A parallel-architecture parametric equalizer for air-coupled capacitive ultrasonic transducers.

PubMed

McSweeney, Sean G; Wright, William M D

2012-01-01

Parametric equalization is rarely applied to ultrasonic transducer systems, for which it could be used on either the transmitter or the receiver to achieve a desired response. An optimized equalizer with both bump and cut capabilities would be advantageous for ultrasonic systems in applications in which variations in the transducer performance or the properties of the propagating medium produce a less-than-desirable signal. Compensation for non-ideal transducer response could be achieved using equalization on a device-by-device basis. Additionally, calibration of ultrasonic systems in the field could be obtained by offline optimization of equalization coefficients. In this work, a parametric equalizer for ultrasonic applications has been developed using multiple bi-quadratic filter elements arranged in a novel parallel arrangement to increase the flexibility of the equalization. The equalizer was implemented on a programmable system-on-chip (PSOC) using a small number of parallel 4th-order infinite impulse response switchedcapacitor band-pass filters. Because of the interdependency of the required coefficients for the switched capacitors, particle swarm optimization (PSO) was used to determine the optimum values. The response of a through-transmission system using air-coupled capacitive ultrasonic transducers was then equalized to idealized Hamming function or brick-wall frequencydomain responses. In each case, there was excellent agreement between the equalized signals and the theoretical model, and the fidelity of the time-domain response was maintained. The bandwidth and center frequency response of the system were significantly improved. It was also shown that the equalizer could be used on either the transmitter or the receiver, and the system could compensate for the effects of transmitterreceiver misalignment. © 2012 IEEE

24 CFR 891.600 - Responsibilities of Borrower.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... fair housing marketing plan and all Federal, State, or local fair housing and equal opportunity... regardless of discriminatory considerations, such as their race, color, creed, religion, familial status... of capital items). All functions must be performed in compliance with equal opportunity requirements...

24 CFR 891.600 - Responsibilities of Borrower.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... fair housing marketing plan and all Federal, State, or local fair housing and equal opportunity... regardless of discriminatory considerations, such as their race, color, creed, religion, familial status... of capital items). All functions must be performed in compliance with equal opportunity requirements...

Brief Highlights of Major Federal Laws and Order on Sex Discrimination in Employment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Employment Standards Administration (DOL), Washington, DC. Women's Bureau.

The following laws and order are explained in this pamphlet: (1) Equal Pay Act of 1963 (concerns prohibiting employers from paying workers of one sex less than workers of the other sex for equal work on jobs that require equal skill, effort, and responsibility and that are performed under similar working conditions), (2) Title VII of the Civil…

23 CFR Appendix A to Subpart A of... - Special Provisions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... opportunity responsibilities 1. General. a. Equal employment opportunity requirements not to discriminate and... of such agreements have the effect of discriminating against minorities or women, or obligates the... Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CIVIL RIGHTS EXTERNAL PROGRAMS Equal...

23 CFR Appendix A to Subpart A of... - Special Provisions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... opportunity responsibilities 1. General. a. Equal employment opportunity requirements not to discriminate and... of such agreements have the effect of discriminating against minorities or women, or obligates the... Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CIVIL RIGHTS EXTERNAL PROGRAMS Equal...

A minimax technique for time-domain design of preset digital equalizers using linear programming

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vaughn, G. L.; Houts, R. C.

1975-01-01

A linear programming technique is presented for the design of a preset finite-impulse response (FIR) digital filter to equalize the intersymbol interference (ISI) present in a baseband channel with known impulse response. A minimax technique is used which minimizes the maximum absolute error between the actual received waveform and a specified raised-cosine waveform. Transversal and frequency-sampling FIR digital filters are compared as to the accuracy of the approximation, the resultant ISI and the transmitted energy required. The transversal designs typically have slightly better waveform accuracy for a given distortion; however, the frequency-sampling equalizer uses fewer multipliers and requires less transmitted energy. A restricted transversal design is shown to use the least number of multipliers at the cost of a significant increase in energy and loss of waveform accuracy at the receiver.

Study on the capability of four-level partial response equalization in RSOA-based WDM-PON

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Qi; Tran, An Vu

2010-12-01

The expected development of advanced video services with HDTV quality demands the delivery of more than Gb/s link to end users across the last mile connection. Future access networks are also required to have long reach for reduction in the number of central offices (CO). Fueled by those requirements, we propose a novel equalization scheme that increases the capacity and reach of the wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON) based on a low bandwidth reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA). We investigate the characteristics of 10 Gb/s upstream transmission in WDM-PON using RSOA with only 1.2 GHz electrical bandwidth and various lengths of fiber. It is proven that the proposed four-level partial response equalizer (PRE) is capable of mitigating the impact of ISI in the received signals from optical network units (ONU) located 0 km to 75 km away from the optical line terminal (OLT).

36 CFR 59.3 - Conversion requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Conversion requirements. 59.3... RESPONSIBILITIES § 59.3 Conversion requirements. (a) Background and legal requirements. Section 6(f)(3) of the L... of at least equal fair market value. (b) Prerequisites for conversion approval. Requests from the...

Equality Act 2010: knowledge, perceptions and practices of occupational physicians.

PubMed

Masupe, T; Parker, G

2013-04-01

Historically, many prospective employees in Great Britain have undergone pre-employment health screening (PEHS) assessments before a job offer. Section 60 of the Equality Act 2010 stipulates that PEHS assessments before a job offer may contravene the disability provisions of the Act except under specific circumstances. PEHS assessments in the current format may not fully comply with the provisions of the legislation. To describe the knowledge, perceptions and practices of occupational health physicians in UK following implementation of the Equality Act 2010. Data were collected through an anonymous online survey of occupational health physicians (OHPs) actively reporting to the Occupational Physicians Reporting Activity (OPRA) at the Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Manchester. There were 126 responses available for analysis (response rate 43%). Most participants (81%) were accredited occupational health specialists providing occupational health advice to various industry sectors; 96% reported involvement in PEHS assessments; 81% reported awareness of section 60 of the Equality Act 2010. Further analysis of these participants revealed varying knowledge levels and practices relating to specific requirements of section 60. Changes in professional practice resulting from the Act were reported by 38%, while 46% reported no change. There have been minimal immediate changes to PEHS practices by OHPs in response to section 60 of the Act. Some OHPs displayed inadequate knowledge of specific requirements of section 60 of the Act. OHPs could benefit from further training on specific requirements of this legislation.

Philosophical Debates on Curriculum, Inequalities and Social Justice

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pring, Richard

2018-01-01

The paper provides an historical but critical context for examining the relation of the pursuit of greater equality in schooling to the development of curriculum. This requires a brief account of what one means by the principle of equality, before showing the different ways in which there have been curriculum responses underpinned by philosophical…

Educators' Responses to Policy Concerns about the Gender Balance of the Teaching Profession in Scotland

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tett, Lyn; Riddell, Sheila

2009-01-01

Concepts of gender equity are changing and the necessity of actively developing a fairer gender balance is now enshrined in the Gender Equality Legislation implemented in 2007 that required public bodies to positively promote equality. This study examines, from the perspectives of educators, their understandings of gendered inequalities in…

34 CFR 106.54 - Compensation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... the performance of which requires equal skill, effort, and responsibility, and which are performed under similar working conditions. (Authority: Secs. 901, 902, Education Amendments of 1972, 86 Stat. 373...

24 CFR 891.600 - Responsibilities of Borrower.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... promote awareness and participation of minority and women's business enterprises in contracting and... rights and equal opportunity requirements. (Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control...

32 CFR 700.405 - Delegated authority and responsibility.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... education training and equal opportunities for personal advancement, and maintaining the morale and motivation of Navy personnel and the prestige of a Navy career; (4) To plan and provide health care for... determine the requirements of naval forces and activities, to include requirements for research, development...

Equal Area Logistic Estimation for Item Response Theory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lo, Shih-Ching; Wang, Kuo-Chang; Chang, Hsin-Li

2009-08-01

Item response theory (IRT) models use logistic functions exclusively as item response functions (IRFs). Applications of IRT models require obtaining the set of values for logistic function parameters that best fit an empirical data set. However, success in obtaining such set of values does not guarantee that the constructs they represent actually exist, for the adequacy of a model is not sustained by the possibility of estimating parameters. In this study, an equal area based two-parameter logistic model estimation algorithm is proposed. Two theorems are given to prove that the results of the algorithm are equivalent to the results of fitting data by logistic model. Numerical results are presented to show the stability and accuracy of the algorithm.

A priority dispatch system for emergency medical services.

PubMed

Slovis, C M; Carruth, T B; Seitz, W J; Thomas, C M; Elsea, W R

1985-11-01

A decision tree priority dispatch system for emergency medical services (EMS) was developed and implemented in Atlanta and Fulton County, Georgia. The dispatch system shortened the average response time from 14.2 minutes to 10.4 minutes for the 30% of patients deemed most urgent (P less than or equal to .05); resulted in a significant increase in the use of advanced life support units for this group (P less than or equal to .02); decreased the number of calls that required a backup ambulance service; and significantly increased conformity to national EMS response time standards for critically ill and injured patients (P less than or equal to .0009). Due to dispatch error, 0.3% of calls were dispatched as least severe but subsequently were found to be most urgent.

Assessing potency of high- and low-preference reinforcers with respect to response rate and response patterns.

PubMed

Penrod, Becky; Wallace, Michele D; Dyer, Edwin J

2008-01-01

Previous research has suggested that the availability of high-preference stimuli may override the reinforcing efficacy of concurrently available low-preference stimuli under relatively low schedule requirements (e.g., fixed-ratio 1 schedule). It is unknown if similar effects would be obtained under higher schedule requirements. Thus, the current study compared high-preference and low-preference reinforcers under progressively increasing schedule requirements. Results for 3 of the 4 participants indicated that high-preference stimuli maintained responding under higher schedule requirements relative to low-preference stimuli. For 1 participant, high-preference and low-preference stimuli were demonstrated to be equally effective reinforcers under increasing schedule requirements. Implications with respect to rate of performance and response patterns are discussed.

Integrating an MR head into a peak detection channel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Curland, Nathan; Machelski, Russell J.

1994-03-01

Integrating a magnetoresistive (MR) head into a peak detection channel requires the engineer to deal with basic differences between MR and thin film heads. These differences result from nonlinear sensor response, separate write and read elements, and having an active element at the air bearing surface (ABS). A simple model for flux superposition can adequately address nonlinear effects and be used for equalization design. Timing budgets can be developed which demonstrate the dominance of media noise for present day systems. Single threshold qualification can handle most current system requirements. Separate read/write elements mean that more attention needs to be paid to offtrack equalization design and head dimensional tolerancing. An active element at the ABS requires better control of the head-disc potential and leakage currents.

29 CFR 1620.15 - Jobs requiring equal skill in performance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Jobs requiring equal skill in performance. 1620.15 Section... EQUAL PAY ACT § 1620.15 Jobs requiring equal skill in performance. (a) In general. The jobs to which the equal pay standard is applicable are jobs requiring equal skill in their performance. Where the amount...

29 CFR 1620.15 - Jobs requiring equal skill in performance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Jobs requiring equal skill in performance. 1620.15 Section... EQUAL PAY ACT § 1620.15 Jobs requiring equal skill in performance. (a) In general. The jobs to which the equal pay standard is applicable are jobs requiring equal skill in their performance. Where the amount...

29 CFR 1620.15 - Jobs requiring equal skill in performance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Jobs requiring equal skill in performance. 1620.15 Section... EQUAL PAY ACT § 1620.15 Jobs requiring equal skill in performance. (a) In general. The jobs to which the equal pay standard is applicable are jobs requiring equal skill in their performance. Where the amount...

29 CFR 1620.15 - Jobs requiring equal skill in performance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Jobs requiring equal skill in performance. 1620.15 Section... EQUAL PAY ACT § 1620.15 Jobs requiring equal skill in performance. (a) In general. The jobs to which the equal pay standard is applicable are jobs requiring equal skill in their performance. Where the amount...

Visual Power Data Files for Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO)

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The Visual Powerfiles for EEO is an information management and reporting system designed to meet Federal requirements for the agency's Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) function in accordance with several civil rights laws and regulations. EPA OCR is responsible for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of affirmative programs, conducting workforce ad hoc anlysis and summaries for data related to applicant flow, new hires, promotions, awards, training, disciplinary actions, and selection procedures., and developing plans and actions for an annual Management Directive 715.

20 CFR 404.1621 - Personnel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Personnel. 404.1621 Section 404.1621 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Determinations of Disability Administrative Responsibilities and Requirements § 404.1621 Personnel. (a) Equal...

Equalizer design techniques for dispersive cables with application to the SPS wideband kicker

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Platt, Jason; Hofle, Wolfgang; Pollock, Kristin; Fox, John

2017-10-01

A wide-band vertical instability feedback control system in development at CERN requires 1-1.5 GHz of bandwidth for the entire processing chain, from the beam pickups through the feedback signal digital processing to the back-end power amplifiers and kicker structures. Dispersive effects in cables, amplifiers, pickup and kicker elements can result in distortions in the time domain signal as it proceeds through the processing system, and deviations from linear phase response reduce the allowable bandwidth for the closed-loop feedback system. We have developed an equalizer analog circuit that compensates for these dispersive effects. Here we present a design technique for the construction of an analog equalizer that incorporates the effect of parasitic circuit elements in the equalizer to increase the fidelity of the implemented equalizer. Finally, we show results from the measurement of an assembled backend equalizer that corrects for dispersive elements in the cables over a bandwidth of 10-1000 MHz.

24 CFR 572.405 - Nondiscrimination and equal opportunity requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Nondiscrimination and equal... FAMILY HOMES PROGRAM (HOPE 3) Other Federal Requirements § 572.405 Nondiscrimination and equal opportunity requirements. In addition to the nondiscrimination and equal opportunity requirements set forth in...

Adaptively combined FIR and functional link artificial neural network equalizer for nonlinear communication channel.

PubMed

Zhao, Haiquan; Zhang, Jiashu

2009-04-01

This paper proposes a novel computational efficient adaptive nonlinear equalizer based on combination of finite impulse response (FIR) filter and functional link artificial neural network (CFFLANN) to compensate linear and nonlinear distortions in nonlinear communication channel. This convex nonlinear combination results in improving the speed while retaining the lower steady-state error. In addition, since the CFFLANN needs not the hidden layers, which exist in conventional neural-network-based equalizers, it exhibits a simpler structure than the traditional neural networks (NNs) and can require less computational burden during the training mode. Moreover, appropriate adaptation algorithm for the proposed equalizer is derived by the modified least mean square (MLMS). Results obtained from the simulations clearly show that the proposed equalizer using the MLMS algorithm can availably eliminate various intensity linear and nonlinear distortions, and be provided with better anti-jamming performance. Furthermore, comparisons of the mean squared error (MSE), the bit error rate (BER), and the effect of eigenvalue ratio (EVR) of input correlation matrix are presented.

24 CFR 511.13 - Nondiscrimination, equal opportunity, and affirmative marketing requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Nondiscrimination, equal... RENTAL REHABILITATION GRANT PROGRAM Program Requirements § 511.13 Nondiscrimination, equal opportunity, and affirmative marketing requirements. In addition to the nondiscrimination and equal opportunity...

Multiple point least squares equalization in a room

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Elliott, S. J.; Nelson, P. A.

1988-01-01

Equalization filters designed to minimize the mean square error between a delayed version of the original electrical signal and the equalized response at a point in a room have previously been investigated. In general, such a strategy degrades the response at positions in a room away from the equalization point. A method is presented for designing an equalization filter by adjusting the filter coefficients to minimize the sum of the squares of the errors between the equalized responses at multiple points in the room and delayed versions of the original, electrical signal. Such an equalization filter can give a more uniform frequency response over a greater volume of the enclosure than can the single point equalizer above. Computer simulation results are presented of equalizing the frequency responses from a loudspeaker to various typical ear positions, in a room with dimensions and acoustic damping typical of a car interior, using the two approaches outlined above. Adaptive filter algorithms, which can automatically adjust the coefficients of a digital equalization filter to achieve this minimization, will also be discussed.

Extended Pausing by Humans on Multiple Fixed-Ratio Schedules with Varied Reinforcer Magnitude and Response Requirements

PubMed Central

Williams, Dean C; Saunders, Kathryn J; Perone, Michael

2011-01-01

We conducted three experiments to reproduce and extend Perone and Courtney's (1992) study of pausing at the beginning of fixed-ratio schedules. In a multiple schedule with unequal amounts of food across two components, they found that pigeons paused longest in the component associated with the smaller amount of food (the lean component), but only when it was preceded by the rich component. In our studies, adults with mild intellectual disabilities responded on a touch-sensitive computer monitor to produce money. In Experiment 1, the multiple-schedule components differed in both response requirement and reinforcer magnitude (i.e., the rich component required fewer responses and produced more money than the lean component). Effects shown with pigeons were reproduced in all 7 participants. In Experiment 2, we removed the stimuli that signaled the two schedule components, and participants' extended pausing was eliminated. In Experiment 3, to assess sensitivity to reinforcer magnitude versus fixed-ratio size, we presented conditions with equal ratio sizes but disparate magnitudes and conditions with equal magnitudes but disparate ratio sizes. Sensitivity to these manipulations was idiosyncratic. The present experiments obtained schedule control in verbally competent human participants and, despite procedural differences, we reproduced findings with animal participants. We showed that pausing is jointly determined by past conditions of reinforcement and stimuli correlated with upcoming conditions. PMID:21541121

A New Scheme for the Design of Hilbert Transform Pairs of Biorthogonal Wavelet Bases

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shi, Hongli; Luo, Shuqian

2010-12-01

In designing the Hilbert transform pairs of biorthogonal wavelet bases, it has been shown that the requirements of the equal-magnitude responses and the half-sample phase offset on the lowpass filters are the necessary and sufficient condition. In this paper, the relationship between the phase offset and the vanishing moment difference of biorthogonal scaling filters is derived, which implies a simple way to choose the vanishing moments so that the phase response requirement can be satisfied structurally. The magnitude response requirement is approximately achieved by a constrained optimization procedure, where the objective function and constraints are all expressed in terms of the auxiliary filters of scaling filters rather than the scaling filters directly. Generally, the calculation burden in the design implementation will be less than that of the current schemes. The integral of magnitude response difference between the primal and dual scaling filters has been chosen as the objective function, which expresses the magnitude response requirements in the whole frequency range. Two design examples illustrate that the biorthogonal wavelet bases designed by the proposed scheme are very close to Hilbert transform pairs.

29 CFR 2.33 - Responsibilities of DOL, DOL social service providers and State and local governments...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... beneficiary on the basis of religion or religious belief. This requirement does not preclude DOL, DOL social... of Labor GENERAL REGULATIONS Equal Treatment in Department of Labor Programs for Religious Organizations; Protection of Religious Liberty of Department of Labor Social Service Providers and Beneficiaries...

29 CFR 2.33 - Responsibilities of DOL, DOL social service providers and State and local governments...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... beneficiary on the basis of religion or religious belief. This requirement does not preclude DOL, DOL social... of Labor GENERAL REGULATIONS Equal Treatment in Department of Labor Programs for Religious Organizations; Protection of Religious Liberty of Department of Labor Social Service Providers and Beneficiaries...

29 CFR 2.33 - Responsibilities of DOL, DOL social service providers and State and local governments...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... beneficiary on the basis of religion or religious belief. This requirement does not preclude DOL, DOL social... of Labor GENERAL REGULATIONS Equal Treatment in Department of Labor Programs for Religious Organizations; Protection of Religious Liberty of Department of Labor Social Service Providers and Beneficiaries...

29 CFR 2.33 - Responsibilities of DOL, DOL social service providers and State and local governments...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... beneficiary on the basis of religion or religious belief. This requirement does not preclude DOL, DOL social... of Labor GENERAL REGULATIONS Equal Treatment in Department of Labor Programs for Religious Organizations; Protection of Religious Liberty of Department of Labor Social Service Providers and Beneficiaries...

Vitamin A Status is Associated With T-Cell Responses In Bangladeshi Men

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Recommendations for vitamin A intake are based on maintaining liver stores of equal to or greater than 0.070 umol/g, which is sufficient to maintain normal vision. We propose that higher levels may be required to maintain normal immune function. To test this hypothesis, we conducted an 8 wk resident...

29 CFR 37.9 - What are a recipient's responsibilities to communicate with individuals with disabilities?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... NONDISCRIMINATION AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY PROVISIONS OF THE WORKFORCE INVESTMENT ACT OF 1998 (WIA) General Provisions... result in a fundamental alteration in the nature of a service, program, or activity. (1) In those... action required to comply with this section would result in the fundamental alteration described in...

29 CFR 1620.32 - Recordkeeping requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION THE EQUAL PAY ACT § 1620.32 Recordkeeping requirements. (a) Employers having employees subject to the Act are required to keep records in... subject to the equal pay provisions of the Act shall maintain and preserve all records required by the...

Experimental studies for determining human discomfort response to vertical sinusoidal vibration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dempsey, T. K.; Leatherwood, J. D.

1975-01-01

A study was conducted to investigate several problems related to methodology and design of experiments to obtain human comfort response to vertical sinusoidal vibration. Specifically, the studies were directed to the determination of (1) the adequacy of frequency averaging of vibration data to obtain discomfort predictors, (2) the effect of practice on subject ratings, (3) the effect of the demographic factors of age, sex, and weight, and (4) the relative importance of seat and floor vibrations in the determination of measurement and criteria specification location. Results indicate that accurate prediction of discomfort requires knowledge of both the acceleration level and frequency content of the vibration stimuli. More importantly, the prediction of discomfort was shown to be equally good based upon either floor accelerations or seat accelerations. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the discomfort levels in different seats resulting from similar vibratory imputs were equal. Therefore, it was recommended that criteria specifications and acceleration measurements be made at the floor location. The results also indicated that practice did not systematically influence discomfort responses nor did the demographic factors of age, weight, and sex contribute to the discomfort response variation.

29 CFR 2509.08-1 - Supplemental guidance relating to fiduciary responsibility in considering economically targeted...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... equal, taking into account a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the economic impact on the plan... June 27, 2008 (A.O. 2008-05A). A plan fiduciary's analysis is required to comply with, but is not... investments. The same type of analysis must also be applied when choosing between investment alternatives...

49 CFR 821.61 - Prohibited ex parte communications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... review or an appeal is filed unless the person responsible for the communication has knowledge that a petition for review or an appeal will be filed, in which case the prohibitions shall apply at the time of... for fees and expenses under the Equal Access to Justice Act. (b) Except to the extent required for the...

38 CFR 36.4340 - Underwriting standards, processing procedures, lender responsibility, and lender certification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... expenditure levels in individual cases. This factor may be given consideration in the final determination in... discounting of income on account of sex, marital status, or any other basis prohibited by the Equal Credit... that a determination can be made that the occupancy requirements of the law will be met. Also...

7 CFR 1980.317 - Equal opportunity and nondiscrimination requirements in use, occupancy, rental, or sale of housing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... conditions for the availability of these loans based on a person's race, color, familial status, religion... the borrower and the contractor that is more than $10,000. The Lender is responsible for seeing that... paragraph (c)(5) of this section, is prohibited from discriminating because of race, color, religion, sex...

7 CFR 1980.317 - Equal opportunity and nondiscrimination requirements in use, occupancy, rental, or sale of housing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... conditions for the availability of these loans based on a person's race, color, familial status, religion... the borrower and the contractor that is more than $10,000. The Lender is responsible for seeing that... paragraph (c)(5) of this section, is prohibited from discriminating because of race, color, religion, sex...

7 CFR 1980.317 - Equal opportunity and nondiscrimination requirements in use, occupancy, rental, or sale of housing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... conditions for the availability of these loans based on a person's race, color, familial status, religion... the borrower and the contractor that is more than $10,000. The Lender is responsible for seeing that... paragraph (c)(5) of this section, is prohibited from discriminating because of race, color, religion, sex...

7 CFR 1980.317 - Equal opportunity and nondiscrimination requirements in use, occupancy, rental, or sale of housing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... conditions for the availability of these loans based on a person's race, color, familial status, religion... the borrower and the contractor that is more than $10,000. The Lender is responsible for seeing that... paragraph (c)(5) of this section, is prohibited from discriminating because of race, color, religion, sex...

28 CFR 42.3 - Responsibility for Department of Justice Equal Opportunity Recruitment Program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Equal Opportunity Recruitment Program. 42.3 Section 42.3 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE... Department of Justice § 42.3 Responsibility for Department of Justice Equal Opportunity Recruitment Program... implementing the Department of Justice Equal Opportunity Recruitment Program under 5 U.S.C. 7201. [Order No...

Millimeter Wave Scatter and Attenuation Measurements on Snow Slabs.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-09-01

2id cos0• II. Rlay, P.S. (1972) Broadband complex refractive indices of ice and water, Appl. Optics ,Il(No. 8):1836-1844. 12. Lammers, U.H.W., and Hayes...portion was not investi- gated separately for its attenuation coefficient. The theory of multiple scattering in optics ’- provides ai reasoning for l...at 35 GHz to cause a strong specular response, equal to or higher than the noncoherent response. No substantial snow depth is required to generate

FFTFIL; a filtering program based on two-dimensional Fourier analysis of geophysical data

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hildenbrand, T.G.

1983-01-01

The filtering program 'fftfil' performs a variety of operations commonly required in geophysical studies of gravity, magnetic, and terrain data. Filtering operations are carried out in the wave number domain where the Fourier coefficients of the input data are multiplied by the response of the selected filter. Input grids can be large (2=number of rows or columns=1024) and are not required to have numbers of rows and columns equal to powers of two.

Incorporation of Dynamic SSI Effects in the Design Response Spectra

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Manjula, N. K.; Pillai, T. M. Madhavan; Nagarajan, Praveen; Reshma, K. K.

2018-05-01

Many studies in the past on dynamic soil-structure interactions have revealed the detrimental and advantageous effects of soil flexibility. Based on such studies, the design response spectra of international seismic codes are being improved worldwide. The improvements required for the short period range of the design response spectra in the Indian seismic code (IS 1893:2002) are presented in this paper. As the recent code revisions has not incorporated the short period amplifications, proposals given in this paper are equally applicable for the latest code also (IS 1893:2016). Analyses of single degree of freedom systems are performed to predict the required improvements. The proposed modifications to the constant acceleration portion of the spectra are evaluated with respect to the current design spectra in Eurocode 8.

7 CFR 1436.19 - Equal Opportunity and Non-discrimination requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 10 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Equal Opportunity and Non-discrimination requirements... FACILITY LOAN PROGRAM REGULATIONS § 1436.19 Equal Opportunity and Non-discrimination requirements. (a) No... person or cause any person to be subjected to discrimination on the basis of race, religion, color...

7 CFR 771.7 - Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 7 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements... AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SPECIAL PROGRAMS BOLL WEEVIL ERADICATION LOAN PROGRAM § 771.7 Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements. No recipient of a boll weevil eradication loan shall directly...

7 CFR 772.17 - Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements... SERVICE AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SPECIAL PROGRAMS SERVICING MINOR PROGRAM LOANS § 772.17 Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements. With respect to any aspect of a credit transaction, the...

7 CFR 1436.19 - Equal Opportunity and Non-discrimination requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 10 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Equal Opportunity and Non-discrimination requirements... FACILITY LOAN PROGRAM REGULATIONS § 1436.19 Equal Opportunity and Non-discrimination requirements. (a) No... person or cause any person to be subjected to discrimination on the basis of race, religion, color...

7 CFR 772.17 - Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 7 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements... SERVICE AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SPECIAL PROGRAMS SERVICING MINOR PROGRAM LOANS § 772.17 Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements. With respect to any aspect of a credit transaction, the...

7 CFR 771.7 - Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 7 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements... AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SPECIAL PROGRAMS BOLL WEEVIL ERADICATION LOAN PROGRAM § 771.7 Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements. No recipient of a boll weevil eradication loan shall directly...

7 CFR 1436.19 - Equal Opportunity and Non-discrimination requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 10 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Equal Opportunity and Non-discrimination requirements... FACILITY LOAN PROGRAM REGULATIONS § 1436.19 Equal Opportunity and Non-discrimination requirements. (a) No... person or cause any person to be subjected to discrimination on the basis of race, religion, color...

7 CFR 771.7 - Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 7 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements... AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SPECIAL PROGRAMS BOLL WEEVIL ERADICATION LOAN PROGRAM § 771.7 Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements. No recipient of a boll weevil eradication loan shall directly...

7 CFR 771.7 - Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 7 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements... AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SPECIAL PROGRAMS BOLL WEEVIL ERADICATION LOAN PROGRAM § 771.7 Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements. No recipient of a boll weevil eradication loan shall directly...

7 CFR 772.17 - Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 7 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements... SERVICE AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SPECIAL PROGRAMS SERVICING MINOR PROGRAM LOANS § 772.17 Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements. With respect to any aspect of a credit transaction, the...

7 CFR 772.17 - Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 7 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements... SERVICE AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SPECIAL PROGRAMS SERVICING MINOR PROGRAM LOANS § 772.17 Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements. With respect to any aspect of a credit transaction, the...

7 CFR 771.7 - Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements... AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SPECIAL PROGRAMS BOLL WEEVIL ERADICATION LOAN PROGRAM § 771.7 Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements. No recipient of a boll weevil eradication loan shall directly...

7 CFR 772.17 - Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 7 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements... SERVICE AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SPECIAL PROGRAMS SERVICING MINOR PROGRAM LOANS § 772.17 Equal opportunity and non-discrimination requirements. With respect to any aspect of a credit transaction, the...

Ubiquitous technologies in health: new challenges of opportunity, expectation, and responsibility.

PubMed

Rigby, Michael

2006-01-01

In spite of their name, 'ubiquitous' technologies are not yet ubiquitous in the true sense of the word, but rather are 'novel', being at the research, pilot, and selective use stages. In future, the proliferation in types of application, the major increase in cases and data volumes, and above all the dependence on ubiquitous technologies will raise practical, ethical, and liability issues. Equally significantly, it will require health service redesign, including new response services. Health informaticians need to be active in stimulating consideration of all these issues, as part of both social and professional responsibility.

Inspecting the Inspectors: Race Equality and Quality in Initial Teacher Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wilkins, Chris

2014-01-01

Equalities legislation in Britain has in recent years shifted towards requiring public bodies to proactively promote equality rather than simply prevent discrimination. This paper reports on a study of how this requirement, with specific reference to race equality, is enacted in the regulation and inspection of initial teacher education (ITE) in…

29 CFR 1620.15 - Jobs requiring equal skill in performance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.... As a simple illustration of the principle of equal skill, suppose that a man and a woman have jobs... majority of their work, whether or not these jobs require equal skill in performance will depend upon the nature of the work performed during the latter period to meet the requirements of the jobs. ...

Not All the Organelles of Living Cells Are Equal! Or Are They? Engaging Students in Deep Learning and Conceptual Change

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cherif, Abour H.; Siuda, JoElla Eaglin; Jedlicka, Dianne M.; Bondoc, Jasper Marc; Movahedzadeh, Farahnaz

2016-01-01

The cell is the fundamental basis for understanding biology much like the atom is the fundamental basis for understanding physics. Understanding biology requires the understanding of the fundamental functions performed by components within each cell. These components, or organelles, responsible for both maintenance and functioning of the cell…

Respect for persons permits prioritizing treatment for HIV/AIDS.

PubMed

Metz, Thaddeus

2008-08-01

I defend a certain claim about rationing in the context of HIV/AIDS, namely the 'priority thesis' that the state of a developing country with a high rate of HIV should provide highly active anti-retroviral treatment (HAART) to those who would die without it, even if doing so would require not treating most other life-threatening diseases. More specifically,I defend the priority thesis in a negative way by refuting two influential and important arguments against it inspired by the Kantian principle of respect for persons. The 'equality argument' more or less maintains that prioritizing treatment for HIV/AIDS would objectionably treat those who suffer from it as more important than those who do not. The 'responsibility argument' says, roughly, that to ration life-saving treatment by prioritizing those with HIV would wrongly fail to hold people responsible for their actions, since most people infected with HIV could have avoided the foreseeable harm of infection. While it appears that a Kantian must think that one of these two arguments is sound, I maintain that, in fact, respect for persons grounds neither the equality nor responsibility argument against prioritizing HAART and hence at least permits doing so. If this negative defence of the priority thesis succeeds, then conceptual space is opened up for the possibility that respect for persons requires prioritizing HAART which argument I sketch in the conclusion as something to articulate and defend in future work.

24 CFR 511.13 - Nondiscrimination, equal opportunity, and affirmative marketing requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

..., and affirmative marketing requirements. 511.13 Section 511.13 Housing and Urban Development..., and affirmative marketing requirements. In addition to the nondiscrimination and equal opportunity requirements set forth in 24 CFR part 5, the following requirements apply: (a) Affirmative marketing. The...

A novel trauma leadership model reflective of changing times.

PubMed

DʼHuyvetter, Cecile; Cogbill, Thomas H

2014-01-01

As a result of generational changes in the health care workforce, we sought to evaluate our current Trauma Medical Director Leadership model. We assessed the responsibilities, accountability, time requirements, cost, and provider satisfaction with the current leadership model. Three new providers who had recently completed fellowship training were hired, each with unique professional desires, skill sets, and experience. Our goal was to establish a comprehensive, cost-effective, accountable leadership model that enabled provider satisfaction and equalized leadership responsibilities. A 3-pronged team model was established with a Medical Director title and responsibilities rotating per the American College of Surgeons verification cycle to develop leadership skills and lessen hierarchical differences.

Applying emergent ubiquitous technologies in health: the need to respond to new challenges of opportunity, expectation, and responsibility.

PubMed

Rigby, Michael

2007-12-01

In spite of their name, 'ubiquitous' technologies are not yet ubiquitous in the true sense of the word, but rather are 'novel', being at the research, pilot, and selective use stages. In future, the proliferation in types of application, the major increase in cases and data volumes, and above all the dependence on ubiquitous technologies to monitor persons at risk, will raise practical, ethical, and liability issues. Equally significantly, it will require health service redesign, including new response services. Health informaticians need to be active in stimulating consideration of all these issues, as part of both social and professional responsibility.

Mental health and inequity: a human rights approach to inequality, discrimination, and mental disability.

PubMed

Burns, Jonathan Kenneth

2009-01-01

Mental disability and mental health care have been neglected in the discourse around health, human rights, and equality. This is perplexing as mental disabilities are pervasive, affecting approximately 8% of the world population. Furthermore, the experience of persons with mental disability is one characterized by multiple interlinked levels of inequality and discrimination within society. Efforts directed toward achieving formal equality should not stand alone without similar efforts to achieve substantive equality for persons with mental disabilities. Structural factors such as poverty, inequality, homelessness, and discrimination contribute to risk for mental disability and impact negatively on the course and outcome of such disabilities. A human rights approach to mental disability means affirming the full personhood of those with mental disabilities by respecting their inherent dignity, their individual autonomy and independence, and their freedom to make their own choices. A rights-based approach requires us to examine and transform the language, terminology, and models of mental disability that have previously prevailed especially within health discourse. Such an approach also requires us to examine the multiple ways in which inequality and discrimination characterize the lives of persons with mental disabilities and to formulate a response based on a human rights framework. In this article, I examine issues of terminology, models of understanding mental disability, and the implications of international treaties such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities for our response to the inequalities and discrimination that exist within society--both within and outside the health care system. Finally, while acknowledging that health care professionals have a role to play as advocates for equality, non-discrimination, and justice, I argue that it is persons with mental disabilities themselves who have the right to exercise agency in their own lives and who, consequently, should be at the center of advocacy movements and the setting of the advocacy agenda.

Exploring the Implications of Citizenship-as-Equality in Critical Citizenship Education. A Response to "The Practice of Equality: A Critical Understanding of Democratic Citizenship Education"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zembylas, Michalinos

2015-01-01

This is a response to Ruitenberg's (2015) argument that citizenship-as-equality should be the focus of citizenship education. My aim in the response is to offer clarifying comments and questions and suggest further ideas for expanding her analysis, highlighting in particular two perspectives that deserve more attention: first, the role of emotions…

7 CFR 3575.40 - Equal opportunity and Fair Housing Act requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 15 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Equal opportunity and Fair Housing Act requirements. 3575.40 Section 3575.40 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GENERAL Community Programs Guaranteed Loans § 3575.40 Equal...

Neurologic disorder and criminal responsibility.

PubMed

Yaffe, Gideon

2013-01-01

Sufferers from neurologic and psychiatric disorders are not uncommonly defendants in criminal trials. This chapter surveys a variety of different ways in which neurologic disorder bears on criminal responsibility. It discusses the way in which a neurologic disorder might bear on the questions of whether or not the defendant acted voluntarily; whether or not he or she was in the mental state that is required for guilt for the crime; and whether or not he or she is deserving of an insanity defense. The discussion demonstrates that a just determination of whether a sufferer from a neurologic disorder is diminished in his or her criminal responsibility for harmful conduct requires equal appreciation of the nature of the relevant disorder and its impact on behavior, on the one hand, and of the legal import of facts about the psychologic mechanisms through which behavior is generated, on the other. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ulysses - An ESA/NASA cooperative programme

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Meeks, W.; Eaton, D.

1990-01-01

Cooperation between ESA and NASA is discussed, noting that the Memorandum of Understanding lays the framework for this relationship, defining the responsibilities of ESA and NASA and providing for appointment of leadership and managers for the project. Members of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and ESA's ESTEC staff have been appointed to leadership positions within the project and ultimate control of the project rests with the Joint Working Group consisting of two project managers and two project scientists, equally representing both organizations. Coordination of time scales and overall mission design is discussed, including launch cooperation, public relations, and funding of scientific investigations such as Ulysses. Practical difficulties of managing an international project are discussed such as differing documentation requirements and communication techniques, and assurance of equality on projects.

Equality in Education: An Equality of Condition Perspective

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lynch, Kathleen; Baker, John

2005-01-01

Transforming schools into truly egalitarian institutions requires a holistic and integrated approach. Using a robust conception of "equality of condition", we examine key dimensions of equality that are central to both the purposes and processes of education: equality in educational and related resources; equality of respect and recognition;…

Effects of Reinforcer Probability, Delay, and Response Requirements on the Choices of Rats and Pigeons: Possible Species Differences

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mazur, James E.

2005-01-01

In Experiment 1 with rats, a left lever press led to a 5-s delay and then a possible reinforcer. A right lever press led to an adjusting delay and then a certain reinforcer. This delay was adjusted over trials to estimate an indifference point, or a delay at which the two alternatives were chosen about equally often. Indifference points increased…

Neuroendocrine tests of monoamine function in man: a review of basic theory and its application to the study of depressive illness.

PubMed

Checkley, S A

1980-02-01

Neuroendocrine tests are now available for studying monoamine function in the brains of patients with mental illness. Great care is required in the selection of drugs which act upon specific monoamine receptors to produce specific hormonal responses. Equal care is required in the control of biological variables which may influence hormonal release. Recently reported neuroendocrine studies of depressive illness are assessed in these terms. The results of these studies support the hypothesis that there is defective noradrenergic function in the brains of some patients with depressive illness.

Loudspeaker equalization for auditory research.

PubMed

MacDonald, Justin A; Tran, Phuong K

2007-02-01

The equalization of loudspeaker frequency response is necessary to conduct many types of well-controlled auditory experiments. This article introduces a program that includes functions to measure a loudspeaker's frequency response, design equalization filters, and apply the filters to a set of stimuli to be used in an auditory experiment. The filters can compensate for both magnitude and phase distortions introduced by the loudspeaker. A MATLAB script is included in the Appendix to illustrate the details of the equalization algorithm used in the program.

47 CFR 76.75 - Specific EEO program requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... MULTICHANNEL VIDEO AND CABLE TELEVISION SERVICE Equal Employment Opportunity Requirements § 76.75 Specific EEO... or sex is prohibited and that they may notify the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the... necessary. Nothing in this section shall be interpreted to require a multichannel video programming...

The Daily Me: A Response to "Tocqueville on Democracy and Inclusive Education--A More Ardent and Enduring Love of Equality than of Liberty"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, Anne

2009-01-01

This article presents the author's response to "Tocqueville on Democracy and Inclusive Education: A More Ardent and Enduring Love of Equality than of Liberty" written by Steven Connolley and Rune Sarromaa Hausstatter. Connolley and Hausstatter frame their critique of inclusive education and its relationship to democracy, liberty and equality using…

Equality of Education and Citizenship: Challenges of European Integration

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Follesdal, Andreas

2008-01-01

What kind of equality among Europeans does equal citizenship require, especially regarding education? In particular, is there good reason to insist of equality of education among Europeans--and if so, equality of what? To what extent should the same knowledge base and citizenship norms be taught across state borders and religious and other…

Equalizer tap length requirement for mode group delay-compensated fiber link with weakly random mode coupling.

PubMed

Bai, Neng; Li, Guifang

2014-02-24

The equalizer tap length requirement is investigated analytically and numerically for differential modal group delay (DMGD) compensated fiber link with weakly random mode coupling. Each span of the DMGD compensated link comprises multiple pairs of fibers which have opposite signs of DMGD. The result reveals that under weak random mode coupling, the required tap length of the equalizer is proportional to modal group delay of a single DMGD compensated pair, instead of the total modal group delay (MGD) of the entire link. By using small DMGD compensation step sizes, the required tap length (RTL) can be potentially reduced by 2 orders of magnitude.

Live and Web-based orientations are comparable for a required rotation.

PubMed

Prunuske, Jacob

2010-03-01

Studies show equivalency in knowledge when measured following Web-based learning and live lecture. However, the effectiveness of a Web-based orientation for a required clinical rotation is unknown. Medical students viewed a Web-based orientation and completed a 13-item evaluation before beginning a required 6-week community medicine rotation. Evaluation data from 2007-2008 live orientation sessions were compared to responses from 2008-2009 Web-based orientation sessions. Data were analyzed by two-sample tests of proportion. A total of 169 students completed surveys during the study period--78 following the live and 91 following the Web-based orientation. Response rates were equal in the two groups. The survey tool had a high level of reliability (Cronbach's alpha=0.96). There was no statistical difference in student evaluations for 12 of 13 orientation evaluation items. Live and Web-based formats are comparable for presenting orientation materials to a required clinical rotation. Students felt the purpose of the rotation, educational goals, course structure, and requirements were clearly presented regardless of format. Transition from a live to Web-based format reduced faculty time required to present at rotation orientations.

Type I interferon dependence of plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation and migration

PubMed Central

Asselin-Paturel, Carine; Brizard, Géraldine; Chemin, Karine; Boonstra, Andre; O'Garra, Anne; Vicari, Alain; Trinchieri, Giorgio

2005-01-01

Differential expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) by conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DC (pDCs) has been suggested to influence the type of immune response induced by microbial pathogens. In this study we show that, in vivo, cDCs and pDCs are equally activated by TLR4, -7, and -9 ligands. Type I interferon (IFN) was important for pDC activation in vivo in response to all three TLR ligands, whereas cDCs required type I IFN signaling only for TLR9- and partially for TLR7-mediated activation. Although TLR ligands induced in situ migration of spleen cDC into the T cell area, spleen pDCs formed clusters in the marginal zone and in the outer T cell area 6 h after injection of TLR9 and TLR7 ligands, respectively. In vivo treatment with TLR9 ligands decreased pDC ability to migrate ex vivo in response to IFN-induced CXCR3 ligands and increased their response to CCR7 ligands. Unlike cDCs, the migration pattern of pDCs required type I IFN for induction of CXCR3 ligands and responsiveness to CCR7 ligands. These data demonstrate that mouse pDCs differ from cDCs in the in vivo response to TLR ligands, in terms of pattern and type I IFN requirement for activation and migration. PMID:15795237

Children's competence or adults' incompetence: different developmental trajectories in different tasks.

PubMed

Furlan, Sarah; Agnoli, Franca; Reyna, Valerie F

2013-08-01

Dual-process theories have been proposed to explain normative and heuristic responses to reasoning and decision-making problems. Standard unitary and dual-process theories predict that normative responses should increase with age. However, research has focused recently on exceptions to this standard pattern, including developmental increases in heuristic or intuitive responses. Developmental trends for normative and heuristic responses were investigated for 2 kinds of causal reasoning (if-only and covariation) problems in 2 experiments. To investigate the role of superstitious thinking in these developmental trends, in both experiments a superstitious element was added to the problem solved by half the participants. In the first experiment, 90 fifth graders, 99 seventh graders, and 153 adults responded to an if-only problem. Children performed better than adults, with normative responses decreasing and heuristic responses increasing with age. A superstitious jinx intended to reduce heuristic responses had little effect for all age groups. In the second experiment, 276 fifth graders, 344 seventh graders, and 90 adults responded to a covariation-detection problem. When win-loss ratios were equal, adults performed better than children, with normative responses increasing and heuristic responses decreasing with age. When win-loss ratios were strikingly different, however, even the youngest children were able to solve the problems correctly; participants of all ages responded about equally well. When the normative response required recognizing that a good-luck ritual led to better team performance, participants in all age groups responded skeptically that the ritual had no effect, illustrating belief bias. These results are discussed in terms of dual-process theories and the development of heuristic (or intuitive) and analytical processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved).

Children’s Competence or Adults’ Incompetence: Different Developmental Trajectories in Different Tasks

PubMed Central

S., Furlan; F., Agnoli; V. F., Reyna

2013-01-01

Dual-process theories have been proposed to explain normative and heuristic responses to reasoning and decision-making problems. Standard unitary and dual-process theories predict that normative responses should increase with age. However, research has focused recently on exceptions to this standard pattern, including developmental increases in heuristic or intuitive responses. Developmental trends for normative and heuristic responses were investigated for two kinds of causal reasoning (if-only and covariation) problems in two experiments. To investigate the role of superstitious thinking in these developmental trends, in both experiments a superstitious element was added to the problem solved by half the participants. In the first experiment, 90 fifth graders, 99 seventh graders, and 153 adults responded to an if-only problem. Children performed better than adults, with normative responses decreasing and heuristic responses increasing with age. A superstitious jinx intended to reduce heuristic responses had little effect for all age groups. In the second experiment, 276 fifth graders, 344 seventh graders, and 90 adults responded to a covariation-detection problem. When win-loss ratios were equal, adults performed better than children, with normative responses increasing and heuristic responses decreasing with age. When win-loss ratios were strikingly different, however, even the youngest children were able to solve the problems correctly; participants of all ages responded about equally well. When the normative response required recognizing that a good-luck ritual led to better team performance, participants in all age groups responded skeptically that the ritual had no effect, illustrating belief bias. These results are discussed in terms of dual process theories and the development of heuristic (or intuitive) and analytical processes. PMID:23148936

24 CFR 982.53 - Equal opportunity requirements and protection for victims of domestic violence, dating violence...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... protection for victims of domestic violence, dating violence, or stalking. 982.53 Section 982.53 Housing and....53 Equal opportunity requirements and protection for victims of domestic violence, dating violence... requirements for administration or operation of the program. (e) Protection for victims of domestic violence...

Determination of shielding requirements for mammography.

PubMed

Okunade, Akintunde Akangbe; Ademoroti, Olalekan Albert

2004-05-01

Shielding requirements for mammography when considerations are to be given to attenuation by compression paddle, breast tissue, grid and image receptor (intervening materials) has been investigated. By matching of the attenuation and hardening properties, comparisons are made between shielding afforded by breast tissue materials (water, Lucite and 50%-50% adipose-glandular tissue) and some materials considered for shielding diagnostic x-ray beams, namely lead, steel and gypsum wallboard. Results show that significant differences exist between the thickness required to produce equal attenuation and that required to produce equal hardening of a given incident beam. While attenuation equivalent thickness produces equal exposure, it does not produce equal hardening. For shielding purposes, equivalence in exposure reduction without equivalence in penetrating power of an emerging beam does not amount to equivalence in shielding affordable by two different materials. Presented are models and results of sample calculations of additional shielding requirements apart from that provided by intervening materials. The shielding requirements for the integrated beam emerging from intervening materials are different from those for the integrated beam emerging from materials (lead/steel/gypsum wallboard) with attenuation equivalent thicknesses of these intervening materials.

Prototyping and validating requirements of radiation and nuclear emergency plan simulator

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hamid, AHA., E-mail: amyhamijah@nm.gov.my; Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Rozan, MZA.

2015-04-29

Organizational incapability in developing unrealistic, impractical, inadequate and ambiguous mechanisms of radiological and nuclear emergency preparedness and response plan (EPR) causing emergency plan disorder and severe disasters. These situations resulting from 65.6% of poor definition and unidentified roles and duties of the disaster coordinator. Those unexpected conditions brought huge aftermath to the first responders, operators, workers, patients and community at large. Hence, in this report, we discuss prototyping and validating of Malaysia radiation and nuclear emergency preparedness and response plan simulation model (EPRM). A prototyping technique was required to formalize the simulation model requirements. Prototyping as systems requirements validation wasmore » carried on to endorse the correctness of the model itself against the stakeholder’s intensions in resolving those organizational incapability. We have made assumptions for the proposed emergency preparedness and response model (EPRM) through the simulation software. Those assumptions provided a twofold of expected mechanisms, planning and handling of the respective emergency plan as well as in bringing off the hazard involved. This model called RANEPF (Radiation and Nuclear Emergency Planning Framework) simulator demonstrated the training emergency response perquisites rather than the intervention principles alone. The demonstrations involved the determination of the casualties’ absorbed dose range screening and the coordination of the capacity planning of the expected trauma triage. Through user-centred design and sociotechnical approach, RANEPF simulator was strategized and simplified, though certainly it is equally complex.« less

Prototyping and validating requirements of radiation and nuclear emergency plan simulator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hamid, AHA.; Rozan, MZA.; Ibrahim, R.; Deris, S.; Selamat, A.

2015-04-01

Organizational incapability in developing unrealistic, impractical, inadequate and ambiguous mechanisms of radiological and nuclear emergency preparedness and response plan (EPR) causing emergency plan disorder and severe disasters. These situations resulting from 65.6% of poor definition and unidentified roles and duties of the disaster coordinator. Those unexpected conditions brought huge aftermath to the first responders, operators, workers, patients and community at large. Hence, in this report, we discuss prototyping and validating of Malaysia radiation and nuclear emergency preparedness and response plan simulation model (EPRM). A prototyping technique was required to formalize the simulation model requirements. Prototyping as systems requirements validation was carried on to endorse the correctness of the model itself against the stakeholder's intensions in resolving those organizational incapability. We have made assumptions for the proposed emergency preparedness and response model (EPRM) through the simulation software. Those assumptions provided a twofold of expected mechanisms, planning and handling of the respective emergency plan as well as in bringing off the hazard involved. This model called RANEPF (Radiation and Nuclear Emergency Planning Framework) simulator demonstrated the training emergency response perquisites rather than the intervention principles alone. The demonstrations involved the determination of the casualties' absorbed dose range screening and the coordination of the capacity planning of the expected trauma triage. Through user-centred design and sociotechnical approach, RANEPF simulator was strategized and simplified, though certainly it is equally complex.

State and Local Responsibility for Promoting Learning Environments of Equity and Equality: A Conceptual Analysis.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Willie, Charles V.

This paper presents a conceptual analysis of the different responsibilities that State and local levels should assume in promoting the purposes of education. It is their responsibility to provide learning environments that promote equity and equality. The problem for State and local authorities with reference to desegregated education is that of…

Switching insurer in the Irish voluntary health insurance market: determinants, incentives, and risk equalization.

PubMed

Keegan, Conor; Teljeur, Conor; Turner, Brian; Thomas, Steve

2016-09-01

The determinants of consumer mobility in voluntary health insurance markets providing duplicate cover are not well understood. Consumer mobility can have important implications for competition. Consumers should be price-responsive and be willing to switch insurer in search of the best-value products. Moreover, although theory suggests low-risk consumers are more likely to switch insurer, this process should not be driven by insurers looking to attract low risks. This study utilizes data on 320,830 VHI healthcare policies due for renewal between August 2013 and June 2014. At the time of renewal, policyholders were categorized as either 'switchers' or 'stayers', and policy information was collected for the prior 12 months. Differences between these groups were assessed by means of logistic regression. The ability of Ireland's risk equalization scheme to account for the relative attractiveness of switchers was also examined. Policyholders were price sensitive (OR 1.052, p < 0.01), however, price-sensitivity declined with age. Age (OR 0.971; p < 0.01) and hospital utilization (OR 0.977; p < 0.01) were both negatively associated with switching. In line with these findings, switchers were less costly than stayers for the 12 months prior to the switch/renew decision for single person (difference in average cost = €540.64) and multiple-person policies (difference in average cost = €450.74). Some cost differences remain for single-person policies following risk equalization (difference in average cost = €88.12). Consumers appear price-responsive, which is important for competition provided it is based on correct incentives. Risk equalization payments largely eliminated the profitable status of switchers, although further refinements may be required.

Equality Hypocrisy, Inconsistency, and Prejudice: The Unequal Application of the Universal Human Right to Equality.

PubMed

Abrams, Dominic; Houston, Diane M; Van de Vyver, Julie; Vasiljevic, Milica

2015-02-01

In Western culture, there appears to be widespread endorsement of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (which stresses equality and freedom). But do people really apply their equality values equally, or are their principles and application systematically discrepant, resulting in equality hypocrisy? The present study, conducted with a representative national sample of adults in the United Kingdom ( N = 2,895), provides the first societal test of whether people apply their value of "equality for all" similarly across multiple types of status minority (women, disabled people, people aged over 70, Blacks, Muslims, and gay people). Drawing on theories of intergroup relations and stereotyping we examined, relation to each of these groups, respondents' judgments of how important it is to satisfy their particular wishes, whether there should be greater or reduced equality of employment opportunities, and feelings of social distance. The data revealed a clear gap between general equality values and responses to these specific measures. Respondents prioritized equality more for "paternalized" groups (targets of benevolent prejudice: women, disabled, over 70) than others (Black people, Muslims, and homosexual people), demonstrating significant inconsistency. Respondents who valued equality more, or who expressed higher internal or external motivation to control prejudice, showed greater consistency in applying equality. However, even respondents who valued equality highly showed significant divergence in their responses to paternalized versus nonpaternalized groups, revealing a degree of hypocrisy. Implications for strategies to promote equality and challenge prejudice are discussed.

Equality Hypocrisy, Inconsistency, and Prejudice: The Unequal Application of the Universal Human Right to Equality

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

In Western culture, there appears to be widespread endorsement of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (which stresses equality and freedom). But do people really apply their equality values equally, or are their principles and application systematically discrepant, resulting in equality hypocrisy? The present study, conducted with a representative national sample of adults in the United Kingdom (N = 2,895), provides the first societal test of whether people apply their value of “equality for all” similarly across multiple types of status minority (women, disabled people, people aged over 70, Blacks, Muslims, and gay people). Drawing on theories of intergroup relations and stereotyping we examined, relation to each of these groups, respondents’ judgments of how important it is to satisfy their particular wishes, whether there should be greater or reduced equality of employment opportunities, and feelings of social distance. The data revealed a clear gap between general equality values and responses to these specific measures. Respondents prioritized equality more for “paternalized” groups (targets of benevolent prejudice: women, disabled, over 70) than others (Black people, Muslims, and homosexual people), demonstrating significant inconsistency. Respondents who valued equality more, or who expressed higher internal or external motivation to control prejudice, showed greater consistency in applying equality. However, even respondents who valued equality highly showed significant divergence in their responses to paternalized versus nonpaternalized groups, revealing a degree of hypocrisy. Implications for strategies to promote equality and challenge prejudice are discussed. PMID:25914516

23 CFR 230.109 - Implementation of specific Equal Employment Opportunity requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Implementation of specific Equal Employment Opportunity requirements. 230.109 Section 230.109 Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION... amended at 51 FR 22800, June 23, 1986] ...

23 CFR 230.109 - Implementation of specific Equal Employment Opportunity requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Implementation of specific Equal Employment Opportunity requirements. 230.109 Section 230.109 Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION... amended at 51 FR 22800, June 23, 1986] ...

23 CFR 230.109 - Implementation of specific Equal Employment Opportunity requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Implementation of specific Equal Employment Opportunity requirements. 230.109 Section 230.109 Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION... amended at 51 FR 22800, June 23, 1986] ...

23 CFR 230.109 - Implementation of specific Equal Employment Opportunity requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Implementation of specific Equal Employment Opportunity requirements. 230.109 Section 230.109 Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION... amended at 51 FR 22800, June 23, 1986] ...

32 CFR 192.1 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Department of Defense (Continued) OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE (CONTINUED) MISCELLANEOUS EQUAL... requirement for each Military Department to submit a semi-annual housing discrimination report to the... Military Equal Opportunity Assessment Report to the ASD(FM&P). (f) Requires each Military Department to...

Halving It All: How Equally Shared Parenting Works.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Deutsch, Francine M.

Noting that details of everyday life contribute to parental equality or inequality, this qualitative study focused on how couples transformed parental roles to create truly equal families. Participating in the study were 88 couples in 4 categories, based on division of parental responsibilities: equal sharers, 60-40 couples, 75-25 couples, and…

The hippocampus, time and working memory.

PubMed

Rawlins, J N; Tsaltas, E

1983-12-01

Rats were trained on a discrete trial working memory leverpress alternation task, following hippocampal lesions (HC), cortical control lesions (CC) or sham operations (SO). Each trial consisted of a forced information response, for which a randomly selected lever was presented followed by a free choice stage, when both levers were presented. The rats were rewarded for pressing the lever which had not been presented at the information stage. When the information response was not rewarded, all rats learnt the task equally well at IRIs of up to 12.75 sec. When the information response was rewarded, the HC rats showed impaired choice accuracy. The extent of this impairment depended on the IRI, being greatest at long IRIs, and least at short ones. Varying the number of leverpresses required to complete the information response affected choice accuracy equivalently in all groups: all rats chose significantly less accurately when only one leverpress was required than when ten leverpresses were required. There was no interaction between the lesion treatments and the information response requirements. It was concluded that both the length of the IRI and the occurrence of events during the IRI determine the extent of the hippocampal lesion-induced performance deficit in working memory tasks. It is proposed that hippocampal damage disrupts an intermediate-term, high-capacity memory buffer, but leaves both a residual short-term memory system and the long-term retention of associations unaffected. This proposal leads to the prediction that reference memory tasks should also be affected by hippocampal lesions when a delay is introduced between making a response and being rewarded for doing so.

Patterns of c-reactive protein RATIO response in severe community-acquired pneumonia: a cohort study.

PubMed

Coelho, Luís M; Salluh, Jorge I F; Soares, Márcio; Bozza, Fernando A; Verdeal, Juan Carlos R; Castro-Faria-Neto, Hugo C; Lapa e Silva, José Roberto; Bozza, Patrícia T; Póvoa, Pedro

2012-12-12

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission remains a severe medical condition, presenting ICU mortality rates reaching 30%. The aim of this study was to assess the value of different patterns of C-reactive protein (CRP)-ratio response to antibiotic therapy in patients with severe CAP requiring ICU admission as an early maker of outcome. In total, 191 patients with severe CAP were prospectively included and CRP was sampled every other day from D1 to D7 of antibiotic prescription. CRP-ratio was calculated in relation to D1 CRP concentration. Patients were classified according to an individual pattern of CRP-ratio response with the following criteria: fast response - when D5 CRP was less than or equal to 0.4 of D1 CRP concentration; slow response - when D5 CRP was > 0.4 and D7 less than or equal to 0.8 of D1 CRP concentration; nonresponse - when D7 CRP was > 0.8 of D1 CRP concentration. Comparison between ICU survivors and non-survivors was performed. CRP-ratio from D1 to D7 decreased faster in survivors than in non-survivors (p = 0.01). The ability of CRP-ratio by D5 to predict ICU outcome assessed by the area under the ROC curve was 0.73 (95% Confidence Interval, 0.64 - 0.82). By D5, a CRP concentration above 0.5 of the initial level was a marker of poor outcome (sensitivity 0.81, specificity 0.58, positive likelihood ratio 1.93, negative likelihood ratio 0.33). The time-dependent analysis of CRP-ratio of the three patterns (fast response n = 66; slow response n = 81; nonresponse n = 44) was significantly different between groups (p < 0.001). The ICU mortality rate was considerably different according to the patterns of CRP-ratio response: fast response 4.8%, slow response 17.3% and nonresponse 36.4% (p < 0.001). In severe CAP, sequential evaluation of CRP-ratio was useful in the early identification of patients with poor outcome. The evaluation of CRP-ratio pattern of response to antibiotics during the first week of therapy was useful in the recognition of the individual clinical evolution.

Mapping Students' Spoken Conceptions of Equality

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Anakin, Megan

2013-01-01

This study expands contemporary theorising about students' conceptions of equality. A nationally representative sample of New Zealand students' were asked to provide a spoken numerical response and an explanation as they solved an arithmetic additive missing number problem. Students' responses were conceptualised as acts of communication and…

Phylogeny of lymphocyte heterogeneity: the cellular requirements for the mixed leucocyte reaction with channel catfish.

PubMed Central

Miller, N W; Deuter, A; Clem, L W

1986-01-01

Vigorous mixed leucocyte reactions (MLR) were obtained using channel catfish peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL) when equal numbers of responder and stimulator cells (5 X 10(5) cells each) were cocultured. The use of 2000 rads of X-irradiation was sufficient to block subsequent proliferative responses of the stimulator cells. The cellular requirements for channel catfish MLR responses were assessed by using three functionally distinct leucocyte subpopulations isolated from the PBL. B cells (sIg+ lymphocytes) and T cells (sIg- lymphocytes) were isolated by an indirect panning procedure employing a monoclonal antibody specific for channel catfish Ig. A third population, monocytes, was isolated or depleted by adherence to baby hamster kidney cell microexudate-coated surfaces or adherence to Sephadex G-10, respectively. The results indicated that only the T cells were able to respond in the fish MLR, with monocytes being required as accessory cells. In contrast, all three cell types could function as stimulator cells. In addition, it was observed that low in vitro culture temperatures inhibited the generation of channel catfish MLRs, thereby supporting the contention that low temperature immunosuppression in fish results from a preferential inhibition of the generation of primary T-cell responses. PMID:2944817

Two-tone suppression in the cricket, Eunemobius carolinus (Gryllidae, Nemobiinae)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Farris, Hamilton E.; Hoy, Ronald R.

2002-03-01

Sounds with frequencies >15 kHz elicit an acoustic startle response (ASR) in flying crickets (Eunemobius carolinus). Although frequencies <15 kHz do not elicit the ASR when presented alone, when presented with ultrasound (40 kHz), low-frequency stimuli suppress the ultrasound-induced startle. Thus, using methods similar to those in masking experiments, we used two-tone suppression to assay sensitivity to frequencies in the audio band. Startle suppression was tuned to frequencies near 5 kHz, the frequency range of male calling songs. Similar to equal loudness contours measured in humans, however, equal suppression contours were not parallel, as the equivalent rectangular bandwidth of suppression tuning changed with increases in ultrasound intensity. Temporal integration of suppressor stimuli was measured using nonsimultaneous presentations of 5-ms pulses of 6 and 40 kHz. We found that no suppression occurs when the suppressing tone is >2 ms after and >5 ms before the ultrasound stimulus, suggesting that stimulus overlap is a requirement for suppression. When considered together with our finding that the intensity of low-frequency stimuli required for suppression is greater than that produced by singing males, the overlap requirement suggests that two-tone suppression functions to limit the ASR to sounds containing only ultrasound and not to broadband sounds that span the audio and ultrasound range.

Technical Note: On GAFChromic EBT-XD film and the lateral response artifact.

PubMed

Lewis, David F; Chan, Maria F

2016-02-01

The new radiochromic film, GAFChromic EBT-XD, contains the same active material, lithium-10,12-pentacosadiynoate, as GAFChromic EBT3, but the crystalline form is different. This work investigates the effect of this change on the well-known lateral response artifact when EBT-XD film is digitized on a flatbed scanner. The dose response of a single production lot of EBT-XD was characterized by scanning an unexposed film plus a set of films exposed to doses between 2.5 and 50 Gy using 6 MV photons. To characterize the lateral response artifact, the authors used the unexposed film plus a subset of samples exposed to doses between 20 and 50 Gy. Digital images of these films were acquired at seven discrete lateral locations perpendicular to the scan direction on three Epson 10000XL scanners. Using measurements at the discrete lateral positions, the scanner responses were determined as a function of the lateral position of the film. From the data for each scanner, a set of coefficients were derived whereby measured response values could be corrected to remove the effects of the lateral response artifact. The EBT-XD data were analyzed as in their previous work and compared to results reported for EBT3 in that paper. For films scanned in the same orientation and having equal responses, the authors found that the lateral response artifact for EBT-XD and EBT3 films was remarkably similar. For both films, the artifact increases with increased net response. However, as EBT-XD is less sensitive than EBT3, a greater exposure dose is required to reach the same net response. On this basis, the lower sensitivity of EBT-XD relative to EBT3 results in less net response change for equal exposure and a reduction in the impact of the lateral response artifact. The shape of the crystalline active component in EBT-XD and EBT3 does not affect the fundamental existence of the lateral response artifact when the films are digitized on flatbed scanners. Owing its lower sensitivity, EBT-XD film requires higher dose to reach the same response as EBT3, resulting in lesser impact of the lateral response artifact. For doses >10 Gy, the slopes of the EBT-XD red and green channel dose response curves are greater than the corresponding ones for EBT3. For these two reasons, the authors prefer EBT-XD for doses exceeding about 10 Gy.

Technical Note: On GAFChromic EBT-XD film and the lateral response artifact

PubMed Central

Lewis, David F.

2016-01-01

Purpose: The new radiochromic film, GAFChromic EBT-XD, contains the same active material, lithium-10,12-pentacosadiynoate, as GAFChromic EBT3, but the crystalline form is different. This work investigates the effect of this change on the well-known lateral response artifact when EBT-XD film is digitized on a flatbed scanner. Methods: The dose response of a single production lot of EBT-XD was characterized by scanning an unexposed film plus a set of films exposed to doses between 2.5 and 50 Gy using 6 MV photons. To characterize the lateral response artifact, the authors used the unexposed film plus a subset of samples exposed to doses between 20 and 50 Gy. Digital images of these films were acquired at seven discrete lateral locations perpendicular to the scan direction on three Epson 10000XL scanners. Using measurements at the discrete lateral positions, the scanner responses were determined as a function of the lateral position of the film. From the data for each scanner, a set of coefficients were derived whereby measured response values could be corrected to remove the effects of the lateral response artifact. The EBT-XD data were analyzed as in their previous work and compared to results reported for EBT3 in that paper. Results: For films scanned in the same orientation and having equal responses, the authors found that the lateral response artifact for EBT-XD and EBT3 films was remarkably similar. For both films, the artifact increases with increased net response. However, as EBT-XD is less sensitive than EBT3, a greater exposure dose is required to reach the same net response. On this basis, the lower sensitivity of EBT-XD relative to EBT3 results in less net response change for equal exposure and a reduction in the impact of the lateral response artifact. Conclusions: The shape of the crystalline active component in EBT-XD and EBT3 does not affect the fundamental existence of the lateral response artifact when the films are digitized on flatbed scanners. Owing its lower sensitivity, EBT-XD film requires higher dose to reach the same response as EBT3, resulting in lesser impact of the lateral response artifact. For doses >10 Gy, the slopes of the EBT-XD red and green channel dose response curves are greater than the corresponding ones for EBT3. For these two reasons, the authors prefer EBT-XD for doses exceeding about 10 Gy. PMID:26843228

Tuberculosis vaccine development: strength lies in tenacity.

PubMed

Kaufmann, Stefan H E

2012-07-01

The past decade has witnessed a tremendous increase in the development of novel vaccines against tuberculosis (TB). In mice, each of these vaccine candidates stimulates an immune response that reduces the bacillary load, reflecting control but not sterilization of infection. Yet, the immune mechanisms underlying vaccine efficacy are only partially understood. In parallel to clinical assessment of current candidates, the next generation of vaccine candidates still needs to be developed. This requires basic research on how to induce the most efficacious immune response. Equally important is the dissection of immune responses in patients, latently infected healthy individuals, and participants of clinical vaccine trials. Amalgamation of this information will foster the way towards more efficacious vaccination strategies that not only prevent disease, but prevent or abolish infection. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

How to predict community responses to perturbations in the face of imperfect knowledge and network complexity

USGS Publications Warehouse

Aufderheide, Helge; Rudolf, Lars; Gross, Thilo; Lafferty, Kevin D.

2013-01-01

Recent attempts to predict the response of large food webs to perturbations have revealed that in larger systems increasingly precise information on the elements of the system is required. Thus, the effort needed for good predictions grows quickly with the system's complexity. Here, we show that not all elements need to be measured equally well, suggesting that a more efficient allocation of effort is possible. We develop an iterative technique for determining an efficient measurement strategy. In model food webs, we find that it is most important to precisely measure the mortality and predation rates of long-lived, generalist, top predators. Prioritizing the study of such species will make it easier to understand the response of complex food webs to perturbations.

Simulation using computer-piloted point excitations of vibrations induced on a structure by an acoustic environment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Monteil, P.

1981-11-01

Computation of the overall levels and spectral densities of the responses measured on a launcher skin, the fairing for instance, merged into a random acoustic environment during take off, was studied. The analysis of transmission of these vibrations to the payload required the simulation of these responses by a shaker control system, using a small number of distributed shakers. Results show that this closed loop computerized digital system allows the acquisition of auto and cross spectral densities equal to those of the responses previously computed. However, wider application is sought, e.g., road and runway profiles. The problems of multiple input-output system identification, multiple true random signal generation, and real time programming are evoked. The system should allow for the control of four shakers.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lewis, David F., E-mail: rcfilmconsulting@gmail.com; Chan, Maria F.

Purpose: The new radiochromic film, GAFChromic EBT-XD, contains the same active material, lithium-10,12-pentacosadiynoate, as GAFChromic EBT3, but the crystalline form is different. This work investigates the effect of this change on the well-known lateral response artifact when EBT-XD film is digitized on a flatbed scanner. Methods: The dose response of a single production lot of EBT-XD was characterized by scanning an unexposed film plus a set of films exposed to doses between 2.5 and 50 Gy using 6 MV photons. To characterize the lateral response artifact, the authors used the unexposed film plus a subset of samples exposed to dosesmore » between 20 and 50 Gy. Digital images of these films were acquired at seven discrete lateral locations perpendicular to the scan direction on three Epson 10000XL scanners. Using measurements at the discrete lateral positions, the scanner responses were determined as a function of the lateral position of the film. From the data for each scanner, a set of coefficients were derived whereby measured response values could be corrected to remove the effects of the lateral response artifact. The EBT-XD data were analyzed as in their previous work and compared to results reported for EBT3 in that paper. Results: For films scanned in the same orientation and having equal responses, the authors found that the lateral response artifact for EBT-XD and EBT3 films was remarkably similar. For both films, the artifact increases with increased net response. However, as EBT-XD is less sensitive than EBT3, a greater exposure dose is required to reach the same net response. On this basis, the lower sensitivity of EBT-XD relative to EBT3 results in less net response change for equal exposure and a reduction in the impact of the lateral response artifact. Conclusions: The shape of the crystalline active component in EBT-XD and EBT3 does not affect the fundamental existence of the lateral response artifact when the films are digitized on flatbed scanners. Owing its lower sensitivity, EBT-XD film requires higher dose to reach the same response as EBT3, resulting in lesser impact of the lateral response artifact. For doses >10 Gy, the slopes of the EBT-XD red and green channel dose response curves are greater than the corresponding ones for EBT3. For these two reasons, the authors prefer EBT-XD for doses exceeding about 10 Gy.« less

Implementation of Speed Variation in the Structural Dynamic Assessment of Turbomachinery Flow-Path Components

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brown, Andrew M.; Davis, R. Benjamin; DeHaye, Michael

2013-01-01

During the design of turbomachinery flow path components, the assessment of possible structural resonant conditions is critical. Higher frequency modes of these structures are frequently found to be subject to resonance, and in these cases, design criteria require a forced response analysis of the structure with the assumption that the excitation speed exactly equals the resonant frequency. The design becomes problematic if the response analysis shows a violation of the HCF criteria. One possible solution is to perform "finite-life" analysis, where Miner's rule is used to calculate the actual life in seconds in comparison to the required life. In this situation, it is beneficial to incorporate the fact that, for a variety of turbomachinery control reasons, the speed of the rotor does not actually dwell at a single value but instead dithers about a nominal mean speed and during the time that the excitation frequency is not equal to the resonant frequency, the damage accumulated by the structure is diminished significantly. Building on previous investigations into this process, we show that a steady-state assumption of the response is extremely accurate for this typical case, resulting in the ability to quickly account for speed variation in the finite-life analysis of a component which has previously had its peak dynamic stress at resonance calculated. A technique using Monte Carlo simulation is also presented which can be used when specific speed time histories are not available. The implementation of these techniques can prove critical for successful turbopump design, as the improvement in life when speed variation is considered is shown to be greater than a factor of two

48 CFR 811.104-72 - Limited application of brand name or equal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... brand name or equal. 811.104-72 Section 811.104-72 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF... Requirements Documents 811.104-72 Limited application of brand name or equal. If the contracting officer determines that the clause at 852.211-73, Brand name or equal, applies to only certain line items of a...

12 CFR 528.5 - Equal Housing Lender Poster.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Equal Housing Lender Poster. 528.5 Section 528... REQUIREMENTS § 528.5 Equal Housing Lender Poster. (a) Each savings association shall post and maintain one or more Equal Housing Lender Posters, the text of which is prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, in...

12 CFR 128.5 - Equal Housing Lender Poster.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Equal Housing Lender Poster. 128.5 Section 128... REQUIREMENTS § 128.5 Equal Housing Lender Poster. (a) Each savings association shall post and maintain one or more Equal Housing Lender Posters, the text of which is prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, in...

12 CFR 528.5 - Equal Housing Lender Poster.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2013-01-01 2012-01-01 true Equal Housing Lender Poster. 528.5 Section 528.5... REQUIREMENTS § 528.5 Equal Housing Lender Poster. (a) Each savings association shall post and maintain one or more Equal Housing Lender Posters, the text of which is prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, in...

12 CFR 528.5 - Equal Housing Lender Poster.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2014-01-01 2012-01-01 true Equal Housing Lender Poster. 528.5 Section 528.5... REQUIREMENTS § 528.5 Equal Housing Lender Poster. (a) Each savings association shall post and maintain one or more Equal Housing Lender Posters, the text of which is prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, in...

12 CFR 128.5 - Equal Housing Lender Poster.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Equal Housing Lender Poster. 128.5 Section 128... REQUIREMENTS § 128.5 Equal Housing Lender Poster. (a) Each savings association shall post and maintain one or more Equal Housing Lender Posters, the text of which is prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, in...

12 CFR 528.5 - Equal Housing Lender Poster.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Equal Housing Lender Poster. 528.5 Section 528... REQUIREMENTS § 528.5 Equal Housing Lender Poster. (a) Each savings association shall post and maintain one or more Equal Housing Lender Posters, the text of which is prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, in...

12 CFR 128.5 - Equal Housing Lender Poster.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Equal Housing Lender Poster. 128.5 Section 128... REQUIREMENTS § 128.5 Equal Housing Lender Poster. (a) Each savings association shall post and maintain one or more Equal Housing Lender Posters, the text of which is prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, in...

12 CFR 528.5 - Equal Housing Lender Poster.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Equal Housing Lender Poster. 528.5 Section 528... REQUIREMENTS § 528.5 Equal Housing Lender Poster. (a) Each savings association shall post and maintain one or more Equal Housing Lender Posters, the text of which is prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, in...

Sex, Money and the Equal Pay Act

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Feldman, Edwin B.

1973-01-01

Institutions who justify a wage differential between male and female custodians on the basis that women typically do the lighter work, and men the heavier, can find themselves in trouble. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 requires that men and women get the same pay for equal work -- and all custodial work is substantially equal to the Labor Department.…

Understanding Resource: Maldistribution and Acting on Inequality of Resources

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ochoa, Alberto M.; Pearl, Art

2010-01-01

The United States is both morally and legally obligated to equally educate all of its students. It means that the US has to provide all students with equal access and equal resources. Historically and currently this goal has not been met. To truly provide all students with equal resources would require reformative action at many levels. Leveling…

Federal Radiological Monitoring and Assessment Center Health and Safety Manual

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

FRMAC Health and Safety Working Group

2012-03-20

This manual is a tool to provide information to all responders and emergency planners and is suggested as a starting point for all organizations that provide personnel/assets for radiological emergency response. It defines the safety requirements for the protection of all emergency responders. The intent is to comply with appropriate regulations or provide an equal level of protection when the situation makes it necessary to deviate. In the event a situation arises which is not addressed in the manual, an appropriate management-level expert will define alternate requirements based on the specifics of the emergency situation. This manual is not intendedmore » to pertain to the general public.« less

34 CFR 682.214 - Compliance with equal credit opportunity requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 34 Education 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Compliance with equal credit opportunity requirements. 682.214 Section 682.214 Education Regulations of the Offices of the Department of Education (Continued) OFFICE OF POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION FEDERAL FAMILY EDUCATION LOAN (FFEL) PROGRAM...

Human Response to Simulated Low-Intensity Sonic Booms

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sullivan, Brenda M.

2004-01-01

NASA's High Speed Research (HSR ) program in the 1990s was intended to develop a technology base for a future High-Speed Civil Transport (HSCT). As part of this program, the NASA Langley Research Center sonic boom simulator (SBS) was built and used for a series of tests on subjective response to sonic booms. At the end of the HSR program, an HSCT was deemed impractical, but since then interest in supersonic flight has reawakened, this time focusing on a smaller aircraft suitable for a business jet. To respond to this interest, the Langley sonic boom simulator has been refurbished. The upgraded computer-controlled playback system is based on an SGI O2 computer, in place of the previous DEC MicroVAX. As the frequency response of the booth is not flat, an equalization filter is required. Because of the changes made during the renovation (new loudspeakers), the previous equalization filter no longer performed as well as before, so a new equalization filter has been designed. Booms to be presented in the booth are preprocessed using the filter. When the preprocessed signals are presented into the booth and measured with a microphone, the results are very similar to the intended shapes. Signals with short rise times and sharp "corners" are observed to have a small amount of "ringing" in the response. During the HSR program a considerable number of subjective tests were completed in the SBS. A summary of that research is given in Leatherwood et al. (Individual reports are available at http://techreports.larc.nasa.gov/ltrs/ltrs.html.) Topics of study included shaped sonic booms, asymmetrical booms, realistic (recorded) boom waveforms, indoor and outdoor booms shapes, among other factors. One conclusion of that research was that a loudness metric, like the Stevens Perceived Level (PL), predicted human reaction much more accurately than overpressure or unweighted sound pressure level. Structural vibration and rattle were not included in these studies.

Cardiopulmonary Responses to Supine Cycling during Short-Arm Centrifugation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vener, J. M.; Simonson, S. R.; Stocks, J.; Evettes, S.; Bailey, K.; Biagini, H.; Jackson, C. G. R.; Greenleaf, J. E.; Dalton, Bonnie P. (Technical Monitor)

2001-01-01

The purpose of this study was to investigate cardiopulmonary responses to supine cycling with concomitant +G(sub z) acceleration using the NASA/Ames Human Powered Short-Arm Centrifuge (HPC). Subjects were eight consenting males (32+/-5 yrs, 178+/-5 cm, 86.1+/- 6.2 kg). All subjects completed two maximal exercise tests on the HPC (with and without acceleration) within a three-day period. A two tailed t-test with statistical significance set at p less than or equal to 0.05 was used to compare treatments. Peak acceleration was 3.4+/-0.1 G(sub z), (head to foot acceleration). Peak oxygen uptake (VO2(sub peak) was not different between treatment groups (3.1+/-0.1 Lmin(exp -1) vs. 3.2+/-0.1 Lmin(exp -1) for stationary and acceleration trials, respectively). Peak HR and pulmonary minute ventilation (V(sub E(sub BTPS))) were significantly elevated (p less than or equal to 0.05) for the acceleration trial (182+/-3 BPM (Beats per Minute); 132.0+/-9.0 Lmin(exp -1)) when compared to the stationary trial (175+/-3 BPM; 115.5+/-8.5 Lmin(exp -1)). Ventilatory threshold expressed as a percent of VO2(sub peak) was not different for acceleration and stationary trials (72+/-2% vs. 68+/-2% respectively). Results suggest that 3.4 G(sub z) acceleration does not alter VO2(sub peak) response to supine cycling. However, peak HR and V(sub E(sub BTPS)) response may be increased while ventilatory threshold response expressed as a function of percent VO2(sub peak) is relatively unaffected. Thus, traditional exercise prescription based on VO2 response would be appropriate for this mode of exercise. Prescriptions based on HR response may require modification.

Calculation of spin-densities within the context of density functional theory. The crucial role of the correlation functional

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Filatov, Michael; Cremer, Dieter

2005-09-01

It is demonstrated that the LYP correlation functional is not suited to be used for the calculation of electron spin resonance hyperfine structure (HFS) constants, nuclear magnetic resonance spin-spin coupling constants, magnetic, shieldings and other properties that require a balanced account of opposite- and equal-spin correlation, especially in the core region. In the case of the HFS constants of alkali atoms, LYP exaggerates opposite-spin correlation effects thus invoking too strong in-out correlation effects, an exaggerated spin-polarization pattern in the core shells of the atoms, and, consequently, too large HFS constants. Any correlation functional that provides a balanced account of opposite- and equal-spin correlation leads to improved HFS constants, which is proven by comparing results obtained with the LYP and the PW91 correlation functional. It is suggested that specific response properties are calculated with the PW91 rather than the LYP correlation functional.

Psychotherapy Versus Pharmacotherapy of Depression: What's the Evidence?

PubMed

Leichsenring, Falk; Steinert, Christiane; Hoyer, Jürgen

Depression may be treated by psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy or their combination. There is an ongoing debate whether one of these approaches is possibly superior. A recent meta-analysis reported results in favour of pharmacotherapy. Individual studies and meta-analyses on the comparative efficacy of psychotherapy vs. pharmacotherapy were reviewed. Evidence suggests that psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy are equally efficacious in the short-term, but psychotherapy is superior in the long-term. For the recently stated hypothesis that pharmacotherapy is superior to psychotherapy in studies without a pill placebo condition, which implies equally including a positive expectancy effect for both pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy no evidence was found. Depression may be treated by psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy with equivalent results in the short-term and advantages for psychotherapy in the long-term. As the rates of response and remission are still limited in both treatments, further improvement of treatments is required.

29 CFR 1620.16 - Jobs requiring equal effort in performance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 1620.16 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION THE... factors which cause mental fatigue and stress, as well as those which alleviate fatigue, are to be... portion of her time to performing fill-in work requiring greater dexterity—such as rearranging displays of...

29 CFR 1620.16 - Jobs requiring equal effort in performance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 1620.16 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION THE... factors which cause mental fatigue and stress, as well as those which alleviate fatigue, are to be... portion of her time to performing fill-in work requiring greater dexterity—such as rearranging displays of...

29 CFR 1620.16 - Jobs requiring equal effort in performance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 1620.16 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION THE... factors which cause mental fatigue and stress, as well as those which alleviate fatigue, are to be... portion of her time to performing fill-in work requiring greater dexterity—such as rearranging displays of...

29 CFR 1620.16 - Jobs requiring equal effort in performance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 1620.16 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION THE... factors which cause mental fatigue and stress, as well as those which alleviate fatigue, are to be... portion of her time to performing fill-in work requiring greater dexterity—such as rearranging displays of...

29 CFR 1620.16 - Jobs requiring equal effort in performance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 1620.16 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION THE... factors which cause mental fatigue and stress, as well as those which alleviate fatigue, are to be... portion of her time to performing fill-in work requiring greater dexterity—such as rearranging displays of...

Cultural Consensus Theory: Aggregating Continuous Responses in a Finite Interval

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Batchelder, William H.; Strashny, Alex; Romney, A. Kimball

Cultural consensus theory (CCT) consists of cognitive models for aggregating responses of "informants" to test items about some domain of their shared cultural knowledge. This paper develops a CCT model for items requiring bounded numerical responses, e.g. probability estimates, confidence judgments, or similarity judgments. The model assumes that each item generates a latent random representation in each informant, with mean equal to the consensus answer and variance depending jointly on the informant and the location of the consensus answer. The manifest responses may reflect biases of the informants. Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods were used to estimate the model, and simulation studies validated the approach. The model was applied to an existing cross-cultural dataset involving native Japanese and English speakers judging the similarity of emotion terms. The results sharpened earlier studies that showed that both cultures appear to have very similar cognitive representations of emotion terms.

Some Equalities Are More Equal Than Others: Quality Equality Emerges Later Than Numerical Equality.

PubMed

Sheskin, Mark; Nadal, Amber; Croom, Adam; Mayer, Tanya; Nissel, Jenny; Bloom, Paul

2016-09-01

By age 6, children typically share an equal number of resources between themselves and others. However, fairness involves not merely that each person receive an equal number of resources ("numerical equality") but also that each person receive equal quality resources ("quality equality"). In Study 1, children (N = 87, 3-10 years) typically split four resources "two each" by age 6, but typically monopolized the better two resources until age 10. In Study 2, a new group of 6- to 8-year-olds (N = 32) allocated resources to third parties according to quality equality, indicating that children in this age group understand that fairness requires both types of equality. © 2016 The Authors. Child Development © 2016 Society for Research in Child Development, Inc.

Viscoelastic effects on the actuation performance of a dielectric elastomer actuator under different equal, un-equal biaxial pre-stretches

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Quang Tran, Danh; Li, Jin; Xuan, Fuzhen; Xiao, Ting

2018-06-01

Dielectric elastomers (DEs) are belonged to a group of polymers which cause a time-dependence deformation due to the effect of viscoelastic. In recent years, viscoelasticity has been accounted in the modeling in order to understand the complete electromechanical behavior of dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs). In this paper, we investigate the actuation performance of a circular DEA under different equal, un-equal biaxial pre-stretches, based on a nonlinear rheological model. The theoretical results are validated by experiments, which verify the electromechanical constitutive equation of the DEs. The viscoelastic mechanical characteristic is analyzed by modeling simulation analysis and experimental to describe the influence of frequency, voltage, pre-stretch, and waveform on the actuation response of the actuator. Our study indicates that: The DEA with different equal or un-equal biaxial pre-stretches undergoes different actuation performance when subject to high voltage. Under an un-equal biaxial pre-stretch, the DEA deforms unequally and shows different deformation abilities in two directions. The relative creep strain behavior of the DEA due to the effect of viscoelasticity can be reduced by increasing pre-stretch ratio. Higher equal biaxial pre-stretch obtains larger deformation strain, improves actuation response time, and reduces the drifting of the equilibrium position in the dynamic response of the DEA when activated by step and period voltage, while increasing the frequency will inhibit the output stretch amplitude. The results in this paper can provide theoretical guidance and application reference for design and control of the viscoelastic DEAs.

Aren't We There Yet? Why Re-Invigorating the Equality Agenda Is an Institutional Priority

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ruebain, David

2012-01-01

Perhaps more than any other country in Europe, the UK has well-established equality law and practice, originating with the Race Relations Act of 1965, but based on a longer history of struggle for equality. In 2011 public bodies, including higher education institutions (HEIs), were required to respond to the implementation of the Equality Act…

Hybrid acousto-optic and digital equalization for microwave digital radio channels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anderson, C. S.; Vanderlugt, A.

1990-11-01

Digital radio transmission systems use complex modulation schemes that require powerful signal-processing techniques to correct channel distortions and to minimize BERs. This paper proposes combining the computation power of acoustooptic processing and the accuracy of digital processing to produce a hybrid channel equalizer that exceeds the performance of digital equalization alone. Analysis shows that a hybrid equalizer for 256-level quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) performs better than a digital equalizer for 64-level QAM.

23 CFR Appendix B to Subpart A of... - Training Special Provisions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... PROGRAMS Equal Employment Opportunity on Federal and Federal-Aid Construction Contracts (Including... “Specific Equal Employment Opportunity Responsibilities,” (Attachment 1), and is in implementation of 23 U.S.C. 140(a). As part of the contractor's equal employment opportunity affirmative action program...

23 CFR Appendix B to Subpart A of... - Training Special Provisions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... PROGRAMS Equal Employment Opportunity on Federal and Federal-Aid Construction Contracts (Including... “Specific Equal Employment Opportunity Responsibilities,” (Attachment 1), and is in implementation of 23 U.S.C. 140(a). As part of the contractor's equal employment opportunity affirmative action program...

Comprehension and Use of Nutrition Facts Tables among Adolescents and Young Adults in Canada.

PubMed

Hobin, Erin; Shen-Tu, Grace; Sacco, Jocelyn; White, Christine; Bowman, Carolyn; Sheeshka, Judy; Mcvey, Gail; O'Brien, Mary Fodor; Vanderlee, Lana; Hammond, David

2016-06-01

Limited evidence exists on the comprehension and use of Nutrition Facts tables (NFt) among adolescents and young adults. This study provides an account of how young people engage with, understand, and apply nutrition information on the current and modified versions of the NFt to compare and choose foods. Participants aged 16-24 years (n = 26) were asked to "think aloud" while viewing either the current or 1 of 5 modified NFts and completing a behavioural task. The task included a questionnaire with 9 functional items requiring participants to define, compare, interpret, and manipulate serving size and percentage daily value (%DV) information on NFts. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to further probe thought processes and difficulties experienced in completing the task. Equal serving sizes on NFts improved ability to accurately compare nutrition information between products. Most participants could define %DV and believed it can be used to compare foods, yet some confusion persisted when interpreting %DVs and manipulating serving-size information on NFts. Where serving sizes were unequal, mathematical errors were often responsible for incorrect responses. Results reinforce the need for equal serving sizes on NFts of similar products and highlight young Canadians' confusion when using nutrition information on NFts.

Adaptive learning in complex reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces employing Wirtinger's subgradients.

PubMed

Bouboulis, Pantelis; Slavakis, Konstantinos; Theodoridis, Sergios

2012-03-01

This paper presents a wide framework for non-linear online supervised learning tasks in the context of complex valued signal processing. The (complex) input data are mapped into a complex reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS), where the learning phase is taking place. Both pure complex kernels and real kernels (via the complexification trick) can be employed. Moreover, any convex, continuous and not necessarily differentiable function can be used to measure the loss between the output of the specific system and the desired response. The only requirement is the subgradient of the adopted loss function to be available in an analytic form. In order to derive analytically the subgradients, the principles of the (recently developed) Wirtinger's calculus in complex RKHS are exploited. Furthermore, both linear and widely linear (in RKHS) estimation filters are considered. To cope with the problem of increasing memory requirements, which is present in almost all online schemes in RKHS, the sparsification scheme, based on projection onto closed balls, has been adopted. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in a non-linear channel identification task, a non-linear channel equalization problem and a quadrature phase shift keying equalization scheme, using both circular and non circular synthetic signal sources.

Relative efficiency and sample size for cluster randomized trials with variable cluster sizes.

PubMed

You, Zhiying; Williams, O Dale; Aban, Inmaculada; Kabagambe, Edmond Kato; Tiwari, Hemant K; Cutter, Gary

2011-02-01

The statistical power of cluster randomized trials depends on two sample size components, the number of clusters per group and the numbers of individuals within clusters (cluster size). Variable cluster sizes are common and this variation alone may have significant impact on study power. Previous approaches have taken this into account by either adjusting total sample size using a designated design effect or adjusting the number of clusters according to an assessment of the relative efficiency of unequal versus equal cluster sizes. This article defines a relative efficiency of unequal versus equal cluster sizes using noncentrality parameters, investigates properties of this measure, and proposes an approach for adjusting the required sample size accordingly. We focus on comparing two groups with normally distributed outcomes using t-test, and use the noncentrality parameter to define the relative efficiency of unequal versus equal cluster sizes and show that statistical power depends only on this parameter for a given number of clusters. We calculate the sample size required for an unequal cluster sizes trial to have the same power as one with equal cluster sizes. Relative efficiency based on the noncentrality parameter is straightforward to calculate and easy to interpret. It connects the required mean cluster size directly to the required sample size with equal cluster sizes. Consequently, our approach first determines the sample size requirements with equal cluster sizes for a pre-specified study power and then calculates the required mean cluster size while keeping the number of clusters unchanged. Our approach allows adjustment in mean cluster size alone or simultaneous adjustment in mean cluster size and number of clusters, and is a flexible alternative to and a useful complement to existing methods. Comparison indicated that we have defined a relative efficiency that is greater than the relative efficiency in the literature under some conditions. Our measure of relative efficiency might be less than the measure in the literature under some conditions, underestimating the relative efficiency. The relative efficiency of unequal versus equal cluster sizes defined using the noncentrality parameter suggests a sample size approach that is a flexible alternative and a useful complement to existing methods.

Evaluation of ride quality measurement procedures by subjective experiments using simulators

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Klauder, L. T., Jr.; Clevenson, S. A.

1975-01-01

Since ride quality is, by definition, a matter of passenger response, there is need for a qualification procedure (QP) for establishing the degree to which any particular ride quality measurement procedure (RQMP) does correlate with passenger responses. Once established, such a QP will provide very useful guidance for optimal adjustment of the various parameters which any given RQMP contains. A QP is proposed based on use of a ride motion simulator and on test subject responses to recordings of actual vehicle motions. Test subject responses are used to determine simulator gain settings for the individual recordings such as to make all of the simulated rides equally uncomfortable to the test subjects. Simulator platform accelerations vs. time are recorded with each ride at its equal discomfort gain setting. The equal discomfort platform acceleration recordings are then digitzed.

Transmission of 51.56-Gb/s OOK signal using 1.55-μm directly modulated laser and duobinary electrical equalizer.

PubMed

Bae, S H; Kim, Hoon; Chung, Y C

2016-10-03

We demonstrate the transmission of 51.56-Gb/s on-off keying (OOK) signals generated by using a 1.55-μm directly modulated laser (DML) over 15-km long standard single-mode fiber. In this experiment, a duobinary electrical equalizer based on a finite-impulse-response filter is used at the receiver to increase the dispersion-limited transmission distance. We evaluate the performances of the 51.56-Gb/s OOK signals with respect to the transmission distance by using the frequency response analysis of the proposed system. This result is used to explain why it is effective to utilize the duobinary equalization (instead of binary equalization) for increasing the transmission distance.

24 CFR 2700.310 - Fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... equal to the annual premium for flood insurance required by § 2700.101(a)(4) (the lender shall pay the homeowner's flood insurance premium for that year to the extent it collects such an amount); and (4) An amount equal to the annual mortgage insurance premium required under § 2700.315. (b) Subsequent to the...

76 FR 57013 - Recordkeeping and Reporting Requirements Under Title VII, the ADA, and GINA

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-15

... EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION 29 CFR Part 1602 RIN 3046-AA89 Recordkeeping and Reporting Requirements Under Title VII, the ADA, and GINA AGENCY: Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. ACTION... under title VII, the ADA, and GINA. (76 FR 31892, June 2, 2011). No requests to present oral testimony...

Motivational Adequacy and Educational Faith

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Weithman, Paul

2010-01-01

Justice is often thought to require that students receive educations that are, in some important sense, equal. I lay out, and raise questions about, an argument that seems to support this conclusion. The questions I raise about the argument suggest that what justice requires is not equality, but adequacy, of education. More specifically, I contend…

24 CFR 960.103 - Equal opportunity requirements and protection for victims of domestic violence, dating violence...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... protection for victims of domestic violence, dating violence, or stalking. 960.103 Section 960.103 Housing... Equal opportunity requirements and protection for victims of domestic violence, dating violence, or... housing. (d) Protection for victims of domestic violence, dating violence, or stalking. The PHA must apply...

Optical fiber grating vibration sensor for vibration monitoring of hydraulic pump

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Zhengyi; Liu, Chuntong; Li, Hongcai; He, Zhenxin; Zhao, Xiaofeng

2017-06-01

In view of the existing electrical vibration monitoring traditional hydraulic pump vibration sensor, the high false alarm rate is susceptible to electromagnetic interference and is not easy to achieve long-term reliable monitoring, based on the design of a beam of the uniform strength structure of the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) vibration sensor. In this paper, based on the analysis of the vibration theory of the equal strength beam, the principle of FBG vibration tuning based on the equal intensity beam is derived. According to the practical application of the project, the structural dimensions of the equal strength beam are determined, and the optimization design of the vibrator is carried out. The finite element analysis of the sensor is carried out by ANSYS, and the first order resonant frequency is 94.739 Hz. The vibration test of the sensor is carried out by using the vibration frequency of 35 Hz and the vibration source of 50 Hz. The time domain and frequency domain analysis results of test data show that the sensor has good dynamic response characteristics, which can realize the accurate monitoring of the vibration frequency and meet the special requirements of vibration monitoring of hydraulic pump under specific environment.

Effects of Space Missions on the Human Immune System: A Meta-Analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Greenleaf, J. E.; Barger, L. K.; Baldini, F.; Huff, D.

1995-01-01

Future spaceflight will require travelers to spend ever-increasing periods of time in microgravity. Optimal functioning of the immune system is of paramount importance for the health and performance of these travelers. A meta-analysis statistical procedure was used to analyze immune system data from crew members in United States and Soviet space missions from 8.5 to 140 days duration between 1968 and 1985. Ten immunological parameters (immunoglobulins A, G, M, D, white blood cell (WBC) count, number of lymphocytes, percent total lymphocytes, percent B lymphocytes, percent T lymphocytes, and lymphocyte reactivity to mitogen) were investigated using multifactorial, repeated measure analysis of variance. With the preflight level set at 100, WBC count increased to 154 +/- 14% (mean +/- SE; p less than or equal to 0.05) immediately after flight; there was a decrease in lymphocyte count (83 +/- 4%; p less than or equal to 0.05) and percent of total lymphocytes (69 +/- 1%; p less than or equal to 0.05) immediately after flight, with reduction in RNA synthesis to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) to 51 +/- 21% (p less than or equal to 0.05) and DNA synthesis to PHA to 61 +/- 8% (p less than or equal to 0.05) at the first postflight measurement. Thus, some cellular immunological functions are decreased significantly following spaceflight. More data are needed on astronauts' age, aerobic power output, and parameters of their exercise training program to determine if these immune system responses are due solely to microgravity exposure or perhaps to some other aspect of spaceflight.

Quantum simulation of dissipative processes without reservoir engineering

DOE PAGES

Di Candia, R.; Pedernales, J. S.; del Campo, A.; ...

2015-05-29

We present a quantum algorithm to simulate general finite dimensional Lindblad master equations without the requirement of engineering the system-environment interactions. The proposed method is able to simulate both Markovian and non-Markovian quantum dynamics. It consists in the quantum computation of the dissipative corrections to the unitary evolution of the system of interest, via the reconstruction of the response functions associated with the Lindblad operators. Our approach is equally applicable to dynamics generated by effectively non-Hermitian Hamiltonians. We confirm the quality of our method providing specific error bounds that quantify its accuracy.

Method and apparatus for measuring web material wound on a reel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Muller, R. M. (Inventor)

1977-01-01

The method and apparatus for measuring the number of layers of a web material of known thickness wound on a storage or take-up reel is presented. The method and apparatus are based on the principle that, at a relatively large radius, the loci of layers of a thin web wound on the reel approximate a family of concentric circles having radii respectively successively increasing by a length equal to the web thickness. Tachometer pulses are generated in response to linear movement of the web and reset pulses are generated in response to rotation of the reel. A digital circuit, responsive to the tachometer and reset pulses, generates data indicative of the layer number of any layer of the web and of position of the web within the layer without requiring numerical interpolation.

Alternative Reinforcer Response Cost Impacts Cocaine Choice in Humans

PubMed Central

Stoops, William W.; Lile, Joshua A.; Glaser, Paul E.A.; Hays, Lon R.; Rush, Craig R.

2011-01-01

Cocaine use disorders are an unrelenting public health concern. Behavioral treatments reduce cocaine use by providing non-drug alternative reinforcers. The purpose of this human laboratory experiment was to determine how response cost for non-drug alternative reinforcers influenced cocaine choice. Seven cocaine-using, non-treatment-seeking subjects completed a crossover, double-blind protocol in which they first sampled doses of intranasal cocaine (5, 10, 20 or 30 mg) and completed a battery of subject-rated and physiological measures. Subjects then made eight discrete choices between the sampled dose and an alternative reinforce (US$0.25). The response cost to earn a cocaine dose was always a fixed ratio (FR) of 100 responses. The response cost for the alternative reinforcer varied across sessions (FR1, FR10, FR100, FR1000). Dose-related increases were observed for cocaine choice. Subjects made fewer drug choices when the FR requirements for the alternative reinforcers were lower than that for drug relative to when the FR requirements were equal to or higher than that for drug. Intranasal cocaine also produced prototypical stimulant-like subject-rated and physiological effects (e.g., increased ratings of Like Drug; elevated blood pressure). These data demonstrate that making alternative reinforcers easier to earn reduces cocaine self-administration, which has implications for treatment efforts. PMID:22015480

Three predictions of the economic concept of unit price in a choice context.

PubMed

Madden, G J; Bickel, W K; Jacobs, E A

2000-01-01

Economic theory makes three predictions about consumption and response output in a choice situation: (a) When plotted on logarithmic coordinates, total consumption (i.e., summed across concurrent sources of reinforcement) should be a positively decelerating function, and total response output should be a bitonic function of unit price increases; (b) total consumption and response output should be determined by the value of the unit price ratio, independent of its cost and benefit components; and (c) when a reinforcer is available at the same unit price across all sources of reinforcement, consumption should be equal between these sources. These predictions were assessed in human cigarette smokers who earned cigarette puffs in a two-choice situation at a range of unit prices. In some sessions, smokers chose between different amounts of puffs, both available at identical unit prices. Individual subjects' data supported the first two predictions but failed to support the third. Instead, at low unit prices, the relatively larger reinforcer (and larger response requirement) was preferred, whereas at high unit prices, the smaller reinforcer (and smaller response requirement) was preferred. An expansion of unit price is proposed in which handling costs and the discounted value of reinforcers available according to ratio schedules are incorporated.

Physics 30: Grade 12 Diploma Examination, June 1997.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alberta Dept. of Education, Edmonton. Student Evaluation Branch.

This document is a Physics 30 Grade 12 Diploma Examination from Alberta Education. It is a 2.5 hour closed-book examination consisting of 37 multiple-choice and 12 numerical-response questions of equal value worth 70% of the examination and two written-response questions of equal value worth 30% of the examination. The exam contains sets of…

Nonlinear Analysis of the Space Shuttle Superlightweight LO2 Tank. Part 2; Behavior Under 3g End-of-Flight Loads

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nemeth, Michael P.; Young, Richard D.; Collins, Timothy J.; Starnes, James H.,Jr.

1998-01-01

Results of linear bifurcation and nonlinear analyses of the Space Shuttle super lightweight (SLWT) external liquid-oxygen (LO2) tank are presented for an important end-of-flight loading condition. These results illustrate an important type of response mode for thin-walled shells, that are subjected to combined mechanical and thermal loads, that may be encountered in the design of other liquid-fuel launch vehicles. Linear bifurcation analyses are presented that predict several nearly equal eigenvalues that correspond to local buckling modes in the aft dome of the LO2 tank. In contrast, the nonlinear response phenomenon is shown to consist of a short-wavelength bending deformation in the aft elliptical dome of the LO2 tank that grows in amplitude in a stable manner with increasing load. Imperfection sensitivity analyses are presented that show that the presence of several nearly equal eigenvalues does not lead to a premature general instability mode for the aft dome. For the linear bifurcation and nonlinear analyses, the results show that accurate predictions of the response of the shell generally require a large-scale, high fidelity finite-element model. Results are also presented that show that the SLWT LO2 tank can support loads in excess of approximately 1.9 times the values of the operational loads considered.

Control of adaptive optic element displacement with the help of a magnetic rheology drive

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deulin, Eugeni A.; Mikhailov, Valeri P.; Sytchev, Victor V.

2000-10-01

The control system of adaptive optic of a large astronomical segmentated telescope was designed and tested. The dynamic model and the amplitude-frequency analysis of the new magnetic rheology (MR) drive are presented. The loop controlled drive consists of hydrostatic carrier, MR hydraulic loop controlling system, elastic thin wall seal, stainless seal which are united in a single three coordinate manipulator. This combination ensures short positioning error (delta) (phi)

2011 Workplace and Equal Opportunity Survey of Reserve Component Members: Tabulations of Responses

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-03-01

Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology, 31-67. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. DMDC. (2012a). 2011 Workplace and Equal Opportunity...nor social retaliation" category. NR: Not reportable 2011 Workplace and Equal Opportunity Survey of Reserve Component Members 438 DMDC 85. What...effective 2011 Workplace and Equal Opportunity Survey of Reserve Component Members DMDC 585 SOCIAL PERCEPTIONS 94. To what extent do you feel... Mark

12 CFR 209.4 - Amounts and payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... number of shares required to be canceled and shall pay therefor a sum equal to the cash subscription paid... subscription. The total subscription of a member bank (other than a mutual savings bank) shall equal six... Reserve Bank capital stock subscription to equal six percent of the member bank's capital and surplus...

48 CFR 411.170 - Brand name or equal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Brand name or equal. 411... ACQUISITION PLANNING DESCRIBING AGENCY NEEDS Selecting and Developing Requirements Documents 411.170 Brand name or equal. (a) A “brand name or equal” purchase description shall include the following type of...

48 CFR 811.104-70 - Brand name or equal purchase descriptions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Brand name or equal... Requirements Documents 811.104-70 Brand name or equal purchase descriptions. (a) The specification writer may use purchase descriptions that contain references to one or more brand name products only in...

48 CFR 811.104 - Use of brand name or equal purchase descriptions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Use of brand name or equal purchase descriptions. 811.104 Section 811.104 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF... Requirements Documents 811.104 Use of brand name or equal purchase descriptions. ...

Variable Behavior and Repeated Learning in Two Mouse Strains: Developmental and Genetic Contributions.

PubMed

Arnold, Megan A; Newland, M Christopher

2018-06-16

Behavioral inflexibility is often assessed using reversal learning tasks, which require a relatively low degree of response variability. No studies have assessed sensitivity to reinforcement contingencies that specifically select highly variable response patterns in mice, let alone in models of neurodevelopmental disorders involving limited response variation. Operant variability and incremental repeated acquisition (IRA) were used to assess unique aspects of behavioral variability of two mouse strains: BALB/c, a model of some deficits in ASD, and C57Bl/6. On the operant variability task, BALB/c mice responded more repetitively during adolescence than C57Bl/6 mice when reinforcement did not require variability but responded more variably when reinforcement required variability. During IRA testing in adulthood, both strains acquired an unchanging, performance sequence equally well. Strain differences emerged, however, after novel learning sequences began alternating with the performance sequence: BALB/c mice substantially outperformed C57Bl/6 mice. Using litter-mate controls, it was found that adolescent experience with variability did not affect either learning or performance on the IRA task in adulthood. These findings constrain the use of BALB/c mice as a model of ASD, but once again reveal this strain is highly sensitive to reinforcement contingencies and they are fast and robust learners. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Stressed photoconductive detector for far-infrared space applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wang, J.-Q.; Richards, P. L.; Beeman, J. W.; Haller, E. E.

1987-01-01

An optimized leaf-spring apparatus for applying uniaxial stress to a Ge:Ga far-IR photoconductor has been designed and tested. This design has significant advantages for space applications which require high quantum efficiency and stable operation over long periods of time. The important features include adequate spring deflection with relatively small overall size, torque-free stress, easy measurement of applied stress, and a detector configuration with high responsivity. One-dimensional arrays of stressed photoconductors can be constructed using this design. A peak responsivity of 38 A/W is achieved in a detector with a cutoff wavelength of 200 microns, which was operated at a temperature of 2.0 K and a bias voltage equal to one-half of the breakdown voltage.

Evidence for age-related changes to temporal attention and memory from the choice time production task

PubMed Central

Gooch, Cynthia M.; Stern, Yaakov; Rakitin, Brian C.

2009-01-01

The effect of aging on interval timing was examined using a choice time production task, which required participants to choose a key response based on the location of the stimulus, but to delay responding until after a learned time interval. Experiment 1 varied attentional demands of the response choice portion of the task by varying difficulty of stimulus-response mapping. Choice difficulty affected temporal accuracy equally in both age groups, but older participants’ response latencies were more variable under more difficult response choice conditions. Experiment 2 tested the contribution of long-term memory to differences in choice time production between age groups over 3 days of testing. Direction of errors in time production between the two age groups diverged over the 3 sessions, but variability did not differ. Results from each experiment separately show age-related changes to attention and memory in temporal processing using different measures and manipulations in the same task. PMID:19132578

In conflict with ourselves? An investigation of heuristic and analytic processes in decision making.

PubMed

Bonner, Carissa; Newell, Ben R

2010-03-01

Many theorists propose two types of processing: heuristic and analytic. In conflict tasks, in which these processing types lead to opposing responses, giving the analytic response may require both detection and resolution of the conflict. The ratio bias task, in which people tend to treat larger numbered ratios (e.g., 20/100) as indicating a higher likelihood of winning than do equivalent smaller numbered ratios (e.g., 2/10), is considered to induce such a conflict. Experiment 1 showed response time differences associated with conflict detection, resolution, and the amount of conflict induced. The conflict detection and resolution effects were replicated in Experiment 2 and were not affected by decreasing the influence of the heuristic response or decreasing the capacity to make the analytic response. The results are consistent with dual-process accounts, but a single-process account in which quantitative, rather than qualitative, differences in processing are assumed fares equally well in explaining the data.

Development of a TES based Cryo-Anticoincidence for a large array of microcalorimeters

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Colasanti, L.; Macculi, C.; Piro, L.

2009-12-16

The employment of large arrays of microcalorimeters in space missions (IXO, EDGE/XENIA), requires the presence of an anticoincidence detector to remove the background due to the particles, with a rejection efficiency at least equal to Suzaku (98%). A new concept of anticoincidence is under development to match the very tight thermal requirements and to simplify the design of the electronic chain. The idea is to produce a Cryo-AntiCoincidence (Cryo-AC) based on a silicon absorber and read by a TES (Transition-Edge Sensor). This configuration would ensure very good performances in terms of efficiency, time response and signal to noise ratio. Wemore » present the results of estimations, simulations and preliminary measurement.« less

Multiple fracturing experiments: propellant and borehole considerations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cuderman, J F

1982-01-01

The technology for multiple fracturing of a wellbore, using progressively burning propellants, is being developed to enhance natural gas recovery. Multiple fracturing appears especially attractive for stimulating naturally fractured reservoirs such as Devonian shales where it is expected to effectively intersect existing fractures and connect them to a wellbore. Previous experiments and modeling efforts defined pressure risetimes required for multiple fracturing as a function of borehole diameter, but identified only a weak dependence on peak pressure attained. Typically, from four to eight equally spaced major fractures occur as a function of pressure risetime and in situ stress orientation. The presentmore » experiments address propellant and rock response considerations required to achieve the desired pressure risetimes for reliable multiple fracturing.« less

Statistical analysis of nonmonotonic dose-response relationships: research design and analysis of nasal cell proliferation in rats exposed to formaldehyde.

PubMed

Gaylor, David W; Lutz, Werner K; Conolly, Rory B

2004-01-01

Statistical analyses of nonmonotonic dose-response curves are proposed, experimental designs to detect low-dose effects of J-shaped curves are suggested, and sample sizes are provided. For quantal data such as cancer incidence rates, much larger numbers of animals are required than for continuous data such as biomarker measurements. For example, 155 animals per dose group are required to have at least an 80% chance of detecting a decrease from a 20% incidence in controls to an incidence of 10% at a low dose. For a continuous measurement, only 14 animals per group are required to have at least an 80% chance of detecting a change of the mean by one standard deviation of the control group. Experimental designs based on three dose groups plus controls are discussed to detect nonmonotonicity or to estimate the zero equivalent dose (ZED), i.e., the dose that produces a response equal to the average response in the controls. Cell proliferation data in the nasal respiratory epithelium of rats exposed to formaldehyde by inhalation are used to illustrate the statistical procedures. Statistically significant departures from a monotonic dose response were obtained for time-weighted average labeling indices with an estimated ZED at a formaldehyde dose of 5.4 ppm, with a lower 95% confidence limit of 2.7 ppm. It is concluded that demonstration of a statistically significant bi-phasic dose-response curve, together with estimation of the resulting ZED, could serve as a point-of departure in establishing a reference dose for low-dose risk assessment.

24 CFR 982.53 - Equal opportunity requirements and protection for victims of domestic violence.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Equal opportunity requirements and protection for victims of domestic violence. 982.53 Section 982.53 Housing and Urban Development Regulations Relating to Housing and Urban Development (Continued) OFFICE OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR PUBLIC AND INDIAN HOUSING, DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND...

24 CFR 960.103 - Equal opportunity requirements and protection for victims of domestic violence.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Equal opportunity requirements and protection for victims of domestic violence. 960.103 Section 960.103 Housing and Urban Development Regulations Relating to Housing and Urban Development (Continued) OFFICE OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR PUBLIC AND INDIAN HOUSING, DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING...

Problem Contexts for Thinking about Equality: An Additional Resource

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barlow, Angela T.; Harmon, Shannon E.

2012-01-01

It has been well-documented that many students do not understand the meaning of the equal sign. Thus, researchers have called for instruction that specifically addresses misconceptions about the equal sign, and have indicated that such work must start at the elementary level. In response to these recommendations, some state curriculums require…

Test of a hypothesis of realism in quantum theory using a Bayesian approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nikitin, N.; Toms, K.

2017-05-01

In this paper we propose a time-independent equality and time-dependent inequality, suitable for an experimental test of the hypothesis of realism. The derivation of these relations is based on the concept of conditional probability and on Bayes' theorem in the framework of Kolmogorov's axiomatics of probability theory. The equality obtained is intrinsically different from the well-known Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) equality and its variants, because violation of the proposed equality might be tested in experiments with only two microsystems in a maximally entangled Bell state |Ψ-> , while a test of the GHZ equality requires at least three quantum systems in a special state |ΨGHZ> . The obtained inequality differs from Bell's, Wigner's, and Leggett-Garg inequalities, because it deals with spin s =1 /2 projections onto only two nonparallel directions at two different moments of time, while a test of the Bell and Wigner inequalities requires at least three nonparallel directions, and a test of the Leggett-Garg inequalities requires at least three distinct moments of time. Hence, the proposed inequality seems to open an additional experimental possibility to avoid the "contextuality loophole." Violation of the proposed equality and inequality is illustrated with the behavior of a pair of anticorrelated spins in an external magnetic field and also with the oscillations of flavor-entangled pairs of neutral pseudoscalar mesons.

Stream periphyton responses to mesocosm treatments of equal specific conductance but different major ion contents measured with in situ fluorometry

EPA Science Inventory

A stream mesocosm experiment was designed to compare biotic responses among streams exposed to an equal excess specific conductivity target of 850 µS/cm relative to a control that was set for 200 µS/cm and three treatments comprised of different major ion contents. Each treatment...

Conflicting contraceptive norms for men: equal responsibility versus women's bodily autonomy.

PubMed

James-Hawkins, Laurie; Dalessandro, Cristen; Sennott, Christie

2018-05-15

Most research investigating how men and women in heterosexual relationships negotiate contraceptive use focuses on the women's point of view. Using a sample of 44 interviews with men attending a western US university, this study examines norms governing men's participation in contraceptive use and pregnancy prevention and their responses to those norms. The paper demonstrates how competing norms around sexual health decision-making and women's bodily autonomy contribute to unintended outcomes that undermine young people's quest for egalitarian sexual relationships. While men largely agree that responsibility for sexual health decision-making should be shared with women, they also believe that women should have power over their own bodies and sexual health. However, the coexistence of these two competing norms - which call for both equal responsibility in decision-making and women's bodily autonomy - results in a disconnect between men saying that sexual health decision-making should be equal, but not always participating equally. Thus, men largely give contraceptive decision-making power over to women, putting the burden of pregnancy prevention onto women and letting men off the hook. It is concluded that men's negotiation of these competing norms reinforces unequal power and inequality in sexual relationships.

Understanding the cluster randomised crossover design: a graphical illustraton of the components of variation and a sample size tutorial.

PubMed

Arnup, Sarah J; McKenzie, Joanne E; Hemming, Karla; Pilcher, David; Forbes, Andrew B

2017-08-15

In a cluster randomised crossover (CRXO) design, a sequence of interventions is assigned to a group, or 'cluster' of individuals. Each cluster receives each intervention in a separate period of time, forming 'cluster-periods'. Sample size calculations for CRXO trials need to account for both the cluster randomisation and crossover aspects of the design. Formulae are available for the two-period, two-intervention, cross-sectional CRXO design, however implementation of these formulae is known to be suboptimal. The aims of this tutorial are to illustrate the intuition behind the design; and provide guidance on performing sample size calculations. Graphical illustrations are used to describe the effect of the cluster randomisation and crossover aspects of the design on the correlation between individual responses in a CRXO trial. Sample size calculations for binary and continuous outcomes are illustrated using parameters estimated from the Australia and New Zealand Intensive Care Society - Adult Patient Database (ANZICS-APD) for patient mortality and length(s) of stay (LOS). The similarity between individual responses in a CRXO trial can be understood in terms of three components of variation: variation in cluster mean response; variation in the cluster-period mean response; and variation between individual responses within a cluster-period; or equivalently in terms of the correlation between individual responses in the same cluster-period (within-cluster within-period correlation, WPC), and between individual responses in the same cluster, but in different periods (within-cluster between-period correlation, BPC). The BPC lies between zero and the WPC. When the WPC and BPC are equal the precision gained by crossover aspect of the CRXO design equals the precision lost by cluster randomisation. When the BPC is zero there is no advantage in a CRXO over a parallel-group cluster randomised trial. Sample size calculations illustrate that small changes in the specification of the WPC or BPC can increase the required number of clusters. By illustrating how the parameters required for sample size calculations arise from the CRXO design and by providing guidance on both how to choose values for the parameters and perform the sample size calculations, the implementation of the sample size formulae for CRXO trials may improve.

Tax-Based Educational Equity: A New Approach to School Finance Reform.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cooper, Bruce S.; And Others

A new argument is made for school finance equalization, based not on "equal protection" or "equal educational opportunity," but on constitutional requirements for tax equity in New Hampshire. Since inequalities in school finance are a taxation problem, they call for tax reform. The analyses rest on four points: (1) that…

40 CFR Table 6 to Subpart Dddd of... - Initial Compliance Demonstrations for Work Practice Requirements

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... moisture content less than or equal to 30 percent (by weight, dry basis) AND operate with an inlet dryer... dryer” AND you have a record of the inlet moisture content and inlet dryer temperature (as required in... an inlet moisture content of less than or equal to 25 percent (by weight, dry basis) You meet the...

40 CFR Table 6 to Subpart Dddd of... - Initial Compliance Demonstrations for Work Practice Requirements

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... moisture content less than or equal to 30 percent (by weight, dry basis) AND operate with an inlet dryer... dryer” AND you have a record of the inlet moisture content and inlet dryer temperature (as required in... an inlet moisture content of less than or equal to 25 percent (by weight, dry basis) You meet the...

An Equal Chance At Success: Culturally Responsive Teaching Practices Address Students' Differing Needs

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vescio, Vicki

2016-01-01

If educators are to support the learning of students who have traditionally struggled for success in school, administrators and teachers must understand the difference between equity and equality and engage in classroom practices that support the former. In simple terms, "equality" reflects the idea that every student should get the same…

Checkerboard II: An Analysis of Tax Effort, Equalization and Extraordinary Needs Aids

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Widerquist, Karl

2001-01-01

A proposal in the New York State Assembly in 2000 considered eliminating Tax Equalization Aid to school districts in order to fund the elimination of aid caps, called Transition Adjustment. In response to that proposal, this report examines the equalizing or disequalizing effects of three types of New York state aid to school…

Adaptive frequency-domain equalization in digital coherent optical receivers.

PubMed

Faruk, Md Saifuddin; Kikuchi, Kazuro

2011-06-20

We propose a novel frequency-domain adaptive equalizer in digital coherent optical receivers, which can reduce computational complexity of the conventional time-domain adaptive equalizer based on finite-impulse-response (FIR) filters. The proposed equalizer can operate on the input sequence sampled by free-running analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) at the rate of two samples per symbol; therefore, the arbitrary initial sampling phase of ADCs can be adjusted so that the best symbol-spaced sequence is produced. The equalizer can also be configured in the butterfly structure, which enables demultiplexing of polarization tributaries apart from equalization of linear transmission impairments. The performance of the proposed equalization scheme is verified by 40-Gbits/s dual-polarization quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) transmission experiments.

Dynamic calibration of fast-response probes in low-pressure shock tubes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Persico, G.; Gaetani, P.; Guardone, A.

2005-09-01

Shock tube flows resulting from the incomplete burst of the diaphragm are investigated in connection with the dynamic calibration of fast-response pressure probes. As a result of the partial opening of the diaphragm, pressure disturbances are observed past the shock wave and the measured total pressure profile deviates from the envisaged step signal required by the calibration process. Pressure oscillations are generated as the initially normal shock wave diffracts from the diaphragm's orifice and reflects on the shock tube walls, with the lowest local frequency roughly equal to the ratio of the sound speed in the perturbed region to the shock tube diameter. The energy integral of the perturbations decreases with increasing distance from the diaphragm, as the diffracted leading shock and downwind reflections coalesce into a single normal shock. A procedure is proposed to calibrate fast-response pressure probes downwind of a partially opened shock tube diaphragm.

DISTRIBUTED AND ACCUMULATED REINFORCEMENT ARRANGEMENTS: EVALUATIONS OF EFFICACY AND PREFERENCE

PubMed Central

DELEON, ISER G.; CHASE, JULIE A.; FRANK-CRAWFORD, MICHELLE A.; CARREAU-WEBSTER, ABBEY B.; TRIGGS, MANDY M.; BULLOCK, CHRISTOPHER E.; JENNETT, HEATHER K.

2015-01-01

We assessed the efficacy of, and preference for, accumulated access to reinforcers, which allows uninterrupted engagement with the reinforcers but imposes an inherent delay required to first complete the task. Experiment 1 compared rates of task completion in 4 individuals who had been diagnosed with intellectual disabilities when reinforcement was distributed (i.e., 30-s access to the reinforcer delivered immediately after each response) and accumulated (i.e., 5-min access to the reinforcer after completion of multiple consecutive responses). Accumulated reinforcement produced response rates that equaled or exceeded rates during distributed reinforcement for 3 participants. Experiment 2 used a concurrent-chains schedule to examine preferences for each arrangement. All participants preferred delayed, accumulated access when the reinforcer was an activity. Three participants also preferred accumulated access to edible reinforcers. The collective results suggest that, despite the inherent delay, accumulated reinforcement is just as effective and is often preferred by learners over distributed reinforcement. PMID:24782203

Chemistry 30: Grade 12 Diploma Examination = Chimie 30: Examen en vue du diplome 12 annee.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alberta Dept. of Education, Edmonton. Student Evaluation Branch.

This document, in both French and English versions, is the Chemistry 30 Grade 12 Diploma Examination from Alberta Education. It is a 2.5 hour closed-book examination consisting of 44 multiple-choice and 12 numerical-response questions of equal value that are worth 70% of the examination, and 2 written-response questions of equal value worth 30% of…

Biology 30: Grade 12 Diploma Examination = Biologie 30: Examen en vue du diplome 12 annee.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alberta Dept. of Education, Edmonton. Student Evaluation Branch.

This document, in both English and French versions, is the Biology 30 Grade 12 Diploma Examination from Alberta Education. It is a 2.5 hour closed-book examination consisting of 48 multiple-choice and 8 numerical-response questions of equal value that are worth 70% of the examination, and 2 written-response questions of equal value worth 30% of…

Physics 30: Grade 12 Diploma Examination = Physique 30: Examen en vue du diplome 12 annee.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alberta Dept. of Education, Edmonton. Student Evaluation Branch.

This document, in both English and French versions, is the Physics 30 Grade 12 Diploma Examination from Alberta Education. It is a 2.5 hour closed-book examination consisting of 37 multiple-choice and 12 numerical-response questions of equal value that are worth 70% of the examination, and 2 written-response questions of equal value worth 30% of…

Equal Opportunity Handbook: A Resource on Equal Opportunities for Education and Employment in Oregon Public Schools.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Oregon State Dept. of Education, Salem.

This handbook is an information source for Oregon public school districts developing policies to ensure equal opportunities in education, employment, and the provision of educational services required by Federal and state laws, regulations, and policies. Not addressed are issues and services for the handicapped or programs for migrants, the…

29 CFR 1620.13 - “Equal Work”-What it means.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... sex in the wages paid for “equal work on jobs the performance of which requires equal skill, effort... practices indicate a pay practice of discrimination based on sex. It should also be noted that it is an... “female” unless sex is a bona fide occupational qualification for the job. (2) The EPA prohibits...

29 CFR 1620.13 - “Equal Work”-What it means.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... sex in the wages paid for “equal work on jobs the performance of which requires equal skill, effort... practices indicate a pay practice of discrimination based on sex. It should also be noted that it is an... “female” unless sex is a bona fide occupational qualification for the job. (2) The EPA prohibits...

Paradigm Shift in Data Content and Informatics Infrastructure Required for Generalized Constitutive Modeling of Materials Behavior

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Arnold, S. M.

2006-01-01

Materials property information such as composition and thermophysical/mechanical properties abound in the literature. Oftentimes, however, the corresponding response curves from which these data are determined are missing or at the very least difficult to retrieve. Further, the paradigm for collecting materials property information has historically centered on (1) properties for materials comparison/selection purposes and (2) input requirements for conventional design/analysis methods. However, just as not all materials are alike or equal, neither are all constitutive models (and thus design/ analysis methods) equal; each model typically has its own specific and often unique required materials parameters, some directly measurable and others indirectly measurable. Therefore, the type and extent of materials information routinely collected is not always sufficient to meet the current, much less future, needs of the materials modeling community. Informatics has been defined as the science concerned with gathering, manipulating, storing, retrieving, and classifying recorded information. A key aspect of informatics is its focus on understanding problems and applying information technology as needed to address those problems. The primary objective of this article is to highlight the need for a paradigm shift in materials data collection, analysis, and dissemination so as to maximize the impact on both practitioners and researchers. Our hope is to identify and articulate what constitutes "sufficient" data content (i.e., quality and quantity) for developing, characterizing, and validating sophisticated nonlinear time- and history-dependent (hereditary) constitutive models. Likewise, the informatics infrastructure required for handling the potentially massive amounts of materials data will be discussed.

The use of transcriptomics to unveil the role of nutrients in Mammalian liver.

PubMed

Osada, Jesús

2013-01-01

Liver is the organ primarily responding to diet, and it is crucial in determining plasma carbohydrate, protein, and lipid levels. In addition, it is mainly responsible for transformation of xenobiotics. For these reasons, it has been a target of transcriptomic analyses. In this review, we have covered the works dealing with the response of mammalian liver to different nutritional stimuli such as fasting/feeding, caloric restriction, dietary carbohydrate, cholesterol, fat, protein, bile acid, salt, vitamin, and oligoelement contents. Quality of fats or proteins has been equally addressed, and has the influence of minor dietary components. Other compounds, not purely nutritional as those represented by alcohol and food additives, have been included due to their relevance in processed food. The influence has been studied not only on mRNA but also on miRNA. The wide scope of the technology clearly reflects that any simple intervention has profound changes in many metabolic parameters and that there is a synergy in response when more compounds are included in the intervention. Standardized arrays to systematically test the same genes in all studies and analyzing data to establish patterns of response are required, particularly for RNA sequencing. Moreover, RNA is a valuable, easy-screening ally but always requires further confirmation.

The Use of Transcriptomics to Unveil the Role of Nutrients in Mammalian Liver

PubMed Central

Osada, Jesús

2013-01-01

Liver is the organ primarily responding to diet, and it is crucial in determining plasma carbohydrate, protein, and lipid levels. In addition, it is mainly responsible for transformation of xenobiotics. For these reasons, it has been a target of transcriptomic analyses. In this review, we have covered the works dealing with the response of mammalian liver to different nutritional stimuli such as fasting/feeding, caloric restriction, dietary carbohydrate, cholesterol, fat, protein, bile acid, salt, vitamin, and oligoelement contents. Quality of fats or proteins has been equally addressed, and has the influence of minor dietary components. Other compounds, not purely nutritional as those represented by alcohol and food additives, have been included due to their relevance in processed food. The influence has been studied not only on mRNA but also on miRNA. The wide scope of the technology clearly reflects that any simple intervention has profound changes in many metabolic parameters and that there is a synergy in response when more compounds are included in the intervention. Standardized arrays to systematically test the same genes in all studies and analyzing data to establish patterns of response are required, particularly for RNA sequencing. Moreover, RNA is a valuable, easy-screening ally but always requires further confirmation. PMID:24967258

Full-custom design of split-set data weighted averaging with output register for jitter suppression

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jubay, M. C.; Gerasta, O. J.

2015-06-01

A full-custom design of an element selection algorithm, named as Split-set Data Weighted Averaging (SDWA) is implemented in 90nm CMOS Technology Synopsys Library. SDWA is applied in seven unit elements (3-bit) using a thermometer-coded input. Split-set DWA is an improved DWA algorithm which caters the requirement for randomization along with long-term equal element usage. Randomization and equal element-usage improve the spectral response of the unit elements due to higher Spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) and without significantly degrading signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Since a full-custom, the design is brought to transistor-level and the chip custom layout is also provided, having a total area of 0.3mm2, a power consumption of 0.566 mW, and simulated at 50MHz clock frequency. On this implementation, SDWA is successfully derived and improved by introducing a register at the output that suppresses the jitter introduced at the final stage due to switching loops and successive delays.

Production improves memory equivalently following elaborative vs non-elaborative processing.

PubMed

Forrin, Noah D; Jonker, Tanya R; MacLeod, Colin M

2014-01-01

Words that are read aloud are better remembered than those read silently. Recent research has suggested that, rather than reflecting a benefit for produced items, this production effect may reflect a cost to reading silently in a list containing both aloud and silent items (Bodner, Taikh, & Fawcett, 2013). This cost is argued to occur because silent items are lazily read, receiving less attention than aloud items which require an overt response. We examined the possible role of lazy reading in the production effect by testing whether the effect would be reduced under elaborative encoding, which precludes lazy reading of silent items. Contrary to a lazy reading account, we found that production benefited generated words as much as read words (Experiment 1) and deeply imagined words as much as shallowly imagined words (Experiment 2). We conclude that production stands out as equally distinct-and consequently as equally memorable-regardless of whether it accompanies deep or shallow processing, evidence that is inconsistent with a lazy reading account.

Implementing the Equal Access Act and State Constitutional Provisions.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bjorklun, Eugene C.

1992-01-01

Examines the issue of whether implementation of the Equal Access Act would violate the constitutions of some states that require a stricter separation of church and state than the federal Constitution. (MLF)

Controlling hormone signaling is a plant and pathogen challenge for growth and survival.

PubMed

López, Miguel Angel; Bannenberg, Gerard; Castresana, Carmen

2008-08-01

Plants and pathogens have continuously confronted each other during evolution in a battle for growth and survival. New advances in the field have provided fascinating insights into the mechanisms that have co-evolved to gain a competitive advantage in this battle. When plants encounter an invading pathogen, not only responses signaled by defense hormones are activated to restrict pathogen invasion, but also the modulation of additional hormone pathways is required to serve other purposes, which are equally important for plant survival, such as re-allocation of resources, control of cell death, regulation of water stress, and modification of plant architecture. Notably, pathogens can counteract both types of responses as a strategy to enhance virulence. Pathogens regulate production and signaling responses of plant hormones during infection, and also produce phytohormones themselves to modulate plant responses. These results indicate that hormone signaling is a relevant component in plant-pathogen interactions, and that the ability to dictate hormonal directionality is critical to the outcome of an interaction.

Three-Wire Thermocouple: Frequency Response in Constant Flow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Forney, L. J.; Fralick, G. C.

1995-01-01

Theory and experimental measurements are compared with a novel three-wire thermocouple. Signals from three wires of unequal diameters are recorded from the thermocouple suspended in constant flow with a periodic temperature fluctuation. It is demonstrated that the reconstructed signal from the three-wire thermocouple requires no compensation for omega less than or equal to 5(omega(sub 1)), where omega(sub 1) is the natural frequency of the smaller wire. The latter result represents a significant improvement compared to previous work with two-wire thermocouples. A correction factor has also been derived to account for wires of arbitrary diameter.

Three-wire Thermocouple: Frequency Response in Constant Flow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Forney, L. J.; Fralick, G. C.

1995-01-01

Theory and experimental measurements are compared with a novel three-wire thermocouple. Signals from three wires of unequal diameters arc recorded from the thermocouple suspended in constant flow with a periodic temperature fluctuation. It is demonstrated that the reconstructed signal from the three-wire thermocouple requires no compensation for omega less than or equal to 5(sub omega1), where omega, is the natural frequency of the smaller wire. The latter result represents a significant improvement compared to previous work with two-wire thermocouples. A correction factor has also been derived to account for wires of arbitrary diameter.

Desensitization and recovery of phototropic responsiveness in Arabidopsis thaliana

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Janoudi, A. K.; Poff, K. L.

1993-01-01

Phototropism is induced by blue light, which also induces desensitization, a partial or total loss of phototropic responsiveness. The fluence and fluence-rate dependence of desensitization and recovery from desensitization have been measured for etiolated and red light (669-nm) preirradiated Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. The extent of desensitization increased as the fluence of the desensitizing 450-nm light was increased from 0.3 to 60 micromoles m-2 s-1. At equal fluences, blue light caused more desensitization when given at a fluence rate of 1.0 micromole m-2 s-1 than at 0.3 micromole m-2 s-1. In addition, seedlings irradiated with blue light at the higher fluence rate required a longer recovery time than seedlings irradiated at the lower fluence rate. A red light preirradiation, probably mediated via phytochrome, decreased the time required for recovery from desensitization. The minimum time for detectable recovery was about 65 s, and the maximum time observed was about 10 min. It is proposed that the descending arm of the fluence-response relationship for first positive phototropism is a consequence of desensitization, and that the time threshold for second positive phototropism establishes a period during which recovery from desensitization occurs.

Teachers Negotiating Discourses of Gender (In) Equality: The Case of Equal Opportunities Reform in Andalusia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cubero, Mercedes; Santamaría, Andrés; Rebollo, Mª Ángeles; Cubero, Rosario; García, Rafael; Vega, Luisa

2015-01-01

This article is focused on the analysis of the narratives produced by a group of teachers, experts in coeducation, while they were discussing their everyday activities. They are responsible for the implementation of a Plan for Gender Equality in public secondary schools in Andalusia (Spain). This study is based on contributions about doing gender…

Methods for determining infrasound phase velocity direction with an array of line sensors.

PubMed

Walker, Kristoffer T; Zumberge, Mark A; Hedlin, Michael A H; Shearer, Peter M

2008-10-01

Infrasound arrays typically consist of several microbarometers separated by distances that provide predictable signal time separations, forming the basis for processing techniques that estimate the phase velocity direction. The directional resolution depends on the noise level and is proportional to the number of these point sensors; additional sensors help attenuate noise and improve direction resolution. An alternative approach is to form an array of directional line sensors, each of which emulates a line of many microphones that instantaneously integrate pressure change. The instrument response is a function of the orientation of the line with respect to the signal wavefront. Real data recorded at the Piñon Flat Observatory in southern California and synthetic data show that this spectral property can be exploited with multiple line sensors to determine the phase velocity direction with a precision comparable to a larger aperture array of microbarometers. Three types of instrument-response-dependent beamforming and an array deconvolution technique are evaluated. The results imply that an array of five radial line sensors, with equal azimuthal separation and an aperture that depends on the frequency band of interest, provides directional resolution while requiring less space compared to an equally effective array of five microbarometers with rosette wind filters.

Uncovering the Role of RNA-Binding Proteins in Gene Expression in the Immune System.

PubMed

Díaz-Muñoz, Manuel D; Turner, Martin

2018-01-01

Fighting external pathogens requires an ever-changing immune system that relies on tight regulation of gene expression. Transcriptional control is the first step to build efficient responses while preventing immunodeficiencies and autoimmunity. Post-transcriptional regulation of RNA editing, location, stability, and translation are the other key steps for final gene expression, and they are all controlled by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Nowadays we have a deep understanding of how transcription factors control the immune system but recent evidences suggest that post-transcriptional regulation by RBPs is equally important for both development and activation of immune responses. Here, we review current knowledge about how post-transcriptional control by RBPs shapes our immune system and discuss the perspective of RBPs being the key players of a hidden immune cell epitranscriptome.

29 CFR 1626.1 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES-AGE DISCRIMINATION IN... the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission for carrying out its responsibilities in the administration and enforcement of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, as amended. ...

29 CFR 1626.1 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES-AGE DISCRIMINATION IN... the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission for carrying out its responsibilities in the administration and enforcement of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, as amended. ...

29 CFR 1626.1 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES-AGE DISCRIMINATION IN... the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission for carrying out its responsibilities in the administration and enforcement of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, as amended. ...

29 CFR 1626.1 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES-AGE DISCRIMINATION IN... the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission for carrying out its responsibilities in the administration and enforcement of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, as amended. ...

29 CFR 1626.1 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES-AGE DISCRIMINATION IN... the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission for carrying out its responsibilities in the administration and enforcement of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, as amended. ...

Efficient mucociliary transport relies on efficient regulation of ciliary beating.

PubMed

Braiman, Alex; Priel, Zvi

2008-11-30

The respiratory mucociliary epithelium is a synchronized and highly effective waste-disposal system. It uses mucus as a vehicle, driven by beating cilia, to transport unwanted particles, trapped in the mucus, away from the respiratory system. The ciliary machinery can function in at least two different modes: a low rate of beating that requires only ATP, and a high rate of beating regulated by second messengers. The mucus propelling velocity is linearly dependent on ciliary beat frequency (CBF). The linear dependence implies that a substantial increase in transport efficiency requires an equally substantial rise in CBF. The ability to enhance beating in response to various physiological cues is a hallmark of mucociliary cells. An intricate signaling network controls ciliary activity, which relies on interplay between calcium and cyclic nucleotide pathways.

Teaching Children to Live with Diversity: A Response to "Tocqueville on Democracy and Inclusive Education--A More Ardent and Enduring Love of Equality than of Liberty"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Allan, Julie

2009-01-01

This article presents the author's response to "Tocqueville on Democracy and Inclusive Education: A More Ardent and Enduring Love of Equality than of Liberty" written by Steven Connolley and Rune Sarromaa Hausstatter. The author agrees with Connolley and Hausstatter that people need to stop and question the assumptions and values associated with…

Arbitrary magnetic field gradient waveform correction using an impulse response based pre-equalization technique.

PubMed

Goora, Frédéric G; Colpitts, Bruce G; Balcom, Bruce J

2014-01-01

The time-varying magnetic fields used in magnetic resonance applications result in the induction of eddy currents on conductive structures in the vicinity of both the sample under investigation and the gradient coils. These eddy currents typically result in undesired degradations of image quality for MRI applications. Their ubiquitous nature has resulted in the development of various approaches to characterize and minimize their impact on image quality. This paper outlines a method that utilizes the magnetic field gradient waveform monitor method to directly measure the temporal evolution of the magnetic field gradient from a step-like input function and extracts the system impulse response. With the basic assumption that the gradient system is sufficiently linear and time invariant to permit system theory analysis, the impulse response is used to determine a pre-equalized (optimized) input waveform that provides a desired gradient response at the output of the system. An algorithm has been developed that calculates a pre-equalized waveform that may be accurately reproduced by the amplifier (is physically realizable) and accounts for system limitations including system bandwidth, amplifier slew rate capabilities, and noise inherent in the initial measurement. Significant improvements in magnetic field gradient waveform fidelity after pre-equalization have been realized and are summarized. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Change in hepatic function, hemodynamics, and morphology after liver transplant. Physiological effect of therapy.

PubMed

Millikan, W J; Henderson, J M; Stewart, M T; Warren, W D; Marsh, J W; Galloway, J R; Jennings, H; Kawasaki, S; Dodson, T F; Perlino, C A

1989-05-01

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) has become standard therapy for patients with acute hepatic necrosis and end-stage liver disease. This study measured change in hepatic function (galactose elimination capacity [GEC]), liver blood flow (low dose galactose clearance: flow), hepatic volume (CT scan; volume) and morphology after OLT. The aim was to measure the physiologic response after OLT and compare this response with that after selective shunt (SS) and sclerotherapy (ES) to determine which patients should receive specific therapy. Between January 1987 and November 1988, 37 patients underwent OLT. Operative mortality was 18%, which was similar to that of SS in Child's C cirrhotics. GEC and volume were less in transplant patients than in cirrhotics treated with SS or ES. GEC, flow, and volume normalized after OLT; GEC was preserved after ES and SS, but volume decreased. Three preoperative patterns were observed that can aid in selection of OLT candidates. Patients with chronic cirrhosis (chronic active hepatitis; cryptogenic) need OLT when GEC is less than or equal to 225 mg/min and volume is less than or equal to 50% normal. Patients with Budd-Chiari Syndrome require OLT if cirrhosis has evolved. Patients with sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis qualify for transplants when complications of the portal hypertensive syndrome develop. The studies can also direct therapy for ES failures. Selective shunt is indicated in those patients with stable disease whose GEC is greater than or equal to 300 mg/min and liver volume is greater than 75% normal; OLT is indicated for cirrhotics with GEC that is less than 225 mg/min and liver volume that is less than 50% predicted normal.

Educational Equity or Equality - Which Do We Really Want?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Blanton, Patricia

2005-05-01

I had not considered the words equality and equity to have significantly different meanings until a response from a reader about the connotations of a suggested assignment caused me to research some of the writing on the issue. This distinction seemed to get at the heart of the reader's concern…. Equality means everyone is treated the same; equity means everyone is treated fairly.

Derivative of Area Equals Perimeter--Coincidence or Rule?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zazkis, Rina; Sinitsky, Ilya; Leikin, Roza

2013-01-01

Why is the derivative of the area of a circle equal to its circumference? Why is the derivative of the volume of a sphere equal to its surface area? And why does a similar relationship not hold for a square or a cube? Or does it? In their work in teacher education, these authors have heard at times undesirable responses to these questions:…

Linear Modulation Techniques for Digital Microwave

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-08-01

impulse response. Following Forney, a polynomial R(D) is defined such that +0o R(D) - Rh (iT)0i (2-2) i00 The coefficients of R(D) are symnetrical...EQUALIZATION: 8/ I - NYQUIST EQUALIZED / 5- -- DUOINARY EQUALIZED NOTE: 6 MODIFIED 6-QAM I- 4 / 4 -2 2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 PEAK AMPLIFIER Eb/N0 Ift 103M

Adaptive histogram equalization in digital radiography of destructive skeletal lesions.

PubMed

Braunstein, E M; Capek, P; Buckwalter, K; Bland, P; Meyer, C R

1988-03-01

Adaptive histogram equalization, an image-processing technique that distributes pixel values of an image uniformly throughout the gray scale, was applied to 28 plain radiographs of bone lesions, after they had been digitized. The non-equalized and equalized digital images were compared by two skeletal radiologists with respect to lesion margins, internal matrix, soft-tissue mass, cortical breakthrough, and periosteal reaction. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed on the basis of the responses. Equalized images were superior to nonequalized images in determination of cortical breakthrough and presence or absence of periosteal reaction. ROC analysis showed no significant difference in determination of margins, matrix, or soft-tissue masses.

Behavioral effects of Splenda, Equal and sucrose: clues from planarians on sweeteners

PubMed Central

Ouyang, Kevin; Nayak, Sunil; Lee, Young; Kim, Erin; Wu, Michael; Tallarida, Christopher S.; Rawls, Scott M.

2016-01-01

Sweetened diets share commonalities with drugs of abuse, but studies comparing behavioral effects of different sweeteners are lacking. Common table sugar produces rewarding and withdrawal effects in planarians. We postulated that Splenda and Equal would produce similar responses and used a tetrad of behavioral assays to test this hypothesis. Acute exposure to a relatively high concentration (10%) of each sweetener produced stereotyped responses (C-shapes) and reduced motility, with Equal producing greater motor effects than sucrose or Splenda. In experiments testing for anxiogenic-like effects, planarians withdrawn from Splenda (1, 3%) or sucrose (1, 3%), but not Equal, and placed into a petri dish with dark and light compartments spent more time in the dark compared to water controls. In place conditioning experiments, both Splenda (0.01%) and sucrose (0.01%) produced an environmental preference shift. Maltodextrin (0.1%), a principal ingredient of Splenda and Equal, produced a significant preference shift. In contrast, sucralose, an indigestible polysaccharide contained in Splenda and Equal, was ineffective. Our data reveal that Splenda produces sucrose-like rewarding and withdrawal effects in planarians that may be dependent on maltodextrin and dextrose. The ineffectiveness of Equal may be due to the presence of aspartame, which is too water insoluble to test in our planarian assay, or to its bitter aftertaste that could mask any rewarding effects produce by maltodextrin or dextrose. PMID:27845240

Behavioral effects of Splenda, Equal and sucrose: Clues from planarians on sweeteners.

PubMed

Ouyang, Kevin; Nayak, Sunil; Lee, Young; Kim, Erin; Wu, Michael; Tallarida, Christopher S; Rawls, Scott M

2017-01-01

Sweetened diets share commonalities with drugs of abuse, but studies comparing behavioral effects of different sweeteners are lacking. Common table sugar produces rewarding and withdrawal effects in planarians. We postulated that Splenda and Equal would produce similar responses and used a tetrad of behavioral assays to test this hypothesis. Acute exposure to a relatively high concentration (10%) of each sweetener produced stereotyped responses (C-shapes) and reduced motility, with Equal producing greater motor effects than sucrose or Splenda. In experiments testing for anxiogenic-like effects, planarians withdrawn from Splenda (1, 3%) or sucrose (1, 3%), but not Equal, and placed into a petri dish with dark and light compartments spent more time in the dark compared to water controls. In place conditioning experiments, both Splenda (0.01%) and sucrose (0.01%) produced an environmental preference shift. Maltodextrin (0.1%), a principal ingredient of Splenda and Equal, produced a significant preference shift. In contrast, sucralose, an indigestible polysaccharide contained in Splenda and Equal, was ineffective. Our data reveal that Splenda produces sucrose-like rewarding and withdrawal effects in planarians that may be dependent on maltodextrin and dextrose. The ineffectiveness of Equal may be due to the presence of aspartame, which is too water insoluble to test in our planarian assay, or to its bitter aftertaste that could mask any rewarding effects produce by maltodextrin or dextrose. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

[Equality in clinical practice. Proposals for patients, professionals and managers and policies to limit discrimination].

PubMed

Soler-González, J; Fernández de Sanmamed, M J; Gérvas, J

2015-01-01

To make feasible and practical proposals to improve equality in the course of clinical care during the patient-provider encounter. Design: A focus group study was conducted with a qualitative approach from the perspective of reducing health inequalities in the clinic. Setting: A classroom discussion focused on equality in clinical work. Subjects: 98 professionals from several countries. Measurement tools: An analysis of the responses was performed, grouped by themes interpreted by analysts, and restructured to provide consistency and uniformity to responses given. Data were collected using a questionnaire with open answers, allowing free-form answers to three general questions that addressed improving equality from the perspective of the professional themselves, patients, and health policy managers. No saturation horizon of analytical discourses was set, to understand that from this subjective prioritization of opinion there is no possibility that discourses reached saturation. Responses were added to the 3 principal axes, recommending that professionals be aware of their discriminatory ability. Patients were asked to trust their health professionals and that they should be assigned to a professional. It was also proposed that managers provide information systems, help reduce health inequalities, and encourage professional freedom. The paper presents concrete measures to promote improved equality in clinics during the delivery of health care. Copyright © 2014 SECA. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.

Positive "alveolar" responses to antigen inhalation provocation tests: their validity and recognition.

PubMed Central

Hendrick, D J; Marshall, R; Faux, J A; Krall, J M

1980-01-01

The validity of inhalation tests in the investigation of extrinsic allergic alveolitis was assessed from the results of 144 antigen and control tests in 31 subjects. A definitive pattern of positive late responses was observed. Reactions to nebulised bird serum and droppings in subjects with bird fancier's lung were identical to reactions after "natural" exposures in aviaries or lofts, and to reactions after "occupational" challenges in subjects with farmer's lung and mushroom worker's lung. In general, positive tests were easily recognised subjectively from symptoms and signs appropriate to an influenza-like illness and undue respiratory effort on exercise. They were associated with significant changes in six readily available objective monitoring measurements--exercise minute ventilation (greater than or equal to +15%), body temperature (> 37.2 degrees C), circulating neutrophils (greater than or equal to +2500/mm3), exercise respiratory frequency (greater than or equal to +25%), circulating lymphocytes (greater than ore equal to -500/mm3 with lymphopenia), and forced vital capacity (greater than or equal to -15%). These confirmatory monitoring tests had specificities of approximately 95% and sensitivities of 85-48%. Measurement of diffusing capacity, lung volume subdivisions, or resting minute ventilation/respiratory frequency proved to be too insensitive to be useful, as did auscultation and chest radiography. We conclude that responses that do provoke significant changes in these less sensitive tests are unnecessarily distressing and, presumable, unnecessarily hazardous. PMID:7434297

Quantitative, equal carbon response HSQC experiment, QEC-HSQC

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mäkelä, Valtteri; Helminen, Jussi; Kilpeläinen, Ilkka; Heikkinen, Sami

2016-10-01

Quantitative NMR has become increasingly useful and popular in recent years, with many new and emerging applications in metabolomics, quality control, reaction monitoring and other types of mixture analysis. While sensitive and simple to acquire, the low resolving power of 1D 1H NMR spectra can be a limiting factor when analyzing complex mixtures. This drawback can be solved by observing a different type of nuclei offering improved resolution or with multidimensional experiments, such as HSQC. In this paper, we present a novel Quantitative, Equal Carbon HSQC (QEC-HSQC) experiment providing an equal response across different type of carbons regardless of the number of attached protons, in addition to an uniform response over a wide range of 1JCH couplings. This enables rapid quantification and integration over multiple signals without the need for complete resonance assignments and simplifies the integration of overlapping signals.

Dual-task interference with equal task emphasis: graded capacity sharing or central postponement?

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ruthruff, Eric; Pashler, Harold E.; Hazeltine, Eliot

2003-01-01

Most studies using the psychological refractory period (PRP) design suggest that dual-task performance is limited by a central bottleneck. Because subjects are usually told to emphasize Task 1, however, the bottleneck might reflect a strategic choice rather than a structural limitation. To evaluate the possibility that central operations can proceed in parallel, albeit with capacity limitations, we conducted two dual-task experiments with equal task emphasis. In both experiments, subjects tended to either group responses together or respond to one task well before the other. In addition, stimulus-response compatibility effects were roughly constant across stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). At the short SOA, compatibility effects also carried over onto response times for the other task. This pattern of results is difficult to reconcile with the possibility that subjects share capacity roughly equally between simultaneous central operations. However, this pattern is consistent with the existence of a structural central bottleneck.

Speed in Information Processing with a Computer Driven Visual Display in a Real-time Digital Simulation. M.S. Thesis - Virginia Polytechnic Inst.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kyle, R. G.

1972-01-01

Information transfer between the operator and computer-generated display systems is an area where the human factors engineer discovers little useful design data relating human performance to system effectiveness. This study utilized a computer-driven, cathode-ray-tube graphic display to quantify human response speed in a sequential information processing task. The performance criteria was response time to sixteen cell elements of a square matrix display. A stimulus signal instruction specified selected cell locations by both row and column identification. An equal probable number code, from one to four, was assigned at random to the sixteen cells of the matrix and correspondingly required one of four, matched keyed-response alternatives. The display format corresponded to a sequence of diagnostic system maintenance events, that enable the operator to verify prime system status, engage backup redundancy for failed subsystem components, and exercise alternate decision-making judgements. The experimental task bypassed the skilled decision-making element and computer processing time, in order to determine a lower bound on the basic response speed for given stimulus/response hardware arrangement.

Measuring Disparities: Bias in the SF-36v2 among Spanish-speaking Medical Patients

PubMed Central

Sudano, Joseph J.; Perzynski, Adam; Love, Thomas E.; Lewis, Steven A.; Murray, Patrick M.; Huber, Gail; Ruo, Bernice; Baker, David W.

2011-01-01

Background Many national surveys have found substantial differences in self-reported overall health (SROH) between Spanish-speaking Hispanics and other racial/ethnic groups. However, because cultural and language differences may create measurement bias, it is unclear whether observed differences in SROH reflect true differences in health. Objectives This study uses a cross-sectional survey to investigate psychometric properties of the SF-36v2 for subjects across four racial/ethnic and language groups. Multi-group latent variable modeling was used to test increasingly stringent criteria for measurement equivalence. Subjects Our sample (N = 1281) included 383 non-Hispanic whites, 368 non-Hispanic blacks, 206 Hispanics interviewed in English and 324 Hispanics interviewed in Spanish recruited from outpatient medical clinics in two large urban areas. Results We found weak factorial invariance across the four groups. However, there was no strong factorial invariance. The overall fit of the model was substantially worse (change in CFI > .02, RMSEA change > .003) after requiring equal intercepts across all groups. Further comparisons established that the equality constraints on the intercepts for Spanish-speaking Hispanics were responsible for the decrement to model fit. Conclusions Observed differences between SF-36v2 scores for Spanish speaking Hispanics are systematically biased relative to the other three groups. The lack of strong invariance suggests the need for caution when comparing SF-36v2 mean scores of Spanish-speaking Hispanics with those of other groups. However, measurement equivalence testing for this study supports correlational or multivariate latent variable analyses of SF-36v2 responses across all four subgroups, since these analyses require only weak factorial invariance. PMID:21430580

Medical Need, Equality, and Uncertainty.

PubMed

Horne, L Chad

2016-10-01

Many hold that distributing healthcare according to medical need is a requirement of equality. Most egalitarians believe, however, that people ought to be equal on the whole, by some overall measure of well-being or life-prospects; it would be a massive coincidence if distributing healthcare according to medical need turned out to be an effective way of promoting equality overall. I argue that distributing healthcare according to medical need is important for reducing individuals' uncertainty surrounding their future medical needs. In other words, distributing healthcare according to medical need is a natural feature of healthcare insurance; it is about indemnity, not equality. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Independent component analysis based channel equalization for 6 × 6 MIMO-OFDM transmission over few-mode fiber.

PubMed

He, Zhixue; Li, Xiang; Luo, Ming; Hu, Rong; Li, Cai; Qiu, Ying; Fu, Songnian; Yang, Qi; Yu, Shaohua

2016-05-02

We propose and experimentally demonstrate two independent component analysis (ICA) based channel equalizers (CEs) for 6 × 6 MIMO-OFDM transmission over few-mode fiber. Compared with the conventional channel equalizer based on training symbols (TSs-CE), the proposed two ICA-based channel equalizers (ICA-CE-I and ICA-CE-II) can achieve comparable performances, while requiring much less training symbols. Consequently, the overheads for channel equalization can be substantially reduced from 13.7% to 0.4% and 2.6%, respectively. Meanwhile, we also experimentally investigate the convergence speed of the proposed ICA-based CEs.

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers come of age

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morgan, Robert A.; Lehman, John A.; Hibbs-Brenner, Mary K.

1996-04-01

This manuscript reviews our efforts in demonstrating state-of-the-art planar, batch-fabricable, high-performance vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). All performance requirements for short-haul data communication applications are clearly established. We concentrate on the flexibility of the established proton-implanted AlGaAs-based (emitting near 850 nm) technology platform, focusing on a standard device design. This structure is shown to meet or exceed performance and producibility requirements. These include > 99% device yield across 3-in-dia. metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE)-grown wafers and wavelength operation across a > 100-nm range. Recent progress in device performance [low threshold voltage (Vth equals 1.53 V); threshold current (Ith equals 0.68 mA); continuous wave (CW) power (Pcw equals 59 mW); maximum and minimum CW lasing temperature (T equals 200 degree(s)C, 10 K); and wall-plug efficiencies ((eta) wp equals 28%)] should enable great advances in VCSEL-based technologies. We also discuss the viability of VCSELs in cryogenic and avionic/military environments. Also reviewed is a novel technique, modifying this established platform, to engineer low-threshold, high-speed, single- mode VCSELs.

Space Transportation System Availability Relationships to Life Cycle Cost

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rhodes, Russel E.; Donahue, Benjamin B.; Chen, Timothy T.

2009-01-01

Future space transportation architectures and designs must be affordable. Consequently, their Life Cycle Cost (LCC) must be controlled. For the LCC to be controlled, it is necessary to identify all the requirements and elements of the architecture at the beginning of the concept phase. Controlling LCC requires the establishment of the major operational cost drivers. Two of these major cost drivers are reliability and maintainability, in other words, the system's availability (responsiveness). Potential reasons that may drive the inherent availability requirement are the need to control the number of unique parts and the spare parts required to support the transportation system's operation. For more typical space transportation systems used to place satellites in space, the productivity of the system will drive the launch cost. This system productivity is the resultant output of the system availability. Availability is equal to the mean uptime divided by the sum of the mean uptime plus the mean downtime. Since many operational factors cannot be projected early in the definition phase, the focus will be on inherent availability which is equal to the mean time between a failure (MTBF) divided by the MTBF plus the mean time to repair (MTTR) the system. The MTBF is a function of reliability or the expected frequency of failures. When the system experiences failures the result is added operational flow time, parts consumption, and increased labor with an impact to responsiveness resulting in increased LCC. The other function of availability is the MTTR, or maintainability. In other words, how accessible is the failed hardware that requires replacement and what operational functions are required before and after change-out to make the system operable. This paper will describe how the MTTR can be equated to additional labor, additional operational flow time, and additional structural access capability, all of which drive up the LCC. A methodology will be presented that provides the decision makers with the understanding necessary to place constraints on the design definition. This methodology for the major drivers will determine the inherent availability, safety, reliability, maintainability, and the life cycle cost of the fielded system. This methodology will focus on the achievement of an affordable, responsive space transportation system. It is the intent of this paper to not only provide the visibility of the relationships of these major attribute drivers (variables) to each other and the resultant system inherent availability, but also to provide the capability to bound the variables, thus providing the insight required to control the system's engineering solution. An example of this visibility is the need to provide integration of similar discipline functions to allow control of the total parts count of the space transportation system. Also, selecting a reliability requirement will place a constraint on parts count to achieve a given inherent availability requirement, or require accepting a larger parts count with the resulting higher individual part reliability requirements. This paper will provide an understanding of the relationship of mean repair time (mean downtime) to maintainability (accessibility for repair), and both mean time between failure (reliability of hardware) and the system inherent availability.

Two Balls' Collision of Mass Ratio 3:1

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ogawara, Yasuo; Hull, Michael M.

2018-04-01

Students will sometimes ask why momentum and kinetic energy concepts are both necessary. When physics teachers demonstrate situations that require both an understanding of kinetic energy and momentum, a favorite is Newton's cradle, or a comparable demonstration of two balls of equal mass hitting each other. However, in addition to the case of two balls of equal mass, if a ball hits another ball of three times the mass with equal speed, the results are also interesting, and, like the equal-mass demonstration, both kinetic energy and momentum are critical for understanding the motion.

28 CFR 42.305 - Recordkeeping and certification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Section 42.305 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE NONDISCRIMINATION; EQUAL EMPLOYMENT... review by responsible personnel of the cognizant State planning agency or the LEAA. Prior to the... application) certify that the _____ (criminal justice agency) has formulated an equal employment program in...

Do We Have to Choose between Equality and Liberty? An Answer to "Tocqueville on Democracy and Inclusive Education: A More Ardent and Enduring Love of Equality than of Liberty"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Steinnes, Jenny

2009-01-01

This article presents the author's response to Connolley and Hausstatter's article "Tocqueville on Democracy and Inclusive Education: A More Ardent and Enduring Love of Equality than of Liberty." The perspectives of diversity treated in their article are both diversity among "people's abilities," and diversity of "opinions." According to Connolley…

Each meal matters in the exposome: Biological and community considerations in fast-food-socioeconomic associations.

PubMed

Prescott, Susan L; Logan, Alan C

2017-11-01

Advances in omics and microbiome technology have transformed the ways in which the biological consequences of life in the 'ecological theatre' can be visualized. Exposome science examines the total accumulated environmental exposures (both detrimental and beneficial) as a means to understand the response of the 'total organism to the total environment' over time. The repetitive stimulation of compensatory physiological responses (immune, cardiovascular, neuroendocrine) in response to stress - including sources of stress highly relevant to socioeconomic disadvantage - may lead to metabolic dysregulation and cellular damage, ultimately influencing behavior and disease. The collective toll of physiological wear and tear, known as allostatic load, is not paid equally throughout developed societies. It is paid in excess by the disadvantaged. In the context of fast-food, human and experimental research demonstrates that the biological response to a single fast-food-style meal - especially as mediated by the microbiome- is a product of the person's total lived experience, including the ability to buffer the fast-food meal-induced promotion of inflammation and oxidative stress. Emerging research indicates that each meal and its nutritional context matters. As we discuss, equal weekly visits to major fast-food outlets by the affluent and deprived do not translate into biological equivalency. Hence, debate concerning reducing fast-food outlets through policy - especially in disadvantaged neighborhoods where they are prevalent - requires a biological context. The fast-food establishment and fast-food meal - as they represent matters of food justice and press upon non-communicable disease risk - are far more than physical structures and collections of carbohydrate, fat, sugar and sodium. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A closed-loop phase-locked interferometer for wide bandwidth position sensing

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fleming, Andrew J., E-mail: Andrew.Fleming@Newcastle.edu.au; Routley, Ben S., E-mail: Ben.Routley@Newcastle.edu.au

This article describes a position sensitive interferometer with closed-loop control of the reference mirror. A calibrated nanopositioner is used to lock the interferometer phase to the most sensitive point in the interferogram. In this configuration, large low-frequency movements of the sensor mirror can be detected from the control signal applied to the nanopositioner and high-frequency short-range signals can be measured directly from the photodiode. It is demonstrated that these two signals are complementary and can be summed to find the total displacement. The resulting interferometer has a number of desirable characteristics: it is optically simple, does not require polarization ormore » modulation to detect the direction of motion, does not require fringe-counting or interpolation electronics, and has a bandwidth equal to that of the photodiode. Experimental results demonstrate the frequency response analysis of a high-speed positioning stage. The proposed instrument is ideal for measuring the frequency response of nanopositioners, electro-optical components, MEMs devices, ultrasonic devices, and sensors such as surface acoustic wave detectors.« less

User's Guide for MSAP2D: A Program for Unsteady Aerodynamic and Aeroelastic (Flutter and Forced Response) Analysis of Multistage Compressors and Turbines. 1.0

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reddy, T. S. R.; Srivastava, R.

1996-01-01

This guide describes the input data required for using MSAP2D (Multi Stage Aeroelastic analysis Program - Two Dimensional) computer code. MSAP2D can be used for steady, unsteady aerodynamic, and aeroelastic (flutter and forced response) analysis of bladed disks arranged in multiple blade rows such as those found in compressors, turbines, counter rotating propellers or propfans. The code can also be run for single blade row. MSAP2D code is an extension of the original NPHASE code for multiblade row aerodynamic and aeroelastic analysis. Euler equations are used to obtain aerodynamic forces. The structural dynamic equations are written for a rigid typical section undergoing pitching (torsion) and plunging (bending) motion. The aeroelastic equations are solved in time domain. For single blade row analysis, frequency domain analysis is also provided to obtain unsteady aerodynamic coefficients required in an eigen analysis for flutter. In this manual, sample input and output are provided for a single blade row example, two blade row example with equal and unequal number of blades in the blade rows.

The Process of Science Communications at NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Horack, John M.; Treise, Deborah

1998-01-01

The communication of new scientific knowledge and understanding is an integral component of science research, essential for its continued survival. Like any learning-based activity, science cannot continue without communication between and among peers so that skeptical inquiry and learning can take place. This communication provides necessary organic support to maintain the development of new knowledge and technology. However, communication beyond the peer-community is becoming equally critical for science to survive as an enterprise into the 21st century. Therefore, scientists not only have a 'noble responsibility' to advance and communicate scientific knowledge and understanding to audiences within and beyond the peer-community, but their fulfillment of this responsibility is necessary to maintain the survival of the science enterprise. Despite the critical importance of communication to the viability of science, the skills required to perform effective science communications historically have not been taught as a part of the training of scientist, and the culture of science is often averse to significant communication beyond the peer community. Thus scientists can find themselves ill equipped and uncomfortable with the requirements of their job in the new millennium.

Evaluation of alternative model selection criteria in the analysis of unimodal response curves using CART

USGS Publications Warehouse

Ribic, C.A.; Miller, T.W.

1998-01-01

We investigated CART performance with a unimodal response curve for one continuous response and four continuous explanatory variables, where two variables were important (ie directly related to the response) and the other two were not. We explored performance under three relationship strengths and two explanatory variable conditions: equal importance and one variable four times as important as the other. We compared CART variable selection performance using three tree-selection rules ('minimum risk', 'minimum risk complexity', 'one standard error') to stepwise polynomial ordinary least squares (OLS) under four sample size conditions. The one-standard-error and minimum-risk-complexity methods performed about as well as stepwise OLS with large sample sizes when the relationship was strong. With weaker relationships, equally important explanatory variables and larger sample sizes, the one-standard-error and minimum-risk-complexity rules performed better than stepwise OLS. With weaker relationships and explanatory variables of unequal importance, tree-structured methods did not perform as well as stepwise OLS. Comparing performance within tree-structured methods, with a strong relationship and equally important explanatory variables, the one-standard-error-rule was more likely to choose the correct model than were the other tree-selection rules 1) with weaker relationships and equally important explanatory variables; and 2) under all relationship strengths when explanatory variables were of unequal importance and sample sizes were lower.

Uncovering the Role of RNA-Binding Proteins in Gene Expression in the Immune System

PubMed Central

Díaz-Muñoz, Manuel D.; Turner, Martin

2018-01-01

Fighting external pathogens requires an ever-changing immune system that relies on tight regulation of gene expression. Transcriptional control is the first step to build efficient responses while preventing immunodeficiencies and autoimmunity. Post-transcriptional regulation of RNA editing, location, stability, and translation are the other key steps for final gene expression, and they are all controlled by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Nowadays we have a deep understanding of how transcription factors control the immune system but recent evidences suggest that post-transcriptional regulation by RBPs is equally important for both development and activation of immune responses. Here, we review current knowledge about how post-transcriptional control by RBPs shapes our immune system and discuss the perspective of RBPs being the key players of a hidden immune cell epitranscriptome. PMID:29875770

Report Task Force on Women in the Military

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-01-01

Education, Training, Equal Opportunity, Assignments. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE ODEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE REPORT TASK FORCE4I ON WOMEN LN THE...ensure that instruction occurs at all levels of the organization; and, DoD review equal opportu- nity lessons learned for use in combating bixual...Servicewomen becoming full and equal members of their units. Each Service should be required to report the results of these evalua- tions and corrective

Frailty's Place in Ethics and Law: Some Thoughts on Equality and Autonomy and on Limits and Possibilities for Aging Citizens.

PubMed

McNally, Mary; Lahey, William

2015-01-01

Consideration of ethical and legal themes relating to frailty must engage with the concern that frailty is a pejorative concept that validates and reinforces the disadvantage and vulnerability of aging adults. In this chapter, we consider whether a greater focus on frailty may indeed be part of the solution to the disadvantages that aging adults face in achieving equality and maintaining their autonomy within systems that have used their frailty to deny them equality and autonomy. First, by examining equality both as an ethical norm and as a requirement for protections against discrimination, we raise questions about the grounds on which health providers and health systems can be required to give equal concern and respect to the needs of frail older persons. Second, we explore autonomy and identify the tension between meaningful self-determination and prevailing ethical and legal norms associated with informed choice. Third, we argue that a proper understanding of frailty is essential within both of these themes; it respects equality by enabling health providers and systems to identify and address the distinct care needs of aging adults and helps to align informed choice theory with appropriate processes for decision-making about those needs. 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel.

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Dddd of... - Work Practice Requirements

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Process furnish with a 24-hour block average inlet moisture content of less than or equal to 30 percent... 24-hour block average inlet moisture content of the veneer is less than or equal to 25 percent (by...

7 CFR 1980.317 - Equal opportunity and nondiscrimination requirements in use, occupancy, rental, or sale of housing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... signed by RHS, with an attached Equal Employment Opportunity poster. Posters in Spanish must be provided and displayed where a significant portion of the population is Spanish speaking. (iv) Under Executive...

Granting Each Equal Access.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Walling, Linda Lucas

1992-01-01

Summarizes federal legislation regarding equal access for students with disabilities and discusses environmental barriers to accessibility in the library media center. Solutions to these design problems are suggested in the following areas: material formats and space requirements; the physical setting, including furniture, floor coverings,…

A Methodology for Quantifying Certain Design Requirements During the Design Phase

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Adams, Timothy; Rhodes, Russel

2005-01-01

A methodology for developing and balancing quantitative design requirements for safety, reliability, and maintainability has been proposed. Conceived as the basis of a more rational approach to the design of spacecraft, the methodology would also be applicable to the design of automobiles, washing machines, television receivers, or almost any other commercial product. Heretofore, it has been common practice to start by determining the requirements for reliability of elements of a spacecraft or other system to ensure a given design life for the system. Next, safety requirements are determined by assessing the total reliability of the system and adding redundant components and subsystems necessary to attain safety goals. As thus described, common practice leaves the maintainability burden to fall to chance; therefore, there is no control of recurring costs or of the responsiveness of the system. The means that have been used in assessing maintainability have been oriented toward determining the logistical sparing of components so that the components are available when needed. The process established for developing and balancing quantitative requirements for safety (S), reliability (R), and maintainability (M) derives and integrates NASA s top-level safety requirements and the controls needed to obtain program key objectives for safety and recurring cost (see figure). Being quantitative, the process conveniently uses common mathematical models. Even though the process is shown as being worked from the top down, it can also be worked from the bottom up. This process uses three math models: (1) the binomial distribution (greaterthan- or-equal-to case), (2) reliability for a series system, and (3) the Poisson distribution (less-than-or-equal-to case). The zero-fail case for the binomial distribution approximates the commonly known exponential distribution or "constant failure rate" distribution. Either model can be used. The binomial distribution was selected for modeling flexibility because it conveniently addresses both the zero-fail and failure cases. The failure case is typically used for unmanned spacecraft as with missiles.

Gender equality and gender differences: parenting, habitus, and embodiment (the 2008 Porter lecture).

PubMed

Doucet, Andrea

2009-05-01

Drawing on a four-year research project on Canadian primary caregiving fathers, as well two recent projects on the first year of parenting, this article highlights several theoretical and substantive issues in the study of gender equality and gender differences in parenting. First, I call for shifts from a focus on domestic tasks toward domestic and community-based responsibilities. Second, I argue that the political terrain underpinning the study of mothering and fathering calls for clarity on how researchers interpret the constant interplay between equality and differences. Third, while there has been some change over time, parental responsibilities remain gendered because they are deeply rooted in habitus and embodiment across specific spatial and temporal contexts.

The use of linear programming techniques to design optimal digital filters for pulse shaping and channel equalization

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Houts, R. C.; Burlage, D. W.

1972-01-01

A time domain technique is developed to design finite-duration impulse response digital filters using linear programming. Two related applications of this technique in data transmission systems are considered. The first is the design of pulse shaping digital filters to generate or detect signaling waveforms transmitted over bandlimited channels that are assumed to have ideal low pass or bandpass characteristics. The second is the design of digital filters to be used as preset equalizers in cascade with channels that have known impulse response characteristics. Example designs are presented which illustrate that excellent waveforms can be generated with frequency-sampling filters and the ease with which digital transversal filters can be designed for preset equalization.

24 CFR 7.15 - Responsibilities of managers and supervisors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... and Urban Development EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY; POLICY, PROCEDURES AND PROGRAMS Equal Employment... respect for and acceptance of minorities, women and persons with disabilities, veterans and others of diverse characteristics in the workforce; (d) Ensuring the non-discriminatory treatment of all employees...

24 CFR 7.15 - Responsibilities of managers and supervisors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... and Urban Development EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY; POLICY, PROCEDURES AND PROGRAMS Equal Employment... respect for and acceptance of minorities, women and persons with disabilities, veterans and others of diverse characteristics in the workforce; (d) Ensuring the non-discriminatory treatment of all employees...

24 CFR 7.15 - Responsibilities of managers and supervisors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... and Urban Development EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY; POLICY, PROCEDURES AND PROGRAMS Equal Employment... respect for and acceptance of minorities, women and persons with disabilities, veterans and others of diverse characteristics in the workforce; (d) Ensuring the non-discriminatory treatment of all employees...

Women in Combat: Issues for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-12-13

also consider issues such as equal opportunity, equal responsibility (such as selective service registration), and the overall manpower needs of the...have become increasingly blurred and as a result DOD’s combat exclusion policies have been called into question. On January 24, 2013, then

The suppression of mitogen responses associated with resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis requires adherent and T cells.

PubMed

Lyman, W D; Brosnan, C F; Kadish, A S; Raine, C S

1984-05-01

Resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Hartley guinea pigs has previously been reported to be associated with disease-specific antigen-induced suppression of mitogen responses in vitro. The present studies were initiated to investigate the requirement for different cell populations in this suppression. Intact and adherent-cell-depleted cultures of spleen cells from experimental and control animals were incubated with myelin basic protein (MBP), the major antigen of EAE, with the T-cell mitogen concanavalin A (Con A) alone or with Con A in the presence of MBP. In agreement with previous studies, MBP-induced suppression of the Con A response was observed only in cultures derived from resistant animals. In addition, it was observed that this suppression was abrogated by depletion of adherent cells. When cells from resistant and susceptible animals were mixed, suppression occurred only in the presence of nonadherent cells from resistant guinea pigs. Adherent cells from either resistant or susceptible animals functioned equally well. Cultures of purified E-rosette-forming cells (E+) from resistant animals (i.e., T cells) showed no suppression. Similarly, cells from these same animals which were depleted of E+ cells (i.e., non-T cells) did not demonstrate suppression in vitro. Upon reconstitution of spleen cell populations from resistant guinea pigs by mixing E+ and E- cells, suppression was restored. These experiments show that this model of suppression in vitro requires adherent cells as well as T cells and suggests that antigen-induced suppression of mitogen responses is dependent upon a cell-mediated immunologic mechanism.

Design, construction, and evaluation of a 1:8 scale model binaural manikin.

PubMed

Robinson, Philip; Xiang, Ning

2013-03-01

Many experiments in architectural acoustics require presenting listeners with simulations of different rooms to compare. Acoustic scale modeling is a feasible means to create accurate simulations of many rooms at reasonable cost. A critical component in a scale model room simulation is a receiver that properly emulates a human receiver. For this purpose, a scale model artificial head has been constructed and tested. This paper presents the design and construction methods used, proper equalization procedures, and measurements of its response. A headphone listening experiment examining sound externalization with various reflection conditions is presented that demonstrates its use for psycho-acoustic testing.

Creating the climate for diversity and race equality in health care.

PubMed

Kingsley, S U

2001-01-01

In 1997 the Department of Health funded eight projects to demonstrate 'mainstreaming' responses to minority ethnic health in the NHS. 'Mainstreaming' is understood to require cultural, organisation and practice change; sustaining such change is a major challenge. Evaluation of the projects identified that leadership was a critical factor in encouraging change that was lasting. Other important issues were maintaining the desire changes in a turbulent organisational context and linking changes in practice with other priorities and initiatives. The agenda for the New NHS presents an opportunity for learning from this programme to be put into practice across the Department of Health and the NHS.

Jarzynski equality: connections to thermodynamics and the second law.

PubMed

Palmieri, Benoit; Ronis, David

2007-01-01

The one-dimensional expanding ideal gas model is used to compute the exact nonequilibrium distribution function. The state of the system during the expansion is defined in terms of local thermodynamics quantities. The final equilibrium free energy, obtained a long time after the expansion, is compared against the free energy that appears in the Jarzynski equality. Within this model, where the Jarzynski equality holds rigorously, the free energy change that appears in the equality does not equal the actual free energy change of the system at any time of the process. More generally, the work bound that is obtained from the Jarzynski equality is an upper bound to the upper bound that is obtained from the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The cancellation of the dissipative (nonequilibrium) terms that result in the Jarzynski equality is shown in the framework of response theory. This is used to show that the intuitive assumption that the Jarzynski work bound becomes equal to the average work done when the system evolves quasistatically is incorrect under some conditions.

Equalization of nonlinear transmission impairments by maximum-likelihood-sequence estimation in digital coherent receivers.

PubMed

Khairuzzaman, Md; Zhang, Chao; Igarashi, Koji; Katoh, Kazuhiro; Kikuchi, Kazuro

2010-03-01

We describe a successful introduction of maximum-likelihood-sequence estimation (MLSE) into digital coherent receivers together with finite-impulse response (FIR) filters in order to equalize both linear and nonlinear fiber impairments. The MLSE equalizer based on the Viterbi algorithm is implemented in the offline digital signal processing (DSP) core. We transmit 20-Gbit/s quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) signals through a 200-km-long standard single-mode fiber. The bit-error rate performance shows that the MLSE equalizer outperforms the conventional adaptive FIR filter, especially when nonlinear impairments are predominant.

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Dddd of... - Work Practice Requirements

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... with a 24-hour block average inlet moisture content of less than or equal to 30 percent (by weight, dry... average inlet moisture content of the veneer is less than or equal to 25 percent (by weight, dry basis...

24 CFR 5.105 - Other Federal requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... the respective program regulations: (a) Nondiscrimination and equal opportunity. The Fair Housing Act... Opportunity in Housing Programs) and implementing regulations at 24 CFR part 107; title VI of the Civil Rights...) (Equal Employment Opportunity Programs) and implementing regulations at 41 CFR chapter 60; Executive...

47 CFR 76.73 - General EEO policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false General EEO policy. 76.73 Section 76.73 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) BROADCAST RADIO SERVICES MULTICHANNEL VIDEO AND CABLE TELEVISION SERVICE Equal Employment Opportunity Requirements § 76.73 General EEO policy. (a) Equal...

47 CFR 76.73 - General EEO policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false General EEO policy. 76.73 Section 76.73 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) BROADCAST RADIO SERVICES MULTICHANNEL VIDEO AND CABLE TELEVISION SERVICE Equal Employment Opportunity Requirements § 76.73 General EEO policy. (a) Equal...

47 CFR 76.73 - General EEO policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false General EEO policy. 76.73 Section 76.73 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) BROADCAST RADIO SERVICES MULTICHANNEL VIDEO AND CABLE TELEVISION SERVICE Equal Employment Opportunity Requirements § 76.73 General EEO policy. (a) Equal...

47 CFR 76.73 - General EEO policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false General EEO policy. 76.73 Section 76.73 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) BROADCAST RADIO SERVICES MULTICHANNEL VIDEO AND CABLE TELEVISION SERVICE Equal Employment Opportunity Requirements § 76.73 General EEO policy. (a) Equal...

29 CFR 36.515 - Compensation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... opposite sex for equal work on jobs the performance of which requires equal skill, effort, and... Secretary of Labor NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Employment in Education Programs or...

22 CFR 229.515 - Compensation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... employees of the opposite sex for equal work on jobs the performance of which requires equal skill, effort... Relations AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Employment...

10 CFR 1042.515 - Compensation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... employees of the opposite sex for equal work on jobs the performance of which requires equal skill, effort... OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Employment in...

Reliable appropriate topology design for multiple-processor systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chou, C.P.

1987-01-01

A Shift and Replace Graph which is a very appropriate candidate for the topology of a multiple-processor system is a function of two positive integers r and m, and is denoted as SRF(r,m). Pradhan and Reddy proved that the node connectivity of SRG(r,m) is at least r and also give a routing algorithm which generally requires 2m jumps if the number of node failures is no larger than r - 1. Later, Esfahanian and Hakimi proved that SRG(r,m) has maximum node connectivity 2r - 2 and give routing algorithms which require: (1) at most m + 3 + log/sub r/mmore » jumps if 3 + log/sub r/m does not exceed m and the number of node failures is at most r - 1; (2) at most m + 5 + log/sub r/m jumps if 4 + log/sub r/m less than or equal to m and the number of node failures if less than or equal to 2r - 3; (3) all the other situations require no more than 2m jumps. By modifying the SRG(r,m), it is first proved that node connectivity of SRG(r,m) can be increased to: (1) 2r - 1 when r = 2, m = 2, and (2) 2r when (r = 2, m > 2) or (r > 2, m greater than or equal to 2, m greater than or equal to 2). The routing algorithms are also given for the modified SRG (r,m), which require at most 2m + 3 jumps when the number of node failures is less than or equal to 2r - 1.« less

Active Response Gravity Offload System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Valle, Paul; Dungan, Larry; Cunningham, Thomas; Lieberman, Asher; Poncia, Dina

2011-01-01

The Active Response Gravity Offload System (ARGOS) provides the ability to simulate with one system the gravity effect of planets, moons, comets, asteroids, and microgravity, where the gravity is less than Earth fs gravity. The system works by providing a constant force offload through an overhead hoist system and horizontal motion through a rail and trolley system. The facility covers a 20 by 40-ft (approximately equals 6.1 by 12.2m) horizontal area with 15 ft (approximately equals4.6 m) of lifting vertical range.

Catecholamine-Independent Heart Rate Increases Require CaMKII

PubMed Central

Gao, Zhan; Singh, Madhu V; Hall, Duane D; Koval, Olha M.; Luczak, Elizabeth D.; Joiner, Mei-ling A.; Chen, Biyi; Wu, Yuejin; Chaudhary, Ashok K; Martins, James B; Hund, Thomas J; Mohler, Peter J; Song, Long-Sheng; Anderson, Mark E.

2011-01-01

Background Catecholamines increase heart rate by augmenting the cAMP responsive HCN4 ‘pacemaker current’ (If) and/or by promoting inward Na+/Ca2+ exchanger current (INCX), by a ‘Ca2+ clock’ mechanism in sinoatrial nodal cells (SANCs). The importance, identity and function of signals that connect If and Ca2+ clock mechanisms are uncertain and controversial, but the multifunctional Ca2+ and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is required for physiological heart rate responses to β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) stimulation. The aim of this stuy is to measure the contribution of the Ca2+ clock and CaMKII to cardiac pacing independent of β-AR agonist stimulation. Methods and Results We used the L-type Ca2+ channel agonist BayK 8644 (BayK) to activate the SANC Ca2+ clock. BayK and isoproterenol were similarly effective in increasing rates in SANCs and Langendorff-perfused hearts from WT control mice. In contrast, SANCs and isolated hearts from mice with CaMKII inhibition by transgenic expression of an inhibitory peptide (AC3-I) were resistant to rate increases by BayK. BayK only activated CaMKII in control SANCs, but increased ICa equally in all SANCs, indicating that increasing ICa was insufficient and suggesting CaMKII activation was required for heart rate increases by BayK. BayK did not increase If or protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent phosphorylation of phospholamban (at Ser16), indicating that increased SANC Ca2+ by BayK did not augment cAMP/PKA signaling at these targets. Late diastolic intracellular Ca2+ release and INCX were significantly reduced in AC3-I SANCs and the response to BayK was eliminated by ryanodine in all groups. Conclusions The Ca2+ clock is capable of supporting physiological fight or flight responses, independent of β-AR stimulation or If increases. Complete Ca2+ clock and β-AR stimulation responses require CaMKII. PMID:21406683

Phytochrome B Requires PIF Degradation and Sequestration to Induce Light Responses Across a Wide Range of Light Conditions.

PubMed

Park, Eunae; Kim, Yeojae; Choi, Giltsu

2018-05-15

Phytochrome B (phyB) inhibits the function of phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) by inducing their degradation and sequestration, but the relative physiological importance of these two phyB activities is unclear. In an analysis of published Arabidopsis thaliana phyB mutations, we identified a point mutation in the N-terminal half of phyB (phyBG111D) that abolishes its PIF sequestration activity without affecting its PIF degradation activity. We also identified a point mutation in the phyB C-terminal domain, which, when combined with a deletion of the C-terminal end (phyB990G767R), does the opposite; it blocks PIF degradation without affecting PIF sequestration. The resulting phyB proteins, phyB990G767R and phyBG111D, are equally capable of inducing light responses under continuous red light. However, phyBG111D, which exhibits only the PIF degradation activity, induces stronger light responses than phyB990G767R under white light with prolonged dark periods (i.e., diurnal cycles). In contrast, phyB990G767R, which exhibits only the PIF sequestration activity, induces stronger light responses in flickering light (a condition that mimics sunflecks). Together, our results indicate that both of these separable phyB activities are required for light responses in varying light conditions. © 2018 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved.

Psychosis-proneness and neural correlates of self-inhibition in theory of mind.

PubMed

van der Meer, Lisette; Groenewold, Nynke A; Pijnenborg, Marieke; Aleman, André

2013-01-01

Impaired Theory of Mind (ToM) has been repeatedly reported as a feature of psychotic disorders. ToM is crucial in social interactions and for the development of social behavior. It has been suggested that reasoning about the belief of others, requires inhibition of the self-perspective. We investigated the neural correlates of self-inhibition in nineteen low psychosis prone (PP) and eighteen high PP subjects presenting with subclinical features. High PP subjects have a more than tenfold increased risk of developing a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. Brain activation was measured with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging during a ToM task differentiating between self-perspective inhibition and belief reasoning. Furthermore, to test underlying inhibitory mechanisms, we included a stop-signal task. We predicted worse behavioral performance for high compared to low PP subjects on both tasks. Moreover, based on previous neuroimaging results, different activation patterns were expected in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in high versus low PP subjects in self-perspective inhibition and simple response inhibition. Results showed increased activation in left IFG during self-perspective inhibition, but not during simple response inhibition, for high PP subjects as compared to low PP subjects. High and low PP subjects showed equal behavioral performance. The results suggest that at a neural level, high PP subjects need more resources for inhibiting the self-perspective, but not for simple motor response inhibition, to equal the performance of low PP subjects. This may reflect a compensatory mechanism, which may no longer be available for patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders resulting in ToM impairments.

Psychosis-Proneness and Neural Correlates of Self-Inhibition in Theory of Mind

PubMed Central

van der Meer, Lisette; Groenewold, Nynke A.; Pijnenborg, Marieke; Aleman, André

2013-01-01

Impaired Theory of Mind (ToM) has been repeatedly reported as a feature of psychotic disorders. ToM is crucial in social interactions and for the development of social behavior. It has been suggested that reasoning about the belief of others, requires inhibition of the self-perspective. We investigated the neural correlates of self-inhibition in nineteen low psychosis prone (PP) and eighteen high PP subjects presenting with subclinical features. High PP subjects have a more than tenfold increased risk of developing a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. Brain activation was measured with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging during a ToM task differentiating between self-perspective inhibition and belief reasoning. Furthermore, to test underlying inhibitory mechanisms, we included a stop-signal task. We predicted worse behavioral performance for high compared to low PP subjects on both tasks. Moreover, based on previous neuroimaging results, different activation patterns were expected in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in high versus low PP subjects in self-perspective inhibition and simple response inhibition. Results showed increased activation in left IFG during self-perspective inhibition, but not during simple response inhibition, for high PP subjects as compared to low PP subjects. High and low PP subjects showed equal behavioral performance. The results suggest that at a neural level, high PP subjects need more resources for inhibiting the self-perspective, but not for simple motor response inhibition, to equal the performance of low PP subjects. This may reflect a compensatory mechanism, which may no longer be available for patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders resulting in ToM impairments. PMID:23874445

Sustained visual-spatial attention produces costs and benefits in response time and evoked neural activity.

PubMed

Mangun, G R; Buck, L A

1998-03-01

This study investigated the simple reaction time (RT) and event-related potential (ERP) correlates of biasing attention towards a location in the visual field. RTs and ERPs were recorded to stimuli flashed randomly and with equal probability to the left and right visual hemifields in the three blocked, covert attention conditions: (i) attention divided equally to left and right hemifield locations; (ii) attention biased towards the left location; or (iii) attention biased towards the right location. Attention was biased towards left or right by instructions to the subjects, and responses were required to all stimuli. Relative to the divided attention condition, RTs were significantly faster for targets occurring where more attention was allocated (benefits), and slower to targets where less attention was allocated (costs). The early P1 (100-140 msec) component over the lateral occipital scalp regions showed attentional benefits. There were no amplitude modulations of the occipital N1 (125-180 msec) component with attention. Between 200 and 500 msec latency, a late positive deflection (LPD) showed both attentional costs and benefits. The behavioral findings show that when sufficiently induced to bias attention, human observers demonstrate RT benefits as well as costs. The corresponding P1 benefits suggest that the RT benefits of spatial attention may arise as the result of modulations of visual information processing in the extrastriate visual cortex.

Their struggle for equality has begun.

PubMed

Mankekar, K

An evaluation of the status of women in India concludes that women have just barely started the struggle for equality, despite newly granted equal rights by the Constitution and a tradition glorifying women as mothers and guardians of family responsibility. The 1st indication of the low status of women is neglect of girl babies and children, and the recent development of female foeticide after amniocentesis. Girls are weaned earlier than boys, weaned on less nourishing food, and 50% more girls are malnourished than boys. While only 65% of girls are enrolled in school, a further 42% drop out before class V. Although 30% of the seats on the Integrated Rural Development Program boards are allotted to women, the lack of literate women has prevented the targets from being filled. Women handle 60% of agricultural operations, and all of it in areas where men migrate to find work, yet women are not allowed to learn to operate agricultural machines. Urban women find their education and training considered part of their dowry, but they are still required to do all the domestic work, and are not allowed to decide on expenditure of the money they make. The existence of dowry, violence against women, and male control of their earnings is evidence that men consider self-reliant women a threat against their superiority. The situation is not entirely bleak, since women are becoming aware that their economic contribution toward national development is important.

Do graphemes attract spatial attention in grapheme-color synesthesia?

PubMed

Volberg, G; Chockley, A S; Greenlee, M W

2017-05-01

Grapheme-color synesthetes perceive concurrent colors for some objectively achromatic graphemes (inducers). Using oscillatory responses in the electroencephalogram, we tested the hypothesis that inducers automatically attract spatial attention and, thus, favor a conscious experience of color. Achromatic inducers and real-colored non-inducers were presented to the left or to the right visual hemifield and orientation judgments were required for subsequently presented Gabor patches. The graphemes were irrelevant for the task so that the related brain response was purely stimulus-driven. Synesthetes (n =12), but not an equal number of controls, showed an early theta power increase for inducers presented to the right compared to the left hemifield, with sources in left fusiform gyrus. Alpha power asymmetries indicative of shifts of spatial attention were not observed. Together, synesthetes showed an increased responsiveness to inducers in grapheme processing areas. However, contrary to our hypothesis, inducers did not attract spatial attention in synesthetes. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Distributed and accumulated reinforcement arrangements: evaluations of efficacy and preference.

PubMed

DeLeon, Iser G; Chase, Julie A; Frank-Crawford, Michelle A; Carreau-Webster, Abbey B; Triggs, Mandy M; Bullock, Christopher E; Jennett, Heather K

2014-01-01

We assessed the efficacy of, and preference for, accumulated access to reinforcers, which allows uninterrupted engagement with the reinforcers but imposes an inherent delay required to first complete the task. Experiment 1 compared rates of task completion in 4 individuals who had been diagnosed with intellectual disabilities when reinforcement was distributed (i.e., 30-s access to the reinforcer delivered immediately after each response) and accumulated (i.e., 5-min access to the reinforcer after completion of multiple consecutive responses). Accumulated reinforcement produced response rates that equaled or exceeded rates during distributed reinforcement for 3 participants. Experiment 2 used a concurrent-chains schedule to examine preferences for each arrangement. All participants preferred delayed, accumulated access when the reinforcer was an activity. Three participants also preferred accumulated access to edible reinforcers. The collective results suggest that, despite the inherent delay, accumulated reinforcement is just as effective and is often preferred by learners over distributed reinforcement. © Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.

A feasible DY conjugate gradient method for linear equality constraints

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

LI, Can

2017-09-01

In this paper, we propose a feasible conjugate gradient method for solving linear equality constrained optimization problem. The method is an extension of the Dai-Yuan conjugate gradient method proposed by Dai and Yuan to linear equality constrained optimization problem. It can be applied to solve large linear equality constrained problem due to lower storage requirement. An attractive property of the method is that the generated direction is always feasible and descent direction. Under mild conditions, the global convergence of the proposed method with exact line search is established. Numerical experiments are also given which show the efficiency of the method.

Requirement for serum in medium supplemented with insulin-transferrin-selenium for hydrodynamic cultivation of engineered cartilage.

PubMed

Yang, Yueh-Hsun; Barabino, Gilda A

2011-08-01

Achievement of viable engineered tissues through in vitro cultivation in bioreactor systems requires a thorough understanding of the complex interplay between hydrodynamic forces and biochemical cues such as serum. To this end, chondrocyte-seeded constructs were cultured under continuous fluid-induced shear forces with reduced serum content (0%-2%, v/v), which was partially or completely replaced by a potential substitute, insulin-transferrin-selenium, to minimize deleterious effects associated with the use of culture media containing high levels of serum (10%-20%). Low-serum cultures yielded constructs with similar biochemical properties to those cultivated with high-serum supplements, whereas the serum-free constructs exhibited poor cell proliferation, insufficient extracellular matrix production, and rapid degradation of and/or shear-induced damage to polyglycolic acid scaffolds. A fibrous outer capsule typically observed in hydrodynamic cultures and characterized by increased cell density and decreased (virtually none) glycosaminoglycan deposition was eliminated when serum concentration was equal to or <0.2% in the presence of hydrodynamic stimuli. Our findings suggest that serum is a requirement in insulin-transferrin-selenium-supplemented cultures in order for constructs to exhibit improved properties in response to hydrodynamic forces, and that mechanical and biochemical stimuli may synergistically modulate tissue properties and morphology through shear-responsive signals.

Randomized prospective evaluation of cimetidine and antacid control of gastric pH in the critically ill.

PubMed Central

Stothert, J C; Simonowitz, D A; Dellinger, E P; Farley, M; Edwards, W A; Blair, A D; Cutler, R; Carrico, C J

1980-01-01

One hundred forty-four critically ill patients admitted to an intensive care setting were randomly assigned to cimetidine or antacid treatament groups. Gastric pH was monitored hourly. One hundred twenty-three (85%) patients demonstrated a fall in pH to less than 4 and were considered to require prophylaxis. Prophylaxis was considered adequate if the measured pH could then be maintained at greater than or equal to 4. Fifty-eight patients received antacids alone, the average requirement being 41 cc/hour. Sixty-five patients received cimetidine. Seventeen (26%) of the cimetidine prophylaxis patients failed to raise their pH and were than placed on hourly administration of antacid with successful elevations of pH to greater than or equal to 4 in all cases on an average supplementary dose of 53 cc/hour. Risk factors, including sepsis, hypotension, head injury, respiratory failure, degree of trauma, and age, were not statistically different in the two treated groups. Using these same criteria, responders to cimetidine could not be differentiated from nonresponders. All patients were protected from significant stress bleeding while on this study. Significant complications of either treatment were minimal. Antacids offered consistent protection against gastric acidity and were 100% effective. A routine schedule of 300 mg every six hours of cimetidine was effective in only 47% of patients, and the maximum dose of cimetidine was effective in only 74% of patients. Hourly measurement of intragastric pH is required for monitoring the response to prophylaxis of stress bleeding in severely ill patients. PMID:7406571

Large, high resolution integrating TV sensor for astronomical appliations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Spitzer, L. J.

1977-01-01

A magnetically focused SEC tube developed for photometric applications is described. Efforts to design a 70 mm version of the tube which meets the ST f/24 camera requirements of the space telescope are discussed. The photometric accuracy of the 70 mm tube is executed to equal that of the previously developed 35 mm tube. The tube meets the criterion of 50 percent response at 20 cycles/mm in the central region of the format, and, with the removal of the remaining magnetic parts, this spatial frequency is expected over almost all of the format. Since the ST f/24 camera requires sensitivity in the red as well as the ultraviolet and visible spectra, attempts were made to develop tubes with this ability. It was found that it may be necessary to choose between red and u.v. sensitivity and tradeoff red sensitivity for low background. Results of environmental tests indicate no substantive problems in utilizing it in a flight camera system that will meet the space shuttle launch requirements.

48 CFR 411.170 - Brand name or equal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Brand name or equal. 411.170 Section 411.170 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COMPETITION AND ACQUISITION PLANNING DESCRIBING AGENCY NEEDS Selecting and Developing Requirements Documents 411.170 Brand...

48 CFR 411.170 - Brand name or equal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Brand name or equal. 411.170 Section 411.170 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COMPETITION AND ACQUISITION PLANNING DESCRIBING AGENCY NEEDS Selecting and Developing Requirements Documents 411.170 Brand...

48 CFR 411.170 - Brand name or equal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Brand name or equal. 411.170 Section 411.170 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COMPETITION AND ACQUISITION PLANNING DESCRIBING AGENCY NEEDS Selecting and Developing Requirements Documents 411.170 Brand...

48 CFR 411.170 - Brand name or equal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Brand name or equal. 411.170 Section 411.170 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COMPETITION AND ACQUISITION PLANNING DESCRIBING AGENCY NEEDS Selecting and Developing Requirements Documents 411.170 Brand...

Equal Pay for Equal Families.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Badgett, M. V. Lee

1994-01-01

At most colleges and universities, fringe benefits are offered only to married faculty. Requiring marriage for benefit eligibility discriminates against all unmarried couples, homosexual or heterosexual. Resistance to providing benefits to unmarried couples is declining, but both gay and straight couples will have to lobby together for domestic…

49 CFR 25.515 - Compensation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... employees of the opposite sex for equal work on jobs the performance of which requires equal skill, effort... Office of the Secretary of Transportation NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Employment in...

22 CFR 146.515 - Compensation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... employees of the opposite sex for equal work on jobs the performance of which requires equal skill, effort... Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE CIVIL RIGHTS NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Employment in...

Education and Muslim Identity: The Case of France.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Limage, Leslie J.

2000-01-01

Background for understanding the experience of Muslim immigrant students in French schools. Discusses the philosophy of equal education as equal access to the same knowledge (defined exclusively by the state and teachers); lack of teacher accountability; examination-based selection; and church-state separation. Describes government responses to…

Underwater Equal-Latency Contours of a Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) for Tonal Signals Between 0.5 and 125 kHz.

PubMed

Wensveen, Paul J; Huijser, Léonie A E; Hoek, Lean; Kastelein, Ronald A

2016-01-01

Loudness perception can be studied based on the assumption that sounds of equal loudness elicit equal reaction time (RT; or "response latency"). We measured the underwater RTs of a harbor porpoise to narrowband frequency-modulated sounds and constructed six equal-latency contours. The contours paralleled the audiogram at low sensation levels (high RTs). At high-sensation levels, contours flattened between 0.5 and 31.5 kHz but dropped substantially (RTs shortened) beyond those frequencies. This study suggests that equal-latency-based frequency weighting can emulate noise perception in porpoises for low and middle frequencies but that the RT-loudness correlation is relatively weak for very high frequencies.

Building an Evaluation Scale using Item Response Theory.

PubMed

Lalor, John P; Wu, Hao; Yu, Hong

2016-11-01

Evaluation of NLP methods requires testing against a previously vetted gold-standard test set and reporting standard metrics (accuracy/precision/recall/F1). The current assumption is that all items in a given test set are equal with regards to difficulty and discriminating power. We propose Item Response Theory (IRT) from psychometrics as an alternative means for gold-standard test-set generation and NLP system evaluation. IRT is able to describe characteristics of individual items - their difficulty and discriminating power - and can account for these characteristics in its estimation of human intelligence or ability for an NLP task. In this paper, we demonstrate IRT by generating a gold-standard test set for Recognizing Textual Entailment. By collecting a large number of human responses and fitting our IRT model, we show that our IRT model compares NLP systems with the performance in a human population and is able to provide more insight into system performance than standard evaluation metrics. We show that a high accuracy score does not always imply a high IRT score, which depends on the item characteristics and the response pattern.

Building an Evaluation Scale using Item Response Theory

PubMed Central

Lalor, John P.; Wu, Hao; Yu, Hong

2016-01-01

Evaluation of NLP methods requires testing against a previously vetted gold-standard test set and reporting standard metrics (accuracy/precision/recall/F1). The current assumption is that all items in a given test set are equal with regards to difficulty and discriminating power. We propose Item Response Theory (IRT) from psychometrics as an alternative means for gold-standard test-set generation and NLP system evaluation. IRT is able to describe characteristics of individual items - their difficulty and discriminating power - and can account for these characteristics in its estimation of human intelligence or ability for an NLP task. In this paper, we demonstrate IRT by generating a gold-standard test set for Recognizing Textual Entailment. By collecting a large number of human responses and fitting our IRT model, we show that our IRT model compares NLP systems with the performance in a human population and is able to provide more insight into system performance than standard evaluation metrics. We show that a high accuracy score does not always imply a high IRT score, which depends on the item characteristics and the response pattern.1 PMID:28004039

Effects of previous ovarian surgery on the follicular response to ovulation induction in an in vitro fertilization program.

PubMed

Hornstein, M D; Barbieri, R L; McShane, P M

1989-04-01

This study examined the effects of previous ovarian surgery on the clinical response to ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate-human menopausal gonadotropin in an in vitro fertilization program. Patients were divided into five clinical groups: group A (n = 63), no previous ovarian surgery; B (n = 9), unilateral cystectomy; C (n = 6), unilateral oophorectomy with no contralateral ovarian surgery; D (n = 7), bilateral ovarian surgery with both ovaries present; and E (n = 4), unilateral oophorectomy and contralateral cystectomy. Patients in group E demonstrated significantly lower serum estradiol on cycle days 9-11 (P less than or equal to .05) and fewer follicles on cycle days 11-12 (P less than or equal to .05) than did patients in groups A-D. The percentage of cancelled cycles increased with increasing amounts of ovarian surgery (P less than or equal to .03). The study suggests that one cause of a poor response to ovulation induction for in vitro fertilization may be prior extensive ovarian surgery.

Climate and Ozone Response to Increased Stratospheric Water Vapor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shindell, Drew T.

2001-01-01

Stratospheric water vapor abundance affects ozone, surface climate, and stratospheric temperatures. From 30-50 km altitude, temperatures show global decreases of 3-6 K over recent decades. These may be a proxy for water vapor increases, as the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) climate model reproduces these trends only when stratospheric water vapor is allowed to increase. Observations suggest that stratospheric water vapor is indeed increasing, however, measurements are extremely limited in either spatial coverage or duration. The model results suggest that the observed changes may be part of a global, long-term trend. Furthermore, the required water vapor change is too large to be accounted for by increased production within the stratosphere, suggesting that ongoing climate change may be altering tropospheric input. The calculated stratospheric water vapor increase contributes an additional approximately equals 24% (approximately equals 0.2 W/m(exp 2)) to the global warming from well-mixed greenhouse gases over the past two decades. Observed ozone depletion is also better reproduced when destruction due to increased water vapor is included. If the trend continues, it could increase future global warming and impede stratospheric ozone recovery.

International Institutions and Domestic Reform: Equal Pay and British Membership in the European Economic Community.

PubMed

Frader, Laura Levine

2018-03-01

Despite having been overlooked in the standard histories of the UK and the European Community, gender politics and gender policies played a significant role in Britain's applications for membership in the EEC in the 1960s. Joining the European Community required that Britain comply with Article 119 on equal pay for equal work. A combination of domestic feminist and labour movement activism, the commitment of unions and parties, and the internationalization of formal commitments to women's rights constituted internal and external pressures for the passage of an Equal Pay Act in 1970. The article argues that the formal legislative commitment to gender pay equality, changing public attitudes towards women's employment, and European membership impacted further domestic social policy reform and slowly began to shift government attitudes towards gender equality.

A practical radial basis function equalizer.

PubMed

Lee, J; Beach, C; Tepedelenlioglu, N

1999-01-01

A radial basis function (RBF) equalizer design process has been developed in which the number of basis function centers used is substantially fewer than conventionally required. The reduction of centers is accomplished in two-steps. First an algorithm is used to select a reduced set of centers that lie close to the decision boundary. Then the centers in this reduced set are grouped, and an average position is chosen to represent each group. Channel order and delay, which are determining factors in setting the initial number of centers, are estimated from regression analysis. In simulation studies, an RBF equalizer with more than 2000-to-1 reduction in centers performed as well as the RBF equalizer without reduction in centers, and better than a conventional linear equalizer.

45 CFR 98.43 - Equal access.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL ADMINISTRATION CHILD CARE AND DEVELOPMENT FUND Program Operations (Child Care Services)-Lead Agency and Provider Requirements § 98.43 Equal access. (a) The Lead Agency shall certify that the payment rates for the provision of child care services under this part are...

45 CFR 98.43 - Equal access.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Department of Health and Human Services GENERAL ADMINISTRATION CHILD CARE AND DEVELOPMENT FUND Program Operations (Child Care Services)-Lead Agency and Provider Requirements § 98.43 Equal access. (a) The Lead Agency shall certify that the payment rates for the provision of child care services under this part are...

45 CFR 98.43 - Equal access.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL ADMINISTRATION CHILD CARE AND DEVELOPMENT FUND Program Operations (Child Care Services)-Lead Agency and Provider Requirements § 98.43 Equal access. (a) The Lead Agency shall certify that the payment rates for the provision of child care services under this part are...

45 CFR 98.43 - Equal access.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL ADMINISTRATION CHILD CARE AND DEVELOPMENT FUND Program Operations (Child Care Services)-Lead Agency and Provider Requirements § 98.43 Equal access. (a) The Lead Agency shall certify that the payment rates for the provision of child care services under this part are...

45 CFR 98.43 - Equal access.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL ADMINISTRATION CHILD CARE AND DEVELOPMENT FUND Program Operations (Child Care Services)-Lead Agency and Provider Requirements § 98.43 Equal access. (a) The Lead Agency shall certify that the payment rates for the provision of child care services under this part are...

Communication Application for Use During the First Dental Visit for Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders.

PubMed

Zink, Adriana Gledys; Molina, Eder Cassola; Diniz, Michele Baffi; Santos, Maria Teresa Botti Rodrigues; Guaré, Renata Oliveira

2018-01-01

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate an application (app) facilitating patient-professional communication among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and compare it with the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS). Forty nine- to 15-year-olds were randomly divided into two groups: G1 (app; N equals 20) and G2 (PECS; N equals 20). Initially, the visual contact timing of the groups was measured. Pictures of a room, ground, chair, dentist, mouth, low-speed handpiece, and air-water syringe were presented to both groups. Each picture was shown up to three times per appointment to evaluate whether or not the child accepted the procedure. After dental prophylaxis, caries experience was recorded. The prevalence of dental caries was 37.5 percent. Differences in the number of attempts required for each picture to acquire the skill proposed were found between the groups (Mann-Whitney, P<0.05). A significant difference in the median number of attempts (G1 equals 9.5 and G2 equals 15) and appointments (G1 equals three and G2 equals five) was observed (Mann-Whitney, P<0.05). The app was more effective than the Picture Exchange Communication System for dentist-patient communication, decreasing the number of appointments required for preventive dental care and clinical examinations.

Graduate Students Perceptions' on Multicultural Education: A Qualitative Case Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Aydin, Hasan; Tonbuloglu, Betül

2014-01-01

Problem statement: The main responsibility in the implementation of multicultural education, which includes notions like equality, respect, and peace, as well as an equal opportunity for success for all students, belongs to teachers. The teachers' perception of and attitude towards multicultural education are directly related to how they will…

25 CFR 39.408 - What are the responsibilities of administrative officials?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false What are the responsibilities of administrative officials... INDIAN SCHOOL EQUALIZATION PROGRAM Accountability § 39.408 What are the responsibilities of administrative officials? Administrative officials have the following responsibilities: (a) Applying the...

The Hierarchical Cortical Organization of Human Speech Processing

PubMed Central

de Heer, Wendy A.; Huth, Alexander G.; Griffiths, Thomas L.

2017-01-01

Speech comprehension requires that the brain extract semantic meaning from the spectral features represented at the cochlea. To investigate this process, we performed an fMRI experiment in which five men and two women passively listened to several hours of natural narrative speech. We then used voxelwise modeling to predict BOLD responses based on three different feature spaces that represent the spectral, articulatory, and semantic properties of speech. The amount of variance explained by each feature space was then assessed using a separate validation dataset. Because some responses might be explained equally well by more than one feature space, we used a variance partitioning analysis to determine the fraction of the variance that was uniquely explained by each feature space. Consistent with previous studies, we found that speech comprehension involves hierarchical representations starting in primary auditory areas and moving laterally on the temporal lobe: spectral features are found in the core of A1, mixtures of spectral and articulatory in STG, mixtures of articulatory and semantic in STS, and semantic in STS and beyond. Our data also show that both hemispheres are equally and actively involved in speech perception and interpretation. Further, responses as early in the auditory hierarchy as in STS are more correlated with semantic than spectral representations. These results illustrate the importance of using natural speech in neurolinguistic research. Our methodology also provides an efficient way to simultaneously test multiple specific hypotheses about the representations of speech without using block designs and segmented or synthetic speech. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT To investigate the processing steps performed by the human brain to transform natural speech sound into meaningful language, we used models based on a hierarchical set of speech features to predict BOLD responses of individual voxels recorded in an fMRI experiment while subjects listened to natural speech. Both cerebral hemispheres were actively involved in speech processing in large and equal amounts. Also, the transformation from spectral features to semantic elements occurs early in the cortical speech-processing stream. Our experimental and analytical approaches are important alternatives and complements to standard approaches that use segmented speech and block designs, which report more laterality in speech processing and associated semantic processing to higher levels of cortex than reported here. PMID:28588065

How does gender equality progress link to alcohol care and death? A registry study of the Swedish parental cohort of 1988/1989.

PubMed

Månsdotter, Anna; Lundberg, Michael; Lindholm, Lars

2012-02-01

This article examines how gender equality during early parenthood (1988-1991) associates with alcohol-related inpatient care or mortality (1992-2006). We categorised all Swedish couples having had a first child together in 1988-1989 (N=118,595) as traditional, or gender equal, or untraditional based on income and occupational position (bread-winning indicators), parental leave and temporary child care (child-care indicators). Overall, traditional women run lower risk, whereas traditional men and untraditional women (those opposing the traditional division of parenthood responsibilities) run higher risks of alcohol harm than their gender-equal counterparts.

Deflection corridors of abdomen and thorax in oblique side impacts using equal stress equal velocity approach: comparison with other normalization methods.

PubMed

Yoganandan, Narayan; Arun, Mike W J; Humm, John; Pintar, Frank A

2014-10-01

The first objective of the study was to determine the thorax and abdomen deflection time corridors using the equal stress equal velocity approach from oblique side impact sled tests with postmortem human surrogates fitted with chestbands. The second purpose of the study was to generate deflection time corridors using impulse momentum methods and determine which of these methods best suits the data. An anthropometry-specific load wall was used. Individual surrogate responses were normalized to standard midsize male anthropometry. Corridors from the equal stress equal velocity approach were very similar to those from impulse momentum methods, thus either method can be used for this data. Present mean and plus/minus one standard deviation abdomen and thorax deflection time corridors can be used to evaluate dummies and validate complex human body finite element models.

Core-Shell Particles as Building Blocks for Systems with High Duality Symmetry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rahimzadegan, Aso; Rockstuhl, Carsten; Fernandez-Corbaton, Ivan

2018-05-01

Material electromagnetic duality symmetry requires a system to have equal electric and magnetic responses. Intrinsically dual materials that meet the duality conditions at the level of the constitutive relations do not exist in many frequency bands. Nevertheless, discrete objects like metallic helices and homogeneous dielectric spheres can be engineered to approximate the dual behavior. We exploit the extra degrees of freedom of a core-shell dielectric sphere in a particle optimization procedure. The duality symmetry of the resulting particle is more than 1 order of magnitude better than previously reported nonmagnetic objects. We use T -matrix-based multiscattering techniques to show that the improvement is transferred onto the duality symmetry of composite objects when the core-shell particle is used as a building block instead of homogeneous spheres. These results are relevant for the fashioning of systems with high duality symmetry, which are required for some technologically important effects.

Family health nursing: a response to the global health challenges.

PubMed

Martin, Paul; Duffy, Tim; Johnston, Brian; Banks, Pauline; Harkess-Murphy, Eileen; Martin, Colin R

2013-02-01

The European Family Health Nursing Project is a revitalized World Health Organization initiative led by the University of the West of Scotland. Partner countries include Armenia, Austria, Germany, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, and Spain. European Union Lifelong Learning funding was received in 2011 to facilitate a consistency of approach in the development of a definition of family health nursing, required core competencies and capabilities, and consequent education and training requirements. Global health challenges have informed the development of the project: increasingly aging populations, the increasing incidence in noncommunicable diseases that are currently the main cause of death, and the significant progress made in the way health systems have developed to meet the demands in relation to access and equality of health services. Governments and policy makers should develop a health workforce based on the principles of teamwork and interdisciplinarity while recognizing the core contribution of the "specialist generalist" role in the primary care setting.

29 CFR 34.20 - Assurance required; duration of obligation; covenants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Section 34.20 Labor Office of the Secretary of Labor IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NONDISCRIMINATION AND EQUAL... the nondiscrimination and equal opportunity provisions of the Job Training Partnership Act of 1982, as amended (JTPA), including the Nontraditional Employment for Women Act of 1991; title VI of the Civil...

School Finance and the Courts: A Reanalysis of Progress.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thompson, David C.

1990-01-01

Examines federal and state court decisions in school finance litigation involving the argument that education is a fundamental right with equal opportunity and equal protection. Outlines legal strategy for educational reform by arguing that surrogates for these concepts are state education laws requiring uniform, common or thorough, and efficient…

Secretarial Administraton: The Interviewing Process.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nemesh, Anna

1979-01-01

Suggests classroom techniques to prepare business students for employment interviews and gives information on lawful and unlawful employment interview inquiries, as well as some fair employment legal requirements of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1974, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Equal Pay Act of 1963, and Rehabilitation Act of 1973. (MF)

29 CFR 34.43 - Complaints and investigations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Equal Pay Act of 1963, as amended (29 U.S.C. 206(d)), or the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of... Office of the Secretary of Labor IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NONDISCRIMINATION AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY REQUIREMENTS OF THE JOB TRAINING PARTNERSHIP ACT OF 1982, AS AMENDED (JTPA) Compliance Procedures § 34.43...

Educational Opportunity: El Salvador's Barriers to Achieving Equality Persist.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rosekrans, Kristin

This paper analyzes barriers to educational equality in El Salvador, using a multi-layered framework of educational opportunity. To improve educational opportunity and give the most marginalized sectors of society the possibility of changing their life circumstances requires policies that go beyond mere access to formal schooling. The model…

English Language Learners and Judicial Oversight: Progeny of "Castaneda"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sutton, Lenford C.; Cornelius, Luke; McDonald-Gordon, Robyn

2012-01-01

When the 93rd Congress enacted the Equal Education Opportunity Act of 1974 (EEOA), it required states to take appropriate action to overcome language barriers that inhibited equal education participation by their resident students. An examination of the EEOA legislative testimony suggests elected officials established the law to set forth…

5 CFR 300.405 - Requirement for contract.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... principles and equal opportunity laws. ... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Requirement for contract. 300.405 Section... (GENERAL) Use of Commercial Recruiting Firms and Nonprofit Employment Services § 300.405 Requirement for...

Sensorimotor-Independent Prefrontal Activity During Response Inhibition

PubMed Central

Cai, Weidong; Cannistraci, Christopher J.; Gore, John C.; Leung, Hoi-Chung

2015-01-01

A network of brain regions involving the ventral inferior frontal gyrus/anterior insula (vIFG/AI), presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and basal ganglia has been implicated in stopping impulsive, unwanted responses. However, whether this network plays an equal role in response inhibition under different sensorimotor contexts has not been tested systematically. Here, we conducted an fMRI experiment using the stop signal task, a sensorimotor task requiring occasional withholding of the planned response upon the presentation of a stop signal. We manipulated both the sensory modality of the stop signal (visual versus auditory) and the motor response modality (hand versus eye). Results showed that the vIFG/AI and the preSMA along with the right middle frontal gyrus were commonly activated in response inhibition across the various sensorimotor conditions. Our findings provide direct evidence for a common role of these frontal areas, but not striatal areas in response inhibition independent of the sensorimotor contexts. Nevertheless, these three frontal regions exhibited different activation patterns during successful and unsuccessful stopping. Together with the existing evidence, we suggest that the vIFG/AI is involved in the early stages of stopping such as triggering the stop process while the preSMA may play a role in regulating other cortical and subcortical regions involved in stopping. PMID:23798325

Towards a sexual ethics of rights and responsibilities.

PubMed

Dixon-Mueller, Ruth; Germain, Adrienne; Fredrick, Beth; Bourne, Kate

2009-05-01

Sexual rights as human rights encompass individual freedoms and social entitlements. Both depend for their realisation on equally important social responsibilities on the part of individuals, couples, families, other social institutions, and the State. The principle that all persons must understand their own sexual rights and responsibilities and respect the equal rights of others - particularly those of their sexual partners - informs our interpretation of the ethical basis of sexual behaviours. We propose a conceptual framework for defining a sexual ethics of equal rights and responsibilities pertaining to five dimensions of sexual behaviour: 1) sexual relationships and the right to choose one's partner; 2) sexual expression and the right to seek pleasure; 3) sexual consequences and the right to cooperation from one's partner; 4) sexual harm and the right to protection; and 5) sexual health and the right to information, education and health services. We suggest that the ethical principles presented here pertaining to sexual partnerships should be incorporated into sexuality education, sexual and reproductive health services, and social policies aimed at promoting the health and rights of all persons regardless of gender, marital status, sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity and other personal or group identities.

Adaptive frequency-domain equalization for the transmission of the fundamental mode in a few-mode fiber.

PubMed

Bai, Neng; Xia, Cen; Li, Guifang

2012-10-08

We propose and experimentally demonstrate single-carrier adaptive frequency-domain equalization (SC-FDE) to mitigate multipath interference (MPI) for the transmission of the fundamental mode in a few-mode fiber. The FDE approach reduces computational complexity significantly compared to the time-domain equalization (TDE) approach while maintaining the same performance. Both FDE and TDE methods are evaluated by simulating long-haul fundamental-mode transmission using a few-mode fiber. For the fundamental mode operation, the required tap length of the equalizer depends on the differential mode group delay (DMGD) of a single span rather than DMGD of the entire link.

Ifosfamide in the treatment of recurrent or disseminated lung cancer: a phase II study of two dose schedules.

PubMed

Costanzi, J J; Gagliano, R; Loukas, D; Panettiere, F J; Hokanson, J A

1978-05-01

Ifosfamide was administered to 21 patients with recurrent or disseminated lung cancer at a dose of 4.0 gm/M2 iv every 3 weeks. The response rate was 33% with an additional 14% showing no response or stable disease. At a dose of 1.2 gm/M2 daily for 5 days every 4 weeks, 57% of 14 patients responded with 35% showing no response or stable disease. The majority of the patients (28) had epidermoid carcinoma. Two (7%) had complete response with 9 (32%) showing partial responses. Other responses included 1/2 oat cell carcinomas and 3/6 large cell undifferentiated carcinomas. Toxicity was equal in both regimens for nausea, vomiting, increased serum LDH and neutropenia but the 5 day program had significantly less hemorrhagic cystitis. Survival was greatly influenced by response. There was no statistical difference in overall length of response between responders and the non responding/stable disease patients. But these two groups had a very significant survival advantage when compared to those patients with increasing disease. Similarly, there was a significant improvement in response duration for the low dosage regimen. Therefore, the low dose 5 day regimen is recommended because of its response rate, it has less hemorrhagic cystitis and it has better patient acceptance in that it can be given as an outpatient and does not require a Foley catheter.

MIMO equalization with adaptive step size for few-mode fiber transmission systems.

PubMed

van Uden, Roy G H; Okonkwo, Chigo M; Sleiffer, Vincent A J M; de Waardt, Hugo; Koonen, Antonius M J

2014-01-13

Optical multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission systems generally employ minimum mean squared error time or frequency domain equalizers. Using an experimental 3-mode dual polarization coherent transmission setup, we show that the convergence time of the MMSE time domain equalizer (TDE) and frequency domain equalizer (FDE) can be reduced by approximately 50% and 30%, respectively. The criterion used to estimate the system convergence time is the time it takes for the MIMO equalizer to reach an average output error which is within a margin of 5% of the average output error after 50,000 symbols. The convergence reduction difference between the TDE and FDE is attributed to the limited maximum step size for stable convergence of the frequency domain equalizer. The adaptive step size requires a small overhead in the form of a lookup table. It is highlighted that the convergence time reduction is achieved without sacrificing optical signal-to-noise ratio performance.

Performance analysis of adaptive equalization for coherent acoustic communications in the time-varying ocean environment.

PubMed

Preisig, James C

2005-07-01

Equations are derived for analyzing the performance of channel estimate based equalizers. The performance is characterized in terms of the mean squared soft decision error (sigma2(s)) of each equalizer. This error is decomposed into two components. These are the minimum achievable error (sigma2(0)) and the excess error (sigma2(e)). The former is the soft decision error that would be realized by the equalizer if the filter coefficient calculation were based upon perfect knowledge of the channel impulse response and statistics of the interfering noise field. The latter is the additional soft decision error that is realized due to errors in the estimates of these channel parameters. These expressions accurately predict the equalizer errors observed in the processing of experimental data by a channel estimate based decision feedback equalizer (DFE) and a passive time-reversal equalizer. Further expressions are presented that allow equalizer performance to be predicted given the scattering function of the acoustic channel. The analysis using these expressions yields insights into the features of surface scattering that most significantly impact equalizer performance in shallow water environments and motivates the implementation of a DFE that is robust with respect to channel estimation errors.

Aspects of Equality in Mandatory Partnerships - From the Perspective of Municipal Care in Norway.

PubMed

Kirchhoff, Ralf; Ljunggren, Birgitte

2016-05-18

This paper raises questions about equality in partnerships, since imbalance in partnerships may effect collaboration outcomes in integrated care. We address aspects of equality in mandatory, public-public partnerships, from the perspective of municipal care. We have developed a questionnaire wherein the Norwegian Coordination Reform is an illustrative example. The following research question is addressed: What equality dimensions are important for municipals related to mandatory partnerships with hospitals? Since we did not find any instrument to measure equality in partnerships, an explorative design was chosen. The development of the instrument was based on the theory on partnership and knowledge about the field and context. A national online survey was emitted to all 429 Norwegian municipalities in 2013. The response rate was in total 58 percent (n = 248). The data were mainly analysed using Principal component analysis. It seems that the two dimensions "learning and expertise equality" and "contractual equality" collects reliable and valid data to measure aspects of equality in partnerships. Partnerships are usually based on voluntarism. The results indicate that mandatory partnerships, within a public health care system, can be appropriate to equalize partnerships between health care providers at different care levels.

A predator equalizes rate of capture of a schooling prey in a patchy environment.

PubMed

Vijayan, Sundararaj; Kotler, Burt P; Abramsky, Zvika

2017-05-01

Prey individuals are often distributed heterogeneously in the environment, and their abundances and relative availabilities vary among patches. A foraging predator should maximize energetic gains by selectively choosing patches with higher prey density. However, catching behaviorally responsive and group-forming prey in patchy environments can be a challenge for predators. First, they have to identify the profitable patches, and second, they must manage the prey's sophisticated anti-predator behavior. Thus, the forager and its prey have to continuously adjust their behavior to that of their opponent. Given these conditions, the foraging predator's behavior should be dynamic with time in terms of foraging effort and prey capture rates across different patches. Theoretically, the allocation of its time among patches of behaviorally responsive prey should be such that it equalizes its prey capture rates across patches through time. We tested this prediction in a model system containing a predator (little egret) and group-forming prey (common gold fish) in two sets of experiments in which (1) patches (pools) contained equal numbers of prey, or in which (2) patches contained unequal densities of prey. The egret equalized the prey capture rate through time in both equal and different density experiments. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

7 CFR 3560.3 - Environmental requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... Environmental requirements. RHS will consider environmental impacts of proposed housing as equal with economic, social, and other factors. By working with applicants, Federal agencies, Indian tribes, state and local...

24 CFR 5.524 - Compliance with nondiscrimination requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... the restrictions on use of assisted housing by noncitizens with ineligible immigration status imposed by this part in conformity with all applicable nondiscrimination and equal opportunity requirements...

28 CFR 42.720 - General responsibility.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false General responsibility. 42.720 Section 42.720 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE NONDISCRIMINATION; EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY...; Implementation of the Age Discrimination Act of 1975 Duties of Recipients § 42.720 General responsibility...

Social inequality in health, responsibility and egalitarian justice.

PubMed

Marchman Andersen, M; Oksbjerg Dalton, S; Lynch, J; Johansen, C; Holtug, N

2013-03-01

Are social inequalities in health unjust when brought about by differences in lifestyle? A widespread idea, luck egalitarianism, is that inequality stemming from individuals' free choices is not to be considered unjust, since individuals, presumably, are themselves responsible for such choices. Thus, to the extent that lifestyles are in fact results of free choices, social inequality in health brought about by these choices is not in tension with egalitarian justice. If this is so, then it may put in question the justification of free and equal access to health care and existing medical research priorities. However, personal responsibility is a highly contested issue and in this article we first consider the case for, and second the case against, personal responsibility for health in light of recent developments in philosophical accounts of responsibility and equality. We suggest-but do not fully establish-that at the most fundamental level people are never responsible in such a way that appeals to individuals' own responsibility can justify inequalities in health.

Equity in Texas Public School Finance: Some Historical Perspectives.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Walker, Billy D.

The history of equity concerns in Texas public school finance, spanning over a century, is reviewed in this report. Three issues related to three reform eras are discussed: equitable availability of public schooling, equal resources for schools, and school effectiveness. State responses to the issues included equalization of opportunities in rural…

Implementation of Insight Responsibilities in Process Engineering

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Osborne, Deborah M.

1997-01-01

This report describes an approach for evaluating flight readiness (COFR) and contractor performance evaluation (award fee) as part of the insight role of NASA Process Engineering at Kennedy Space Center. Several evaluation methods are presented, including systems engineering evaluations and use of systems performance data. The transition from an oversight function to the insight function is described. The types of analytical tools appropriate for achieving the flight readiness and contractor performance evaluation goals are described and examples are provided. Special emphasis is placed upon short and small run statistical quality control techniques. Training requirements for system engineers are delineated. The approach described herein would be equally appropriate in other directorates at Kennedy Space Center.

First- and second-order sensitivity analysis of linear and nonlinear structures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Haftka, R. T.; Mroz, Z.

1986-01-01

This paper employs the principle of virtual work to derive sensitivity derivatives of structural response with respect to stiffness parameters using both direct and adjoint approaches. The computations required are based on additional load conditions characterized by imposed initial strains, body forces, or surface tractions. As such, they are equally applicable to numerical or analytical solution techniques. The relative efficiency of various approaches for calculating first and second derivatives is assessed. It is shown that for the evaluation of second derivatives the most efficient approach is one that makes use of both the first-order sensitivities and adjoint vectors. Two example problems are used for demonstrating the various approaches.

Differences between medical student and faculty perceptions of the competencies needed for the first year of residency.

PubMed

Fürstenberg, Sophie; Harendza, Sigrid

2017-11-09

Different guidelines and frameworks like the CanMEDs model or entrustable professional activities (EPAs) describe competencies required for successful and professional work of residents. Not all competencies are of equal importance for graduates when they start their residency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relevance of different competencies for a first year resident from the perspective of physicians and medical students. In an online study, 178 of 475 surgeons and internists including residents and attendings and 102 of 728 first and last year undergraduate medical students from the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf ranked 25 competencies according to their relevance for entrustment decisions in first year residents. The rankings of the competencies by residents and attendings and by first year and last year medical student were compared. Additionally, the rankings were also compared to the literature. Physicians and medical students rated 'Responsibility' as the most important competency for first year residents. Physicians ranked 'Teamwork and collegiality' and 'Structure, work planning and priorities' within the top 10 competencies significantly higher than medical students. The competency ranks between attendings and residents only showed one significant difference between attendings and residents, where 'Coping with mistakes', was ranked significantly higher by residents. Medical students ranked 'Active listening to patients', 'Advising patients' and 'Handling emotions of patients and their relatives' significantly higher than physicians. Final year students ranked 'Structure, work planning and priorities', 'Coping with mistakes', and 'Verbal communication with colleagues and supervisors' significantly higher than first year students. Even though physicians and medical students agree that 'Responsibility' is the most important competency for entrustment decisions in the first year of residency, medical students rate competencies regarding patient communication very highly while physicians rate competencies required for patient managements significantly higher for entrustment decision. Undergraduate medical curricula seem to prepare students well with respect to patient-centeredness but need to be developed more specifically to prepare students equally well for patient management competencies which are required in the first year of residency for entrustment decisions from the attendings perspective.

Contextual Control of Discriminated Operant Behavior

PubMed Central

Bouton, Mark E.; Todd, Travis P.; León, Samuel P.

2014-01-01

Previous research suggests that changing the context after instrumental (operant) conditioning can weaken the strength of the operant response. That result contrasts with the results of studies of Pavlovian conditioning, where a context switch often does not affect the response elicited by a conditioned stimulus. To begin to make the methods more similar, Experiments 1–3 tested the effects of a context switch in rats on a discriminated operant response (R, lever pressing or chain pulling) that had been reinforced only in the presence of a 30-s discriminative stimulus (S, tone or light). As in Pavlovian conditioning, responses and reinforcers became confined to presentations of the S during training. However, in Experiment 1, after training in Context A, a switch to Context B caused a decrement in responding during S. In Experiment 2, a switch to Context B likewise decreased responding in S when Context B was equally familiar, equally associated with reinforcement, or equally associated with the training of a discriminated operant (a different R reinforced in a different S). However, there was no decrement if Context B had been associated with the same response that was trained in Context A (Experiments 2 and 3). The effectiveness of S transferred across contexts, whereas the strength of the response did not. Experiment 4 found that a continuously reinforced response was also disrupted by context change when the same response manipulandum was used in both training and testing. Overall, the results suggest that the context can have a robust general role in the control of operant behavior. Mechanisms of contextual control are discussed. PMID:24000907

Contextual control of discriminated operant behavior.

PubMed

Bouton, Mark E; Todd, Travis P; León, Samuel P

2014-01-01

Previous research has suggested that changing the context after instrumental (operant) conditioning can weaken the strength of the operant response. That result contrasts with the results of studies of Pavlovian conditioning, in which a context switch often does not affect the response elicited by a conditioned stimulus. To begin to make the methods more similar, Experiments 1-3 tested the effects of a context switch in rats on a discriminated operant response (R; lever pressing or chain pulling) that had been reinforced only in the presence of a 30-s discriminative stimulus (S; tone or light). As in Pavlovian conditioning, responses and reinforcers became confined to presentations of the S during training. However, in Experiment 1, after training in Context A, a switch to Context B caused a decrement in responding during S. In Experiment 2, a switch to Context B likewise decreased responding in S when Context B was equally familiar, equally associated with reinforcement, or equally associated with the training of a discriminated operant (a different R reinforced in a different S). However, there was no decrement if Context B had been associated with the same response that was trained in Context A (Experiments 2 and 3). The effectiveness of S transferred across contexts, whereas the strength of the response did not. Experiment 4 found that a continuously reinforced response was also disrupted by context change when the same response manipulandum was used in both training and testing. Overall, the results suggest that the context can have a robust general role in the control of operant behavior. Mechanisms of contextual control are discussed.

Effect of pulse duration on photomechanical response of soft tissue during Ho:YAG laser ablation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jansen, E. Duco; Motamedi, Massoud; Pfefer, T. Joshua; Asshauer, Thomas; Frenz, Martin; Delacretaz, Guy P.; Abela, George S.; Welch, Ashley J.

1995-05-01

Mechanical injury during pulsed holmium laser ablation of tissue is caused by rapid bubble expansion and collapse or by laser-induced pressure waves. In this study the effect of pulse duration on the photomechanical response of soft tissue during holmium:YAG laser ablation has been investigated. The dynamics of laser-induced bubble formation was documented in water and in transparent polyacrylamide tissue phantoms with a water concentration of 84%. Holmium:YAG laser radiation ((lambda) equals 2.12 micrometers ) was delivered in water or tissue phantoms via an optical fiber (200 or 400 micrometers ). The laser was operated in either the Q- switched mode ((tau) p equals 500 ns, Qp equals 14 +/- 1 mJ, 200 micrometers fiber, Ho equals 446 mJ/mm2) or the free-running mode ((tau) p equals 100 - 1100 microsecond(s) , Qp equals 200 +/- 5 mJ, 400 micrometers fiber, Ho equals 1592 mJ/mm2). Bubble formation was documented using a fast flash photography setup while simultaneously a PVDP needle hydrophone (40 ns risetime), recorded pressures. The effect of the pulse duration on the photomechanical response of soft biological tissue was evaluated by delivering 5 pulses of 800 mJ to the intimal side of porcine aorta in vitro, followed by histologic evaluation. It was observed that, as the pulse duration was increased the bubble shape changed from almost spherical for Q-switched pulses to a more elongated, cylindrical shape for the longer pulse durations. The bubble expansion velocity was larger for shorter pulse durations. A thermo- elastic expansion wave was measured only during Q-switched pulse delivery. All pulses that induced bubble formation generated pressure waves upon collapse of the bubble in water as well as in the gel. The amplitude of the pressure wave depended strongly on the size and geometry of the laser-induced bubble. The important findings of this study were (1) the magnitude of collapse pressure wave decreased as laser pulse duration increased, and (2) mechanical tissue damage is reduced significantly by using longer pulse durations (> 460 microsecond(s) , for the pulse energy used).

The cost of energy from utility-owned solar electric systems. A required revenue methodology for ERDA/EPRI evaluations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1976-01-01

This methodology calculates the electric energy busbar cost from a utility-owned solar electric system. This approach is applicable to both publicly- and privately-owned utilities. Busbar cost represents the minimum price per unit of energy consistent with producing system-resultant revenues equal to the sum of system-resultant costs. This equality is expressed in present value terms, where the discount rate used reflects the rate of return required on invested capital. Major input variables describe the output capabilities and capital cost of the energy system, the cash flows required for system operation amd maintenance, and the financial structure and tax environment of the utility.

Managing Meetings...Remotely

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Woodward, Hugh

2005-01-01

Remote meetings are best for updates and information sharing, but it is possible to effectively facilitate decisions with a little planning. Generally, the meeting leader needs to clearly state the proposed decision and then separately poll each participant for concurrence. Normally, there will be a range of responses, requiring the facilitator to restate the proposal and repeat the process. Several iterations may be required before a consensus is achieved. I usually confirm decisions by restating the conclusion as it will appear in the meeting notes and asking the participants to express any objections. Gaining commitment to follow-up actions is never easy, of course, but tends to be particularly tricky in remote meetings. The ideal solution is to use collaboration software with a whiteboard as a means of recording the follow-up actions and responsibilities. (A Word or Excel document viewed through NetMeeting works equally well.) But if the meeting is being conducted without collaboration software, the leader must review each follow-up action explicitly, even painstakingly. I generally note follow-up actions throughout the meeting and use the last few minutes to confirm and finalize. I read each action and name the person I think owns the responsibility. When the person accepts, I validate by asking for a completion date. All the normal rules for assigning follow-up actions apply, of course. One, and only one, person must be responsible for each action, and assigning an action to somebody not present is akin to assigning it to nobody.

Performance analysis of Supply Chain Management with Supply Chain Operation reference model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hasibuan, Abdurrozzaq; Arfah, Mahrani; Parinduri, Luthfi; Hernawati, Tri; Suliawati; Harahap, Bonar; Rahmah Sibuea, Siti; Krianto Sulaiman, Oris; purwadi, Adi

2018-04-01

This research was conducted at PT. Shamrock Manufacturing Corpora, the company is required to think creatively to implement competition strategy by producing goods/services that are more qualified, cheaper. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the performance of Supply Chain Management in order to improve the competitiveness. Therefore, the company is required to optimize its production output to meet the export quality standard. This research begins with the creation of initial dimensions based on Supply Chain Management process, ie Plan, Source, Make, Delivery, and Return with hierarchy based on Supply Chain Reference Operation that is Reliability, Responsiveness, Agility, Cost, and Asset. Key Performance Indicator identification becomes a benchmark in performance measurement whereas Snorm De Boer normalization serves to equalize Key Performance Indicator value. Analiytical Hierarchy Process is done to assist in determining priority criteria. Measurement of Supply Chain Management performance at PT. Shamrock Manufacturing Corpora produces SC. Responsiveness (0.649) has higher weight (priority) than other alternatives. The result of performance analysis using Supply Chain Reference Operation model of Supply Chain Management performance at PT. Shamrock Manufacturing Corpora looks good because its monitoring system between 50-100 is good.

Medical leadership: An important and required competency for medical students

PubMed Central

Chen, Tsung-Ying

2018-01-01

Good medical leadership is the key to building high-quality healthcare. However, in the development of medical careers, the teaching of leadership has traditionally not equaled that of technical and academic competencies. As a result of changes in personal standards, the quality of medical leadership has led to variations between different organizations, as well as occasional catastrophic failure in the standard of care provided for patients. Leaders in the medical profession have called for reform in healthcare in response to challenges in the system and improvements in public health. Furthermore, there has been an increased drive to see leadership education for doctors starting earlier, and continuing throughout their careers so that they can take on more important leadership roles throughout the healthcare system. Being a physician requires not only management and leadership but also the need to transfer competencies to communication and critical thinking. These attributes can be obtained through experience in teamwork under the supervision of teaching staff. Therefore, medical students are expected to develop skills to deal with and resolve conflicts, learn to share leadership, prepare others to help and replace them, take mutual responsibility and discuss their performance.

Auditory brainstem responses predict auditory nerve fiber thresholds and frequency selectivity in hearing impaired chinchillas

PubMed Central

Henry, Kenneth S.; Kale, Sushrut; Scheidt, Ryan E.; Heinz, Michael G.

2011-01-01

Non-invasive auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) are commonly used to assess cochlear pathology in both clinical and research environments. In the current study, we evaluated the relationship between ABR characteristics and more direct measures of cochlear function. We recorded ABRs and auditory nerve (AN) single-unit responses in seven chinchillas with noise induced hearing loss. ABRs were recorded for 1–8 kHz tone burst stimuli both before and several weeks after four hours of exposure to a 115 dB SPL, 50 Hz band of noise with a center frequency of 2 kHz. Shifts in ABR characteristics (threshold, wave I amplitude, and wave I latency) following hearing loss were compared to AN-fiber tuning curve properties (threshold and frequency selectivity) in the same animals. As expected, noise exposure generally resulted in an increase in ABR threshold and decrease in wave I amplitude at equal SPL. Wave I amplitude at equal sensation level (SL), however, was similar before and after noise exposure. In addition, noise exposure resulted in decreases in ABR wave I latency at equal SL and, to a lesser extent, at equal SPL. The shifts in ABR characteristics were significantly related to AN-fiber tuning curve properties in the same animal at the same frequency. Larger shifts in ABR thresholds and ABR wave I amplitude at equal SPL were associated with greater AN threshold elevation. Larger reductions in ABR wave I latency at equal SL, on the other hand, were associated with greater loss of AN frequency selectivity. This result is consistent with linear systems theory, which predicts shorter time delays for broader peripheral frequency tuning. Taken together with other studies, our results affirm that ABR thresholds and wave I amplitude provide useful estimates of cochlear sensitivity. Furthermore, comparisons of ABR wave I latency to normative data at the same SL may prove useful for detecting and characterizing loss of cochlear frequency selectivity. PMID:21699970

Contrasting Patterns in Solitary and Eusocial Bees While Responding to Landscape Features in the Brazilian Cerrado: a Multiscaled Perspective.

PubMed

Silva, D P; Nogueira, D S; De Marco, P

2017-06-01

Landscape structure is an important determinant of biological fluxes and species composition, but species do not respond equally to landscape features or spatial extents. Evaluating "multi-scale" responses of species to landscape structure is an important framework to be considered, allowing insights about habitat requirements for different groups. We evaluated the response of Brazilian Cerrado's bees (eusocial vs. solitary ones) to both the amount and isolation of remnant vegetation in eight nested multiple-local scales. Response variables included abundance, observed, and estimated species richness, and beta diversity (split into nestedness and turnover resultant dissimilarities). Eusocial species' abundance responded to landscape structure at narrow scales of fragment isolation (250 m of radius from sampling sites), while solitary species' abundance responded to broader scales to fragment area (2000 m). Eusocial species nestedness also responded to landscape features in broader scales (1500 m), especially to increasing fragment isolation. However, all the remaining response variables did not respond to any other landscape variables in any spatial scale considered. Such contrasting responses of the abundances of eusocial vs. solitary species are related to the inherent life-history traits of each group. Important attributes in this context are different requirements on food resources, population features, and flight abilities. Species-specific dispersal abilities may be the main determinants of the nested patterns found for eusocial species at 1500 m. Considering these results, we suggest that different bee groups are considered separately in further landscape analyses, especially in other Brazilian biomes, for a better understanding of landscape effects on these organisms.

76 FR 72144 - Standardized and Enhanced Disclosure Requirements for Television Broadcast Licensee Public...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-22

..., contour maps; ownership reports and related materials; portions of the Equal Employment Opportunity file... maps; ownership reports and related materials; portions of the Equal Employment Opportunity file held... immediately following the shortened license term. See 47 CFR 73.3526((e)(2), 73.3527(e)(2). Contour Maps (as...

Women's Views about Gender Equality on the Current Social Policy in Turkey

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Öztop, Hülya; Finkel, Müge

2015-01-01

Women's equal participation in all aspects of social, political and economic life is an essential requirement for sustainable development and democratic governance. How to engage women in these different spheres of policy, increase their access to information and ensure their participation in policy debates are therefore among the key questions…

46 CFR 95.15-90 - Installations contracted for prior to November 19, 1952.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... MISCELLANEOUS VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems, Details § 95.15-90.... The number of pounds of carbon dioxide shall be equal to the gross volume of the boilerroom taken to... internal combustion machinery is installed, the number of pounds of carbon dioxide required shall be equal...

29 CFR 1620.18 - Jobs performed under similar working conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Jobs performed under similar working conditions. 1620.18... THE EQUAL PAY ACT § 1620.18 Jobs performed under similar working conditions. (a) In general. In order for the equal pay standard to apply, the jobs are required to be performed under similar working...

29 CFR 1620.18 - Jobs performed under similar working conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Jobs performed under similar working conditions. 1620.18... THE EQUAL PAY ACT § 1620.18 Jobs performed under similar working conditions. (a) In general. In order for the equal pay standard to apply, the jobs are required to be performed under similar working...

29 CFR 1620.18 - Jobs performed under similar working conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Jobs performed under similar working conditions. 1620.18... THE EQUAL PAY ACT § 1620.18 Jobs performed under similar working conditions. (a) In general. In order for the equal pay standard to apply, the jobs are required to be performed under similar working...

29 CFR 1620.18 - Jobs performed under similar working conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Jobs performed under similar working conditions. 1620.18... THE EQUAL PAY ACT § 1620.18 Jobs performed under similar working conditions. (a) In general. In order for the equal pay standard to apply, the jobs are required to be performed under similar working...

46 CFR 95.15-90 - Installations contracted for prior to November 19, 1952.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... MISCELLANEOUS VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems, Details § 95.15-90.... The number of pounds of carbon dioxide shall be equal to the gross volume of the boilerroom taken to... internal combustion machinery is installed, the number of pounds of carbon dioxide required shall be equal...

46 CFR 95.15-90 - Installations contracted for prior to November 19, 1952.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... MISCELLANEOUS VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems, Details § 95.15-90.... The number of pounds of carbon dioxide shall be equal to the gross volume of the boilerroom taken to... internal combustion machinery is installed, the number of pounds of carbon dioxide required shall be equal...

The European Gender Equality Index: Conceptual and Analytical Issues

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bericat, Eduardo

2012-01-01

This article presents a composite indicator designed to measure and compare existing structural gender equality in the countries of the European Union. The construction of an index is always a complex task which requires making a great many important conceptual, analytical and empirical decisions. This complexity explains the wide variety of…

Breaking the Language Barrier: The Right to Bilingual Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Grubb, Erica Black

1974-01-01

This article advances the view that constitutional doctrine now requires schools to provide instruction in the native tongue of non-English-speaking children until they have learned English. It will be argued that equality of educational opportunity, and hence equal protection, does not exist when the instruction provided by the state is…

24 CFR 582.110 - Matching requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

..., appropriate to the needs of the population being served, and at least equal in value to the aggregate amount... supportive services will be available to participants for the entire term of the rental assistance. The value... assistance provided that participant, nor does the value have to be equal to the amount of rental assistance...

24 CFR 582.110 - Matching requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

..., appropriate to the needs of the population being served, and at least equal in value to the aggregate amount... supportive services will be available to participants for the entire term of the rental assistance. The value... assistance provided that participant, nor does the value have to be equal to the amount of rental assistance...

24 CFR 582.110 - Matching requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

..., appropriate to the needs of the population being served, and at least equal in value to the aggregate amount... supportive services will be available to participants for the entire term of the rental assistance. The value... assistance provided that participant, nor does the value have to be equal to the amount of rental assistance...

24 CFR 582.110 - Matching requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

..., appropriate to the needs of the population being served, and at least equal in value to the aggregate amount... supportive services will be available to participants for the entire term of the rental assistance. The value... assistance provided that participant, nor does the value have to be equal to the amount of rental assistance...

24 CFR 582.110 - Matching requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., appropriate to the needs of the population being served, and at least equal in value to the aggregate amount... supportive services will be available to participants for the entire term of the rental assistance. The value... assistance provided that participant, nor does the value have to be equal to the amount of rental assistance...

29 CFR 1620.18 - Jobs performed under similar working conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Jobs performed under similar working conditions. 1620.18... THE EQUAL PAY ACT § 1620.18 Jobs performed under similar working conditions. (a) In general. In order for the equal pay standard to apply, the jobs are required to be performed under similar working...

Seven Actionable Strategies for Advancing Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine

PubMed Central

Smith, Kristin A.; Arlotta, Paola; Watt, Fiona M.; Solomon, Susan L.

2015-01-01

Achieving gender equality in science will require devising and implementing strategies to overcome the political, administrative, financial, and cultural challenges that exist in the current environment. In this forum, we propose an initial shortlist of recommendations to promote gender equality in science and stimulate future efforts to level the field. PMID:25748929

40 CFR 60.4141 - Timing requirements for Hg allowance allocations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... the applicable control period is in 2018, the Administrator will assume that the allocations equal the...,000 ounces/ton) of Hg emissions in the applicable State trading budget under § 60.4140 for 2018 and... period is in 2018, the Administrator will assume that the allocations equal the allocations for the...

40 CFR 60.4141 - Timing requirements for Hg allowance allocations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... the applicable control period is in 2018, the Administrator will assume that the allocations equal the...,000 ounces/ton) of Hg emissions in the applicable State trading budget under § 60.4140 for 2018 and... period is in 2018, the Administrator will assume that the allocations equal the allocations for the...

29 CFR 34.1 - Purpose; application.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Assistance Act of 1974, as amended (38 U.S.C. 4212), the Equal Pay Act of 1963, as amended (29 U.S.C. 206d... Secretary of Labor IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NONDISCRIMINATION AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY REQUIREMENTS OF THE JOB TRAINING PARTNERSHIP ACT OF 1982, AS AMENDED (JTPA) General Provisions § 34.1 Purpose; application. (a...

29 CFR 34.12 - Delegation and coordination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... amended (38 U.S.C. 4212), the Equal Pay Act of 1963, as amended, title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964... Office of the Secretary of Labor IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NONDISCRIMINATION AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY REQUIREMENTS OF THE JOB TRAINING PARTNERSHIP ACT OF 1982, AS AMENDED (JTPA) General Provisions § 34.12...

24 CFR 570.705 - Loan requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... year in an aggregate amount equal to 50 percent of the amount approved in an appropriation act for that... with the private sector financing of the debt obligations. Such costs are payable out of the guaranteed... the public entity would thereby exceed an amount equal to five times the amount of the most recent...

What Is Equality of Opportunity in Education?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lazenby, Hugh

2016-01-01

There is widespread disagreement about what equality of opportunity in education requires. For some it is that each child is legally permitted to go to school. For others it is that each child receives the same educational resources. Further interpretations abound. This fact presents a problem: when politicians or academics claim they are in…

5 CFR 550.114 - Compensatory time off.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...) may grant compensatory time off from an employee's basic work requirement under a flexible work schedule under 5 U.S.C. 6122 instead of payment under § 550.113 for an equal amount of overtime work... duty instead of payment under § 550.113 for an equal amount of irregular or occasional overtime work...

Instructional Design Strategies Used to Provide Equal Learning Opportunity for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Learners

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mercado Cruz, Daniel

2013-01-01

Traditional classrooms are not being designed with deaf and hard of hearing learners in mind. Providing equal learning opportunities with the use of appropriate instructional design strategies to deaf and hard of hearing learners requires that instructional designers, faculty, and educational institutions understand what accommodations and…

Reform of the Educational Finance System as the Foundation of Compulsory Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Suetomi, Kaori; Murray, Nadezhda

2014-01-01

The conditions required for a reform of the educational finance system as the foundation of compulsory education are 1) devolution to schools and introduction of national standards in order to deal with "individual equality" while compensating for the insufficiency of "aspectual equality," and 2) dealing with educational needs…

The Effect of Anchor Test Construction on Scale Drift

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Antal, Judit; Proctor, Thomas P.; Melican, Gerald J.

2014-01-01

In common-item equating the anchor block is generally built to represent a miniature form of the total test in terms of content and statistical specifications. The statistical properties frequently reflect equal mean and spread of item difficulty. Sinharay and Holland (2007) suggested that the requirement for equal spread of difficulty may be too…

Job Evaluation in the FE Corporation. Mendip Papers. MP 050.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Saunders, Bob

This report is based on research findings indicating that many British colleges of further education have widely disparate salaries for professional staff members. Often salaries bear no relation to complexity of work performed. In addition, equal employment opportunity laws requiring equal pay for similar work may not be followed. A job…

Efficient nonlinear equalizer for intra-channel nonlinearity compensation for next generation agile and dynamically reconfigurable optical networks.

PubMed

Malekiha, Mahdi; Tselniker, Igor; Plant, David V

2016-02-22

In this work, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel low-complexity technique for fiber nonlinearity compensation. We achieved a transmission distance of 2818 km for a 32-GBaud dual-polarization 16QAM signal. For efficient implantation, and to facilitate integration with conventional digital signal processing (DSP) approaches, we independently compensate fiber nonlinearities after linear impairment equalization. Therefore this algorithm can be easily implemented in currently deployed transmission systems after using linear DSP. The proposed equalizer operates at one sample per symbol and requires only one computation step. The structure of the algorithm is based on a first-order perturbation model with quantized perturbation coefficients. Also, it does not require any prior calculation or detailed knowledge of the transmission system. We identified common symmetries between perturbation coefficients to avoid duplicate and unnecessary operations. In addition, we use only a few adaptive filter coefficients by grouping multiple nonlinear terms and dedicating only one adaptive nonlinear filter coefficient to each group. Finally, the complexity of the proposed algorithm is lower than previously studied nonlinear equalizers by more than one order of magnitude.

Comparison of NRZ and duo-binary format in adaptive equalization assisted 10G-optics based 25G-EPON

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xia, Junqi; Li, Zhengxuan; Li, Yingchun; Xu, Tingting; Chen, Jian; Song, Yingxiong; Wang, Min

2018-03-01

We investigate and compare the requirements of FFE/DFE based adaptive equalization techniques for NRZ and Duo-binary based 25-Gb/s transmission, which are two of the most promising schemes for 25G-EPON. A 25-Gb/s transmission system based on 10G optical transceivers is demonstrated and the performance of only FFE and combination of FFE and DFE with different number of taps are compared with two modulation formats. The FFE/DFE based Duo-binary receiver shows better performance than NRZ receiver. For Duo-binary receiver, only 13-tap FFE is needed for BtB case and the combination of 17-tap FFE and 5-tap DFE can achieve a sensitivity of -23.45 dBm in 25 km transmission case, which is ∼0.6 dB better than the best performance of NRZ equalization. In addition, the requirements of training sequence length for FFE/DFE based adaptive equalization is verified. Experimental results show that 400 symbols training length is optimal for the two modulations, which shows a small packet preamble in up-stream burst-mode transmission.

Monitoring Earth's Shortwave Reflectance: GEO Instrument Concept

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brageot, Emily; Mercury, Michael; Green, Robert; Mouroulis, Pantazis; Gerwe, David

2015-01-01

In this paper we present a GEO instrument concept dedicated to monitoring the Earth's global spectral reflectance with a high revisit rate. Based on our measurement goals, the ideal instrument needs to be highly sensitive (SNR greater than 100) and to achieve global coverage with spectral sampling (less than or equal to 10nm) and spatial sampling (less than or equal to 1km) over a large bandwidth (380-2510 nm) with a revisit time (greater than or equal to greater than or equal to 3x/day) sufficient to fully measure the spectral-radiometric-spatial evolution of clouds and confounding factor during daytime. After a brief study of existing instruments and their capabilities, we choose to use a GEO constellation of up to 6 satellites as a platform for this instrument concept in order to achieve the revisit time requirement with a single launch. We derive the main parameters of the instrument and show the above requirements can be fulfilled while retaining an instrument architecture as compact as possible by controlling the telescope aperture size and using a passively cooled detector.

Scattering and absorption control in biocompatible fibers towards equalized photobiomodulation.

PubMed

George, J; Haghshenas, H; d'Hemecourt, D; Zhu, W; Zhang, L; Sorger, V

2017-03-01

Transparent tissue scaffolds enable illumination of growing tissue to accelerate cell proliferation and improve other cell functions through photobiomodulation. The biphasic dose response of cells exposed to photobiomodulating light dictates that the illumination be evenly distributed across the scaffold such that the cells are neither under nor over exposed to light. However, equalized illumination has not been sufficiently addressed. Here we analyze and experimentally demonstrate spatially equalizing illumination by three methods, namely: engineered surface scattering, reflection by a gold mirror, and traveling-waves in a ring mesh. Our results show that nearly equalized illumination is achievable by controlling the light scattering-to-loss ratio. This demonstration furthers opportunities for dose-optimized photobiomodulation in tissue regeneration.

Weighted finite impulse response filter for chromatic dispersion equalization in coherent optical fiber communication systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zeng, Ziyi; Yang, Aiying; Guo, Peng; Feng, Lihui

2018-01-01

Time-domain CD equalization using finite impulse response (FIR) filter is now a common approach for coherent optical fiber communication systems. The complex weights of FIR taps are calculated from a truncated impulse response of the CD transfer function, and the modulus of the complex weights is constant. In our work, we take the limited bandwidth of a single channel signal into account and propose weighted FIRs to improve the performance of CD equalization. The key in weighted FIR filters is the selection and optimization of weighted functions. In order to present the performance of different types of weighted FIR filters, a square-root raised cosine FIR (SRRC-FIR) and a Gaussian FIR (GS-FIR) are investigated. The optimization of square-root raised cosine FIR and Gaussian FIR are made in term of the bit rate error (BER) of QPSK and 16QAM coherent detection signal. The results demonstrate that the optimized parameters of the weighted filters are independent of the modulation format, symbol rate and the length of transmission fiber. With the optimized weighted FIRs, the BER of CD equalization signal is decreased significantly. Although this paper has investigated two types of weighted FIR filters, i.e. SRRC-FIR filter and GS-FIR filter, the principle of weighted FIR can also be extended to other symmetric functions super Gaussian function, hyperbolic secant function and etc.

Quantity yields quality when it comes to creativity: a brain and behavioral test of the equal-odds rule

PubMed Central

Jung, Rex E.; Wertz, Christopher J.; Meadows, Christine A.; Ryman, Sephira G.; Vakhtin, Andrei A.; Flores, Ranee A.

2015-01-01

The creativity research community is in search of a viable cognitive measure providing support for behavioral observations that higher ideational output is often associated with higher creativity (known as the equal-odds rule). One such measure has included divergent thinking: the production of many examples or uses for a common or single object or image. We sought to test the equal-odds rule using a measure of divergent thinking, and applied the consensual assessment technique to determine creative responses as opposed to merely original responses. We also sought to determine structural brain correlates of both ideational fluency and ideational creativity. Two-hundred forty-six subjects were subjected to a broad battery of behavioral measures, including a core measure of divergent thinking (Foresight), and measures of intelligence, creative achievement, and personality (i.e., Openness to Experience). Cortical thickness and subcortical volumes (e.g., thalamus) were measured using automated techniques (FreeSurfer). We found that higher number of responses on the divergent thinking task was significantly associated with higher creativity (r = 0.73) as independently assessed by three judges. Moreover, we found that creativity was predicted by cortical thickness in regions including the left frontal pole and left parahippocampal gyrus. These results support the equal-odds rule, and provide neuronal evidence implicating brain regions involved with “thinking about the future” and “extracting future prospects.” PMID:26161075

47 CFR 76.75 - Specific EEO program requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... MULTICHANNEL VIDEO AND CABLE TELEVISION SERVICE Equal Employment Opportunity Requirements § 76.75 Specific EEO... necessary. Nothing in this section shall be interpreted to require a multichannel video programming...) In addition to using such recruitment sources, a multichannel video programming distributor...

47 CFR 76.75 - Specific EEO program requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... MULTICHANNEL VIDEO AND CABLE TELEVISION SERVICE Equal Employment Opportunity Requirements § 76.75 Specific EEO... necessary. Nothing in this section shall be interpreted to require a multichannel video programming...) In addition to using such recruitment sources, a multichannel video programming distributor...

47 CFR 76.75 - Specific EEO program requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... MULTICHANNEL VIDEO AND CABLE TELEVISION SERVICE Equal Employment Opportunity Requirements § 76.75 Specific EEO... necessary. Nothing in this section shall be interpreted to require a multichannel video programming...) In addition to using such recruitment sources, a multichannel video programming distributor...

47 CFR 76.75 - Specific EEO program requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... MULTICHANNEL VIDEO AND CABLE TELEVISION SERVICE Equal Employment Opportunity Requirements § 76.75 Specific EEO... necessary. Nothing in this section shall be interpreted to require a multichannel video programming...) In addition to using such recruitment sources, a multichannel video programming distributor...

CRITICAL STAR FORMATION RATES FOR REIONIZATION: FULL REIONIZATION OCCURS AT REDSHIFT z Almost-Equal-To 7

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Michael Shull, J.; Harness, Anthony; Trenti, Michele

We assess the probable redshift (z{sub rei} Almost-Equal-To 7) for full reionization of the intergalactic medium (IGM) using a prescription for the comoving star formation rate (SFR) density ({rho}-dot{sub SFR}) required to maintain photoionization against recombination. Our newly developed online reionization simulator allows users to assess the required SFR and ionization histories, using a variety of assumptions for galactic and stellar populations, IGM clumping factor and temperature, and Lyman continuum (LyC) escape fraction. The decline in high-redshift galaxy candidates and Ly{alpha} emitters at z = 6-8 suggests a rising neutral fraction, with reionization at z {approx}> 7 increasingly difficult owingmore » to increased recombination rates and constraints from the ionizing background and LyC mean free path. The required rate is {rho}-dot{sub SFR}{approx}(.018 M{sub sun}yr{sup -1}Mpc{sup -3})[(1+z)/8]{sup 3}(C{sub H}/3)(0.2/f{sub esc})T{sub 4}{sup -0.845} scaled to fiducial values of clumping factor C{sub H} = 3, escape fraction f{sub esc} = 0.2, electron temperature T{sub e} = 10{sup 4} K, and low-metallicity initial mass functions (IMFs) and stellar atmospheres. Our hydrodynamical + N-body simulations find a mean clumping factor C{sub H} Almost-Equal-To (2.9)[(1 + z)/6]{sup -1.1} in the photoionized, photoheated filaments at z = 5-9. The critical SFR could be reduced by increasing the minimum stellar mass, invoking a top-heavy IMF, or systematically increasing f{sub esc} at high z. The cosmic microwave background optical depth, {tau}{sub e} = 0.088 {+-} 0.015, could be explained by full reionization, producing {tau}{sub e} = 0.050 back to z{sub rei} Almost-Equal-To 7, augmented by {Delta}{tau}{sub e} Almost-Equal-To 0.01-0.04 in a partially ionized IGM at z > 7. In this scenario, the strongest 21 cm signal should occur at redshifted frequencies 124-167 MHz owing to IGM heating over an interval {Delta}z Almost-Equal-To 3 in the range z Almost-Equal-To 7.5-10.5.« less

Multiwire thermocouples: Frequency response

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Forney, L. J.; Fralick, G. C.

1994-01-01

Experimental measurements are made with a novel two wire thermocouple. Signals from two wires of unequal diameters are recorded from the thermocouple suspended in constant flow with a periodic temperature fluctuation. It is demonstrated that the reconstructed signal from the two wire thermocouple requires no compensation for omega less than or equal to 2 omega(sub 1) where omega is the natural frequency of the smaller wire. A compensation factor is recommended for larger frequencies omega greater than 2 omega(sub 1). Theory and experimental measurements are compared with a novel three wire thermocouple. Signals from three wires of unequal diameters are recorded from the thermocouple suspended in constant flow with a periodic temperature fluctuation. It is demonstrated that the reconstructed signal from the three wire thermocouple requires no compensation for omega less than or equal to 5 omega(sub 1) where omega (sub 1) is the natural frequency of the smaller wire. The latter result represents a significant improvement compared to previous work with two wire thermocouples. A correction factor has also been derived to account for wires of arbitrary diameter. Measurements are recorded for multiwire thermocouples consisting of either two or three wires of unequal diameters. Signals from the multiwire probe are recorded for a reversing gas flow with a periodic temperature fluctuation. It is demonstrated that the reconstructed signal from the multiwire thermocouple requires no compensation provided omega/omega(sub 1) is less than 2.3 for two wires or omega/omega(sub 1) is less than 3.6 for three wires where omega(sub 1) is the natural frequency of the smaller wire based on the maximum gas velocity. The latter results were possible provided Fourier transformed data were used and knowledge of the gas velocity is available.

76 FR 33372 - Proposed Extension of the Approval of Information Collection Requirements; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-08

... authorities prohibit employment discrimination but also require affirmative action to ensure that equal... physical or mental disability and requires affirmative action to ensure that persons are treated without... be subject to the Affirmative Action Program (AAP) requirements of 41 CFR 60-741.40, the associated...

[Gender, paid work, domestic chores and health in Spain].

PubMed

Artazcoz, Lucía; Escribà-Agüir, Vicenta; Cortès, Imma

2004-01-01

The present study reviews gender-related differences and inequalities in paid work and domestic chores in Spain. The impact of both types of work on health are analyzed and the main policies of the European Union (EU) and Spain to achieve gender equality at work are described. In Spain, fewer women are in paid work than in other EU countries. The labor market displays horizontal segregation (men and women work in different sectors), as well as vertical segregation (men hold more senior positions), leading to gender-related differences in employment conditions and exposure to occupational hazards. The precariousness of work is significantly higher in women (19% unemployment in women versus 9% in men) and women are more likely than men to have temporary contracts. Men are more frequently exposed to physical risks and suffer a greater number of occupational accidents; women, especially manual workers, are more frequently exposed to psychosocial risks. Most domestic chores continue to be performed by women, even by working women, which negatively affects their health. The EU has made an increase in female employment a priority, which means that from 2000-2010 Spain should create 3 million jobs for women and implement work/family policies. Achieving gender equality at work requires employment policies that would guarantee equal opportunities for both sexes, as well as shared responsibility for domestic chores between men and women. In Spain, moreover, there is an urgent need to significantly increase public childcare facilities and resources for the care of other dependent individuals.

Development of Full Sweet, Umami, and Bitter Taste Responsiveness Requires Regulator of G protein Signaling-21 (RGS21).

PubMed

Schroer, Adam B; Gross, Joshua D; Kaski, Shane W; Wix, Kim; Siderovski, David P; Vandenbeuch, Aurelie; Setola, Vincent

2018-05-23

The mammalian tastes of sweet, umami, and bitter are initiated by activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) of the T1R and T2R families on taste receptor cells. GPCRs signal via nucleotide exchange and hydrolysis, the latter hastened by GTPase-accelerating proteins (GAPs) that include the Regulators of G protein Signaling (RGS) protein family. We previously reported that RGS21, uniquely expressed in Type II taste receptor cells, decreases the potency of bitter-stimulated T2R signaling in cultured cells, consistent with its in vitro GAP activity. However, the role of RGS21 in organismal responses to GPCR-mediated tastants was not established. Here, we characterized mice lacking the Rgs21 fifth exon. Eliminating Rgs21 expression had no effect on body mass accumulation (a measure of alimentation), fungiform papillae number and morphology, circumvallate papillae morphology, and taste bud number. Two-bottle preference tests, however, revealed that Rgs21-null mice have blunted aversion to quinine and denatonium, and blunted preference for monosodium glutamate, the sweeteners sucrose and SC45647, and (surprisingly) NaCl. Observed reductions in GPCR-mediated tastant responses upon Rgs21 loss are opposite to original expectations, given that loss of RGS21-a GPCR signaling negative regulator-should lead to increased responsiveness to tastant-mediated GPCR signaling (all else being equal). Yet, reduced organismal tastant responses are consistent with observations of reduced chorda tympani nerve recordings in Rgs21-null mice. Reduced tastant-mediated responses and behaviors exhibited by adult mice lacking Rgs21 expression since birth have thus revealed an underappreciated requirement for a GPCR GAP to establish the full character of tastant signaling.

Ordinal probability effect measures for group comparisons in multinomial cumulative link models.

PubMed

Agresti, Alan; Kateri, Maria

2017-03-01

We consider simple ordinal model-based probability effect measures for comparing distributions of two groups, adjusted for explanatory variables. An "ordinal superiority" measure summarizes the probability that an observation from one distribution falls above an independent observation from the other distribution, adjusted for explanatory variables in a model. The measure applies directly to normal linear models and to a normal latent variable model for ordinal response variables. It equals Φ(β/2) for the corresponding ordinal model that applies a probit link function to cumulative multinomial probabilities, for standard normal cdf Φ and effect β that is the coefficient of the group indicator variable. For the more general latent variable model for ordinal responses that corresponds to a linear model with other possible error distributions and corresponding link functions for cumulative multinomial probabilities, the ordinal superiority measure equals exp(β)/[1+exp(β)] with the log-log link and equals approximately exp(β/2)/[1+exp(β/2)] with the logit link, where β is the group effect. Another ordinal superiority measure generalizes the difference of proportions from binary to ordinal responses. We also present related measures directly for ordinal models for the observed response that need not assume corresponding latent response models. We present confidence intervals for the measures and illustrate with an example. © 2016, The International Biometric Society.

44 CFR 16.170 - Compliance procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (29 U.S.C. 791). (c) The Director of the Office of Equal Rights shall be responsible... Equal Rights, Room 810, Federal Emergency Management Agency, 500 C Street, SW., Washington, DC 20472. (d... description of a remedy for each violation found; and (3) A notice of the right to appeal. (h) Appeals of the...

Results of the 2004 Marine Corps Climate Surveys (MCCS): Management Report

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-11-01

of Different Racial/Ethnic Backgrounds Socialize Together During Command Functions...organizational climate of the Marine Corps, equal opportunity and related issues such as sexual harassment and gender discrimination. Responses to the Marine...type of survey, the Marine Corps is able to gain insights into trends occurring in the equal opportunity and sexual harassment areas. The Marine

Identification of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase as a Transcriptional Coactivator of the Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax Protein

PubMed Central

Anderson, Mark G.; Scoggin, Kirsten E. S.; Simbulan-Rosenthal, Cynthia M.; Steadman, Jennifer A.

2000-01-01

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) encodes a transcriptional activator, Tax, whose activity is believed to contribute significantly to cellular transformation. Tax stimulates transcription from the proviral promoter as well as from promoters for a variety of cellular genes. The mechanism through which Tax communicates to the general transcription factors and RNA polymerase II has not been completely determined. We investigated whether Tax could function directly through the general transcription factors and RNA polymerase II or if other intermediary factors or coactivators were required. Our results show that a system consisting of purified recombinant TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIE, TFIIF, CREB, and Tax, along with highly purified RNA polymerase II, affinity-purified epitope-tagged TFIID, and semipurified TFIIH, supports basal transcription of the HTLV-1 promoter but is not responsive to Tax. Two additional activities were required for Tax to stimulate transcription. We demonstrate that one of these activities is poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), a molecule that has been previously identified to be the transcriptional coactivator PC1. PARP functions as a coactivator in our assays at molar concentrations approximately equal to those of the DNA and equal to or less than those of the transcription factors in the assay. We further demonstrate that PARP stimulates Tax-activated transcription in vivo, demonstrating that this biochemical approach has functionally identified a novel target for the retroviral transcriptional activator Tax. PMID:10666246

Desensitization and recovery of phototropic responsiveness in Arabidopsis thaliana

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Janoudi, A.K.; Poff, K.L.

1993-04-01

Phototropism is induced by blue light, which also induces desensitization, a partial or total loss of phototropic responsiveness. The fluence and fluence-rate dependence of densensitization and recovery from desensitization have been measured for etiolated and red light (669-nm) preirradiated Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. The extent of desensitization increased as the fluence of the desensitizing 450-nm light was increased from 0.3 to 60 [mu]mol m[sup [minus]2] s[sup [minus]1]. At equal fluences, blue light caused more desensitization when given at a fluence rate of 1.0 [mu]mol m[sup [minus]2] s[sup [minus]1] than at 0.3 [mu]mol m[sup [minus]2] s[sup [minus]1]. In addition, seedlings irradiated withmore » blue light at the higher fluence rate required a longer recovery time than seedlings irradiated at the lower fluence rate. A red light preirradiation, probably mediated via phytochrome, decreased the time required for recovery from desensitization. The minimum time for detectable recovery was about 65 s, and the maximum time observed was about 10 min. It is proposed that the descending arm of the fluence-response relationship for first positive phototropism is a consequence of desensitization, and that the time threshold for second positive phototropism establishes a period during which recovery from desensitization occurs. 11 refs., 6 figs.« less

Community understandings of and responses to gender equality and empowerment in Rakai, Uganda.

PubMed

Mullinax, Margo; Higgins, Jenny; Wagman, Jennifer; Nakyanjo, Neema; Kigozi, Godfrey; Serwadda, David; Wawer, Maria; Gray, Ronald; Nalugoda, Fred

2013-01-01

Women's rights and gender empowerment programmes are now part of the international agenda for improving global public health, the benefits of which are well documented. However, the public health community has, yet, to address how people define and understand gender equality and how they enact the process of empowerment in their lives. This study uses safe homes and respect for everyone (SHARE), an anti-violence intervention in rural Rakai, Uganda, as a case study to investigate perceptions of gender equality. Investigators analysed 12 focus groups of adult women and men to explore how macro-level concepts of gender equality are being processed on an interpersonal level and the effects on health outcomes. Respondents generally agreed that women lack basic rights. However, they also expressed widespread disagreement about the meanings of gender equality, and reported difficulties integrating the concepts of gender equality into their interpersonal relationships. Community members reported that equality, with the resulting shift in gender norms, could expose women to adverse consequences such as violence, infidelity and abandonment with increased sexual health risks, and potential adverse effects on education. Efforts to increase women's rights must occur in conjunction with community-based work on understandings of gender equality.

Equalizing Si photodetectors fabricated in standard CMOS processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guerrero, E.; Aguirre, J.; Sánchez-Azqueta, C.; Royo, G.; Gimeno, C.; Celma, S.

2017-05-01

This work presents a new continuous-time equalization approach to overcome the limited bandwidth of integrated CMOS photodetectors. It is based on a split-path topology that features completely decoupled controls for boosting and gain; this capability allows a better tuning of the equalizer in comparison with other architectures based on the degenerated differential pair, which is particularly helpful to achieve a proper calibration of the system. The equalizer is intended to enhance the bandwidth of CMOS standard n-well/p-bulk differential photodiodes (DPDs), which falls below 10MHz representing a bottleneck in fully integrated optoelectronic interfaces to fulfill the low-cost requirements of modern smart sensors. The proposed equalizer has been simulated in a 65nm CMOS process and biased with a single supply voltage of 1V, where the bandwidth of the DPD has been increased up to 3 GHz.

7 CFR 3560.3 - Environmental requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 15 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Environmental requirements. 3560.3 Section 3560.3... Environmental requirements. RHS will consider environmental impacts of proposed housing as equal with economic... a manner that protects, enhances, and restores environmental quality. Loan and grant processing and...

Legislation and Equality in Basic Education for All in China

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Law, Wing-Wah; Pan, Su-Yan

2009-01-01

In China, legislation exists which requires compulsory schooling for all students of school age. This article examines the functions of and the constraints on using law to institutionalize equality in basic education. It argues that, in China, law is a last resort, holding governments of various levels accountable. Law can be a device of social…

46 CFR 76.15-90 - Installations contracted for prior to November 19, 1952.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems, Details § 76.15-90 Installations... number of pounds of carbon dioxide shall be equal to the gross volume of the boiler room taken to the top... combustion machinery is installed, the number of pounds of carbon dioxide required shall be equal to the...

46 CFR 76.15-90 - Installations contracted for prior to November 19, 1952.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems, Details § 76.15-90 Installations... number of pounds of carbon dioxide shall be equal to the gross volume of the boiler room taken to the top... combustion machinery is installed, the number of pounds of carbon dioxide required shall be equal to the...

46 CFR 76.15-90 - Installations contracted for prior to November 19, 1952.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems, Details § 76.15-90 Installations... number of pounds of carbon dioxide shall be equal to the gross volume of the boiler room taken to the top... combustion machinery is installed, the number of pounds of carbon dioxide required shall be equal to the...

46 CFR 76.15-90 - Installations contracted for prior to November 19, 1952.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems, Details § 76.15-90 Installations... number of pounds of carbon dioxide shall be equal to the gross volume of the boiler room taken to the top... combustion machinery is installed, the number of pounds of carbon dioxide required shall be equal to the...

46 CFR 76.15-90 - Installations contracted for prior to November 19, 1952.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... VESSELS FIRE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems, Details § 76.15-90 Installations... number of pounds of carbon dioxide shall be equal to the gross volume of the boiler room taken to the top... combustion machinery is installed, the number of pounds of carbon dioxide required shall be equal to the...

40 CFR 85.2224 - Exhaust analysis system-EPA 81.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... probe, moisture separator and analyzers for HC and CO. (2) Dual sample probe requirements. If used, a dual sample probe must provide equal flow in each leg. The equal flow criterion is considered to be met if the flow rate in each leg of the probe (or an identical model) has been measured under two sample...

40 CFR 85.2224 - Exhaust analysis system-EPA 81.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... probe, moisture separator and analyzers for HC and CO. (2) Dual sample probe requirements. If used, a dual sample probe must provide equal flow in each leg. The equal flow criterion is considered to be met if the flow rate in each leg of the probe (or an identical model) has been measured under two sample...

40 CFR 85.2224 - Exhaust analysis system-EPA 81.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... probe, moisture separator and analyzers for HC and CO. (2) Dual sample probe requirements. If used, a dual sample probe must provide equal flow in each leg. The equal flow criterion is considered to be met if the flow rate in each leg of the probe (or an identical model) has been measured under two sample...

40 CFR Table 8 to Subpart Dddd of... - Continuous Compliance With the Work Practice Requirements

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... with an inlet moisture content less than or equal to 30 percent (by weight, dry basis) AND operate with... inlet furnish moisture content at less than or equal to 30 percent (by weight, dry basis) AND... records of the inlet temperature of furnish moisture content and inlet dryer temperature. (2) Hardwood...

40 CFR Table 8 to Subpart Dddd of... - Continuous Compliance With the Work Practice Requirements

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... with an inlet moisture content less than or equal to 30 percent (by weight, dry basis) AND operate with... inlet furnish moisture content at less than or equal to 30 percent (by weight, dry basis) AND... records of the inlet temperature of furnish moisture content and inlet dryer temperature. (2) Hardwood...

40 CFR Table 8 to Subpart Dddd of... - Continuous Compliance With the Work Practice Requirements

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... with an inlet moisture content less than or equal to 30 percent (by weight, dry basis) AND operate with... inlet furnish moisture content at less than or equal to 30 percent (by weight, dry basis) AND... records of the inlet temperature of furnish moisture content and inlet dryer temperature. (2) Hardwood...

7 CFR 735.102 - Financial assurance requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... financial assurances approved by DACO consisting of: (1) A warehouse operator's bond; or (2) Obligations... equal at their par value to the amount of the bond otherwise required to be furnished, together with an...

7 CFR 735.102 - Financial assurance requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... financial assurances approved by DACO consisting of: (1) A warehouse operator's bond; or (2) Obligations... equal at their par value to the amount of the bond otherwise required to be furnished, together with an...

7 CFR 735.102 - Financial assurance requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... financial assurances approved by DACO consisting of: (1) A warehouse operator's bond; or (2) Obligations... equal at their par value to the amount of the bond otherwise required to be furnished, together with an...

47 CFR 76.77 - Reporting requirements and enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... MULTICHANNEL VIDEO AND CABLE TELEVISION SERVICE Equal Employment Opportunity Requirements § 76.77 Reporting... employees on FCC Form 396-C on or before September 30 of each year. If a multichannel video programming...

47 CFR 76.77 - Reporting requirements and enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... MULTICHANNEL VIDEO AND CABLE TELEVISION SERVICE Equal Employment Opportunity Requirements § 76.77 Reporting... employees on FCC Form 396-C on or before September 30 of each year. If a multichannel video programming...

47 CFR 76.77 - Reporting requirements and enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... MULTICHANNEL VIDEO AND CABLE TELEVISION SERVICE Equal Employment Opportunity Requirements § 76.77 Reporting... employees on FCC Form 396-C on or before September 30 of each year. If a multichannel video programming...

47 CFR 76.77 - Reporting requirements and enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... MULTICHANNEL VIDEO AND CABLE TELEVISION SERVICE Equal Employment Opportunity Requirements § 76.77 Reporting... employees on FCC Form 396-C on or before September 30 of each year. If a multichannel video programming...

47 CFR 101.143 - Minimum path length requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... SERVICES FIXED MICROWAVE SERVICES Technical Standards § 101.143 Minimum path length requirements. (a) The... carrier fixed point-to-point microwave services must equal or exceed the value set forth in the table...

47 CFR 101.143 - Minimum path length requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... SERVICES FIXED MICROWAVE SERVICES Technical Standards § 101.143 Minimum path length requirements. (a) The... carrier fixed point-to-point microwave services must equal or exceed the value set forth in the table...

47 CFR 101.143 - Minimum path length requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... SERVICES FIXED MICROWAVE SERVICES Technical Standards § 101.143 Minimum path length requirements. (a) The... carrier fixed point-to-point microwave services must equal or exceed the value set forth in the table...

47 CFR 101.143 - Minimum path length requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... SERVICES FIXED MICROWAVE SERVICES Technical Standards § 101.143 Minimum path length requirements. (a) The... carrier fixed point-to-point microwave services must equal or exceed the value set forth in the table...

47 CFR 101.143 - Minimum path length requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... SERVICES FIXED MICROWAVE SERVICES Technical Standards § 101.143 Minimum path length requirements. (a) The... carrier fixed point-to-point microwave services must equal or exceed the value set forth in the table...

Linear time-dependent reference intervals where there is measurement error in the time variable-a parametric approach.

PubMed

Gillard, Jonathan

2015-12-01

This article re-examines parametric methods for the calculation of time specific reference intervals where there is measurement error present in the time covariate. Previous published work has commonly been based on the standard ordinary least squares approach, weighted where appropriate. In fact, this is an incorrect method when there are measurement errors present, and in this article, we show that the use of this approach may, in certain cases, lead to referral patterns that may vary with different values of the covariate. Thus, it would not be the case that all patients are treated equally; some subjects would be more likely to be referred than others, hence violating the principle of equal treatment required by the International Federation for Clinical Chemistry. We show, by using measurement error models, that reference intervals are produced that satisfy the requirement for equal treatment for all subjects. © The Author(s) 2011.

A tuberculosis vaccine based on phosphoantigens and fusion proteins induces distinct gammadelta and alphabeta T cell responses in primates.

PubMed

Cendron, Delphine; Ingoure, Sophie; Martino, Angelo; Casetti, Rita; Horand, Françoise; Romagné, François; Sicard, Hélène; Fournié, Jean-Jacques; Poccia, Fabrizio

2007-02-01

Phosphoantigens are mycobacterial non-peptide antigens that might enhance the immunogenicity of current subunit candidate vaccines for tuberculosis. However, their testing requires monkeys, the only animal models suitable for gammadelta T cell responses to mycobacteria. Thus here, the immunogenicity of 6-kDa early secretory antigenic target-mycolyl transferase complex antigen 85B (ESAT-6-Ag85B) (H-1 hybrid) fusion protein associated or not to a synthetic phosphoantigen was compared by a prime-boost regimen of two groups of eight cynomolgus. Although phosphoantigen activated immediately a strong release of systemic Th1 cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha), it further anergized blood gammadelta T lymphocytes selectively. By contrast, the hybrid H-1 induced only memory alphabeta T cell responses, regardless of phosphoantigen. These latter essentially comprised cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for Ag85B (on average + 430 cells/million PBMC) and few IFN-gamma-secreting cells (+ 40 cells/million PBMC, equally specific for ESAT-6 and for Ag85B). Hence, in macaques, a prime-boost with the H-1/phosphoantigen subunit combination induces two waves of immune responses, successively by gammadelta T and alphabeta T lymphocytes.

Medical ethics and education for social responsibility.

PubMed

Roemer, M I

1980-01-01

The physician, said Henry Sigerist in 1940, has been acquiring an increasingly social role. For centuries, however, codes of medical ethics have concentrated on proper behavior toward individual patients and almost ignored the doctor's responsibilities to society. Major health service reforms have come principally from motivated lay leadership and citizen groups. Private physicians have been largely hostile toward movements to equalize the economic access for people to medical care and improve the supply and distribution of doctors. Medical practice in America and throughout the world has become seriously commercialized. In response, governments have applied various strategies to constrain physicians and induce more socially responsible behavior. But such external pressures should not be necessary if a broad socially oriented code of medical ethics were followed. Health care system changes would be most effective, but medical education could be thoroughly recast to clarify community health problems and policies required to meet them. Sigerist proposed such a new medical curriculum in 1941; if it had been introduced, a social code of medical ethics would not now seem utopian. An international conference might well be convened to consider how physicians should be educated to reach the inspiring goals of the World Health Organization.

Medical ethics and education for social responsibility.

PubMed Central

Roemer, M. I.

1980-01-01

The physician, said Henry Sigerist in 1940, has been acquiring an increasingly social role. For centuries, however, codes of medical ethics have concentrated on proper behavior toward individual patients and almost ignored the doctor's responsibilities to society. Major health service reforms have come principally from motivated lay leadership and citizen groups. Private physicians have been largely hostile toward movements to equalize the economic access for people to medical care and improve the supply and distribution of doctors. Medical practice in America and throughout the world has become seriously commercialized. In response, governments have applied various strategies to constrain physicians and induce more socially responsible behavior. But such external pressures should not be necessary if a broad socially oriented code of medical ethics were followed. Health care system changes would be most effective, but medical education could be thoroughly recast to clarify community health problems and policies required to meet them. Sigerist proposed such a new medical curriculum in 1941; if it had been introduced, a social code of medical ethics would not now seem utopian. An international conference might well be convened to consider how physicians should be educated to reach the inspiring goals of the World Health Organization. PMID:7405276

29 CFR 1606.5 - Citizenship requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Citizenship requirements. 1606.5 Section 1606.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION GUIDELINES ON DISCRIMINATION... citizenship requirements have the purpose or effect of discriminating against an individual on the basis of...

29 CFR 1606.5 - Citizenship requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Citizenship requirements. 1606.5 Section 1606.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION GUIDELINES ON DISCRIMINATION... citizenship requirements have the purpose or effect of discriminating against an individual on the basis of...

29 CFR 1606.5 - Citizenship requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Citizenship requirements. 1606.5 Section 1606.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION GUIDELINES ON DISCRIMINATION... citizenship requirements have the purpose or effect of discriminating against an individual on the basis of...

29 CFR 1606.5 - Citizenship requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Citizenship requirements. 1606.5 Section 1606.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION GUIDELINES ON DISCRIMINATION... citizenship requirements have the purpose or effect of discriminating against an individual on the basis of...

29 CFR 1606.5 - Citizenship requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Citizenship requirements. 1606.5 Section 1606.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION GUIDELINES ON DISCRIMINATION... citizenship requirements have the purpose or effect of discriminating against an individual on the basis of...

40 CFR 1033.305 - General requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM LOCOMOTIVES Manufacturer and Remanufacturer Production Line Testing and Audit... locomotives. (b) Remanufacturers are required to conduct audits according to the requirements of § 1033.335 to... request, you must show us that the alternate program gives equal assurance that your engines meet the...

7 CFR 3550.5 - Environmental requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 15 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Environmental requirements. 3550.5 Section 3550.5... AGRICULTURE DIRECT SINGLE FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS General § 3550.5 Environmental requirements. (a) Policy. RHS will consider environmental quality as equal with economic, social, and other relevant...

Physical properties and comparative strength of a bioactive luting cement.

PubMed

Jefferies, Steven; Lööf, Jesper; Pameijer, Cornelis H; Boston, Daniel; Galbraith, Colin; Hermansson, Leif

2013-01-01

New dental cement formulations require testing to determine physical and mechanical laboratory properties. To test an experimental calcium aluminate/glass-ionomer cement, Ceramir C and B (CC and B), regarding compressive strength (CS), film thickness (FT), net setting time (ST) and Vickers hardness. An additional test to evaluate potential dimensional change/expansion properties of this cement was also conducted. CS was measured according to a slightly modified ISO 9917:2003 for the CC and B specimens. The samples were not clamped while being exposed to relative humidity of great than 90 percent at 37 degrees C for 10 minutes before being stored in phosphate-buffered saline at 37 degrees C. For the CS, four groups were tested: Group 1-CC and B; Group 2-RelyX Luting Cement; Group 3-Fuji Plus; and Group 4-RelyX Unicem. Samples from all groups were stored for 24 hours before testing. Only CCandB was tested for ST and FT according to ISO 9917:2003. The FT was tested 2 minutes after mixing. Vickers hardness was evaluated using the CSM Microhardness Indentation Tester using zinc phosphate cement as a comparison material. Expansion testing included evaluating potential cracks in feldspathic porcelain jacket crowns (PJCs). The mean and standard deviation after 24 hours were expressed in MPa: Group 1 equals 160 plus or equal to 27; Group 2 equals 96 plus or equal to 10; Group 3 equals 138 plus or equal to 15; Group 4 equals 157 plus or equal to 10. A single-factor ANOVA demonstrated statistically significant differences between the groups (P less than 0.001). Pair-wise statistical comparison demonstrated a statistically significant difference between Groups 1 and 2. No statistically significant differences were found between other groups. The FT was 16.8 plus or equal to 0.9 and the ST was 4.8 plus or equal to 0.1 min. Vickers hardness for Ceramir C and B was 68.3 plus or equal to 17.2 and was statistically significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than Fleck's Zinc Phosphate cement at Vickers hardness of 51.4 plus or equal to 10. There was no evidence of cracks due to radial expansion in PJCs by the Ceramir C and B cement. All luting cements tested demonstrated compressive strengths well in excess of the ISO requirement for water-based cements of no less than 50 MPa. Ceramir C and B showed significantly higher CS than RelyX Luting Cement after 24 hours, but was not significantly higher than either Fuji Plus or RelyX Unicem. The ST and FT values of CC and B conform to and are within the boundaries of the requirements of the standard. Surface hardness was statistically higher than and comparable to zinc phosphate cement. There was no evidence of potentially clinically significant and deleterious expansion behavior by this cement. All cements tested demonstrated acceptable strength properties. Within the limits of this study, Ceramir C and B is deemed to possess physical properties suitable for a dental luting cement.

12 CFR 614.4930 - Requirement to purchase flood insurance where available.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Requirement to purchase flood insurance where... POLICIES AND OPERATIONS Flood Insurance Requirements § 614.4930 Requirement to purchase flood insurance... flood insurance for the term of the loan. The amount of insurance must be at least equal to the...

Methods, systems and apparatus for controlling operation of two alternating current (AC) machines

DOEpatents

Gallegos-Lopez, Gabriel [Torrance, CA; Nagashima, James M [Cerritos, CA; Perisic, Milun [Torrance, CA; Hiti, Silva [Redondo Beach, CA

2012-02-14

A system is provided for controlling two AC machines. The system comprises a DC input voltage source that provides a DC input voltage, a voltage boost command control module (VBCCM), a five-phase PWM inverter module coupled to the two AC machines, and a boost converter coupled to the inverter module and the DC input voltage source. The boost converter is designed to supply a new DC input voltage to the inverter module having a value that is greater than or equal to a value of the DC input voltage. The VBCCM generates a boost command signal (BCS) based on modulation indexes from the two AC machines. The BCS controls the boost converter such that the boost converter generates the new DC input voltage in response to the BCS. When the two AC machines require additional voltage that exceeds the DC input voltage required to meet a combined target mechanical power required by the two AC machines, the BCS controls the boost converter to drive the new DC input voltage generated by the boost converter to a value greater than the DC input voltage.

Human immune response to botulinum pentavalent (ABCDE) toxoid determined by a neutralization test and by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

PubMed Central

Siegel, L S

1988-01-01

To determine the immune status of persons receiving botulinum pentavalent (ABCDE) toxoid and to evaluate the effectiveness of the vaccine, we surveyed immunized individuals for neutralizing antibodies to type A and to type B botulinum toxins. After the primary series of three immunizations administered at 0, 2, and 12 weeks, 21 of 23 persons tested (91%) had a titer for type A that was greater than or equal to 0.08 international units (IU)/ml, and 18 (78%) had a titer for type B of greater than or equal to 0.02 IU/ml. (One international unit is defined as the amount of antibody neutralizing 10,000 mouse 50% lethal doses of type A or B botulinum toxin). Just before the first annual booster, 10 of 21 (48%) and 14 of 21 (67%) people lacked a detectable titer for type A and for type B, respectively. After the first booster, all individuals tested had a demonstrable titer to both types A and B. Of 77 persons who had previously received from one to eight boosts of the toxoid, 74 (96%) had an A titer of greater than or equal to 0.25 IU/ml and would not require an additional booster, according to the recommendations of the Centers for disease Control. However, only 44 of 77 (57%) had a B titer of greater than or equal to 0.25 IU/ml. In each group by booster number, even the group having had eight boosts, at least one person would require reimmunization on the basis of B titer. There was a wide range of antibody levels among individuals at the same point in the immunization scheme. Results from an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, with purified type A or type B neurotoxin as the capture antigen, were compared with neutralization test results on 186 serum samples for type A and 168 samples for type B. Statistically, the correlation coefficients for results from the two assays were high (r = 0.69, P < 0.0001, for type A and r = 0.77, P < 0.0001, for type B). However, due to the wide dispersion of values obtained, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results to predict neutralizing antibody levels is unwarranted. PMID:3235662

Integrated Force Method Solution to Indeterminate Structural Mechanics Problems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Patnaik, Surya N.; Hopkins, Dale A.; Halford, Gary R.

2004-01-01

Strength of materials problems have been classified into determinate and indeterminate problems. Determinate analysis primarily based on the equilibrium concept is well understood. Solutions of indeterminate problems required additional compatibility conditions, and its comprehension was not exclusive. A solution to indeterminate problem is generated by manipulating the equilibrium concept, either by rewriting in the displacement variables or through the cutting and closing gap technique of the redundant force method. Compatibility improvisation has made analysis cumbersome. The authors have researched and understood the compatibility theory. Solutions can be generated with equal emphasis on the equilibrium and compatibility concepts. This technique is called the Integrated Force Method (IFM). Forces are the primary unknowns of IFM. Displacements are back-calculated from forces. IFM equations are manipulated to obtain the Dual Integrated Force Method (IFMD). Displacement is the primary variable of IFMD and force is back-calculated. The subject is introduced through response variables: force, deformation, displacement; and underlying concepts: equilibrium equation, force deformation relation, deformation displacement relation, and compatibility condition. Mechanical load, temperature variation, and support settling are equally emphasized. The basic theory is discussed. A set of examples illustrate the new concepts. IFM and IFMD based finite element methods are introduced for simple problems.

Sculpting a Pre-Planetary Nebula with a Precessing Jet: IRAS 16342-3814

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sahai, R.; Le Mignant, D.; Sanchez Contreras, C.; Campbell, R. D.; Chaffee, F. H.

2005-01-01

We have imaged the bipolar pre-planetary nebula IRAS 16342-3814 with the Keck adaptive optics (AO) system in four near-infrared bands in the 1.6-4.7 (micro)m range. The lobes, which showed smoothly varying brightness distributions in previous optical images taken with the Hubble Space Telescope, have a limb-brightened appearance in the AO images, with a remarkable corkscrew structure inscribed on the lobe walls. A well-collimated, precessing jet with a diameter less than or approximately equal to 100 AU and a precession period less than or approximately equal to 50 yr, interacting with ambient circumstellar material, is most likely responsible for the corkscrew structure and the lobes, as indicated by a detailed comparison of our observations with published numerical simulations. The very red colors of the lobes in the near-infrared, coupled with their visibility at optical wavelengths, require that at least half, but not all, of the light of the central star be trapped by a compact circumstellar dust cloud heated to approximately 600-700 K and reradiated in the infrared. The lobes are thus illuminated both by the infrared light from this dust cloud as well as by the optical light from the central star.

The Promise of Equality Schools: Improving Learning of Marginal Students.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ghory, Ward; Sinclair, Robert

Public schools are responsible for ensuring that all citizens are prepared for success. An analysis of the needs of high risk students and the introduction of the idea of an "Equality School" are described in this report. Research suggests that too many young people, many of whom come from minority groups, are forced to live and learn on…

Busting the Myth of Gender Bias: Views from Men and Women Primary-School Trainees and Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mistry, Malini; Sood, Krishan

2016-01-01

We explore the ideology associated with gender equality that despite primary schools and initial teacher education (ITE) institutions doing all they can to recruit men into primary education, a huge gender imbalance still exists. We frame our study around the notions of gender equality and professional responsibility. Using a multi-case study…

Benefits and Problems of Egalitarian Marriage: A Study of Role-Sharing Couples.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Haas, Linda

A role-sharing marriage is one in which the husband and wife share equally the rights and responsibilities traditionally assigned to one or the other sex as part of their ideal family role, in the areas of breadwinning, decisionmaking, and domestic chores. A marriage style based on sexual equality is rarely found in practice and subsequently has…

48 CFR 50.103-7 - Contract requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...—Overtime Compensation; 52.222-6, Construction Wage Rate Requirements; 52.222-10, Compliance With Copeland...,000; 52.222-26, Equal Opportunity; and 52.232-23, Assignment of Claims. [72 FR 63030, Nov. 7, 2007, as...

48 CFR 522.803 - Responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Section 522.803 Federal Acquisition Regulations System GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS APPLICATION OF LABOR LAWS TO GOVERNMENT ACQUISITIONS Equal Employment Opportunity 522.803 Responsibilities. Contracting officers should submit questions on the applicability of E.O. 11246 and implementing...

Method of estimating pulse response using an impedance spectrum

DOEpatents

Morrison, John L; Morrison, William H; Christophersen, Jon P; Motloch, Chester G

2014-10-21

Electrochemical Impedance Spectrum data are used to predict pulse performance of an energy storage device. The impedance spectrum may be obtained in-situ. A simulation waveform includes a pulse wave with a period greater than or equal to the lowest frequency used in the impedance measurement. Fourier series coefficients of the pulse train can be obtained. The number of harmonic constituents in the Fourier series are selected so as to appropriately resolve the response, but the maximum frequency should be less than or equal to the highest frequency used in the impedance measurement. Using a current pulse as an example, the Fourier coefficients of the pulse are multiplied by the impedance spectrum at corresponding frequencies to obtain Fourier coefficients of the voltage response to the desired pulse. The Fourier coefficients of the response are then summed and reassembled to obtain the overall time domain estimate of the voltage using the Fourier series analysis.

Equal is as equal does: challenging Vatican views on women.

PubMed

1995-01-01

The authors of this piece are women from the Roman Catholic tradition who are critical of the Vatican position on women's rights. The Report of the Holy See in Preparation for the Fourth World Conference on Women reveals a religious fundamentalism that misuses tradition and anthropology to limit women's roles and rights. The Vatican is itself a self-proclaimed state that offers women neither opportunities nor protections within its own organization, and there is no evidence of women's participation in the preparation of its report. The Vatican document constructs a vision of women and men in which men are normative persons, whose dignity is conferred by their humanity, and women are the variant other, defined by and granted dignity by their reproductive and mothering functions. The Vatican document is anti-feminist. It criticizes the "radical feminists" of the 1960s for trying to deny sexual differences, and accuses today's Western feminists of ignoring the needs of women in developing countries while pursuing selfish and hedonistic goals. It makes no recognition of the work of feminists to improve the lives of women worldwide. The Vatican document claims to support women's equality, but it qualifies each statement of equality with a presumption of difference. The document defines women as vulnerable without naming men as responsible for the oppression and violence to which women are vulnerable. It ridicules as feminist cant the well-documented fact that the home is the setting of most violence against women. The Vatican decries the suffering families undergo as a result of cumpulsory birth control and abortion policies, while it would deny families sex education, contraceptives, and safe abortion, thereby making pregnancy cumpulsory. A new vision of social justice is needed, one that: 1) rests on a radical equality, in which both women and men are expected to contribute to work, education, culture, morality, and reproduction; 2) accepts a "discipleship of equals" that respects different genders, races, and lifestyles; 3) understands that reproduction is just one of women's many contributions, and one that deserves special priority in health care to address past discriminations; 4) focuses on community rather than family, since the latter can restrict individual access to community needs like health care; and 5) grants safety to be a human right, which requires the dismantling of hierarchical structures that oppress and endanger humans.

Women, gender equality, and diabetes.

PubMed

Hannan, Carolyn

2009-03-01

Discussion of women, gender equality, and diabetes should be placed in the context of United Nations mandates on women's health which highlight the need for equal access to information, prevention activities, services, and care across the life cycle. Gender differences and inequalities have been identified in relation to causes and consequences of diabetes and access to services and support between women and men, and among different groups of women. Appropriate gender-sensitive policy responses, including research and data collection, need to be developed. The recent United Nations resolution on diabetes provides an opportunity to strengthen the focus on women and diabetes.

Drug-usage evaluation and the patient-care pharmacist: a synergistic combination.

PubMed

Gayman, J; Tapley, D J

1991-07-01

The Joint Commission requires a continuous monitoring program to assure quality pharmaceutical care. The only way to achieve compliance with this standard is to enlist the help of the patient-care pharmacists. Equally important to the pharmacy manager is the way a DUE program can benefit the patient-care pharmacists. The key to an effective program is to assist the patient-care pharmacists in taking responsibility for the quality of drug therapy provided to their patients. Through education, encouragement, and recognition, the DUE Coordinator can elevate the practice of the patient-care pharmacists. The outcome is a synergistic program that enriches the practice of the patient-care pharmacists who, in turn, enrich the quality of pharmaceutical care received by their patients.

[Clinical bioethics for primary health care].

PubMed

González-de Paz, L

2013-01-01

The clinical decision making process with ethical implications in the area of primary healthcare differs from other healthcare areas. From the ethical perspective it is important to include these issues in the decision making model. This dissertation explains the need for a process of bioethical deliberation for Primary Healthcare, as well as proposing a method for doing so. The decision process method, adapted to this healthcare area, is flexible and requires a more participative Healthcare System. This proposal involves professionals and the patient population equally, is intended to facilitate the acquisition of responsibility for personal and community health. Copyright © 2012 Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria (SEMERGEN). Publicado por Elsevier España. All rights reserved.

A fast hidden line algorithm for plotting finite element models

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, G. K.

1982-01-01

Effective plotting of finite element models requires the use of fast hidden line plot techniques that provide interactive response. A high speed hidden line technique was developed to facilitate the plotting of NASTRAN finite element models. Based on testing using 14 different models, the new hidden line algorithm (JONES-D) appears to be very fast: its speed equals that for normal (all lines visible) plotting and when compared to other existing methods it appears to be substantially faster. It also appears to be very reliable: no plot errors were observed using the new method to plot NASTRAN models. The new algorithm was made part of the NPLOT NASTRAN plot package and was used by structural analysts for normal production tasks.

Acoustic environmental accuracy requirements for response determination

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pettitt, M. R.

1983-01-01

A general purpose computer program was developed for the prediction of vehicle interior noise. This program, named VIN, has both modal and statistical energy analysis capabilities for structural/acoustic interaction analysis. The analytic models and their computer implementation were verified through simple test cases with well-defined experimental results. The model was also applied in a space shuttle payload bay launch acoustics prediction study. The computer program processes large and small problems with equal efficiency because all arrays are dynamically sized by program input variables at run time. A data base is built and easily accessed for design studies. The data base significantly reduces the computational costs of such studies by allowing the reuse of the still-valid calculated parameters of previous iterations.

Equations and the Equal Sign in Elementary Mathematics Textbooks

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Powell, Sarah R.

2012-01-01

To promote a relational understanding of the equal sign (=), students may require exposure to a variety of equation types (i.e., 3 = 8 - 5; 2 + 3 = 1 + 4; 9 - 3 = 6). The purpose of this study was to evaluate 8 elementary curricula for degree of exposure to equation types. Across 6 elementary grade levels, curricula were coded for the number of…

40 CFR 141.715 - Microbial toolbox options for meeting Cryptosporidium treatment requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... filter performance 0.5-log credit for combined filter effluent turbidity less than or equal to 0.15 NTU...) Individual filter performance 0.5-log credit (in addition to 0.5-log combined filter performance credit) if individual filter effluent turbidity is less than or equal to 0.15 NTU in at least 95 percent of samples each...

40 CFR 141.715 - Microbial toolbox options for meeting Cryptosporidium treatment requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... filter performance 0.5-log credit for combined filter effluent turbidity less than or equal to 0.15 NTU...) Individual filter performance 0.5-log credit (in addition to 0.5-log combined filter performance credit) if individual filter effluent turbidity is less than or equal to 0.15 NTU in at least 95 percent of samples each...

40 CFR 141.715 - Microbial toolbox options for meeting Cryptosporidium treatment requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... filter performance 0.5-log credit for combined filter effluent turbidity less than or equal to 0.15 NTU...) Individual filter performance 0.5-log credit (in addition to 0.5-log combined filter performance credit) if individual filter effluent turbidity is less than or equal to 0.15 NTU in at least 95 percent of samples each...

Gender Equality or Primacy of the Mother? Ambivalent Descriptions of Good Parents

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Perl-Littunen, Satu

2007-01-01

The ideology of gender equality is accepted as the norm in the Nordic countries. When asked to describe what they thought was required to be a good mother and a good father, Finnish informants (N = 387) showed uneasiness in describing good parents separately, however, often describing only a good mother. This article aims to explore the ambivalent…

40 CFR Table 8 to Subpart Dddd of... - Continuous Compliance With the Work Practice Requirements

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... moisture content less than or equal to 30 percent (by weight, dry basis) AND operate with an inlet dryer temperature of less than or equal to 600 °F Maintaining the 24-hour block average inlet furnish moisture... temperature of furnish moisture content and inlet dryer temperature. (2) Hardwood veneer dryer Process less...

40 CFR Table 8 to Subpart Dddd of... - Continuous Compliance With the Work Practice Requirements

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... moisture content less than or equal to 30 percent (by weight, dry basis) AND operate with an inlet dryer temperature of less than or equal to 600 °F Maintaining the 24-hour block average inlet furnish moisture... temperature of furnish moisture content and inlet dryer temperature. (2) Hardwood veneer dryer Process less...

Seven actionable strategies for advancing women in science, engineering, and medicine.

PubMed

Smith, Kristin A; Arlotta, Paola; Watt, Fiona M; Solomon, Susan L

2015-03-05

Achieving gender equality in science will require devising and implementing strategies to overcome the political, administrative, financial, and cultural challenges that exist in the current environment. In this forum, we propose an initial shortlist of recommendations to promote gender equality in science and stimulate future efforts to level the field. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Equality judgments cannot distinguish between attention effects on appearance and criterion: a reply to Schneider (2011).

PubMed

Anton-Erxleben, Katharina; Abrams, Jared; Carrasco, Marisa

2011-01-01

Whether attention modulates the appearance of stimulus features is debated. Whereas many previous studies using a comparative judgment have found evidence for such an effect, two recent studies using an equality judgment have not. Critically, these studies have relied on the assumption that the equality paradigm yields bias-free PSE estimates and is as sensitive as the comparative judgment, without testing these assumptions. Anton-Erxleben, Abrams, and Carrasco (2010) compared comparative judgments and equality judgments with and without the manipulation of attention. They demonstrated that the equality paradigm is less sensitive than the comparative judgment and also bias-prone. Furthermore, they reported an effect of attention on the PSE using both paradigms. Schneider (2011) questions the validity of the latter finding, stating that the data in the equality experiment are corrupted because of skew in the response distributions. Notably, this argument supports the original conclusion by Anton-Erxleben et al.: that the equality paradigm is bias-prone. Additionally, the necessary analyses to show that the attention effect observed in Anton-Erxleben et al. was due to skew in the data were not conducted. Here, we provide these analyses and show that although the equality judgment is bias-prone, the effects we observe are consistent with an increase of apparent contrast by attention.

Equality judgments cannot distinguish between attention effects on appearance and criterion: A reply to Schneider (2011)

PubMed Central

Anton-Erxleben, Katharina; Abrams, Jared; Carrasco, Marisa

2012-01-01

Whether attention modulates the appearance of stimulus features is debated. Whereas many previous studies using a comparative judgment have found evidence for such an effect, two recent studies using an equality judgment have not. Critically, these studies have relied on the assumption that the equality paradigm yields bias-free PSE estimates and is as sensitive as the comparative judgment, without testing these assumptions. Anton-Erxleben, Abrams, and Carrasco (2010) compared comparative judgments and equality judgments with and without the manipulation of attention. They demonstrated that the equality paradigm is less sensitive than the comparative judgment and also bias-prone. Furthermore, they reported an effect of attention on the PSE using both paradigms. Schneider (2011) questions the validity of the latter finding, stating that the data in the equality experiment are corrupted because of skew in the response distributions. Notably, this argument supports the original conclusion by Anton-Erxleben et al.: that the equality paradigm is bias-prone. Additionally, the necessary analyses to show that the attention effect observed in Anton-Erxleben et al. was due to skew in the data were not conducted. Here, we provide these analyses and show that although the equality judgment is bias-prone, the effects we observe are consistent with an increase of apparent contrast by attention. PMID:22072728

A new scheme of general hybrid projective complete dislocated synchronization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chu, Yan-dong; Chang, Ying-Xiang; An, Xin-lei; Yu, Jian-Ning; Zhang, Jian-Gang

2011-03-01

Based on the Lyapunov stability theorem, a new type of chaos synchronization, general hybrid projective complete dislocated synchronization (GHPCDS), is proposed under the framework of drive-response systems. The difference between the GHPCDS and complete synchronization is that every state variable of drive system does not equal the corresponding state variable, but equal other ones of response system while evolving in time. The GHPCDS includes complete dislocated synchronization, dislocated anti-synchronization and projective dislocated synchronization as its special item. As examples, the Lorenz chaotic system, Rössler chaotic system, hyperchaotic Chen system and hyperchaotic Lü system are discussed. Numerical simulations are given to show the effectiveness of these methods.

The ability of criminal law to produce gender equality: judicial discourses in the Swedish criminal legal system.

PubMed

Burman, Monica

2010-02-01

The main aim of the Swedish Women's Peace reform in 1998 was to enhance criminal legal protection for women exposed to violence in heterosexual relationships and to promote gender equality. However, these ambitions risk being contravened in a masculinist criminal legal system. One problem concerns how the victim is constructed in criminal legal cases. The author argues that moral balancing and discourses of responsibility and guilt in Swedish cases constrain the agency possible for women and suggest that a more comprehensive policy in Sweden must be developed to include violent men, their agency, and their responsibility for the violence.

25 CFR 39.403 - What certification is required?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false What certification is required? 39.403 Section 39.403 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR EDUCATION THE INDIAN SCHOOL EQUALIZATION PROGRAM Accountability § 39.403 What certification is required? (a) Each school must maintain an...

25 CFR 39.403 - What certification is required?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false What certification is required? 39.403 Section 39.403 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR EDUCATION THE INDIAN SCHOOL EQUALIZATION PROGRAM Accountability § 39.403 What certification is required? (a) Each school must maintain an...

Dispersion compensation of fiber optic communication system with direct detection using artificial neural networks (ANNs)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maghrabi, Mahmoud M. T.; Kumar, Shiva; Bakr, Mohamed H.

2018-02-01

This work introduces a powerful digital nonlinear feed-forward equalizer (NFFE), exploiting multilayer artificial neural network (ANN). It mitigates impairments of optical communication systems arising due to the nonlinearity introduced by direct photo-detection. In a direct detection system, the detection process is nonlinear due to the fact that the photo-current is proportional to the absolute square of the electric field intensity. The proposed equalizer provides the most efficient computational cost with high equalization performance. Its performance is comparable to the benchmark compensation performance achieved by maximum-likelihood sequence estimator. The equalizer trains an ANN to act as a nonlinear filter whose impulse response removes the intersymbol interference (ISI) distortions of the optical channel. Owing to the proposed extensive training of the equalizer, it achieves the ultimate performance limit of any feed-forward equalizer (FFE). The performance and efficiency of the equalizer is investigated by applying it to various practical short-reach fiber optic communication system scenarios. These scenarios are extracted from practical metro/media access networks and data center applications. The obtained results show that the ANN-NFFE compensates for the received BER degradation and significantly increases the tolerance to the chromatic dispersion distortion.

The Bordetella bronchiseptica Type III Secretion System Is Required for Persistence and Disease Severity but Not Transmission in Swine

PubMed Central

Brockmeier, Susan L.; Loving, Crystal L.; Register, Karen B.; Kehrli, Marcus E.; Shore, Sarah M.

2014-01-01

Bordetella bronchiseptica is pervasive in swine populations and plays multiple roles in respiratory disease. Most studies addressing virulence factors of B. bronchiseptica utilize isolates derived from hosts other than pigs in conjunction with rodent infection models. Based on previous in vivo mouse studies, we hypothesized that the B. bronchiseptica type III secretion system (T3SS) would be required for maximal disease severity and persistence in the swine lower respiratory tract. To examine the contribution of the T3SS to the pathogenesis of B. bronchiseptica in swine, we compared the abilities of a virulent swine isolate and an isogenic T3SS mutant to colonize, cause disease, and be transmitted from host to host. We found that the T3SS is required for maximal persistence throughout the lower swine respiratory tract and contributed significantly to the development of nasal lesions and pneumonia. However, the T3SS mutant and the wild-type parent are equally capable of transmission among swine by both direct and indirect routes, demonstrating that transmission can occur even with attenuated disease. Our data further suggest that the T3SS skews the adaptive immune response in swine by hindering the development of serum anti-Bordetella antibody levels and inducing an interleukin-10 (IL-10) cell-mediated response, likely contributing to the persistence of B. bronchiseptica in the respiratory tract. Overall, our results demonstrate that the Bordetella T3SS is required for maximal persistence and disease severity in pigs, but not for transmission. PMID:24366249

The Other Struggle for Equal Schools: Mexican Americans during the Civil Rights Era. SUNY Series, the Social Context of Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Donato, Ruben

Challenging conventional wisdom that Mexican Americans were passive victims of their educational fates, this book examines the Mexican American struggle for equal education during the 1960s and 1970s in a California community "Brownfield." It looks at responses of a predominantly White school system and community to the growing number of…

Gender Differences and Public Sector Managers: Women's Perceptions of Equality in State Government.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Whitcraft, Carol; Williams, M. Lee

A study assessed the equality of women managers in 11 of the largest state agencies in Texas. It also investigated the perceptions of men and women managers concerning a variety of work related issues in Texas state government. A stratified random sample of 25 percent of all managers was drawn, and 1,844 responses, representing a 55.5% response…

Equation Structure and the Meaning of the Equal Sign: The Impact of Task Selection in Eliciting Elementary Students' Understandings

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stephens, Ana C.; Knuth, Eric J.; Blanton, Maria L.; Isler, Isil; Gardiner, Angela Murphy; Marum, Tim

2013-01-01

This paper reports results from a written assessment given to 290 third-, fourth-, and fifth-grade students prior to any instructional intervention. We share and discuss students' responses to items addressing their understanding of equation structure and the meaning of the equal sign. We found that many students held an operational conception of…

Equal Opportunity Programming and Optimistic Program Assessment: First-Year Writing Program Design and Assessment at John Jay College of Criminal Justice

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McCormack, Tim; McBeth, Mark

2016-01-01

As Brian Huot and Ellen E. Schendel assert, when assessment has more than validation in mind, it "can become a means for proactive change" (208). In response to this idea of assessment as an optimistic and opportunistic enterprise, this article describes how the structural design of our "equal opportunity" writing program and…

20 CFR 416.1866 - Deciding whether you are a child: Are you the head of a household?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... the head of a household. (b) If you share decision-making equally. If you live with one or more people and everyone has an equal voice in the decision-making (for example, a group of students who share off... are responsible for the day-to-day decisions on the operation of your own household. If you live with...

Gene Expression in Parp1 Deficient Mice Exposed to a Median Lethal Dose of Gamma Rays.

PubMed

Kumar, M A Suresh; Laiakis, Evagelia C; Ghandhi, Shanaz A; Morton, Shad R; Fornace, Albert J; Amundson, Sally A

2018-05-10

There is a current interest in the development of biodosimetric methods for rapidly assessing radiation exposure in the wake of a large-scale radiological event. This work was initially focused on determining the exposure dose to an individual using biological indicators. Gene expression signatures show promise for biodosimetric application, but little is known about how these signatures might translate for the assessment of radiological injury in radiosensitive individuals, who comprise a significant proportion of the general population, and who would likely require treatment after exposure to lower doses. Using Parp1 -/- mice as a model radiation-sensitive genotype, we have investigated the effect of this DNA repair deficiency on the gene expression response to radiation. Although Parp1 is known to play general roles in regulating transcription, the pattern of gene expression changes observed in Parp1 -/- mice 24 h postirradiation to a LD 50/30 was remarkably similar to that in wild-type mice after exposure to LD 50/30 . Similar levels of activation of both the p53 and NFκB radiation response pathways were indicated in both strains. In contrast, exposure of wild-type mice to a sublethal dose that was equal to the Parp1 -/- LD 50/30 , which resulted in a lower magnitude gene expression response. Thus, Parp1 -/- mice displayed a heightened gene expression response to radiation, which was more similar to the wild-type response to an equitoxic dose than to an equal absorbed dose. Gene expression classifiers trained on the wild-type data correctly identified all wild-type samples as unexposed, exposed to a sublethal dose or exposed to an LD 50/30 . All unexposed samples from Parp1 -/- mice were also correctly classified with the same gene set, and 80% of irradiated Parp1 -/- samples were identified as exposed to an LD 50/30 . The results of this study suggest that, at least for some pathways that may influence radiosensitivity in humans, specific gene expression signatures have the potential to accurately detect the extent of radiological injury, rather than serving only as a surrogate of physical radiation dose.

Self-adjusting threshold mechanism for pixel detectors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heim, Timon; Garcia-Sciveres, Maurice

2017-09-01

Readout chips of hybrid pixel detectors use a low power amplifier and threshold discrimination to process charge deposited in semiconductor sensors. Due to transistor mismatch each pixel circuit needs to be calibrated individually to achieve response uniformity. Traditionally this is addressed by programmable threshold trimming in each pixel, but requires robustness against radiation effects, temperature, and time. In this paper a self-adjusting threshold mechanism is presented, which corrects the threshold for both spatial inequality and time variation and maintains a constant response. It exploits the electrical noise as relative measure for the threshold and automatically adjust the threshold of each pixel to always achieve a uniform frequency of noise hits. A digital implementation of the method in the form of an up/down counter and combinatorial logic filter is presented. The behavior of this circuit has been simulated to evaluate its performance and compare it to traditional calibration results. The simulation results show that this mechanism can perform equally well, but eliminates instability over time and is immune to single event upsets.

Language familiarity modulates relative attention to the eyes and mouth of a talker.

PubMed

Barenholtz, Elan; Mavica, Lauren; Lewkowicz, David J

2016-02-01

We investigated whether the audiovisual speech cues available in a talker's mouth elicit greater attention when adults have to process speech in an unfamiliar language vs. a familiar language. Participants performed a speech-encoding task while watching and listening to videos of a talker in a familiar language (English) or an unfamiliar language (Spanish or Icelandic). Attention to the mouth increased in monolingual subjects in response to an unfamiliar language condition but did not in bilingual subjects when the task required speech processing. In the absence of an explicit speech-processing task, subjects attended equally to the eyes and mouth in response to both familiar and unfamiliar languages. Overall, these results demonstrate that language familiarity modulates selective attention to the redundant audiovisual speech cues in a talker's mouth in adults. When our findings are considered together with similar findings from infants, they suggest that this attentional strategy emerges very early in life. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The dynamic characteristics of a turbo-rotor simulator supported on gas-lubricated foil bearings. Part 1: Response to rotating imbalance and unidirectional excitation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Licht, L.

1970-01-01

A sixteen-inch rotor, weighing approximately twenty-one pounds, was supported by air-lubricated foil bearings. In physical size and in mass distribution, the rotor closely matched that of an experimental Brayton cycle turboalternator unit. The rotor was stable in both vertical horizontal attitudes at speeds up to 50,000 rpm. A detailed description of the experimental apparatus and of the foil bearing design are given. The paper contains data on response of the rotor to rotating imbalance, symmetric and asymmetric, and to excitation by means of a vibrator (shake table). It is concluded that the gas-lubricated foil bearing suspension is free from fractional frequency whirl and suffers no loss of load capacity when excited at frequency equal to half the rotational speed. In contrast to rigid gas bearings, the foil bearing imposes no stringent requirements with respect to dimensional tolerances, cleanliness, or limitations of journal motion within the narrow confines of bearing clearance.

INVESTIGATION OF THE HUMIDITY EFFECT ON THE FAC-IR-300 IONIZATION CHAMBER RESPONSE.

PubMed

Mohammadi, Seyed Mostafa; Tavakoli-Anbaran, Hossein

2018-02-01

The free-air ionization chamber is communicating with the ambient air, therefore, the atmospheric parameters such as temperature, pressure and humidity effect on the ionization chamber performance. The free-air ionization chamber, entitled as FAC-IR-300, that design at the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran, AEOI, is required the atmospheric correction factors for correct the chamber reading. In this article, the effect of humidity on the ionization chamber response was investigated. For this reason, was introduced the humidity correction factor, kh. In this article, the Monte Carlo simulation was used to determine the kh factor. The simulation results show in relative humidities between 30% to 80%, the kh factor is equal 0.9970 at 20°C and 0.9975 at 22°C. From the simulation results, at low energy the energy dependence of the kh factor is significant and with increasing energy this dependence is negligible. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

A Rich Man, Poor Man Story of S-Adenosylmethionine and Cobalamin Revisited.

PubMed

Bridwell-Rabb, Jennifer; Grell, Tsehai A J; Drennan, Catherine L

2018-06-20

S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) has been referred to as both "a poor man's adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl)" and "a rich man's AdoCbl," but today, with the ever-increasing number of functions attributed to each cofactor, both appear equally rich and surprising. The recent characterization of an organometallic species in an AdoMet radical enzyme suggests that the line that differentiates them in nature will be constantly challenged. Here, we compare and contrast AdoMet and cobalamin (Cbl) and consider why Cbl-dependent AdoMet radical enzymes require two cofactors that are so similar in their reactivity. We further carry out structural comparisons employing the recently determined crystal structure of oxetanocin-A biosynthetic enzyme OxsB, the first three-dimensional structural data on a Cbl-dependent AdoMet radical enzyme. We find that the structural motifs responsible for housing the AdoMet radical machinery are largely conserved, whereas the motifs responsible for binding additional cofactors are much more varied.

How Oppositionality, Inattention, and Hyperactivity Affect Response to Atomoxetine versus Methylphenidate: A Pooled Meta-Analysis

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

van Wyk, Gregory W.; Hazell, Philip L.; Kohn, Michael R.; Granger, Renee E.; Walton, Richard J.

2012-01-01

Objective: To assess how threshold oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), inattention, and hyperactivity-impulsivity affect the response to atomoxetine versus methylphenidate. Method: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs; greater than or equal to 6 weeks follow-up). The primary measure was core symptom response--greater than or…

Beck's cognitive theory and the response style theory of depression in adolescents with and without mild to borderline intellectual disability.

PubMed

Weeland, Martine M; Nijhof, Karin S; Otten, R; Vermaes, Ignace P R; Buitelaar, Jan K

2017-10-01

This study tests the validity of Beck's cognitive theory and Nolen-Hoeksema's response style theory of depression in adolescents with and without MBID. The relationship between negative cognitive errors (Beck), response styles (Nolen-Hoeksema) and depressive symptoms was examined in 135 adolescents using linear regression. The cognitive error 'underestimation of the ability to cope' was more prevalent among adolescents with MBID than among adolescents with average intelligence. This was the only negative cognitive error that predicted depressive symptoms. There were no differences between groups in the prevalence of the three response styles. In line with the theory, ruminating was positively and problem-solving was negatively related to depressive symptoms. Distractive response styles were not related to depressive symptoms. The relationship between response styles, cognitive errors and depressive symptoms were similar for both groups. The main premises of both theories of depression are equally applicable to adolescents with and without MBID. The cognitive error 'Underestimation of the ability to cope' poses a specific risk factor for developing a depression for adolescents with MBID and requires special attention in treatment and prevention of depression. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS?: Despite the high prevalence of depression among adolescents with MBID, little is known about the etiology and cognitive processes that play a role in the development of depression in this group. The current paper fills this gap in research by examining the core tenets of two important theories on the etiology of depression (Beck's cognitive theory and Nolen-Hoeksema's response style theory) in a clinical sample of adolescents with and without MBID. This paper demonstrated that the theories are equally applicable to adolescents with MBID, as to adolescents with average intellectual ability. However, the cognitive bias 'underestimation of the ability to cope' was the only cognitive error related to depressive symptoms, and was much more prevalent among adolescents with MBID than among adolescents with average intellectual ability. This suggests that underestimating one's coping skills may be a unique risk factor for depression among adolescents with MBID. This knowledge is important in understanding the causes and perpetuating mechanisms of depression in adolescents with MBID, and for the development of prevention- and treatment programs for adolescents with MBID. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

SRF selectively controls tip cell invasive behavior in angiogenesis.

PubMed

Franco, Claudio A; Blanc, Jocelyne; Parlakian, Ara; Blanco, Raquel; Aspalter, Irene M; Kazakova, Natalia; Diguet, Nicolas; Mylonas, Elena; Gao-Li, Jacqueline; Vaahtokari, Anne; Penard-Lacronique, Virgine; Fruttiger, Markus; Rosewell, Ian; Mericskay, Mathias; Gerhardt, Holger; Li, Zhenlin

2013-06-01

Efficient angiogenic sprouting is essential for embryonic, postnatal and tumor development. Serum response factor (SRF) is known to be important for embryonic vascular development. Here, we studied the effect of inducible endothelial-specific deletion of Srf in postnatal and adult mice. We find that endothelial SRF activity is vital for postnatal growth and survival, and is equally required for developmental and pathological angiogenesis, including during tumor growth. Our results demonstrate that SRF is selectively required for endothelial filopodia formation and cell contractility during sprouting angiogenesis, but seems dispensable for vascular remodeling. At the molecular level, we observe that vascular endothelial growth factor A induces nuclear accumulation of myocardin-related transcription factors (MRTFs) and regulates MRTF/SRF-dependent target genes including Myl9, which is important for endothelial cell migration in vitro. We conclude that SRF has a unique function in regulating migratory tip cell behavior during sprouting angiogenesis. We hypothesize that targeting the SRF pathway could provide an opportunity to selectively target tip cell filopodia-driven angiogenesis to restrict tumor growth.

Research in image management and access

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vondran, Raymond F.; Barron, Billy J.

1993-01-01

Presently, the problem of over-all library system design has been compounded by the accretion of both function and structure to a basic framework of requirements. While more device power has led to increased functionality, opportunities for reducing system complexity at the user interface level have not always been pursued with equal zeal. The purpose of this book is therefore to set forth and examine these opportunities, within the general framework of human factors research in man-machine interfaces. Human factors may be viewed as a series of trade-off decisions among four polarized objectives: machine resources and user specifications; functionality and user requirements. In the past, a limiting factor was the availability of systems. However, in the last two years, over one hundred libraries supported by many different software configurations have been added to the Internet. This document includes a statistical analysis of human responses to five Internet library systems by key features, development of the ideal online catalog system, and ideal online catalog systems for libraries and information centers.

Core reactivity estimation in space reactors using recurrent dynamic networks

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Parlos, Alexander G.; Tsai, Wei K.

1991-01-01

A recurrent multilayer perceptron network topology is used in the identification of nonlinear dynamic systems from only the input/output measurements. The identification is performed in the discrete time domain, with the learning algorithm being a modified form of the back propagation (BP) rule. The recurrent dynamic network (RDN) developed is applied for the total core reactivity prediction of a spacecraft reactor from only neutronic power level measurements. Results indicate that the RDN can reproduce the nonlinear response of the reactor while keeping the number of nodes roughly equal to the relative order of the system. As accuracy requirements are increased, the number of required nodes also increases, however, the order of the RDN necessary to obtain such results is still in the same order of magnitude as the order of the mathematical model of the system. It is believed that use of the recurrent MLP structure with a variety of different learning algorithms may prove useful in utilizing artificial neural networks for recognition, classification, and prediction of dynamic systems.

Testing Times: The Place of the Citizenship Test in the UK Immigration Regime and New Citizens’ Responses to it

PubMed Central

Byrne, Bridget

2016-01-01

Citizenship tests are designed to ensure that new citizens have the knowledge required for successful ‘integration’. This article explores what those who have taken the test thought about its content. It argues that new citizens had high levels of awareness of debates about immigration and anti-immigration sentiment. Considering new citizens’ views of the test, the article shows how many of them are aware of the role of the test in reassuring existing citizens of their fitness to be citizens. However, some new citizens contest this positioning in ‘acts of citizenship’ where they assert claims to citizenship which are not necessarily those constructed by the state and implied in the tests. The article will argue that the tests and the nature of the knowledge required to pass them serve to retain new citizens in a position of less-than-equal citizenship which is at risk of being discursively (if less often legally) revoked. PMID:28490819