1999-2000 academic year. This document is used to describe the system needs as described in the mission document. The requirements listed here are those primarily used to generate the basic electronic and data processing requirements developed in the class design document. The needs of the experiment components are more fully described in the draft NASA hitchhiker customer requirements document. Many of the details for the overall payload are given in full detail in the NASA hitchhiker documentation.

  18. Functions and requirements document for interim store solidified high-level and transuranic waste

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Smith-Fewell, M.A., Westinghouse Hanford

    1996-05-17

    The functions, requirements, interfaces, and architectures contained within the Functions and Requirements (F{ampersand}R) Document are based on the information currently contained within the TWRS Functions and Requirements database. The database also documents the set of technically defensible functions and requirements associated with the solidified waste interim storage mission.The F{ampersand}R Document provides a snapshot in time of the technical baseline for the project. The F{ampersand}R document is the product of functional analysis, requirements allocation and architectural structure definition. The technical baseline described in this document is traceable to the TWRS function 4.2.4.1, Interim Store Solidified Waste, and its related requirements, architecture,more » and interfaces.« less

  19. Advances in Optical Fiber-Based Faraday Rotation Diagnostics

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    White, A D; McHale, G B; Goerz, D A

    2009-07-27

    In the past two years, we have used optical fiber-based Faraday Rotation Diagnostics (FRDs) to measure pulsed currents on several dozen capacitively driven and explosively driven pulsed power experiments. We have made simplifications to the necessary hardware for quadrature-encoded polarization analysis, including development of an all-fiber analysis scheme. We have developed a numerical model that is useful for predicting and quantifying deviations from the ideal diagnostic response. We have developed a method of analyzing quadrature-encoded FRD data that is simple to perform and offers numerous advantages over several existing methods. When comparison has been possible, we have seen good agreementmore » with our FRDs and other current sensors.« less

  20. ICESat (GLAS) Science Processing Software Document Series. Volume 3; GLAS Science Software Requirements Document; Ver 2.1

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Jester, Peggy L.; Lee, Jeffrey; Zukor, Dorothy J. (Technical Monitor)

    2001-01-01

    This document addresses the software requirements of the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) Standard Data Software (SDS) supporting the GLAS instrument on the EOS ICESat Spacecraft. This Software Requirements Document represents the initial collection of the technical engineering information for the GLAS SDS. This information is detailed within the second of four main volumes of the Standard documentation, the Product Specification volume. This document is a "roll-out" from the governing volume outline containing the Concept and Requirements sections.

  1. 10 CFR 1707.203 - Filing requirements for demands or requests for documents or testimony.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Filing requirements for demands or requests for documents... Production of Documents § 1707.203 Filing requirements for demands or requests for documents or testimony. You must comply with the following requirements whenever you issue demands or requests to a DNFSB...

  2. Research on Generating Method of Embedded Software Test Document Based on Dynamic Model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Qu, MingCheng; Wu, XiangHu; Tao, YongChao; Liu, Ying

    2018-03-01

    This paper provides a dynamic model-based test document generation method for embedded software that provides automatic generation of two documents: test requirements specification documentation and configuration item test documentation. This method enables dynamic test requirements to be implemented in dynamic models, enabling dynamic test demand tracking to be easily generated; able to automatically generate standardized, standardized test requirements and test documentation, improved document-related content inconsistency and lack of integrity And other issues, improve the efficiency.

  3. 48 CFR 11.101 - Order of precedence for requirements documents.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    .... (2) Performance-oriented documents (e.g., a PWS or SOO). (See 2.101.) (3) Detailed design-oriented... requirements documents. 11.101 Section 11.101 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION ACQUISITION PLANNING DESCRIBING AGENCY NEEDS Selecting and Developing Requirements Documents 11...

  4. SIENA Customer Problem Statement and Requirements

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    L. Sauer; R. Clay; C. Adams

    2000-08-01

    This document describes the problem domain and functional requirements of the SIENA framework. The software requirements and system architecture of SIENA are specified in separate documents (called SIENA Software Requirement Specification and SIENA Software Architecture, respectively). While currently this version of the document describes the problems and captures the requirements within the Analysis domain (concentrating on finite element models), it is our intention to subsequent y expand this document to describe problems and capture requirements from the Design and Manufacturing domains. In addition, SIENA is designed to be extendible to support and integrate elements from the other domains (see SIENAmore » Software Architecture document).« less

  5. 45 CFR 164.316 - Policies and procedures and documentation requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... when it last was in effect, whichever is later. (ii) Availability (Required). Make documentation.... (iii) Updates (Required). Review documentation periodically, and update as needed, in response to...

  6. 20 CFR 655.1319 - Document retention requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Document retention requirements. 655.1319... Employment in the United States (H-2A Workers) § 655.1319 Document retention requirements. (a) Entities... retention. Records and documents must be retained for a period of 3 years from the date of certification of...

  7. 46 CFR 67.105 - Requirement for determination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... DOCUMENTATION OF VESSELS Tonnage and Dimension Requirements for Vessel Documentation § 67.105 Requirement for determination. The gross and net tonnage and dimensions of a vessel must be determined: (a) For initial documentation; (b) Whenever there is a change in the gross or net tonnage or dimensions of a documented vessel...

  8. 46 CFR 67.105 - Requirement for determination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... DOCUMENTATION OF VESSELS Tonnage and Dimension Requirements for Vessel Documentation § 67.105 Requirement for determination. The gross and net tonnage and dimensions of a vessel must be determined: (a) For initial documentation; (b) Whenever there is a change in the gross or net tonnage or dimensions of a documented vessel...

  9. 46 CFR 67.105 - Requirement for determination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... DOCUMENTATION OF VESSELS Tonnage and Dimension Requirements for Vessel Documentation § 67.105 Requirement for determination. The gross and net tonnage and dimensions of a vessel must be determined: (a) For initial documentation; (b) Whenever there is a change in the gross or net tonnage or dimensions of a documented vessel...

  10. 46 CFR 67.105 - Requirement for determination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... DOCUMENTATION OF VESSELS Tonnage and Dimension Requirements for Vessel Documentation § 67.105 Requirement for determination. The gross and net tonnage and dimensions of a vessel must be determined: (a) For initial documentation; (b) Whenever there is a change in the gross or net tonnage or dimensions of a documented vessel...

  11. 46 CFR 67.105 - Requirement for determination.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... DOCUMENTATION OF VESSELS Tonnage and Dimension Requirements for Vessel Documentation § 67.105 Requirement for determination. The gross and net tonnage and dimensions of a vessel must be determined: (a) For initial documentation; (b) Whenever there is a change in the gross or net tonnage or dimensions of a documented vessel...

  12. Effects of surgical and chemical sterilization on the behavior of free-roaming male dogs in Puerto Natales, Chile.

    PubMed

    Garde, E; Pérez, G E; Vanderstichel, R; Dalla Villa, P F; Serpell, J A

    2016-01-01

    Population management of free-roaming domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) is of interest due to the threat these animals pose to people, other animals and the environment. Current sterilization procedures for male dogs include surgical and chemical methods. However, little is known about how these procedures affect their behavior. The primary objective of this study was to investigate changes in selected behaviors following chemical and surgical sterilization in a male free-roaming dog (FRD) population in southern Chile. We also examined the association between serum testosterone levels and behaviors thought to be influenced by circulating androgens. A total of 174 dogs were randomly assigned to either a surgical or chemical sterilization group, or a control group. At the onset of the intervention period, 119 dogs remained and 102 dogs successfully completed the study. Each dog was monitored pre- and post-intervention using video recordings, GPS collars, and blood samples for the measurement of testosterone. Analysis of behavior revealed that surgically castrated dogs showed no reduction of sexual activity or aggression when compared to their pre-intervention behavior. Chemically sterilized dogs showed a statistically significant increase in dog-directed aggression, but no change in sexual activity. There was no change in home range size in any groups between the pre- and post-intervention measurement. We found no consistent association between levels of serum testosterone concentration and behavioral changes in any of the groups. This study presents the first detailed behavioral observations following surgical and chemical sterilization in male FRDs. The information generated is highly relevant to communities struggling with the control of FRDs. Complementary studies to further our understanding of the effects of male sterilization on the behavioral and reproductive dynamics of FRD populations are needed. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  13. Investigation of Endogenous Retrovirus Sequences in the Neighborhood of Genes Up-regulated in a Neuroblastoma Model after Treatment with Hypoxia-Mimetic Cobalt Chloride

    PubMed Central

    Brütting, Christine; Narasimhan, Harini; Hoffmann, Frank; Kornhuber, Malte E.; Staege, Martin S.; Emmer, Alexander

    2018-01-01

    Human endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) have been found to be associated with different diseases, e.g., multiple sclerosis (MS). Most human ERVs integrated in our genome are not competent to replicate and these sequences are presumably silent. However, transcription of human ERVs can be reactivated, e.g., by hypoxia. Interestingly, MS has been linked to hypoxia since decades. As some patterns of demyelination are similar to white matter ischemia, hypoxic damage is discussed. Therefore, we are interested in the association between hypoxia and ERVs. As a model, we used human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells after treatment with the hypoxia-mimetic cobalt chloride and analyzed differences in the gene expression profiles in comparison to untreated cells. The vicinity of up-regulated genes was scanned for endogenous retrovirus-derived sequences. Five genes were found to be strongly up-regulated in SH-SY5Y cells after treatment with cobalt chloride: clusterin, glutathione peroxidase 3, insulin-like growth factor 2, solute carrier family 7 member 11, and neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 9. In the vicinity of these genes we identified large (>1,000 bp) open reading frames (ORFs). Most of these ORFs showed only low similarities to proteins from retro-transcribing viruses. However, we found very high similarity between retrovirus envelope sequences and a sequence in the vicinity of neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 9. This sequence encodes the human endogenous retrovirus group FRD member 1, the encoded protein product is called syncytin 2. Transfection of syncytin 2 into the well-characterized Ewing sarcoma cell line A673 was not able to modulate the low immunostimulatory activity of this cell line. Future research is needed to determine whether the identified genes and the human endogenous retrovirus group FRD member 1 might play a role in the etiology of MS. PMID:29515560

  14. Fecal S100A12 concentration predicts a lack of response to treatment in dogs affected with chronic enteropathy.

    PubMed

    Heilmann, Romy M; Volkmann, Maria; Otoni, Cristiane C; Grützner, Niels; Kohn, Barbara; Jergens, Albert E; Steiner, Jörg M

    2016-09-01

    S100A12 is a potential biomarker of gastrointestinal inflammation in dogs and fecal S100A12 concentrations are correlated with disease severity and outcome. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether there was any association between pre-treatment fecal S100A12 concentrations in dogs affected with chronic enteropathy (CE) and the response to treatment. Dogs affected with CE were recruited into the study and were classified as antibiotic-responsive diarrhea (ARD; n = 9), food-responsive diarrhea (FRD; n = 30) or idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; n = 25). They were also grouped based on their response to treatment as complete remission (n = 35), partial response (n = 25) or no response (n = 4). Fecal S100A12 concentrations, measured by ELISA, were elevated in dogs affected with IBD compared with those from dogs affected with FRD (P = 0.010) or ARD (P = 0.025). Dogs with IBD that did not respond to treatment (n = 4) had significantly greater fecal S100A12 concentrations than dogs in complete remission (P = 0.009). Measurement of fecal S100A12 at the time of diagnosis discriminated between dogs with IBD that were refractory to therapy (≥2700 ng/g fecal S100A12) from those with at least a partial response (<2700 ng/g fecal S100A12), with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 76%. These preliminary results suggest that testing of fecal S100A12 may be useful for predicting the lack of response to treatment in dogs affected with CE. The utility of serial fecal S100A12 measurements for monitoring dogs undergoing treatment for CE warrants further investigation. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  15. Investigation of Endogenous Retrovirus Sequences in the Neighborhood of Genes Up-regulated in a Neuroblastoma Model after Treatment with Hypoxia-Mimetic Cobalt Chloride.

    PubMed

    Brütting, Christine; Narasimhan, Harini; Hoffmann, Frank; Kornhuber, Malte E; Staege, Martin S; Emmer, Alexander

    2018-01-01

    Human endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) have been found to be associated with different diseases, e.g., multiple sclerosis (MS). Most human ERVs integrated in our genome are not competent to replicate and these sequences are presumably silent. However, transcription of human ERVs can be reactivated, e.g., by hypoxia. Interestingly, MS has been linked to hypoxia since decades. As some patterns of demyelination are similar to white matter ischemia, hypoxic damage is discussed. Therefore, we are interested in the association between hypoxia and ERVs. As a model, we used human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells after treatment with the hypoxia-mimetic cobalt chloride and analyzed differences in the gene expression profiles in comparison to untreated cells. The vicinity of up-regulated genes was scanned for endogenous retrovirus-derived sequences. Five genes were found to be strongly up-regulated in SH-SY5Y cells after treatment with cobalt chloride: clusterin, glutathione peroxidase 3, insulin-like growth factor 2, solute carrier family 7 member 11, and neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 9. In the vicinity of these genes we identified large (>1,000 bp) open reading frames (ORFs). Most of these ORFs showed only low similarities to proteins from retro-transcribing viruses. However, we found very high similarity between retrovirus envelope sequences and a sequence in the vicinity of neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 9. This sequence encodes the human endogenous retrovirus group FRD member 1, the encoded protein product is called syncytin 2. Transfection of syncytin 2 into the well-characterized Ewing sarcoma cell line A673 was not able to modulate the low immunostimulatory activity of this cell line. Future research is needed to determine whether the identified genes and the human endogenous retrovirus group FRD member 1 might play a role in the etiology of MS.

  16. 25 CFR 559.7 - May a tribe submit documents required by this part electronically?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 25 Indians 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false May a tribe submit documents required by this part... NOTIFICATIONS AND SUBMISSIONS § 559.7 May a tribe submit documents required by this part electronically? Yes. Tribes wishing to submit documents electronically should contact the Commission for guidance on...

  17. 25 CFR 559.7 - May a tribe submit documents required by this part electronically?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 25 Indians 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false May a tribe submit documents required by this part... NOTIFICATIONS AND SUBMISSIONS § 559.7 May a tribe submit documents required by this part electronically? Yes. Tribes wishing to submit documents electronically should contact the Commission for guidance on...

  18. 42 CFR 102.53 - Documentation a survivor must submit to be deemed eligible by the Secretary.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... AND HUMAN SERVICES VACCINES SMALLPOX COMPENSATION PROGRAM Required Documentation To Be Deemed Eligible... documentation required in: (1) Section 102.51(a)(2)-(4) (documentation requirements for smallpox vaccine recipients), in the case of a deceased smallpox vaccine recipient. The survivor requester may submit a...

  19. 42 CFR 102.53 - Documentation a survivor must submit to be deemed eligible by the Secretary.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... AND HUMAN SERVICES VACCINES SMALLPOX COMPENSATION PROGRAM Required Documentation To Be Deemed Eligible... documentation required in: (1) Section 102.51(a)(2)-(4) (documentation requirements for smallpox vaccine recipients), in the case of a deceased smallpox vaccine recipient. The survivor requester may submit a...

  20. 42 CFR 102.53 - Documentation a survivor must submit to be deemed eligible by the Secretary.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... AND HUMAN SERVICES VACCINES SMALLPOX COMPENSATION PROGRAM Required Documentation To Be Deemed Eligible... documentation required in: (1) Section 102.51(a)(2)-(4) (documentation requirements for smallpox vaccine recipients), in the case of a deceased smallpox vaccine recipient. The survivor requester may submit a...

  1. 42 CFR 102.53 - Documentation a survivor must submit to be deemed eligible by the Secretary.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... AND HUMAN SERVICES VACCINES SMALLPOX COMPENSATION PROGRAM Required Documentation To Be Deemed Eligible... documentation required in: (1) Section 102.51(a)(2)-(4) (documentation requirements for smallpox vaccine recipients), in the case of a deceased smallpox vaccine recipient. The survivor requester may submit a...

  2. 42 CFR 102.53 - Documentation a survivor must submit to be deemed eligible by the Secretary.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... AND HUMAN SERVICES VACCINES SMALLPOX COMPENSATION PROGRAM Required Documentation To Be Deemed Eligible... documentation required in: (1) Section 102.51(a)(2)-(4) (documentation requirements for smallpox vaccine recipients), in the case of a deceased smallpox vaccine recipient. The survivor requester may submit a...

  3. The 30/20 GHz flight experiment system, phase 2. Volume 3: Experiment system requirement document

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bronstein, L.; Kawamoto, Y.; Ribarich, J. J.; Scope, J. R.; Forman, B. J.; Berman, S. G.; Reisenfeld, S.

    1981-01-01

    An approach to the requirements document to be used to procure the system by NASA is presented. The basic approach is similar to the requirements document used in the commercial communication satellite. Enough detail requirements are given to define the system without tight constraints.

  4. Sampling of the telescope image plane using single- and few-mode fibre arrays

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Corbett, Jason C.

    2009-02-01

    The coupling efficiency of starlight into single and few-mode fibres fed with lenslet arrays to provide a continuous field of view is investigated. The single-mode field of view (FOV) and overall transmission is a highly complicated function of wavelength and fibre size leading to a continuous sample only in cases of poor throughput. Significant improvements are found in the few-mode regime with a continuous and efficient sample of the image plane shown to be possible with as few as 4 modes. This work is of direct relevance to the coupling of celestial light into photonic instrumentation and the removal of image scrambling and reduction of focal ratio degradation (FRD) using multi-mode fibre to single-mode fibre array converters.

  5. Optical Fiber Evaluation for the Hobby-Eberly Telescope

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    McGouldrick, K.; Maywalt, J.; Engel, L.; Rhoads, B.; Andersen, D. R.; Ramsey, L. W.

    1998-12-01

    Two major facility instruments on the Hobby-Eberly telescope (HET) are fiber coupled: the high and medium resolution spectrographs. Understanding the behavior of the fibers with the HET is central to understanding the performance of the telescope/spectrograph system. We will describe the Penn State fiber evaluation facility which enables us to measure focal ratio degradation (FRD) and total throughput. We will present some typical data obtained using the HET focal ratio at the fiber input. The HET design has a roving pupil that changes the illumination pattern somewhat during the typical 1 hour tracking time on a target. We will describe our plans to simulate the HET input test the degree to which the varying pupil is scrambled by the fiber.

  6. Drive Scaling of hohlraums heated with 2ω light

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Oades, Kevin; Foster, John; Slark, Gary; Stevenson, Mark; Kauffman, Robert; Suter, Larry; Hinkel, Denise; Miller, Mike; Schneider, Marilyn; Springer, Paul

    2002-11-01

    We report on experiments using a single beam from the AWE?s HELEN laser to study scaling of hohlraum drive with hohlraum scale size. The hohlruams were heated with 400 J in a 1 ns square pulse with and without a phaseplate. The drive was measured using a PCD and an FRD. Scattered light was measured using a full aperture backscatter system. Drive is consistent with hohlraum scaling and LASNEX modeling using the absorbed laser energy. Bremsstrahlung from fast electrons and M-shell x-ray production were also measured. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract No. W-7405-Eng-48.

  7. Fluor Daniel Hanford contract standards/requirements identification document

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Bennett, G.L.

    1997-04-24

    This document, the Standards/Requirements Identification Document (S/RID) for the Fluor Daniel Hanford Contract, represents the necessary and sufficient requirements to provide an adequate level of protection of the worker, public health and safety, and the environment.

  8. IDC Re-Engineering Phase 2 System Specification Document Version 1.5

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Satpathi, Meara Allena; Burns, John F.; Harris, James M.

    This document contains the system specifications derived to satisfy the system requirements found in the IDC System Requirements Document for the IDC Re-Engineering Phase 2 project. This System Specification Document (SSD) defines waveform data processing requirements for the International Data Centre (IDC) of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO). The routine processing includes characterization of events with the objective of screening out events considered to be consistent with natural phenomena or non-nuclear, man-made phenomena. This document does not address requirements concerning acquisition, processing and analysis of radionuclide data but does include requirements for the dissemination of radionuclide datamore » and products.« less

  9. Using SCR methods to analyze requirements documentation

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Callahan, John; Morrison, Jeffery

    1995-01-01

    Software Cost Reduction (SCR) methods are being utilized to analyze and verify selected parts of NASA's EOS-DIS Core System (ECS) requirements documentation. SCR is being used as a spot-inspection tool. Through this formal and systematic approach of the SCR requirements methods, insights as to whether the requirements are internally inconsistent or incomplete as the scenarios of intended usage evolve in the OC (Operations Concept) documentation. Thus, by modelling the scenarios and requirements as mode charts using the SCR methods, we have been able to identify problems within and between the documents.

  10. Tarjetas v.1.2015.7.23

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Burchard, Ross L.; Pierson, Kathleen P.; Trumbo, Derek

    Tarjetas is used to generate requirements from source documents. These source documents are in a hierarchical XML format that have been produced from PDF documents processed through the “Reframe” software package. The software includes the ability to create Topics and associate text Snippets with those topics. Requirements are then generated and text Snippets with their associated Topics are referenced to the requirement. The software maintains traceability from the requirement ultimately to the source document that produced the snippet

  11. 18 CFR 5.24 - Applications not requiring a draft NEPA document.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... requiring a draft NEPA document. 5.24 Section 5.24 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY... APPLICATION PROCESS § 5.24 Applications not requiring a draft NEPA document. (a) If the Commission determines... environmental impact statement and that a draft environmental assessment will not be required, the Commission...

  12. 18 CFR 5.24 - Applications not requiring a draft NEPA document.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... requiring a draft NEPA document. 5.24 Section 5.24 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY... APPLICATION PROCESS § 5.24 Applications not requiring a draft NEPA document. (a) If the Commission determines... environmental impact statement and that a draft environmental assessment will not be required, the Commission...

  13. 18 CFR 5.24 - Applications not requiring a draft NEPA document.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... requiring a draft NEPA document. 5.24 Section 5.24 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY... APPLICATION PROCESS § 5.24 Applications not requiring a draft NEPA document. (a) If the Commission determines... environmental impact statement and that a draft environmental assessment will not be required, the Commission...

  14. 12 CFR 16.17 - Filing requirements and inspection of documents.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... the submission of any fee required under § 16.33 of this part. (e) Any filing of amendments or... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Filing requirements and inspection of documents... SECURITIES OFFERING DISCLOSURE RULES § 16.17 Filing requirements and inspection of documents. (a) Except as...

  15. TRACER - TRACING AND CONTROL OF ENGINEERING REQUIREMENTS

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Turner, P. R.

    1994-01-01

    TRACER (Tracing and Control of Engineering Requirements) is a database/word processing system created to document and maintain the order of both requirements and descriptive material associated with an engineering project. A set of hierarchical documents are normally generated for a project whereby the requirements of the higher level documents levy requirements on the same level or lower level documents. Traditionally, the requirements are handled almost entirely by manual paper methods. The problem with a typical paper system, however, is that requirements written and changed continuously in different areas lead to misunderstandings and noncompliance. The purpose of TRACER is to automate the capture, tracing, reviewing, and managing of requirements for an engineering project. The engineering project still requires communications, negotiations, interactions, and iterations among people and organizations, but TRACER promotes succinct and precise identification and treatment of real requirements separate from the descriptive prose in a document. TRACER permits the documentation of an engineering project's requirements and progress in a logical, controllable, traceable manner. TRACER's attributes include the presentation of current requirements and status from any linked computer terminal and the ability to differentiate headers and descriptive material from the requirements. Related requirements can be linked and traced. The program also enables portions of documents to be printed, individual approval and release of requirements, and the tracing of requirements down into the equipment specification. Requirement "links" can be made "pending" and invisible to others until the pending link is made "binding". Individuals affected by linked requirements can be notified of significant changes with acknowledgement of the changes required. An unlimited number of documents can be created for a project and an ASCII import feature permits existing documents to be incorporated. TRACER can automatically renumber section headers when inserting or deleting sections of a document and generate sign-off forms for any approval process as well as a table of contents. TRACER was implemented on an IBM PC under PC-DOS. The program requires 640K RAM, a hard disk, and PC-DOS version 3.3 or higher. It was written in CLIPPER (Summer '87). TRACER is available on two 5.25 inch 1.2Mb MS-DOS format diskettes. The executable program is also provided with the distribution. TRACER is a copyrighted work with all copyright vested in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. IBM PC and PC-DOS are registered trademarks of International Business Machines. CLIPPER is a trademark of Nantucket Corporation.

  16. 7 CFR 1423.6 - Financial information documentation requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... CORPORATION APPROVED WAREHOUSES § 1423.6 Financial information documentation requirements. To be approved under this part, a warehouse operator shall submit a current financial statement at the time of... 7 Agriculture 10 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Financial information documentation requirements...

  17. TWRS configuration management requirement source document

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Vann, J.M.

    The TWRS Configuration Management (CM) Requirement Source document prescribes CM as a basic product life-cycle function by which work and activities are conducted or accomplished. This document serves as the requirements basis for the TWRS CM program. The objective of the TWRS CM program is to establish consistency among requirements, physical/functional configuration, information, and documentation for TWRS and TWRS products, and to maintain this consistency throughout the life-cycle of TWRS and the product, particularly as changes are being made.

  18. Automated documentation generator for advanced protein crystal growth

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Maddux, Gary A.; Provancha, Anna; Chattam, David

    1994-01-01

    To achieve an environment less dependent on the flow of paper, automated techniques of data storage and retrieval must be utilized. This software system, 'Automated Payload Experiment Tool,' seeks to provide a knowledge-based, hypertext environment for the development of NASA documentation. Once developed, the final system should be able to guide a Principal Investigator through the documentation process in a more timely and efficient manner, while supplying more accurate information to the NASA payload developer. The current system is designed for the development of the Science Requirements Document (SRD), the Experiment Requirements Document (ERD), the Project Plan, and the Safety Requirements Document.

  19. 25 CFR 162.528 - What documents are required for BIA approval of a WEEL?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... LEASES AND PERMITS Wind and Solar Resource Leases Weel Approval § 162.528 What documents are required for... required by § 162.527; (d) Statement from the appropriate tribal authority that the proposed use is in... environmental and land use requirements, including any documentation prepared under § 162.027(b); (f) An...

  20. 25 CFR 162.528 - What documents are required for BIA approval of a WEEL?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... LEASES AND PERMITS Wind and Solar Resource Leases Weel Approval § 162.528 What documents are required for... required by § 162.527; (d) Statement from the appropriate tribal authority that the proposed use is in... environmental and land use requirements, including any documentation prepared under § 162.027(b); (f) An...

  1. 36 CFR 1251.10 - What are the filing requirements for a demand for documents or testimony?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... date that records or testimony is required. Demands submitted in less than 45 days before records or... requirements for a demand for documents or testimony? 1251.10 Section 1251.10 Parks, Forests, and Public... the filing requirements for a demand for documents or testimony? You must comply with the following...

  2. 36 CFR 1251.10 - What are the filing requirements for a demand for documents or testimony?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... date that records or testimony is required. Demands submitted in less than 45 days before records or... requirements for a demand for documents or testimony? 1251.10 Section 1251.10 Parks, Forests, and Public... the filing requirements for a demand for documents or testimony? You must comply with the following...

  3. 7 CFR 1710.405 - Supplemental financing documents.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 11 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Supplemental financing documents. 1710.405 Section... GUARANTEES Application Requirements and Procedures for Loans § 1710.405 Supplemental financing documents. (a) The borrower is responsible for ensuring that the loan documents required for supplemental financing...

  4. Concept document of the repository-based software engineering program: A constructive appraisal

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1992-01-01

    A constructive appraisal of the Concept Document of the Repository-Based Software Engineering Program is provided. The Concept Document is designed to provide an overview of the Repository-Based Software Engineering (RBSE) Program. The Document should be brief and provide the context for reading subsequent requirements and product specifications. That is, all requirements to be developed should be traceable to the Concept Document. Applied Expertise's analysis of the Document was directed toward assuring that: (1) the Executive Summary provides a clear, concise, and comprehensive overview of the Concept (rewrite as necessary); (2) the sections of the Document make best use of the NASA 'Data Item Description' for concept documents; (3) the information contained in the Document provides a foundation for subsequent requirements; and (4) the document adequately: identifies the problem being addressed; articulates RBSE's specific role; specifies the unique aspects of the program; and identifies the nature and extent of the program's users.

  5. 78 FR 13368 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Application for Employment Authorization, Form I-765...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-27

    ... of total applicants who require English translations of their supporting documents. The percentage of supporting documents for each individual applicant that require translation into English. The time required to find, hire or otherwise obtain translations of supporting documents for immigration benefit...

  6. 23 CFR 1340.5 - Documentation requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... STATE OBSERVATIONAL SURVEYS OF SEAT BELT USE § 1340.5 Documentation requirements. All sample design, data collection, and estimation procedures used in State surveys conducted in accordance with this part must be well documented. At a minimum, the documentation must: (a) For sample design— (1) Define all...

  7. 23 CFR 1340.5 - Documentation requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... STATE OBSERVATIONAL SURVEYS OF SEAT BELT USE § 1340.5 Documentation requirements. All sample design, data collection, and estimation procedures used in State surveys conducted in accordance with this part must be well documented. At a minimum, the documentation must: (a) For sample design— (1) Define all...

  8. Monitored Geologic Repository Project Description Document

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    P. M. Curry

    2001-01-30

    The primary objective of the Monitored Geologic Repository Project Description Document (PDD) is to allocate the functions, requirements, and assumptions to the systems at Level 5 of the Civilian Radioactive Waste Management System (CRWMS) architecture identified in Section 4. It provides traceability of the requirements to those contained in Section 3 of the ''Monitored Geologic Repository Requirements Document'' (MGR RD) (YMP 2000a) and other higher-level requirements documents. In addition, the PDD allocates design related assumptions to work products of non-design organizations. The document provides Monitored Geologic Repository (MGR) technical requirements in support of design and performance assessment in preparing formore » the Site Recommendation (SR) and License Application (LA) milestones. The technical requirements documented in the PDD are to be captured in the System Description Documents (SDDs) which address each of the systems at Level 5 of the CRWMS architecture. The design engineers obtain the technical requirements from the SDDs and by reference from the SDDs to the PDD. The design organizations and other organizations will obtain design related assumptions directly from the PDD. These organizations may establish additional assumptions for their individual activities, but such assumptions are not to conflict with the assumptions in the PDD. The PDD will serve as the primary link between the technical requirements captured in the SDDs and the design requirements captured in US Department of Energy (DOE) documents. The approved PDD is placed under Level 3 baseline control by the CRWMS Management and Operating Contractor (M and O) and the following portions of the PDD constitute the Technical Design Baseline for the MGR: the design characteristics listed in Table 1-1, the MGR Architecture (Section 4.1), the Technical Requirements (Section 5), and the Controlled Project Assumptions (Section 6).« less

  9. Electrical, Electronic, and Electromechanical (EEE) parts management and control requirements for NASA space flight programs

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1989-01-01

    This document establishes electrical, electronic, and electromechanical (EEE) parts management and control requirements for contractors providing and maintaining space flight and mission-essential or critical ground support equipment for NASA space flight programs. Although the text is worded 'the contractor shall,' the requirements are also to be used by NASA Headquarters and field installations for developing program/project parts management and control requirements for in-house and contracted efforts. This document places increased emphasis on parts programs to ensure that reliability and quality are considered through adequate consideration of the selection, control, and application of parts. It is the intent of this document to identify disciplines that can be implemented to obtain reliable parts which meet mission needs. The parts management and control requirements described in this document are to be selectively applied, based on equipment class and mission needs. Individual equipment needs should be evaluated to determine the extent to which each requirement should be implemented on a procurement. Utilization of this document does not preclude the usage of other documents. The entire process of developing and implementing requirements is referred to as 'tailoring' the program for a specific project. Some factors that should be considered in this tailoring process include program phase, equipment category and criticality, equipment complexity, and mission requirements. Parts management and control requirements advocated by this document directly support the concept of 'reliability by design' and are an integral part of system reliability and maintainability. Achieving the required availability and mission success objectives during operation depends on the attention given reliability and maintainability in the design phase. Consequently, it is intended that the requirements described in this document are consistent with those of NASA publications, 'Reliability Program Requirements for Aeronautical and Space System Contractors,' NHB 5300.4(1A-l); 'Maintainability Program Requirements for Space Systems,' NHB 5300.4(1E); and 'Quality Program Provisions for Aeronautical and Space System Contractors,' NHB 5300.4(1B).

  10. 76 FR 5537 - Electronic On-Board Recorders and Hours of Service Supporting Documents

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-02-01

    ...The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) proposes to amend the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs) to require certain motor carriers operating commercial motor vehicles (CMVs) in interstate commerce to use electronic on-board recorders (EOBRs) to document their drivers' hours of service (HOS). Under this proposal, all motor carriers currently required to maintain Records of Duty Status (RODS) for HOS recordkeeping would be required to use EOBRs to systematically and effectively monitor their drivers' compliance with HOS requirements. Additionally, this proposal sets forth the supporting documents that all motor carriers currently required to use RODS would still be required to obtain and keep, as required by section 113(a) of the Hazardous Materials Transportation Authorization Act (HMTAA). It explains, however, that although motor carriers subject to the proposed EOBR requirements would still need to retain some supporting documents, they would be relieved of the requirements to retain supporting documents to verify driving time. FMCSA also proposes to require all motor carriers--both RODS and timecard users--to systematically monitor their drivers' compliance with HOS requirements. Motor carriers would be given 3 years after the effective date of the final rule to comply with these requirements.

  11. 78 FR 40758 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Application for Temporary Protected Status, Form I-821...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-07-08

    ... applicants who require English translations of their supporting documents. The percentage of supporting documents for each individual applicant that require translation into English. The time required to find, hire, or otherwise obtain translations of supporting documents for immigration benefit requests. The...

  12. 19 CFR 122.157 - Documents required for clearance.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 19 Customs Duties 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Documents required for clearance. 122.157 Section 122.157 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY AIR COMMERCE REGULATIONS Flights to and From Cuba § 122.157 Documents required for...

  13. 7 CFR 1488.8 - Documents required after delivery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Documents Required for Financing § 1488.8 Documents required after delivery. (a) CCC will... regulations within forty-five days, or any extension thereof by the Treasurer or Assistant Treasurer, CCC...

  14. 7 CFR 1488.8 - Documents required after delivery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Documents Required for Financing § 1488.8 Documents required after delivery. (a) CCC will... regulations within forty-five days, or any extension thereof by the Treasurer or Assistant Treasurer, CCC...

  15. 7 CFR 1488.8 - Documents required after delivery.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Financing of Export Sales of Agricultural Commodities From Private Stocks Under CCC Export Credit Sales Program (GSM-5) Documents Required for Financing § 1488.8 Documents required after delivery. (a) CCC will... regulations within forty-five days, or any extension thereof by the Treasurer or Assistant Treasurer, CCC...

  16. Scrambling and modal noise mitigation in the Habitable Zone Planet Finder fiber feed

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Roy, Arpita; Halverson, Samuel; Mahadevan, Suvrath; Ramsey, Lawrence W.

    2014-07-01

    We present the baseline fiber feed design for the Habitable-zone Planet Finder (HPF), a precision radial velocity (RV) spectrograph designed to detect Earth analogs around M-dwarfs. HPF is a stabilized, fiber-fed, R˜50,000 spectrograph operating in the near-infrared (NIR) from 0.82 to 1.3 µm, and will be deployed on the Hobby- Eberly Telescope (HET) in Texas. While the essential function of the optical fibers is to deliver high throughput, this mode of light transport also provides the opportunity to introduce radial and azimuthal scrambling, which boosts instrument stability and thereby RV precision. Based on the unique requirements of HPF on the HET, we present initial tests showing very high scrambling gains via a compact scrambler in conjunction with octagonal fibers. Conversely, the propagation of light through the fibers injects modal noise, which can limit achievable RV precision. Laboratory tests of a custom-built mechanical agitator show significant gains over a static fiber feed. Overall, the fiber feed is designed to provide high relative throughput, excellent scrambling, and reliable modal noise suppression. We will also attempt to minimize focal ratio degradation (FRD) to the extent possible with the chosen configuration. HPF inculcates several other new technologies developed by the Penn State Optical-Infrared instrumentation group, including a rigorous calibration system, which are discussed separately in these proceedings.

  17. 10 CFR 95.37 - Classification and preparation of documents.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... classification decisions. (c) Markings required on face of documents. (1) For derivative classification of... to a document must be placed in a conspicuous fashion in letters at the top and bottom of the outside... on the face of the document: Reproduction or Further Dissemination Requires Approval of If any...

  18. 10 CFR 95.37 - Classification and preparation of documents.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... classification decisions. (c) Markings required on face of documents. (1) For derivative classification of... to a document must be placed in a conspicuous fashion in letters at the top and bottom of the outside... on the face of the document: Reproduction or Further Dissemination Requires Approval of If any...

  19. Hanford tanks initiative (HTI) configuration management desk instruction

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Schaus, P.S., Fluor Daniel Hanford

    The purpose of the document is to provide working level directions for submitting requirements, making changes to the requirements database, and entering Project documentation into the HTI Project information and document management system.

  20. AEDT Software Requirements Documents - Draft

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2007-01-25

    This software requirements document serves as the basis for designing and testing the Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT) software. The intended audience for this document consists of the following groups: the AEDT designers, developers, and te...

  1. A microlens-array based pupil slicer and double scrambler for MAROON-X

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Seifahrt, Andreas; Stürmer, Julian; Bean, Jacob L.

    2016-07-01

    We report on the design and construction of a microlens-array (MLA)-based pupil slicer and double scrambler for MAROON-X, a new fiber-fed, red-optical, high-precision radial-velocity spectrograph for one of the twin 6.5m Magellan Telescopes in Chile. We have constructed a 3X slicer based on a single cylindrical MLA and show that geometric efficiencies of >=85% can be achieved, limited by the fill factor and optical surface quality of the MLA. We present here the final design of the 3x pupil slicer and double scrambler for MAROON-X, based on a dual MLA design with (a)spherical lenslets. We also discuss the techniques used to create a pseudo-slit of rectangular core fibers with low FRD levels.

  2. Space filling minimal surfaces and sphere packings

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Elser, Veit

    1994-05-01

    A space filling minimal surface is defined to be any embedded minimal surface without boundary with the property that the area and genus enclosed by any large spherical region scales in proportion to the volume of the region. The triply periodic minimal surfaces are one realization, but not necessarily the only one. By using the genus per unit volume of the surface, a meaningful comparison of surface areas can be made even in cases where there is no unit cell. Of the known periodic minimal surfaces this measure of the surface area is smallest for Schoen's FRD surface. This surface is one of several that is closely related to packings of spheres. Its low area is largely due to the fact that the corresponding sphere packing (fcc) has the maximal kissing number.

  3. High-level waste storage tank farms/242-A evaporator Standards/Requirements Identification Document (S/RID), Volume 7. Revision 1

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Burt, D.L.

    1994-04-01

    The High-Level Waste Storage Tank Farms/242-A Evaporator Standards/Requirements Identification Document (S/RID) is contained in multiple volumes. This document (Volume 7) presents the standards and requirements for the following sections: Occupational Safety and Health, and Environmental Protection.

  4. 7 CFR 1.613 - What are the requirements for service of documents?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false What are the requirements for service of documents? 1.613 Section 1.613 Agriculture Office of the Secretary of Agriculture ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS Conditions in FERC Hydropower Licenses Document Filing and Service § 1.613 What are the requirements for...

  5. North Carolina's Implementation of Visibility Impact Assessment Requirements for New Major Stationary Sources and Major Modifications Subject to Clean Air Act Prevention of Significant Deterioration Requirements

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This document may be of assistance in applying the New Source Review (NSR) air permitting regulations including the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements. This document is part of the NSR Policy and Guidance Database. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

  6. Microgravity Experiments Safety and Integration Requirements Document Tree

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hogan, Jean M.

    1995-01-01

    This report is a document tree of the safety and integration documents required to develop a space experiment. Pertinent document information for each of the top level (tier one) safety and integration documents, and their applicable and reference (tier two) documents has been identified. This information includes: document title, revision level, configuration management, electronic availability, listed applicable and reference documents, source for obtaining the document, and document owner. One of the main conclusions of this report is that no single document tree exists for all safety and integration documents, regardless of the Shuttle carrier. This document also identifies the need for a single point of contact for customers wishing to access documents. The data in this report serves as a valuable information source for the NASA Lewis Research Center Project Documentation Center, as well as for all developers of space experiments.

  7. Multi-fibers connectors systems for FOCCoS-PFS-Subaru

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    de Oliveira, Antonio Cesar; de Oliveira, Ligia Souza; Souza Marrara, Lucas; dos Santos, Leandro Henrique; Vital de Arruda, Marcio; dos Santos, Jesulino Bispo; Ferreira, Décio; Rosa, Josimar Aparecido; de Paiva Vilaça, Rodrigo; Sodré, Laerte; de Oliveira, Claudia Mendes; Gunn, James E.

    2014-07-01

    The Fiber Optical Cable and Connector System (FOCCoS), provides optical connection between 2400 positioners and a set of spectrographs through optical fibers cables as part of PFS instrument for Subaru telescope. The optical fiber cable will be segmented in 3 parts along the route, cable A, cable B and cable C, connected by a set of multi-fiber connectors. The company USCONEC produces the multi-fiber connector under study. The USCONEC 32F model can connect 32 optical fibers in a 4 x 8 matrix arrangement. The ferrules are made of a durable composite, Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) based thermoplastic. The connections are held in place by a push-on/pull-off latch, and the connector can also be distinguished by a pair of metal guide pins that protrude from the front of the connector. Two fibers per connector will be used for monitoring the connection procedure. It was found to be easy to polish and it is small enough to be mounted in groups. Highly multiplexed instruments like PFS require a fiber connector system that can deliver excellent optical performance and reliability. PFS requires two different types of structures to organize the connectors. The Tower Connector system, with 80 multi-fiber connectors, will be a group of connectors for connecting cable B (Telescope Structure) with cable C (Positioners Plate). The Gang Connector system is a group of 8 gang connectors, each one with 12 multi-fibers connectors, for connecting cable B (Telescope Structure) with cable A (Spectrograph). The bench tests with these connector systems and the chosen fibers should measure the throughput of light and the stability after many connections and disconnections. In this paper we describe tests and procedures to evaluate the throughput and FRD increment. The lifetime of the ferrules is also in evaluation.

  8. High level waste storage tank farms/242-A evaporator standards/requirements identification document phase 1 assessment report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Biebesheimer, E., Westinghouse Hanford Co.

    This document, the Standards/Requirements Identification Document (S/RID) Phase I Assessment Report for the subject facility, represents the results of an Administrative Assessment to determine whether S/RID requirements are fully addressed by existing policies, plans or procedures. It contains; compliance status, remedial actions, and an implementing manuals report linking S/RID elements to requirement source to implementing manual and section.

  9. Transit bus stop pedestrian warning application : requirements document.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2016-08-01

    This document describes the System Requirements for the Transit Bus Stop Pedestrian Warning (TSPW) application. The requirements describe the system of interest for the implementation team including the required functions and performance along with t...

  10. 17 CFR 4.31 - Required delivery of Disclosure Document to prospective clients.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... Disclosure Document to prospective clients. 4.31 Section 4.31 Commodity and Securities Exchanges COMMODITY... Advisors § 4.31 Required delivery of Disclosure Document to prospective clients. (a) Each commodity trading... prospective client a Disclosure Document containing the information set forth in §§ 4.34 and 4.35 for the...

  11. 10 CFR 2.304 - Formal requirements for documents; signatures; acceptance for filing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ..., and General Hearing Management for NRC Adjudicatory Hearings § 2.304 Formal requirements for documents... section, it may be struck. (1) An electronic document must be signed using a participant's or a... paragraph (d) of this section. (i) When signing an electronic document using a digital ID certificate, the...

  12. 10 CFR 2.304 - Formal requirements for documents; signatures; acceptance for filing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ..., and General Hearing Management for NRC Adjudicatory Hearings § 2.304 Formal requirements for documents... section, it may be struck. (1) An electronic document must be signed using a participant's or a... paragraph (d) of this section. (i) When signing an electronic document using a digital ID certificate, the...

  13. 10 CFR 2.304 - Formal requirements for documents; signatures; acceptance for filing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... Management for NRC Adjudicatory Hearings § 2.304 Formal requirements for documents; signatures; acceptance... section, it may be struck. (1) An electronic document must be signed using a participant's or a... paragraph (d) of this section. (i) When signing an electronic document using a digital ID certificate, the...

  14. 10 CFR 2.304 - Formal requirements for documents; signatures; acceptance for filing.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... Management for NRC Adjudicatory Hearings § 2.304 Formal requirements for documents; signatures; acceptance... section, it may be struck. (1) An electronic document must be signed using a participant's or a... paragraph (d) of this section. (i) When signing an electronic document using a digital ID certificate, the...

  15. NASA software documentation standard software engineering program

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1991-01-01

    The NASA Software Documentation Standard (hereinafter referred to as Standard) can be applied to the documentation of all NASA software. This Standard is limited to documentation format and content requirements. It does not mandate specific management, engineering, or assurance standards or techniques. This Standard defines the format and content of documentation for software acquisition, development, and sustaining engineering. Format requirements address where information shall be recorded and content requirements address what information shall be recorded. This Standard provides a framework to allow consistency of documentation across NASA and visibility into the completeness of project documentation. This basic framework consists of four major sections (or volumes). The Management Plan contains all planning and business aspects of a software project, including engineering and assurance planning. The Product Specification contains all technical engineering information, including software requirements and design. The Assurance and Test Procedures contains all technical assurance information, including Test, Quality Assurance (QA), and Verification and Validation (V&V). The Management, Engineering, and Assurance Reports is the library and/or listing of all project reports.

  16. 1 CFR 5.2 - Documents required to be filed for public inspection and published.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 1 General Provisions 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Documents required to be filed for public inspection and published. 5.2 Section 5.2 General Provisions ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER THE FEDERAL REGISTER GENERAL § 5.2 Documents required to be filed for public inspection and published...

  17. 25 CFR 162.563 - What documents are required for BIA approval of a WSR lease?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... WATER LEASES AND PERMITS Wind and Solar Resource Leases Wsr Lease Approval § 162.563 What documents are... authority that the proposed use is in conformance with applicable tribal law, if required by the tribe; (g... applicable Federal and tribal environmental and land use requirements, including any documentation prepared...

  18. 25 CFR 162.563 - What documents are required for BIA approval of a WSR lease?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... WATER LEASES AND PERMITS Wind and Solar Resource Leases Wsr Lease Approval § 162.563 What documents are... authority that the proposed use is in conformance with applicable tribal law, if required by the tribe; (g... applicable Federal and tribal environmental and land use requirements, including any documentation prepared...

  19. 33 CFR 157.118 - Required documents: Foreign tank vessels.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... CARRYING OIL IN BULK Crude Oil Washing (COW) System on Tank Vessels General § 157.118 Required documents... having a COW system under § 157.10c(b)(2) shall ensure that the vessel does not enter the navigable...) Evidence that the COW system passed the required inspections by— (i) A document from an authorized CS or...

  20. 1 CFR 5.2 - Documents required to be filed for public inspection and published.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 1 General Provisions 1 2013-01-01 2012-01-01 true Documents required to be filed for public inspection and published. 5.2 Section 5.2 General Provisions ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER THE FEDERAL REGISTER GENERAL § 5.2 Documents required to be filed for public inspection and published...

  1. 1 CFR 5.2 - Documents required to be filed for public inspection and published.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 1 General Provisions 1 2014-01-01 2012-01-01 true Documents required to be filed for public inspection and published. 5.2 Section 5.2 General Provisions ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER THE FEDERAL REGISTER GENERAL § 5.2 Documents required to be filed for public inspection and published...

  2. 1 CFR 5.2 - Documents required to be filed for public inspection and published.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 1 General Provisions 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Documents required to be filed for public inspection and published. 5.2 Section 5.2 General Provisions ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER THE FEDERAL REGISTER GENERAL § 5.2 Documents required to be filed for public inspection and published...

  3. Project Turnover Deliverables for the SY Farm Enraf Annulus Leak Detectors

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    SCAIEF, C.C.

    2000-09-19

    This document identifies the deliverables that ensure the end user of the SY Farm Enraf Annulus Leak Detectors (ALD) has all the documentation and training required for operating and maintaining the new system. All deliverable items checked on the Acceptance For Beneficial Use (ABU) form have been completed and are available to the end user. This document was written as required by HNF-IP-0842, Volume IV section 3.12 Acceptance of Structures, Systems, and Components for Beneficial Use. This document applies to the deliverable documentation required to operate and maintain the SY Farm Enraf ALD System. Appendix A provides a copy ofmore » the ABU form as listed in the appendix of TWR-4092, Engineering Task Plan for the New SY Farm Annulus Leak Detectors. This document attests that all required deliverable items checked on the ABU have been completed and are available to the end user.« less

  4. Requirements Specification Document

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1996-04-26

    The System Definition Document identifies the top level processes, data flows, : and system controls for the Gary-Chicago-Milwaukee (GCM) Corridor Transportation Information Center (C-TIC). This Requirements Specification establishes the requirements...

  5. Open Source Patient-Controlled Analgesic Pump Requirements Documentation

    PubMed Central

    Larson, Brian R.; Hatcliff, John; Chalin, Patrice

    2014-01-01

    The dynamic nature of the medical domain is driving a need for continuous innovation and improvement in techniques for developing and assuring medical devices. Unfortunately, research in academia and communication between academics, industrial engineers, and regulatory authorities is hampered by the lack of realistic non-proprietary development artifacts for medical devices. In this paper, we give an overview of a detailed requirements document for a Patient-Controlled Analgesic (PCA) pump developed under the US NSF’s Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Scholar-in-Residence (SIR) program. This 60+ page document follows the methodology outlined in the US Federal Aviation Administrations (FAA) Requirements Engineering Management Handbook (REMH) and includes a domain overview, use cases, statements of safety & security requirements, and formal top-level system architectural description. Based on previous experience with release of a requirements document for a cardiac pacemaker that spawned a number of research and pedagogical activities, we believe that the described PCA requirements document can be an important research enabler within the formal methods and software engineering communities. PMID:24931440

  6. Documentation: Records and Reports.

    PubMed

    Akers, Michael J

    2017-01-01

    This article deals with documentation to include the beginning of documentation, the requirements of Good Manufacturing Practice reports and records, and the steps that can be taken to minimize Good Manufacturing Practice documentation problems. It is important to remember that documentation for 503a compounding involves the Formulation Record, Compounding Record, Standard Operating Procedures, Safety Data Sheets, etc. For 503b outsourcing facilities, compliance with Current Good Manufacturing Practices is required, so this article is applicable to them. For 503a pharmacies, one can see the development and modification of Good Manufacturing Practice and even observe changes as they are occurring in 503a documentation requirements and anticipate that changes will probably continue to occur. Copyright© by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding, Inc.

  7. The MaNGA integral field unit fiber feed system for the Sloan 2.5 m telescope

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Drory, N.; MacDonald, N.; Byler, N.

    2015-02-01

    We describe the design, manufacture, and performance of bare-fiber integral field units (IFUs) for the SDSS-IV survey Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) on the the Sloan 2.5 m telescope at Apache Point Observatory. MaNGA is a luminosity-selected integral-field spectroscopic survey of 10{sup 4} local galaxies covering 360–1030 nm at R∼2200. The IFUs have hexagonal dense packing of fibers with packing regularity of 3 μm (rms), and throughput of 96 ± 0.5% from 350 nm to 1 μm in the lab. Their sizes range from 19 to 127 fibers (3–7 hexagonal layers) using Polymicro FBP 120:132:150 μm core:clad:buffermore » fibers to reach a fill fraction of 56%. High throughput (and low focal-ratio degradation (FRD)) is achieved by maintaining the fiber cladding and buffer intact, ensuring excellent surface polish, and applying a multi-layer anti-reflection (AR) coating of the input and output surfaces. In operations on-sky, the IFUs show only an additional 2.3% FRD-related variability in throughput despite repeated mechanical stressing during plate plugging (however other losses are present). The IFUs achieve on-sky throughput 5% above the single-fiber feeds used in SDSS-III/BOSS, attributable to equivalent performance compared to single fibers and additional gains from the AR coating. The manufacturing process is geared toward mass-production of high-multiplex systems. The low-stress process involves a precision ferrule with a hexagonal inner shape designed to lead inserted fibers to settle in a dense hexagonal pattern. The ferrule ID is tapered at progressively shallower angles toward its tip and the final 2 mm are straight and only a few microns larger than necessary to hold the desired number of fibers. Our IFU manufacturing process scales easily to accommodate other fiber sizes and can produce IFUs with substantially larger fiber counts. To assure quality, automated testing in a simple and inexpensive system enables complete characterization of throughput and fiber metrology. Future applications include larger IFUs, higher fill factors with stripped buffer, de-cladding, and lenslet coupling.« less

  8. The MaNGA Integral Field Unit Fiber Feed System for the Sloan 2.5 m Telescope

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Drory, N.; MacDonald, N.; Bershady, M. A.; Bundy, K.; Gunn, J.; Law, D. R.; Smith, M.; Stoll, R.; Tremonti, C. A.; Wake, D. A.; Yan, R.; Weijmans, A. M.; Byler, N.; Cherinka, B.; Cope, F.; Eigenbrot, A.; Harding, P.; Holder, D.; Huehnerhoff, J.; Jaehnig, K.; Jansen, T. C.; Klaene, M.; Paat, A. M.; Percival, J.; Sayres, C.

    2015-02-01

    We describe the design, manufacture, and performance of bare-fiber integral field units (IFUs) for the SDSS-IV survey Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) on the the Sloan 2.5 m telescope at Apache Point Observatory. MaNGA is a luminosity-selected integral-field spectroscopic survey of 104 local galaxies covering 360-1030 nm at R˜ 2200. The IFUs have hexagonal dense packing of fibers with packing regularity of 3 μm (rms), and throughput of 96 ± 0.5% from 350 nm to 1 μm in the lab. Their sizes range from 19 to 127 fibers (3-7 hexagonal layers) using Polymicro FBP 120:132:150 μm core:clad:buffer fibers to reach a fill fraction of 56%. High throughput (and low focal-ratio degradation (FRD)) is achieved by maintaining the fiber cladding and buffer intact, ensuring excellent surface polish, and applying a multi-layer anti-reflection (AR) coating of the input and output surfaces. In operations on-sky, the IFUs show only an additional 2.3% FRD-related variability in throughput despite repeated mechanical stressing during plate plugging (however other losses are present). The IFUs achieve on-sky throughput 5% above the single-fiber feeds used in SDSS-III/BOSS, attributable to equivalent performance compared to single fibers and additional gains from the AR coating. The manufacturing process is geared toward mass-production of high-multiplex systems. The low-stress process involves a precision ferrule with a hexagonal inner shape designed to lead inserted fibers to settle in a dense hexagonal pattern. The ferrule ID is tapered at progressively shallower angles toward its tip and the final 2 mm are straight and only a few microns larger than necessary to hold the desired number of fibers. Our IFU manufacturing process scales easily to accommodate other fiber sizes and can produce IFUs with substantially larger fiber counts. To assure quality, automated testing in a simple and inexpensive system enables complete characterization of throughput and fiber metrology. Future applications include larger IFUs, higher fill factors with stripped buffer, de-cladding, and lenslet coupling.

  9. Simulating dynamics of δ13C of CO2 in the planetary boundary layer over a boreal forest region: covariation between surface fluxes and atmospheric mixing

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chen, Baozhang; Chen, Jing M.; Tans, Pieter P.; Huang, Lin

    2006-11-01

    Stable isotopes of CO2 contain unique information on the biological and physical processes that exchange CO2 between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. Ecosystem exchange of carbon isotopes with the atmosphere is correlated diurnally and seasonally with the planetary boundary layer (PBL) dynamics. The strength of this kind of covariation affects the vertical gradient of δ13C and thus the global δ13C distribution pattern. We need to understand the various processes involved in transport/diffusion of carbon isotope ratio in the PBL and between the PBL and the biosphere and the troposphere. In this study, we employ a one-dimensional vertical diffusion/transport atmospheric model (VDS), coupled to an ecosystem isotope model (BEPS-EASS) to simulate dynamics of 13CO2 in the PBL over a boreal forest region in the vicinity of the Fraserdale (FRD) tower (49°52'29.9''N, 81°34'12.3''W) in northern Ontario, Canada. The data from intensive campaigns during the growing season in 1999 at this site are used for model validation in the surface layer. The model performance, overall, is satisfactory in simulating the measured data over the whole course of the growing season. We examine the interaction of the biosphere and the atmosphere through the PBL with respect to δ13C on diurnal and seasonal scales. The simulated annual mean vertical gradient of δ13C in the PBL in the vicinity of the FRD tower was about 0.25‰ in 1999. The δ13C vertical gradient exhibited strong diurnal (29%) and seasonal (71%) variations that do not exactly mimic those of CO2. Most of the vertical gradient (96.5% +/-) resulted from covariation between ecosystem exchange of carbon isotopes and the PBL dynamics, while the rest (3.5%+/-) was contributed by isotopic disequilibrium between respiration and photosynthesis. This disequilibrium effect on δ13C of CO2 dynamics in PBL, moreover, was confined to the near surface layers (less than 350 m).

  10. A Pseudomonas aeruginosa EF-Hand Protein, EfhP (PA4107), Modulates Stress Responses and Virulence at High Calcium Concentration

    PubMed Central

    Sarkisova, Svetlana A.; Lotlikar, Shalaka R.; Guragain, Manita; Kubat, Ryan; Cloud, John

    2014-01-01

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a facultative human pathogen, and a major cause of nosocomial infections and severe chronic infections in endocarditis and in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Calcium (Ca2+) accumulates in pulmonary fluids of CF patients, and plays a role in the hyperinflamatory response to bacterial infection. Earlier we showed that P. aeruginosa responds to increased Ca2+ levels, primarily through the increased production of secreted virulence factors. Here we describe the role of putative Ca2+-binding protein, with an EF-hand domain, PA4107 (EfhP), in this response. Deletion mutations of efhP were generated in P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 and CF pulmonary isolate, strain FRD1. The lack of EfhP abolished the ability of P. aeruginosa PAO1 to maintain intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Quantitative high-resolution 2D-PAGE showed that the efhP deletion also affected the proteomes of both strains during growth with added Ca2+. The greatest proteome effects occurred when the pulmonary isolate was cultured in biofilms. Among the proteins that were significantly less abundant or absent in the mutant strains were proteins involved in iron acquisition, biosynthesis of pyocyanin, proteases, and stress response proteins. In support, the phenotypic responses of FRD1 ΔefhP showed that the mutant strain lost its ability to produce pyocyanin, developed less biofilm, and had decreased resistance to oxidative stress (H2O2) when cultured at high [Ca2+]. Furthermore, the mutant strain was unable to produce alginate when grown at high [Ca2+] and no iron. The effect of the ΔefhP mutations on virulence was determined in a lettuce model of infection. Growth of wild-type P. aeruginosa strains at high [Ca2+] causes an increased area of disease. In contrast, the lack of efhP prevented this Ca2+-induced increase in the diseased zone. The results indicate that EfhP is important for Ca2+ homeostasis and virulence of P. aeruginosa when it encounters host environments with high [Ca2+]. PMID:24918783

  11. Comparison of lightning activity in the two most active areas of the Congo Basin

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kigotsi, Jean K.; Soula, Serge; Georgis, Jean-François

    2018-02-01

    A comparison of the lightning activity in the two most active areas (Area_max for the main maximum and Area_sec for the secondary maximum) of the Congo Basin is made with data obtained by the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) during 2012 and 2013. Both areas of same size (5° × 5°) exhibit flash counts in a ratio of about 1.32 for both years and very different distributions of the flash rate density (FRD) with maximums in a ratio of 1.94 and 2.59 for 2012 and 2013, respectively. The FRD is much more widely distributed in Area_sec, which means the whole area contributes more or less equal to the lightning activity. The diurnal cycle is much more pronounced in Area_max than in Area_sec with a ratio between the maximum and the minimum of 15.4 and 4.7, respectively. However, the minimum and maximum of the hourly flash rates are observed roughly at the same time in both areas, between 07:00 and 09:00 UTC and between 16:00 and 17:00 UTC, respectively. In Area_sec the proportion of days with low lightning rate (0-1000 flashes per day) is much larger (˜ 45 % in 2013) compared to Area_max (˜ 23 % in 2013). In Area_max the proportion of days with moderate lightning rate (1001-6000 flashes per day) is larger (˜ 68.5 % in 2013) compared to Area_sec (˜ 46 % in 2013). The very intense convective events are slightly more numerous in Area_sec. In summary, the thunderstorm activity in Area_sec is more variable at different scales of time (annually and daily), in intensity and in location. Area_max combines two favourable effects for thunderstorm development, the convergence associated with the African easterly jet of the Southern Hemisphere (AEJ-S) and a geographic effect due to the orography and the presence of a lake. The location of the strong convection in Area_sec is modulated by the distance of westward propagation/regeneration of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in relation to the phase of Kelvin waves.

  12. Authorization basis requirements comparison report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Brantley, W.M.

    The TWRS Authorization Basis (AB) consists of a set of documents identified by TWRS management with the concurrence of DOE-RL. Upon implementation of the TWRS Basis for Interim Operation (BIO) and Technical Safety Requirements (TSRs), the AB list will be revised to include the BIO and TSRs. Some documents that currently form part of the AB will be removed from the list. This SD identifies each - requirement from those documents, and recommends a disposition for each to ensure that necessary requirements are retained when the AB is revised to incorporate the BIO and TSRs. This SD also identifies documentsmore » that will remain part of the AB after the BIO and TSRs are implemented. This document does not change the AB, but provides guidance for the preparation of change documentation.« less

  13. 23 CFR 420.111 - What are the documentation requirements for use of FHWA planning and research funds?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... and Research Funds § 420.111 What are the documentation requirements for use of FHWA planning and... 23 Highways 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false What are the documentation requirements for use of FHWA planning and research funds? 420.111 Section 420.111 Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF...

  14. 20 CFR 669.660 - What planning documents and information are required in the application for MSFW youth grants and...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false What planning documents and information are... PROGRAM UNDER TITLE I OF THE WORKFORCE INVESTMENT ACT The MSFW Youth Program § 669.660 What planning...? The required planning documents and other required information and the submission dates for filing are...

  15. Human Research Program Requirements Document

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Rieger, Gabe

    2007-01-01

    The purpose of this document is to define, document, and allocate the Human Research Program (HRP) requirements to the HRP Program elements. It establishes the flow-down of requirements from Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD) and Office of the Chief Health and Medical Officer (OCHMO) to the various Program Elements of the HRP to ensure that human research and technology countermeasure investments are made to insure the delivery of countermeasures and technologies that satisfy ESMD s and OCHMO's exploration mission requirements.

  16. Human Research Program Requirements Document. Human Research Program Revision E

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Vargas, Paul

    2011-01-01

    This document defines, documents, and allocates the Human Research Program (HRP) requirements to the HRP Program Elements. It also establishes the flow of requirements from the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate (HEOMD) and the Office of the Chief Health and Medical Officer (OCHMO) down to the various HRP Program Elements to ensure that human research and technology countermeasure investments support the delivery of countermeasures and technologies that satisfy HEOMD's and OCHMO's exploration mission requirements.

  17. Functional Requirements for an Electronic Work Package System

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Oxstrand, Johanna H.

    This document provides a set of high level functional requirements for a generic electronic work package (eWP) system. The requirements have been identified by the U.S. nuclear industry as a part of the Nuclear Electronic Work Packages - Enterprise Requirements (NEWPER) initiative. The functional requirements are mainly applied to eWP system supporting Basic and Moderate types of smart documents, i.e., documents that have fields for recording input such as text, dates, numbers, and equipment status, and documents which incorporate additional functionalities such as form field data “type“ validation (e.g. date, text, number, and signature) of data entered and/or self-populate basicmore » document information (usually from existing host application meta data) on the form when the user first opens it. All the requirements are categorized by the roles; Planner, Supervisor, Craft, Work Package Approval Reviewer, Operations, Scheduling/Work Control, and Supporting Functions. The categories Statistics, Records, Information Technology are also included used to group the requirements. All requirements are presented in Section 2 through Section 11. Examples of more detailed requirements are provided for the majority of high level requirements. These examples are meant as an inspiration to be used as each utility goes through the process of identifying their specific requirements. The report’s table of contents provides a summary of the high level requirements.« less

  18. 46 CFR 67.509 - Application for approval of exchange of Certificate of Documentation requiring mortgagee consent.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Application for approval of exchange of Certificate of Documentation requiring mortgagee consent. 67.509 Section 67.509 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) DOCUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT OF VESSELS DOCUMENTATION OF VESSELS Fees § 67.509 Application for approval of exchange of...

  19. NASA Software Documentation Standard

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1991-01-01

    The NASA Software Documentation Standard (hereinafter referred to as "Standard") is designed to support the documentation of all software developed for NASA; its goal is to provide a framework and model for recording the essential information needed throughout the development life cycle and maintenance of a software system. The NASA Software Documentation Standard can be applied to the documentation of all NASA software. The Standard is limited to documentation format and content requirements. It does not mandate specific management, engineering, or assurance standards or techniques. This Standard defines the format and content of documentation for software acquisition, development, and sustaining engineering. Format requirements address where information shall be recorded and content requirements address what information shall be recorded. This Standard provides a framework to allow consistency of documentation across NASA and visibility into the completeness of project documentation. The basic framework consists of four major sections (or volumes). The Management Plan contains all planning and business aspects of a software project, including engineering and assurance planning. The Product Specification contains all technical engineering information, including software requirements and design. The Assurance and Test Procedures contains all technical assurance information, including Test, Quality Assurance (QA), and Verification and Validation (V&V). The Management, Engineering, and Assurance Reports is the library and/or listing of all project reports.

  20. Transit safety retrofit package development : applications requirements document.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2014-05-01

    This Application Requirements Document for the Transit Safety Retrofit Package (TRP) Development captures the system, hardware and software requirements towards fulfilling the technical objectives stated within the contract. To achieve the objective ...

  1. Assessment of documentation requirements under DOE 5481. 1, Safety Analysis and Review System (SARS)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Browne, E.T.

    1981-03-01

    This report assesses the requirements of DOE Order 5481.1, Safety Analysis and Review System for DOE Operations (SARS) in regard to maintaining SARS documentation. Under SARS, all pertinent details of the entire safety analysis and review process for each DOE operation are to be traceable from the initial identification of a hazard. This report is intended to provide assistance in identifying the points in the SARS cycle at which documentation is required, what type of documentation is most appropriate, and where it ultimately should be maintained.

  2. Recommended HSE-7 documents hierarchy

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Klein, R.B.; Jennrich, E.A.; Lund, D.M.

    1990-12-12

    This report recommends a hierarchy of waste management documents at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL or Laboratory''). The hierarchy addresses documents that are required to plan, implement, and document waste management programs at Los Alamos. These documents will enable the waste management group and the six sections contained within that group to satisfy requirements that are imposed upon them by the US Department of Energy (DOE), DOE Albuquerque Operations, US Environmental Protection Agency, various State of New Mexico agencies, and Laboratory management.

  3. Recommended HSE-7 documents hierarchy

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Klein, R.B.; Jennrich, E.A.; Lund, D.M.

    1990-12-12

    This report recommends a hierarchy of waste management documents at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL or ``Laboratory``). The hierarchy addresses documents that are required to plan, implement, and document waste management programs at Los Alamos. These documents will enable the waste management group and the six sections contained within that group to satisfy requirements that are imposed upon them by the US Department of Energy (DOE), DOE Albuquerque Operations, US Environmental Protection Agency, various State of New Mexico agencies, and Laboratory management.

  4. The Requirements Generation System: A tool for managing mission requirements

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Sheppard, Sylvia B.

    1994-01-01

    Historically, NASA's cost for developing mission requirements has been a significant part of a mission's budget. Large amounts of time have been allocated in mission schedules for the development and review of requirements by the many groups who are associated with a mission. Additionally, tracing requirements from a current document to a parent document has been time-consuming and costly. The Requirements Generation System (RGS) is a computer-supported cooperative-work tool that assists mission developers in the online creation, review, editing, tracing, and approval of mission requirements as well as in the production of requirements documents. This paper describes the RGS and discusses some lessons learned during its development.

  5. 76 FR 50881 - Required Scale Tests

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-08-17

    ... RIN 0580-AB10 Required Scale Tests AGENCY: Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration... required scale tests. Those documents defined ``limited seasonal basis'' incorrectly. This document... 20, 2011 (76 FR 3485) and on April 4, 2011 (76 FR 18348), concerning required scale tests. Those...

  6. Requirements for an Advanced Ocean Radiometer

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Meister, Gerhard; McClain, Charles R.; Ahmad, Ziauddin; Bailey, Sean W.; Barnes, Robert A.; Brown, Steven; Eplee, Robert E.; Franz, Bryan; Holmes, Alan; Monosmith, W. Bryan; hide

    2011-01-01

    This document suggests requirements for an advanced ocean radiometer, such as e.g. the ACE (Aerosol/Cloud/Ecosystem) ocean radiometer. The ACE ocean biology mission objectives have been defined in the ACE Ocean Biology white paper. The general requirements presented therein were chosen as the basis for the requirements provided in this document, which have been transformed into specific, testable requirements. The overall accuracy goal for the advanced ocean radiometer is that the total radiometric uncertainties are 0.5% or smaller for all bands. Specific mission requirements of SeaWiFS, MODIS, and VIIRS were often used as a model for the requirements presented here, which are in most cases more demanding than the heritage requirements. Experience with on-orbit performance and calibration (from SeaWiFS and MODIS) and prelaunch testing (from SeaWiFS, MODIS, and VIIRS) were important considerations when formulating the requirements. This document describes requirements in terms of the science data products, with a focus on qualities that can be verified by prelaunch radiometric characterization. It is expected that a more comprehensive requirements document will be developed during mission formulation

  7. Emergency Response Capability Baseline Needs Assessment Compliance Assessment

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Sharry, John A.

    2013-09-16

    This document is the second of a two-part analysis of Emergency Response Capabilities of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The first part, 2013 Baseline Needs Assessment Requirements Document established the minimum performance criteria necessary to meet mandatory requirements. This second part analyses the performance of Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Emergency Management Department to the contents of the Requirements Document. The document was prepared based on an extensive review of information contained in the 2009 BNA, the 2012 BNA document, a review of Emergency Planning Hazards Assessments, a review of building construction, occupancy, fire protection features, dispatch records, LLNL alarm system records, firemore » department training records, and fire department policies and procedures.« less

  8. 10 CFR 34.89 - Location of documents and records.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Location of documents and records. 34.89 Section 34.89 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION LICENSES FOR INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY AND RADIATION SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHIC OPERATIONS Recordkeeping Requirements § 34.89 Location of documents...

  9. 10 CFR 34.89 - Location of documents and records.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Location of documents and records. 34.89 Section 34.89 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION LICENSES FOR INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY AND RADIATION SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHIC OPERATIONS Recordkeeping Requirements § 34.89 Location of documents...

  10. 10 CFR 34.89 - Location of documents and records.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 10 Energy 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Location of documents and records. 34.89 Section 34.89 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION LICENSES FOR INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY AND RADIATION SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHIC OPERATIONS Recordkeeping Requirements § 34.89 Location of documents...

  11. IDC System Specification Document.

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Clifford, David J.

    2014-12-01

    This document contains the system specifications derived to satisfy the system requirements found in the IDC System Requirements Document for the IDC Reengineering Phase 2 project. Revisions Version Date Author/Team Revision Description Authorized by V1.0 12/2014 IDC Reengineering Project Team Initial delivery M. Harris

  12. 45 CFR 164.316 - Policies and procedures and documentation requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Electronic Protected Health Information § 164.316 Policies and procedures and documentation requirements. A... reasonable and appropriate policies and procedures to comply with the standards, implementation... 45 Public Welfare 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Policies and procedures and documentation...

  13. 45 CFR 164.316 - Policies and procedures and documentation requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... Electronic Protected Health Information § 164.316 Policies and procedures and documentation requirements. A... reasonable and appropriate policies and procedures to comply with the standards, implementation... 45 Public Welfare 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Policies and procedures and documentation...

  14. Large eddy simulation on buoyant gas diffusion near building

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tominaga, Yoshihide; Murakami, Shuzo; Mochida, Akashi

    1992-12-01

    Large eddy simulations on turbulent diffusion of buoyant gases near a building model are carried out for three cases in which the densimetric Froude Number (Frd) was specified at - 8.6, zero and 8.6 respectively. The accuracy of these simulations is examined by comparing the numerically predicted results with wind tunnel experiments conducted. Two types of sub-grid scale models, the standard Smagorinsky model (type 1) and the modified Smagorinsky model (type 2) are compared. The former does not take account of the production of subgrid energy by buoyancy force but the latter incorporates this effect. The latter model (type 2) gives more accurate results than those given by the standard Smagorinsky model (type 1) in terms of the distributions of kappa greater than sign C less than sign greater than sign C(sup - 2) less than sign.

  15. Square-core bundles for astronomical imaging

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bryant, Julia J.; Bland-Hawthorn, Joss

    2012-09-01

    Optical fibre imaging bundles (hexabundles) are proving to be the next logical step for large galaxy surveys as they offer spatially-resolved spectroscopy of galaxies and can be used with conventional fibre positioners. Hexabundles have been effectively demonstrated in the Sydney-AAO Multi-object IFS (SAMI) instrument at the Anglo- Australian Telescope[5]. Based on the success of hexabundles that have circular cores, we have characterised a bundle made instead from square-core fibres. Square cores naturally pack more evenly, which reduces the interstitial holes and can increase the covering, or filling fraction. Furthermore the regular packing simplifies the process of combining and dithering the final images. We discuss the relative issues of filling fraction, focal ratio degradation (FRD), and cross-talk, and find that square-core bundles perform well enough to warrant further development as a format for imaging fibre bundles.

  16. PSD Review Requirements for Modified Petroleum Refineries

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This document may be of assistance in applying the New Source Review (NSR) air permitting regulations including the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements. This document is part of the NSR Policy and Guidance Database. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

  17. Interim Implementation of NSR Requirements for PM2.5

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This document may be of assistance in applying the New Source Review (NSR) air permitting regulations including the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements. This document is part of the NSR Policy and Guidance Database. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

  18. Applicability of NSPS and PSD Requirements to a Proposed Fuel Conversion

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This document may be of assistance in applying the New Source Review (NSR) air permitting regulations including the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements. This document is part of the NSR Policy and Guidance Database. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

  19. Letter Addressing EPA's Requirements for Nonattainment Areas

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This document may be of assistance in applying the New Source Review (NSR) air permitting regulations including the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements. This document is part of the NSR Policy and Guidance Database. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

  20. RACT Requirements in Ozone Nonattainment Areas

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This document may be of assistance in applying the New Source Review (NSR) air permitting regulations including the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements. This document is part of the NSR Policy and Guidance Database. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

  1. Offsets Required Prior to Permit Issuance

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This document may be of assistance in applying the New Source Review (NSR) air permitting regulations including the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements. This document is part of the NSR Policy and Guidance Database. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

  2. Agreement that the PSD Regulations Require a Source to Commence Construction

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This document may be of assistance in applying the New Source Review (NSR) air permitting regulations including the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements. This document is part of the NSR Policy and Guidance Database. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

  3. PSD Permit Requirements and Applicability of New and Revised NAAQS

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This document may be of assistance in applying the New Source Review (NSR) air permitting regulations including the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements. This document is part of the NSR Policy and Guidance Database. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

  4. Guidance On Enforcement of PSD Requirements Under the Clean Air Act

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This document may be of assistance in applying the New Source Review (NSR) air permitting regulations including the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements. This document is part of the NSR Policy and Guidance Database. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

  5. Applicability of PSD Permitting Requirements, Wellcraft Marine Corporation, Sarasota, Florida

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This document may be of assistance in applying the New Source Review (NSR) air permitting regulations including the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements. This document is part of the NSR Policy and Guidance Database. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

  6. Applicability of PSD Requirements to Asphalt Plants

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This document may be of assistance in applying the New Source Review (NSR) air permitting regulations including the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements. This document is part of the NSR Policy and Guidance Database. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

  7. PSD Requirements for Reactivated Sources

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This document may be of assistance in applying the New Source Review (NSR) air permitting regulations including the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements. This document is part of the NSR Policy and Guidance Database. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

  8. PSD Reconstruction Requirements American Cyanamid Company

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This document may be of assistance in applying the New Source Review (NSR) air permitting regulations including the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements. This document is part of the NSR Policy and Guidance Database. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

  9. Federal Land Managers Notification and Visibility Assessment Requirements for PSD Permitting

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This document may be of assistance in applying the New Source Review (NSR) air permitting regulations including the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements. This document is part of the NSR Policy and Guidance Database. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

  10. Offset Requirements for U.S. Steel's Fairfield Modernization

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    This document may be of assistance in applying the New Source Review (NSR) air permitting regulations including the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements. This document is part of the NSR Policy and Guidance Database. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

  11. Using resources for scientific-driven pharmacovigilance: from many product safety documents to one product safety master file.

    PubMed

    Furlan, Giovanni

    2012-08-01

    Current regulations require a description of the overall safety profile or the specific risks of a drug in multiple documents such as the Periodic and Development Safety Update Reports, Risk Management Plans (RMPs) and Signal Detection Reports. In a resource-constrained world, the need for preparing multiple documents reporting the same information results in shifting the focus from a thorough scientific and medical evaluation of the available data to maintaining compliance with regulatory timelines. Since the aim of drug safety is to understand and characterize product issues to take adequate risk minimization measures rather than to comply with bureaucratic requirements, there is the need to avoid redundancy. In order to identify core drug safety activities that need to be undertaken to protect patient safety and reduce the number of documents reporting the results of these activities, the author has reviewed the main topics included in the drug safety guidelines and templates. The topics and sources that need to be taken into account in the main regulatory documents have been found to greatly overlap and, in the future, as a result of the new Periodic Safety Update Report structure and requirements, in the author's opinion this overlap is likely to further increase. Many of the identified inter-document differences seemed to be substantially formal. The Development Safety Update Report, for example, requires separate presentation of the safety issues emerging from different sources followed by an overall evaluation of each safety issue. The RMP, instead, requires a detailed description of the safety issues without separate presentation of the evidence derived from each source. To some extent, however, the individual documents require an in-depth analysis of different aspects; the RMP, for example, requires an epidemiological description of the indication for which the drug is used and its risks. At the time of writing this article, this is not specifically required by other documents. The author has identified signal detection (intended not only as adverse event disproportionate reporting, but including non-clinical, laboratory, clinical analysis data and literature screening) and characterization as the basis for the preparation of all drug safety documents, which can be viewed as different ways of presenting the results of this activity. Therefore, the author proposes to merge all the aggregate reports required by current regulations into a single document - the Drug Safety Master File. This report should contain all the available information, from any source, regarding the potential and identified risks of a drug. It should be a living document updated and submitted to regulatory authorities on an ongoing basis.

  12. Restoration Planning: Guidance Document for Natural Resource Damage Assessment Under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1996-08-01

    The purpose of this document is to provide trustees with general guidance to develop restoration plans under OPA that comply with NEPA's procedural requirements. The focus of this document is to more fully describe the processes and products required...

  13. 7 CFR 735.402 - Providers of other electronic documents.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 7 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Providers of other electronic documents. 735.402... Electronic Providers § 735.402 Providers of other electronic documents. (a) To establish a USWA-authorized...) Records; (6) Conflict of interest requirements; (7) USDA common electronic information requirements; (8...

  14. 7 CFR 735.402 - Providers of other electronic documents.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 7 Agriculture 7 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Providers of other electronic documents. 735.402... Electronic Providers § 735.402 Providers of other electronic documents. (a) To establish a USWA-authorized...) Records; (6) Conflict of interest requirements; (7) USDA common electronic information requirements; (8...

  15. Initial SVS Integrated Technology Evaluation Flight Test Requirements and Hardware Architecture

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Harrison, Stella V.; Kramer, Lynda J.; Bailey, Randall E.; Jones, Denise R.; Young, Steven D.; Harrah, Steven D.; Arthur, Jarvis J.; Parrish, Russell V.

    2003-01-01

    This document presents the flight test requirements for the Initial Synthetic Vision Systems Integrated Technology Evaluation flight Test to be flown aboard NASA Langley's ARIES aircraft and the final hardware architecture implemented to meet these requirements. Part I of this document contains the hardware, software, simulator, and flight operations requirements for this light test as they were defined in August 2002. The contents of this section are the actual requirements document that was signed for this flight test. Part II of this document contains information pertaining to the hardware architecture that was realized to meet these requirements as presented to and approved by a Critical Design Review Panel prior to installation on the B-757 Airborne Research Integrated Experiments Systems (ARIES) airplane. This information includes a description of the equipment, block diagrams of the architecture, layouts of the workstations, and pictures of the actual installations.

  16. Live, Model, Learn: Experiencing Information Systems Requirements through Simulation

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hartzel, Kathleen S.; Pike, Jacqueline C.

    2015-01-01

    Information system professionals strive to determine requirements by interviewing clients, observing activities at the client's site, and studying existing system documentation. Still this often leads to vague and inaccurate requirements documentation. When teaching the skills needed to determine requirements, it is important to recreate a…

  17. Repository-based software engineering program: Concept document

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1992-01-01

    This document provides the context for Repository-Based Software Engineering's (RBSE's) evolving functional and operational product requirements, and it is the parent document for development of detailed technical and management plans. When furnished, requirements documents will serve as the governing RBSE product specification. The RBSE Program Management Plan will define resources, schedules, and technical and organizational approaches to fulfilling the goals and objectives of this concept. The purpose of this document is to provide a concise overview of RBSE, describe the rationale for the RBSE Program, and define a clear, common vision for RBSE team members and customers. The document also provides the foundation for developing RBSE user and system requirements and a corresponding Program Management Plan. The concept is used to express the program mission to RBSE users and managers and to provide an exhibit for community review.

  18. 45 CFR 164.316 - Policies and procedures and documentation requirements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ...) of this section for 6 years from the date of its creation or the date when it last was in effect... for implementing the procedures to which the documentation pertains. (iii) Updates (Required). Review documentation periodically, and update as needed, in response to environmental or operational changes affecting...

  19. Satellite Instrument Development and Data Analysis

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1987-09-30

    Document (ICD)), the Investigation Requir ments Document (IRD), and the Polici (-; and Requirements (PAR) documents were revised and ,!pdated to reflect the...6 anenhncemnt f snglyionzed Josetyn. I. A., and J. F. Bryson. Jr.. Magalert: August 27, 1978. Synsp. cncd b th shck:and(6)an nhacemnt f sngl ioize

  20. 7 CFR 1717.303 - Requirements of RUS documents.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Federal Pre-emption in Rate Making in Connection With Power Supply Borrowers § 1717.303 Requirements of RUS documents. (a) Pursuant to the terms of the RUS documents each power supply borrower shall... wholesale power contract, the Board of Directors or Board of Trustees of the power supply borrower shall...

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