Stability of whole inactivated influenza virus vaccine during coating onto metal microneedles

PubMed Central

Choi, Hyo-Jick; Bondy, Brian J.; Yoo, Dae-Goon; Compans, Richard W.; Kang, Sang-Moo; Prausnitz, Mark R.

2012-01-01

Immunization using a microneedle patch coated with vaccine offers the promise of simplified vaccination logistics and increased vaccine immunogenicity. This study examined the stability of influenza vaccine during the microneedle coating process, with a focus on the role of coating formulation excipients. Thick, uniform coatings were obtained using coating formulations containing a viscosity enhancer and surfactant, but these formulations retained little functional vaccine hemagglutinin (HA) activity after coating. Vaccine coating in a trehalose-only formulation retained about 40 – 50% of vaccine activity, which is a significant improvement. The partial viral activity loss observed in the trehalose-only formulation was hypothesized to come from osmotic pressure-induced vaccine destabilization. We found that inclusion of a viscosity enhancer, carboxymethyl cellulose, overcame this effect and retained full vaccine activity on both washed and plasma-cleaned titanium surfaces. The addition of polymeric surfactant, Lutrol® micro 68, to the trehalose formulation generated phase transformations of the vaccine coating, such as crystallization and phase separation, which was correlated to additional vaccine activity loss, especially when coating on hydrophilic, plasma-cleaned titanium. Again, the addition of a viscosity enhancer suppressed the surfactant-induced phase transformations during drying, which was confirmed by in vivo assessment of antibody response and survival rate after immunization in mice. We conclude that trehalose and a viscosity enhancer are beneficial coating excipients, but the inclusion of surfactant is detrimental to vaccine stability. PMID:23246470

Feasibility of EMG-Based Control of Shoulder Muscle FNS Via Artificial Neural Network

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-10-25

assuming that just two paralyzed muscles (pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi ) were stimulated. Further, the needed activations of these “stimulated...injuries at C5-C6 typically result in paralysis of several important shoulder muscles (e.g., pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi , and serratus anterior...of several important muscles (e.g., pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi ),but retain at least partial voluntary control over a number of other

Precision attachments for the partially dentate mouth

PubMed Central

Preiskel, H W

1974-01-01

Some uses of precision attachments in restoring the partially dentate mouth are considered. These devices are indicated where neither the clasp-retained denture nor the fixed bridge is entirely suitable. ImagesFig. 2 PMID:4614689

The Incidence and Short Term Functional Effect of Partial PCL Release in Fixed and Mobile Bearing PCL Retaining TKA.

PubMed

Schwarzkopf, Ran; Woolwine, Spencer; Josephs, Lee; Scott, Richard D

2015-12-01

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) release may be required to balance the flexion gap in PCL retaining TKA. This study examines the incidence and functional consequences of PCL release in both fixed and mobile bearing TKA. A consecutive series of 1388 TKAs with 1014 fixed bearing, and 374 mobile bearing implants were reviewed for prevalence of partial PCL release, restoration of potential flexion and objective knee stability at minimum one-year follow-up. Patients receiving mobile bearing inserts were more likely to need partial PCL release (42% versus 17.5%). The occurrence of partial PCL release did not have a significant impact on knee range of motion and subjective knee stability. The need for a partial PCL release appears to be greater in mobile than in fixed bearing. Knees that required a release in both groups demonstrated no difference in restoration of flexion compared with unreleased knees and no adverse effects on flexion stability. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Optimizing pattern recognition-based control for partial-hand prosthesis application.

PubMed

Earley, Eric J; Adewuyi, Adenike A; Hargrove, Levi J

2014-01-01

Partial-hand amputees often retain good residual wrist motion, which is essential for functional activities involving use of the hand. Thus, a crucial design criterion for a myoelectric, partial-hand prosthesis control scheme is that it allows the user to retain residual wrist motion. Pattern recognition (PR) of electromyographic (EMG) signals is a well-studied method of controlling myoelectric prostheses. However, wrist motion degrades a PR system's ability to correctly predict hand-grasp patterns. We studied the effects of (1) window length and number of hand-grasps, (2) static and dynamic wrist motion, and (3) EMG muscle source on the ability of a PR-based control scheme to classify functional hand-grasp patterns. Our results show that training PR classifiers with both extrinsic and intrinsic muscle EMG yields a lower error rate than training with either group by itself (p<0.001); and that training in only variable wrist positions, with only dynamic wrist movements, or with both variable wrist positions and movements results in lower error rates than training in only the neutral wrist position (p<0.001). Finally, our results show that both an increase in window length and a decrease in the number of grasps available to the classifier significantly decrease classification error (p<0.001). These results remained consistent whether the classifier selected or maintained a hand-grasp.

Molecular size is important for the safety and selective inhibition of intrinsic factor Xase for fucosylated chondroitin sulfate.

PubMed

Yan, Lufeng; Li, Junhui; Wang, Danli; Ding, Tian; Hu, Yaqin; Ye, Xingqian; Linhardt, Robert J; Chen, Shiguo

2017-12-15

Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (FCS-Ib) showed potent anticoagulant activities without selectivity. The present study focused on developing safe FCS-Ib oligomers showing selective inhibition of intrinsic factor Xase (anti-FXase) prepared through partial N-deacetylation-deaminative cleavage. The N-deacetylation degree was regulated by reaction time, controlling the resulting oligomer distribution. Structure analysis confirmed the selectivity of degradation, and 12 high purity fractions with trisaccharide-repeating units were separated. In vitro anticoagulant assays indicated a decrease in molecular weight (Mw) dramatically reduced activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT), AT-dependent anti-FIIa and anti-FXa activities, while the oligomers retained potent anti-FXase activity until they fell below 3kDa. Meanwhile, human FXII activation and platelet aggregation were markedly reduced with decreasing Mw and were moderate when under 12.0kDa. Thus, fragments of 3-12.0kDa should be safe and effective as selective inhibitors of intrinsic tenase complex for application as clinical anticoagulants. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Thorium-uranium fractionation by garnet - Evidence for a deep source and rapid rise of oceanic basalts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Latourrette, T. Z.; Kennedy, A. K.; Wasserburg, G. J.

1993-01-01

Mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) and ocean island basalts (OIBs) are derived by partial melting of the upper mantle and are marked by systematic excesses of thorium-230 activity relative to the activity of its parent, uranium-238. Experimental measurements of the distribution of thorium and uranium between the melt and solid residue show that, of the major phases in the upper mantle, only garnet will retain uranium over thorium. This sense of fractionation, which is opposite to that caused by clinopyroxene-melt partitioning, is consistent with the thorium-230 excesses observed in young oceanic basalts. Thus, both MORBs and OIBs must begin partial melting in the garnet stability field or below about 70 kilometers. A calculation shows that the thorium-230-uranium-238 disequilibrium in MORBs can be attributed to dynamic partial melting beginning at 80 kilometers with a melt porosity of 0.2 percent or more. This result requires that melting beneath ridges occurs in a wide region and that the magma rises to the surface at a velocity of at least 0.9 meter per year.

48 CFR 49.603-2 - Fixed-price contracts-partial termination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... certifies that all contract termination inventory (including scrap) has been retained or acquired by the... stating (i) that all subcontract termination inventory (including scrap) has been retained or acquired by... certifies that all items of termination inventory, the costs of which were used in arriving at the amount of...

Decoupling the Functional Pleiotropy of Stem Cell Factor by Tuning c-Kit Signaling

PubMed Central

Ho, Chia Chi M.; Chhabra, Akanksha; Starkl, Philipp; Schnorr, Peter-John; Wilmes, Stephan; Moraga, Ignacio; Kwon, Hye-Sook; Gaudenzio, Nicolas; Sibilano, Riccardo; Wehrman, Tom S.; Gakovic, Milica; Sockolosky, Jonathan T.; Tiffany, Matthew R.; Ring, Aaron M.; Piehler, Jacob; Weissman, Irving L.; Galli, Stephen J.; Shizuru, Judith A.; Garcia, K. Christopher

2017-01-01

SUMMARY Most secreted growth factors and cytokines are functionally pleiotropic because their receptors are expressed on diverse cell types. While important for normal mammalian physiology, pleiotropy limits the efficacy of cytokines and growth factors as therapeutics. Stem cell factor (SCF) is a growth factor that acts through the c-Kit receptor tyrosine kinase to elicit hematopoietic progenitor expansion, but can be toxic when administered in vivo because it concurrently activates mast cells. We engineered a mechanism-based SCF partial agonist that impaired c-Kit dimerization, truncating downstream signaling amplitude. This SCF variant elicited biased activation of hematopoietic progenitors over mast cells in vitro and in vivo. Mouse models of SCF-mediated anaphylaxis, radioprotection, and hematopoietic expansion revealed that this SCF partial agonist retained therapeutic efficacy while exhibiting virtually no anaphylactic off-target effects. The approach of biasing cell activation by tuning signaling thresholds and outputs has applications to many dimeric receptor-ligand systems. PMID:28283060

Partial purification and characterization of a novel histidine decarboxylase from Enterobacter aerogenes DL-1.

PubMed

Zou, Yu; Hu, Wenzhong; Jiang, Aili; Tian, Mixia

2015-08-18

Histidine decarboxylase (HDC) from Enterobacter aerogenes DL-1 was purified in a three-step procedure involving ammonium sulfate precipitation, Sephadex G-100, and DEAE-Sepharose column chromatography. The partially purified enzyme showed a single protein band of 52.4 kD on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The optimum pH for HDC activity was 6.5, and the enzyme was stable between pH 4 and 8. Enterobacter aerogenes HDC had optimal activity at 40°C and retained most of its activity between 4 and 50°C. HDC activity was reduced in the presence of numerous tested compounds. Particularly with SDS, it significantly (p < 0.01) inhibited enzyme activity. Conversely, Ca(2+) and Mn(2+) showed prominent activation effects (p < 0.01) with activity increasing to 117.20% and 123.42%, respectively. The Lineweaver-Burk plot showed that K m and V max values of the enzyme for L-histidine were 0.21 mM and 71.39 µmol/min, respectively. In comparison with most HDCs from other microorganisms and animals, HDC from E. aerogenes DL-1 displayed higher affinity and greater reaction velocity toward L-histidine.

Cracking the Betel Nut: Cholinergic Activity of Areca Alkaloids and Related Compounds.

PubMed

Horenstein, Nicole A; Quadri, Marta; Stokes, Clare; Shoaib, Mohammed; Papke, Roger L

2017-10-03

The use of betel quid is the most understudied major addiction in the world. The neuropsychological activity of betel quid has been attributed to alkaloids of Areca catechu. With the goal of developing novel addiction treatments, we evaluate the muscarinic and nicotinic activity of the four major Areca alkaloids: arecoline, arecaidine, guvacoline, and guvacine and four structurally related compounds. Acetylcholine receptors were expressed in Xenopus oocytes and studied with two-electrode voltage clamp. Both arecoline- and guvacoline-activated muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR), while only arecoline produced significant activation of nicotinic AChR (nAChR). We characterized four additional arecoline-related compounds, seeking an analog that would retain selective activity for a α4* nAChR, with diminished effects on mAChR and not be a desensitizer of α7 nAChR. We show that this profile is largely met by isoarecolone. Three additional arecoline analogs were characterized. While the quaternary dimethyl analog had a broad range of activities, including activation of mAChR and muscle-type nAChR, the methyl analog only activated a range of α4* nAChR, albeit with low potency. The ethyl analog had no detectable cholinergic activity. Evidence indicates that α4* nAChR are at the root of nicotine addiction, and this may also be the case for betel addiction. Our characterization of isoarecolone and 1-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl) ethanone as truly selective α4*nAChR selective partial agonists with low muscarinic activity may point toward a promising new direction for the development of drugs to treat both nicotine and betel addiction. Nearly 600 million people use Areca nut, often with tobacco. Two of the Areca alkaloids are muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonists, and one, arecoline, is a partial agonist for the α4* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) associated with tobacco addiction. The profile of arecoline activity suggested its potential to be used as a scaffold for developing new tobacco cessation drugs if analogs can be identified that retain the same nicotinic receptor selectivity without muscarinic activity. We report that isoarecolone is a selective partial agonist for α4* nAChR with minimal muscarinic activity and 1-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl) ethanone has similar nAChR selectivity and no detectable muscarinic action. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of a CMnSiAl TRIP Steel Subjected to Partial Austenitization Along with Quenching and Partitioning Treatment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kong, H.; Chao, Q.; Cai, M. H.; Pavlina, E. J.; Rolfe, B.; Hodgson, P. D.; Beladi, H.

2018-02-01

The present study investigated the microstructure evolution and mechanical behavior in a low carbon CMnSiAl transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel, which was subjected to a partial austenitization at 1183 K (910 °C) followed by one-step quenching and partitioning (Q&P) treatment at different isothermal holding temperatures of [533 K to 593 K (260 °C to 320 °C)]. This thermal treatment led to the formation of a multi-phase microstructure consisting of ferrite, tempered martensite, bainitic ferrite, fresh martensite, and retained austenite, offering a superior work-hardening behavior compared with the dual-phase microstructure (i.e., ferrite and martensite) formed after partial austenitization followed by water quenching. The carbon enrichment in retained austenite was related to not only the carbon partitioning during the isothermal holding process, but also the carbon enrichment during the partial austenitization and rapid cooling processes, which has broadened our knowledge of carbon partitioning mechanism in conventional Q&P process.

Survival of various implant-supported prosthesis designs following 36 months of clinical function.

PubMed

Rodriguez, A M; Orenstein, I H; Morris, H F; Ochi, S

2000-12-01

The use of endosseous dental implants to replace natural teeth lost to trauma, dental caries, or periodontal disease has become a predictable form of prosthetic treatment since gaining popularity in the early 1980s. While numerous clinical studies have focused on the survival of implants, few address the survival of different prosthesis designs. Beginning in 1991, 882 prostheses supported by more than 2,900 implants (687 patients) were placed by the Department of Veterans Affairs Dental Implant Clinical Research Group (DICRG). These prostheses were divided into five research strata based on arch location. The recommended design for each stratum was: bar-supported overdenture (maxillary completely edentulous); screw-retained hybrid denture (mandibular completely edentulous); screw-retained fixed partial denture (mandibular and maxillary posterior partially edentulous); and cemented single crown (maxillary anterior single tooth). Alternative overdenture designs were utilized in the edentulous arches when the recommended prosthesis could not be fabricated. Prosthesis success rates for the research strata were calculated for an observation time of up to 36 months following prosthesis placement. Success rates for the maxillary edentulous stratum ranged from 94.6% for the bar-retained overdenture supported by five to six fixtures to 81.8% for the cap-retained overdenture. The mandibular edentulous strata produced success rates of 98.1% for the fixed hybrid prosthesis to 91.7% for the cap-retained prosthesis. Success rates for maxillary and mandibular posterior fixed partial dentures were 94.3% and 92.6%, respectively, while the maxillary anterior single-tooth prosthesis yielded a success rate of 98.1% for the 36-month observation period. The recommended prosthesis designs investigated in this study proved to be reliable, with encouraging success rates for an observation period of 36 months following placement.

Clinical Evaluation of Bond Failures and Survival of Mandibular Canine-to-canine Bonded Retainers during a 12-year Time Span

PubMed Central

Rota, Elisa; Mirabelli, Luca; M Venino, Pier; Porcaro, Gianluca

2017-01-01

Aim The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the 3-3 mandibular lingual stainless steel retainer to prevent a relapse of orthodontic treatment during the 12-year time span of the survey. Materials and methods Fifty patients with canine-to-canine bonded retainers (placed at least 10 years earlier) were recalled. All patients had been followed up annually during this period. Patients were screened for stability of the retainer and for the condition of hard and soft oral tissues. Results None of the patients reported a complete loss of the retainer; 14 patients reported single element partial losses and 13 reported multiple losses. Most partial failures were not perceived by patients, but noted by the orthodontist during the control visit. There was no notable variation of the gingival index occurring in these patients. In two cases patients had caries in the six teeth bonded with the retainer, but never on the lingual side; only in three teeth areas of decalcification in the proximity of bonded sites were reported. All patients showed good compliance with this kind of retention. Conclusion The composite adhesive technique allowed a reliable positioning system for directly bonded retainers and did not influence the occurrence of carious lesions or demin-eralized spots on fixed teeth. Full teeth fixation offered the possibility of stabilizing the irregularity index highlighted in various studies without increasing any side effects on gums and hard tissues. How to cite this article: Maddalone M, Rota E, Mirabelli L, Venino PM, Porcaro G. Clinical Evaluation of Bond Failures and Survival of Mandibular Canine-to-canine Bonded Retainers during a 12-year Time Span. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(4):330-334. PMID:29403224

Determining the Number of Components from the Matrix of Partial Correlations

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Velicer, Wayne F.

1976-01-01

A method is presented for determining the number of components to retain in a principal components or image components analysis which utilizes a matrix of partial correlations. Advantages and uses of the method are discussed and a comparison of the proposed method with existing methods is presented. (JKS)

Occlusion of artificial teeth in partial dentures in the "chewing center"--first exploratory population-based evaluations.

PubMed

Kordass, B; Ruge, S; Quooss, A; Hugger, A; Mundt, T

2014-01-01

Occlusal performance is a substantial determinant of the quality of dental prosthetic restorations. In the follow-up (SHIP 1) to the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP), a representative population of 3300 subjects was studied in the first exploratory evaluation of the occlusion of artificial teeth in the chewing center (first molar region) of partial dentures. A digital analysis of interocclusal records of habitual intercuspation position (ICP) was performed using the Greifswald Digital Analyzing System (GEDAS), a software package that identifies contact points as transparent areas. 562 subjects (280 men aged 61.7 ± 11.9 years and 282 women aged 60.7 ± 10.7 years) had maxillary removable partial dentures (RPDs), and 619 (271 men aged 65.0 ± 11.5 years and 348 women aged 62.4 ± 10.6 years) had mandibular RPDs. Most RPDs were retained with either attachment retainers (11.7% maxilla, 11.7% mandible), cast clasps (38.4% maxilla, 40.7% mandible), telescopes with double crowns (15.7% maxilla, 19.1% mandible), or wrought wire clasps (16.4% maxilla, 8.2% mandible). Some had a combination of different retention elements. The mean number of artificial teeth was 7.8 ± 2.9 in the maxilla and 7.5 ± 3.0 in the mandible. Only the artificial teeth (first molars) in mandibular partial dentures showed differences in the frequency of occlusal contacts between groups (chi-square test). Of these, telescopic crown-retained RPDs had the highest frequency of occlusal contacts (74.4% at tooth 36 and 77.1% at tooth 46), and wrought wire-retained RPDs had the lowest (48.4% at tooth 36 and 45.2% at tooth 46). The results for RPDs with a free-end saddle were comparable and analogous; contact frequencies for those with an interdental saddle did not differ significantly. Notably, the overall frequency of occlusal contacts was greater for tooth 46 (62.9%) than for tooth 36. In conclusion, when replacing teeth in the chewing center, particularly in the mandible, telescopic crown-retained RPDs offer a distinct advantage in terms of occlusal contacts and thus provide better occlusal stability.

Avian sarcoma virus 17 carries the jun oncogene.

PubMed Central

Maki, Y; Bos, T J; Davis, C; Starbuck, M; Vogt, P K

1987-01-01

Biologically active molecular clones of avian sarcoma virus 17 (ASV 17) contain a replication-defective proviral genome of 3.5 kilobases (kb). The genome retains partial gag and env sequences, which flank a cell-derived putative oncogene of 0.93 kb, termed jun. The jun gene lacks preserved coding domains of tyrosine-specific protein kinases. It also shows no significant nucleic acid homology with other known oncogenes. The probable transformation-specific protein in ASV 17-transformed cells is a 55-kDa gag-jun fusion product. Images PMID:3033666

Reproducibilty of partial weight bearing.

PubMed

Malviya, A; Richards, J; Jones, Richard K; Udwadia, A; Doyle, J

2005-04-01

To find out whether partial weight bearing can be reproduced and retained. In vivo experiment in normal subjects. Training for partial weight bearing (25% of body weight) using bathroom scales. Reproducibility on force platform immediately after training and after 60 min. Twelve subjects were asked to reproduce 25% of their body weight through either the dominant or non-dominant limb on force platform after three practice attempts on bathroom scales with concurrent visual feedback. No feedback was provided after the measurements on force plate. The process was repeated after 1h without any practice sessions in the interim period to find out if the weight practised could be retained. The mean 0-min reading was found to be 25.9% of body weight while the mean 60-min reading was found to be 24.4%. The p-value for the difference between the two means was found to be 0.3841. This study indicates that partial weight bearing instructions can be quantified and graded. Simple bathroom scales are sufficient to educate the patients and this can be practised at home after an initial period of supervision.

Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation protects enzymes from damage by nitrosative and oxidative stress.

PubMed

Hiller, Sylvia; DeKroon, Robert; Hamlett, Eric D; Xu, Longquan; Osorio, Cristina; Robinette, Jennifer; Winnik, Witold; Simington, Stephen; Maeda, Nobuyo; Alzate, Oscar; Yi, Xianwen

2016-01-01

S-nitrosylation of mitochondrial enzymes involved in energy transfer under nitrosative stress may result in ATP deficiency. We investigated whether α-lipoic acid, a powerful antioxidant, could alleviate nitrosative stress by regulating S-nitrosylation, which could result in retaining the mitochondrial enzyme activity. In this study, we have identified the S-nitrosylated forms of subunit 1 of dihydrolipoyllysine succinyltransferase (complex III), and subunit 2 of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex by implementing a fluorescence-based differential quantitative proteomics method. We found that the activities of these two mitochondrial enzymes were partially but reversibly inhibited by S-nitrosylation in cultured endothelial cells, and that their activities were partially restored by supplementation of α-lipoic acid. We show that protein S-nitrosylation affects the activity of mitochondrial enzymes that are central to energy supply, and that α-lipoic acid protects mitochondrial enzymes by altering S-nitrosylation levels. Inhibiting protein S-nitrosylation with α-lipoic acid seems to be a protective mechanism against nitrosative stress. Identification and characterization of these new protein targets should contribute to expanding the therapeutic power of α-lipoic acid and to a better understanding of the underlying antioxidant mechanisms.

A novel extracellular low-temperature active phytase from Bacillus aryabhattai RS1 with potential application in plant growth.

PubMed

Pal Roy, Moushree; Datta, Subhabrata; Ghosh, Shilpi

2017-05-01

Bacillus aryabhattai RS1 isolated from rhizosphere produced an extracellular, low temperature active phytase. The cultural conditions for enzyme production were optimized to obtain 35 U mL -1 of activity. Purified phytase had specific activity and molecular weight of 72.97 U mg -1 and ∼40 kDa, respectively. The enzyme was optimally active at pH 6.5 and 40°C and was highly specific to phytate. It exhibited higher catalytic activity at low temperature, retaining over 40% activity at 10°C. Phytase was more thermostable in presence of Ca 2+ ion and retained 100% residual activity on preincubation at 20-50°C for 30 min. Partial phytase encoding gene, phy B (816 bp) was cloned and sequenced. The encoded amino acid sequence (272 aa) contained two conserved motifs, DA[A/T/E]DDPA[I/L/V]W and NN[V/I]D[I/L/V]R[Y/D/Q] of β-propellar phytase and had lower sequence homology with other Bacillus phytases, indicating its novelty. Phytase and the bacterial inoculum were effective in improving germination and growth of chickpea seedlings under phosphate limiting condition. Moreover, the potential applications of the enzyme with relatively high activity at lower temperatures (20-30°C) could also be extended to aquaculture and food processing. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:633-641, 2017. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers.

Partial Characterization of the Proteolytic Properties of an Enzymatic Extract From "Aguama" Bromelia pinguin L. Fruit Grown in Mexico.

PubMed

Moreno-Hernández, Jesús Martín; Hernández-Mancillas, Xitlalli Desideria; Navarrete, Evelia Lorena Coss; Mazorra-Manzano, Miguel Ángel; Osuna-Ruiz, Idalia; Rodríguez-Tirado, Víctor Alfonso; Salazar-Leyva, Jesús Aarón

2017-05-01

Plant proteases are capable of performing several functions in biological systems, and their use is attractive for biotechnological process due to their interesting catalytic properties. Bromelia pinguin (aguama) is a wild abundant natural resource in several regions of Central America and the Caribbean Islands but is underutilized. Their fruits are rich in proteases with properties that are still unknown, but they represent an attractive source of enzymes for biotechnological applications. Thus, the proteolytic activity in enzymatic crude extracts (CEs) from wild B. pinguin fruits was partially characterized. Enzymes in CEs showed high proteolytic activity at acid (pH 2.0-4.0) and neutral alkaline (pH 7.0-9.0) conditions, indicating that different types of active proteases are present. Proteolytic activity inhibition by the use of specific protease inhibitors indicated that aspartic, cysteine, and serine proteases are the main types of proteases present in CEs. Activity at pH 3.0 was stable in a broad range of temperatures (25-50 °C) and retained its activity in the presence of surfactants (SDS, Tween-80), reducing agents (DTT, 2-mercapoethanol), and organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone, 2-propanol), which suggests that B. pinguin proteases are potential candidates for their application in brewing, detergent, and pharmaceutical industries.

Adsorption of polypropylene from dilute solutions on a zeolite column packing.

PubMed

Macko, Tibor; Pasch, Harald; Denayer, Joeri F

2005-01-01

Faujasite type zeolite CBV-780 was tested as adsorbent for isotactic polypropylene by liquid chromatography. When cyclohexane, cyclohexanol, n-decanol, n-dodecanol, diphenylmethane, or methylcyclohexane was used as mobile phase, polypropylene was fully or partially retained within the column packing. This is the first series of sorbent-solvent systems to show a pronounced retention of isotactic polypropylene. According to the hydrodynamic volumes of polypropylene in solution, macromolecules of polypropylene should be fully excluded from the pore volume of the sorbent. Sizes of polypropylene macromolecules in linear conformations, however, correlate with the pore size of the column packing used. It is presumed that the polypropylene chains partially penetrate into the pores and are retained due to the high adsorption potential in the narrow pores.

Using Covert Response Activation to Test Latent Assumptions of Formal Decision-Making Models in Humans.

PubMed

Servant, Mathieu; White, Corey; Montagnini, Anna; Burle, Borís

2015-07-15

Most decisions that we make build upon multiple streams of sensory evidence and control mechanisms are needed to filter out irrelevant information. Sequential sampling models of perceptual decision making have recently been enriched by attentional mechanisms that weight sensory evidence in a dynamic and goal-directed way. However, the framework retains the longstanding hypothesis that motor activity is engaged only once a decision threshold is reached. To probe latent assumptions of these models, neurophysiological indices are needed. Therefore, we collected behavioral and EMG data in the flanker task, a standard paradigm to investigate decisions about relevance. Although the models captured response time distributions and accuracy data, EMG analyses of response agonist muscles challenged the assumption of independence between decision and motor processes. Those analyses revealed covert incorrect EMG activity ("partial error") in a fraction of trials in which the correct response was finally given, providing intermediate states of evidence accumulation and response activation at the single-trial level. We extended the models by allowing motor activity to occur before a commitment to a choice and demonstrated that the proposed framework captured the rate, latency, and EMG surface of partial errors, along with the speed of the correction process. In return, EMG data provided strong constraints to discriminate between competing models that made similar behavioral predictions. Our study opens new theoretical and methodological avenues for understanding the links among decision making, cognitive control, and motor execution in humans. Sequential sampling models of perceptual decision making assume that sensory information is accumulated until a criterion quantity of evidence is obtained, from where the decision terminates in a choice and motor activity is engaged. The very existence of covert incorrect EMG activity ("partial error") during the evidence accumulation process challenges this longstanding assumption. In the present work, we use partial errors to better constrain sequential sampling models at the single-trial level. Copyright © 2015 the authors 0270-6474/15/3510371-15$15.00/0.

Evaluation of the efficacy of mandibular conventional and implant prostheses in a group of Turkish patients: a quality of life study.

PubMed

Cakir, Onur; Kazancioglu, Hakki Oguz; Celik, Gozde; Deger, Sabire; Ak, Gulsum

2014-07-01

The aim of this study was to compare the satisfaction and quality of life (QoL) in a group of patients using mandibular complete dentures, implant-retained overdentures, removable partial dentures (RPDs), or implant-supported fixed partial dentures (FPDs). A total of 116 patients (aged 36 to 81, mean age 58 ± 10.03 years) were assigned to four groups (n = 29) and treated with mandibular implant-retained overdentures, implant-supported FPDs (two implants/three unit FPDs), conventional complete dentures, or RPDs. The groups were well matched in terms of gender, age, and the edentulous period. All patients had edentulous maxillary arches and completely or partially edentulous mandibles. All prostheses were mandibular prostheses. The OHIP-14, OHQoL-UK, and SF-36 surveys were used to determine QoL before implant surgery and 1 year after prosthetic treatment. The baseline and 1-year data from 116 patients were analyzed. A significant improvement was found among the QoL scales for all groups (p < 0.05). The most significant improvement was found in the implant-retained overdenture group (15.67 ± 2.47), while the least improvement was found among the implant-supported FPD group (5.14 ± 2.08). The SF-36 test revealed no differences between the before and after treatment scores for general health, pain, vitality, social function, and physical function difficulties (p > 0.05). The only significant difference was found for mental health (p = 0.011). A positive influence on oral health-related QoL was observed in all groups. The QoL values were the most improved in the implant-retained overdenture group. © 2014 by the American College of Prosthodontists.

Electrochemical components employing polysiloxane-derived binders

DOEpatents

Delnick, Frank M.

2013-06-11

A processed polysiloxane resin binder for use in electrochemical components and the method for fabricating components with the binder. The binder comprises processed polysiloxane resin that is partially oxidized and retains some of its methyl groups following partial oxidation. The binder is suitable for use in electrodes of various types, separators in electrochemical devices, primary lithium batteries, electrolytic capacitors, electrochemical capacitors, fuel cells and sensors.

Tooth loss in well-maintained patients with chronic periodontitis during long-term supportive therapy in Brazil.

PubMed

Chambrone, Luiz A; Chambrone, Leandro

2006-10-01

The objective of this retrospective study was to assess the reasons for tooth loss in a sample of patients who underwent periodontal therapy and supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) in a Brazilian private periodontal practice. A sample of 120 subjects who had been treated and maintained for 10 years or longer was selected from patients attending a periodontal practice. All patients followed a similar treatment: basic procedures, re-evaluation and periodontal surgery where indicated. Reasons for tooth loss were categorized as periodontal, caries, endodontal, root fractures and extraction of retained or partially erupted third molars. Of the 2927 teeth present at the completion of active periodontal treatment, 53 (1.8%) were lost due to periodontal disease, 16 (0.5%) for root fracture, six (0.2%) to caries, five (0.2%) for endodontic reasons and 31 (1.0%) were lost to extraction of retained or partially erupted third molars. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between five independent variables with tooth loss due to periodontitis. Only age (> 60 years) and smoking were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The findings of this survey were consistent with previous studies. Older subjects and smokers were more susceptible to periodontal tooth loss. In addition, patients with generalized chronic periodontitis were treated and maintained for long-term periods with low rates of tooth loss.

Purification and partial characterization of a novel antibacterial agent (Bac1829) Produced by Staphylococcus aureus KSI1829.

PubMed Central

Crupper, S S; Iandolo, J J

1996-01-01

A novel antimicrobial agent from Staphylococcus aureus KSI1829, designated Bac1829, was purified by sequential steps of ammonium sulfate precipitation, Sephadex G-50 gel filtration chromatography, and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Purified Bac1829 has a molecular mass of 6,418 +/- 2 Da. The peptide in heat stable, since full biological activity is retained after heating at 95 degrees C for 15 min, and it is destroyed by digestion with proteases. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed a high concentration of Ala and Gly residues, which respectively comprised 24 and 19% of the total amino acid content. Additionally, high levels of hydrophobic amino acids were present, accounting for the hydrophobic nature of Bac1829. Purified Bac1829 killed exponentially growing Corynebacterium renale in a dose-dependent manner by a bactericidal mode of action. A partial inhibitory spectrum analysis revealed that the following organisms were sensitive to the inhibitory activity of Bac1829: S. aureus RN4220, Streptococcus suis, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, C. renale, Corynebacterium diptheriae, Haemophilus parasuis, Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella bronchoseptica, Moraxella bovis, and Pasteurella multocida. PMID:8795206

Certain (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) auto-oxidation products (EAOPs) retain the cytotoxic activities of EGCG.

PubMed

Wei, Yaqing; Chen, Pingping; Ling, Tiejun; Wang, Yijun; Dong, Ruixia; Zhang, Chen; Zhang, Longjie; Han, Manman; Wang, Dongxu; Wan, Xiaochun; Zhang, Jinsong

2016-08-01

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea has anti-cancer effect. The cytotoxic actions of EGCG are associated with its auto-oxidation, leading to the production of hydrogen peroxide and formation of numerous EGCG auto-oxidation products (EAOPs), the structures and bioactivities of them remain largely unclear. In the present study, we compared several fundamental properties of EGCG and EAOPs, which were prepared using 5mg/mL EGCG dissolved in 200mM phosphate buffered saline (pH 8.0 at 37°C) and normal oxygen partial pressure for different periods of time. Despite the complete disappearance of EGCG after the 4-h auto-oxidation, 4-h EAOPs gained an enhanced capacity to deplete cysteine thiol groups, and retained the cytotoxic effects of EGCG as well as the capacity to produce hydrogen peroxide and inhibit thioredoxin reductase, a putative target for cancer prevention and treatment. The results indicate that certain EAOPs possess equivalent cytotoxic activities to EGCG, while exhibiting simultaneously enhanced capacity for cysteine depletion. These results imply that EGCG and EAOPs formed extracellularly function in concert to exhibit cytotoxic effects, which previously have been ascribed to EGCG alone. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Production, characterization, and immobilization of partially purified surfactant-detergent and alkali-thermostable protease from newly isolated Aeromonas caviae.

PubMed

Datta, Sumitra; Menon, Gopalakrishnan; Varughese, Bincy

2017-04-21

Proteolytic Aeromonas caviae P-1-1 growing at wide-ranging pH (7.0-11.0) and moderate salinity (0-5% NaCl) was isolated from cattle shed of Thanjavur, India. It produced lipase, gelatinase, and polyhydroxybutyrate. Different culture conditions, incubation time, carbon and nitrogen sources, vitamins, amino acids, surfactants, and metal ions for optimal growth and protease production of P-1-1 were examined. Maximum protease (0.128 U/mL) production was achieved with 1% fructose, 1% yeast extract, 0.1% ammonium sulfate, 3% NaCl, 0.1% CaCl 2  · 2H 2 O, 1% glycine, 0.1% vitamin E, and 0.1% Tween-40 at pH 8.0 after 42 hr of incubation at 37°C. It was active over broad range of pH (7.0-12.0), temperature (15-100°C), and salinity (0-9% NaCl) with optima at pH 10.0, 55°C, and 3% NaCl. It retained 65 and 48% activities at pH 12.0 and 100°C, respectively. Partially purified protease was highly stable (100%) within pH range 7.0-12.0 and salinities of 0-5% NaCl for 48 hr. Cu 2+ , Mn 2+ , Co 2+ , and Ca 2+ did not inhibit its activity. Its stability at extreme pHs, temperatures, and in the presence of surfactants and commercial detergents suggests its possible application in laundry detergents. Partially purified protease was immobilized and reused. This is the first report of alkali-thermotolerant, surfactant-detergent-stable partially purified extracellular protease from A. caviae.

Purification and characterization of plantaricin Y, a novel bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum 510.

PubMed

Chen, Yi-sheng; Wang, Yan-chong; Chow, Yiou-shing; Yanagida, Fujitoshi; Liao, Chen-chung; Chiu, Chi-ming

2014-03-01

Lactobacillus plantarum 510, previously isolated from a koshu vineyard in Japan, was found to produce a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance which was purified and characterized. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that the mass of this bacteriocin is 4,296.65 Da. A partial sequence, NH2- SSSLLNTAWRKFG, was obtained by N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis. A BLAST search revealed that this is a unique sequence; this peptide is thus a novel bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum 510 and was termed plantaricin Y. Plantaricin Y shows strong inhibitory activity against Listeria monocytogenes BCRC 14845, but no activity against other pathogens tested. Bacteriocin activity decreased slightly after autoclaving (121 °C for 15 min), but was completely inactivated by protease K. Furthermore, trypsin-digested bacteriocin product fragments retained activity against L. monocytogenes BCRC 14845 and exhibited a different inhibitory spectrum.

Out with the old? The role of selective attention in retaining targets in partial report.

PubMed

Lindsey, Dakota R B; Bundesen, Claus; Kyllingsbæk, Søren; Petersen, Anders; Logan, Gordon D

2017-01-01

In the partial-report task, subjects are asked to report only a portion of the items presented. Selective attention chooses which objects to represent in short-term memory (STM) on the basis of their relevance. Because STM is limited in capacity, one must sometimes choose which objects are removed from memory in light of new relevant information. We tested the hypothesis that the choices among newly presented information and old information in STM involve the same process-that both are acts of selective attention. We tested this hypothesis using a two-display partial-report procedure. In this procedure, subjects had to select and retain relevant letters (targets) from two sequentially presented displays. If selection in perception and retention in STM are the same process, then irrelevant letters (distractors) in the second display, which demanded attention because of their similarity to the targets, should have decreased target report from the first display. This effect was not obtained in any of four experiments. Thus, choosing objects to keep in STM is not the same process as choosing new objects to bring into STM.

Endocytosis of ABCG2 drug transporter caused by binding of 5D3 antibody: trafficking mechanisms and intracellular fate.

PubMed

Studzian, Maciej; Bartosz, Grzegorz; Pulaski, Lukasz

2015-08-01

ABCG2, a metabolite and xenobiotic transporter located at the plasma membrane (predominantly in barrier tissues and progenitor cells), undergoes a direct progressive endocytosis process from plasma membrane to intracellular compartments upon binding of 5D3 monoclonal antibody. This antibody is specific to an external epitope on the protein molecule and locks it in a discrete conformation within its activity cycle, presumably providing a structural trigger for the observed internalization phenomenon. Using routine and novel assays, we show that ABCG2 is endocytosed by a mixed mechanism: partially via a rapid, clathrin-dependent pathway and partially in a cholesterol-dependent, caveolin-independent manner. While the internalization process is entirely dynamin-dependent and converges initially at the early endosome, subsequent intracellular fate of ABCG2 is again twofold: endocytosis leads to only partial lysosomal degradation, while a significant fraction of the protein is retained in a post-endosomal compartment with the possibility of at least partial recycling back to the cell surface. This externally triggered, conformation-related trafficking pathway may serve as a general regulatory paradigm for membrane transporters, and its discovery was made possible thanks to consistent application of quantitative methods. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Conservative management of placenta accreta: hysteroscopic resection of retained tissues.

PubMed

Legendre, Guillaume; Zoulovits, Félicia Joinau; Kinn, Juliette; Senthiles, Loïc; Fernandez, Hervé

2014-01-01

To evaluate the feasibility and the results of hysteroscopic removal of tissue after conservative management of retained placenta accreta. Retrospective study (Canadian Task Force classification II-3). Tertiary care university hospital. Twelve consecutive patients with hysteroscopic resection of retained tissues after conservative management of placenta accreta. Hysteroscopic removal of retained placenta tissue using a 24F bipolar resectoscope. Twelve patients with retained placenta tissue, complete in 2 and partial in 10, were included. Mean retained placenta size on magnetic resonance imaging was 54 mm (range, 13-110 mm). Complete removal was achieved in all but 1 patient who underwent a secondary hysterectomy after the first incomplete hysteroscopic resection. Complete evacuation of the uterus was completed after 1 procedure in 5 patients, after 2 procedures in 2 patients, and after 3 procedures in 4 patients. All but 2 patients had normal menstrual bleeding after hysteroscopy. Four pregnancies occurred in our series, resulting in 1 ectopic pregnancy, 1 miscarriage, and 2 deliveries. Hysteroscopic resection of retained placenta seems to be a safe and effective procedure to prevent major complications and to preserve fertility in cases of conservative management of placenta accreta. Copyright © 2014 AAGL. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Overexpression of an archaeal geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase in Escherichia coli cells.

PubMed

Ohto, C; Nakane, H; Hemmi, H; Ohnuma, S; Obata, S; Nishino, T

1998-06-01

An archaeal geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase was overexpressed in Escherichia coli cells as fusion proteins. These fusion proteins retained their thermostability and had higher specific activity than did a partially purified native enzyme Previously reported. We purified 24.3 mg of MBP (maltose-binding protein)-fusion protein and 5.4 mg of GST (glutathione S-transferase)-fusion protein from a one-liter culture of E. coli. The MBP-fusion proteins existed in dimer, tetramer, octamer, or dodecamer form, and their product specificities were altered according to the oligomerization. The MBP-fusion protein has protease-sensitive sites in the portion corresponding to geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase.

Intermittent bowel obstruction due to a retained wireless capsule endoscope in a patient with a small bowel carcinoid tumour

PubMed Central

Strosberg, Jonathan R; Shibata, David; Kvols, Larry K

2007-01-01

A 43-year-old man with a history of metastatic carcinoid disease is presented. The patient had symptoms of chronic intermittent abdominal pain two years after undergoing a wireless capsule endoscopy procedure. Radiological examinations revealed a retained capsule endoscope, and the patient underwent exploratory laparotomy with capsule retrieval. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case presentation of chronic, partial small bowel obstruction caused by unrecognized retention of a capsule endoscope. PMID:17299616

A functional dual-coated (FDC) microtiter plate method to replace the botulinum toxin LD50 test.

PubMed

Liu, Yvonne Y B; Rigsby, Peter; Sesardic, Dorothea; Marks, James D; Jones, Russell G A

2012-06-01

Conventional capture ("Sandwich") ELISAs equally detect denatured inactive and native active botulinum type A toxin. Light chain endoprotease activity assays also fail to distinguish between various inactive molecules including partially denatured and fragmented material still retaining this protease activity. By co-coating microtiter plates with SNAP25 substrate and a monoclonal antibody specific for a conformational epitope of the toxin's Hc domain, it was possible to develop a highly sensitive (130 aM LoD), precise (1.4% GCV) new assay specific for the biologically active toxin molecule. Capture was performed in phosphate buffer with a fixed optimal concentration of chaotropic agent (e.g., 1.2 M urea) to differentially isolate functional toxin molecules. Addition of enzymatically favorable buffer containing zinc and DTT reduced the interchain disulfide bond releasing and activating the captured L-chain with subsequent specific cleavage of the SNAP25(1-206) substrate. A neoepitope antibody specific for the newly exposed Q(197) epitope was used to quantify the cleaved SNAP25(1-197). The assay's requirement for the intact toxin molecule was demonstrated with pre-reduced toxin (heavy and light chains), recombinant LHn fragments, and stressed samples containing partially or fully denatured material. This is the first known immunobiochemical assay that correlates with in vivo potency and provides a realistic alternative. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Rehabilitation of a periodontal patient with rapidly progressing marginal alveolar bone loss: 1-year follow-up.

PubMed

Sewón, L A; Ampula, L; Vallittu, P K

2000-08-01

The present case report describes a 1-year follow-up of functional rehabilitation of a young periodontal patient with severely advanced, rapidly progressing marginal bone loss treated by using a new splinting material, i.e., glass fiber-reinforced composite (FRC). Apart from one single tooth, the young man had retained all his natural teeth. Periodontal treatment was based on cleaning and root planing enabled by partial-thickness-flap operations. This method was selected to avoid further damage to the remaining alveolar bone. After healing for 6 months, a cavity retained internal FRC splint was constructed and 1 missing lower molar was replaced by an inlay-retained FRC resin-bonded fixed partial denture (FPD). A 12 months follow-up period revealed a healthy periodontium and good functional and esthetic results. The new material allows the use of periodontal treatment methods instead of prosthetic alternatives, which until now have been a more generally used approach in the treatment of severely advanced periodontal cases. Internal fiber-reinforced composite splinting being affordable for the patient, easy for the clinician to construct and giving good esthetic and functional results, suggests that the method may be a valuable aid in periodontal treatment.

Degradation of pesticide mixture on modified matrix of a biopurification system with alternatives lignocellulosic wastes.

PubMed

Urrutia, C; Rubilar, O; Tortella, G R; Diez, M C

2013-08-01

The biobed systems were designed to retain and to degrade pesticides through the properties of a biomixture composed of straw (ST), topsoil and peat (PT) 2:1:1 v/v. The ST is the main substrate in the biomixture, as it allows the proliferation of fungi that promotes pesticide degradation. The use of readily available components in the biomixture is an important aspect to build a biobed. Therefore, potential use of readily available wastes as barley husk (BH), sawdust (SW) and oat husk (OH), as total or partial substitutes of ST were tested in pesticide degradation studies. Metabolite formation and the biological activities were also evaluated. Biomixture composed of OH was highly efficient in pesticide degradation, with t½ values of 28.6, 58.9 and 26.8 d for atrazine (ATZ), chlorpyrifos (CHL) and isoproturon (ISP). On the other hand, comparable for degrading capacities with the ST based biomixture were obtained with SW and BH, but only as partial replacement. Contrarily, high t½ values (more than 100 d) were obtained in biomixtures with total substitution of ST by SW or BH. Metabolite formation was observed in all biomixtures tested, but without clear formation patterns. Moreover, high and stable biological activity was observed in the biomixtures composed of OH. Therefore, our results demonstrated that ST can be partial or totally replaced by OH in the biomixture allowing an efficient degradation of pesticide mixture. However, it is recommended that ST can be only partially replaced by BH and SW in the biomixture to allow efficient pesticide degradation. Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Orofacial rehabilitation with zygomatic implants: CAD-CAM bar and magnets for patients with nasal cancer after rhinectomy and partial maxillectomy.

PubMed

King, Elizabeth; Abbott, Carl; Dovgalski, Lawrence; Owens, James

2017-06-01

Nasal carcinoma extending into the premaxilla requires radical surgical excision including rhinectomy and partial maxillectomy. Rehabilitation is complex and involves the use of removable prostheses. Three patients treated with zygomatic implants and custom-milled bars to retain an obturator and nasal prosthesis are presented. Copyright © 2016 Editorial Council for the Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chemotactic activity of cotyledons for mononuclear leukocytes related to occurrence of retained placenta in dexamethasone induced parturition in cattle.

PubMed

Benedictus, L; Jorritsma, R; Knijn, H M; Vos, P L A M; Koets, A P

2011-09-15

Induction of parturition with glucocorticosteroids in cattle is used for research purposes, in diseased or injured pregnant cows, and as a management tool to time parturition. A negative side effect of induction of parturition with glucocorticosteroids is the high incidence of retained placenta that occurs after these calvings. Reaction of the maternal immune system against the 'foreign' foetal membranes contributes to the breakdown of the foetal-maternal attachment. Several studies indicate that failure of this immune assisted detachment increases the occurrence of retained placenta. We hypothesized that retained placenta occurring after induction of parturition with glucocorticosteroids is caused by failure of immune assisted detachment of the foetal membranes. The chemotactic activity of cotyledons for mononuclear leukocytes was used as a parameter to see whether immune assisted detachment of the foetal membranes had occurred. Cotyledons were collected from spontaneously calving non-retained placenta cows and from dexamethasone induced non-retained placenta and retained placenta cows. The study showed that the chemotactic activity of cotyledons for mononuclear leukocytes was lower (P < 0.001) in cotyledons obtained from retained placenta cows in which parturition was induced with dexamethasone compared to the chemotactic activity of cotyledons obtained from spontaneously calving non-retained placenta cows, whereas the chemotactic activity of cotyledons obtained from induced non-retained placenta cows was not lower (P = 0.10) than the chemotactic activity of cotyledons obtained from spontaneously calving non-retained placenta cows. We concluded that induction of parturition with dexamethasone causes a failure of immune assisted detachment of the foetal membranes and the accompanying release of chemotactic factors. As a result, the chemotactic activity of cotyledons for mononuclear leukocytes is lower in induced retained placenta cows than in cotyledons from non-retained placenta cows in which successful immune assisted detachment of the foetal membranes occurs. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Effect of evaporative surface cooling on thermographic assessment of burn depth

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anselmo, V. J.; Zawacki, B. E.

1977-01-01

Differences in surface temperature between evaporating and nonevaporating, partial- and full-thickness burn injuries were studied in 20 male, white guinea pigs. Evaporative cooling can disguise the temperature differential of the partial-thickness injury and lead to a false full-thickness diagnosis. A full-thickness burn with blister intact may retain enough heat to result in a false partial-thickness diagnosis. By the fourth postburn day, formation of a dry eschar may allow a surface temperature measurement without the complication of differential evaporation. For earlier use of thermographic information, evaporation effects must be accounted for or eliminated.

Role of low density lipoprotein in the activation of plasma lysolecithin acyltransferase activity. Effect of chemical and enzymatic modifications of the lipoprotein on enzyme activity.

PubMed

Subbaiah, P V; Chen, C H; Bagdade, J D; Albers, J J

1985-01-01

The effect of various chemical and enzymatic modifications of low density lipoprotein (LDL) on its ability to activate the isolated human plasma lysolecithin acyltransferase (LAT) was studied. Removal of all lipids from LDL resulted in the complete loss of LAT activation. Removal of only neutral lipids by extraction with heptane retained up to 50% of the original activity, which was not increased further by reconstitution of the LDL with the extracted lipids. Hydrolysis of the diacylphosphoglycerides of the LDL with phospholipases resulted in complete loss of LAT activation which was partially restored by the addition of egg lecithin. Hydrolysis of more than 4% of LDL protein by trypsin led to a linear decrease in activity with complete loss of activity occurring when about 25% of the LDL protein is hydrolyzed. Modification of the arginine groups of LDL reversibly inhibited the activation of LAT. Modification of lysine residues of LDL by acetylation, acetoacetylation or succinylation also abolished its ability to activate lysolecithin acylation.

Isolation, purification, and partial characterization of a membrane-bound Cl-/HCO3--activated ATPase complex from rat brain with sensitivity to GABAAergic ligands.

PubMed

Menzikov, Sergey A

2017-02-07

This study describes the isolation and purification of a protein complex with [Formula: see text]-ATPase activity and sensitivity to GABA A ergic ligands from rat brain plasma membranes. The ATPase complex was enriched using size-exclusion, affinity, and ion-exchange chromatography. The fractions obtained at each purification step were subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), which revealed four subunits with molecular mass ∼48, 52, 56, and 59 kDa; these were retained at all stages of the purification process. Autoradiography revealed that the ∼52 and 56 kDa subunits could bind [ 3 H]muscimol. The [Formula: see text]-ATPase activity of this enriched protein complex was regulated by GABA A ergic ligands but was not sensitive to blockers of the NKCC or KCC cotransporters.

Hysteroscopy and episiotomy in a rescued, cold-stressed Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) for diagnosis and treatment of a retained fetal skeleton.

PubMed

Hall, Natalie H; Walsh, Mike; DeLuca, Catherine; Bukoski, Alex

2012-09-01

A rescued female manatee was observed expelling a fetal bone from the vulva. The manatee was anesthetized and diagnosed with uterine retention of a fetal skeleton by ultrasound and hysteroscopy. Episiotomy was performed to gain manual access to the vagina and uterus for removal of the skeleton. Second intention healing of the episiotomy site produced excellent results. Rescued female manatees should receive a thorough reproductive tract evaluation since presence of retained fetal tissues might not be evident in blood or hormone analyses. Retention of a whole or partial dead fetus can be life-threatening to manatees, and retained tissues should be removed as early as possible.

Electrochemical cell

DOEpatents

Redey, Laszlo I.; Myles, Kevin M.; Vissers, Donald R.; Prakash, Jai

1996-01-01

An electrochemical cell with a positive electrode having an electrochemically active layer of at least one transition metal chloride. A negative electrode of an alkali metal and a compatible electrolyte including an alkali metal salt molten at cell operating temperature is included in the cell. The electrolyte is present at least partially as a corrugated .beta." alumina tube surrounding the negative electrode interior to the positive electrode. The ratio of the volume of liquid electrolyte to the volume of the positive electrode is in the range of from about 0.1 to about 3. A plurality of stacked electrochemical cells is disclosed each having a positive electrode, a negative electrode of an alkali metal molten at cell operating temperature, and a compatible electrolyte. The electrolyte is at least partially present as a corrugated .beta." alumina sheet separating the negative electrode and interior to the positive electrodes. The alkali metal is retained in a porous electrically conductive ceramic, and seals for sealing the junctures of the electrolyte and the adjacent electrodes at the peripheries thereof.

The influence of anisotropy on the core structure of Shockley partial dislocations within FCC materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Szajewski, B. A.; Hunter, A.; Luscher, D. J.; Beyerlein, I. J.

2018-01-01

Both theoretical and numerical models of dislocations often necessitate the assumption of elastic isotropy to retain analytical tractability in addition to reducing computational load. As dislocation based models evolve towards physically realistic material descriptions, the assumption of elastic isotropy becomes increasingly worthy of examination. We present an analytical dislocation model for calculating the full dissociated core structure of dislocations within anisotropic face centered cubic (FCC) crystals as a function of the degree of material elastic anisotropy, two misfit energy densities on the γ-surface ({γ }{{isf}}, {γ }{{usf}}) and the remaining elastic constants. Our solution is independent of any additional features of the γ-surface. Towards this pursuit, we first demonstrate that the dependence of the anisotropic elasticity tensor on the orientation of the dislocation line within the FCC crystalline lattice is small and may be reasonably neglected for typical materials. With this approximation, explicit analytic solutions for the anisotropic elasticity tensor {B} for both nominally edge and screw dislocations within an FCC crystalline lattice are devised, and employed towards defining a set of effective isotropic elastic constants which reproduce fully anisotropic results, however do not retain the bulk modulus. Conversely, Hill averaged elastic constants which both retain the bulk modulus and reasonably approximate the dislocation core structure are employed within subsequent numerical calculations. We examine a wide range of materials within this study, and the features of each partial dislocation core are sufficiently localized that application of discrete linear elasticity accurately describes the separation of each partial dislocation core. In addition, the local features (the partial dislocation core distribution) are well described by a Peierls-Nabarro dislocation model. We develop a model for the displacement profile which depends upon two disparate dislocation length scales which describe the core structure; (i) the equilibrium stacking fault width between two Shockley partial dislocations, R eq and (ii) the maximum slip gradient, χ, of each Shockley partial dislocation. We demonstrate excellent agreement between our own analytic predictions, numerical calculations, and R eq computed directly by both ab-initio and molecular statics methods found elsewhere within the literature. The results suggest that understanding of various plastic mechanisms, e.g., cross-slip and nucleation may be augmented with the inclusion of elastic anisotropy.

Structural stability of E. coli transketolase to temperature and pH denaturation.

PubMed

Jahromi, Raha R F; Morris, Phattaraporn; Martinez-Torres, Ruben J; Dalby, Paul A

2011-09-10

We have previously shown that the denaturation of TK with urea follows a non-aggregating though irreversible denaturation pathway in which the cofactor binding appears to become altered but without dissociating, then followed at higher urea by partial denaturation of the homodimer prior to any further unfolding or dissociation of the two monomers. Urea is not typically present during biocatalysis, whereas access to TK enzymes that retain activity at increased temperature and extreme pH would be useful for operation under conditions that increase substrate and product stability or solubility. To provide further insight into the underlying causes of its deactivation in process conditions, we have characterised the effects of temperature and pH on the structure, stability, aggregation and activity of Escherichia coli transketolase. The activity of TK was initially found to progressively improve after pre-incubation at increasing temperatures. Loss of activity at higher temperature and low pH resulted primarily from protein denaturation and subsequent irreversible aggregation. By contrast, high pH resulted in the formation of a native-like state that was only partially inactive. The apo-TK enzyme structure content also increased at pH 9 to converge on that of the holo-TK. While cofactor dissociation was previously proposed for high pH deactivation, the observed structural changes in apo-TK but not holo-TK indicate a more complex mechanism. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

aPKCζ-dependent Repression of Yap is Necessary for Functional Restoration of Irradiated Salivary Glands with IGF-1.

PubMed

Chibly, Alejandro M; Wong, Wen Yu; Pier, Maricela; Cheng, Hongqiang; Mu, Yongxin; Chen, Ju; Ghosh, Sourav; Limesand, Kirsten H

2018-04-20

Xerostomia and salivary hypofunction often result as a consequence of radiation therapy for head and neck cancers, which are diagnosed in roughly 60,000 individuals every year in the U.S. Due to the lack of effective treatments for radiation-induced salivary hypofunction, stem cell-based therapies have been suggested to regenerate the irradiated salivary glands. Pharmacologically, restoration of salivary gland function has been accomplished in mice by administering IGF-1 shortly after radiation treatment, but it is not known if salivary stem and progenitor cells play a role. We show that radiation inactivates aPKCζ and promotes nuclear redistribution of Yap in a population of label-retaining cells in the acinar compartment of the parotid gland (PG)- which comprises a heterogeneous pool of salivary progenitors. Administration of IGF-1 post-radiation maintains activation of aPKCζ and partially rescues Yap's cellular localization in label retaining cells, while restoring salivary function. Finally, IGF-1 fails to restore saliva production in mice lacking aPKCζ, demonstrating the importance of the kinase as a potential therapeutic target.

Reactivation and reuse of TiO2-SnS2 composite catalyst for solar-driven water treatment.

PubMed

Kovacic, Marin; Kopcic, Nina; Kusic, Hrvoje; Stangar, Urska Lavrencic; Dionysiou, Dionysios D; Bozic, Ana Loncaric

2018-01-01

One of the most important features of photocatalytic materials intended to be used for water treatment is their long-term stability. The study is focused on the application of thermal and chemical treatments for the reactivation of TiO 2 -SnS 2 composite photocatalyst, prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and immobilized on the glass support using titania/silica binder. Such a catalytic system was applied in solar-driven treatment, solar/TiO 2 -SnS 2 /H 2 O 2 , for the purification of water contaminated with diclofenac (DCF). The effectiveness of studied reactivation methods for retaining TiO 2 -SnS 2 activity in consecutive cycles was evaluated on basis of DCF removal and conversion, and TOC removal and mineralization of organic content. Besides these water quality parameters, biodegradability changes in DCF aqueous solution treated by solar/TiO 2 -SnS 2 /H 2 O 2 process using simply reused (air-dried) and thermally and chemically reactivated composite photocatalyst through six consecutive cycles were monitored. It was established that both thermal and chemical reactivation retain TiO 2 -SnS 2 activity in the second cycle of its reuse. However, both treatments caused the alteration in the TiO 2 -SnS 2 morphology due to the partial transformation of visible-active SnS 2 into non-active SnO 2 . Such alteration, repeated through consecutive reactivation and reuse, was reflected through gradual activity loss of TiO 2 -SnS 2 composite in applied solar-driven water treatment.

Antioxidative defence mechanisms against reactive oxygen species in bovine retained and not-retained placenta: activity of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase.

PubMed

Kankofer, M

2001-05-01

Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione transferase (GSH-Tr), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-the members of enzymatic antioxidative defence mechanisms against reactive oxygen species-may play an important role in proper or improper release of bovine fetal membranes. The aim of the following study was the determination of GSH-Px, GSH-Tr, CAT and SOD activity in order to define antioxidative status of bovine placenta during retention of fetal membranes (RFM) in cows. Placental samples were collected immediately after spontaneous parturition or during caesarean section before term and at term and divided into six groups as follows: A: caesarean section before term without RFM; B: caesarean section before term with RFM; C: caesarean section at term without RFM; D: caesarean section at term with RFM; E: spontaneous delivery at term without RFM; F: spontaneous delivery at term with RFM. The enzyme activities in placental homogenates were measured spectrophotometrically. GSH-Px activity was statistically significantly higher in fetal than in maternal placenta in all examined groups, increased towards parturition and was higher in caesarean section groups than spontaneous delivery groups. Statistically significantly higher activities were noticed in retained than not-retained placentae. GSH-Tr activity was significantly lower in fetal than in maternal placenta. In preterm groups, the activity was statistically significantly higher in retained than not retained placenta. In term groups, the opposite relationship was observed, higher values in caesarean section groups than spontaneous delivery were noticed. CAT activity was statistically significantly higher in fetal than in maternal part of placenta in all groups examined. The highest values in C and D groups and the differences between retained and not-retained placenta were observed. SOD exhibited the highest values in preterm placenta and alterations between retained and not-retained fetal membranes. In conclusion, the activities of GSH-Px, GSH-Tr, CAT and SOD are altered in cases of retained fetal membranes which may suggest the activation of antioxidative mechanisms caused by the imbalance between production and neutralization of reactive oxygen species. Copyright 2001 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.

Hydrolysis of acetylthiocoline, o-nitroacetanilide and o-nitrotrifluoroacetanilide by fetal bovine serum acetylcholinesterase.

PubMed

Montenegro, María F; Moral-Naranjo, María T; Muñoz-Delgado, Encarnación; Campoy, Francisco J; Vidal, Cecilio J

2009-04-01

Besides esterase activity, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) hydrolyze o-nitroacetanilides through aryl acylamidase activity. We have reported that BuChE tetramers and monomers of human blood plasma differ in o-nitroacetanilide (ONA) hydrolysis. The homology in quaternary structure and folding of subunits in the prevalent BuChE species (G4(H)) of human plasma and AChE forms of fetal bovine serum prompted us to study the esterase and amidase activities of fetal bovine serum AChE. The k(cat)/K(m) values for acetylthiocholine (ATCh), ONA and its trifluoro derivative N-(2-nitrophenyl)-trifluoroacetamide (F-ONA) were 398 x 10(6) M(-1) min(-1), 0.8 x 10(6) M(-1) min(-1), and 17.5 x 10(6) M(-1) min(-1), respectively. The lack of inhibition of amidase activity at high F-ONA concentrations makes it unlikely that there is a role for the peripheral anionic site (PAS) in F-ONA degradation, but the inhibition of ATCh, ONA and F-ONA hydrolysis by the PAS ligand fasciculin-2 points to the transit of o-nitroacetalinides near the PAS on their way to the active site. Sedimentation analysis confirmed substrate hydrolysis by tetrameric 10.9S AChE. As compared with esterase activity, amidase activity was less sensitive to guanidine hydrochloride. This reagent led to the formation of 9.3S tetramers with partially unfolded subunits. Their capacity to hydrolyze ATCh and F-ONA revealed that, despite the conformational change, the active site architecture and functionality of AChE were partially retained.

The Hippo pathway in tissue homeostasis and regeneration.

PubMed

Wang, Yu; Yu, Aijuan; Yu, Fa-Xing

2017-05-01

While several organs in mammals retain partial regenerative capability following tissue damage, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Recently, the Hippo signaling pathway, better known for its function in organ size control, has been shown to play a pivotal role in regulating tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Upon tissue injury, the activity of YAP, the major effector of the Hippo pathway, is transiently induced, which in turn promotes expansion of tissue-resident progenitors and facilitates tissue regeneration. In this review, with a general focus on the Hippo pathway, we will discuss its major components, functions in stem cell biology, involvement in tissue regeneration in different organs, and potential strategies for developing Hippo pathway-targeted regenerative medicines.

Gene cloning and overexpression of a geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase of an extremely thermophilic bacterium, Thermus thermophilus.

PubMed

Ohto, C; Ishida, C; Koike-Takeshita, A; Yokoyama, K; Muramatsu, M; Nishino, T; Obata, S

1999-02-01

A geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) synthase gene of an extremely thermophilic bacterium, Thermus thermophilus, was cloned and sequenced. T. thermophilus GGPP synthase, overexpressed in Escherichia coli cells as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein, was purified and characterized. The fusion protein, retaining thermostability, formed a homodimer, and showed higher specific activity than did a partially purified thermostable enzyme previously reported. Optimal reaction conditions and kinetic parameters were also examined. The deduced amino acid sequence indicated that T. thermophilus GGPP synthase was excluded from the group of bacterial type GGPP synthases and lacked the insertion amino acid residues in the first aspartate-rich motif as do archaeal and eukaryotic short-chain prenyltransferases.

Interaction between glucocorticoids and glucagon in the hormonal modification of calcium retention by isolated rat liver mitochondria.

PubMed

Hughes, B P; Barritt, G J

1979-05-15

1. The administration of dexamethasone to intact fed rats by intraperitoneal injection for 3h was associated with a 6-fold increase in the time for which mitochondria subsequently isolated from the liver retain a given load of exogenous Ca2+. This effect was blocked by the co-administration of cycloheximide with dexamethasone, and partially blocked by the co-administration of puromycin. Daily administration of dexamethasone for periods of 4--7 days resulted in liver mitochondria that exhibited a decreased ability to retain exogenous Ca2+. 2. When glucagon was administered to fed adrenalectomized rats, the increase in mitochondrial Ca2+-retention time that results from the action of this hormone was reduced by 50% when compared with its effect on intact animals. The administration of dexamethasone to adrenalectomized rats partially restored the full effect of glucagon. 3. Dexamethasone did not enhance the effect of glucagon on mitochondrial Ca2+-retention time when administered to intact fed rats. 4. It is concluded that these data support the hypothesis that the hormone-induced modification of liver mitochondria, which results in an increase in the time for which exogenous Ca2+ is retained, involves a step in which new protein is synthesized.

The chicken skeletal alpha-actin gene promoter region exhibits partial dyad symmetry and a capacity to drive bidirectional transcription.

PubMed Central

Grichnik, J M; French, B A; Schwartz, R J

1988-01-01

The chicken skeletal alpha-actin gene promoter region (-202 to -12) provides myogenic transcriptional specificity. This promoter contains partial dyad symmetry about an axis at nucleotide -108 and in transfection experiments is capable of directing transcription in a bidirectional manner. At least three different transcription initiation start sites, oriented toward upstream sequences, were mapped 25 to 30 base pairs from TATA-like regions. The opposing transcriptional activity was potentiated upon the deletion of sequences proximal to the alpha-actin transcription start site. Thus, sequences which serve to position RNA polymerase for alpha-actin transcription may allow, in their absence, the selection of alternative and reverse-oriented start sites. Nuclear runoff transcription assays of embryonic muscle indicated that divergent transcription may occur in vivo but with rapid turnover of nuclear transcripts. Divergent transcriptional activity enabled us to define the 3' regulatory boundary of the skeletal alpha-actin promoter which retains a high level of myogenic transcriptional activity. The 3' regulatory border was detected when serial 3' deletions bisected the element (-91 CCAAA TATGG -82) which reduced transcriptional activity by 80%. Previously we showed that disruption of its upstream counterpart (-127 CCAAAGAAGG -136) resulted in about a 90% decrease in activity. These element pairs, which we describe as CCAAT box-associated repeats, are conserved in all sequenced vertebrate sarcomeric actin genes and may act in a cooperative manner to facilitate transcription in myogenic cells. Images PMID:3211124

Magnet and Semi Precision Attachment in an Implant Retained Partial Denture for the Rehabilitation of an Irradiated Marginal Mandibulectomy Patient: A Case Report

PubMed Central

Guttal, Satyabodh Shesharaj; Kulkarni, Sudhindra S; Kudva, Adarsh; Thakur, Srinath

2015-01-01

Surgical treatment of malignancies in the oral cavity (mandible, tongue, floor of the mouth, alveolus, buccal sulcus) often results in an unfavourable anatomic condition for prosthodontic rehabilitation. Hence, maxillofacial prosthetic rehabilitation becomes a mightier task when resection is accompanied by radiation therapy. In selected cases, implant therapy comes to rescue. The following report throws light on the case of prosthetic rehabilitation of a patient who underwent right marginal mandibulectomy and right partial glossectomy, with the aid of a single implant, semi precision attachment and magnet supported partial denture. PMID:26501028

shl, a New set of Arabidopsis mutants with exaggerated developmental responses to available red, far-red, and blue light.

PubMed

Pepper, A E; Seong-Kim, M; Hebst, S M; Ivey, K N; Kwak, S J; Broyles, D E

2001-09-01

The interaction of light perception with development is the subject of intensive genetic analysis in the model plant Arabidopsis. We performed genetic screens in low white light-a threshold condition in which photomorphogenetic signaling pathways are only partially active-for ethyl methane sulfonate-generated mutants with altered developmental phenotypes. Recessive mutants with exaggerated developmental responses were obtained in eight complementation groups designated shl for seedlings hyperresponsive to light. shl1, shl2, shl5, and shl3 shl4 (double mutant) seedlings showed limited or no phenotypic effects in darkness, but showed significantly enhanced inhibition of hypocotyl elongation in low-white, red, far-red, blue, and green light across a range of fluences. These results reflect developmental hyper-responsiveness to signals generated by both phytochrome and cryptochrome photoreceptors. The shl11 mutant retained significant phenotypic effects on hypocotyl length in both the phyA mutant and phyB mutant backgrounds but may be dependent on CRY1 for phenotypic expression in blue light. The shl2 phenotype was partially dependent on PHYB, PHYA, and CRY1 in red, far-red, and blue light, respectively. shl2 and, in particular, shl1 were partially dependent on HY5 activity for their light-hyperresponsive phenotypes. The SHL genes act (genetically) as light-dependent negative regulators of photomorphogenesis, possibly in a downstream signaling or developmental pathway that is shared by CRY1, PHYA, and PHYB and other photoreceptors (CRY2, PHYC, PHYD, and PHYE).

Notch-modifying xylosyltransferase-substrate complexes support an SNi-like retaining mechanism

PubMed Central

Yu, Hongjun; Takeuchi, Megumi; LeBarron, Jamie; Kantharia, Joshua; London, Erwin; Bakker, Hans; Haltiwanger, Robert S.; Li, Huilin; Takeuchi, Hideyuki

2015-01-01

A major remaining question in glycobiology is how a glycosyltransferase (GT) that retains the anomeric linkage of a sugar catalyzes the reaction. Xylosideα1–3 Xylosyltransferase (XXYLT1) is a retaining GT that regulates Notch receptor activation by adding xylose to the Notch extracellular domain. Here, using natural acceptor and donor substrates and active Mus musculus XXYLT1, we report a series of crystallographic snapshots along the reaction, including an unprecedented natural and competent Michaelis reaction complex for retaining enzymes. These structures strongly support the SNi-like reaction as the retaining mechanism for XXYLT1. Unexpectedly the Epidermal Growth Factor-like repeat acceptor substrate undergoes a large conformational change upon binding to the active site, providing a structural basis for substrate specificity. Our improved understanding of this retaining enzyme will accelerate the design of retaining GT inhibitors that can modulate Notch activity in pathological situations where dysregulation of Notch is known to cause cancer or developmental disorders. PMID:26414444

Notch-modifying xylosyltransferase structures support an S Ni-like retaining mechanism

DOE PAGES

Yu, Hongjun; Li, Huilin; Takeuchi, Megumi; ...

2015-09-28

A major question remaining in glycobiology is how a glycosyltransferase (GT) that retains the anomeric linkage of a sugar catalyzes the reaction. Xyloside α-1,3-xylosyltransferase (XXYLT1) is a retaining GT that regulates Notch receptor activation by adding xylose to the Notch extracellular domain. Here, using natural acceptor and donor substrates and active Mus musculus XXYLT1, we report a series of crystallographic snapshots along the reaction, including an unprecedented natural and competent Michaelis reaction complex for retaining enzymes. These structures strongly support the SNi-like reaction as the retaining mechanism for XXYLT1. Unexpectedly, the epidermal growth factor–like repeat acceptor substrate undergoes a largemore » conformational change upon binding to the active site, providing a structural basis for substrate specificity. As a result, our improved understanding of this retaining enzyme will accelerate the design of retaining GT inhibitors that can modulate Notch activity in pathological situations in which Notch dysregulation is known to cause cancer or developmental disorders.« less

Notch-modifying xylosyltransferase structures support an S Ni-like retaining mechanism

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yu, Hongjun; Li, Huilin; Takeuchi, Megumi

A major question remaining in glycobiology is how a glycosyltransferase (GT) that retains the anomeric linkage of a sugar catalyzes the reaction. Xyloside α-1,3-xylosyltransferase (XXYLT1) is a retaining GT that regulates Notch receptor activation by adding xylose to the Notch extracellular domain. Here, using natural acceptor and donor substrates and active Mus musculus XXYLT1, we report a series of crystallographic snapshots along the reaction, including an unprecedented natural and competent Michaelis reaction complex for retaining enzymes. These structures strongly support the SNi-like reaction as the retaining mechanism for XXYLT1. Unexpectedly, the epidermal growth factor–like repeat acceptor substrate undergoes a largemore » conformational change upon binding to the active site, providing a structural basis for substrate specificity. As a result, our improved understanding of this retaining enzyme will accelerate the design of retaining GT inhibitors that can modulate Notch activity in pathological situations in which Notch dysregulation is known to cause cancer or developmental disorders.« less

Probing Conformational Rescue Induced by a Chemical Corrector of F508del-Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) Mutant*

PubMed Central

Yu, Wilson; Chiaw, Patrick Kim; Bear, Christine E.

2011-01-01

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that cause loss of function of the CFTR channel on the apical surface of epithelial cells. The major CF-causing mutation, F508del-CFTR, is misfolded, retained in the endoplasmic reticulum, and degraded. Small molecule corrector compounds have been identified using high throughput screens, which partially rescue the trafficking defect of F508del-CFTR, allowing a fraction of the mutant protein to escape endoplasmic reticulum retention and traffic to the plasma membrane, where it exhibits partial function as a cAMP-regulated chloride channel. A subset of such corrector compounds binds directly to the mutant protein, prompting the hypothesis that they rescue the biosynthetic defect by inducing improved protein conformation. We tested this hypothesis directly by evaluating the consequences of a corrector compound on the conformation of each nucleotide binding domain (NBD) in the context of the full-length mutant protein in limited proteolytic digest studies. Interestingly, we found that VRT-325 was capable of partially restoring compactness in NBD1. However, VRT-325 had no detectable effect on the conformation of the second half of the molecule. In comparison, ablation of the di-arginine sequence, R553XR555 (F508del-KXK-CFTR), modified protease susceptibility of NBD1, NBD2, and the full-length protein. Singly, each intervention led to a partial correction of the processing defect. Together, these interventions restored processing of F508del-CFTR to near wild type. Importantly, however, a defect in NBD1 conformation persisted, as did a defect in channel activation after the combined interventions. Importantly, this defect in channel activation can be fully corrected by the addition of the potentiator, VX-770. PMID:21602569

An overview of removable partial overdentures.

PubMed

McDermott, I G; Samant, A

1990-02-01

As an alternative to complete dentures, overdentures are well established as a sound therapeutic modality for patients with terminal dentition. By utilizing natural tooth roots and their periodontal structures to aid in support, overdentures maintain proprioceptive mediation and a mechanism for masticatory force vectors that favor bone retention over bond resorption. The degree of stability enhancement and denture retention from retained roots varies with the design and environment of the prosthesis. This article reviews various aspects of removable partial over-denture use.

ON THE HYDRAULICS OF STREAM FLOW ROUTING WITH BANK STORAGE

EPA Science Inventory

Bank storage is a process in which volumes of water are temporally retained by alluvial stream banks during flood events, and gradually released to partially sustain baseflow. This process has important hydrologic and ecological implications. In this paper, analytical solutions a...

A KRAS GTPase K104Q Mutant Retains Downstream Signaling by Offsetting Defects in Regulation*

PubMed Central

Kistler, Samantha; George, Samuel D.; Kuhlmann, Nora; Garvey, Leslie; Huynh, Minh; Bagni, Rachel K.; Lammers, Michael; Der, Channing J.; Campbell, Sharon L.

2017-01-01

The KRAS GTPase plays a critical role in the control of cellular growth. The activity of KRAS is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and also post-translational modification. Lysine 104 in KRAS can be modified by ubiquitylation and acetylation, but the role of this residue in intrinsic KRAS function has not been well characterized. We find that lysine 104 is important for GEF recognition, because mutations at this position impaired GEF-mediated nucleotide exchange. Because the KRAS K104Q mutant has recently been employed as an acetylation mimetic, we conducted a series of studies to evaluate its in vitro and cell-based properties. Herein, we found that KRAS K104Q exhibited defects in both GEF-mediated exchange and GAP-mediated GTP hydrolysis, consistent with NMR-detected structural perturbations in localized regions of KRAS important for recognition of these regulatory proteins. Despite the partial defect in both GEF and GAP regulation, KRAS K104Q did not alter steady-state GTP-bound levels or the ability of the oncogenic KRAS G12V mutant to cause morphologic transformation of NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and of WT KRAS to rescue the growth defect of mouse embryonic fibroblasts deficient in all Ras genes. We conclude that the KRAS K104Q mutant retains both WT and mutant KRAS function, probably due to offsetting defects in recognition of factors that up-regulate (GEF) and down-regulate (GAP) RAS activity. PMID:28154176

Clinical Outcome of Double Crown-Retained Mandibular Removable Dentures Supported by a Combination of Residual Teeth and Strategic Implants.

PubMed

Rinke, Sven; Ziebolz, Dirk; Ratka-Krüger, Petra; Frisch, Eberhard

2015-07-01

There is a lack of data regarding the clinical outcome of removable partial dentures (RPDs) supported by a combination of residual natural teeth and implants placed in strategic positions. The aim of the present case series was to conduct a retrospective investigation of the clinical outcome of mandibular tooth-implant-retained partial dentures (TIRPD) rigidly retained via telescopic double crowns. Between 1999 and 2010, 18 patients with reduced residual dentition (1 to 3 natural abutment teeth) and in need of an RPD received 1 to 3 implants in strategic positions for support of the removable prostheses. All TIRPDs were rigidly retained by telescopic crowns according to the Marburg Double Crown (MDC) technique; all prostheses were placed in a private practice. Tooth/implant survival and success rates, prosthetic maintenance requirements, and peri-implant parameters were analyzed retrospectively using patient records and clinical examinations during the final recall appointments. Only patients attending at least annual supportive post-implant hygiene therapy visits (SIT) were included. After a mean functional period of 5.84 ± 3 years (range: 3.01-12.21), 14 patients with 14 dentures supported by 24 implants and 27 teeth (mean number of abutments: 3.6) were available for assessment. Four teeth (survival rate: 85.19%) and no implants (survival rate: 100%) were lost. Peri-implantitis was observed around one implant (4.17%). All 14 dentures were functional (survival rate: 100%) and required only limited maintenance (i.e., screw loosening, acrylic resin fracture repairs, relining) amounting to 0.086 treatments per patient per year (T/P/Y). Within the limitations of this case series, it can be concluded that TIRPDs retained via MDCs might represent a viable treatment option in mandibles with few remaining abutment teeth. Further long-term clinical evaluations with a greater sample size are needed for a more detailed evaluation of this treatment concept. © 2014 by the American College of Prosthodontists.

Cystic fibrosis airway secretions exhibit mucin hyperconcentration and increased osmotic pressure

PubMed Central

Henderson, Ashley G.; Ehre, Camille; Button, Brian; Abdullah, Lubna H.; Cai, Li-Heng; Leigh, Margaret W.; DeMaria, Genevieve C.; Matsui, Hiro; Donaldson, Scott H.; Davis, C. William; Sheehan, John K.; Boucher, Richard C.; Kesimer, Mehmet

2014-01-01

The pathogenesis of mucoinfective lung disease in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients likely involves poor mucus clearance. A recent model of mucus clearance predicts that mucus flow depends on the relative mucin concentration of the mucus layer compared with that of the periciliary layer; however, mucin concentrations have been difficult to measure in CF secretions. Here, we have shown that the concentration of mucin in CF sputum is low when measured by immunologically based techniques, and mass spectrometric analyses of CF mucins revealed mucin cleavage at antibody recognition sites. Using physical size exclusion chromatography/differential refractometry (SEC/dRI) techniques, we determined that mucin concentrations in CF secretions were higher than those in normal secretions. Measurements of partial osmotic pressures revealed that the partial osmotic pressure of CF sputum and the retained mucus in excised CF lungs were substantially greater than the partial osmotic pressure of normal secretions. Our data reveal that mucin concentration cannot be accurately measured immunologically in proteolytically active CF secretions; mucins are hyperconcentrated in CF secretions; and CF secretion osmotic pressures predict mucus layer–dependent osmotic compression of the periciliary liquid layer in CF lungs. Consequently, mucin hypersecretion likely produces mucus stasis, which contributes to key infectious and inflammatory components of CF lung disease. PMID:24892808

Maxillary rehabilitation using fixed and removable partial dentures with attachments: a clinical report.

PubMed

dos Santos Nunes Reis, José Maurício; da Cruz Perez, Luciano Elias; Alfenas, Bruna Fernandes Moreira; de Oliveira Abi-Rached, Filipe; Filho, João Neudenir Arioli

2014-01-01

Despite requiring dental crown preparation and possible root canal treatment, besides the difficulty of clinical and laboratory repairs, and financial burden, the association between fixed (FPD) and removable partial dentures (RPD) by means of attachments is an important alternative for oral rehabilitation, particularly when the use of dental implants and FPDs is limited or not indicated. Among the advantages of attachment-retained RPDs are the improvements in esthetics and biomechanics, as well as correction of the buccal arrangement of anterior teeth in Kennedy Class III partially edentulous arches. This article describes the treatment sequence and technique for the use of attachments in therapy combining FPD/RPD. © 2013 by the American College of Prosthodontists.

Immobilization of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) pectinmethylesterase in calcium alginate beads and its application in fruit juice clarification.

PubMed

Bogra, Pushpa; Kumar, Ashwani; Kuhar, Kalika; Panwar, Surbhi; Singh, Randhir

2013-11-01

Clarity of fruit juices is desirable to maintain an aesthetically pleasing quality and international standards. The most commonly used enzymes in juice industries are pectinases. A partially-purified pectinmethylesterase from tomato was entrapped in calcium alginate beads and used for juice clarification. The activity yield was maximum at 1 % (w/v) CaCl2 and 2.5 % (w/v) alginate. The immobilized enzyme retained ~55 % of its initial activity (5.7 × 10(-2) units) after more than ten successive batch reactions. The Km, pH and temperature optima were increased after immobilization. The most effective clarification of fruit juice (%T620 ~60 %) by the immobilized enzyme was at 4 °C with a holding time of 20 min. The viscosity dropped by 56 % and the filterability increased by 260 %. The juice remains clear after 2 months of storage at 4 °C.

Allergens retained in clothing.

PubMed

Nedorost, Susan; Kessler, Margaret; McCormick, Thomas

2007-12-01

Some patients state compliance with avoidance of identified allergens, yet have persistent dermatitis in areas under tight-fitting clothing. To analyze a series of such cases to identify allergens most likely retained in clothing. Review of contact dermatitis clinic cases and identification of type and formula weight of allergens involved. High-formula-weight allergens and allergens present in medicament ointments are difficult to dissolve in laundry detergent and water and may be retained in clothing. Retention of allergens in clothing, even after washing, may explain recalcitrant dermatitis in a patient who states compliance with avoidance of a seemingly relevant allergen. Dermatologists should consider the possibility of allergen retention in clothing whenever a patient has only partial clearing after at least 1 month of attempted compliance with avoidance of identified allergens. Purchase of new clothing may be required to clear allergic contact dermatitis in this situation.

Partial report and other sampling procedures overestimate the duration of iconic memory.

PubMed

Appelman, I B

1980-03-01

In three experiments, subjects estimated the duration of a brief visual image (iconic memory) either directly by adjusting onset of a click to offset of the visual image, or indirectly with a Sperling partial report (sampling) procedure. The results indicated that partial report and other sampling procedures may reflect other brief phenomena along with iconic memory. First, the partial report procedure yields a greater estimate of the duration of iconic memory than the more direct click method. Second, the partial report estimate of the duration of iconic memory is affected if the subject is required to simultaneously retain a list of distractor items (memory load), while the click method estimate of the duration of iconic memory is not affected by a memory load. Finally, another sampling procedure based on visual cuing yields different estimates of the duration of iconic memory depending on how many items are cued. It was concluded that partial report and other sampling procedures overestimate the duration of iconic memory.

The Structure-Activity Relationship of the 3-Oxy Site in the Anticonvulsant (R)-N-Benzyl 2-Acetamido-3-methoxypropionamide

PubMed Central

Morieux, Pierre; Salomé, Christophe; Park, Ki Duk; Stables, James P.; Kohn, Harold

2010-01-01

Lacosamide ((R)-N-benzyl 2-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamide, (R)-1) is a low molecular weight anticonvulsant recently introduced in the United States and Europe for adjuvant treatment of partial-onset seizures in adults. In this study, we define the structure-activity relationship (SAR) for the compound's 3-oxy site. Placement of small non-polar, non-bulky substituents at the 3-oxy site provided compounds with pronounced seizure protection in the maximal electroshock (MES) seizure test with activities similar to (R)-1. The anticonvulsant activity loss that accompanied introduction of larger moieties at the 3-oxy site in (R)-1 was offset, in part, by including unsaturated groups at this position. Our findings were similar to a recently reported SAR study of the 4′-benzylamide site in (R)-1 (J. Med. Chem.2010, 53, 1288–1305). Together, these results indicate that both the 3-oxy and 4′-benzylamide positions in (R)-1 can accommodate non-bulky, hydrophobic groups and still retain pronounced anticonvulsant activities in rodents in the MES seizure model. PMID:20614888

Cardiac missiles. A review of the literature and personal experience.

PubMed Central

Symbas, P N; Picone, A L; Hatcher, C R; Vlasis-Hale, S E

1990-01-01

The management of retained missiles in the heart is still controversial. In an attempt to define the issue more clearly, the reported cases in the English literature from 1940 to 1988 (group 1) and our experience from 1968 to 1988 (group 2) were reviewed. In group 1 there were 222 missiles retained in the hearts of 201 patients. The retained missiles were 45 bullets in 45 patients, 109 shrapnel in 99 patients, 18 pellets in 7 patients, and 50 unidentified missiles in 50 patients. Thirteen of the missiles were completely embedded intramyocardial missiles, 122 were partially intramyocardial, 47 were free in a cardiac chamber, and 40 were intrapericardial. One hundred four of the missiles were removed and 118 were left in place. In group 2 there were 24 missiles, 18 bullets, 1 bullet fragment, and 5 pellets retained in the hearts of 24 patients. Ten missiles were removed, no attempt was made in 13 patients, and an unsuccessful attempt was made to remove one other. From group 1 patients, 6 died, 2 with intracavitary missiles, 3 patients with partially intramyocardial, and 1 patient with an intrapericardial missile, all of whom had either unsuccessful or no attempt to remove the missile. Twenty-seven patients had symptoms, all of whom, except two, had either unsuccessful or no attempt to remove the missile. All group 2 patients did well and had been free of symptoms related to the missiles. This review suggests that the management of missiles in the heart should be individualized according to the patient's clinical course, the site, shape, and size of the missile, and that in selected patients missiles in the heart are tolerated well. PMID:2187422

Cardiac missiles. A review of the literature and personal experience.

PubMed

Symbas, P N; Picone, A L; Hatcher, C R; Vlasis-Hale, S E

1990-05-01

The management of retained missiles in the heart is still controversial. In an attempt to define the issue more clearly, the reported cases in the English literature from 1940 to 1988 (group 1) and our experience from 1968 to 1988 (group 2) were reviewed. In group 1 there were 222 missiles retained in the hearts of 201 patients. The retained missiles were 45 bullets in 45 patients, 109 shrapnel in 99 patients, 18 pellets in 7 patients, and 50 unidentified missiles in 50 patients. Thirteen of the missiles were completely embedded intramyocardial missiles, 122 were partially intramyocardial, 47 were free in a cardiac chamber, and 40 were intrapericardial. One hundred four of the missiles were removed and 118 were left in place. In group 2 there were 24 missiles, 18 bullets, 1 bullet fragment, and 5 pellets retained in the hearts of 24 patients. Ten missiles were removed, no attempt was made in 13 patients, and an unsuccessful attempt was made to remove one other. From group 1 patients, 6 died, 2 with intracavitary missiles, 3 patients with partially intramyocardial, and 1 patient with an intrapericardial missile, all of whom had either unsuccessful or no attempt to remove the missile. Twenty-seven patients had symptoms, all of whom, except two, had either unsuccessful or no attempt to remove the missile. All group 2 patients did well and had been free of symptoms related to the missiles. This review suggests that the management of missiles in the heart should be individualized according to the patient's clinical course, the site, shape, and size of the missile, and that in selected patients missiles in the heart are tolerated well.

GroEL actively stimulates folding of the endogenous substrate protein PepQ.

PubMed

Weaver, Jeremy; Jiang, Mengqiu; Roth, Andrew; Puchalla, Jason; Zhang, Junjie; Rye, Hays S

2017-06-30

Many essential proteins cannot fold without help from chaperonins, like the GroELS system of Escherichia coli. How chaperonins accelerate protein folding remains controversial. Here we test key predictions of both passive and active models of GroELS-stimulated folding, using the endogenous E. coli metalloprotease PepQ. While GroELS increases the folding rate of PepQ by over 15-fold, we demonstrate that slow spontaneous folding of PepQ is not caused by aggregation. Fluorescence measurements suggest that, when folding inside the GroEL-GroES cavity, PepQ populates conformations not observed during spontaneous folding in free solution. Using cryo-electron microscopy, we show that the GroEL C-termini make physical contact with the PepQ folding intermediate and help retain it deep within the GroEL cavity, resulting in reduced compactness of the PepQ monomer. Our findings strongly support an active model of chaperonin-mediated protein folding, where partial unfolding of misfolded intermediates plays a key role.

Promotion of haematopoietic activity in embryonic stem cells by the aorta-gonad-mesonephros microenvironment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Krassowska, Anna; Gordon-Keylock, Sabrina; Samuel, Kay

We investigated whether the in vitro differentiation of ES cells into haematopoietic progenitors could be enhanced by exposure to the aorta-gonadal-mesonephros (AGM) microenvironment that is involved in the generation of haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) during embryonic development. We established a co-culture system that combines the requirements for primary organ culture and differentiating ES cells and showed that exposure of differentiating ES cells to the primary AGM region results in a significant increase in the number of ES-derived haematopoietic progenitors. Co-culture of ES cells on the AM20-1B4 stromal cell line derived from the AGM region also increases haematopoietic activity. We concludemore » that factors promoting the haematopoietic activity of differentiating ES cells present in primary AGM explants are partially retained in the AM20.1B4 stromal cell line and that these factors are likely to be different to those required for adult HSC maintenance.« less

Interaction of bombesin and its fragments with gold nanoparticles analyzed using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tąta, Agnieszka; Szkudlarek, Aleksandra; Kim, Younkyoo; Proniewicz, Edyta

2017-02-01

This work demonstrates the application of commercially available stable surface composed of gold nanograins with diameters ranging from 70 to 226 nm deposited onto silicon wafer for surface-enhanced Raman scattering investigations of biologically active compounds, such as bombesin (BN) and its fragments. BN is an important neurotransmitter involved in a complex signaling pathways and biological responses; for instance, hypertensive action, contractive on uterus, colon or ileum, locomotor activity, stimulation of gastric and insulin secretion as well as growth promotion of various tumor cell lines, including: lung, prostate, stomach, colon, and breast. It has also been shown that 8-14 BN C-terminal fragment partially retains the biological activity of BN. The SERS results for BN and its fragment demonstrated that (1) three amino acids from these peptides sequence; i.e., L-histidine, L-methionine, and L-tryptophan, are involved in the interaction with gold coated silicon wafer and (2) the strength of these interactions depends upon the aforementioned amino acids position in the peptide sequence.

Characterization of a bioflocculant produced by a consortium of Halomonas sp. Okoh and Micrococcus sp. Leo.

PubMed

Okaiyeto, Kunle; Nwodo, Uchechukwu U; Mabinya, Leonard V; Okoh, Anthony I

2013-10-16

The physicochemical and flocculating properties of a bioflocculant produced by a bacterial consortium composed of Halomonas sp. Okoh and Micrococcus sp. Leo were investigated. The purified bioflocculant was cation and pH dependent, and optimally flocculated kaolin clay suspension at a dosage of 0.1 mg/mL. The flocculating activity of the bioflocculant was stimulated in the presence of Ca2+, Mn2+, Al3+ and had a wide pH range of 2-10, with the highest flocculating activity of 86% at pH 8. The bioflocculant was thermostable and retained more than 70% of its flocculating activity after being heated at 80 °C for 30 min. Thermogravimetric analyses revealed a partial thermal decomposition of the biofloculant at 400 °C. The infrared spectrum showed the presence of hydroxyl, carboxyl and amino moieties as functional groups. The bioflocculant produced by the bacterial consortium appears to hold promising alternative to inorganic and synthetic organic flocculants that are widely used in wastewater treatment.

Characterization of a Bioflocculant Produced by a Consortium of Halomonas sp. Okoh and Micrococcus sp. Leo

PubMed Central

Okaiyeto, Kunle; Nwodo, Uchechukwu U.; Mabinya, Leonard V.; Okoh, Anthony I.

2013-01-01

The physicochemical and flocculating properties of a bioflocculant produced by a bacterial consortium composed of Halomonas sp. Okoh and Micrococcus sp. Leo were investigated. The purified bioflocculant was cation and pH dependent, and optimally flocculated kaolin clay suspension at a dosage of 0.1 mg/mL. The flocculating activity of the bioflocculant was stimulated in the presence of Ca2+, Mn2+, Al3+ and had a wide pH range of 2–10, with the highest flocculating activity of 86% at pH 8. The bioflocculant was thermostable and retained more than 70% of its flocculating activity after being heated at 80 °C for 30 min. Thermogravimetric analyses revealed a partial thermal decomposition of the biofloculant at 400 °C. The infrared spectrum showed the presence of hydroxyl, carboxyl and amino moieties as functional groups. The bioflocculant produced by the bacterial consortium appears to hold promising alternative to inorganic and synthetic organic flocculants that are widely used in wastewater treatment. PMID:24135818

[Effects of the adsorbent CAA for hemopurification on normal components of human plasma in removing methylene blue].

PubMed

Ma, Yu; Xia, Yun; Yang, Xiaolan; Yu, Ming'an

2003-06-01

Virus inactivation of plasma can be achieved by phototreatment with methylene blue (MB). Subsequently, elimination of MB may reduce the adverse effects of MB. This study examined the effects of adsorbing MB with the use of cross-linked agar bead entrapped attapulgite clay (CAA) on normal ingredients in MB-treated plasma units. The biomedical characteristics of CAA were assessed by determination of partial biochemical indexes, coagulation potency and some cationic concentration in a control sample and the MB-treated plasma eluted from CAA column. The biochemistry indexes or K+, Na+ in plasma were almost unaltered before and after CAA adsorption. In contrast, the concentrations of CA2+ and Mg2+ increased and the blood ammonium decreased obviously. The activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was prolonged from 42 s to 53 s, and prothrombin time (PT) from 13 s to 14 s. The result indicates that CAA as an adsorbent for hemopurification retains the most important characters of human plasma. CAA can be useful for the elimination of MB in MB-treated plasma and does not bring on harmful alteration in clinical significance.

Electrochemical cell

DOEpatents

Redey, L.I.; Myles, K.M.; Vissers, D.R.; Prakash, J.

1996-07-02

An electrochemical cell is described with a positive electrode having an electrochemically active layer of at least one transition metal chloride. A negative electrode of an alkali metal and a compatible electrolyte including an alkali metal salt molten at cell operating temperature is included in the cell. The electrolyte is present at least partially as a corrugated {beta}{double_prime} alumina tube surrounding the negative electrode interior to the positive electrode. The ratio of the volume of liquid electrolyte to the volume of the positive electrode is in the range of from about 0.1 to about 3. A plurality of stacked electrochemical cells is disclosed each having a positive electrode, a negative electrode of an alkali metal molten at cell operating temperature, and a compatible electrolyte. The electrolyte is at least partially present as a corrugated {beta}{double_prime} alumina sheet separating the negative electrode and interior to the positive electrodes. The alkali metal is retained in a porous electrically conductive ceramic, and seals for sealing the junctures of the electrolyte and the adjacent electrodes at the peripheries thereof. 8 figs.

SPECT/CT localization of oral radioiodine activity: a retrospective study and in-vitro assessment.

PubMed

Burlison, Jared S; Hartshorne, Michael F; Voda, Alan M; Cocks, Franklin H; Fair, Joanna R

2013-12-01

We sought to further localize radioiodine activity in the mouth on post-thyroid cancer therapy imaging using single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT). We retrospectively reviewed all patients (58) who underwent thyroid cancer therapy with iodine-131 (131I) at our institution from August 2009 to March 2011 whose post-therapy radioiodine imaging included neck SPECT/CT. A small group (six) of diagnostic 131I scans including SPECT/CT was also reviewed. Separately, we performed in-vitro 131I (sodium iodide) binding assays with amalgam and Argenco HP 77 (77% dental gold alloy) as proof of principle for these interactions. Of the 58 post-therapy patients, 45 (78%) had undergone metallic dental restorations, and of them 41 (91%) demonstrated oral 131I activity localizing preferentially to those restorations. It was observed that radioiodine also localized to other dental restorations and to orthodontic hardware. Gum-line activity in edentulous patients suggests radioiodine interaction with denture adhesive. In vitro, dental amalgam and Argenco HP 77 bound 131I in a time-dependent manner over 1-16 days of exposure. Despite subsequent washings with normal saline, significant 131I activity (maximally 12% for amalgam and 68% for Argenco HP 77) was retained by these metals. Subsequent soaking in a saturated solution of potassium iodide partially displaced 131I from amalgam, with near-total displacement of I from Argenco HP 77. SPECT/CT shows that radioiodine in the oral cavity localizes to metallic dental restorations. Furthermore, in-vitro studies demonstrate partially reversible binding of 131I to common dental metals.

Semantic-syntactic partial word knowledge growth through reading.

PubMed

Wagovich, Stacy A; Hill, Margaret S; Petroski, Gregory F

2015-02-01

Incidental reading provides a powerful opportunity for partial word knowledge growth in the school-age years. The extent to which children of differing language abilities can use reading experiences to glean partial knowledge of words is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to compare semantic-syntactic partial word knowledge growth of children with higher language skills (HL group; overall language standard scores of 85 or higher) to that of children with relatively lower language skills (LL group; overall receptive or expressive standard score below 85). Thirty-two children, 16 per group, silently read stories containing unfamiliar nouns and verbs 3 times over a 1-week period. Semantic-syntactic partial word knowledge growth was assessed after each reading and 2-3 days later to assess retention. Over time, both groups showed significant partial word knowledge growth, with the HL group showing significantly more growth. In addition, both groups retained knowledge several days later. Regardless of language skill level, children benefit from multiple exposures to unfamiliar words in reading in their development and retention of semantic-syntactic partial word knowledge growth.

Inflatable hollow obturator prostheses for patients undergoing an extensive maxillectomy: a case report

PubMed Central

Hou, Yue-Zhong; Huang, Zhi; Ye, Hong-Qiang; Zhou, Yong-Sheng

2012-01-01

The presence of a large palatal or maxillary defect after partial or total maxillectomy for tumor, trauma or congenital deformation poses a challenge to prosthodontists, particularly when the use of an implant cannot be considered. This case report described the use of an air valve in a hollow silicone obturator to manufacture an inflatable obturator that could be extended further into undercut area to retain itself. The inflatable obturator exhibited adequate retention, stability and border sealing, thereby improving the masticatory, pronunciation and swallowing functions of patients. It may be a suitable alternative treatment option to an implant-retained obturator. PMID:22653550

The influence of partial timber harvesting in riparian buffers on macroinvertebrate and fish communities in small streams in Minnesota, USA

USGS Publications Warehouse

Chizinski, Christopher J.; Vondracek, Bruce C.; Blinn, Charles R.; Newman, Raymond M.; Atuke, Dickson M.; Fredricks, Keith; Hemstad, Nathaniel A.; Merten, Eric C.; Schlesser, Nicholas

2010-01-01

Relatively few evaluations of aquatic macroinvertebrate and fish communities have been published in peer-reviewed literature detailing the effect of varying residual basal area (RBA) after timber harvesting in riparian buffers. Our analysis investigated the effects of partial harvesting within riparian buffers on aquatic macroinvertebrate and fish communities in small streams from two experiments in northern Minnesota northern hardwood-aspen forests. Each experiment evaluated partial harvesting within riparian buffers. In both experiments, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish were collected 1 year prior to harvest and in each of 3 years after harvest. We observed interannual variation for the macroinvertebrate abundance, diversity and taxon richness in the single-basin study and abundance and diversity in the multiple-basin study, but few effects related to harvest treatments in either study. However, interannual variation was not evident in the fish communities and we detected no significant changes in the stream fish communities associated with partially harvested riparian buffers in either study. This would suggest that timber harvesting in riparian management zones along reaches ≤200 m in length on both sides of the stream that retains RBA ≥ 12.4 ± 1.3 m2 ha−1 or on a single side of the stream that retains RBA ≥ 8.7 ± 1.6 m2 ha−1 may be adequate to protect macroinvertebrate and fish communities in our Minnesota study systems given these specific timber harvesting techniques.

The influence of partial timber harvest in riparian management zones on macroinvertebrate and fish communities on first- and second-order streams in northern Minnesota

USGS Publications Warehouse

Chizinski, Christopher J.; Vondracek, Bruce C.; Blinn, Charles R.; Newman, Raymond M.; Atuke, Dickson M.; Fredricks, Keith; Hemstad, Nathaniel A.; Merten, Eric; Schlesser, Nicholas

2010-01-01

Relatively few evaluations of aquatic macroinvertebrate and fish communities have been published in peer-reviewed literature detailing the effect of varying residual basal area (RBA) after timber harvesting in riparian buffers. Our analysis investigated the effects of partial harvesting within riparian buffers on aquatic macroinvertebrate and fish communities in small streams from two experiments in northern Minnesota northern hardwood-aspen forests. Each experiment evaluated partial harvesting within riparian buffers. In both experiments, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish were collected 1 year prior to harvest and in each of 3 years after harvest. We observed interannual variation for the macroinvertebrate abundance, diversity and taxon richness in the single-basin study and abundance and diversity in the multiple-basin study, but few effects related to harvest treatments in either study. However, interannual variation was not evident in the fish communities and we detected no significant changes in the stream fish communities associated with partially harvested riparian buffers in either study. This would suggest that timber harvesting in riparian management zones along reaches ≤200 m in length on both sides of the stream that retains RBA ≥ 12.4 ± 1.3 m2 ha−1 or on a single side of the stream that retains RBA ≥ 8.7 ± 1.6 m2 ha−1 may be adequate to protect macroinvertebrate and fish communities in our Minnesota study systems given these specific timber harvesting techniques.

Conservative and esthetic cast gold fixed partial dentures-inlay, onlay, and partial veneer retainers, custom composite pontics, and stress-breakers: part I: fundamental design principles.

PubMed

Stevenson, Richard G; Refela, Jane A

2009-01-01

Although in today's dental world implant restorations are considered the standard of care in the replacement of missing teeth, clinical contraindications and patient nonacceptance of implant placement can be encountered. Several scenarios are discussed here in which a single missing tooth can be restored with conservative fixed partial dentures (FPD) that employ cast gold retainers; each with a customized design in order to preserve tooth structure, maintain esthetics, and provide a long-term prognosis. The abutment teeth are prepared for conservative partial coverage restorations by using Brasseler burs (Brasseler USA, Savannah, GA, USA). Impressions are taken of the preparations, along with any retentive features, utilizing either the Vented Pin Channel technique or the Shooshan Plastic Pin technique. The latter technique utilizes Kodex twist drills and corresponding impression pins (Coltene Whaledent Inc., Mahwah, NJ, USA). The conservative FPD with non-rigid connectors is fabricated by using type III gold alloy. The pontic cage portion is chemically prepared utilizing the Panavia F2.0 cement kit (Kuraray America Inc., Houston, TX, USA) or other dual-polymerizing resin cement and restored with any type of direct composite resin material. A palette of opaquers and tints are used for chairside characterization of the esthetic pontic facing. The final polish of the pontic is completed by using FlexiDisc and FlexiBuff discs (Cosmedent Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE In cases where an implant restoration is contraindicated for replacement of a single tooth, a semi-precision FPD is a conservative, functional, and esthetic alternative.

The retention of pit and fissure sealants placed in primary school children by Dental Health Services, Victoria.

PubMed

Messer, L B; Calache, H; Morgan, M V

1997-08-01

The benefit of a public sector sealant programme for children in Australia is yet to be established. This study evaluated sealants placed by therapists of the School Dental Service in Victoria, between 1989 and 1994, on permanent teeth of children in 15 primary schools in Melbourne. Seven hundred and seventy four children aged 6-12 years were examined in school dental clinics by six calibrated examiners. A total of 5363 sealants placed on 2875 permanent teeth (including 2616 first molars, 91 per cent of sample) up to four and a half years previously was examined. Values for complete and partial sealant retention were highest for premolars (86 per cent, 9 per cent respectively, total 95 per cent); similar for occlusal surfaces of maxillary and mandibular first molars (63 per cent, 30 per cent; 62 per cent, 32 per cent respectively) and buccal pits of mandibular molars (66 per cent); and low for pits/fissures of Carabelli's cusps of maxillary molars (44 per cent). Cross-sectional examination up to 24 months for both maxillary and mandibular first molars indicated average values of 67 per cent complete retention, 27 per cent partial retention, 6 per cent missing; thereafter complete retention decreased and partial retention increased. Sealant failures in the six months post-placement were attributed to technique failure. Regardless of sealant retention, caries experience was low under partially retained or missing sealants (4.5 per cent) and completely retained sealants (0.4 per cent). It is concluded that the SDS sealant programme is a sound preventive dental public health approach.

A KRAS GTPase K104Q Mutant Retains Downstream Signaling by Offsetting Defects in Regulation.

PubMed

Yin, Guowei; Kistler, Samantha; George, Samuel D; Kuhlmann, Nora; Garvey, Leslie; Huynh, Minh; Bagni, Rachel K; Lammers, Michael; Der, Channing J; Campbell, Sharon L

2017-03-17

The KRAS GTPase plays a critical role in the control of cellular growth. The activity of KRAS is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and also post-translational modification. Lysine 104 in KRAS can be modified by ubiquitylation and acetylation, but the role of this residue in intrinsic KRAS function has not been well characterized. We find that lysine 104 is important for GEF recognition, because mutations at this position impaired GEF-mediated nucleotide exchange. Because the KRAS K104Q mutant has recently been employed as an acetylation mimetic, we conducted a series of studies to evaluate its in vitro and cell-based properties. Herein, we found that KRAS K104Q exhibited defects in both GEF-mediated exchange and GAP-mediated GTP hydrolysis, consistent with NMR-detected structural perturbations in localized regions of KRAS important for recognition of these regulatory proteins. Despite the partial defect in both GEF and GAP regulation, KRAS K104Q did not alter steady-state GTP-bound levels or the ability of the oncogenic KRAS G12V mutant to cause morphologic transformation of NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and of WT KRAS to rescue the growth defect of mouse embryonic fibroblasts deficient in all Ras genes. We conclude that the KRAS K104Q mutant retains both WT and mutant KRAS function, probably due to offsetting defects in recognition of factors that up-regulate (GEF) and down-regulate (GAP) RAS activity. © 2017 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

Silent memory engrams as the basis for retrograde amnesia

PubMed Central

Roy, Dheeraj S.; Muralidhar, Shruti; Smith, Lillian M.

2017-01-01

Recent studies identified neuronal ensembles and circuits that hold specific memory information (memory engrams). Memory engrams are retained under protein synthesis inhibition-induced retrograde amnesia. These engram cells can be activated by optogenetic stimulation for full-fledged recall, but not by stimulation using natural recall cues (thus, amnesia). We call this state of engrams “silent engrams” and the cells bearing them “silent engram cells.” The retention of memory information under amnesia suggests that the time-limited protein synthesis following learning is dispensable for memory storage, but may be necessary for effective memory retrieval processes. Here, we show that the full-fledged optogenetic recall persists at least 8 d after learning under protein synthesis inhibition-induced amnesia. This long-term retention of memory information correlates with equally persistent retention of functional engram cell-to-engram cell connectivity. Furthermore, inactivation of the connectivity of engram cell ensembles with its downstream counterparts, but not upstream ones, prevents optogenetic memory recall. Consistent with the previously reported lack of retention of augmented synaptic strength and reduced spine density in silent engram cells, optogenetic memory recall under amnesia is stimulation strength-dependent, with low-power stimulation eliciting only partial recall. Finally, the silent engram cells can be converted to active engram cells by overexpression of α-p-21–activated kinase 1, which increases spine density in engram cells. These results indicate that memory information is retained in a form of silent engram under protein synthesis inhibition-induced retrograde amnesia and support the hypothesis that memory is stored as the specific connectivity between engram cells. PMID:29078397

Silent memory engrams as the basis for retrograde amnesia.

PubMed

Roy, Dheeraj S; Muralidhar, Shruti; Smith, Lillian M; Tonegawa, Susumu

2017-11-14

Recent studies identified neuronal ensembles and circuits that hold specific memory information (memory engrams). Memory engrams are retained under protein synthesis inhibition-induced retrograde amnesia. These engram cells can be activated by optogenetic stimulation for full-fledged recall, but not by stimulation using natural recall cues (thus, amnesia). We call this state of engrams "silent engrams" and the cells bearing them "silent engram cells." The retention of memory information under amnesia suggests that the time-limited protein synthesis following learning is dispensable for memory storage, but may be necessary for effective memory retrieval processes. Here, we show that the full-fledged optogenetic recall persists at least 8 d after learning under protein synthesis inhibition-induced amnesia. This long-term retention of memory information correlates with equally persistent retention of functional engram cell-to-engram cell connectivity. Furthermore, inactivation of the connectivity of engram cell ensembles with its downstream counterparts, but not upstream ones, prevents optogenetic memory recall. Consistent with the previously reported lack of retention of augmented synaptic strength and reduced spine density in silent engram cells, optogenetic memory recall under amnesia is stimulation strength-dependent, with low-power stimulation eliciting only partial recall. Finally, the silent engram cells can be converted to active engram cells by overexpression of α-p-21-activated kinase 1, which increases spine density in engram cells. These results indicate that memory information is retained in a form of silent engram under protein synthesis inhibition-induced retrograde amnesia and support the hypothesis that memory is stored as the specific connectivity between engram cells.

Maxillary implant-retained partial overdenture with Dolder bar attachment: a clinical report.

PubMed

Kim, Hyeongil; Buhite, Robert J; Monaco, Edward A

2015-03-01

This article describes a technique for maintaining a maxillary Kennedy III partial removable dental prosthesis design in a patient who had non-restorable failing abutments by replacing the abutments with dental implants. Two implants were placed immediately after extraction of the abutment teeth in the anterior maxilla. After the implants were fully integrated, a Dolder bar attachment was fitted onto the implants. A new maxillary partial removable dental prosthesis was fabricated using the implants and the remaining natural teeth as abutments to restore function and esthetics. With the aid of dental implants, this Kennedy III maxillary removable dental prosthesis design could provide additional retention and support by promoting cross-arch stability and tissue, implant and tooth support. The patient's satisfaction was significantly increased.

The Study of External Dose Rate and Retained Body Activity of Patients Receiving 131I Therapy for Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma

PubMed Central

Zhang, Haiying; Jiao, Ling; Cui, Songye; Wang, Liang; Tan, Jian; Zhang, Guizhi; He, Yajing; Ruan, Shuzhou; Fan, Saijun; Zhang, Wenyi

2014-01-01

Radiation safety is an integral part of targeted radionuclide therapy. The aim of this work was to study the external dose rate and retained body activity as functions of time in differentiated thyroid carcinoma patients receiving 131I therapy. Seventy patients were stratified into two groups: the ablation group (A) and the follow-up group (FU). The patients’ external dose rate was measured, and simultaneously, their retained body radiation activity was monitored at various time points. The equations of the external dose rate and the retained body activity, described as a function of hours post administration, were fitted. Additionally, the release time for patients was calculated. The reduction in activity in the group receiving a second or subsequent treatment was more rapid than the group receiving only the initial treatment. Most important, an expeditious method was established to indirectly evaluate the retained body activity of patients by measuring the external dose rate with a portable radiation survey meter. By this method, the calculated external dose rate limits are 19.2, 8.85, 5.08 and 2.32 μSv·h−1 at 1, 1.5, 2 and 3 m, respectively, according to a patient’s released threshold level of retained body activity <400 MBq. This study is beneficial for radiation safety decision-making. PMID:25337944

Tyrocidine A Analogues Bearing the Planar d-Phe-2-Abz Turn Motif: How Conformation Impacts Bioactivity.

PubMed

Cameron, Alan J; Edwards, Patrick J B; Harjes, Elena; Sarojini, Vijayalekshmi

2017-12-14

The d-Phe-Pro β-turn of the cyclic β-hairpin antimicrobial decapeptide tyrocidine A, (Tyrc A) was substituted with the d-Phe-2-aminobenzoic acid (2-Abz) motif in a synthetic analogue (1). The NMR structure of 1 demonstrated that compound 1 retained the β-hairpin structure of Tyrc A with additional planarity, resulting in approximately 30-fold reduced hemolysis than Tyrc A. Although antibacterial activity was partially compromised, a single Gln to Lys substitution (2) restored activity equivalent to Tyrc A against S. aureus, enhanced activity against two Gram negative strains and maintained the reduced hemeloysis of 1. Analysis by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) suggested a membrane lytic mechanism of action for these peptides. Compound 2 also exhibits nanomolar antifungal activity in synergy with amphotericin B. The d-Phe-2-Abz turn may serve as a tool for the synthesis of structurally predictable β-hairpin libraries. Unlike traditional β-turn motifs such as d-Pro-Gly, both the 2-Abz and d-Phe rings may be further functionalized.

Autism-associated R451C mutation in neuroligin3 leads to activation of the unfolded protein response in a PC12 Tet-On inducible system

PubMed Central

Ulbrich, Lisa; Favaloro, Flores Lietta; Trobiani, Laura; Marchetti, Valentina; Patel, Vruti; Pascucci, Tiziana; Comoletti, Davide; Marciniak, Stefan J.; De Jaco, Antonella

2015-01-01

Several forms of monogenic heritable autism spectrum disorders are associated with mutations in the neuroligin genes. The autism-linked substitution R451C in neuroligin3 induces local misfolding of its extracellular domain, causing partial retention in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) of expressing cells. We have generated a PC12 Tet-On cell model system with inducible expression of wild-type or R451C neuroligin3 to investigate whether there is activation of the UPR (unfolded protein response) as a result of misfolded protein retention. As a positive control for protein misfolding, we also expressed the mutant G221R neuroligin3, which is known to be completely retained within the ER. Our data show that overexpression of either R451C or G221R mutant proteins leads to the activation of all three signalling branches of the UPR downstream of the stress sensors ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6), IRE1 (inositol-requiring enzyme 1) and PERK [PKR (dsRNA-dependent protein kinase)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase]. Each branch displayed different activation profiles that partially correlated with the degree of misfolding caused by each mutation. We also show that up-regulation of BiP (immunoglobulin heavy-chain-binding protein) and CHOP [C/EBP (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein)-homologous protein] was induced by both mutant proteins but not by wild-type neuroligin3, both in proliferative cells and cells differentiated to a neuron-like phenotype. Collectively, our data show that mutant R451C neuroligin3 activates the UPR in a novel cell model system, suggesting that this cellular response may have a role in monogenic forms of autism characterized by misfolding mutations. PMID:26621873

Rehabilitation of faulty kinetic determinations and misassigned glycoside hydrolase family of retaining mechanism ß-xylosidases

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

We obtained Cx1 from a commercial supplier, whose catalog listed it as a ß-xylosidase of glycoside hydrolase family 43. NMR experiments indicate retention of anomeric configuration in its reaction stereochemistry, opposing the assignment of GH43, which follows an inverting mechanism. Partial protein...

An anion substitution route to low loss colossal dielectric CaCu{sub 3}Ti{sub 4}O{sub 12}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Smith, Andrew E.; Calvarese, T.G.; Sleight, A.W.

2009-02-15

An anion substitution route was utilized for lowering the dielectric loss in CaCu{sub 3}Ti{sub 4}O{sub 12} (CCTO) by partial replacement of oxygen by fluorine. This substitution reduced the dielectric loss, and retained a high dielectric constant that was essentially temperature independent from 25 to 200 deg. C. In particular, CaCu{sub 3}Ti{sub 4}O{sub 11.7}F{sub 0.3} exhibited a giant dielectric constant over 6000 and low dielectric loss below 0.075 at 100 kHz within a temperature range of 25-200 deg. C. Fluorine analysis confirmed the presence of fluorine in all samples measured. - Grapical Abstract: An anion substitution route was utilized for loweringmore » the dielectric loss in CaCu{sub 3}Ti{sub 4}O{sub 12} (CCTO) by partial replacement of oxygen by fluorine. This substitution, confirmed by fluorine analysis, reduced tan {delta}, and retained a high dielectric constant that was essentially temperature independent from 25 to 200 deg. C at 100 kHz.« less

Cul3-mediated Nrf2 ubiquitination and antioxidant response element (ARE) activation are dependent on the partial molar volume at position 151 of Keap1.

PubMed

Eggler, Aimee L; Small, Evan; Hannink, Mark; Mesecar, Andrew D

2009-07-29

Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) is a transcription factor that activates transcription of a battery of cytoprotective genes by binding to the ARE (antioxidant response element). Nrf2 is repressed by the cysteine-rich Keap1 (kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1) protein, which targets Nrf2 for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by a Cul3 (cullin 3)-mediated ubiquitination complex. We find that modification of Cys(151) of human Keap1, by mutation to a tryptophan, relieves the repression by Keap1 and allows activation of the ARE by Nrf2. The Keap1 C151W substitution has a decreased affinity for Cul3, and can no longer serve to target Nrf2 for ubiquitination, though it retains its affinity for Nrf2. A series of 12 mutant Keap1 proteins, each containing a different residue at position 151, was constructed to explore the chemistry required for this effect. The series reveals that the extent to which Keap1 loses the ability to target Nrf2 for degradation, and hence the ability to repress ARE activation, correlates well with the partial molar volume of the residue. Other physico-chemical properties do not appear to contribute significantly to the effect. Based on this finding, a structural model is proposed whereby large residues at position 151 cause steric clashes that lead to alteration of the Keap1-Cul3 interaction. This model has significant implications for how electrophiles which modify Cys(151), disrupt the repressive function of Keap1.

Properties of a Bacteriocin Produced by Bacillus subtilis EMD4 Isolated from Ganjang (Soy Sauce).

PubMed

Liu, Xiaoming; Lee, Jae Yong; Jeong, Seon-Ju; Cho, Kye Man; Kim, Gyoung Min; Shin, Jung-Hye; Kim, Jong-Sang; Kim, Jeong Hwan

2015-09-01

A Bacillus species, EMD4, with strong antibacterial activity was isolated from ganjang (soy sauce) and identified as B. subtilis. B. subtilis EMD4 strongly inhibited the growth of B. cereus ATCC14579 and B. thuringiensis ATCC33679. The antibacterial activity was stable at pH 3-9 but inactive at pH 10 and above. The activity was fully retained after 15 min at 80°C but reduced by 50% after 15 min at 90°C. The activity was completely destroyed by proteinase K and protease treatment, indicating its proteinaceous nature. The bacteriocin (BacEMD4) was partially purified from culture supernatant by ammonium sulfate precipitation, and QSepharose and Sephadex G-50 column chromatographies. The specific activity was increased from 769.2 AU/mg protein to 8,347.8 AU/mg protein and the final yield was 12.6%. The size of BacEMD4 was determined to be 3.5 kDa by Tricine SDS-PAGE. The N-terminal amino acid sequence was similar with that of Subtilosin A. Nucleotide sequencing of the cloned gene confirmed that BacEMD4 was Subtilosin A. BacEMD4 showed bactericidal activity against B. cereus ATCC14579.

The failure rate of adhesively retained composite core build-ups in comparison with metal-added glass ionomer core build-ups.

PubMed

Stober, Thomas; Rammelsberg, P

2005-01-01

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of two adhesively retained composite core materials and compare them with a metal-added glass ionomer. The main objective evaluated was total or partial loss of build-ups during the treatment prior to crown cementation. In 187 patients, 315 vital and non-vital teeth were built up after randomisation with either Rebilda D (RD), Rebilda SC (RSC) or Ketac Silver Aplicap (KSA). The composites were applied in the total-etch-technique with the corresponding dentin bonding agent. The metal-added glass ionomer was used with a conditioner. One group of patients was treated by experienced dentists, the other by dental students, in order to evaluate the effects of different levels of experience. Data were analysed using Mann-Whitney-U-Test and binomial logistic regression. The early failure rate (partial or total loss) of core build-ups before crown cementation was significantly higher for KSA (28.8%), as compared to RSC (15.3%, p=0.037) and RD (15%, p=0.025). Most failures were observed during the removal of the temporary crowns. The rate of replacements was between 3.0 (RD/dentists) and 20.4% (KSA/students). Furthermore, we found that build-ups made by students had a significantly higher risk of loss than those made by dentists (p=0.028). Adhesively retained self-curing composites show a better clinical short-term performance and can be recommended as core build-up materials.

Evaluation of the Effect of Axial Wall Modification and Coping Design on the Retention of Cement-retained Implant-supported Crowns

PubMed Central

Derafshi, Reza; Ahangari, Ahmad Hasan; Torabi, Kianoosh; Farzin, Mitra

2015-01-01

Background and aims. Because of compromised angulations of implants, the abutments are sometimes prepared. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of removing one wall of the implant abutment on the retention of cement-retained crowns. Materials and methods. Four prefabricated abutments were attached to analogues and embedded in acrylic resin blocks. The first abutment was left intact. Axial walls were partially removed from the remaining abutments to produce abutments with three walls. The screw access channel for the first and second abutments were completely filled with composite resin. For the third and fourth abutments, only partial filling was done. Wax-up models were made by CAD/CAM. Ten cast copings were fabricated for each abutment. The copings of fourth abutment had an extension into the screw access channel. Copings were cemented with Temp Bond. The castings were removed from the abutment using an Instron machine, and the peak removal force was recorded. A one-way ANOVA was used to test for a significant difference followed by the pairwise comparisons. Results. The abutments with opened screw access channel had a significantly higher retention than the two other abutments. The abutment with removed wall and no engagement into the hole by the castings exhibited the highest retention. Conclusion. Preserving the opening of screw access channel significantly increases the retention where one of the axial walls of implant abutments for cement-retained restorations is removed during preparation. PMID:25973152

Pharmacological and Toxicological Effects of Synthetic Cannabinoids and Their Metabolites

PubMed Central

Tai, Sherrica

2017-01-01

Commercial preparations containing synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) are rapidly emerging as drugs of abuse. Although often assumed to be “safe” and “legal” alternatives to cannabis, reports indicate that SCBs induce toxicity not often associated with the primary psychoactive component of marijuana, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). This chapter will summarize the evidence that use of SCBs poses greater health risks relative to marijuana and suggest that distinct pharmacological properties and metabolism of SCBs relative to Δ9-THC may contribute to this increased toxicity. Studies reviewed will indicate that in contrast to partial agonist properties of Δ9-THC typically observed in vitro, SCBs act as full CB1 and CB2 receptor agonists both in cellular assays and animal studies. Furthermore, unlike Δ9-THC metabolism, several SCB metabolites retain high affinity for and exhibit a range of intrinsic activities at CB1 and CB2 receptors. Finally, the potential for SCBs to cause adverse drug–drug interactions with other drugs of abuse, as well as with common therapeutic agents, will be discussed. Collectively, the evidence provided in this chapter indicates that SCBs should not be considered safe and legal alternatives to marijuana. Instead, the enhanced toxicity of SCBs relative to marijuana, perhaps resulting from the combined actions of a complex mixture of different SCBs present and their active metabolites that retain high affinity for CB1 and CB2 receptors, highlights the inherent danger that may accompany use of these substances. PMID:28012093

Regulation of the yeast triacylglycerol lipases Tgl4p and Tgl5p by the presence/absence of nonpolar lipids

PubMed Central

Klein, Isabella; Klug, Lisa; Schmidt, Claudia; Zandl, Martina; Korber, Martina; Daum, Günther; Athenstaedt, Karin

2016-01-01

Tgl3p, Tgl4p, and Tgl5p are the major triacylglycerol lipases of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Recently we demonstrated that properties of Tgl3p are regulated by the formation of nonpolar lipids. The present study extends these investigations to the two other yeast triacylglycerol lipases, Tgl4p and Tgl5p. We show that Tgl4p and Tgl5p, which are localized to lipid droplets in wild type, are partially retained in the endoplasmic reticulum in cells lacking triacylglycerols and localize exclusively to the endoplasmic reticulum in a mutant devoid of lipid droplets. In cells lacking steryl esters, the subcellular distribution of Tgl4p and Tgl5p is unaffected, but Tgl5p becomes unstable, whereas the stability of Tgl4p increases. In cells lacking nonpolar lipids, Tgl4p and Tgl5p lose their lipolytic activity but retain their side activity as lysophospholipid acyltransferases. To investigate the regulatory network of yeast triacylglycerol lipases in more detail, we also examined properties of Tgl3p, Tgl4p, and Tgl5p, respectively, in the absence of the other lipases. Surprisingly, lack of two lipases did not affect expression, localization, and stability of the remaining Tgl protein. These results suggest that Tgl3p, Tgl4p, and Tgl5p, although they exhibit similar functions, act as independent entities. PMID:27170177

Folding pathway of the pyridoxal 5′-phosphate C-S lyase MalY from Escherichia coli

PubMed Central

2005-01-01

MalY from Escherichia coli is a bifunctional dimeric PLP (pyridoxal 5′-phosphate) enzyme acting as a β-cystathionase and as a repressor of the maltose system. The spectroscopic and molecular properties of the holoenzyme, in the untreated and NaBH4-treated forms, and of the apoenzyme have been elucidated. A systematic study of the urea-induced unfolding of MalY has been monitored by gel filtration, cross-linking, ANS (8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulphonic acid) binding and by visible, near- and far-UV CD, fluorescence and NMR spectroscopies under equilibrium conditions. Unfolding proceeds in at least three stages. The first transition, occurring between 0 and 1 M urea, gives rise to a partially active dimeric species that binds PLP. The second equilibrium transition involving dimer dissociation, release of PLP and loss of lyase activity leads to the formation of a monomeric equilibrium intermediate. It is a partially unfolded molecule that retains most of the native-state secondary structure, binds significant amounts of ANS (a probe for exposed hydrophobic surfaces) and tends to self-associate. The self-associated aggregates predominate at urea concentrations of 2–4 M for holoMalY. The third step represents the complete unfolding of the enzyme. These results when compared with the urea-induced unfolding profiles of apoMalY and NaBH4-reduced holoenzyme suggest that the coenzyme group attached to the active-site lysine residue increases the stability of the dimeric enzyme. Both holo- and apo-MalY could be successfully refolded into the active enzyme with an 85% yield. Further refolding studies suggest that large misfolded soluble aggregates that cannot be refolded could be responsible for the incomplete re-activation. PMID:15823094

SPECT/CT localization of oral radioiodine activity: a retrospective study and in-vitro assessment

PubMed Central

Burlison, Jared S.; Hartshorne, Michael F.; Voda, Alan M.; Cocks, Franklin H.

2013-01-01

Purpose We sought to further localize radioiodine activity in the mouth on post-thyroid cancer therapy imaging using single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT). Materials and methods We retrospectively reviewed all patients (58) who underwent thyroid cancer therapy with iodine-131 (131I) at our institution from August 2009 to March 2011 whose post-therapy radioiodine imaging included neck SPECT/CT. A small group (six) of diagnostic 123I scans including SPECT/CT was also reviewed. Separately, we performed in-vitro 131I (sodium iodide) binding assays with amalgam and Argenco HP 77 (77% dental gold alloy) as proof of principle for these interactions. Results Of the 58 post-therapy patients, 45 (78%) had undergone metallic dental restorations, and of them 41 (91%) demonstrated oral 131I activity localizing preferentially to those restorations. It was observed that radioiodine also localized to other dental restorations and to orthodontic hardware. Gum-line activity in edentulous patients suggests radioiodine interaction with denture adhesive. In vitro, dental amalgam and Argenco HP 77 bound 131I in a time-dependent manner over 1–16 days of exposure. Despite subsequent washings with normal saline, significant 131I activity (maximally 12% for amalgam and 68% for Argenco HP 77) was retained by these metals. Subsequent soaking in a saturated solution of potassium iodide partially displaced 131I from amalgam, with near-total displacement of 131I from Argenco HP 77. Conclusion SPECT/CT shows that radioiodine in the oral cavity localizes to metallic dental restorations. Furthermore, in-vitro studies demonstrate partially reversible binding of 131I to common dental metals. PMID:24128897

Case Presentation of Two Maxillectomy Patients Restored with Two-piece Hollow Bulb Obturator Retained using Two Different Types of Magnets.

PubMed

Parameswari, B Devi; Rajakumar, M; Jagadesaan, N; Annapoorni, H

2017-11-01

Palatal defect can be repaired by reconstructive surgery and/or a dental prosthesis. We present prosthodontic rehabilitation of two partially edentulous patients, both with surgically induced palatal defect and explains how to achieve the goal for esthetics and phonetics. This also describes the fabrication of a hollow obturator by two piece method, which is simple and may be used as definitive obturator for maximum comfort of the patient. In both the above cases, since the mouth opening is restricted due to surgery, obturator prosthesis is given as two pieces retained with opposite poles of magnet, which facilitates the removal and insertion of the prosthesis.

[Three-dimensional finite element stress distribution and displacement analysis of alveolar ridge retained by conical telescope].

PubMed

Lin, Ying-he; Man, Yi; Liang, Xing; Qu, Yi-li; Lu, Xuan

2004-11-01

To study the stress distribution and displacement of edentulous alveolar ridge of removable partial denture which is retained by using conical telescope. An ideal three dimensional finite element model was constructed by using SCT image reconstruction technique, self-programming and ANSYS software. The static load was applied. The stress and displacement characteristics of these different types of materials which form the metal part of the conical telescope were compared and analyzed. Generally, the four materials produced almost the same stress and displacement at the site of the edentulous alveolar ridge. From the viewpoint of dynamics, the application of different materials in making the metal part of conical telescope is feasible.

Melanocortin tetrapeptide Ac-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-NH2 modified at the para position of the benzyl side chain (DPhe): importance for mouse melanocortin-3 receptor agonist versus antagonist activity.

PubMed

Proneth, Bettina; Pogozheva, Irina D; Portillo, Federico P; Mosberg, Henry I; Haskell-Luevano, Carrie

2008-09-25

The melanocortin-3 and -4 receptors (MC3R, MC4R) have been implicated in energy homeostasis and obesity. Whereas the physiological role of the MC4R is extensively studied, little is known about the MC3R. One caveat is the limited availability of ligands that are selective for the MC3R. Previous studies identified Ac-His-DPhe(p-I)-Arg-Trp-NH 2, which possessed partial agonist/antagonist pharmacology at the mMC3R while retaining full nanomolar agonist pharmacology at the mMC4R. These data allowed for the hypothesis that the DPhe position in melanocortin tetrapeptides can be used to examine ligand side-chain determinants important for differentiation of mMC3R agonist versus antagonist activity. A series of 15 DPhe (7) modified Ac-His-DPhe (7)-Arg-Trp-NH 2 tetrapeptides has been synthesized and pharmacologically characterized. Most notable results include the identification of modifications that resulted in potent antagonists/partial agonists at the mMC3R and full, potent agonists at the mMC4R. These SAR studies provide experimental evidence that the molecular mechanism of antagonism at the mMC3R differentiates this subtype from the mMC4R.

Melanocortin Tetrapeptide Ac-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-NH2 Modified at the Para Position of the Benzyl Side Chain (DPhe): Importance for Mouse Melanocortin-3 Receptor Agonist versus Antagonist Activity

PubMed Central

Proneth, Bettina; Pogozheva, Irina D.; Portillo, Federico P.; Mosberg, Henry I.; Haskell-Luevano, Carrie

2010-01-01

The melanocortin-3 and -4 receptors (MC3R, MC4R) have been implicated in energy homeostasis and obesity. Whereas the physiological role of the MC4R is extensively studied, little is known about the MC3R. One caveat is the limited availability of ligands that are selective for the MC3R. Previous studies identified Ac-His-DPhe(p-I)-Arg-Trp-NH2, which possessed partial agonist/antagonist pharmacology at the mMC3R while retaining full nanomolar agonist pharmacology at the mMC4R. These data allowed for the hypothesis that the DPhe position in melanocortin tetrapeptides can be used to examine ligand side-chain determinants important for differentiation of mMC3R agonist versus antagonist activity. A series of 15 DPhe7 modified Ac-His-DPhe7-Arg-Trp-NH2 tetrapeptides has been synthesized and pharmacologically characterized. Most notable results include the identification of modifications that resulted in potent antagonists/partial agonists at the mMC3R and full, potent agonists at the mMC4R. These SAR studies provide experimental evidence that the molecular mechanism of antagonism at the mMC3R differentiates this subtype from the mMC4R. PMID:18800761

Mitochondrial control of cell death induced by hyperosmotic stress.

PubMed

Criollo, Alfredo; Galluzzi, Lorenzo; Maiuri, M Chiara; Tasdemir, Ezgi; Lavandero, Sergio; Kroemer, Guido

2007-01-01

HeLa and HCT116 cells respond differentially to sorbitol, an osmolyte able to induce hypertonic stress. In these models, sorbitol promoted the phenotypic manifestations of early apoptosis followed by complete loss of viability in a time-, dose-, and cell type-specific fashion, by eliciting distinct yet partially overlapping molecular pathways. In HCT116 but not in HeLa cells, sorbitol caused the mitochondrial release of the caspase-independent death effector AIF, whereas in both cell lines cytochrome c was retained in mitochondria. Despite cytochrome c retention, HeLa cells exhibited the progressive activation of caspase-3, presumably due to the prior activation of caspase-8. Accordingly, caspase inhibition prevented sorbitol-induced killing in HeLa, but only partially in HCT116 cells. Both the knock-out of Bax in HCT116 cells and the knock-down of Bax in A549 cells by RNA interference reduced the AIF release and/or the mitochondrial alterations. While the knock-down of Bcl-2/Bcl-X(L) sensitized to sorbitol-induced killing, overexpression of a Bcl-2 variant that specifically localizes to mitochondria (but not of the wild-type nor of a endoplasmic reticulum-targeted form) strongly inhibited sorbitol effects. Thus, hyperosmotic stress kills cells by triggering different molecular pathways, which converge at mitochondria where pro- and anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family exert their control.

Expression of PRSS, the plasminogen activator system and its activity in the ovine placentome during Stage 2 of parturition

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The molecular mechanisms responsible for placenta separation are not completely understood. We know placentomes from cases of retained placenta possess limited matrix-metalloprotease (MMP) activity and retained placenta occurs at a greater incidence during induced parturition. The plasminogen activ...

Use of a magnetic attachment to retain an obturator prosthesis for an osseous defect.

PubMed

Kawamoto, Shin-ichiro; Hamamura, Syunichi; Kawahara, Hideki; Nishi, Yasuhiro; Nagaoka, Eiichi

2009-06-01

Tooth loss accompanied by a massive defect of the alveolar bone can cause serious problems such as food deposit and esthetic impairment. This report describes procedures for the fabrication of an osseous defect obturator prosthesis connected to a fixed partial denture by a magnetic attachment along with the clinical outcome.

Factor Retention in Exploratory Factor Analysis: A Comparison of Alternative Methods.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mumford, Karen R.; Ferron, John M.; Hines, Constance V.; Hogarty, Kristine Y.; Kromrey, Jeffery D.

This study compared the effectiveness of 10 methods of determining the number of factors to retain in exploratory common factor analysis. The 10 methods included the Kaiser rule and a modified Kaiser criterion, 3 variations of parallel analysis, 4 regression-based variations of the scree procedure, and the minimum average partial procedure. The…

Stability of endoglucanases from mesophilic fungus and thermophilic bacterium in acidified polyols.

PubMed

Chong, Barrie Fong; Harrison, Mark D; O'Hara, Ian M

2014-01-01

Recent developments in chemical pretreatments of lignocellulosic biomass using polyols as co-solvents (e.g., glycerol and ethylene glycol) at temperatures less than 100°C may allow the effective use of thermostable and non-thermostable cellulases in situ during the saccharification process. The potential of biomass saccharifying enzymes, endoglucanases (EG) from a thermophilic bacterium (Thermotoga maritima) and a mesophilic fungus (Trichoderma longibrachiatum), to retain their activity in aqueous buffer, acidified glycerol, and acidified ethylene glycol used as co-solvents at pretreatment temperatures at or below 100°C were examined. The results show that despite its origin, T. longibrachiatum EG (Tl-EG) retained 75% of its activity after exposure to 100°C for 5 min in aqueous buffer while T. maritima EG (Tm-EG) retained only 5% activity. However, at 90°C both enzymes retained over 87% of their activity. In acidified (0.1% (w/w) H2SO4) glycerol, Tl-EG retained similar activity (80%) to that obtained in glycerol alone, while Tm-EG retained only 35%. With acidified ethylene glycol under these conditions, both Tl-EG and Tm-EG retained 36% of their activity. The results therefore show that Tl-EG is more stable in both acidified glycerol and ethylene glycol than Tm-EG. A preliminary kinetic study showed that pure glycerol improved the thermal stability of Tl-EG but destabilized Tm-EG, relative to the buffer solution. The half-lives of both Tl-EG and Tm-EG are 4.5 min in acidified glycerol, indicating that the effectiveness of these enzymes under typical pretreatment times of greater than 15 min will be considerably diminished. Attempts have been made to explain the differences in the results obtained between the two enzymes. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Enhanced microbial adaptation to p-nitrophenol using activated sludge retained in porous carrier particles and simultaneous removal of nitrite released from degradation of p-nitrophenol.

PubMed

Xing, X H; Inoue, T; Tanji, Y; Unno, H

1999-01-01

In order to examine the microbial degradation of p-nitrophenol (PNP) by a mixed culture system and simultaneous removal of nitrite released via the degradation, an activated sludge retained in porous carrier particles and a suspension culture as a control were acclimated to artificial sewage containing PNP as the sole carbon source. The adaptation of microbes retained in porous carrier particles to PNP was faster than that of suspended microbes by more than 20 d. After microbial adaptation to PNP, it was degraded completely without significant accumulation of intermediate metabolites. The PNP degradation activity of the retained microbes was more than 2 times higher than that of the suspended microbes. By increasing the retained microbial concentration, nitrite released from the degraded PNP was removed by denitrification. This research demonstrates that using microbes retained in porous carrier particles is not only effective for reduction of acclimation time but also enables simultaneous removal of the nitrogen compounds resulting from the degradation of nitroaromatics.

Pake Prize: The Evolving Nature of Industrial Research

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Compton, W. Dale

2014-03-01

The support of basic research in the physical sciences expanded rather quickly in the late 1950s and into the 1960s stimulated, in part, by the successful contribution of the scientific effort to the Second World War. Many in industry took on the challenge of creating research activities that focused on basic research. Many of these activities slowed in the 1970s and 1980s because of events in the economy and the marketplace. The challenges confronting the industrial research complexes were many. Retaining the high standards of quality in the research organization, encouraging partial realignment of programs to be more supportive of product lines and the various pressures arising from legislative measures to increase product efficiencies while reducing unwanted pollutants into the atmosphere, to name a few. Some of the highlights of the past 50 years will be reviewed using automotive industry examples. There will be another talk from Paul Grant for the next 36 minutes. I do not have his abstract yet but it has been requested.

Monitoring the impact of an aspartic protease (MpAPr1) on grape proteins and wine properties.

PubMed

Theron, Louwrens Wiid; Bely, Marina; Divol, Benoit

2018-04-23

The perception of haze in wine is brought about when pathogenesis-related proteins become unstable and aggregate, subsequently resulting in crosslinking until it develops into light-dispersing particles. Elimination of these proteins is usually achieved via bentonite fining, which, although effective, suffers from several drawbacks. The utilization of proteases has been proposed as an ideal alternative. In a previous study, an aspartic protease (MpAPr1) from the yeast Metschnikowia pulcherrima was purified and shown to be partially active against grape proteins in synthetic medium. In this study, the effects of pure MpAPr1 supplemented to Sauvignon Blanc juice on subsequent fermentation were investigated. The juice was incubated for 48 h and thereafter inoculated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Results revealed that the enzyme had no observable effects on fermentation performance and retained activity throughout. Protein degradation could be detected and resulted in a significant modification of the wine composition and an increase in the presence of certain volatile compounds, especially those linked to amino acid metabolism.

FEM evaluation of cemented-retained versus screw-retained dental implant single-tooth crown prosthesis

PubMed Central

Cicciu, Marco; Bramanti, Ennio; Matacena, Giada; Guglielmino, Eugenio; Risitano, Giacomo

2014-01-01

Prosthetic rehabilitation of partial or total edentulous patients is today a challenge for clinicians and dental practitioners. The application of dental implants in order to recover areas of missing teeth is going to be a predictable technique, however some important points about the implant angulation, the stress distribution over the bone tissue and prosthetic components should be well investigated for having final long term clinical results. Two different system of the prosthesis fixation are commonly used. The screw retained crown and the cemented retained one. All of the two restoration techniques give to the clinicians several advantages and some disadvantages. Aim of this work is to evaluate all the mechanical features of each system, through engineering systems of investigations like FEM and Von Mises analyses. The FEM is today a useful tool for the prediction of stress effect upon material and biomaterial under load or strengths. Specifically three different area has been evaluated through this study: the dental crown with the bone interface; the passant screw connection area; the occlusal surface of the two different type of crown. The elastic features of the materials used in the study have been taken from recent literature data. Results revealed an adequate response for both type of prostheses, although cemented retained one showed better results over the occlusal area. PMID:24955150

The retained placenta.

PubMed

Weeks, Andrew D

2008-12-01

The incidence and importance of retained placenta (RP) varies greatly around the world. In less developed countries, it affects about 0.1% of deliveries but has up to 10% case fatality rate. In more developed countries, it is more common (about 3% of vaginal deliveries) but very rarely associated with mortality. There are three main types of retained placenta following the vagina delivery: placenta adherens (when there is failed contraction of the myometrium behind the placenta), trapped placenta (a detached placenta trapped behind a closed cervix) and partial accreta (when there is a small area of accreta preventing detachment). All can be treated by manual removal of placenta, which should be carried out at 30-60 minutes postpartum. Medical management is also an option for placenta adherens and trapped placenta. The need for manual removal can be reduced by 20% by the use of intraumbilical oxytocin (30 i.u. in 30 mL saline). A trapped placenta may respond to glyceryl trinitrate (500 mcg sublingually) or gentle, persistent, controlled cord traction.

Effects of riparian timber harvesting on instream habitat and fish assemblages in northern Minnesota streams

USGS Publications Warehouse

Chizinski, Christopher J.; Vondracek, Bruce C.; Blinn, Charles R.; Newman, Raymond M.; Atuke, Dickson M.; Fredricks, Keith; Hemstad, Nathaniel A.; Merten, Eric; Schlesser, Nicholas

2010-01-01

Relatively few evaluations of aquatic macroinvertebrate and fish communities have been published in peer-reviewed literature detailing the effect of varying residual basal area (RBA) after timber harvesting in riparian buffers. Our analysis investigated the effects of partial harvesting within riparian buffers on aquatic macroinvertebrate and fish communities in small streams from two experiments in northern Minnesota northern hardwood-aspen forests. Each experiment evaluated partial harvesting within riparian buffers. In both experiments, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish were collected 1 year prior to harvest and in each of 3 years after harvest. We observed interannual variation for the macroinvertebrate abundance, diversity and taxon richness in the single-basin study and abundance and diversity in the multiple-basin study, but few effects related to harvest treatments in either study. However, interannual variation was not evident in the fish communities and we detected no significant changes in the stream fish communities associated with partially harvested riparian buffers in either study. This would suggest that timber harvesting in riparian management zones along reaches ≤200 m in length on both sides of the stream that retains RBA ≥ 12.4 ± 1.3 m2 ha−1 or on a single side of the stream that retains RBA ≥ 8.7 ± 1.6 m2 ha−1 may be adequate to protect macroinvertebrate and fish communities in our Minnesota study systems given these specific timber harvesting techniques.

Functional analysis of Waardenburg syndrome-associated PAX3 and SOX10 mutations: report of a dominant-negative SOX10 mutation in Waardenburg syndrome type II.

PubMed

Zhang, Hua; Chen, Hongsheng; Luo, Hunjin; An, Jing; Sun, Lin; Mei, Lingyun; He, Chufeng; Jiang, Lu; Jiang, Wen; Xia, Kun; Li, Jia-Da; Feng, Yong

2012-03-01

Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is an auditory-pigmentary disorder resulting from melanocyte defects, with varying combinations of sensorineural hearing loss and abnormal pigmentation of the hair, skin, and inner ear. WS is classified into four subtypes (WS1-WS4) based on additional symptoms. PAX3 and SOX10 are two transcription factors that can activate the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a critical transcription factor for melanocyte development. Mutations of PAX3 are associated with WS1 and WS3, while mutations of SOX10 cause WS2 and WS4. Recently, we identified some novel WS-associated mutations in PAX3 and SOX10 in a cohort of Chinese WS patients. Here, we further identified an E248fsX30 SOX10 mutation in a family of WS2. We analyzed the subcellular distribution, expression and in vitro activity of two PAX3 mutations (p.H80D, p.H186fsX5) and four SOX10 mutations (p.E248fsX30, p.G37fsX58, p.G38fsX69 and p.R43X). Except H80D PAX3, which retained partial activity, the other mutants were unable to activate MITF promoter. The H80D PAX3 and E248fsX30 SOX10 were localized in the nucleus as wild type (WT) proteins, whereas the other mutant proteins were distributed in both cytoplasm and nucleus. Furthermore, E248fsX30 SOX10 protein retained the DNA-binding activity and showed dominant-negative effect on WT SOX10. However, E248fsX30 SOX10 protein seems to decay faster than the WT one, which may underlie the mild WS2 phenotype caused by this mutation.

Effects of cations on Helicobacter pylori urease activity, release, and stability.

PubMed Central

Pérez-Pérez, G I; Gower, C B; Blaser, M J

1994-01-01

The urease of Helicobacter pylori is an important antigen and appears critical for colonization and virulence. Several studies have indicated a superficial localization for the H. pylori urease, and the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cations on the release and stability of urease activity from H. pylori cells. Incubation of partially purified H. pylori urease in water containing 1, 5, or 10 mM Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, EDTA, or EGTA [ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid] had little effect on activity. In contrast, 1 mM Fe3+, Cu2+, Co2+, or Zn2+ substantially (> 80%) inhibited activity, and 10 mM Fe2+, Mn2+, and Ni2+ inhibited about 30% of the activity. Addition of Ca2+ or Mg2+ markedly decreased extraction of urease from intact H. pylori cells by water, but 1 mM Na+, K+, EGTA, or EDTA each had minimal effects on release, suggesting that divalent cations have a role in attachment of urease to H. pylori cells. The stability of enzymatic activity at 4 degrees C was enhanced by addition of glycerol or 2-mercaptoethanol; however, even after loss of activity, full antigenicity for human serum was retained. PMID:8262643

Evaluation of stress patterns produced by implant-retained overdentures and implant-retained fixed partial denture.

PubMed

Mazaro, José Vitor Quinelli; Filho, Humberto Gennari; Vedovatto, Eduardo; Pellizzer, Eduardo Piza; Rezende, Maria Cristina Rosifini Alves; Zavanelli, Adriana Cristina

2011-11-01

The purposes of this study were to photoelastically measure the biomechanical behavior of 4 implants retaining different cantilevered bar mandibular overdenture designs and to compare a fixed partial denture (FPD). A photoelastic model of a human edentulous mandible was fabricated, which contained 4 screw-type implants (3.75 × 10 mm) embedded in the parasymphyseal area. An FPD and 3 overdenture designs with the following attachments were evaluated: 3 plastic Hader clips, 1 Hader clip with 2 posterior resilient cap attachments, and 3 ball/O-ring attachments. Vertical occlusal forces of 100 N were applied between the central incisor and unilaterally to the right and left second premolars and second molars. Stresses that developed in the supporting structure were monitored photoelastically and recorded photographically. The results showed that the anterior loading, the overdenture with 3 plastic Hader clips, displayed the largest stress concentration at the medium implant. With premolar loading, the FPD and overdenture with 3 plastic Hader clips displayed the highest stresses to the ipsilateral terminal implant. With molar loading, the overdenture with 3 ball/O-ring attachments displayed the most uniform stress distribution in the posterior edentulous ridge, with less overloading in the terminal implant. It was concluded that vertical forces applied to the bar-clip overdenture and FPD created immediate stress patterns of greater magnitude and concentration on the ipsilateral implants, whereas the ball/O-ring attachments transferred minimal stress to the implants. The increased cantilever in the FPD caused the highest stresses to the terminal implant.

A prospective longitudinal study of the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder resulting from childbirth events.

PubMed

Alcorn, K L; O'Donovan, A; Patrick, J C; Creedy, D; Devilly, G J

2010-11-01

Childbirth has been linked to postpartum impairment. However, controversy exists regarding the onset and prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after childbirth, with seminal studies being limited by methodological issues. This longitudinal prospective study examined the prevalence of PTSD following childbirth in a large sample while controlling for pre-existing PTSD and affective symptomatology. Pregnant women in their third trimester were recruited over a 12-month period and interviewed to identify PTSD and anxiety and depressive symptoms during the last trimester of pregnancy, 4-6 weeks postpartum, 12 weeks postpartum and 24 weeks postpartum. Of the 1067 women approached, 933 were recruited into the study. In total, 866 (93%) were retained to 4-6 weeks, 826 (89%) were retained to 12 weeks and 776 (83%) were retained to 24 weeks. Results indicated that, uncontrolled, 3.6% of women met PTSD criteria at 4-6 weeks postpartum, 6.3% at 12 weeks postpartum and 5.8% at 24 weeks postpartum. When controlling for PTSD and partial PTSD due to previous traumatic events as well as clinically significant anxiety and depression during pregnancy, PTSD rates were less at 1.2% at 4-6 weeks, 3.1% at 12 weeks and 3.1% at 24 weeks postpartum. This is the first study to demonstrate the occurrence of full criteria PTSD resulting from childbirth after controlling for pre-existing PTSD and partial PTSD and clinically significant depression and anxiety in pregnancy. The findings indicate that PTSD can result from a traumatic birth experience, though this is not the normative response.

Residual densities affect growth of overstory trees and planted Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and western redcedar: results from the first decade

Treesearch

Leslie Chandler Brodie; Dean S. DeBell

2013-01-01

In recent years, interest has increased in silvicultural systems and harvest cuts that retain partial overstories, but there are few data available on the growth of the understory trees in such stands. We studied the response of overstory trees and underplanted seedlings, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), western hemlock (Tsuga...

Canopy arthropod response to density and distribution of green trees retained after partial harvest.

Treesearch

Timothy D. Schowalter; Yanli Zhang; Robert A. Progar

2005-01-01

We measured canopy arthropod responses to six contrasting green-tree retention treatments at six locations (blocks) in western Oregon and Washington as part of the Demonstration of Ecosystem Management Options (DEMO) study. Treatments were 100% retention (uncut), 75% retention with three 1-ha harvested gaps, 40% dispersed retention, 40% aggregated retention with five 1...

Comparison of multivariate analysis methods for extracting the paraffin component from the paraffin-embedded cancer tissue spectra for Raman imaging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meksiarun, Phiranuphon; Ishigaki, Mika; Huck-Pezzei, Verena A. C.; Huck, Christian W.; Wongravee, Kanet; Sato, Hidetoshi; Ozaki, Yukihiro

2017-03-01

This study aimed to extract the paraffin component from paraffin-embedded oral cancer tissue spectra using three multivariate analysis (MVA) methods; Independent Component Analysis (ICA), Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Independent Component - Partial Least Square (IC-PLS). The estimated paraffin components were used for removing the contribution of paraffin from the tissue spectra. These three methods were compared in terms of the efficiency of paraffin removal and the ability to retain the tissue information. It was found that ICA, PLS and IC-PLS could remove the paraffin component from the spectra at almost the same level while Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was incapable. In terms of retaining cancer tissue spectral integrity, effects of PLS and IC-PLS on the non-paraffin region were significantly less than that of ICA where cancer tissue spectral areas were deteriorated. The paraffin-removed spectra were used for constructing Raman images of oral cancer tissue and compared with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained tissues for verification. This study has demonstrated the capability of Raman spectroscopy together with multivariate analysis methods as a diagnostic tool for the paraffin-embedded tissue section.

Photoaffinity labeling and partial purification of the beta cell sulfonylurea receptor using a novel, biologically active glyburide analog

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aguilar-Bryan, L.; Nelson, D.A.; Vu, Q.A.

1990-05-15

An iodinated analog of the sulfonylurea, glyburide, has been synthesized which can be labeled to high specific activity and used to photolabel the sulfonylurea receptor. 5-Iodo-2-hydroxy-glyburide, has an iodo group replacing the chlorine at position 5 and a methoxy residue replacing the hydroxy group at position 2 on the benzamido ring. This analog retains biologic activity stimulating insulin secretion from a hamster beta cell line (HIT cells) at the same ED50 (0.4 nM) as glyburide. Scatchard analysis demonstrated high and low affinity binding sites on HIT cell membranes (Kd values of 0.36 nM and 277 nM and Bmax values ofmore » 1.6 and 100 pmol/mg of membrane protein, respectively). Competitive binding assays with unlabeled glyburide or 5-iodo-2-hydroxyglyburide yield Ki values of 0.5 and 1.0 nM, respectively. The analog can be covalently linked by ultraviolet irradiation to a membrane protein of Mr = 140,000. The photolabeling is completely blocked by unlabeled glyburide or the analog. Two other species of Mr = 65,000 and 43,000 are also photolabeled; these may be the low affinity sites. After photolabeling, the receptor has been purified partially by chromatographic procedures and is suitable for obtaining peptide sequence. The 140,000 molecular weight protein is identified as the sulfonylurea receptor since its binding constant, 0.36 nM, is closely correlated with its ability to stimulate insulin secretion (ED50 congruent to 0.4 nM).« less

Photochemoprotective effect of a fraction of a partially purified extract of Byrsonima crassifolia leaves against UVB-induced oxidative stress in fibroblasts and hairless mice.

PubMed

de Souza, Rebeca Oliveira; de Assis Dias Alves, Geórgia; Aguillera, Ana Luiza Scarano; Rogez, Hervé; Fonseca, Maria José Vieira

2018-01-01

Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation increases the risk of various skin disorders, leading to inflammation and oxidative stress and thereby increasing the risk of skin photoaging and carcinogenesis. The use of photochemoprotectors such as natural products with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties represents a strategy for preventing UVB-induced skin damage. We investigated the photochemoprotective effect of a fraction of a partially purified extract of Byrsonima crassifolia leaves (BCF) on fibroblasts and hairless mice exposed to UVB radiation. The mixture of phenolic compounds in BCF prevented the decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in fibroblast cultures induced by UVB radiation more than some of their individual standards ((+)-catechin (CAT), epigallocatechin gallate and quercetin 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside). Prepared gel formulations increased skin antioxidant activity, and BCF components and the CAT standard were retained in the HRS/J hairless mice epidermis 2h after application. Topical treatment with the BCF or CAT formulations (1%) significantly reduced the decrease in GSH levels and decreased myeloperoxidase activity and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 induced by UVB radiation (P<0.05), indicating that both BCF and CAT had anti-inflammatory effects. BCF inhibited UVB-induced metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 secretion/activity, whereas CAT had no effect on MMP-9 activity in the skin of treated animals. These results therefore suggest that BCF can be used as a photochemoprotective agent and antioxidant in the prevention/treatment of inflammation and oxidative stress of the skin induced by UVB radiation. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Expression and Purification of the Main Component Contained in Camel Milk and Its Antimicrobial Activities Against Bacterial Plant Pathogens.

PubMed

Tanhaeian, Abbas; Shahriari Ahmadi, Farajollah; Sekhavati, Mohammad Hadi; Mamarabadi, Mojtaba

2018-04-04

Lactoferrin is the most dominant protein in milk after casein. This protein plays a crucial role in many biological processes including the regulation of iron metabolism, induction and modulation of the immune system, the primary defense against microorganisms, inhibiting lipid peroxidation and presenting antimicrobial activity against various pathogens such as parasites, fungi, bacteria, and viruses. The major antimicrobial effect of lactoferrin is related to its N-terminal tail where different peptides for instance lactoferricin and lactoferrampin which are important for their antimicrobial abilities are present. The growth rate of bacterial cells in camel milk is lower than that of the cow milk due to having more antimicrobial compounds. In this study, we have fused a codon-optimized partial camel lactoferrcin and lactoferrampin DNA sequences in order to construct a fused peptide via a lysine. This chimeric 42-mer peptide consists of complete and partial amino acid sequence of camel lactoferrampin and lactoferricin, respectively. Human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK-293) cells were used for synthesizing this recombinant peptide. Finally, the antibacterial activities of this constructed peptide were investigated under in vitro condition. The result showed that, all construction, cloning and expression processes were successfully performed in HEK-293. One His-tag tail was added to the chimera in order to optimize the isolation and purification processes and also reduce the cost of production. Additionally, His-tag retained the antimicrobial activity of the chimera. The antimicrobial tests showed that the growth rate in the majority of bacterial plant pathogens, including gram negative and positive bacteria, was inhibited by recombinant chimera as the level of MIC values were evaluated between 0.39 and 25.07 μg/ml for different bacterial isolates.

Catalytic bioreactors and methods of using same

DOEpatents

Worden, Robert Mark; Liu, Yangmu Chloe

2017-07-25

Various embodiments provide a bioreactor for producing a bioproduct comprising one or more catalytically active zones located in a housing and adapted to keep two incompatible gaseous reactants separated when in a gas phase, wherein each of the one or more catalytically active zones may comprise a catalytic component retainer and a catalytic component retained within and/or thereon. Each of the catalytically active zones may additionally or alternatively comprise a liquid medium located on either side of the catalytic component retainer. Catalytic component may include a microbial cell culture located within and/or on the catalytic component retainer, a suspended catalytic component suspended in the liquid medium, or a combination thereof. Methods of using various embodiments of the bioreactor to produce a bioproduct, such as isobutanol, are also provided.

Longitudinal Improvement in Periodontal Parameters between RPD Abutment Teeth with Direct and Indirect Retainers, after Periodontal Therapy.

PubMed

Almeida, Mariana Linhares; Tôrres, Ana Clara Soares de Paiva; de Oliveira, Kleiton Clécio; Calderon, Patrícia Dos Santos; Carreiro, Adriana da Fonte Porto; Gurgel, Bruno César de Vasconcelos

2018-03-06

To evaluate the effect of basic periodontal treatment on clinical periodontal parameters associated with abutment teeth of patients with mandibular Kennedy class I removable partial dentures (RPD) 18 months after treatment. Thirty patients with periodontal disease were treated and evaluated according to the following periodontal parameters: visible plaque index (VPI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), gingival recession (GR), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and keratinized mucosa (KM). These parameters were compared between abutment teeth with direct and indirect retainers at baseline, and after 6 and 18 months. Data were analyzed by Friedman Test and Wilcoxon Test for all variables. Most patients (n = 26; 86.7%) included in the study were female and had a mean age of 61 years (±7.54). Results showed that VPI and BOP decreased over time, and that VPI values were higher in abutment teeth with direct retainers (p = 0.001). There was a reduction in PD after 6 months, which was maintained up to 18 months. In general, abutment teeth with direct retainers had significantly higher values for PD, GR, and CAL (p = 0.029). Data also indicated that the parameters for VPI, BOP, and PD improved; however, abutment teeth with direct retainers presented smaller improvements, compared with abutment teeth with indirect retainers, which presented significant improvements for almost all variables. Periodontal treatment and oral hygiene care of patients were adequate for maintenance of adequate periodontal conditions, regardless of the use of prostheses. © 2018 by the American College of Prosthodontists.

In vitro evaluation of reverse torque value of abutment screw and marginal opening in a screw- and cement-retained implant fixed partial denture design.

PubMed

Kim, Seok-Gyu; Park, Jae-Uk; Jeong, Jae-Heon; Bae, Chang; Bae, Tae-Soo; Chee, Winston

2009-01-01

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of implant prostheses retained by screws and cement (SCPs) by examining the reverse torque values (RTVs) of the abutment screws and the marginal openings of the implant prostheses. Two implants (3.8 x 13 mm; Camlog Biotechnologies) were embedded in an acrylic resin block 5 mm apart. Eighteen copies of this resin specimen were fabricated and randomly divided into two groups. Two-unit implant prostheses with two different designs-purely cement-retained implant prostheses (group 1) and SCPs (group 2)-were made out of type IV gold alloy and placed on the implants. After tightening to about 30 Ncm, the preloading RTVs of the abutment screws were measured. After retightening the abutment screws or cementing the prostheses, followed by cyclic loading, the postloading RTVs of the abutment screws were examined. Also, the marginal openings of the prostheses in the two groups were measured under a stereomicroscope. These measurements were compared statistically. The postloading RTVs and their differences from the preloading RTVs of the abutment screws demonstrated no significant differences between groups (P > .05). Group 2 prostheses showed significantly smaller marginal openings than group 1 prostheses (P < .05). The forces generated when torquing the abutment screw of the SCP did not cause more loosening of the abutment screws than the purely cement-retained implant prosthesis. The SCP showed better marginal adaptation of the cement-retained part than the purely cement-retained implant prosthesis, possibly as a result of the screw-retained abutment seating the restoration. Within the limitations of this in vitro test, the SCP showed no significant difference in RTV of the abutment screw and a smaller marginal gap compared to a purely cement-retained implant prosthesis.

Production and partial characterization of bioemulsifier from a chromium-resistant actinobacteria.

PubMed

Colin, Verónica Leticia; Pereira, Claudia Elizabeth; Villegas, Liliana Beatriz; Amoroso, Maria Julia; Abate, Carlos Mauricio

2013-01-01

Surface-active compounds such as synthetic emulsifiers have been used for several decades, both for the degradation of hydrocarbons and increasing desorption of soil-bound metals. However, due to their high toxicity, low degradability, and production costs unaffordable for use in larger ecosystems, synthetic emulsifiers have been gradually replaced by those derived from natural sources such as plants or microbes. In previous studies, the bacterium Streptomyces sp. MC1 has shown the ability to reduce and/or accumulate Cr(VI), a highly promising advance in the development of methods for environmental clean-up of sites contaminated with chromium. Here, new studies on the production of emulsifier from this strain are presented. The cultivation factors that have a significant influence on emulsifier biosynthesis, as well as the interactions among them, were studied by factorial design. Based upon optimization studies, maximum bioemulsifier production was detected in the culture medium having an initial pH of 8 with phosphate 2.0 g L(-1) and Ca(+2) 1.0 g L(-1) added, with an emulsification index about 3.5 times greater compared to the basal value. Interestingly, in the presence of 5.0 g L(-1) Cr(VI), Streptomyces sp. MC1 retained about 65% of its emulsifier production ability. Partially purified emulsifier presented high thermo-stability and partial water solubility. These findings could have promising future prospects for the remediation of organic- and metal-contaminated sites. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Turnover Among Air Force Nurses.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-03-01

Statistics. - The U. S. Air Force Institute of Technology, Civilian Institutions , Allied Health Branch, for their assistance and partial financial support...The University of Utah, Computer Center, for their financial support and use of computer equipment used in the statistical analysis. xiv The following...retain the nurses currently employed (Decker, et al., 19S2; Weisman, 1982). White (1980) concludes that nursina staff is a considerable [ financial

UCS protein Rng3p activates actin filament gliding by fission yeast myosin-II

PubMed Central

Lord, Matthew; Pollard, Thomas D.

2004-01-01

We purified native Myo2p/Cdc4p/Rlc1p (Myo2), the myosin-II motor required for cytokinesis by Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The Myo2p heavy chain associates with two light chains, Cdc4p and Rlc1p. Although crude Myo2 supported gliding motility of actin filaments in vitro, purified Myo2 lacked this activity in spite of retaining full Ca-ATPase activity and partial actin-activated Mg-ATPase activity. Unc45-/Cro1p-/She4p-related (UCS) protein Rng3p restored the full motility and actin-activated Mg-ATPase activity of purified Myo2. The COOH-terminal UCS domain of Rng3p alone restored motility to pure Myo2. Thus, Rng3p contributes directly to the motility activity of native Myo2. Consistent with a role in Myo2 activation, Rng3p colocalizes with Myo2p in the cytokinetic contractile ring. The absence of Rlc1p or mutations in the Myo2p head or Rng3p compromise the in vitro motility of Myo2 and explain the defects in cytokinesis associated with some of these mutations. In contrast, Myo2 with certain temperature-sensitive forms of Cdc4p has normal motility, so these mutations compromise other functions of Cdc4p required for cytokinesis. PMID:15504913

Partially transformed, anchorage-independent human diploid fibroblasts result from overexpression of the c-sis oncogene: Mitogenic activity of an apparent monomeric platelet-derived growth factor 2 species

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stevens, C.W.; Brondyk, W.H.; Burgess, J.A.

1988-05-01

A human c-sis cDNA in an expression vector was introduced into human diploid fibroblasts by transfection or electroporation. Fibroblast clones showing an aberrant, densely packed colony morphology were isolated and found to overexpress a 3.6-kilobase sis mRNA species and associated immunoprecipitable platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) 2 proteins. Parallel analyses in cell clones of sis mRNA expression and colony formation in agar indicated that, above a threshold, a linear, positive correlation existed between sis overexpression and acquired anchorage independence. The sis-overexpressing cells formed transient, regressing tumor nodules when injected into nude mice, consistent with the finite life span which they retained.more » Protein products generated from the transfected c-sis construct in two overexpressing clones were immunoprecipitated with anti-human PDGF antibodies. One clone contained an apparent PDGF dimer of 21 kilodaltons; the second clone contained only on apparent PDGF monomer of 12 kilodaltons, which was shown to account for all of the mitogenic activity present in the cells, essentially all of which was concentrated in the membrane fraction. The results demonstrate a clear link between sis overexpression and acquisition of a partially transformed, anchorage-independent phenotype, and when combined with previous observations of sis overexpression in human tumors, clearly implicate sis overexpression as a genetic mechanism which contributes to human cell transformation.« less

In-Source Fragmentation and the Sources of Partially Tryptic Peptides in Shotgun Proteomics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kim, Jong-Seo; Monroe, Matthew E.; Camp, David G.

2013-02-01

Partially tryptic peptides are often identified in shotgun proteomics using trypsin as the proteolytic enzyme; however, it has been controversial regarding the sources of such partially tryptic peptides. Herein we investigate the impact of in-source fragmentation on shotgun proteomics using three biological samples, including a standard protein mixture, a mouse brain tissue homogenate, and a mouse plasma sample. Since the in-source fragments of a peptide retain the same elution time with its parent fully tryptic peptide, the partially tryptic peptides from in-source fragmentation can be distinguished from the other partially tryptic peptides by plotting the observed retention times against themore » computationally predicted retention times. Most partially tryptic in-source fragmentation artifacts were misaligned from the linear distribution of fully tryptic peptides. The impact of in-source fragmentation on peptide identifications was clearly significant in a less complex sample such as a standard protein digest, where ~60 % of unique peptides were observed as partially tryptic peptides from in-source fragmentation. In mouse brain or mouse plasma samples, in-source fragmentation contributed to 1-3 % of all identified peptides. The other major source of partially tryptic peptides in complex biological samples is presumably proteolytic processing by endogenous proteases in the samples. By filtering out the in-source fragmentation artifacts from the identified partially tryptic or non-tryptic peptides, it is possible to directly survey in-vivo proteolytic processing in biological samples such as blood plasma.« less

75 FR 15421 - Proposed Agency Information Collection

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-29

... the status of activities, project progress, jobs created and retained, spend rates and performance... information that DOE is developing to collect data on the status of activities, project progress, jobs created and retained, spend rates and performance metrics under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of...

Electrochemical and Structural Study of a Chemically Dealloyed PtCu Oxygen Reduction Catalyst

PubMed Central

Dutta, Indrajit; Carpenter, Michael K; Balogh, Michael P; Ziegelbauer, Joseph M; Moylan, Thomas E; Atwan, Mohammed H; Irish, Nicholas P

2013-01-01

A carbon-supported, dealloyed platinum-copper (Pt-Cu) oxygen reduction catalyst was prepared using a multi-step synthetic procedure. Material produced at each step was characterized using high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) mapping, x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and cyclic voltammetry (CV), and its oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity was measured by a thin-film rotating disk electrode (TF-RDE) technique. The initial synthetic step, a co-reduction of metal salts, produced a range of poorly crystalline Pt, Cu, and Pt-Cu alloy nanoparticles that nevertheless exhibited good ORR activity. Annealing this material alloyed the metals and increased particle size and crystallinity. TEM shows the annealed catalyst to include particles of various sizes, large (>25 nm), medium (12–25 nm), and small (<12 nm). Most of the small and medium-sized particles exhibited a partial or complete coreshell (Cu-rich core and Pt shell) structure with the smaller particles typically having more complete shells. The appearance of Pt shells after annealing indicates that they are formed by a thermal diffusion mechanism. Although the specific activity of the catalyst material was more than doubled by annealing, the concomitant decrease in Pt surface area resulted in a drop in its mass activity. Subsequent dealloying of the catalyst by acid treatment to partially remove the copper increased the Pt surface area by changing the morphology of the large and some medium particles to a “Swiss cheese” type structure having many voids. The smaller particles retained their core-shell structure. The specific activity of the catalyst material was little reduced by dealloying, but its mass activity was more than doubled due to the increase in surface area. The possible origins of these results are discussed in this report. PMID:23807900

Designing cobalt chromium removable partial dentures for patients with shortened dental arches: a pilot survey.

PubMed

Nassani, M Z; Devlin, H; Tarakji, B; McCord, J F

2011-08-01

The aim of this survey was to investigate the quality of prescription for the fabrication of cobalt chromium removable partial dentures (RPDs) that are used to extend the shortened dental arches (SDAs). A survey of four commercial dental laboratories located in northern England was conducted. The target of this survey was cobalt chromium RPDs that were requested to restore SDAs comprising the anterior teeth and 2-4 premolars. Dentists' prescriptions were scrutinised, and a special data collection form was completed accordingly. A total of 94 dentists' prescriptions and associated SDA casts were examined. Almost all the requested cobalt chromium RPDs were clasp-retained RPDs (97%). Scrutinising the 91 prescriptions for clasp-retained cobalt chromium RPDs showed that dentists' prescriptions did not have any instructions about the design of the partial denture in a considerable proportion of the cases (32%). Teeth to be clasped were identified clearly in 45% of the prescriptions. A majority of the dentists (64%) failed to provide any instructions about the design of the rests to be placed on the most posterior premolar abutment teeth. A considerable proportion of the dentists delegated the task of selecting the type of the major connector to the dental technician (41%). Only 21 (23%) of the examined casts had clearly defined rest seat preparation. The outcome of this pilot survey shows inadequate quality of prescription in designing RPDs for patients with SDAs. This finding has an ethical and clinical bearing and does not fit with current legal guidelines relevant to designing RPDs. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Testing a Longitudinal Integrated Self-Efficacy and Self-Determination Theory Model for Physical Activity Post-Cardiac Rehabilitation

PubMed Central

Sweet, Shane N.; Fortier, Michelle S.; Strachan, Shaelyn M.; Blanchard, Chris M.; Boulay, Pierre

2014-01-01

Self-determination theory and self-efficacy theory are prominent theories in the physical activity literature, and studies have begun integrating their concepts. Sweet, Fortier, Strachan and Blanchard (2012) have integrated these two theories in a cross-sectional study. Therefore, this study sought to test a longitudinal integrated model to predict physical activity at the end of a 4-month cardiac rehabilitation program based on theory, research and Sweet et al.’s cross-sectional model. Participants from two cardiac rehabilitation programs (N=109) answered validated self-report questionnaires at baseline, two and four months. Data were analyzed using Amos to assess the path analysis and model fit. Prior to integration, perceived competence and self-efficacy were combined, and labeled as confidence. After controlling for 2-month physical activity and cardiac rehabilitation site, no motivational variables significantly predicted residual change in 4-month physical activity. Although confidence at two months did not predict residual change in 4-month physical activity, it had a strong positive relationship with 2-month physical activity (β=0.30, P<0.001). The overall model retained good fit indices. In conclusion, results diverged from theoretical predictions of physical activity, but self-determination and self-efficacy theory were still partially supported. Because the model had good fit, this study demonstrated that theoretical integration is feasible. PMID:26973926

Arsenite-induced ROS/RNS generation causes zinc loss and inhibits the activity of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1.

PubMed

Wang, Feng; Zhou, Xixi; Liu, Wenlan; Sun, Xi; Chen, Chen; Hudson, Laurie G; Jian Liu, Ke

2013-08-01

Arsenic enhances the genotoxicity of other carcinogenic agents such as ultraviolet radiation and benzo[a]pyrene. Recent reports suggest that inhibition of DNA repair is an important aspect of arsenic cocarcinogenesis, and DNA repair proteins such as poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1 are direct molecular targets of arsenic. Although arsenic has been shown to generate reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), little is known about the role of arsenic-induced ROS/RNS in the mechanism underlying arsenic inhibition of DNA repair. We report herein that arsenite-generated ROS/RNS inhibits PARP-1 activity in cells. Cellular exposure to arsenite, as well as hydrogen peroxide and NONOate (nitric oxide donor), decreased PARP-1 zinc content, enzymatic activity, and PARP-1 DNA binding. Furthermore, the effects of arsenite on PARP-1 activity, DNA binding, and zinc content were partially reversed by the antioxidant ascorbic acid, catalase, and the NOS inhibitor, aminoguanidine. Most importantly, arsenite incubation with purified PARP-1 protein in vitro did not alter PARP-1 activity or DNA-binding ability, whereas hydrogen peroxide or NONOate retained PARP-1 inhibitory activity. These results strongly suggest that cellular generation of ROS/RNS plays an important role in arsenite inhibition of PARP-1 activity, leading to the loss of PARP-1 DNA-binding ability and enzymatic activity. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Binding of [51Cr]ethylenediaminetetraacetate to proteins of human plasma.

PubMed Central

Babiker, M M

1986-01-01

Binding of [51Cr]EDTA to human plasma proteins was investigated using chemical and chromatographic techniques of separation of the proteins and protein fractions. Total plasma proteins isolated with ethanol retained 12.95 +/- 0.46% of the initial plasma activity. Proteins separated by other precipitants retained about 16% of the initial radioactivity. Globulins exhibited the highest binding capacity for [51Cr]EDTA and retained about 11.7% of the initial plasma activity following chromatographic separation. This value represents about 70% of the radioactivity bound by the total proteins of the plasma. gamma-Globulins contributed most of the binding attributed to the globulins and retained about 8.7% of the initial [51Cr]EDTA activity. The repeatedly reported underestimation of the renal glomerular filtration rate when estimated as the clearance of [51Cr]EDTA could be adequately accounted for by the extent of binding of this marker to the plasma proteins. PMID:2427701

Exoplanets, extremophiles and habitability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Janot Pacheco, E.; Bernardes, L.

2012-09-01

Estimates of the average surface temperature and CO2 partial atmospheric pressure of already discovered exoplanets supposed to be in their Habitable Zone of their stars were surveyed from the Exoplanet Encyclopedia database. Moreover, since planetary surface temperature strongly depends on its albedo and geodynamic conditions, we have been feeding exoplanetary data into a comprehensive model of Earth's atmosphere to get better estimations. We also investigated the possible presence of "exomoons" belonging to giant planets capable of harbour dynamic stability and to retain atmospheric layers and keep geodynamic activity for long time spans. Collected information on biological data of micro-organisms classified as "extremophiles" indicate that such kind of microbial species could dwell in many of them. We thus propose an extension of the more astronomically defined "Habitable Zone" concept into the more astrobiologically "Extremophile Zone", taking into account other refined parameters allowing survival of more robust life forms.

Smad7 Regulates the Adult Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell Pool in a Transforming Growth Factor β- and Bone Morphogenetic Protein-Independent Manner▿

PubMed Central

Krampert, Monika; Chirasani, Sridhar Reddy; Wachs, Frank-Peter; Aigner, Robert; Bogdahn, Ulrich; Yingling, Jonathan M.; Heldin, Carl-Henrik; Aigner, Ludwig; Heuchel, Rainer

2010-01-01

Members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family of proteins modulate the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of many different cell types. Neural stem and progenitor cells (NPCs) in the adult brain are inhibited in their proliferation by TGF-β and by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Here, we investigated neurogenesis in a hypomorphic mouse model for the TGF-β and BMP inhibitor Smad7, with the hypothesis that NPC proliferation might be reduced due to increased TGF-β and BMP signaling. Unexpectedly, we found enhanced NPC proliferation as well as an increased number of label-retaining cells in vivo. The enhanced proliferation potential of mutant cells was retained in vitro in neurosphere cultures. We observed a higher sphere-forming capacity as well as faster growth and cell cycle progression. Use of specific inhibitors revealed that these effects were independent of TGF-β and BMP signaling. The enhanced proliferation might be at least partially mediated by elevated signaling via epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, as mutant cells showed higher expression and activation levels of the EGF receptor. Conversely, an EGF receptor inhibitor reduced the proliferation of these cells. Our data indicate that endogenous Smad7 regulates neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation in a TGF-β- and BMP-independent manner. PMID:20479122

Retained placenta: will medical treatment ever be possible?

PubMed

Akol, Achier D; Weeks, Andrew D

2016-05-01

The standard treatment for retained placenta is manual removal whatever its subtype (adherens, trapped or partial accreta). Although medical treatment should reduce the risk of anesthetic and surgical complications, they have not been found to be effective. This may be due to the contrasting uterotonic needs of the different underlying pathologies. In placenta adherens, oxytocics have been used to contract the retro-placental myometrium. However, if injected locally through the umbilical vein, they bypass the myometrium and perfuse directly into the venous system. Intravenous injection is an alternative but exacerbates a trapped placenta. Conversely, for trapped placentas, a relaxant could help by resolving cervical constriction, but would worsen the situation for placenta adherens. This confusion over medical treatment will continue unless we can find a way to diagnose the underlying pathology. This will allow us to stop treating the retained placenta as a single entity and to deliver targeted treatments. © 2016 The Authors. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Nordic Federation of Societies of Obstetrics and Gynecology (NFOG).

Laparoscopic partial vs total splenectomy in children with hereditary spherocytosis.

PubMed

Morinis, Julia; Dutta, Sanjeev; Blanchette, Victor; Butchart, Sheila; Langer, Jacob C

2008-09-01

Open partial splenectomy provides reversal of anemia and relief of symptomatic splenomegaly while theoretically retaining splenic immune function for hereditary spherocytosis. We recently developed a laparoscopic approach for partial splenectomy. The purpose of the present study is to compare the outcomes in a group of patients undergoing laparoscopic partial splenectomy (LPS) with those in a group of children undergoing laparoscopic total splenectomy (LTS) over the same period. Systematic chart review was conducted of all children with hereditary spherocytosis who had LTS or LPS from 2000 to 2006 at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. T tests were used for continuous data, and chi(2) for proportional data; P value of less than .05 was considered significant. There were 9 patients (14 males) in each group. Groups were similar in sex, age, concomitant cholecystectomy, and preoperative hospitalizations, transfusions, and spleen size. Estimated blood loss was greater in the LPS group (188 + 53 vs 67 + 17 mL; P = .02), but transfusion requirements were similar (1/9 vs 0/9). Complication rate was similar between groups. The LPS group had higher morphine use (4.1 + 0.6 vs 2.4 + 0.2 days; P = .03), greater time to oral intake (4.4 + 0.7 vs 2.0 + 0.2 days; P = .01), and longer hospital stay (6.3 + 1.0 vs 2.7 + 0.3 days; P = .005) than the LTS group. Nuclear scan 6 to 8 weeks postoperatively demonstrated residual perfused splenic tissue in all LPS patients. No completion splenectomy was necessary after a mean follow-up of 25 months. These data suggest that LPS is as effective as LTS for control of symptoms. However, LPS is associated with more pain, longer time to oral intake, and longer hospital stay. These disadvantages may be balanced by retained splenic immune function, but further studies are required to assess long-term splenic function in these patients.

In vitro investigation of marginal accuracy of implant-supported screw-retained partial dentures.

PubMed

Koke, U; Wolf, A; Lenz, P; Gilde, H

2004-05-01

Mismatch occurring during the fabrication of implant-supported dentures may induce stress to the peri-implant bone. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of two different alloys and the fabrication method on the marginal accuracy of cast partial dentures. Two laboratory implants were bonded into an aluminium block so that the distance between their longitudinal axes was 21 mm. Frameworks designed for screw-retained partial dentures were cast either with pure titanium (rematitan) or with a CoCr-alloy (remanium CD). Two groups of 10 frameworks were cast in a single piece. The first group was made of pure titanium, and the second group of a CoCr-alloy (remanium CD). A third group of 10 was cast in two pieces and then laser-welded onto a soldering model. This latter group was also made of the CoCr-alloy. All the frameworks were screwed to the original model with defined torque. Using light microscopy, marginal accuracy was determined by measuring vertical gaps at eight defined points around each implant. Titanium frameworks cast in a single piece demonstrated mean vertical gaps of 40 microm (s.d. = 11 microm) compared with 72 microm (s.d. = 40 microm) for CoCr-frameworks. These differences were not significant (U-test, P = 0.124) because of a considerable variation of the values for CoCr-frameworks (minimum: 8 microm and maximum: 216 microm). However, frameworks cast in two pieces and mated with a laser showed significantly better accuracy in comparison with the other experimental groups (mean: 17 microm +/- 6; P < 0.01). (i) The fit of implant-supported partial dentures cast with pure titanium in a single piece is preferable to that of those made with the CoCr-alloy and (ii) the highest accuracy can be achieved by using a two-piece casting technique combined with laser welding. Manufacturing the framework pieces separately and then welding them together provides the best marginal fit.

Engaging Élitism: The Mediating Effect of Work Engagement on Affective Commitment and Quit Intentions in Two Australian University Groups

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ferrer, Justine L.; Morris, Leanne

2013-01-01

Some universities rely on their élitism as one mechanism to attract and retain talented faculty. This paper examines two groups of élite and non-élite universities and the mediating effect that work engagement has on affective commitment and intention to quit. Findings indicate partial support for the mediating effect of work engagement in the…

Hematopoietic responses under protracted exposures to low daily dose gamma irradiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Seed, T. M.; Fritz, T. E.; Tolle, D. V.; Jackson, W. E.

In attempting to evaluate the possible health consequences of chronic ionizing radiation exposure during extended space travel (e.g., Mars Mission), ground-based experimental studies of the clinical and pathological responses of canines under low daily doses of 60Co gamma irradiation (0.3-26.3 cGy d -1) have been examined. Specific reference was given to responses of the blood forming system. Results suggest that the daily dose rate of 7.5 cGy d -1 represents a threshold below which the hematopoietic system can retain either partial or full trilineal cell-producing capacity (erythropoiesis, myelopoiesis, and megakaryopoiesis) for extended periods of exposure (> 1yr). Trilineal capacity was fully retained for several years of exposure at the lowest dose-rate tested (0.3 cGy d -1) but was completely lost within several hundred days at the highest dose-rate (26.3 cGy d -1). Retention of hematopoietic capacity under chronic exposure has been demonstrated to be mediated by hematopoietic progenitors with acquired radioresistance and repair functions, altered cytogenetics, and cell-cycle characteristics. Radiological, biological, and temporal parameters responsible for these vital acquisitions by hematopoietic progenitors have been partially characterized. These parameters, along with threshold responses, are described and discussed in relation to potential health risks of the space traveler under chronic stress of low-dose irradiation.

Influence of ridge inclination and implant localization on the association of mandibular Kennedy class I removable partial denture.

PubMed

Cunha, Lígia Del' Arco Pignatta; Pellizzer, Eduardo Piza; Verri, Fellippo Ramos; Falcón-Antenucci, Rosse Mary; Goiato, Marcelo Coelho

2011-05-01

The aim of this study was to evaluate the tendency of displacement of the supporting structures of the distal extension removable partial denture (DERPD) associated to the implant with different inclinations of alveolar ridge and implant localizations through a two-dimensional finite-element method. Sixteen mandibular models were fabricated, presenting horizontal, distally descending, distally ascending, or descending-ascending ridges. All models presented the left canine and were rehabilitated with conventional DERPD or implant-retained prosthesis with the ERA system. The models were obtained by the AutoCAD software and transferred to the finite-element software ANSYS 9.0 for analysis. A force of 50 N was applied on the cusp tips of the teeth, with 5 points of loading of 10 N. The results were visualized by displacement maps. For all ridge inclinations, the assembly of the DERPD with distal plate retained by an anterior implant exhibited the lowest requisition of the supporting structures. The highest tendency of displacement occurred in the model with distally ascending ridge with incisal rest. It was concluded that the association of the implant decreased the displacement of the DERPD, and the anterior positioning of the implant associated to the DERPD with the distal plate preserved the supporting structures for all ridges.

Maintaining ecosystem resilience: functional responses of tree cavity nesters to logging in temperate forests of the Americas.

PubMed

Ibarra, José Tomás; Martin, Michaela; Cockle, Kristina L; Martin, Kathy

2017-06-30

Logging often reduces taxonomic diversity in forest communities, but little is known about how this biodiversity loss affects the resilience of ecosystem functions. We examined how partial logging and clearcutting of temperate forests influenced functional diversity of birds that nest in tree cavities. We used point-counts in a before-after-control-impact design to examine the effects of logging on the value, range, and density of functional traits in bird communities in Canada (21 species) and Chile (16 species). Clearcutting, but not partial logging, reduced diversity in both systems. The effect was much more pronounced in Chile, where logging operations removed critical nesting resources (large decaying trees), than in Canada, where decaying aspen Populus tremuloides were retained on site. In Chile, logging was accompanied by declines in species richness, functional richness (amount of functional niche occupied by species), community-weighted body mass (average mass, weighted by species densities), and functional divergence (degree of maximization of divergence in occupied functional niche). In Canada, clearcutting did not affect species richness but nevertheless reduced functional richness and community-weighted body mass. Although some cavity-nesting birds can persist under intensive logging operations, their ecosystem functions may be severely compromised unless future nest trees can be retained on logged sites.

Comparison of Free and Immobilized L-asparaginase Synthesized by Gamma-Irradiated Penicillium cyclopium.

PubMed

El-Refai, Heba A; Shafei, Mona S; Mostafa, Hanan; El-Refai, Abdel-Monem H; Araby, Eman M; El-Beih, Fawkia M; Easa, Saadia M; Gomaa, Sanaa K

2016-01-01

Gamma irradiation is used on Penicillium cyclopium in order to obtain mutant cells of high L-asparaginase productivity. Using gamma irradiation dose of 4 KGy, P. cyclopium cells yielded L-asparaginase with extracellular enzyme activity of 210.8 ± 3 U/ml, and specific activity of 752.5 ± 1.5 U/mg protein, which are 1.75 and 1.53 times, respectively, the activity of the wild strain. The enzyme was partially purified by 40-60% acetone precipitation. L-asparaginase was immobilized onto Amberlite IR-120 by ionic binding. Both free and immobilized enzymes exhibited maximum activity at pH 8 and 40 degrees C. The immobilization process improved the enzyme thermal stability significantly. The immobilized enzyme remained 100% active at temperatures up to 60 degrees C, while the free asparaginase was less tolerant to high temperatures. The immobilized enzyme was more stable at pH 9.0 for 50 min, retaining 70% of its relative activity. The maximum reaction rate (V(max)) and Michaelis-Menten constant (K(m)) of the free form were significantly changed after immobilization. The K(m) value for immobilized L-asparaginase was about 1.3 times higher than that of free enzyme. The ions K+, Ba2+ and Na+ showed stimulatory effect on enzyme activity with percentages of 110%, 109% and 106% respectively.

Amphotericin B liposomes with prolonged circulation in blood: in vitro antifungal activity, toxicity, and efficacy in systemic candidiasis in leukopenic mice.

PubMed Central

van Etten, E W; ten Kate, M T; Stearne, L E; Bakker-Woudenberg, I A

1995-01-01

Pegylated amphotericin B (AmB) liposomes (PEG-AmB-LIP) were compared with laboratory-prepared nonpegylated AmB liposomes (AmB-LIP), a formulation with a lipid composition the same as that in AmBisome, as well as with industrially prepared AmBisome regarding their in vitro antifungal activities, toxicities, blood residence times, and therapeutic efficacies. Killing of Candida albicans (> 99.9%) during short-term (6-h) incubation was observed at 0.2 mg of AmB per liter for AmB desoxycholate, 0.4 mg of AmB per liter for PEG-AmB-LIP, 0.8 mg of AmB per liter for AmB-LIP, and 12.8 mg of AmB per liter for AmBisome. The maximum tolerated doses of PEG-AmB-LIP, AmB-LIP, and AmBisome were 15, 19, and > 31 mg of AmB per kg of body weight, respectively. In contrast to AmB-LIP, the blood residence time of PEG-AmB-LIP was prolonged and dose independent. In a model of systemic candidiasis in leukopenic mice at a dose of 5 mg of AmB per kg, PEG-AmB-LIP was completely effective and AmB-LIP was partially effective, whereas AmBisome was not effective. AmB-LIP at 11 mg of AmB per kg was partially effective. AmBisome at 29 mg of AmB per kg was completely effective. In conclusion, the therapeutic efficacies of AmB liposomes can be improved by preparing AmB liposomes in which a substantial reduction in toxicity is achieved while antifungal activity is retained. In addition, therapeutic efficacy is favored by a prolonged residence time of AmB liposomes in blood. PMID:8540697

The ERCC2/DNA repair protein is associated with the class II BTF2/TFIIH transcription factor.

PubMed Central

Schaeffer, L; Moncollin, V; Roy, R; Staub, A; Mezzina, M; Sarasin, A; Weeda, G; Hoeijmakers, J H; Egly, J M

1994-01-01

ERCC2 is involved in the DNA repair syndrome xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) group D and was found to copurify with the RNA polymerase II (B) transcription factor BTF2/TFIIH that possesses a bidirectional helicase activity. Antibodies directed towards the 89 kDa (ERCC3) or the p62 subunit of BTF2 are able to either immunoprecipitate ERCC2 or shift the polypeptide in a glycerol gradient. Conversely, an antibody directed towards ERCC2 also retains or shifts BTF2. ERCC2 could be resolved from the other characterized components of BTF2 upon salt treatment, while its readdition enhanced BTF2 transcription activity. ERCC2, ERCC3 and p44 are three repair proteins found in association with BTF2. Two of them, ERCC2 and ERCC3, are responsible for atypical forms of XP disorders which confer a high predisposition to skin cancer. This includes clinical features that lack an adequate rationalization on the basis of nucleotide excision repair (NER) deficiency but which may now be explained better in terms of a partial transcription deficiency. Images PMID:8194528

Characterization and Antilisterial Effect of Phosphatidylcholine Nanovesicles Containing the Antimicrobial Peptide Pediocin.

PubMed

de Mello, Michele Brauner; da Silva Malheiros, Patrícia; Brandelli, Adriano; Pesce da Silveira, Nádya; Jantzen, Márcia Monks; de Souza da Motta, Amanda

2013-03-01

Encapsulation may provide increased stability and antimicrobial efficiency to bacteriocins. In this work, the antilisterial peptide pediocin was encapsulated in nanovesicles prepared from partially purified soybean phosphatidylcholine. The maintenance of antimicrobial activity and properties of free and encapsulated pediocin was observed during 13 days at 4 °C, and after this period, the encapsulated pediocin retained 50 % its initial activity. The maintenance of the bioactive properties of free and encapsulated pediocin was observed against different species of Listeria, inhibiting Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria innocua and Listeria ivanovii. The size of vesicles containing pediocin was determined by dynamic light scattering as an average of 190 nm, with little change throughout the observation period. Polydispersity index values were around 0.201 and are considered satisfactory, indicating an adequate size distribution of liposomes. The efficiency of encapsulation was 80 %. Considering these results, the protocol used was appropriate for the encapsulation of this bacteriocin. Results demonstrate the production of stable nanoparticulate material. The maintenance of the properties of pediocin encapsulated in liposomes is fundamental to prospect the stability in different conditions of the food matrix.

Macedocin, a Food-Grade Lantibiotic Produced by Streptococcus macedonicus ACA-DC 198

PubMed Central

Georgalaki, Marina D.; Van den Berghe, Erika; Kritikos, Dimitrios; Devreese, Bart; Van Beeumen, Jozef; Kalantzopoulos, George; De Vuyst, Luc; Tsakalidou, Effie

2002-01-01

Streptococcus macedonicus ACA-DC 198, a strain isolated from Greek Kasseri cheese, produces a food-grade lantibiotic named macedocin. Macedocin has a molecular mass of 2,794.76 ± 0.42 Da, as determined by electrospray mass spectrometry. Partial N-terminal sequence analysis revealed 22 amino acid residues that correspond with the amino acid sequence of the lantibiotics SA-FF22 and SA-M49, both of which were isolated from the pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes. Macedocin inhibits a broad spectrum of lactic acid bacteria, as well as several food spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, including Clostridium tyrobutyricum. It displays a bactericidal effect towards the most sensitive indicator strain, Lactobacillus sakei subsp. sakei LMG 13558T, while the producer strain itself displays autoinhibition when it is grown under conditions that do not favor bacteriocin production. Macedocin is active at pHs between 4.0 and 9.0, and it retains activity even after incubation for 20 min at 121°C with 1 atm of overpressure. Inhibition of macedocin by proteolytic enzymes is variable. PMID:12450808

Optimization of covalent immobilization of pectinase on sodium alginate support.

PubMed

Li, Tuoping; Wang, Na; Li, Suhong; Zhao, Qiancheng; Guo, Mei; Zhang, Cheyun

2007-09-01

Pectinase was immobilized on a sodium alginate support using glutaraldehyde and retained 66% activity. The optimal pH for activity shifted from 3.0 to 3.5 after immobilization; however, the optimum temperature remained unchanged at 40 degrees C. The immobilized enzyme also had a higher thermal stability and reusability than the free enzyme, and retained 80% of initial activity after 11 batch reactions.

Memotain: A CAD/CAM nickel-titanium lingual retainer.

PubMed

Kravitz, Neal D; Grauer, Dan; Schumacher, Pascal; Jo, Yong-Min

2017-04-01

Approximately 1/2 of maxillary and 1/5 of mandibular multi-stranded lingual retainers fail during retention in some form, either bond failure or wire breakage. Memotain is a new CAD/CAM fabricated lingual retainer wire made of custom-cut nickel-titanium, as an alternative to multi-stranded lingual retainers. It offers numerous perceived advantages to the traditional multi-stranded stainless steel wire, including precision fit, avoidance of interferences, corrosion resistance and even the potential for minor tooth movement as an active lingual retainer. Copyright © 2017 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

5 CFR 353.203 - Length of service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... DUTY FROM UNIFORMED SERVICE OR COMPENSABLE INJURY Uniformed Service § 353.203 Length of service. (a... member of a uniformed service who is: (i) Ordered to or retained on active duty under sections 12301(a..., 360, 367, or 712; (ii) Ordered to or retained on active duty (other than for training) under any...

Distinct pharmacology and metabolism of K2 synthetic cannabinoids compared to Δ9-THC: Mechanism underlying greater toxicity?

PubMed Central

Fantegrossi, William E.; Moran, Jeffery H.; Radominska-Pandya, Anna; Prather, Paul L.

2013-01-01

K2 or Spice products are emerging drugs of abuse that contain synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs). Although assumed by many teens and first time drug users to be a “safe” and “legal” alternative to marijuana, many recent reports indicate that SCBs present in K2 produce toxicity not associated with the primary psychoactive component of marijuana, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). This mini-review will summarize recent evidence that use of K2 products poses greater health risks relative to marijuana, and suggest that distinct pharmacological properties and metabolism of SCBs relative to Δ9-THC may contribute to the observed toxicity. Studies reviewed will indicate that in contrast to partial agonist properties of Δ9-THC typically observed in vitro, SCBs in K2 products act as full cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) and type 2 (CB2R) agonists in both cellular assays and animal studies. Furthermore, unlike Δ9-THC metabolism, several SCB metabolites retain high affinity for, and exhibit a range of intrinsic activities at, CB1 and CB2Rs. Finally, several reports indicate that although quasi-legal SCBs initially evaded detection and legal consequences, these presumed “advantages” have been limited by new legislation and development of product and human testing capabilities. Collectively, evidence reported in this mini-review suggests that K2 products are neither safe nor legal alternatives to marijuana. Instead, enhanced toxicity of K2 products relative to marijuana, perhaps resulting from the combined actions of a complex mixture of different SCBs present and their active metabolites that retain high affinity for CB1 and CB2Rs, highlights the inherent danger that may accompany use of these substances. PMID:24084047

Distinct pharmacology and metabolism of K2 synthetic cannabinoids compared to Δ(9)-THC: mechanism underlying greater toxicity?

PubMed

Fantegrossi, William E; Moran, Jeffery H; Radominska-Pandya, Anna; Prather, Paul L

2014-02-27

K2 or Spice products are emerging drugs of abuse that contain synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs). Although assumed by many teens and first time drug users to be a "safe" and "legal" alternative to marijuana, many recent reports indicate that SCBs present in K2 produce toxicity not associated with the primary psychoactive component of marijuana, ∆(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC). This mini-review will summarize recent evidence that use of K2 products poses greater health risks relative to marijuana, and suggest that distinct pharmacological properties and metabolism of SCBs relative to Δ(9)-THC may contribute to the observed toxicity. Studies reviewed will indicate that in contrast to partial agonist properties of Δ(9)-THC typically observed in vitro, SCBs in K2 products act as full cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) and type 2 (CB2R) agonists in both cellular assays and animal studies. Furthermore, unlike Δ(9)-THC metabolism, several SCB metabolites retain high affinity for, and exhibit a range of intrinsic activities at, CB1 and CB2Rs. Finally, several reports indicate that although quasi-legal SCBs initially evaded detection and legal consequences, these presumed "advantages" have been limited by new legislation and development of product and human testing capabilities. Collectively, evidence reported in this mini-review suggests that K2 products are neither safe nor legal alternatives to marijuana. Instead, enhanced toxicity of K2 products relative to marijuana, perhaps resulting from the combined actions of a complex mixture of different SCBs present and their active metabolites that retain high affinity for CB1 and CB2Rs, highlights the inherent danger that may accompany use of these substances. © 2013.

Regulation of the yeast triacylglycerol lipases Tgl4p and Tgl5p by the presence/absence of nonpolar lipids.

PubMed

Klein, Isabella; Klug, Lisa; Schmidt, Claudia; Zandl, Martina; Korber, Martina; Daum, Günther; Athenstaedt, Karin

2016-07-01

Tgl3p, Tgl4p, and Tgl5p are the major triacylglycerol lipases of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Recently we demonstrated that properties of Tgl3p are regulated by the formation of nonpolar lipids. The present study extends these investigations to the two other yeast triacylglycerol lipases, Tgl4p and Tgl5p. We show that Tgl4p and Tgl5p, which are localized to lipid droplets in wild type, are partially retained in the endoplasmic reticulum in cells lacking triacylglycerols and localize exclusively to the endoplasmic reticulum in a mutant devoid of lipid droplets. In cells lacking steryl esters, the subcellular distribution of Tgl4p and Tgl5p is unaffected, but Tgl5p becomes unstable, whereas the stability of Tgl4p increases. In cells lacking nonpolar lipids, Tgl4p and Tgl5p lose their lipolytic activity but retain their side activity as lysophospholipid acyltransferases. To investigate the regulatory network of yeast triacylglycerol lipases in more detail, we also examined properties of Tgl3p, Tgl4p, and Tgl5p, respectively, in the absence of the other lipases. Surprisingly, lack of two lipases did not affect expression, localization, and stability of the remaining Tgl protein. These results suggest that Tgl3p, Tgl4p, and Tgl5p, although they exhibit similar functions, act as independent entities. © 2016 Klein, Klug, Schmidt, et al. This article is distributed by The American Society for Cell Biology under license from the author(s). Two months after publication it is available to the public under an Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike 3.0 Unported Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0).

The Windowed Removable Partial Denture: A Treatment Option for Patients with Lone-Standing Teeth.

PubMed

Jum'ah, Ahmad A; Haite, Terence; Nattress, Brian

2015-03-01

The decision as to whether to retain or extract a single remaining natural tooth prior to the provision of dentures can be a difficult one. If the tooth is left in situ, the development of an adequate peripheral seal around the denture is not possible thereby compromising the appliance' retention. If the tooth is extracted the possibility of gaining direct retention with the use of clasps or attachments is lost. This paper aims to illustrate the use of windowed removable partial denture design and review the literature relevant to this area. The use of such a design can enhance the retention of the appliance by encircling the lone standing tooth/teeth utilising an elastomeric permanent soft lining material.

Maxillary rehabilitation using a removable partial denture with attachments in a cleft lip and palate patient: a clinical report.

PubMed

Palmeiro, Marina Rechden Lobato; Piffer, Caroline Scheeren; Brunetto, Vivian Martins; Maccari, Paulo César; Shinkai, Rosemary Sadami Arai

2015-04-01

Clefts of the lip and/or palate (CLP) are oral-facial defects that affect health and overall quality of life. CLP patients often need multidisciplinary treatment to restore oral function and esthetics. This paper describes the oral rehabilitation of a CLP adult patient who had maxillary bone and tooth loss, resulting in decreased occlusal vertical dimension. Functional and cosmetic rehabilitation was achieved using a maxillary removable partial denture (RPD) attached to telescopic crowns. Attachment-retained RPDs may be a cost-effective alternative for oral rehabilitation in challenging cases with substantial loss of oral tissues, especially when treatment with fixed dental prostheses and/or dental implants is not possible. © 2014 by the American College of Prosthodontists.

Hydroelastic vibration analysis of partially liquid-filled shells using a series representation of the liquid

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Housner, J. M.; Herr, R. W.; Sewall, J. L.

1980-01-01

A series representation of the oscillatory behavior of incompressible nonviscous liquids contained in partially filled elastic tanks is presented. Each term is selected on the basis of hydroelastic vibrations in circular cylindrical tanks. Using a complementary energy principle, the superposition of terms is made to approximately satisfy the liquid-tank interface compatibility. This analysis is applied to the gravity sloshing and hydroelastic vibrations of liquids in hemispherical tanks and in a typical elastic aerospace propellant tank. With only a few series terms retained, the results correlate very well with existing analytical results, NASTRAN-generated analytical results, and experimental test results. Hence, although each term is based on a cylindrical tank geometry, the superposition can be successfully applied to noncylindrical tanks.

Analysis of the V2 Vasopressin Receptor (V2R) Mutations Causing Partial Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Highlights a Sustainable Signaling by a Non-peptide V2R Agonist.

PubMed

Makita, Noriko; Sato, Tomohiko; Yajima-Shoji, Yuki; Sato, Junichiro; Manaka, Katsunori; Eda-Hashimoto, Makiko; Ootaki, Masanori; Matsumoto, Naoki; Nangaku, Masaomi; Iiri, Taroh

2016-10-21

Disease-causing mutations in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes, including the V2 vasopressin receptor (V2R) gene, often cause misfolded receptors, leading to a defect in plasma membrane trafficking. A novel V2R mutation, T273M, identified in a boy with partial nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), shows intracellular localization and partial defects similar to the two mutants we described previously (10). Although non-peptide V2R antagonists have been shown to rescue the membrane localization of V2R mutants, their level of functional rescue is weak. Interestingly, it has been reported that a non-peptide agonist, OPC51803, activates misfolded V2R mutants intracellularly without degradation, thus potentially serving as a therapeutic agent against NDI (14). In our current experiments, however, a peptide antagonist blocked arginine vasopressin (AVP)- or OPC51803-stimulated cAMP accumulation both in COS-7 and MDCK cells, suggesting that OPC51803 mainly stimulates cell surface V2R mutants. In addition, our analyses revealed that OPC51803 works not only as a non-peptide agonist that causes activation/β-arrestin-dependent desensitization of V2R mutants expressed at the plasma membrane but also as a pharmacochaperone that promotes the endoplasmic reticulum-retained mutant maturation and trafficking to the plasma membrane. The ratio of the pharmacochaperone effect to the desensitization effect likely correlates negatively with the residual function of the tested mutants, suggesting that OPC5 has a more favorable effect on the V2R mutants with a less residual function. We speculated that the canceling of the desensitization effect of OPC51803 by the pharmacochaperone effect after long-term treatment may produce sustainable signaling, and thus pharmacochaperone agonists such as OPC51803 may serve as promising therapeutics for NDI caused by misfolded V2R mutants. © 2016 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

Analysis of the V2 Vasopressin Receptor (V2R) Mutations Causing Partial Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Highlights a Sustainable Signaling by a Non-peptide V2R Agonist*

PubMed Central

Makita, Noriko; Sato, Tomohiko; Yajima-Shoji, Yuki; Sato, Junichiro; Manaka, Katsunori; Eda-Hashimoto, Makiko; Ootaki, Masanori; Matsumoto, Naoki; Nangaku, Masaomi; Iiri, Taroh

2016-01-01

Disease-causing mutations in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes, including the V2 vasopressin receptor (V2R) gene, often cause misfolded receptors, leading to a defect in plasma membrane trafficking. A novel V2R mutation, T273M, identified in a boy with partial nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), shows intracellular localization and partial defects similar to the two mutants we described previously (10). Although non-peptide V2R antagonists have been shown to rescue the membrane localization of V2R mutants, their level of functional rescue is weak. Interestingly, it has been reported that a non-peptide agonist, OPC51803, activates misfolded V2R mutants intracellularly without degradation, thus potentially serving as a therapeutic agent against NDI (14). In our current experiments, however, a peptide antagonist blocked arginine vasopressin (AVP)- or OPC51803-stimulated cAMP accumulation both in COS-7 and MDCK cells, suggesting that OPC51803 mainly stimulates cell surface V2R mutants. In addition, our analyses revealed that OPC51803 works not only as a non-peptide agonist that causes activation/β-arrestin-dependent desensitization of V2R mutants expressed at the plasma membrane but also as a pharmacochaperone that promotes the endoplasmic reticulum-retained mutant maturation and trafficking to the plasma membrane. The ratio of the pharmacochaperone effect to the desensitization effect likely correlates negatively with the residual function of the tested mutants, suggesting that OPC5 has a more favorable effect on the V2R mutants with a less residual function. We speculated that the canceling of the desensitization effect of OPC51803 by the pharmacochaperone effect after long-term treatment may produce sustainable signaling, and thus pharmacochaperone agonists such as OPC51803 may serve as promising therapeutics for NDI caused by misfolded V2R mutants. PMID:27601473

The dinoflagellates Durinskia baltica and Kryptoperidinium foliaceum retain functionally overlapping mitochondria from two evolutionarily distinct lineages

PubMed Central

Imanian, Behzad; Keeling, Patrick J

2007-01-01

Background The dinoflagellates Durinskia baltica and Kryptoperidinium foliaceum are distinguished by the presence of a tertiary plastid derived from a diatom endosymbiont. The diatom is fully integrated with the host cell cycle and is so altered in structure as to be difficult to recognize it as a diatom, and yet it retains a number of features normally lost in tertiary and secondary endosymbionts, most notably mitochondria. The dinoflagellate host is also reported to retain mitochondrion-like structures, making these cells unique in retaining two evolutionarily distinct mitochondria. This redundancy raises the question of whether the organelles share any functions in common or have distributed functions between them. Results We show that both host and endosymbiont mitochondrial genomes encode genes for electron transport proteins. We have characterized cytochrome c oxidase 1 (cox1), cytochrome oxidase 2 (cox2), cytochrome oxidase 3 (cox3), cytochrome b (cob), and large subunit of ribosomal RNA (LSUrRNA) of endosymbiont mitochondrial ancestry, and cox1 and cob of host mitochondrial ancestry. We show that all genes are transcribed and that those ascribed to the host mitochondrial genome are extensively edited at the RNA level, as expected for a dinoflagellate mitochondrion-encoded gene. We also found evidence for extensive recombination in the host mitochondrial genes and that recombination products are also transcribed, as expected for a dinoflagellate. Conclusion Durinskia baltica and K. foliaceum retain two mitochondria from evolutionarily distinct lineages, and the functions of these organelles are at least partially overlapping, since both express genes for proteins in electron transport. PMID:17892581

Mechanical properties and ultrastructural characteristics of a glass fiber-reinforced composite.

PubMed

García Barbero, Alvaro Enrique; Vera González, Vicente; García Barbero, Ernesto; Aliaga Vera, Ignacio

2015-06-01

To examine the ultrastructural characteristics of a fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) and its behavior in vitro as a framework for fixed partial dentures (FPDs). A total of 40 specimens were prepared using extracted teeth fixed in methacrylate blocks as supports for the FPD, then the specimens were divided into four groups depending on whether a retaining box was used to fix the FPD to the support teeth, and on whether a composite pontic was assembled on top of the fibers. Fracture testing was performed in a universal testing machine (1 mm/minute). Fracture strength values and failure types were statistically compared for each group. Using retaining boxes did not improve the mechanical behavior of the restorative system. The weakest element of the system was the composite tooth constructed on top of the FRC.

Nuclear fuel element nut retainer cup. [PWR

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Walton, L.A.

1977-07-19

A typical embodiment has an end fitting for a nuclear reactor fuel element that is joined to the control rod guide tubes by means of a nut plate assembly. The nut plate assembly has an array of nuts, each engaging the respective threaded end of the control rod guide tubes. The nuts, moreover, are retained on the plate during handling and before fuel element assembly by means of hollow cylindrical locking cups that are brazed to the plate and loosely circumscribe the individual enclosed nuts. After the nuts are threaded onto the respective guide tube ends, the locking cups aremore » partially deformed to prevent one or more of the nuts from working loose during reactor operation. The locking cups also prevent loose or broken end fitting parts from becoming entrained in the reactor coolant.« less

The role of the posterior cruciate ligament in total knee replacement

PubMed Central

Ritter, M. A.; Davis, K. E.; Meding, J. B.; Farris, A.

2012-01-01

Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) retention, PCL recession, and PCL excision during cruciate-retaining total knee replacement. Methods A total of 3018 anatomic graduated component total knee replacements were examined; 1846 of these retained the PCL, 455 PCLs were partially recessed, and in 717 the PCL was completely excised from the back of the tibia. Results Clinical scores between PCL groups favored excision for flexion (p < 0.0001), and recession and retention for stairs (p < 0.0001). There was a mild difference in long-term all-cause aseptic survivorship between PCL-retained (96.4% at 15 years) combined with PCL-recessed groups (96.6% at 15 years) when compared with the PCL-excised group (95.0% at 15 years) (p = 0.0411, Wilcoxon; p = 0.0042, log-rank), as well as tibial or femoral loosening, which reported prosthesis survival of 97.8% at 15 years for PCL-retained knees, 98.2% for recessed knees, and 96.4% for excised knees (p = 0.0934, Wilcoxon; p = 0.0202, log-rank). Conclusions Despite some trade off in clinical performance, if the PCL is detached at the time of operation, conversion to a posterior-stabilised prosthesis may not be necessarily required as long as stability in the anteroposterior and coronal planes is achieved. PMID:23610673

POPE: Partial Order Preserving Encoding

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-09-09

Alex X. Liu, Ann L. Wang, and Bezawada Bruhadeshwar. Fast range query processing with strong privacy protection for cloud computing . Proc. VLDB...States government. As such, the Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article , or to allow others to do so...of these schemes the direc- tory in the persistent client storage depends on the full dataset. Thus 1We abuse notation and use OPE to refer to both

24 CFR 1000.36 - How long must a recipient retain records regarding exceptions made to the conflict of interest...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false How long must a recipient retain records regarding exceptions made to the conflict of interest provisions? 1000.36 Section 1000.36 Housing... AMERICAN HOUSING ACTIVITIES General § 1000.36 How long must a recipient retain records regarding exceptions...

Novel Approach to Identify Potential Bioactive Plant Metabolites: Pharmacological and Metabolomics Analyses of Ethanol and Hot Water Extracts of Several Canadian Medicinal Plants of the Cree of Eeyou Istchee.

PubMed

Shang, Nan; Saleem, Ammar; Musallam, Lina; Walshe-Roussel, Brendan; Badawi, Alaa; Cuerrier, Alain; Arnason, John T; Haddad, Pierre S

2015-01-01

We evaluated and compared the antidiabetic potential and molecular mechanisms of 17 Cree plants' ethanol extracts (EE) and hot water extracts (HWE) on glucose homeostasis in vitro and used metabolomics to seek links with the content of specific phytochemicals. Several EE of medical plants stimulated muscle glucose uptake and inhibited hepatic G6Pase activity. Some HWE partially or completely lost these antidiabetic activities in comparison to EE. Only R. groenlandicum retained similar potential between EE and HWE in both assays. In C2C12 muscle cells, EE of R. groenlandicum, A. incana and S. purpurea stimulated glucose uptake by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway and increasing glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) expression. In comparison to EE, HWE of R. groenlandicum exhibited similar activities; HWE of A. incana completely lost its effect on all parameters; interestingly, HWE of S. purpurea activated insulin pathway instead of AMPK pathway to increase glucose uptake. In the liver, for a subset of 5 plants, HWE and EE activated AMPK pathway whereas the EE and HWE of S. purpurea and K. angustifolia also activated insulin pathways. Quercetin-3-O-galactoside and quercetin 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside, were successfully identified by discriminant analysis as biomarkers of HWE plant extracts that stimulate glucose uptake in vitro. More importantly, the latter compound was not identified by previous bioassay-guided fractionation.

A two-step enzymatic modification method to reduce immuno-reactivity of milk proteins.

PubMed

Damodaran, Srinivasan; Li, Yan

2017-12-15

A two-step enzymatic approach to reduce immuno-reactivity of whey protein isolate and casein has been studied. The method involves partial hydrolysis of proteins with proteases, followed by repolymerization with microbial transglutaminase. Whey protein isolate partially hydrolyzed with chymotrypsin, trypsin, or thermolysin retained about 80%, 30%, and 20% of the original immuno-reactivity, respectively. Upon repolymerization the immuno-reactivity decreased to 45%, 35%, and 5%, respectively. The immuno-reactivity of hydrolyzed and repolymerized casein was negligible compared to native casein. The repolymerized products were partially resistant to in vitro digestion. Peptides released during digestion of repolymerized thermolysin-whey protein hydrolysate had less than 5% immuno-reactivity, whereas those of whey protein control exhibited a sinusoidal immuno-reactivity ranging from 5 to 20%. Peptides released during digestion of repolymerized thermolysin-casein hydrolysates had no immuno-reactivity. These results indicated that it is possible to produce hypoallergenic milk protein products using the two-step enzymatic modification method involving thermolysin and transglutaminase. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Fishery resource utilization of a restored estuarine borrow pit: a beneficial use of dredged material case study.

PubMed

Reine, Kevin; Clarke, Douglas; Ray, Gary; Dickerson, Charles

2013-08-15

Numerous pits in coastal waters are subject to degraded water quality and benthic habitat conditions, resulting in degraded fish habitat. A pit in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey (USA) was partially filled with dredged sediment to increase flushing, alleviate hypoxia, and enhance benthic assemblages. Restoration objectives were assessed in terms of benthic community parameters and fishery resource occupation. Restoration resulted in increased benthic diversity (bottom samples) and the absence of water column stratification. Fisheries resources occupied the entire water column, unlike pre-restoration conditions where finfish tended to avoid the lower water column. The partial restoration option effectively reproduced an existing borrow pit configuration (Hole #5, control), by decreasing total depth from -11 m to -5.5 m, thereby creating a habitat less susceptible to hypoxic/anoxic conditions, while retaining sufficient vertical relief to maintain associations with juvenile weakfish and other forage fishes. Partially filling pits using dredged material represents a viable restoration alternative. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Acoustic radiation force expansions in terms of partial wave phase shifts for scattering: Applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marston, Philip L.; Zhang, Likun

2016-11-01

When evaluating radiation forces on spheres in soundfields (with or without orbital-angular momentum) the interpretation of analytical results is greatly simplified by retaining the use of s-function notation for partial-wave coefficients imported into acoustics from quantum scattering theory in the 1970s. This facilitates easy interpretation of various efficiency factors. For situations in which dissipation is negligible, each partial-wave s-function becomes characterized by a single parameter: a phase shift allowing for all possible situations. These phase shifts are associated with scattering by plane traveling waves and the incident wavefield of interest is separately parameterized. (When considering outcomes, the method of fabricating symmetric objects having a desirable set of phase shifts becomes a separate issue.) The existence of negative radiation force "islands" for beams reported in 2006 by Marston is manifested. This approach and consideration of conservation theorems illustrate the unphysical nature of various claims made by other researchers. This approach is also directly relevant to objects in standing waves. Supported by ONR.

Alcohol and substance use history among ADHD adults: the relationship with persistent and remitting symptoms, personality, employment, and history of service use.

PubMed

Huntley, Zoe; Young, Susan

2014-01-01

To profile substance use, personality, service use, and employment in adults with ADHD. The sample consisted of 216 consecutive referrals to an adult ADHD service and classified with ADHD, partially or fully remitted ADHD, or no ADHD. Normal controls (n = 33) were recruited from a general practitioner's center. Participants completed measures of alcohol and illicit substance use, employment, service use, ADHD symptoms, and personality. High rates of substance use were found in participants with current ADHD diagnoses. ADHD participants showed increased rates of personality trait or disorder scores and unemployment. There was some indication that those with ADHD and substance-related impairment place higher demand on services. Individuals with partially remitted ADHD showed similar substance use to those with current ADHD, whereas those in full remission were comparable with normal controls. Although ADHD symptoms may remit with time, individuals retaining persisting or partial symptoms have substantial needs in adulthood.

On the mechanism for PPAR agonists to enhance ABCA1 gene expression

PubMed Central

Ogata, Masaki; Tsujita, Maki; Hossain, Mohammad Anwar; Akita, Nobukatsu; Gonzalez, Frank J.; Staels, Bart; Suzuki, Shogo; Fukutomi, Tatsuya; Kimura, Genjiro; Yokoyama, Shinji

2009-01-01

Expression of ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), a major regulator of high density lipoprotein (HDL) biogenesis, is known to be up-regulated by the transcription factor liver X receptor (LXR) α, and expression is further enhanced by activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs). We investigated this complex regulatory network using specific PPAR agonists: four fibrates (fenofibrate, bezafibrate, gemfibrozil and LY518674), a PPAR δ agonist (GW501516) and a PPAR γ agonist (pioglitazone). All of these compounds increased the expression of LXRs, PPARs and ABCA1 mRNAs, and associated apoA-I-mediated lipid release in THP-1 macrophage, WI38 fibroblast and mouse fibroblast. When mouse fibroblasts lacking expression of PPAR α were examined, the effects of fenofibrate and LY518674 were markedly diminished while induction by other ligands were retained. The PPAR α promoter was activated by all of these compounds in an LXR α-dependent manner, and partially in a PPAR α-dependent manner, in mouse fibroblast. The LXR responsive element (LXRE)-luciferase activity was enhanced by all the compounds in an LXR α-dependent manner in mouse fibroblast. This activation was exclusively PPAR α-dependent by fenofibrate and LY518674, but nonexclusively by the others. We conclude that PPARs and LXRs are involved in the regulation of ABCA1 expression and HDL biogenesis in a cooperative signal transduction pathway. PMID:19201410

Activation of renal ClC-K chloride channels depends on an intact N terminus of their accessory subunit barttin.

PubMed

Wojciechowski, Daniel; Thiemann, Stefan; Schaal, Christina; Rahtz, Alina; de la Roche, Jeanne; Begemann, Birgit; Becher, Toni; Fischer, Martin

2018-06-01

ClC-K channels belong to the CLC family of chloride channels and chloride/proton antiporters. They contribute to sodium chloride reabsorption in Henle's loop of the kidney and to potassium secretion into the endolymph by the stria vascularis of the inner ear. Their accessory subunit barttin stabilizes the ClC-K/barttin complex, promotes its insertion into the surface membrane, and turns the pore-forming subunits into a conductive state. Barttin mutations cause Bartter syndrome type IV, a salt-wasting nephropathy with sensorineural deafness. Here, studying ClC-K/barttin channels heterologously expressed in MDCK-II and HEK293T cells with confocal imaging and patch-clamp recordings, we demonstrate that the eight-amino-acids-long barttin N terminus is required for channel trafficking and activation. Deletion of the complete N terminus (Δ2-8 barttin) retained barttin and human hClC-Ka channels in intracellular compartments. Partial N-terminal deletions did not compromise subcellular hClC-Ka trafficking but drastically reduced current amplitudes. Sequence deletions encompassing Thr-6, Phe-7, or Arg-8 in barttin completely failed to activate hClC-Ka. Analyses of protein expression and whole-cell current noise revealed that inactive channels reside in the plasma membrane. Substituting the deleted N terminus with a polyalanine sequence was insufficient for recovering chloride currents, and single amino acid substitutions highlighted that the correct sequence is required for proper function. Fast and slow gate activation curves obtained from rat V166E rClC-K1/barttin channels indicated that mutant barttin fails to constitutively open the slow gate. Increasing expression of barttin over that of ClC-K partially recovered this insufficiency, indicating that N-terminal modifications of barttin alter both binding affinities and gating properties. © 2018 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

Impacts from Partial Removal of Decommissioned Oil and Gas Platforms on Fish Biomass and Production on the Remaining Platform Structure and Surrounding Shell Mounds.

PubMed

Claisse, Jeremy T; Pondella, Daniel J; Love, Milton; Zahn, Laurel A; Williams, Chelsea M; Bull, Ann S

2015-01-01

When oil and gas platforms become obsolete they go through a decommissioning process. This may include partial removal (from the surface to 26 m depth) or complete removal of the platform structure. While complete removal would likely eliminate most of the existing fish biomass and associated secondary production, we find that the potential impacts of partial removal would likely be limited on all but one platform off the coast of California. On average 80% of fish biomass and 86% of secondary fish production would be retained after partial removal, with above 90% retention expected for both metrics on many platforms. Partial removal would likely result in the loss of fish biomass and production for species typically found residing in the shallow portions of the platform structure. However, these fishes generally represent a small proportion of the fishes associated with these platforms. More characteristic of platform fauna are the primarily deeper-dwelling rockfishes (genus Sebastes). "Shell mounds" are biogenic reefs that surround some of these platforms resulting from an accumulation of mollusk shells that have fallen from the shallow areas of the platforms mostly above the depth of partial removal. We found that shell mounds are moderately productive fish habitats, similar to or greater than natural rocky reefs in the region at comparable depths. The complexity and areal extent of these biogenic habitats, and the associated fish biomass and production, will likely be reduced after either partial or complete platform removal. Habitat augmentation by placing the partially removed platform superstructure or some other additional habitat enrichment material (e.g., rock boulders) on the seafloor adjacent to the base of partially removed platforms provides additional options to enhance fish production, potentially mitigating reductions in shell mound habitat.

Potential Fish Production Impacts from Partial Removal of Decommissioned Oil and Gas Platforms off the Coast of California

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Claisse, J.; Pondella, D.; Love, M.; Zahn, L.; Williams, C.; Bull, A. S.

2016-02-01

When oil and gas platforms become obsolete they go through a decommissioning process. This may include partial removal (from the surface to 26 m depth) or complete removal of the platform structure. While complete removal would likely eliminate most of the existing fish biomass and associated secondary production, we find that the potential impacts of partial removal would likely be limited on all but one platform off the coast of California. On average 80% of fish biomass and 86% of secondary fish production would be retained after partial removal, with above 90% retention expected for both metrics on many platforms. Partial removal would likely result in the loss of fish biomass and production for species typically found residing in the shallow portions of the platform structure. However, these fishes generally represent a small proportion of the fishes associated with these platforms. More characteristic of platform fauna are the primarily deeper-dwelling rockfishes (genus Sebastes). "Shell mounds" are biogenic reefs that surround some of these platforms resulting from an accumulation of mollusk shells that have fallen from the shallow areas of the platforms mostly above the depth of partial removal. We found that shell mounds are moderately productive fish habitats, similar to or greater than natural rocky reefs in the region at comparable depths. The complexity and areal extent of these biogenic habitats, and the associated fish biomass and production, will likely be reduced after either partial or complete platform removal. Habitat augmentation by placing the partially removed platform superstructure or some other additional habitat enrichment material (e.g., rock boulders) on the seafloor adjacent to the base of partially removed platforms provides additional options to enhance fish production, potentially mitigating reductions in shell mound habitat.

Seasonal carbohydrate dynamics and growth in Douglas-fir trees experiencing chronic, fungal-mediated reduction in functional leaf area.

PubMed

Saffell, Brandy J; Meinzer, Frederick C; Woodruff, David R; Shaw, David C; Voelker, Steven L; Lachenbruch, Barbara; Falk, Kristen

2014-03-01

Stored non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) could play an important role in tree survival in the face of a changing climate and associated stress-related mortality. We explored the effects of the stomata-blocking and defoliating fungal disease called Swiss needle cast on Douglas-fir carbohydrate reserves and growth to evaluate the extent to which NSCs can be mobilized under natural conditions of low water stress and restricted carbon supply in relation to potential demands for growth. We analyzed the concentrations of starch, sucrose, glucose and fructose in foliage, twig wood and trunk sapwood of 15 co-occurring Douglas-fir trees expressing a gradient of Swiss needle cast symptom severity quantified as previous-year functional foliage mass. Growth (mean basal area increment, BAI) decreased by ∼80% and trunk NSC concentration decreased by 60% with decreasing functional foliage mass. The ratio of relative changes in NSC concentration and BAI, an index of the relative priority of storage versus growth, more than doubled with increasing disease severity. In contrast, twig and foliage NSC concentrations remained nearly constant with decreasing functional foliage mass. These results suggest that under disease-induced reductions in carbon supply, Douglas-fir trees retain NSCs (either actively or due to sequestration) at the expense of trunk radial growth. The crown retains the highest concentrations of NSC, presumably to maintain foliage growth and shoot extension in the spring, partially compensating for rapid foliage loss in the summer and fall.

Patient-derived tumor xenografts of lung squamous cell carcinoma alter long non-coding RNA profile but not responsiveness to cisplatin.

PubMed

Lu, Dapeng; Luo, Peng; Zhang, Ju; Ye, Yuanyuan; Wang, Qi; Li, Ming; Zhou, Hangcheng; Xie, Mingran; Wang, Baolong

2018-06-01

Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), the second most common type of lung cancer, has received limited attention. Patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDTXs) are useful preclinical models to reproduce the diverse heterogeneity of cancer, but it is important to identify potential variations during their establishment. A total of 18 PDTXs were established from 37 the surgical specimens and 16 were serially passaged to third generation. Second- and third-generation xenografts had a faster growth rate in mice. The tumor implantation success rate was associated with poorer differentiation, larger tumor volume and higher expression of Ki-67. The xenografts largely retained histological and key immunophenotypic features (including p53, p63, cytokeratin5/6, and E-cadherin). However, increased Ki-67 expression was identified in partial xenografts. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and mRNA expression in third-generation xenografts differed from that of matched primary tumors. Gene Ontology and pathway analysis showed that mRNAs involved in cell cycle, and metabolism regulation were generally upregulated in xenografts, while those associated with immune responses were typically downregulated. Furthermore, the responses of xenografts to cisplatin were consistent with clinical outcome. In the present study, PDTXs of SCC were successfully established, and closely resembled their original tumor regarding their immunophenotype and response to cisplatin. Overall, PDTXS of LSCC altered the lncRNA profile and increased the proliferative activity of cancer cells, whilst retaining responsiveness to cisplatin.

Laparoscopic completion cholecystectomy and common bile duct exploration for retained gallbladder after single-incision cholecystectomy.

PubMed

Kroh, Matthew; Chalikonda, Sricharan; Chand, Bipan; Walsh, R Matthew

2013-01-01

Recent enthusiasm in the surgical community for less invasive surgical approaches has resulted in widespread application of single-incision techniques. This has been most commonly applied in laparoscopic cholecystectomy in general surgery. Cosmesis appears to be improved, but other advantages remain to be seen. Feasibility has been demonstrated, but there is little description in the current literature regarding complications. We report the case of a patient who previously underwent single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallstone disease. After a brief symptom-free interval, she developed acute pancreatitis. At evaluation, imaging results of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography demonstrated a retained gallbladder with cholelithiasis. The patient was subsequently referred to our hospital, where she underwent further evaluation and surgical intervention. Our patient underwent 4-port laparoscopic remnant cholecystectomy with transcystic common bile duct exploration. Operative exploration demonstrated a large remnant gallbladder and a partially obstructed cystic duct with many stones. Transcystic exploration with balloon extraction resulted in duct clearance. The procedure took 75 minutes, with minimal blood loss. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful. Final pathology results demonstrated a remnant gallbladder with cholelithiasis and cholecystitis. This report is the first in the literature to describe successful laparoscopic remnant cholecystectomy and transcystic common bile duct exploration after previous single-port cholecystectomy. Although inadvertent partial cholecystectomy is not unique to this technique, single-port laparoscopic procedures may result in different and significant complications.

Hematopoietic responses under protracted exposures to low daily dose gamma irradiation.

PubMed

Seed, T M; Fritz, T E; Tolle, D V; Jackson, W E

2002-01-01

In attempting to evaluate the possible health consequences of chronic ionizing radiation exposure during extended space travel (e.g., Mars Mission), ground-based experimental studies of the clinical and pathological responses of canines under low daily doses of 60Co gamma irradiation (0.3-26.3 cGy d-1) have been examined. Specific reference was given to responses of the blood forming system. Results suggest that the daily dose rate of 7.5 cGy d-1 represents a threshold below which the hematopoietic system can retain either partial or full trilineal cell-producing capacity (erythropoiesis, myelopoiesis, and megakaryopoiesis) for extended periods of exposure (>1 yr). Trilineal capacity was fully retained for several years of exposure at the lowest dose-rate tested (0.3 cGy d-1) but was completely lost within several hundred days at the highest dose-rate (26.3 cGy d-1). Retention of hematopoietic capacity under chronic exposure has been demonstrated to be mediated by hematopoietic progenitors with acquired radioresistance and repair functions, altered cytogenetics, and cell-cycle characteristics. Radiological, biological, and temporal parameters responsible for these vital acquisitions by hematopoietic progenitors have been partially characterized. These parameters, along with threshold responses, are described and discussed in relation to potential health risks of the space traveler under chronic stress of low-dose irradiation. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of COSPAR.

Clinical Fit of Partial Removable Dental Prostheses Based on Alginate or Polyvinyl Siloxane Impressions.

PubMed

Fokkinga, Wietske A; Witter, Dick J; Bronkhorst, Ewald M; Creugers, Nico H

The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical fit of metal-frame partial removable dental prostheses (PRDPs) based on custom trays used with alginate or polyvinyl siloxane impression material. Fifth-year students of the Nijmegen Dental School made 25 correct impressions for 23 PRDPs for 21 patients using alginate, and 31 correct impressions for 30 PRDPs for 28 patients using polyvinyl siloxane. Clinical fit of the framework as a whole and of each retainer separately were evaluated by calibrated supervisors during framework try-in before (first evaluation) and after (second evaluation) possible adjustments (score 0 = poor fit, up to score 3 = good fit). Framework fit and fit of the denture base were evaluated at delivery (third evaluation). Finally, postinsertion sessions were evaluated and total number of sessions needed, sore spots, adjustments to the denture base, and reported food-impaction were recorded. No significant differences in clinical fit (of the framework as a whole, for the retainers, or for the denture base) were found between the groups in the three evaluation sessions. Differences were not found for postinsertion sessions with one exception: in the alginate group, four subjects reported food impaction, versus none in the polyvinyl siloxane group. Clinical fit of metal-frame PRDPs based on impressions with custom trays combined with alginate or polyvinyl siloxane was similar.

On mass transport in porosity waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jordan, Jacob S.; Hesse, Marc A.; Rudge, John F.

2018-03-01

Porosity waves arise naturally from the equations describing fluid migration in ductile rocks. Here, we show that higher-dimensional porosity waves can transport mass and therefore preserve geochemical signatures, at least partially. Fluid focusing into these high porosity waves leads to recirculation in their center. This recirculating fluid is separated from the background flow field by a circular dividing streamline and transported with the phase velocity of the porosity wave. Unlike models for one-dimensional chromatography in geological porous media, tracer transport in higher-dimensional porosity waves does not produce chromatographic separations between relatively incompatible elements due to the circular flow pattern. This may allow melt that originated from the partial melting of fertile heterogeneities or fluid produced during metamorphism to retain distinct geochemical signatures as they rise buoyantly towards the surface.

Partial-Isothermally-Treated Low Alloy Ultrahigh Strength Steel with Martensitic/Bainitic Microstructure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luo, Quanshun; Kitchen, Matthew; Patel, Vinay; Filleul, Martin; Owens, Dave

We introduce a new strengthening heat treatment of a Ni-Cr-Mo-V alloyed spring steel by partial isothermal salt-bath and subsequent air-cooling and tempering. Detailed isothermal treatments were made at temperatures below or above the Ms point (230°C). The salt bath time was controlled between 10 and 80 minutes. Through the new treatment, the candidate steel developed ultrahigh tensile strength 2,100 MPa, yield strength 1,800 MPa, elongation 8-10 %, hardness 580-710 HV, and V-notch Charpy toughness 10-12 J. Optical and electron microscopic observations and X-ray diffraction revealed multi-phase microstructures of bainitic/martensitic ferrites, fine carbide precipitates and retained austenite. Carbon partitioning during the bainitic/martensitic transformation was investigated for its remarkable influence on the strengthening mechanism.

Digital approach to planning computer-guided surgery and immediate provisionalization in a partially edentulous patient.

PubMed

Arunyanak, Sirikarn P; Harris, Bryan T; Grant, Gerald T; Morton, Dean; Lin, Wei-Shao

2016-07-01

This report describes a digital approach for computer-guided surgery and immediate provisionalization in a partially edentulous patient. With diagnostic data obtained from cone-beam computed tomography and intraoral digital diagnostic scans, a digital pathway of virtual diagnostic waxing, a virtual prosthetically driven surgical plan, a computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) surgical template, and implant-supported screw-retained interim restorations were realized with various open-architecture CAD/CAM systems. The optional CAD/CAM diagnostic casts with planned implant placement were also additively manufactured to facilitate preoperative inspection of the surgical template and customization of the CAD/CAM-fabricated interim restorations. Copyright © 2016 Editorial Council for the Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Biomechanical evaluation of the natural abutment teeth in combined tooth-implant-supported telescopic prostheses: a three-dimensional finite element analysis.

PubMed

Chen, Yu; Wang, Chao; Huang, Yuanding; Feng, Tianming; Zou, Huawei; Fan, Yubo

2017-07-01

Telescopic overdentures supported by the combination of natural teeth and implants have been thought a valuable treatment for the severely compromised partially edentulous patients. But the combination of teeth and implants involves highly complex biomechanical problems. This study is to evaluate biomechanical behaviors of the natural abutment teeth with the treatment of combined tooth-implant supported telescopic crown prostheses in mandible through 3D FEA. According to this study, the prosthetic option supported by a combination of teeth and implants and retained by double crowns could protect teeth and their periodontal support tissues acting as a rigid splint, and may be a valuable treatment option for partially edentulous patients with severely reduced remaining teeth in mandible.

Stabilization of tetanus toxoid formulation containing aluminium hydroxide adjuvant against freeze-thawing.

PubMed

Solanki, Vipul A; Jain, Nishant K; Roy, Ipsita

2011-07-29

Exposure to subzero temperature leads to loss of vaccine potency. This can happen due to degradation of adjuvant surface and/or inactivation of the antigen. When adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide and subjected to freeze-thawing, tetanus toxoid was desorbed from the gel matrix and the preparation was found to lose its antigenicity. Analyses showed that the gel particles were denatured after freezing. When freeze-thawing was carried out in the presence of glucose, sorbitol and arginine, the degradation of gel particles was inhibited. A higher fraction of the protein could be retained on the gel. However, the antigenicity of these preparations was quite low. In the presence of trehalose, the protein could be partially retained on aluminium hydroxide. Being a cryoprotectant, trehalose was also able to inhibit the freezing-induced denaturation of tetanus toxoid, which resulted in retention of antigenicity of the adjuvanted toxoid. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

[Analysis of the movement of long axis and the distribution of principal stress in abutment tooth retained by conical telescope].

PubMed

Lin, Ying-he; Man, Yi; Qu, Yi-li; Guan, Dong-hua; Lu, Xuan; Wei, Na

2006-01-01

To study the movement of long axis and the distribution of principal stress in the abutment teeth in removable partial denture which is retained by use of conical telescope. An ideal three dimensional finite element model was constructed by using SCT image reconstruction technique, self-programming and ANSYS software. The static loads were applied. The displacement of the long axis and the distribution of the principal stress in the abutment teeth was analyzed. There is no statistic difference of displacenat and stress distribution among different three-dimensional finite element models. Generally, the abutment teeth move along the long axis itself. Similar stress distribution was observed in each three-dimensional finite element model. The maximal principal compressive stress was observed at the distal cervix of the second premolar. The abutment teeth can be well protected by use of conical telescope.

Long-lasting perceptual priming and semantic learning in amnesia: a case experiment.

PubMed

Tulving, E; Hayman, C A; Macdonald, C A

1991-07-01

An investigation of perceptual priming and semantic learning in the severely amnesic subject K.C. is reported. He was taught 64 three-word sentences and tested for his ability to produce the final word of each sentence. Despite a total lack of episodic memory, he exhibited (a) strong perceptual priming effects in word-fragment completion, which were retained essentially in full strength for 12 months, and (b) independent of perceptual priming, learning of new semantic facts, many of which were also retained for 12 months. K.C.'s semantic learning may be at least partly attributable to repeated study trials and minimal interference during learning. The findings suggest that perceptual priming and semantic learning are subserved by two memory systems different from episodic memory and that both systems (perceptual representation and semantic memory) are at least partially preserved in some amnesic subjects.

Inlay-retained cantilever fixed dental prostheses to substitute a single premolar: impact of zirconia framework design after dynamic loading.

PubMed

Shahin, Ramez; Tannous, Fahed; Kern, Matthias

2014-08-01

The purpose of this in-vitro study was to evaluate the influence of the framework design on the durability of inlay-retained cantilever fixed dental prostheses (IR-FDPs), made from zirconia ceramic, after artificial ageing. Forty-eight caries-free human premolars were prepared as abutments for all-ceramic cantilevered IR-FDPs using six framework designs: occlusal-distal (OD) inlay, OD inlay with an oral retainer wing, OD inlay with two retainer wings, mesial-occlusal-distal (MOD) inlay, MOD inlay with an oral retainer ring, and veneer partial coping with a distal box (VB). Zirconia IR-FDPs were fabricated via computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology. The bonding surfaces were air-abraded (50 μm alumina/0.1 MPa), and the frameworks were bonded with adhesive resin cement. Specimens were stored for 150 d in a 37°C water bath during which they were thermocycled between 5 and 55°C for 37,500 cycles; thereafter, they were exposed to 600,000 cycles of dynamic loading with a 5-kg load in a chewing simulator. All surviving specimens were loaded onto the pontic and tested until failure using a universal testing machine. The mean failure load of the groups ranged from 260.8 to 746.7 N. Statistical analysis showed that both MOD groups exhibited significantly higher failure loads compared with the other groups (i.e. the three OD groups and the VB group) and that there was no significant difference in the failure load among the OD groups and the VB group. In conclusion, zirconia IR-FDPs with a modified design exhibited promising failure modes. © 2014 Eur J Oral Sci.

Acupuncture for retained placenta: a retrospective case series.

PubMed

Djakovic, Ivka; Bilic, Nada

2014-12-01

A placenta is considered to be retained when it remains undelivered 30 or 60 min after the birth of the baby following active or physiological management of the third stage of labour, respectively. It can be life threatening for the mother. We retrospectively examined the influence of acupuncture on the delivery of retained placentas in the third stage of labour in 70 women. In all cases the third stage of labour was actively managed, and acupuncture was provided 30 min after delivery at points KI16 and SP6 for 15 min. After acupuncture 77% of placentas separated successfully. In 10% of cases some retained placental tissue was detected and manual removal of the avulsed cotyledon was performed, while in 13% the entire placenta was retained and manual removal of the placenta under general anaesthesia was necessary. Acupuncture may help to facilitate placental separation but further controlled trials are needed. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

Hydrotherapy as a possible neuroleptic and sedative treatment.

PubMed

Shevchuk, Nikolai A

2008-01-01

Psychotic symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations can have a devastating effect on a patient's social functioning. Since psychosis is rarely congenital, it is possible that lifestyle factors play a role in its etiology. This paper offers a hypothesis that some of these factors could be: (a) A lifestyle lacking evolutionarily conserved stressors such as frequent exposure to heat and/or cold, resulting in a lack of "thermal exercise" which could lead to malfunctioning of the brain. (b) Partial retention and absorption of toxic waste in the colon, as described in more detail below. (c) Genetic makeup that makes a person vulnerable to the above conditions. To test the hypothesis, three types of hydrotherapy are proposed (to be tested separately) as a putative neuroleptic treatment: head-out hot showers, adapted cold showers (twice daily each), and colon hydrotherapy (every 3-12 weeks, which also includes a dietary change according to Harvard's Healthy Eating Pyramid). The following is supporting evidence: Dopaminergic transmission in the mesolimbic pathway is involved in central processing of pain and negative stimuli (e.g. stress-induced analgesia) in addition to its role in the pathophysiology of psychosis. It is also known that if a neural pathway can perform two different functions, then the execution of one function will often suppress the other (e.g. gate control theory of pain). Thus, a pain-based therapy, such as a moderately hot shower, could have a "crowding out" effect on pathological processes within the mesolimbic system. In addition, hyperthermia is known to induce fatigue and depress activity of the frontal cortex (the sedative effect). As described previously, an adapted cold shower could work as a mild electroshock applied to the sensory cortex and, therefore, it might have an antipsychotic effect similar to that of electroconvulsive therapy. Additionally, a cold shower is a vivid example of stress-induced analgesia and would also be expected to "crowd out" or suppress psychosis-related neurotransmission within the mesolimbic system. Human and bacterial toxic waste can sometimes be partially retained in the colon and it is known that many high-molecular-weight compounds can be absorbed there. Most narcotics can cause intoxication if administered rectally and there is also significant comorbidity of schizophrenia with intestinal illnesses. Additionally, there is indirect evidence that colon cleansing can significantly improve mental state. Therefore, it is possible that chronic intoxication with yet unknown components of partially retained waste could be one of the unrecognized organic causes of psychosis.

Vicilin-derived peptides are transferred from males to females as seminal nuptial gift in the seed-feeding beetle Callosobruchus maculatus.

PubMed

Alexandre, Daniel; Linhares, Ricardo T; Queiroz, Bruna; Fontoura, Luisa; Uchôa, Adriana F; Samuels, Richard I; Macedo, Maria Lígia R; Bezerra, Cezar S; Oliveira, Eliana M; Demartini, Diogo R; Carlini, Célia R; Silva, Carlos P

2011-06-01

The fate of vicilins ingested by Callosobruchus maculatus and the physiological importance of these proteins in larvae and adults have been recently investigated. Vicilins have been demonstrated to be absorbed through the midgut epithelium, circulate in their trimeric form in the haemolymph and are deposited in the fat body. In fat body cells of both sexes, vicilins are partially hydrolyzed and the fragments are eventually deposited in the eggs. Tracking the fate of FITC-labelled vicilins in adult males revealed that the labelled vicilin fragments were also detected in oöcytes and eggs, when the males copulated with non-labelled females. Based on the results presented here, we propose that following absorption, vicilins accumulate in the fat body, where they are partially degraded. These peptides are retained throughout the development of the males and are eventually sequestered by the gonads and passed to the female gonads during copulation. It is possible that accumulation in the eggs is a defensive strategy against pathogen attack, as these peptides are known to have antimicrobial activity. The contribution of vicilin-derived peptides from seminal fluids may be an investment that helps to increase the offspring survival. This study provides additional insights into the possible contributions of males to female fecundity following copulation in C. maculatus. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Chemical element accumulation in tree bark grown in volcanic soils of Cape Verde-a first biomonitoring of Fogo Island.

PubMed

Marques, Rosa; Prudêncio, Maria Isabel; Freitas, Maria do Carmo; Dias, Maria Isabel; Rocha, Fernando

2017-05-01

Barks from Prosopis juliflora (acacia) were collected in 12 sites of different geological contexts over the volcanic Fogo Island (Cape Verde). Elemental contents of Ba, Br, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Na, Zn and some rare earth elements (REE)-La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, and Lu, were obtained for biological samples and topsoils by using k 0 -standardized and comparative method of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), aiming the evaluation of chemical elements uptake by acacia bark. This first biomonitoring study of Fogo Island showed that, in general, significant accumulations of trace elements present in high amounts in these soils occur. This can be partially explained by the semi-arid climate with a consequent bioavailability of chemical elements when rain drops fall in this non-polluted environment. REE enrichment factors (EFs) increase with the decrease of ionic radius. Heavy REE (HREE) are significantly enriched in bark, which agrees with their release after the primary minerals breakdown and the formation of more soluble compounds than the other REE, and uptake by plants. Among the potential harmful chemical elements, Cr appears to be partially retained in nanoparticles of iron oxides. The high EFs found in tree barks of Fogo Island are certainly of geogenic origin rather than anthropogenic input since industry and the use of fertilizers is scarce.

Scale construction for measuring adolescent boys' and girls' attitudes, beliefs, perception of control, and intention to engage in leisure-time physical activity.

PubMed

Kerner, Matthew S; Kalinski, Michael I

2002-08-01

Using the Theory of Planned Behavior as a framework, the Attitude to Leisure-time Physical Activity, Expectations of Others, Perceived Control, and Intention of Engage in Leisure-time Physical Activity scales were developed for use among high school students. The study population included 20 boys and 68 girls 13 to 17 years of age (for boys, M = 15.1 yr., SD = 1.0; for girls, M = 15.0 yr., SD = 1.1). Generation of items and the establishment of content validity were performed by professionals in exercise physiology, physical education, and clinical psychology. Each scale item was phrased in a Likert-type format. Both unipolar and bipolar scales with seven response choices were developed. Following the pilot testing and subsequent revisions, 32 items were retained in the Attitude to Leisure-time Physical Activity scale, 10 items were retained in the Expectations of Others scale, 3 items were retained in the Perceived Control Scale, and 24 items were retained in the Intention to Engage in Leisure-time Physical Activity scale. Coefficients indicated adequate stability and internal consistency with alpha ranging from .81 to .96. Studies of validities are underway, after which scales would be made available to those interested in intervention techniques for promoting positive attitudes toward physical fitness, perception of control over engaging in leisure-time physical activities, and good intentions to engage in leisure-time physical activities. The present results are encouraging.

The Florida Air National Guard: A Model for Successful Recruiting

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-03-01

morale of the recruiters and retainers. In an interview with the author, Master Sgt. Emilio Gelfenstein discussed his twelve years in recruiting and...34 Master Sergeant. Emilio Gelfenstein, Recruiting and Retaining Non- Commissioned Officer (RRNCO), is an Active Guard and Reserve NCO (AGR) with over...position, the RRS, recruiters and retainers were able to more effectively complete their goals. 56 MSgt Emilio Gelfenstein, ROM, FL-ANG, interviewed

OCT4 expression mediates partial cardiomyocyte reprogramming of mesenchymal stromal cells.

PubMed

Yannarelli, Gustavo; Pacienza, Natalia; Montanari, Sonia; Santa-Cruz, Diego; Viswanathan, Sowmya; Keating, Armand

2017-01-01

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are in numerous cell therapy clinical trials, including for injured myocardium. Acquisition of cardiomyocyte characteristics by MSCs may improve cardiac regeneration but the mechanisms regulating this process are unclear. Here, we investigated whether the pluripotency transcription factor OCT4 is involved in the activation of cardiac lineage genetic programs in MSCs. We employed our established co-culture model of MSCs with rat embryonic cardiomyocytes showing co-expression of cardiac markers on MSCs independent of cell fusion. Bone marrow-derived MSCs were isolated from transgenic mice expressing GFP under the control of the cardiac-specific α-myosin heavy chain promoter. After 5 days of co-culture, MSCs expressed cardiac specific genes, including Nkx2.5, atrial natriuretic factor and α-cardiac actin. The frequency of GFP+ cells was 7.6±1.9%, however, these cells retained the stromal cell phenotype, indicating, as expected, only partial differentiation. Global OCT4 expression increased 2.6±0.7-fold in co-cultured MSCs and of interest, 87±5% vs 79±4% of MSCs expressed OCT4 by flow cytometry in controls and after co-culture, respectively. Consistent with the latter observation, the GFP+ cells did not express nuclear OCT4 and showed a significant increase in OCT4 promoter methylation compared with undifferentiated MSCs (92% vs 45%), inferring that OCT4 is regulated by an epigenetic mechanism. We further showed that siRNA silencing of OCT4 in MSCs resulted in a reduced frequency of GFP+ cells in co-culture to less than 1%. Our data infer that OCT4 expression may have a direct effect on partial cardiomyocyte reprogramming of MSCs and suggest a new mechanism(s) associated with MSC multipotency and a requirement for crosstalk with the cardiac microenvironment.

OCT4 expression mediates partial cardiomyocyte reprogramming of mesenchymal stromal cells

PubMed Central

Montanari, Sonia; Santa-Cruz, Diego; Viswanathan, Sowmya; Keating, Armand

2017-01-01

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are in numerous cell therapy clinical trials, including for injured myocardium. Acquisition of cardiomyocyte characteristics by MSCs may improve cardiac regeneration but the mechanisms regulating this process are unclear. Here, we investigated whether the pluripotency transcription factor OCT4 is involved in the activation of cardiac lineage genetic programs in MSCs. We employed our established co-culture model of MSCs with rat embryonic cardiomyocytes showing co-expression of cardiac markers on MSCs independent of cell fusion. Bone marrow-derived MSCs were isolated from transgenic mice expressing GFP under the control of the cardiac-specific α-myosin heavy chain promoter. After 5 days of co-culture, MSCs expressed cardiac specific genes, including Nkx2.5, atrial natriuretic factor and α-cardiac actin. The frequency of GFP+ cells was 7.6±1.9%, however, these cells retained the stromal cell phenotype, indicating, as expected, only partial differentiation. Global OCT4 expression increased 2.6±0.7-fold in co-cultured MSCs and of interest, 87±5% vs 79±4% of MSCs expressed OCT4 by flow cytometry in controls and after co-culture, respectively. Consistent with the latter observation, the GFP+ cells did not express nuclear OCT4 and showed a significant increase in OCT4 promoter methylation compared with undifferentiated MSCs (92% vs 45%), inferring that OCT4 is regulated by an epigenetic mechanism. We further showed that siRNA silencing of OCT4 in MSCs resulted in a reduced frequency of GFP+ cells in co-culture to less than 1%. Our data infer that OCT4 expression may have a direct effect on partial cardiomyocyte reprogramming of MSCs and suggest a new mechanism(s) associated with MSC multipotency and a requirement for crosstalk with the cardiac microenvironment. PMID:29216265

Org 214007-0: A Novel Non-Steroidal Selective Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulator with Full Anti-Inflammatory Properties and Improved Therapeutic Index

PubMed Central

Laskewitz, Anke J.; Dijkema, Rein; van der Maaden, Hans M.; Smit, Martin J.; Plate, Ralf; Conti, Paolo G. M.; Jans, Christan G. J. M.; Timmers, C. Marco; van Boeckel, Constant A. A.; Lusher, Scott J.; McGuire, Ross; van Schaik, Rene C.; de Vlieg, Jacob; Smeets, Ruben L.; Hofstra, Claudia L.; Boots, Annemieke M. H.; van Duin, Marcel; Ingelse, Benno A.; Schoonen, Willem G. E. J.; Grefhorst, Aldo; van Dijk, Theo H.; Kuipers, Folkert; Dokter, Wim H. A.

2012-01-01

Glucocorticoids (GCs) such as prednisolone are potent immunosuppressive drugs but suffer from severe adverse effects, including the induction of insulin resistance. Therefore, development of so-called Selective Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulators (SGRM) is highly desirable. Here we describe a non-steroidal Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR)-selective compound (Org 214007-0) with a binding affinity to GR similar to that of prednisolone. Structural modelling of the GR-Org 214007-0 binding site shows disturbance of the loop between helix 11 and helix 12 of GR, confirmed by partial recruitment of the TIF2-3 peptide. Using various cell lines and primary human cells, we show here that Org 214007-0 acts as a partial GC agonist, since it repressed inflammatory genes and was less effective in induction of metabolic genes. More importantly, in vivo studies in mice indicated that Org 214007-0 retained full efficacy in acute inflammation models as well as in a chronic collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model. Gene expression profiling of muscle tissue derived from arthritic mice showed a partial activity of Org 214007-0 at an equi-efficacious dosage of prednisolone, with an increased ratio in repression versus induction of genes. Finally, in mice Org 214007-0 did not induce elevated fasting glucose nor the shift in glucose/glycogen balance in the liver seen with an equi-efficacious dose of prednisolone. All together, our data demonstrate that Org 214007-0 is a novel SGRMs with an improved therapeutic index compared to prednisolone. This class of SGRMs can contribute to effective anti-inflammatory therapy with a lower risk for metabolic side effects. PMID:23152771

Org 214007-0: a novel non-steroidal selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator with full anti-inflammatory properties and improved therapeutic index.

PubMed

van Lierop, Marie-José C; Alkema, Wynand; Laskewitz, Anke J; Dijkema, Rein; van der Maaden, Hans M; Smit, Martin J; Plate, Ralf; Conti, Paolo G M; Jans, Christan G J M; Timmers, C Marco; van Boeckel, Constant A A; Lusher, Scott J; McGuire, Ross; van Schaik, Rene C; de Vlieg, Jacob; Smeets, Ruben L; Hofstra, Claudia L; Boots, Annemieke M H; van Duin, Marcel; Ingelse, Benno A; Schoonen, Willem G E J; Grefhorst, Aldo; van Dijk, Theo H; Kuipers, Folkert; Dokter, Wim H A

2012-01-01

Glucocorticoids (GCs) such as prednisolone are potent immunosuppressive drugs but suffer from severe adverse effects, including the induction of insulin resistance. Therefore, development of so-called Selective Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulators (SGRM) is highly desirable. Here we describe a non-steroidal Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR)-selective compound (Org 214007-0) with a binding affinity to GR similar to that of prednisolone. Structural modelling of the GR-Org 214007-0 binding site shows disturbance of the loop between helix 11 and helix 12 of GR, confirmed by partial recruitment of the TIF2-3 peptide. Using various cell lines and primary human cells, we show here that Org 214007-0 acts as a partial GC agonist, since it repressed inflammatory genes and was less effective in induction of metabolic genes. More importantly, in vivo studies in mice indicated that Org 214007-0 retained full efficacy in acute inflammation models as well as in a chronic collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model. Gene expression profiling of muscle tissue derived from arthritic mice showed a partial activity of Org 214007-0 at an equi-efficacious dosage of prednisolone, with an increased ratio in repression versus induction of genes. Finally, in mice Org 214007-0 did not induce elevated fasting glucose nor the shift in glucose/glycogen balance in the liver seen with an equi-efficacious dose of prednisolone. All together, our data demonstrate that Org 214007-0 is a novel SGRMs with an improved therapeutic index compared to prednisolone. This class of SGRMs can contribute to effective anti-inflammatory therapy with a lower risk for metabolic side effects.

A Point Mutation in the Exon Junction Complex Factor Y14 Disrupts Its Function in mRNA Cap Binding and Translation Enhancement*

PubMed Central

Chuang, Tzu-Wei; Lee, Kuo-Ming; Lou, Yuan-Chao; Lu, Chia-Chen; Tarn, Woan-Yuh

2016-01-01

Eukaryotic mRNA biogenesis involves a series of interconnected steps mediated by RNA-binding proteins. The exon junction complex core protein Y14 is required for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) and promotes translation. Moreover, Y14 binds the cap structure of mRNAs and inhibits the activity of the decapping enzyme Dcp2. In this report, we show that an evolutionarily conserved tryptophan residue (Trp-73) of Y14 is critical for its binding to the mRNA cap structure. A Trp-73 mutant (W73V) bound weakly to mRNAs and failed to protect them from degradation. However, this mutant could still interact with the NMD and mRNA degradation factors and retained partial NMD activity. In addition, we found that the W73V mutant could not interact with translation initiation factors. Overexpression of W73V suppressed reporter mRNA translation in vitro and in vivo and reduced the level of a set of nascent proteins. These results reveal a residue of Y14 that confers cap-binding activity and is essential for Y14-mediated enhancement of translation. Finally, we demonstrated that Y14 may selectively and differentially modulate protein biosynthesis. PMID:26887951

Characterization of a monoclonal antibody that specifically inhibits triosephosphate isomerase activity of Taenia solium.

PubMed

Víctor, Sanabria-Ayala; Yolanda, Medina-Flores; Araceli, Zavala-Carballo; Lucía, Jiménez; Abraham, Landa

2013-08-01

In the present study, we obtained and characterized partially a monoclonal antibody (4H11D10B11 mAb) against triosephosphate isomerase from Taenia solium (TTPI). This antibody recognized the enzyme by both ELISA and western blot and was able to inhibit its enzymatic activity in 74%. Moreover, the antigen-binding fragments (Fabs), products of digestion of the monoclonal antibody with papain, retained almost the same inhibitory effect. We determined the binding site by ELISA; synthetic peptides containing sequences from different non-conserved regions of the TTPI were confronted to the 4H11D10B11 mAb. The epitope recognized by the monoclonal antibody was located on peptide TTPI-56 (ATPAQAQEVHKVVRDWIRKHVDAGIADKARI), and an analysis of mimotopes, obtained with the 4H11D10B11 mAb, suggests that the epitope spans the sequence WIRKHVDAGIAD, residues 193-204 of the enzyme. This epitope is located within helix 6, next to loop 6, an essential active loop during catalysis. The antibody did not recognize triosephosphate isomerase from man and pig, definitive and intermediary hosts of T. solium, respectively. Furthermore, it did not bind to the catalytic site, since kinetic analysis demonstrated that inhibition had a non-competitive profile. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Degradation of complex carbohydrate: immobilization of pectinase from Bacillus licheniformis KIBGE-IB21 using calcium alginate as a support.

PubMed

Rehman, Haneef Ur; Aman, Afsheen; Silipo, Alba; Qader, Shah Ali Ul; Molinaro, Antonio; Ansari, Asma

2013-08-15

Pectinases are heterogeneous group of enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of pectin substances which is responsible for the turbidity and undesirable cloudiness in fruits juices. In current study, partially purified pectinase from Bacillus licheniformis KIBGE-IB21 was immobilized in calcium alginate beads. The effect of sodium alginate and calcium chloride concentration on immobilization was studied and it was found that the optimal sodium alginate and calcium chloride concentration was 3.0% and 0.2 M, respectively. It was found that immobilization increases the optimal reaction time for pectin degradation from 5 to 10 min and temperature from 45 to 55°C, whereas, the optimal pH remained same with reference to free enzyme. Thermal stability of enzyme increased after immobilization and immobilized pectinase retained more than 80% of its initial activity after 5 days at 30°C as compared with free enzyme which showed only 30% of residual activity. The immobilized enzyme also exhibited good operational stability and 65% of its initial activity was observed during third cycle. In term of pectinase immobilization efficiency and stability, this calcium alginate beads approach seemed to permit good results and can be used to make a bioreactor for various applications in food industries. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

76 FR 61723 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Minimum Standards for Driver's Licenses and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-05

... lawful status will only be allowed to demonstrate U.S. citizenship. The state must retain copies or... copies of these documents must be retained for a minimum of seven years. Digital images of these...

76 FR 42132 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Minimum Standards for Driver's Licenses and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-18

... lawful status will only be allowed to demonstrate U.S. citizenship. The state must retain copies or... copies of these documents must be retained for a minimum of seven years. Digital images of these...

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STONE RETAINING WALL, LOOKING WEST TOWARD ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STONE RETAINING WALL, LOOKING WEST TOWARD THE HOUSE. THE BRANCHES IN THE FOREGROUND WERE REMNANTS OF RECENT PRUNING ACTIVITY - John Bartram House & Garden, 54th Street & Lindbergh Boulevard, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

Patient compliance to wear orthodontic retainers during postretention may vary by age, gender, and time since braces were removed.

PubMed

Vig, Katherine W L

2012-09-01

During January to July 2008 a questionnaire was mailed to 1085 subjects who had completed comprehensive orthodontic fixed-appliance treatment from 6 months to 6 years following active tooth movement. This yielded 280 responses (25.8% response rate) after 2 mailings, 3 months apart. The respondents ranged in age from 8 to 72 years. Respondents were from various socioeconomic groups and urban or rural environments. Identifiers allowed respondents to be classified into subgroups. Predictors of compliance among patients/subjects who were provided with removable vacuum-formed retainers (VFRs) or Hawley retainers in the postretention phase of orthodontic treatment. The main outcome measure was self-reported compliance with different types of removable orthodontic retainers worn during the postretention phase of treatment. A logistic regression model identified probabilities of retainer wear, including a likelihood ratio to test the model parameters using chi-square statistics to identify significant variables. The model found age, gender, amount of time since braces were removed, type of retainer, and interpretation of compliance in retainer wear to be statistically significant variables. Time on retainer compliance revealed better compliance with VFR than Hawley retainers during the first 2 years after braces were removed, but then compliance increased with Hawley retainers and overall compliance was greater with Hawley retainers. Compliance with wearing removable retainers was initially better with VFRs but over time was greater with Hawley retainers, and esthetics was not a determinant. Several variables determined compliance, including age, gender, and type of retainer. Copyright © 2012. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide)-co-Acrylamide Hydrogels for the Controlled Release of Bromelain from Agroindustrial Residues of Ananas comosus.

PubMed

Croisfelt, Fernanda; Martins, Bianca C; Rescolino, Robson; Coelho, Diego F; Zanchetta, Beatriz; Mazzola, Priscila G; Goulart, Luis Ricardo; Pessoa, Adalberto; Tambourgi, Elias B; Silveira, Edgar

2015-12-01

This works reports the purification of bromelain extracted from Ananas comosus industrial residues by ethanol purification, its partial characterization from the crude extract as well as the ethanol purified enzyme, and its application onto poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-co-acrylamide hydrogels. Bromelain was recovered within the 30-70 % ethanol fraction, which achieved a purification factor of 3.12-fold, and yielded more than 90 % of its initial activity. The resulting purified bromelain contained more than 360 U · mg(-1), with a maximum working temperature of 60 °C and pH of 8.0. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-co-acrylamide hydrogels presented a swelling rate of 125 %, which was capable of loading 56 % of bromelain from the solution, and was able to release up to 91 % of the retained bromelain. Ethanol precipitation is suitable for bromelain recovery and application onto poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-co-acrylamide hydrogels based on its processing time and the applied ethanol prices. Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

Sub-Micellar Concentration of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Prevents Thermal Denaturation Induced Aggregation of Plant Lectin, Jacalin.

PubMed

Lavanya, V; Anil Kumar, B; Jamal, Shazia; Khan, Md Khurshid Alam; Ahmed, Neesar

2017-02-01

The irreversible thermal unfolding of jacalin, the lectin purified from jackfruit seeds was accompanied by aggregation, where intermolecular interactions among the subunits are favoured over intramolecular interactions. The extent of aggregation increased as a function of temperature, time and protein concentration. The anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) significantly suppressed the formation of aggregates as observed by turbidity measurements and Rayleigh scattering assay. Moreover, far UV-CD spectra indicate that the protein β sheet transforms into α helical structure, when denatured in the presence of 3 mM SDS. Further, jacalin when heated in the presence of SDS partially retained the hemagglutination activity when jacalin-SDS mixture was diluted to 1:8 factor since 3 mM SDS was found to lyse the red blood cells. Thus, SDS only altered the aggregation behaviour of jacalin by preventing intermolecular hydrogen bonding among the exposed residues but did not completely stabilize the native conformation.

The effect of box preparation on the strength of glass fiber-reinforced composite inlay-retained fixed partial dentures.

PubMed

Ozcan, Mutlu; Breuklander, Marijn H; Vallittu, Pekka K

2005-04-01

Nonstandardized box dimensions for inlay-retained fixed partial dentures (FPDs) may result in uneven distribution of the forces on the connector region of such restorations. The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of box dimensions on the initial and final failure strength of inlay-retained fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) FPDs. Twenty-one inlay-retained FPDs were prepared using FRC (everStick) frameworks with unidirectional fiber reinforcement between mandibular first premolars and first molars. Boxes were prepared using conventional inlay burs (Cerinlay), and small and large ultrasonic tips (SONICSYS approx). Box dimensions were measured after preparation with a digital micrometer. All restorations were subjected to thermal cycling (6000 cycles, 5 degrees C-55 degrees C). Fracture testing was performed in a universal testing machine (1 mm/min). Acoustic emission signals were monitored during loading of the specimens. Initial and final fracture strength values (2-way ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc tests, alpha =.05) and failure types (Fisher exact test) were statistically compared for each group. Significant differences (P =.0146 and P =.0086) were observed between the groups in the dimensions of the boxes prepared using conventional burs buccolingually (2.8-3.0 mm in molars, 3.1-4.3 mm in premolars) and the small size (2.5-2.9, 2.9-3.8 mm) or large size (2.6-3.8, 3.2-4.9 mm) ultrasonic tips for the premolars and the molars, respectively. No significant differences were found at the initial and final failures between the conventionally prepared group (842 +/- 267 N, 1161 +/- 428 N) and those prepared with either small (1088 +/- 381 N, 1320 +/- 380 N) or large ultrasonic tips (1070 +/- 280 N, 1557 +/- 321 N), respectively. The failure analysis demonstrated no significant difference in failure types but predominant delamination of the veneering resin (85%) in all experimental groups. According to acoustic emission tests, a higher energy level was required for final failure of the FRC FPDs with boxes finished using small ultrasonic tips. Standardized box dimensions showed no significant effect on fracture strength at either initial or final failure of the fiber-reinforced FPDs. The FRC FPDs with boxes refined with small ultrasonic burs required a greater energy level before failure. The type of failure observed after the fracture tests was primarily delamination of the veneering resin.

Golgi retention of a trans-Golgi membrane protein, galactosyltransferase, requires cysteine and histidine residues within the membrane-anchoring domain.

PubMed

Aoki, D; Lee, N; Yamaguchi, N; Dubois, C; Fukuda, M N

1992-05-15

Galactosyltransferase (GT; UDPgalactose:beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminide beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.22) is a type II membrane-anchored protein composed of a short N-terminal cytoplasmic tail, a signal/membrane-anchoring domain, and a stem region followed by a large catalytic domain including the C terminus. To identify the peptide segment and key amino acid residues that are critical for Golgi localization of GT, the expression vector pGT-hCG was designed to encode the entire GT molecule fused to the C-terminal region of human chorionic gonadotropin alpha subunit (hCG alpha) as a reporter. COS-1 cells transfected with pGT-hCG expressed the chimera in the Golgi region, as detected by immunofluorescence microscopy using anti-hCG antibodies. Two deletion mutants, delta tail and delta stem, which are lacking most of the N-terminal cytoplasmic tail or 10 amino acids immediately after the membrane-anchoring domain, were localized in the Golgi. Replacement mutations of the membrane-anchoring domain of GT showed that the second quarter of the transmembrane domain or Cys29-Ala30-Leu31-His32-Leu33 is necessary for GT to be retained in the Golgi. Furthermore, the point mutants Cys29----Ser29 and His32----Leu32 were partially transported to the plasma membrane, whereas an Ala30-Leu31----Phe30-Gly31 mutant was localized in the Golgi. Finally, a double mutant, Cys29/His32----Ser29/Leu32, was found to be transported efficiently to the plasma membrane. The signal-anchoring domain of the transferrin receptor, a type II plasma membrane protein, was then replaced by portions of the GT transmembrane domain. Although the Cys-Xaa-Xaa-His sequence by itself cannot retain the transferrin receptor in the Golgi, the cytoplasmic half of the transmembrane domain of GT was partially capable of retaining the transferrin receptor in the Golgi. These results suggest that the cytoplasmic (or N-terminal) half of the transmembrane domain of GT contributes to the Golgi retention signal and that particularly Cys29 and His32 in this region are critical for GT to be retained in the Golgi.

Golgi retention of a trans-Golgi membrane protein, galactosyltransferase, requires cysteine and histidine residues within the membrane-anchoring domain.

PubMed Central

Aoki, D; Lee, N; Yamaguchi, N; Dubois, C; Fukuda, M N

1992-01-01

Galactosyltransferase (GT; UDPgalactose:beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminide beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.22) is a type II membrane-anchored protein composed of a short N-terminal cytoplasmic tail, a signal/membrane-anchoring domain, and a stem region followed by a large catalytic domain including the C terminus. To identify the peptide segment and key amino acid residues that are critical for Golgi localization of GT, the expression vector pGT-hCG was designed to encode the entire GT molecule fused to the C-terminal region of human chorionic gonadotropin alpha subunit (hCG alpha) as a reporter. COS-1 cells transfected with pGT-hCG expressed the chimera in the Golgi region, as detected by immunofluorescence microscopy using anti-hCG antibodies. Two deletion mutants, delta tail and delta stem, which are lacking most of the N-terminal cytoplasmic tail or 10 amino acids immediately after the membrane-anchoring domain, were localized in the Golgi. Replacement mutations of the membrane-anchoring domain of GT showed that the second quarter of the transmembrane domain or Cys29-Ala30-Leu31-His32-Leu33 is necessary for GT to be retained in the Golgi. Furthermore, the point mutants Cys29----Ser29 and His32----Leu32 were partially transported to the plasma membrane, whereas an Ala30-Leu31----Phe30-Gly31 mutant was localized in the Golgi. Finally, a double mutant, Cys29/His32----Ser29/Leu32, was found to be transported efficiently to the plasma membrane. The signal-anchoring domain of the transferrin receptor, a type II plasma membrane protein, was then replaced by portions of the GT transmembrane domain. Although the Cys-Xaa-Xaa-His sequence by itself cannot retain the transferrin receptor in the Golgi, the cytoplasmic half of the transmembrane domain of GT was partially capable of retaining the transferrin receptor in the Golgi. These results suggest that the cytoplasmic (or N-terminal) half of the transmembrane domain of GT contributes to the Golgi retention signal and that particularly Cys29 and His32 in this region are critical for GT to be retained in the Golgi. Images PMID:1584766

Numerical solution of a coupled pair of elliptic equations from solid state electronics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Phillips, T. N.

1983-01-01

Iterative methods are considered for the solution of a coupled pair of second order elliptic partial differential equations which arise in the field of solid state electronics. A finite difference scheme is used which retains the conservative form of the differential equations. Numerical solutions are obtained in two ways, by multigrid and dynamic alternating direction implicit methods. Numerical results are presented which show the multigrid method to be an efficient way of solving this problem.

An Ingenious Modification in Conventional Swing Lock Cast Partial Denture for Rehabilitating A Hemi Mandibulectomy Defect.

PubMed

Shah, Rupal Jaydip; Lagdive, Sanjay Balaji; Saini, Shraddha Lalit; Verma, Vishal Bipinbihari; Shah, Satyaprakash Ranjit

2017-01-01

Mandibular resections compromise the balance and symmetry of mandibular functions. Since centuries there has been advent of various prosthetic treatment modalities to improve the masticatory efficiency. Swing lock dentures, a treatment facet with high degree of clinical effectiveness, yet gradually fading into oblivion due to its design complexities, has been resurrected by retaining its indigenous concept of reciprocation, and consolidating aesthetics with introduction of newer breed of aesthetic material (Thermoplastic Acetal resin).

The benefits of a work-at-home program.

PubMed

Brownson, Kenneth

2004-01-01

Working from home offers the employee and the organization many benefits. The organization can use telework to recruit and retain valuable employees. The organization can also save money on work space and boost morale and loyalty. Employees enjoy the flexibility and convenience that telework offers. Teleworking is popular in the general business world and can be adapted to some jobs in the health care field. Managers must look throughout their organization to see what jobs can be accomplished either partially or completely at home.

Military Benefits that Retain Mid-Career Army Officers

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-12-14

MILITARY BENEFITS THAT RETAIN MID-CAREER ARMY OFFICERS A thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General...SUBTITLE Military Benefits That Retain Mid-Career Army Officers 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S...was to identify how important direct service benefits are to mid-career U.S. Army officer decisions to continue serving in the Army on active duty

Characterization of l-Theanine Excitatory Actions on Hippocampal Neurons: Toward the Generation of Novel N-Methyl-d-aspartate Receptor Modulators Based on Its Backbone.

PubMed

Sebih, Fatiha; Rousset, Matthieu; Bellahouel, Salima; Rolland, Marc; de Jesus Ferreira, Marie Celeste; Guiramand, Janique; Cohen-Solal, Catherine; Barbanel, Gérard; Cens, Thierry; Abouazza, Mohammed; Tassou, Adrien; Gratuze, Maud; Meusnier, Céline; Charnet, Pierre; Vignes, Michel; Rolland, Valérie

2017-08-16

l-Theanine (or l-γ-N-ethyl-glutamine) is the major amino acid found in Camellia sinensis. It has received much attention because of its pleiotropic physiological and pharmacological activities leading to health benefits in humans, especially. We describe here a new, easy, efficient, and environmentally friendly chemical synthesis of l-theanine and l-γ-N-propyl-Gln and their corresponding d-isomers. l-Theanine, and its derivatives obtained so far, exhibited partial coagonistic action at N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, with no detectable agonist effect at other glutamate receptors, on cultured hippocampal neurons. This activity was retained on NMDA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. In addition, both GluN2A and GluN2B containing NMDA receptors were equally modulated by l-theanine. The stereochemical change from l-theanine to d-theanine along with the substitution of the ethyl for a propyl moiety in the γ-N position of l- and d-theanine significantly enhanced the biological efficacy, as measured on cultured hippocampal neurons. l-Theanine structure thus represents an interesting backbone to develop novel NMDA receptor modulators.

Engineering Visual Arrestin-1 with Special Functional Characteristics*

PubMed Central

Vishnivetskiy, Sergey A.; Chen, Qiuyan; Palazzo, Maria C.; Brooks, Evan K.; Altenbach, Christian; Iverson, Tina M.; Hubbell, Wayne L.; Gurevich, Vsevolod V.

2013-01-01

Arrestin-1 preferentially binds active phosphorylated rhodopsin. Previously, a mutant with enhanced binding to unphosphorylated active rhodopsin (Rh*) was shown to partially compensate for lack of rhodopsin phosphorylation in vivo. Here we showed that reengineering of the receptor binding surface of arrestin-1 further improves the binding to Rh* while preserving protein stability. In mammals, arrestin-1 readily self-associates at physiological concentrations. The biological role of this phenomenon can only be elucidated by replacing wild type arrestin-1 in living animals with a non-oligomerizing mutant retaining all other functions. We demonstrate that constitutively monomeric forms of arrestin-1 are sufficiently stable for in vivo expression. We also tested the idea that individual functions of arrestin-1 can be independently manipulated to generate mutants with the desired combinations of functional characteristics. Here we showed that this approach is feasible; stable forms of arrestin-1 with high Rh* binding can be generated with or without the ability to self-associate. These novel molecular tools open the possibility of testing of the biological role of arrestin-1 self-association and pave the way to elucidation of full potential of compensational approach to gene therapy of gain-of-function receptor mutations. PMID:23250748

Low temperature fabrication of biodegradable sugar glass microneedles for transdermal drug delivery applications.

PubMed

Martin, C J; Allender, C J; Brain, K R; Morrissey, A; Birchall, J C

2012-02-28

Transdermal drug delivery is limited by the barrier properties of the outer skin layer. Microneedles (MNs) effectively circumvent the skin barrier to offer this route as a potential alternative to oral and parenteral delivery of therapeutics. Biodegradable microneedles offer particular advantages however processing commonly requires elevated temperatures that may adversely affect heat-labile molecules and macromolecules. In this study, solid amorphous sugar glasses containing low residual quantities of water were created by dehydration of trehalose and sucrose sugar combination solutions. Biodegradable sugar glass MNs were fabricated following optimisation of a simple and novel low temperature vacuum deposition micromoulding methodology. These had absolute morphological fidelity to silicon master structures and demonstrated sufficient structural rigidity to efficiently penetrate excised human breast skin. Sugar glass MNs incorporating a marker compound dissolved rapidly and completely in situ releasing dye into deeper skin layers. The biological activity of a model macromolecule was partially retained over extended storage following incorporation into sugar glass. This is the first demonstration that MNs created from amorphous sugar glasses can be used for incorporating and delivering molecules, and potentially biologically active macromolecules, via the transdermal route. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

TFG-MET fusion in an infantile spindle cell sarcoma with neural features.

PubMed

Flucke, Uta; van Noesel, Max M; Wijnen, Marc; Zhang, Lei; Chen, Chun-Liang; Sung, Yun-Shao; Antonescu, Cristina R

2017-09-01

An increasing number of congenital and infantile sarcomas displaying a primitive, monomorphic spindle cell phenotype have been characterized to harbor recurrent gene fusions, including infantile fibrosarcoma and congenital spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma. Here, we report an unusual spindle cell sarcoma presenting as a large and infiltrative pelvic soft tissue mass in a 4-month-old girl, which revealed a novel TFG-MET gene fusion by whole transcriptome RNA sequencing. The tumor resembled the morphology of an infantile fibrosarcoma with both fascicular and patternless growth, however, it expressed strong S100 protein immunoreactivity, while lacking SOX10 staining and retaining H3K27me3 expression. Although this immunoprofile suggested partial neural/neuroectodermal differentiation, overall features were unusual and did not fit into any known tumor types (cellular schwannoma, MPNST), raising the possibility of a novel pathologic entity. The TFG-MET gene fusion expands the genetic spectrum implicated in the pathogenesis of congenital spindle cell sarcomas, with yet another example of kinase oncogenic activation through chromosomal translocation. The discovery of this new fusion is significant since the resulting MET activation can potentially be inhibited by targeted therapy, as MET inhibitors are presently available in clinical trials. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Solubilization and partial purification of constituents of acyl-CoA elongase from Lunaria annua.

PubMed

Fehling, E; Lessire, R; Cassagne, C; Mukherjee, K D

1992-06-05

All the constituent enzymes of acyl-CoA elongase, i.e., beta-ketoacyl-CoA synthase, beta-ketoacyl-CoA reductase, beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrase and trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase, have been solubilized from a 15,000 x g particulate fraction from developing seeds of honesty (Lunaria annua) using Triton X-100. All these activities were retained upon subsequent precipitation of the solubilized protein with polyethylene glycol and resuspension of the precipitate followed by ion exchange chromatography of the resulting protein on DEAE-cellulose. A 4.2-fold enrichment of the acyl-CoA elongase was thus obtained. Further chromatography of the DEAE fraction containing all the constituents of acyl-CoA elongase on Ultrogel yielded a major protein fraction exhibiting the activities of beta-ketoacyl-CoA synthase and beta-ketoacyl-CoA reductase only. Almost 30-fold purification of the beta-ketoacyl-CoA synthase was thus achieved. The beta-ketoacyl-CoA synthase was inhibited only at high concentrations of cerulenin, but at very low concentrations of iodoacetamide. Inhibition could be reduced by preincubation with thioesters, indicating that an enzyme thioester intermediate is involved in the condensation reaction of the acyl-CoA elongation.

Encapsulation of biomaterials in porous glass-like matrices prepared via an aqueous colloidal sol-gel process

DOEpatents

Liu, Dean-Mo; Chen, I-Wei

2001-01-01

The present invention provides a process for the encapsulation of biologically important proteins into transparent, porous silica matrices by an alcohol-free, aqueous, colloidal sol-gel process, and to the biological materials encapsulated thereby. The process is exemplified by studies involving encapsulated cytochrome c, catalase, myoglobin, and hemoglobin, although non-proteinaceous biomaterials, such as active DNA or RNA fragments, cells or even tissues, may also be encapsulated in accordance with the present methods. Conformation, and hence activity of the biomaterial, is successfully retained after encapsulation as demonstrated by optical characterization of the molecules, even after long-term storage. The retained conformation of the biomaterial is strongly correlated to both the rate of gelation and the subsequent drying speed of the encapsulatng matrix. Moreover, in accordance with this process, gelation is accelerated by the use of a higher colloidal solid concentration and a lower synthesis pH than conventional methods, thereby enhancing structural stability and retained conformation of the biomaterials. Thus, the invention also provides a remarkable improvement in retaining the biological activity of the encapsulated biomaterial, as compared with those involved in conventional alkoxide-based processes. It further provides new methods for the quantitative and qualitative detection of test substances that are reactive to, or catalyzed by, the active, encapsulated biological materials.

Preparation of a new Fenton-like catalyst from red mud using molasses wastewater as partial acidifying agent.

PubMed

Wei, Guangtao; Shao, Luhua; Mo, Jihua; Li, Zhongmin; Zhang, Linye

2017-06-01

Using molasses wastewater as partial acidifying agent, a new Fenton-like catalyst (ACRM sm ) was prepared through a simple process of acidification and calcination using red mud as main material. With molasses wastewater, both the free alkali and the chemically bonded alkali in red mud were effectively removed under the action of H 2 SO 4 and molasses wastewater, and the prepared ACRM sm was a near-neutral catalyst. The ACRM sm preparation conditions were as follows: for 3 g of red mud, 9 mL of 0.7 mol/L H 2 SO 4 plus 2 g of molasses wastewater as the acidifying agent, calcination temperature 573 K, and calcination time 1 h. Iron phase of ACRM sm was mainly α-Fe 2 O 3 and trace amount of carbon existed in ACRM sm . The addition of molasses wastewater not only effectively reduced the consumption of H 2 SO 4 in acidification of red mud but also resulted in the generation of carbon and significantly improved the distribution of macropore in prepared ACRM sm . It was found that near-neutral pH of catalyst, generated carbon, and wide distribution of macropore were the main reasons for the high catalytic activity of ACRM sm . The generated carbon and wide distribution of macropore were entirely due to the molasses wastewater added. In degradation of orange II, ACRM sm retained most of its catalytic stability and activity after five recycling times, indicating ACRM sm had an excellent long-term stability in the Fenton-like process. Furthermore, the performance test of settling showed ACRM sm had an excellent settleability. ACRM sm was a safe and green catalytic material used in Fenton-like oxidation for wastewater treatment.

Self-Reported Knee Instability Before and After Total Knee Replacement Surgery.

PubMed

Fleeton, Genevieve; Harmer, Alison R; Nairn, Lillias; Crosbie, Jack; March, Lyn; Crawford, Ross; van der Esch, Martin; Fransen, Marlene

2016-04-01

To determine the prevalence and burden of pain and activity limitations associated with retaining presurgery self-reported knee instability 6 months after total knee replacement (TKR) surgery and to identify early potentially modifiable risk factors for retaining knee instability in the operated knee after TKR surgery. A secondary analysis was performed using measures obtained from 390 participants undergoing primary unilateral TKR and participating in a randomized clinical trial. Self-reported knee instability was measured using 2 items from the Activities of Daily Living Scale of the Knee Outcome Survey. Outcome measures were knee pain (range 0-20) and physical function (range 0-68) on the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC), stair-climb power, 50-foot walk time, knee range of motion, and isometric knee flexion and extension strength. In this study, 72% of participants reported knee instability just prior to surgery, with 32% retaining instability in the operated knee 6 months after surgery. Participants retaining operated knee instability had significantly more knee pain and activity limitations 6 months after surgery, with mean ± SD WOMAC scores of 4.8 ± 3.7 and 17.5 ± 11.1, respectively, compared to participants without knee instability, with 2.9 ± 3.1 and 9.8 ± 9.2. The multivariable predictor model for retained knee instability included a high comorbidity score (>6), low stair-climb power (<150 watts), more pain in the operated knee (>7 of 20), and younger age (<60 years). Self-reported knee instability is highly prevalent before and after TKR surgery and is associated with a considerable burden of pain and activity limitation in the operated knee. Increasing lower extremity muscle power may reduce the risk of retaining knee instability after TKR surgery. © 2016, American College of Rheumatology.

Effect of Grinding at Modified Atmosphere or Vacuum on Browning, Antioxidant Capacities, and Oxidative Enzyme Activities of Apple.

PubMed

Kim, Ah-Na; Lee, Kyo-Yeon; Kim, Hyun-Jin; Chun, Jiyeon; Kerr, William L; Choi, Sung-Gil

2018-01-01

This study evaluated the effects of grinding at atmospheric pressure (control), under vacuum (∼2.67 kPa), or with modified atmosphere (N 2 and CO 2 ) on the browning, antioxidant activity, phenolics, and oxidative enzyme activity of apples as a function of time. The control group was affected most, showing distinct browning and losing most of the antioxidant activity and concentrations of the main phenolic compounds. The modified atmosphere groups retained color, antioxidant activity, and phenolic compounds better than the control group. Least changes were obtained with vacuum grinding, particularly in terms of preventing enzymatic browning and oxidation of antioxidants apples. At 12 h after grinding, vacuum-ground apples retained total phenolic contents 5.32, 1.54, and 1.49 times higher than control, nitrogen gas, and carbon dioxide gas-ground samples, respectively. The oxidative enzyme activity, including that of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase, decreased in the control and modified atmosphere group, but they were maintained in the samples ground under the vacuum. In this study, we found that grinding with modified atmosphere or vacuum conditions could effectively prevent browning as well as loss of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of ground apples. These results can help scientists and engineers build better grinding systems for retaining nutrient and quality factors of ground apples. In addition, these results may be useful to other fruit and vegetable industries that wish to retain fresh-like quality and nutritional value during grinding and storage. © 2017 Institute of Food Technologists®.

Negative regulation of early polyomavirus expression in mouse embryonal carcinoma cells.

PubMed Central

Cremisi, C; Babinet, C

1986-01-01

Embryonal carcinoma cells are resistant to infection by polyomavirus (Py). We showed that this block was partially removed by inhibiting protein synthesis temporarily. The block was also partially removed when Py was coinfected with simian virus 40. Cycloheximide treatment of cells infected with Py mutants able to grow on PCC4 embryonal carcinoma cells led to 3- to 10-fold increases in the production of T-antigen-positive cells. At 31 degrees C, Py T-antigen expression was enhanced when the cells were treated with cycloheximide. We suggest that a negative labile regulatory protein(s) is synthesized in PCC4 cells, preventing the initiation of early Py transcription by binding to the noncoding sequence, especially the enhancer element B and perhaps also element A, and that the Py mutants retained a binding site(s). PMID:3016339

Comparative study of thermostability and ester synthesis ability of free and immobilized lipases on cross linked silica gel.

PubMed

Kumari, Annapurna; Mahapatra, Paramita; Kumar, Garlapati Vijay; Banerjee, Rintu

2008-06-01

A novel support has been utilized for immobilization of lipase, which was prepared by amination of silica with ethanolamine followed by cross linking with glutaraldehyde. Lipases from Rhizopus oryzae 3562 and Enterobacter aerogenes were immobilized on activated silica gel, where they retained 60 and 50% of respective original activity. The thermal stability of the immobilized lipases was significantly improved in comparison to the free forms while the pH stability remained unchanged. E. aerogenes and R. oryzae 3562 lipases retained 75 and 97% of respective initial activity on incubation at 90 degrees C, whereas both the free forms became inactive at this temperature. The conversion yield of isoamyl acetate was found to be higher with the immobilized fungal (90 vs. 21%) and bacterial lipases (64 vs. 18%) than the respective free forms. Immobilized R. oryzae 3562 lipases retained 50% activity for isoamyl acetate synthesis up to ten cycles whereas it was eight cycles for E. aerogenes.

Chloroplast digestion and the development of functional kleptoplasty in juvenile Elysia timida (Risso, 1818) as compared to short-term and non-chloroplast-retaining sacoglossan slugs

PubMed Central

Wägele, Heike

2017-01-01

Sacoglossan sea slugs are the only metazoans known to perform functional kleptoplasty, the sequestration and retention of functional chloroplasts within their digestive gland cells. Remarkably, a few species with this ability can survive starvation periods of 3–12 months likely due to their stolen chloroplasts. There are no reports of kleptoplast transfer from mother slug to either eggs or juveniles, demonstrating that each animal must independently acquire its kleptoplasts and develop the ability to maintain them within its digestive gland. We present here an investigation into the development of functional kleptoplasty in a long-term kleptoplast retaining species, Elysia timida. Laboratory-reared juvenile slugs of different post-metamorphic ages were placed in starvation and compared to 5 known short-term retaining slug species and 5 non-retaining slug species. The subsequent results indicate that functional kleptoplasty is not performed by E. timida until after 15 days post-metamorphosis and that by 25 days, these animals outlive many of the short-term retention species. Digestive activity was also monitored using lysosomal abundance as an indicator, revealing different patterns in starving juveniles versus adults. Starved juveniles were reintroduced to food to determine any differences in digestive activity when starvation ends, resulting in an increase in the number of kleptoplasts, but no overall change in lysosomal activity. By revealing some of the changes that occur during early development in these animals, which begin as non-kleptoplast-retaining and grow into long-term retaining slugs, this investigation provides a basis for future inquiries into the origin and development of this remarkable ability. PMID:29020043

Failure evolution in granular material retained by rigid wall in active mode

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pietrzak, Magdalena; Leśniewska, Danuta

2012-10-01

This paper presents a detailed study of a selected small scale model test, performed on a sample of surrogate granular material, retained by a rigid wall (typical geotechnical problem of earth thrust on a retaining wall). The experimental data presented in this paper show that the deformation of granular sample behind retaining wall can undergo some cyclic changes. The nature of these cycles is not clear - it is probably related to some micromechanical features of granular materials, which are recently extensively studied in many research centers in the world. Employing very precise DIC (PIV) method can help to relate micro and macro-scale behavior of granular materials.

Adsorption of peroxidase on Celite 545 directly from ammonium sulfate fractionated white radish (Raphanus sativus) proteins.

PubMed

Satar, Rukhsana; Husain, Qayyum

2009-03-01

This paper demonstrates the direct immobilization of peroxidase from ammonium sulfate fractionated white radish proteins on an inorganic support, Celite 545. The adsorbed peroxidase was crosslinked by using glutaraldehyde. The activity yield for white radish peroxidase was adsorbed on Celite 545 was 70% and this activity was decreased and remained 60% of the initial activity after crosslinking by glutaraldehyde. The pH and temperature-optima for both soluble and immobilized peroxidase was at pH 5.5 and 40 degrees C. Immobilized peroxidase retained higher stability against heat and water-miscible organic solvents. In the presence of 5.0 mM mercuric chloride, immobilized white radish peroxidase retained 41% of its initial activity while the free enzyme lost 93% activity. Soluble enzyme lost 61% of its initial activity while immobilized peroxidase retained 86% of the original activity when exposed to 0.02 mM sodium azide for 1 h. The K(m) values were 0.056 and 0.07 mM for free and immobilized enzyme, respectively. Immobilized white radish peroxidase exhibited lower V(max) as compared to the soluble enzyme. Immobilized peroxidase preparation showed better storage stability as compared to its soluble counterpart.

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STONE RETAINING WALL, LOOKING WEST TOWARD ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STONE RETAINING WALL, LOOKING WEST TOWARD THE HOUSE. THE BRANCHES IN THE FOREGROUND WERE REMNANTS OF RECENT PRUNING ACTIVITY. (DUPLICATE OF HALS NO. PA-1-16). - John Bartram House & Garden, 54th Street & Lindbergh Boulevard, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

[Collagenolytic activity in several species of deuteromycetes under various storage conditions].

PubMed

Iakovleva, M B; Khoang, T L; Nikitina, Z K

2006-01-01

The ability of deuteromycetes of the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Botrytis to retain collagenolytic activity was studied after both 2 and 10 years of storage on a Czapek medium under a layer of mineral oil at 4 degrees C, as well as in silica gel granules at 20 and -60 degrees C. The enzymatic activity of several species, including Botrytis terrestris, Penicillium janthinellum, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Penicillium citrinum, was retained under both conditions of storage. Aspergillus repens retained enzymatic activity only if stored under a layer of mineral oil. The viability of conidia and the collagenolytic activity of Botrytis terrestris, P. janthinellum, P. chrysogenum, and Penicillium citrinum, maintained on silica gel for 10 years, depended on the storage temperature. The viability of the test strains improved after storage on a silica gel at -60 degrees C. A strain of Aspergillus repens lost its ability to dissolve collagen at various storage temperatures on the silica gel. The index of lysis for three strains of Penicillium deuteromycetes (Penicillium janthinellum, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Penicillium citrinum) increased after a 10-year storage on silica gel at -60 degrees C.

Abolished thermal and mechanical antinociception but retained visceral chemical antinociception induced by butorphanol in μ-opioid receptor knockout mice

PubMed Central

Ide, Soichiro; Minami, Masabumi; Ishihara, Kumatoshi; Uhl, George R.; Satoh, Masamichi; Sora, Ichiro; Ikeda, Kazutaka

2012-01-01

Butorphanol is hypothesized to induce analgesia via opioid pathways, although the precise mechanisms for its effects remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of the μ-opioid receptor (MOP) in thermal, mechanical, and visceral chemical antinociception induced by butorphanol using MOP knockout (KO) mice. Butorphanol-induced thermal antinociception, assessed by the hot-plate and tail-flick tests, was significantly reduced in heterozygous and abolished in homozygous MOP-KO mice compared with wildtype mice. The results obtained from our butorphanol-induced mechanical antinociception experiments, assessed by the Randall-Selitto test, were similar to the results obtained from the thermal antinociception experiments in these mice. Interestingly, however, butorphanol retained its ability to induce significant visceral chemical antinociception, assessed by the writhing test, in homozygous MOP-KO mice. The butorphanol-induced visceral chemical antinociception that was retained in homozygous MOP-KO mice was completely blocked by pretreatment with nor-binaltorphimine, a κ-opioid receptor (KOP) antagonist. In vitro binding and cyclic adenosine monophosphate assays also showed that butorphanol possessed higher affinity for KOPs and MOPs than for δ-opioid receptors. These results molecular pharmacologically confirmed previous studies implicating MOPs, and partially KOPs, in mediating butorphanol-induced analgesia. PMID:18417173

Endophytic fungus Purpureocillium sp. A5 protect mangrove plant Kandelia candel under copper stress.

PubMed

Gong, Bin; Liu, Guixiang; Liao, Rquan; Song, Jingjing; Zhang, Hong

Mangrove is an important ecosystem in the world. Mangrove ecosystems have a large capacity in retaining heavy metals, and now they are usually considered as sinks for heavy metals. However, the mechanism of why the soil of mangrove ecosystems can retain heavy metal is not certain. In this research, endophytic fungus Purpureocillium sp. A5 was isolated and identified from the roots of Kandelia candel. When this fungus was added, it protected the growth of K. candel under Cu stress. This can be illustrated by analyzing chlorophyll A and B, RWC and WSD to leaves of K. candel. Purpureocillium sp. A5 reduces uptake of Cu in K. candel and changes the pH characterization of soil. Furthermore, A5 increase the concentration of Cu complexes in soil, and it enhanced the concentration of carbonate-bound Cu, Mn-Fe complexes Cu and organic-bound Cu in soil. Nevertheless, a significant reduction of the Cu ion was noted among A5-treated plants. This study is significant and illustrates a promising potential use for environmental remediation of endophytes, and also may partially explain the large capacity of mangrove ecosystems in retaining heavy metals. Copyright © 2017 Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.

Studies on a Novel Serine Protease of a ΔhapAΔprtV Vibrio cholerae O1 Strain and Its Role in Hemorrhagic Response in the Rabbit Ileal Loop Model

PubMed Central

Syngkon, Aurelia; Elluri, Sridhar; Koley, Hemanta; Rompikuntal, Pramod K.; Saha, Dhira Rani; Chakrabarti, Manoj K.; Bhadra, Rupak K.; Wai, Sun Nyunt; Pal, Amit

2010-01-01

Background Two well-characterized proteases secreted by Vibrio cholerae O1 strains are hemagglutinin protease (HAP) and V. cholerae protease (PrtV). The hapA and prtV knock out mutant, V. cholerae O1 strain CHA6.8ΔprtV, still retains residual protease activity. We initiated this study to characterize the protease present in CHA6.8ΔprtV strain and study its role in pathogenesis in rabbit ileal loop model (RIL). Methodology/Principal Findings We partially purified the residual protease secreted by strain CHA6.8ΔprtV from culture supernatant by anion-exchange chromatography. The major protein band in native PAGE was identified by MS peptide mapping and sequence analysis showed homology with a 59-kDa trypsin-like serine protease encoded by VC1649. The protease activity was partially inhibited by 25 mM PMSF and 10 mM EDTA and completely inhibited by EDTA and PMSF together. RIL assay with culture supernatants of strains C6709 (FA ratio 1.1+/−0.3 n = 3), CHA6.8 (FA ratio 1.08+/−0.2 n = 3), CHA6.8ΔprtV (FA ratio 1.02+/−0.2 n = 3) and partially purified serine protease from CHA6.8ΔprtV (FA ratio 1.2+/−0.3 n = 3) induced fluid accumulation and histopathological studies on rabbit ileum showed destruction of the villus structure with hemorrhage in all layers of the mucosa. RIL assay with culture supernatant of CHA6.8ΔprtVΔVC1649 strain (FA ratio 0.11+/−0.005 n = 3) and with protease incubated with PMSF and EDTA (FA ratio 0.3+/−0.05 n = 3) induced a significantly reduced FA ratio with almost complete normal villus structure. Conclusion Our results show the presence of a novel 59-kDa serine protease in a ΔhapAΔprtV V. cholerae O1 strain and its role in hemorrhagic response in RIL model. PMID:20927349

Context-dependent switching between proactive and reactive working memory control mechanisms in the right inferior frontal gyrus.

PubMed

Marklund, Petter; Persson, Jonas

2012-11-15

A critical feature of higher cognitive functioning is the capacity to flexibly tailor information processing and behaviors to current situational demands. Recent neurocognitive models have been postulated to account for the dynamic nature of human executive processing by invoking two dissociable cognitive control modes, proactive and reactive control. These may involve partially overlapping, but temporally distinct neural implementation in the prefrontal cortex. Prior brain imaging studies exploring proactive control have mainly used tasks requiring only information about single-items to be retained over unfilled delays. Whether proactive control can also be utilized to facilitate performance in more complex working memory tasks, in which concurrent processing of intervening items and updating is mandatory during contextual cue maintenance remains an open question. To examine this issue and to elucidate the extent to which overlapping neural substrates underlie proactive and reactive control we used fMRI and a modified verbal 3-back paradigm with embedded cues predictive of high-interference trials. This task requires context information to be retained over multiple intervening trials. We found that performance improved with item-specific cues predicting forthcoming lures despite increased working memory load. Temporal dynamics of activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus suggest flexible switching between proactive and reactive control in a context-dependent fashion, with greater sustained responses elicited in the 3-back task involving context maintenance of cue information and greater transient responses elicited in the 3-back task absent of cues. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

75 FR 14588 - Proposed Agency Information Collection

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-26

... progress, jobs created and retained, spend rates and performance metrics under the American Recovery and... information that DOE is developing to collect data on the status of activities, project progress, jobs created and retained, spend rates and performance metrics under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of...

Transport and Transformation of Selenium and Other Constituents of Flue-Gas Desulfurization Wastewater in Water-Saturated Soil Materials.

PubMed

Galkaduwa, Madhubhashini B; Hettiarachchi, Ganga M; Kluitenberg, Gerard J; Hutchinson, Stacy L; Davis, Lawrence; Erickson, Larry E

2017-03-01

Constructed wetland treatment systems are used to remove selenium (Se) from flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater (WW). However, direct confirmation of the mechanism responsible for FGD WW Se retention in soil is lacking. A laboratory-based soil column study was performed to develop an evidence-based mechanism of Se retention and to study the behavior and the retention capacity of FGD WW constituents in water-saturated soil. A deoxygenated 1:1 mixture of FGD WW and raw water was delivered to the columns bottom-up at a flux of 1.68 cm d for 100 d. Some of the columns were flushed with the raw water at the same rate for an additional 100 d. Column effluent was analyzed for constituents of concern. Results showed a complete retention of FGD WW Se in the soil materials. Boron and fluorine were partially retained; however, sulfur, sodium, and chlorine retention was poor, agreeing with field observations. The FGD WW Se was retained in soil near the inlet end of the columns, indicating its limited mobility under reduced conditions. Sequential extraction procedure revealed that retained Se was mainly sequestered as stable/residual forms. Bulk- and micro-X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy confirmed that Se was mainly retained as reduced/stable species [Se(IV), organic Se, and Se(0)]. This study provides direct evidence for FGD WW Se retention in water-saturated soil via the transformation of oxidized Se into reduced/stable forms. Copyright © by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.

Comparative analysis of thermostability of extracellular inulinase activity from Aspergillus fumigatus with commercially available (Novozyme) inulinase.

PubMed

Gill, Prabhjot Kaur; Manhas, Rajesh Kumari; Singh, Prabhjeet

2006-01-01

Thermostable inulinase activity was identified in the extracellular extract of Aspergillus fumigatus. At its optimum temperature of 60 degrees C, the ammonium sulphate fraction retained approximately 70% of its maximum activity after 72 h incubation in the absence of inulin. The two isoforms of A. fumigatus inulinase were purified and their thermostability was studied. In the presence of inulin, isoform II was more thermostable when compared to other two fractions and retained approximately 54% activity after 3h at 60 degrees C. The higher thermostability of inulinase of A. fumigatus makes it a potential candidate for commercial production of fructose.

Retaining large and adjustable elastic strains of kilogram-scale Nb nanowires [Better Superconductor by Elastic Strain Engineering: Kilogram-scale Free-Standing Niobium Metal Composite with Large Retained Elastic Strains

DOE PAGES

Hao, Shijie; Cui, Lishan; Wang, Hua; ...

2016-02-10

Crystals held at ultrahigh elastic strains and stresses may exhibit exceptional physical and chemical properties. Individual metallic nanowires can sustain ultra-large elastic strains of 4-7%. However, retaining elastic strains of such magnitude in kilogram-scale nanowires is challenging. Here, we find that under active load, ~5.6% elastic strain can be achieved in Nb nanowires in a composite material. Moreover, large tensile (2.8%) and compressive (-2.4%) elastic strains can be retained in kilogram-scale Nb nanowires when the composite is unloaded to a free-standing condition. It is then demonstrated that the retained tensile elastic strains of Nb nanowires significantly increase their superconducting transitionmore » temperature and critical magnetic fields, corroborating ab initio calculations based on BCS theory. This free-standing nanocomposite design paradigm opens new avenues for retaining ultra-large elastic strains in great quantities of nanowires and elastic-strain-engineering at industrial scale.« less

Impacts from Partial Removal of Decommissioned Oil and Gas Platforms on Fish Biomass and Production on the Remaining Platform Structure and Surrounding Shell Mounds

PubMed Central

Claisse, Jeremy T.; Pondella, Daniel J.; Love, Milton; Zahn, Laurel A.; Williams, Chelsea M.; Bull, Ann S.

2015-01-01

When oil and gas platforms become obsolete they go through a decommissioning process. This may include partial removal (from the surface to 26 m depth) or complete removal of the platform structure. While complete removal would likely eliminate most of the existing fish biomass and associated secondary production, we find that the potential impacts of partial removal would likely be limited on all but one platform off the coast of California. On average 80% of fish biomass and 86% of secondary fish production would be retained after partial removal, with above 90% retention expected for both metrics on many platforms. Partial removal would likely result in the loss of fish biomass and production for species typically found residing in the shallow portions of the platform structure. However, these fishes generally represent a small proportion of the fishes associated with these platforms. More characteristic of platform fauna are the primarily deeper-dwelling rockfishes (genus Sebastes). “Shell mounds” are biogenic reefs that surround some of these platforms resulting from an accumulation of mollusk shells that have fallen from the shallow areas of the platforms mostly above the depth of partial removal. We found that shell mounds are moderately productive fish habitats, similar to or greater than natural rocky reefs in the region at comparable depths. The complexity and areal extent of these biogenic habitats, and the associated fish biomass and production, will likely be reduced after either partial or complete platform removal. Habitat augmentation by placing the partially removed platform superstructure or some other additional habitat enrichment material (e.g., rock boulders) on the seafloor adjacent to the base of partially removed platforms provides additional options to enhance fish production, potentially mitigating reductions in shell mound habitat. PMID:26332384

Method for improved selectivity in photo-activation of molecular agents

DOEpatents

Fisher, Walter G.; Wachter, Eric A.; Dees, H. Craig

2000-01-01

An apparatus for the treatment of a particular volume of plant or animal tissue by treating the plant or animal tissue with at least one photo-active molecular agent, wherein the particular volume of the plant or animal tissue retains at least a portion of the at least one photo-active molecular agent, and then treating the particular volume of the plant or animal tissue with light sufficient to promote a simultaneous two-photon excitation of at least one of the at least one photo-active molecular agent retained in the particular volume of the plant or animal tissue, wherein the at least one photo-active molecular agent becomes active in the particular volume of the plant or animal tissue.

75 FR 63514 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission to OMB for Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-15

... be required to develop and submit a retained earnings accumulation plan. The rule generally requires... hours = 1,000 hours. Retained earnings accumulation Plans: 3 corporates x 50 hours = 150 hours. Notice... imposes new requirements concerning the use of nationally recognized statistical rating agencies, which...

Adult Students: Recruitment and Retention. Practice Application Brief No. 18.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wonacott, Michael E.

How to attract and retain adult students remains an enduring question for adult education providers. Recent research sheds light on adult learners' unique learning goals, needs, and aspirations and offers guidance on recruiting and retaining adult learners. Adult students' participation and persistence in educational activities is a complex…

50 CFR 635.32 - Specifically authorized activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... to fish for, take, retain, or possess Atlantic sharks, including sandbar sharks, in excess of the... permit, display permit, chartering permit, or shark research permit issued in response to requests for... landed or retained under the authority of this section is subject to a quota, the fish shall be counted...

50 CFR 635.32 - Specifically authorized activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... to fish for, take, retain, or possess Atlantic sharks, including sandbar sharks, in excess of the... permit, display permit, chartering permit, or shark research permit issued in response to requests for... landed or retained under the authority of this section is subject to a quota, the fish shall be counted...

Prediction of potency of protease inhibitors using free energy simulations with polarizable quantum mechanics-based ligand charges and a hybrid water model.

PubMed

Das, Debananda; Koh, Yasuhiro; Tojo, Yasushi; Ghosh, Arun K; Mitsuya, Hiroaki

2009-12-01

Reliable and robust prediction of the binding affinity for drug molecules continues to be a daunting challenge. We simulated the binding interactions and free energy of binding of nine protease inhibitors (PIs) with wild-type and various mutant proteases by performing GBSA simulations in which each PI's partial charge was determined by quantum mechanics (QM) and the partial charge accounts for the polarization induced by the protease environment. We employed a hybrid solvation model that retains selected explicit water molecules in the protein with surface-generalized Born (SGB) implicit solvent. We examined the correlation of the free energy with the antiviral potency of PIs with regard to amino acid substitutions in protease. The GBSA free energy thus simulated showed strong correlations (r > 0.75) with antiviral IC(50) values of PIs when amino acid substitutions were present in the protease active site. We also simulated the binding free energy of PIs with P2-bis-tetrahydrofuranylurethane (bis-THF) or related cores, utilizing a bis-THF-containing protease crystal structure as a template. The free energy showed a strong correlation (r = 0.93) with experimentally determined anti-HIV-1 potency. The present data suggest that the presence of selected explicit water in protein and protein polarization-induced quantum charges for the inhibitor, compared to lack of explicit water and a static force-field-based charge model, can serve as an improved lead optimization tool and warrants further exploration.

Effect of Varying Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) Recessions on Kinematics and Ligament Strains with Cruciate Retaining Total Knee Prostheses.

PubMed

Schwarzkopf, Ran; Laster, Scott K; Cross, Michael B; Lenz, Nathaniel M

2016-04-01

Proper ligament tension in flexion with posterior cruciate retaining (CR) total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has long been associated with clinical success. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of varying levels of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) release on the tibiofemoral kinematics and PCL strain. A computational analysis was performed and varying levels of PCL release were simulated. Tibiofemoral kinematics was evaluated. The maximum PCL strain was determined for each bundle to evaluate the risk of rupture based on the failure strain. The femoral AP position shifted anteriorly as the PCL stiffness was reduced. PCL strain in both bundles increased as stiffness was reduced. The model predicts that the AL bundle should not rupture for a 75% release. Risk of PM bundle rupture is greater than AL bundle. Our findings suggest that a partial PCL release impacts tibiofemoral kinematics and ligament tension and strain. The relationship is dynamic and care should be taken when seeking optimal balance intra-operatively.

Immunoactive two-dimensional self-assembly of monoclonal antibodies in aqueous solution revealed by atomic force microscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ido, Shinichiro; Kimiya, Hirokazu; Kobayashi, Kei; Kominami, Hiroaki; Matsushige, Kazumi; Yamada, Hirofumi

2014-03-01

The conformational flexibility of antibodies in solution directly affects their immune function. Namely, the flexible hinge regions of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are essential in epitope-specific antigen recognition and biological effector function. The antibody structure, which is strongly related to its functions, has been partially revealed by electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography, but only under non-physiological conditions. Here we observed monoclonal IgG antibodies in aqueous solution by high-resolution frequency modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM). We found that monoclonal antibodies self-assemble into hexamers, which form two-dimensional crystals in aqueous solution. Furthermore, by directly observing antibody-antigen interactions using FM-AFM, we revealed that IgG molecules in the crystal retain immunoactivity. As the self-assembled monolayer crystal of antibodies retains immunoactivity at a neutral pH and is functionally stable at a wide range of pH and temperature, the antibody crystal is applicable to new biotechnological platforms for biosensors or bioassays.

Mechanical properties of high-Si plate steel produced by the quenching and partitioning process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hong, Seung Chan; Ahn, Jae Cheon; Nam, Sang Yong; Kim, Seog Ju; Yang, Hee Choon; Speer, John G.; Matlock, David K.

2007-12-01

The microstructures and mechanical properties of a high-Si (1.5 wt.%) steel produced by a novel process of quenching and partitioning (Q & P) were compared with those obtained using traditional heat treatments (i.e. austempering, intercritical annealing for dual phase, quench and tempering). Plate steel was included for exploration of the Q & P process in applications requiring strength and toughness (such as an API line pipe), where retained austenite may contribute to the overall toughness via the TRIP phenomenon at a crack top. The Q & P process is based on the partial transformation of austenite to martensite, followed by partitioning of carbon from martensite into austenite, which leads to an untypical microstructure. Retained austenite amounts up to 6 vol.% with a carbon content of up to 0.88 wt.% were achieved in 0.1% carbon steel using Q & P. Superior impact toughness at higher yield strength levels was found after Q & P compared to other traditional heat treatments with equivalent partitioning, austempering or tempering conditions.

"Redefining smile-a multidisciplinary approach".

PubMed

Manne, Prakash; Zakkula, Srujana; Atla, Jyothi; Muvva, Suresh Babu; Sampath, Anche

2013-07-01

This article presents a case report of a 20 year old female who was very much dissatisfied with her facial appearance and smile.On examination, it was found that there was a Angles class II division 1 malocclusion and a generalised spacing in the anterior teeth, with a retained, deciduous, left maxillary canine and a malposed 15. On radiographic examination, an impacted 18, 23 was noticed. As the part of the treatment plan, the retained deciduous canine and the impacted permanent canine were extracted and an orthodontic correction of the malocclusion was accomplished. The missing canine was planned to be replaced with a fixed partial denture.The short clinical crown height of the abutment teeth was increased by crown lengthening procedures and the pontic space was contoured to receive a ovate pontic by using diode lasers. The missing tooth was restored by using an all ceramic three unit zirconia bridge. This multi-disciplinary approach improved the smile of the patient and it ultimately enhanced her aesthetics and self confidence.

“Redefining Smile-A Multidisciplinary Approach”

PubMed Central

Manne, Prakash; Zakkula, Srujana; Atla, Jyothi; Muvva, Suresh Babu; Sampath, Anche

2013-01-01

This article presents a case report of a 20 year old female who was very much dissatisfied with her facial appearance and smile.On examination, it was found that there was a Angles class II division 1 malocclusion and a generalised spacing in the anterior teeth, with a retained, deciduous, left maxillary canine and a malposed 15. On radiographic examination, an impacted 18, 23 was noticed. As the part of the treatment plan, the retained deciduous canine and the impacted permanent canine were extracted and an orthodontic correction of the malocclusion was accomplished. The missing canine was planned to be replaced with a fixed partial denture.The short clinical crown height of the abutment teeth was increased by crown lengthening procedures and the pontic space was contoured to receive a ovate pontic by using diode lasers. The missing tooth was restored by using an all ceramic three unit zirconia bridge. This multi–disciplinary approach improved the smile of the patient and it ultimately enhanced her aesthetics and self confidence. PMID:23998114

Effects of mechanical properties of adhesive resin cements on stress distribution in fiber-reinforced composite adhesive fixed partial dentures.

PubMed

Yokoyama, Daiichiro; Shinya, Akikazu; Gomi, Harunori; Vallittu, Pekka K; Shinya, Akiyoshi

2012-01-01

Using finite element analysis (FEA), this study investigated the effects of the mechanical properties of adhesive resin cements on stress distributions in fiber-reinforced resin composite (FRC) adhesive fixed partial dentures (AFPDs). Two adhesive resin cements were compared: Super-Bond C&B and Panavia Fluoro Cement. The AFPD consisted of a pontic to replace a maxillary right lateral incisor and retainers on a maxillary central incisor and canine. FRC framework was made of isotropic, continuous, unidirectional E-glass fibers. Maximum principal stresses were calculated using finite element method (FEM). Test results revealed that differences in the mechanical properties of adhesive resin cements led to different stress distributions at the cement interfaces between AFPD and abutment teeth. Clinical implication of these findings suggested that the safety and longevity of an AFPD depended on choosing an adhesive resin cement with the appropriate mechanical properties.

Phase change in CoTi2 induced by MeV electron irradiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zensho, Akihiro; Sato, Kazuhisa; Yasuda, Hidehiro; Mori, Hirotaro

2018-07-01

The phase change induced by MeV electron irradiation in the intermetallic compound E93-CoTi2 was investigated using high-voltage electron microscopy. Under MeV electron irradiation, CoTi2 was first transformed into an amorphous phase and, with continued irradiation, crystallite formation in the amorphous phase (i.e. formation of crystallites of a solid-solution phase within the amorphous phase) was induced. The critical temperature for amorphisation was around 250 K. The total dose (dpa) required for crystallite formation (i.e. that required for partial crystallisation) was high (i.e. 27-80 dpa) and, even after prolonged irradiation, the amorphous phase was retained in the irradiated sample. Such partial crystallisation behaviour of amorphous Co33Ti67 was clearly different from the crystallisation behaviour (i.e. amorphous-to-solid solution, polymorphous transformation) of amorphous Cr67Ti33 reported in the literature. A possible cause of the difference is discussed.

Biological nitrogen removal from sewage via anammox: Recent advances.

PubMed

Ma, Bin; Wang, Shanyun; Cao, Shenbin; Miao, Yuanyuan; Jia, Fangxu; Du, Rui; Peng, Yongzhen

2016-01-01

Biological nitrogen removal from sewage via anammox is a promising and feasible technology to make sewage treatment energy-neutral or energy-positive. Good retention of anammox bacteria is the premise of achieving sewage treatment via anammox. Therefore the anammox metabolism and its factors were critically reviewed so as to form biofilm/granules for retaining anammox bacteria. A stable supply of nitrite for anammox bacteria is a real bottleneck for applying anammox in sewage treatment. Nitritation and partial-denitrification are two promising methods of offering nitrite. As such, the strategies for achieving nitritation in sewage treatment were summarized by reviewing the factors affecting nitrite oxidation bacteria growth. Meanwhile, the methods of achieving partial-denitrification have been developed through understanding the microorganisms related with nitrite accumulation and their factors. Furthermore, two cases of applying anammox in the mainstream sewage treatment plants were documented. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Real-time Optical Alignment and Diagnostic System (ROADS)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1972-01-01

The ultimate and most frequent usage of ROADS will be the alignment of subassemblies (collector and collimator) prior to their installation in a chamber. The system as designed has inherent associated capabilities well applied to acceptance testing of the No. 4 mirror, prediction of in-chamber performance, generation of a catalog of test results and other data, providing data for the plotting of isointensity lines, and other applications which are discussed. The ROADS system will collect, process, display, analyze, and retain data as required for components, partial subassemblies, complete subassemblies, complete modules, and multimodular arrays.

Implant rehabilitation of partial maxillectomy edentulous patient

PubMed Central

Gowda, Mahesh E.; Mohan, Murali S.; Verma, Kamal; Roy, I. D.

2013-01-01

Edentulous patients with maxillectomy defects present a significant challenge for prosthetic rehabilitation and the adaptive capabilities of the patient as retention is highly compromised. Hence, the option of using endosseous implants to increase obturator retention has been used. A patient of mucormycosis of the left maxilla was treated with surgical excision. After satisfactory healing, definitive implant supported magnet retained prosthesis was fabricated for the patient. Implants with magnetic units offer a practical method of improving the retention of obturators provided acceptable prosthetic protocols are followed for the rehabilitation. PMID:24124314

Duality invariance of s ≥ 3/2 fermions in AdS

DOE PAGES

Deser, S.; Seminara, D.

2014-09-30

The research show that in D = 4 AdS, s ≥ 3/2 partially massless (PM) fermions retain the duality invariances of their flat space massless counterparts. They have tuned ratios m 2/M 2 ≠ 0 that turn them into sums of effectively massless unconstrained helicity ±(s, ···, 3/2) excitations, shorn of the lowest (non-dual) helicity ±1/2-rung and — more generally — of succeeding higher rung as well. Each helicity mode is separately duality invariant, like its flat space counterpart.

A High-Performance Lithium-Ion Battery Anode Based on the Core-Shell Heterostructure of Silicon-Coated Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofibers

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

nanotubes ( MWCNTs ) using chemical vapour deposition (CVD) to form a hybrid Si– MWCNT structure consisting of 54 to 57 wt% of Si.16 The initial specic...retained less than 70% aer 100 cycles.16 The wavy and partially entangled structure may still have prevented uniform Si deposition deep into the MWCNT ...silicon shells, as illustrated in Fig. 1. The VACNFs are a special type of MWCNTs which are grown with DC-biased plasma chemical vapour deposition (PECVD

Dental implants typically help retain peri-implant vertical bone height: evidence-based analysis.

PubMed

Greenstein, Gary; Cavallaro, John

2013-01-01

The dental literature is assessed regarding the ability of dental implants to maintain vertical bone height after various implant placement scenarios: immediate, delayed, insertion into partially and fully edentate healed ridges, and under overdentures. Studies are also reviewed to determine if bone loss after implant insertion is continuous. Numerous investigations that support the concept that implants preserve bone height are identified. In addition, the data indicate that a minuscule amount of annual bone loss usually persists after implant placement, but it is often clinically imperceptible.

Angulated Implants for Fabrication of Implant Supported Fixed Partial Denture in the Maxilla

PubMed Central

Egbert, Nicholas; Ahuja, Swati; Selecman, Audrey; Wicks, Russell

2017-01-01

Until recently, angled abutments have been the only solution to correcting the trajectory of the emergence profile of labially inclined implants in the maxilla. However, the clinical implications of angled abutments reveal several shortcomings. Newly designed angulated implants with a 12-degree restorative platform angulation are an alternative to angled abutments. The purpose of this article was to report a case utilizing new angulated implants (Co-axis, Keystone dental, Burlington, MA, USA) in the premaxilla thereby facilitating fabrication of a multi-unit implant retained fixed dental prosthesis. PMID:29201975

Passive Capture Joint with Three Degrees of Freedom

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cloyd, Richard A. (Inventor); Weddendorf, Bruce (Inventor)

2001-01-01

A passive capture joint with three degrees of freedom is presented wherein two structural elements are joined together solely by moving the two elements into position, and which when joined together have rotation in all three axes. The inventive apparatus is comprised of two halves: (1) a joint ball mounted on a stem as in a common trailer hitch, and; (2) a socket. The socket consists of a base having an exterior wall and forming an interior chamber, the chamber having a top end and a bottom end, and an interior wall. The chamber is open at the top end, and forms a spherical cup at the bottom end. The socket base's interior chamber is sized to accept the joint ball. The base also forms at least one bore at an acute angle away from the interior chamber's open end. The bores have a first opening in the interior wall of the chamber, and a second opening in the exterior wall of the base. Retaining balls sized to fit within the bores, but to only partially pass through the first opening, are moveably housed within the bores. The retaining balls are moveably held in the first opening by a compression spring housed in the bore. As the joint ball is inserted in the chamber it forces the retaining balls back into the bore until the equator of the joint ball passes. Because the bore is at an acute angle to the chamber the joint ball cannot exit the chamber without the joint being unlocked. The joint is unlocked by rotating a locking ring which encircles the base and covers the second opening. The locking ring has a radial slot for each retaining ball, disposed angularly from the base, and sized to allow passage of the retaining ball in the radial direction when the locking ring is rotated to align the radial slot with the second opening.

Effect of Abutment Modification and Cement Type on Retention of Cement-Retained Implant Supported Crowns

PubMed Central

Farzin, Mitra; Torabi, Kianoosh; Ahangari, Ahmad Hasan; Derafshi, Reza

2014-01-01

Objective: Provisional cements are commonly used to facilitate retrievability of cement-retained fixed implant restorations; but compromised abutment preparation may affect the retention of implant-retained crowns.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of abutment design and type of luting agent on the retentive strength of cement-retained implant restorations. Materials and Method: Two prefabricated abutments were attached to their corresponding analogs and embedded in an acrylic resin block. The first abutment (control group) was left intact without any modifications. The screw access channel for the first abutment was completely filled with composite resin. In the second abutment, (test group) the axial wall was partially removed to form an abutment with 3 walls. Wax models were made by CAD/CAM. Ten cast copings were fabricated for each abutment. The prepared copings were cemented on the abutments by Temp Bond luting agent under standardized conditions (n=20). The assemblies were stored in 100% humidity for one day at 37°C prior to testing. The cast crown was removed from the abutment using an Instron machine, and the peak removal force was recorded. Coping/abutment specimens were cleaned after testing, and the testing procedure was repeated for Dycal luting agent (n=20). Data were analyzed with two- way ANOVA (α=0.05). Results: There was no significant difference in the mean transformed retention (Ln-R) between intact abutments (4.90±0.37) and the abutments with 3 walls (4.83±0.25) using Dycal luting agent. However, in TempBond group, the mean transformed retention (Ln-R) was significantly lower in the intact abutment (3.9±0.23) compared to the abutment with 3 walls (4.13±0.33, P=0.027). Conclusion: The retention of cement-retained implant restoration can be improved by the type of temporary cement used. The retention of cast crowns cemented to implant abutments with TempBond is influenced by the wall removal. PMID:25628660

Polyphenol-Retaining Decaffeinated Cocoa Powder Obtained by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction and Its Antioxidant Activity

PubMed Central

Kobori, Kinji; Maruta, Yuto; Mineo, Shigeru; Shigematsu, Toru; Hirayama, Masao

2013-01-01

Cocoa beans contain many functional ingredients such as theobromine and polyphenols, but also contain a relatively high amount of caffeine, which can negatively impact human health. It is therefore desirable to reduce caffeine levels in cocoa powder used to make chocolate or cocoa beverages while retaining functional ingredients. We have established conditions for supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) extraction that remove 80.1% of the caffeine from cocoa powder while retaining theobromine (94.1%) and polyphenols (84.7%). The antioxidant activity of the decaffeinated cocoa powder (DCP) made with this optimized SCCO2 extraction method was 85.3% that of non-processed cocoa powder. The total procyanidin and total polyphenol concentrations of the DCPs resulting from various SCCO2 extractions showed a significant positive correlation with oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The correlation coefficient between total polyphenols and ORAC was higher than that between total procyanidins and ORAC; thus, the concentration of total polyphenols might be a greater factor in the antioxidant activity of DCP. These results indicate that we could remove large quantities of caffeine from conventional high-cocoa products while retaining the functional benefits of high polyphenol content. This SCCO2 extraction method is expected to be applicable high-cocoa products, such as dark chocolate. PMID:28239130

Polyphenol-Retaining Decaffeinated Cocoa Powder Obtained by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction and Its Antioxidant Activity.

PubMed

Kobori, Kinji; Maruta, Yuto; Mineo, Shigeru; Shigematsu, Toru; Hirayama, Masao

2013-10-14

Cocoa beans contain many functional ingredients such as theobromine and polyphenols, but also contain a relatively high amount of caffeine, which can negatively impact human health. It is therefore desirable to reduce caffeine levels in cocoa powder used to make chocolate or cocoa beverages while retaining functional ingredients. We have established conditions for supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO₂) extraction that remove 80.1% of the caffeine from cocoa powder while retaining theobromine (94.1%) and polyphenols (84.7%). The antioxidant activity of the decaffeinated cocoa powder (DCP) made with this optimized SCCO₂ extraction method was 85.3% that of non-processed cocoa powder. The total procyanidin and total polyphenol concentrations of the DCPs resulting from various SCCO₂ extractions showed a significant positive correlation with oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The correlation coefficient between total polyphenols and ORAC was higher than that between total procyanidins and ORAC; thus, the concentration of total polyphenols might be a greater factor in the antioxidant activity of DCP. These results indicate that we could remove large quantities of caffeine from conventional high-cocoa products while retaining the functional benefits of high polyphenol content. This SCCO₂ extraction method is expected to be applicable high-cocoa products, such as dark chocolate.

Evolution of Active Sites in Pt-Based Nanoalloy Catalysts for the Oxidation of Carbonaceous Species by Combined in Situ Infrared Spectroscopy and Total X-ray Scattering.

PubMed

Petkov, Valeri; Maswadeh, Yazan; Lu, Aolin; Shan, Shiyao; Kareem, Haval; Zhao, Yinguang; Luo, Jin; Zhong, Chuan-Jian; Beyer, Kevin; Chapman, Karena

2018-04-04

We present results from combined in situ infrared spectroscopy and total X-ray scattering studies on the evolution of catalytically active sites in exemplary binary and ternary Pt-based nanoalloys during a sequence of CO oxidation-reactivation-CO oxidation reactions. We find that when within a particular compositional range, the fresh nanoalloys may exhibit high catalytic activity for low-temperature CO oxidation. Using surface-specific atomic pair distribution functions (PDFs) extracted from the in situ total X-ray scattering data, we find that, regardless of their chemical composition and initial catalytic activity, the fresh nanoalloys suffer a significant surface structural disorder during CO oxidation. Upon reactivation in oxygen atmosphere, the surface of used nanoalloy catalysts both partially oxidizes and orders. Remarkably, it largely retains its structural state when the nanoalloys are reused as CO oxidation catalysts. The seemingly inverse structural changes of studied nanoalloy catalysts occurring under CO oxidation and reactivation conditions affect the active sites on their surface significantly. In particular, through different mechanisms, both appear to reduce the CO binding strength to the nanoalloy's surface and thus increase the catalytic stability of the nanoalloys. The findings provide clues for further optimization of nanoalloy catalysts for the oxidation of carbonaceous species through optimizing their composition, activation, and reactivation. Besides, the findings demonstrate the usefulness of combined in situ infrared spectroscopy and total X-ray scattering coupled to surface-specific atomic PDF analysis to the ongoing effort to produce advanced catalysts for environmentally and technologically important applications.

Diverse Functional Properties of Wilson Disease ATP7B Variants

PubMed Central

Huster, Dominik; Kühne, Angelika; Bhattacharjee, Ashima; Raines, Lily; Jantsch, Vanessa; Noe, Johannes; Schirrmeister, Wiebke; Sommerer, Ines; Sabri, Osama; Berr, Frieder; Mössner, Joachim; Stieger, Bruno; Caca, Karel; Lutsenko, Svetlana

2012-01-01

BACKGROUND & AIMS Wilson disease is a severe disorder of copper metabolism caused by mutations in ATP7B, which encodes a copper-transporting adenosine triphosphatase. The disease presents with a variable phenotype that complicates the diagnostic process and treatment. Little is known about the mechanisms that contribute to the different phenotypes of the disease. METHODS We analyzed 28 variants of ATP7B from patients with Wilson disease that affected different functional domains; the gene products were expressed using the baculovirus expression system in Sf9 cells. Protein function was analyzed by measuring catalytic activity and copper (64Cu) transport into vesicles. We studied intracellular localization of variants of ATP7B that had measurable transport activities and were tagged with green fluorescent protein in mammalian cells using confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS Properties of ATP7B variants with pathogenic amino-acid substitution varied greatly even if substitutions were in the same functional domain. Some variants had complete loss of catalytic and transport activity, whereas others lost transport activity but retained phosphor-intermediate formation or had partial losses of activity. In mammalian cells, transport-competent variants differed in stability and subcellular localization. CONCLUSIONS Variants in ATP7B associated with Wilson disease disrupt the protein’s transport activity, result in its mislocalization, and reduce its stability. Single assays are insufficient to accurately predict the effects of ATP7B variants the function of its product and development of Wilson disease. These findings will contribute to our understanding of genotype–phenotype correlation and mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. PMID:22240481

Iron chelating active packaging: Influence of competing ions and pH value on effectiveness of soluble and immobilized hydroxamate chelators.

PubMed

Ogiwara, Yoshiko; Roman, Maxine J; Decker, Eric A; Goddard, Julie M

2016-04-01

Many packaged foods utilize synthetic chelators (e.g. ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, EDTA) to inhibit iron-promoted oxidation or microbial growth which would result in quality loss. To address consumer demands for all natural products, we have previously developed a non-migratory iron chelating active packaging material by covalent immobilization of polyhydroxamate and demonstrated its efficacy in delaying lipid oxidation. Herein, we demonstrate the ability of this hydroxamate-functionalized iron chelating active packaging to retain iron chelating capacity; even in the presence of competing ions common in food. Both immobilized and soluble hydroxamate chelators retained iron chelating capacity in the presence of calcium, magnesium, and sodium competing ions, although at pH 5.0 the presence of calcium reduced immobilized hydroxamate iron chelation. A strong correlation was found between colorimetric and mass spectral analysis of iron chelation by the chelating packaging material. Such chelating active packaging may support reducing additive use in product formulations, while retaining quality and shelf life. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A Point Mutation in the Exon Junction Complex Factor Y14 Disrupts Its Function in mRNA Cap Binding and Translation Enhancement.

PubMed

Chuang, Tzu-Wei; Lee, Kuo-Ming; Lou, Yuan-Chao; Lu, Chia-Chen; Tarn, Woan-Yuh

2016-04-15

Eukaryotic mRNA biogenesis involves a series of interconnected steps mediated by RNA-binding proteins. The exon junction complex core protein Y14 is required for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) and promotes translation. Moreover, Y14 binds the cap structure of mRNAs and inhibits the activity of the decapping enzyme Dcp2. In this report, we show that an evolutionarily conserved tryptophan residue (Trp-73) of Y14 is critical for its binding to the mRNA cap structure. A Trp-73 mutant (W73V) bound weakly to mRNAs and failed to protect them from degradation. However, this mutant could still interact with the NMD and mRNA degradation factors and retained partial NMD activity. In addition, we found that the W73V mutant could not interact with translation initiation factors. Overexpression of W73V suppressed reporter mRNA translation in vitro and in vivo and reduced the level of a set of nascent proteins. These results reveal a residue of Y14 that confers cap-binding activity and is essential for Y14-mediated enhancement of translation. Finally, we demonstrated that Y14 may selectively and differentially modulate protein biosynthesis. © 2016 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

Identifying the Critical Domain of LL-37 Involved in Mediating Neutrophil Activation in the Presence of Influenza Virus: Functional and Structural Analysis

PubMed Central

Tripathi, Shweta; Wang, Guangshun; White, Mitchell; Rynkiewicz, Michael; Seaton, Barbara; Hartshorn, Kevan

2015-01-01

The human cathelicidin LL-37 has been shown to play a role in host defense against influenza A viruses (IAV) through direct antiviral effects and through modulating inflammatory responses to infection. We recently showed that LL-37 increases neutrophil respiratory burst and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) responses to IAV through engaging formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR-2). In this paper we show that a fragment of LL-37, GI-20, which is composed of the central helical segment of the peptide, has similar effects as LL-37 on neutrophil activation. In addition to increasing respiratory burst and NET responses of the cells to IAV through an FPR-2 dependent mechanism, it reduces neutrophil IL-8 production to IAV (also like LL-37). The N-terminal fragment, LL-23, did not have similar effects. Both GI-20 and LL-37 increase neutrophil intracellular calcium levels and their ability to increase neutrophil activation responses was calcium dependent and partially inhibited by pertussis toxin. These studies show that the central helix of LL-37 retains the ability of LL-37 to modulate neutrophil responses through FPR-2. Based on our findings we developed a homology model of FPR-2 and performed docking experiments of LL-37 and GI-20 with the receptor. PMID:26308522

Dissection of Swa2p/Auxilin Domain Requirements for Cochaperoning Hsp70 Clathrin-uncoating Activity In Vivo

PubMed Central

Xiao, Jing; Kim, Leslie S.

2006-01-01

The auxilin family of J-domain proteins load Hsp70 onto clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) to drive uncoating. In vitro, auxilin function requires its ability to bind clathrin and stimulate Hsp70 ATPase activity via its J-domain. To test these requirements in vivo, we performed a mutational analysis of Swa2p, the yeast auxilin ortholog. Swa2p is a modular protein with three N-terminal clathrin-binding (CB) motifs, a ubiquitin association (UBA) domain, a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain, and a C-terminal J-domain. In vitro, clathrin binding is mediated by multiple weak interactions, but a Swa2p truncation lacking two CB motifs and the UBA domain retains nearly full function in vivo. Deletion of all CB motifs strongly abrogates clathrin disassembly but does not eliminate Swa2p function in vivo. Surprisingly, mutation of the invariant HPD motif within the J-domain to AAA only partially affects Swa2p function. Similarly, a TPR point mutation (G388R) causes a modest phenotype. However, Swa2p function is abolished when these TPR and J mutations are combined. The TPR and J-domains are not functionally redundant because deletion of either domain renders Swa2p nonfunctional. These data suggest that the TPR and J-domains collaborate in a bipartite interaction with Hsp70 to regulate its activity in clathrin disassembly. PMID:16687570

Deuterium Retention and Physical Sputtering of Low Activation Ferritic Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

T, Hino; K, Yamaguchi; Y, Yamauchi; Y, Hirohata; K, Tsuzuki; Y, Kusama

2005-04-01

Low activation materials have to be developed toward fusion demonstration reactors. Ferritic steel, vanadium alloy and SiC/SiC composite are candidate materials of the first wall, vacuum vessel and blanket components, respectively. Although changes of mechanical-thermal properties owing to neutron irradiation have been investigated so far, there is little data for the plasma material interactions, such as fuel hydrogen retention and erosion. In the present study, deuterium retention and physical sputtering of low activation ferritic steel, F82H, were investigated by using deuterium ion irradiation apparatus. After a ferritic steel sample was irradiated by 1.7 keV D+ ions, the weight loss was measured to obtain the physical sputtering yield. The sputtering yield was 0.04, comparable to that of stainless steel. In order to obtain the retained amount of deuterium, technique of thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) was employed to the irradiated sample. The retained deuterium desorbed at temperature ranging from 450 K to 700 K, in the forms of DHO, D2, D2O and hydrocarbons. Hence, the deuterium retained can be reduced by baking with a relatively low temperature. The fluence dependence of retained amount of deuterium was measured by changing the ion fluence. In the ferritic steel without mechanical polish, the retained amount was large even when the fluence was low. In such a case, a large amount of deuterium was trapped in the surface oxide layer containing O and C. When the fluence was large, the thickness of surface oxide layer was reduced by the ion sputtering, and then the retained amount in the oxide layer decreased. In the case of a high fluence, the retained amount of deuterium became comparable to that of ferritic steel with mechanical polish or SS 316L, and one order of magnitude smaller than that of graphite. When the ferritic steel is used, it is required to remove the surface oxide layer for reduction of fuel hydrogen retention. Ferritic steel sample was exposed to the environment of JFT-2M tokamak in JAERI and after that the deuterium retention was examined. The result was roughly the same as the case of deuterium ion irradiation experiment.

49 CFR 1331.5 - Additional standards for retaining antitrust immunity by passenger bus industry rate bureaus.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... immunity by passenger bus industry rate bureaus. 1331.5 Section 1331.5 Transportation Other Regulations... standards for retaining antitrust immunity by passenger bus industry rate bureaus. (a) Rate bureaus must... of immunity for that activity. (b) The bureaus are required to maintain detailed minutes of all...

49 CFR 1331.5 - Additional standards for retaining antitrust immunity by passenger bus industry rate bureaus.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... immunity by passenger bus industry rate bureaus. 1331.5 Section 1331.5 Transportation Other Regulations... standards for retaining antitrust immunity by passenger bus industry rate bureaus. (a) Rate bureaus must... of immunity for that activity. (b) The bureaus are required to maintain detailed minutes of all...

49 CFR 1331.5 - Additional standards for retaining antitrust immunity by passenger bus industry rate bureaus.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... immunity by passenger bus industry rate bureaus. 1331.5 Section 1331.5 Transportation Other Regulations... standards for retaining antitrust immunity by passenger bus industry rate bureaus. (a) Rate bureaus must... of immunity for that activity. (b) The bureaus are required to maintain detailed minutes of all...

49 CFR 1331.5 - Additional standards for retaining antitrust immunity by passenger bus industry rate bureaus.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... immunity by passenger bus industry rate bureaus. 1331.5 Section 1331.5 Transportation Other Regulations... standards for retaining antitrust immunity by passenger bus industry rate bureaus. (a) Rate bureaus must... of immunity for that activity. (b) The bureaus are required to maintain detailed minutes of all...

49 CFR 1331.5 - Additional standards for retaining antitrust immunity by passenger bus industry rate bureaus.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... immunity by passenger bus industry rate bureaus. 1331.5 Section 1331.5 Transportation Other Regulations... standards for retaining antitrust immunity by passenger bus industry rate bureaus. (a) Rate bureaus must... of immunity for that activity. (b) The bureaus are required to maintain detailed minutes of all...

76 FR 33275 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission to OMB for Review and Approval; Comment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-08

... storage, conveyor transfer points, bagging and bulk loading and unloading systems. These standards rely on... part shall maintain a file of these measurements, and retain the file for at least two years following... total time, effort, or financial resources expended by persons to generate, maintain, retain, or...

Green synthesis of zero-valent Fe-nanoparticles: Catalytic degradation of rhodamine B, interactions with bovine serum albumin and their enhanced antimicrobial activities.

PubMed

Khan, Zaheer; Al-Thabaiti, Shaeel Ahmad

2018-03-01

Biomimetic method was used for the synthesis of Fe-nanoparticles (FeNPs). FeCl 3 and Hibiscus sabdariffa, Roselle flower aqueous extract (HBS) were employed in the present studies. The FeNPs have been characterized by using UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The average particles diameter was found to be 18 nm. The as prepared FeNPs were used as a catalyst to the oxidative degradation of rhodamine B (RB) in presence of NaBH 4 . The effects of various quencher on the degradation rates were examined by employing ammonium oxalate (AO), benzoquinone (BQ), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), and potassium iodide (KI). The interactions of FeNPs with bovine serum albumin (BSA) have been determined and discussed. Adsorption of FeNPs into the core of BSA changes the tryptophan environment from hydrophobic to hydrophilic (from folding to partially folded and/or unfolded). Tryptophan residues, indole moieties of BSA were responsible to complex formation with FeNPs in excited states via electrostatic, van der Waals, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions with static quenching. The antimicrobial activities of FeNPs have been determined against human pathogens. Hibiscus sabdariffa flower extract shows mild antimicrobial activities against all target pathogenic organisms. FeNPs have potential antimicrobial activity against both bacterial strains and candida fungus even at low concentration, and retains potential application in biomedical industries. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of partial beta-adrenoceptor agonist activity.

PubMed

Lipworth, B J; Grove, A

1997-01-01

A partial beta-adrenoceptor (beta-AR) agonist will exhibit opposite agonist and antagonist activity depending on the prevailing degree of adrenergic tone or the presence of a beta-AR agonist with higher intrinsic activity. In vivo partial beta-AR agonist activity will be evident at rest with low endogenous adrenergic tone, as for example with chronotropicity (beta 1/beta 2), inotropicity (beta 1) or peripheral vasodilatation and finger tremor (beta 2). beta-AR blocking drugs which have partial agonist activity may exhibit a better therapeutic profile when used for hypertension because of maintained cardiac output without increased systemic vascular resistance, along with an improved lipid profile. In the presence of raised endogenous adrenergic tone such as exercise or an exogenous full agonist, beta-AR subtype antagonist activity will become evident in terms of effects on exercise induced heart rate (beta 1) and potassium (beta 2) responses. Reduction of exercise heart rate will occur to a lesser degree in the case of a beta-adrenoceptor blocker with partial beta 1-AR agonist activity compared with a beta-adrenoceptor blocker devoid of partial agonist activity. This may result in reduced therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of angina on effort when using beta-AR blocking drugs with partial beta 1-AR agonist activity. Effects on exercise hyperkalaemia are determined by the balance between beta 2-AR partial agonist activity and endogenous adrenergic activity. For predominantly beta 2-AR agonist such as salmeterol and salbutamol, potentiation of exercise hyperkalaemia occurs. For predominantly beta 2-AR antagonists such as carteolol, either potentiation or attenuation of exercise hyperkalaemia occurs at low and high doses respectively. beta 2-AR partial agonist activity may also be expressed as antagonism in the presence of an exogenous full agonist, as for example attenuation of fenoterol induced responses by salmeterol. Studies are required to investigate whether this phenomenon is relevant in the setting of acute severe asthma.

Partial characterization of a novel amylase activity isolated from Tunisian Ficus carica latex.

PubMed

Aref, Houda Lazreg; Mosbah, Habib; Louati, Hanen; Said, Khaled; Selmi, Boulbaba

2011-11-01

A large number of plants still need to be investigated through screening of amylases suitable for industry. In the present study, and for the first time, we describe the amylolytic activity of Saint Pedro Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) crude latex of Kahli and Bidhi varieties. Effects of temperature, pH, metal ions, and inhibitors and compatibility with some commercial detergents were investigated for amylase activity. Amylase activity was screened in crude latex using the DNS method and potato starch as a substrate. Analyses of amylolytic reaction products by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were performed. Bidhi and Kahli amylases were active in optimal pH of 6.5 and 7 at 45°C, respectively, displaying a half life of 85 and 60 min, respectively, at 80°C, and they were very stable in a wide range of pH (4-12). Bidhi amylase activity increased to 260% by addition of 10(-3) mM Fe(2+) or 10(-2) mM Cu(2+), and was strongly inhibited by Mg(2+) and EDTA. In the presence of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+), Kahli amylase activity was dramatically enhanced by 220 and 260%, respectively. The compatibility of both amylases with certain commercial detergents was also shown to be good as enzymes retained up to 98% of their activities after 30 min of incubation at 80°C. Analysis of amylolytic reaction products by TLC and HPLC suggested that Kahli amylase was an amyloglucosidase and Bidhi amylase was β-fructose, α(1-4) glucose. Bidhi amylase is a good choice for application in starch, food, detergents and medical industries.

Mutagenesis and molecular dynamics simulations revealed the chitooligosaccharide entry and exit points for chitinase D from Serratia proteamaculans.

PubMed

Madhuprakash, Jogi; Tanneeru, Karunakar; Karlapudi, Bhavana; Guruprasad, Lalitha; Podile, Appa Rao

2014-09-01

Transglycosylation (TG) activity is a property of glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) with which new glycosidic bonds are introduced between donor and acceptor sugar molecules. This special property of the GHs has potential to generate longer chain chitooligosaccharides (CHOS) that show elicitor activity in plants. We hypothesize that TG activity could be improved by retaining the substrate for a longer duration in the catalytic site. Four variants of chitinase D from Serratia proteamaculans (SpChiD) i.e. G119S, G119W, W120A and G201W were analyzed in detail for improved TG activity using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The results were strongly supported by 50ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and estimated solvated interaction energies (SIE). The mutant G119W lost much of both hydrolytic and TG activities, while the mutant G201W displayed increased TG. The trajectory of MD simulations of the mutant G119W showed that the indole rings of two adjacent Trp residues create a major hindrance for the DP4 movement towards the catalytic center. Increased van der Waals (vdW) and coulombic interactions between DP4 substrate and the Trp-201 resulted in enhanced TG activity with the mutant G201W. The average number of hydrogen bonds observed for the DP4 substrate was increased for the mutants G119W and G201W compared to SpChiD. The increase in TG activity could be due to partial blocking of product exit of SpChiD. This new approach can be used for generating mutants of GHs with improved TG activity to produce longer chain oligosaccharides. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Large-scale and Long-duration Simulation of a Multi-stage Eruptive Solar Event

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiang, chaowei; Hu, Qiang; Wu, S. T.

2015-04-01

We employ a data-driven 3D MHD active region evolution model by using the Conservation Element and Solution Element (CESE) numerical method. This newly developed model retains the full MHD effects, allowing time-dependent boundary conditions and time evolution studies. The time-dependent simulation is driven by measured vector magnetograms and the method of MHD characteristics on the bottom boundary. We have applied the model to investigate the coronal magnetic field evolution of AR11283 which was characterized by a pre-existing sigmoid structure in the core region and multiple eruptions, both in relatively small and large scales. We have succeeded in producing the core magnetic field structure and the subsequent eruptions of flux-rope structures (see https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/96898685/large.mp4 for an animation) as the measured vector magnetograms on the bottom boundary evolve in time with constant flux emergence. The whole process, lasting for about an hour in real time, compares well with the corresponding SDO/AIA and coronagraph imaging observations. From these results, we show the capability of the model, largely data-driven, that is able to simulate complex, topological, and highly dynamic active region evolutions. (We acknowledge partial support of NSF grants AGS 1153323 and AGS 1062050, and data support from SDO/HMI and AIA teams).

Role of Artificial Intelligence Techniques (Automatic Classifiers) in Molecular Imaging Modalities in Neurodegenerative Diseases.

PubMed

Cascianelli, Silvia; Scialpi, Michele; Amici, Serena; Forini, Nevio; Minestrini, Matteo; Fravolini, Mario Luca; Sinzinger, Helmut; Schillaci, Orazio; Palumbo, Barbara

2017-01-01

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a very active Computer Science research field aiming to develop systems that mimic human intelligence and is helpful in many human activities, including Medicine. In this review we presented some examples of the exploiting of AI techniques, in particular automatic classifiers such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Classification Tree (ClT) and ensemble methods like Random Forest (RF), able to analyze findings obtained by positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) scans of patients with Neurodegenerative Diseases, in particular Alzheimer's Disease. We also focused our attention on techniques applied in order to preprocess data and reduce their dimensionality via feature selection or projection in a more representative domain (Principal Component Analysis - PCA - or Partial Least Squares - PLS - are examples of such methods); this is a crucial step while dealing with medical data, since it is necessary to compress patient information and retain only the most useful in order to discriminate subjects into normal and pathological classes. Main literature papers on the application of these techniques to classify patients with neurodegenerative disease extracting data from molecular imaging modalities are reported, showing that the increasing development of computer aided diagnosis systems is very promising to contribute to the diagnostic process.

Bacterial formate hydrogenlyase complex.

PubMed

McDowall, Jennifer S; Murphy, Bonnie J; Haumann, Michael; Palmer, Tracy; Armstrong, Fraser A; Sargent, Frank

2014-09-23

Under anaerobic conditions, Escherichia coli can carry out a mixed-acid fermentation that ultimately produces molecular hydrogen. The enzyme directly responsible for hydrogen production is the membrane-bound formate hydrogenlyase (FHL) complex, which links formate oxidation to proton reduction and has evolutionary links to Complex I, the NADH:quinone oxidoreductase. Although the genetics, maturation, and some biochemistry of FHL are understood, the protein complex has never been isolated in an intact form to allow biochemical analysis. In this work, genetic tools are reported that allow the facile isolation of FHL in a single chromatographic step. The core complex is shown to comprise HycE (a [NiFe] hydrogenase component termed Hyd-3), FdhF (the molybdenum-dependent formate dehydrogenase-H), and three iron-sulfur proteins: HycB, HycF, and HycG. A proportion of this core complex remains associated with HycC and HycD, which are polytopic integral membrane proteins believed to anchor the core complex to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. As isolated, the FHL complex retains formate hydrogenlyase activity in vitro. Protein film electrochemistry experiments on Hyd-3 demonstrate that it has a unique ability among [NiFe] hydrogenases to catalyze production of H2 even at high partial pressures of H2. Understanding and harnessing the activity of the FHL complex is critical to advancing future biohydrogen research efforts.

Impact, Characterization, and Rescue of Pre-mRNA Splicing Mutations in Lysosomal Storage Disorders.

PubMed

Dardis, Andrea; Buratti, Emanuele

2018-02-06

Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) represent a group of more than 50 severe metabolic diseases caused by the deficiency of specific lysosomal hydrolases, activators, carriers, or lysosomal integral membrane proteins, leading to the abnormal accumulation of substrates within the lysosomes. Numerous mutations have been described in each disease-causing gene; among them, about 5-19% affect the pre-mRNA splicing process. In the last decade, several strategies to rescue/increase normal splicing of mutated transcripts have been developed and LSDs represent excellent candidates for this type of approach: (i) most of them are inherited in an autosomic recessive manner and patients affected by late-onset (LO) phenotypes often retain a fair amount of residual enzymatic activity; thus, even a small recovery of normal splicing may be beneficial in clinical settings; (ii) most LSDs still lack effective treatments or are currently treated with extremely expensive approaches; (iii) in few LSDs, a single splicing mutation accounts for up to 40-70% of pathogenic alleles. At present, numerous preclinical studies support the feasibility of reverting the pathological phenotype by partially rescuing splicing defects in LSDs. This review provides an overview of the impact of splicing mutations in LSDs and the related therapeutic approaches currently under investigation in these disorders.

Computational characterization of DNA/peptide/nanotube self assembly for bioenergy applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ortiz, Vanessa; Araki, Ruriko; Collier, Galen

2012-02-01

Multi-enzyme pathways have become a subject of increasing interest for their role in the engineering of biomimetic systems for applications including biosensors, bioelectronics, and bioenergy. The efficiencies found in natural metabolic pathways partially arise from biomolecular self-assembly of the component enzymes in an effort to avoid transport limitations. The ultimate goal of this effort is to design and build biofuel cells with efficiencies similar to those of native systems by introducing biomimetic structures that immobilize multiple enzymes in specific orientations on a bioelectrode. To achieve site-specific immobilization, the specificity of DNA-binding domains is exploited with an approach that allows any redox enzyme to be modified to site-specifically bind to double stranded (ds) DNA while retaining activity. Because of its many desirable properties, the bioelectrode of choice is single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), but little is known about dsDNA/SWNT assembly and how this might affect the activity of the DNA-binding domains. Here we evaluate the feasibility of the proposed assembly by performing atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to look at the stability and conformations adopted by dsDNA when bound to a SWNT. We also evaluate the effects of the presence of a SWNT on the stability of the complex formed by a DNA-binding domain and DNA.

An examination of the earthquake behaviour of a retaining wall considering soil-structure interaction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Köktan, Utku; Demir, Gökhan; Kerem Ertek, M.

2017-04-01

The earthquake behavior of retaining walls is commonly calculated with pseudo static approaches based on Mononobe-Okabe method. The seismic ground pressure acting on the retaining wall by the Mononobe-Okabe method does not give a definite idea of the distribution of the seismic ground pressure because it is obtained by balancing the forces acting on the active wedge behind the wall. With this method, wave propagation effects and soil-structure interaction are neglected. The purpose of this study is to examine the earthquake behavior of a retaining wall taking into account the soil-structure interaction. For this purpose, time history seismic analysis of the soil-structure interaction system using finite element method has been carried out considering 3 different soil conditions. Seismic analysis of the soil-structure model was performed according to the earthquake record of "1971, San Fernando Pacoima Dam, 196 degree" existing in the library of MIDAS GTS NX software. The results obtained from the analyses show that the soil-structure interaction is very important for the seismic design of a retaining wall. Keywords: Soil-structure interaction, Finite element model, Retaining wall

Thyroid Regeneration: Characterization of Clear Cells After Partial Thyroidectomy

PubMed Central

Ozaki, Takashi; Matsubara, Tsutomu; Seo, Daekwan; Okamoto, Minoru; Nagashima, Kunio; Sasaki, Yoshihito; Hayase, Suguru; Murata, Tsubasa; Liao, Xiao-Hui; Hanson, Jeffrey; Rodriguez-Canales, Jaime; Thorgeirsson, Snorri S.; Kakudo, Kennichi; Refetoff, Samuel

2012-01-01

Although having the capacity to grow in response to a stimulus that perturbs the pituitary-thyroid axis, the thyroid gland is considered not a regenerative organ. In this study, partial thyroidectomy (PTx) was used to produce a condition for thyroid regeneration. In the intact thyroid gland, the central areas of both lobes served as the proliferative centers where microfollicles, and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive and/or C cells, were localized. Two weeks after PTx, the number of BrdU-positive cells and cells with clear or faintly eosinophilic cytoplasm were markedly increased in the central area and continuous to the cut edge. Clear cells were scant in the cytoplasm, as determined by electron microscopy; some retained the characteristics of calcitonin-producing C cells by having neuroendocrine granules, whereas others retained follicular cell-specific features, such as the juxtaposition to a lumen with microvilli. Some cells were BrdU-positive and expressed Foxa2, the definitive endoderm lineage marker. Serum TSH levels drastically changed due to the thyroidectomy-induced acute reduction in T4-generating tissue, resulting in a goitrogenesis setting. Microarray followed by pathway analysis revealed that the expression of genes involved in embryonic development and cancer was affected by PTx. The results suggest that both C cells and follicular cells may be altered by PTx to become immature cells or immature cells that might be derived from stem/progenitor cells on their way to differentiation into C cells or follicular cells. These immature clear cells may participate in the repair and/or regeneration of the thyroid gland. PMID:22454152

IPS-Empress II inlay-retained fixed partial denture reinforced with zirconia bar: three-dimensional finite element and in-vitro studies.

PubMed

Kermanshah, Hamid; Geramy, Allahyar; Ebrahimi, Shahram Farzin; Bitaraf, Tahereh

2012-12-01

This study evaluated von Mises stress distribution, flexural strength and interface micrographs of IPS-Empress II (IPS) inlay-retained fixed partial dentures (IRFPD) reinforced with Zirconia bars (Zb). In the Finite element analysis, six three-dimensional models of IRFPD were designed using Solid Works 2006. Five models were reinforced with different Zb and a model without Zb was considered as a control. The bridges were loaded by 200 and 500 N forces at the middle of the pontic on the occlusal surface. Subsequently, von Mises stress and displacement of the models were evaluated along a defined path. In the experimental part, 21 bar shape specimens were fabricated from lithium disilicate and zirconia ceramic in three different designs. The zirconia-IPS interfaces and the fractured surfaces of flexural test were observed using SEM. In the connector area, von Mises stress and displacement of the models with Zb under a load of 500 N were decreased compared to the model without the Zb; however, this difference was not considerable at a load of 200 N. In the mesial connector, Von Mises stress and displacement was decreased from 12.5 Mpa for the control model tested at 500 N to 7.0 Mpa for the model with Zb and from 0.0050-0.0041 mm, respectively. SEM analyses showed that, before fracture, interfacial gaps were not observed along the interfaces, but initiated cracks propagated along the interfaces after flexural loading. IPS IRFPD reinforced by Zb can tolerate higher stresses while still functioning effectively and the interfaces may have desirable adaption.

Proline-containing dipeptide GVS-111 retains nootropic activity after oral administration.

PubMed

Ostrovskaya, R U; Mirsoev, T K; Romanova, G A; Gudasheva, T A; Kravchenko, E V; Trofimov, C C; Voronina, T A; Seredenin, S B

2001-10-01

Experiments on rats trained passive avoidance task showed that N-phenyl-acetyl-L-prolyl-glycyl ethyl ester, peptide analog of piracetam (GVS-111, Noopept) after oral administration retained antiamnesic activity previously observed after its parenteral administration. Effective doses were 0.5-10 mg/kg. Experiments on a specially-developed model of active avoidance (massive one-session learning schedule) showed that GVS-111 stimulated one-session learning after single administration, while after repeated administration it increased the number of successful learners among those animals who failed after initial training. In this respect, GVS-111 principally differs from its main metabolite cycloprolylglycine and standard nootropic piracetam.

NMDA Receptor Autoantibodies in Autoimmune Encephalitis Cause a Subunit-Specific Nanoscale Redistribution of NMDA Receptors.

PubMed

Ladépêche, Laurent; Planagumà, Jesús; Thakur, Shreyasi; Suárez, Irina; Hara, Makoto; Borbely, Joseph Steven; Sandoval, Angel; Laparra-Cuervo, Lara; Dalmau, Josep; Lakadamyali, Melike

2018-06-26

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder mediated by autoantibodies against the GluN1 subunit of the NMDAR. Patients' antibodies cause cross-linking and internalization of NMDAR, but the synaptic events leading to depletion of NMDAR are poorly understood. Using super-resolution microscopy, we studied the effects of the autoantibodies on the nanoscale distribution of NMDAR in cultured neurons. Our findings show that, under control conditions, NMDARs form nanosized objects and patients' antibodies increase the clustering of synaptic and extrasynaptic receptors inside the nano-objects. This clustering is subunit specific and predominantly affects GluN2B-NMDARs. Following internalization, the remaining surface NMDARs return to control clustering levels but are preferentially retained at the synapse. Monte Carlo simulations using a model in which antibodies induce NMDAR cross-linking and disruption of interactions with other proteins recapitulated these results. Finally, activation of EphB2 receptor partially antagonized the antibody-mediated disorganization of the nanoscale surface distribution of NMDARs. Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Progressive quality control of secretory proteins in the early secretory compartment by ERp44

PubMed Central

Sannino, Sara; Anelli, Tiziana; Cortini, Margherita; Masui, Shoji; Degano, Massimo; Fagioli, Claudio; Inaba, Kenji; Sitia, Roberto

2014-01-01

ERp44 is a pH-regulated chaperone of the secretory pathway. In the acidic milieu of the Golgi, its C-terminal tail changes conformation, simultaneously exposing the substrate-binding site for cargo capture and the RDEL motif for ER retrieval via interactions with cognate receptors. Protonation of cysteine 29 in the active site allows tail movements in vitro and in vivo. Here we show that also conserved histidines in the C-terminal tail regulate ERp44 in vivo. Mutants lacking these histidines are hyperactive in retaining substrates. Surprisingly, they are also O-glycosylated and partially secreted. Co-expression of client proteins prevents secretion of the histidine mutants, forcing tail opening and RDEL accessibility. Client-induced RDEL exposure allows retrieval of proteins from distinct stations along the secretory pathway, as indicated by the changes in O-glycosylation patterns upon over-expression of different partners. The ensuing gradients may help optimising folding and assembly of different cargoes. Endogenous ERp44 is O-glycosylated and secreted by human primary endometrial cells, suggesting possible pathophysiological roles of these processes. PMID:25097228

Reversible capture and release of Cl 2 and Br 2 with a redox-active metal–organic framework

DOE PAGES

Tulchinsky, Yuri; Hendon, Christopher H.; Lomachenko, Kirill A.; ...

2017-03-28

Extreme toxicity, corrosiveness, and volatility pose serious challenges for the safe storage and transportation of elemental chlorine and bromine, which play critical roles in the chemical industry. Solid materials capable of forming stable nonvolatile compounds upon reaction with elemental halogens may partially mitigate these challenges by allowing safe halogen release on demand. Here we demonstrate that elemental halogens quantitatively oxidize coordinatively unsaturated Co(II) ions in a robust azolate metal-organic framework (MOF) to produce stable and safe-to-handle Co(III) materials featuring terminal Co(III)-halogen bonds. Thermal treatment of the oxidized MOF causes homolytic cleavage of the Co(III)-halogen bonds, reduction to Co(II), and concomitantmore » release of elemental halogens. The reversible chemical storage and thermal release of elemental halogens occur with no significant losses of structural integrity, as the parent cobaltous MOF retains its crystallinity and porosity even after three oxidation/reduction cycles. Finally, these results highlight a material operating via redox mechanism that may find utility in the storage and capture of other noxious and corrosive gases.« less

Promoting good dental health in older people: role of the community nurse.

PubMed

Daly, Blánaid; Smith, Kerry

2015-09-01

Good dental health enables a person to eat, speak, and socialise. It contributes to nutrition, general health, and quality of life. The dental health of people living in the UK has improved in the last 40 years, and older people are retaining their natural teeth throughout their life; nontheless, a significant proportion of people over 75 years still rely on partial and full dentures. Dental disease in all age groups is readily prevented by daily oral hygiene and adherence to a healthy diet, avoidance of smoking, and sensible alcohol intake. Some older people may simply need reminding and encouragement to carry out oral hygiene, while more dependent adults may need support and active help to do so. Nursing teams and health professionals play a key role in promoting oral health by supporting oral hygiene and adequate nutrition, preventing discomfort, and detecting dental diseases early. This article gives a brief overview of how nursing teams and health professionals can promote oral health and provides details of resources from which further detailed information may be obtained.

Selenium Utilization by GPX4 Is Required to Prevent Hydroperoxide-Induced Ferroptosis.

PubMed

Ingold, Irina; Berndt, Carsten; Schmitt, Sabine; Doll, Sebastian; Poschmann, Gereon; Buday, Katalin; Roveri, Antonella; Peng, Xiaoxiao; Porto Freitas, Florencio; Seibt, Tobias; Mehr, Lisa; Aichler, Michaela; Walch, Axel; Lamp, Daniel; Jastroch, Martin; Miyamoto, Sayuri; Wurst, Wolfgang; Ursini, Fulvio; Arnér, Elias S J; Fradejas-Villar, Noelia; Schweizer, Ulrich; Zischka, Hans; Friedmann Angeli, José Pedro; Conrad, Marcus

2018-01-25

Selenoproteins are rare proteins among all kingdoms of life containing the 21 st amino acid, selenocysteine. Selenocysteine resembles cysteine, differing only by the substitution of selenium for sulfur. Yet the actual advantage of selenolate- versus thiolate-based catalysis has remained enigmatic, as most of the known selenoproteins also exist as cysteine-containing homologs. Here, we demonstrate that selenolate-based catalysis of the essential mammalian selenoprotein GPX4 is unexpectedly dispensable for normal embryogenesis. Yet the survival of a specific type of interneurons emerges to exclusively depend on selenocysteine-containing GPX4, thereby preventing fatal epileptic seizures. Mechanistically, selenocysteine utilization by GPX4 confers exquisite resistance to irreversible overoxidation as cells expressing a cysteine variant are highly sensitive toward peroxide-induced ferroptosis. Remarkably, concomitant deletion of all selenoproteins in Gpx4 cys/cys cells revealed that selenoproteins are dispensable for cell viability provided partial GPX4 activity is retained. Conclusively, 200 years after its discovery, a specific and indispensable role for selenium is provided. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Use of yeast spores for microencapsulation of enzymes.

PubMed

Shi, Libing; Li, Zijie; Tachikawa, Hiroyuki; Gao, Xiao-Dong; Nakanishi, Hideki

2014-08-01

Here, we report a novel method to produce microencapsulated enzymes using Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores. In sporulating cells, soluble secreted proteins are transported to the spore wall. Previous work has shown that the spore wall is capable of retaining soluble proteins because its outer layers work as a diffusion barrier. Accordingly, a red fluorescent protein (RFP) fusion of the α-galactosidase, Mel1, expressed in spores was observed in the spore wall even after spores were subjected to a high-salt wash in the presence of detergent. In vegetative cells, however, the cell wall cannot retain the RFP fusion. Although the spore wall prevents diffusion of proteins, it is likely that smaller molecules, such as sugars, pass through it. In fact, spores can contain much higher α-galactosidase activity to digest melibiose than vegetative cells. When present in the spore wall, the enzyme acquires resistance to environmental stresses including enzymatic digestion and high temperatures. The outer layers of the spore wall are required to retain enzymes but also decrease accessibility of the substrates. However, mutants with mild spore wall defects can retain and stabilize the enzyme while still permitting access to the substrate. In addition to Mel1, we also show that spores can retain the invertase. Interestingly the encapsulated invertase has significantly lower activity toward raffinose than toward sucrose.This suggests that substrate selectivity could be altered by the encapsulation.

A study of proteases and protease-inhibitor complexes in biological fluids

PubMed Central

Granelli-Piperno, A; Reich, E

1978-01-01

We have (a) screened a variety of cell lines and body fluids for plasminogen activators and (b) studied the activity of proteases bound to α2- macroglobulin after exposing the complexes to partial degradation and/or denaturing procedures to unmask proteolytic activity. The respective results show (a) that the plasminogen activators in urine and cell culture media are generally of lower molecular weight than those in plasma; and (b) that proteases bound to α2-macroglobulin recover the ability to attack macromolecular substrates after exposure to sodium dodecyl sulfate while retaining the electrophoretic mobility of the protease inhibitor complex. This indicates that the protease and inhibitor are probably linked by covalent bonds. In contrast, other complexes formed between proteases and inhibitors of lower molecular weight (such as soybean or Kunitz inhibitors) are fully dissociated by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The experiments described were based on a new procedure for detecting proteolytic enzyme activity in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The method relies on solutions of nonionic detergents for extracting SDS, after which the electrophoretic gel is applied to an indicator gel consisting of a fibrin- agar mixture. The method is sensitive, permitting the detection of proteinases in less than 1 μl of fresh plasma, and it is effective for resolving small differences in molecular weight. The procedure can be quantitated and, with minor modifications appropriate to each particular system, it has been applied to a broad spectrum of serine enzymes and proenzymes, including some that function in the pathways of fibrinolysis, coagulation and kinin-generation. Other potential applications appear likely. PMID:78958

In vitro characterization of noradrenergic modulation of chemosensitive neurons in the retrotrapezoid nucleus

PubMed Central

Kuo, Fu-Shan; Falquetto, Bárbara; Chen, Dawei; Oliveira, Luiz M.; Takakura, Ana C.

2016-01-01

Chemosensitive neurons in the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) regulate breathing in response to CO2/H+ changes and serve as an integration center for other autonomic centers, including brain stem noradrenergic neurons. Norepinephrine (NE) contributes to respiratory control and chemoreception, and, since disruption of NE signaling may contribute to several breathing disorders, we sought to characterize effects of NE on RTN chemoreception. All neurons included in this study responded similarly to CO2/H+ but showed differential sensitivity to NE; we found that NE activated (79%), inhibited (7%), or had no effect on activity (14%) of RTN chemoreceptors. The excitatory effect of NE on RTN chemoreceptors was dose dependent, retained in the presence of neurotransmitter receptor blockers, and could be mimicked and blocked by pharmacological manipulation of α1-adrenergic receptors (ARs). In addition, NE-activation was blunted by XE991 (KCNQ channel blocker), and partially occluded the firing response to serotonin, suggesting involvement of KCNQ channels. However, in whole cell voltage clamp, activation of α1-ARs decreased outward current and conductance by what appears to be a mixed effect on multiple channels. The inhibitory effect of NE on RTN chemoreceptors was blunted by an α2-AR antagonist. A third group of RTN chemoreceptors was insensitive to NE. We also found that chemosensitive RTN astrocytes do not respond to NE with a change in voltage or by releasing ATP to enhance activity of chemosensitive neurons. These results indicate NE modulates subsets of RTN chemoreceptors by mechanisms involving α1- and α2-ARs. PMID:27306669

Design and Synthesis of Novel Arylketo-containing P1-P3 Linked Macro-cyclic BACE-1 Inhibitors

PubMed Central

Sandgren, Veronica; Belda, Oscar; Kvarnström, Ingemar; Lindberg, Jimmy; Samuelsson, Bertil; Dahlgren, Anders

2015-01-01

A series of arylketo-containing P1-P3 linked macrocyclic BACE-1 inhibitors were designed, synthesized, and compared with compounds with a previously known and extensively studied corresponding P2 isophthalamide moiety with the aim to improve on permeability whilst retaining the enzyme- and cell-based activities. Several inhibitors displayed substantial increases in Caco-2 cell-based permeability compared to earlier synthesized inhibitors and notably also with retained activities, showing that this approach might yield BACE-1 inhibitors with improved properties. PMID:25937848

Covalent immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase on aldehyde functionalized hydrophobic support and the application for synthesis of oleic acid ester.

PubMed

Temoçin, Zülfikar

2013-01-01

This study focuses on Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) immobilization by covalent attachment on poly(ethylene terephthalate)-grafted glycidyl methacrylate (PET-g-GMA) fiber. The immobilization yielded a protein loading of 2.38 mg g(-1) of PET-g-GMA fiber. The performances of the immobilized and free CRLs were evaluated with regard to hydrolysis of olive oil and esterification of oleic acid. The optimum activity pH of the CRL was changed by immobilization to neutral range. The maximum activity of the free and immobilized CRLs occurred at 40 and 45 °C respectively. The immobilized lipase retained 65% of its original activity at 50 °C for 2 h. It was found that the immobilized lipase stored at 4 °C retained 90% of its original activity after 35 days, whereas the free lipase stored at 4 °C retained 69% of its original activity after the same period. In the esterification experiments, the immobilized CRL could maintain a high activity at a water content range from 1.5 to 6% (v/v), while the activity of free CRL showed a clear dependence on water content and decreased rapidly at above 3% (v/v) water content. In addition, after five reuses, the esterification percent yield of the immobilized CRL slightly decreased from 29 to 27%.

NADH oxidase activity (NOX) and enlargement of HeLa cells oscillate with two different temperature-compensated period lengths of 22 and 24 minutes corresponding to different NOX forms

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wang, S.; Pogue, R.; Morre, D. M.; Morre, D. J.

2001-01-01

NOX proteins are cell surface-associated and growth-related hydroquinone (NADH) oxidases with protein disulfide-thiol interchange activity. A defining characteristic of NOX proteins is that the two enzymatic activities alternate to generate a regular period length of about 24 min. HeLa cells exhibit at least two forms of NOX. One is tumor-associated (tNOX) and is inhibited by putative quinone site inhibitors (e.g., capsaicin or the antitumor sulfonylurea, LY181984). Another is constitutive (CNOX) and refractory to inhibition. The periodic alternation of activities and drug sensitivity of the NADH oxidase activity observed with intact HeLa cells was retained in isolated plasma membranes and with the solubilized and partially purified enzyme. At least two activities were present. One had a period length of 24 min and the other had a period length of 22 min. The lengths of both the 22 and the 24 min periods were temperature compensated (approximately the same when measured at 17, 27 or 37 degrees C) whereas the rate of NADH oxidation approximately doubled with each 10 degrees C rise in temperature. The rate of increase in cell area of HeLa cells when measured by video-enhanced light microscopy also exhibited a complex period of oscillations reflective of both 22 and 24 min period lengths. The findings demonstrate the presence of a novel oscillating NOX activity at the surface of cancer cells with a period length of 22 min in addition to the constitutive NOX of non-cancer cells and tissues with a period length of 24 min.

Photopolymerization of Dienoyl Lipids Creates Planar Supported Poly(lipid) Membranes with Retained Fluidity.

PubMed

Orosz, Kristina S; Jones, Ian W; Keogh, John P; Smith, Christopher M; Griffin, Kaitlyn R; Xu, Juhua; Comi, Troy J; Hall, H K; Saavedra, S Scott

2016-02-16

Polymerization of substrate-supported bilayers composed of dienoylphosphatidylcholine (PC) lipids is known to greatly enhance their chemical and mechanical stability; however, the effects of polymerization on membrane fluidity have not been investigated. Here planar supported lipid bilayers (PSLBs) composed of dienoyl PCs on glass substrates were examined to assess the degree to which UV-initiated polymerization affects lateral lipid mobility. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) was used to measure the diffusion coefficients (D) and mobile fractions of rhodamine-DOPE in unpolymerized and polymerized PSLBs composed of bis-sorbyl phosphatidylcholine (bis-SorbPC), mono-sorbyl-phosphatidylcholine (mono-SorbPC), bis-dienoyl-phosphatidylcholine (bis-DenPC), and mono-dienoyl phosphatidylcholine (mono-DenPC). Polymerization was performed in both the Lα and Lβ phase for each lipid. In all cases, polymerization reduced membrane fluidity; however, measurable lateral diffusion was retained which is attributed to a low degree of polymerization. The D values for sorbyl lipids were less than those of the denoyl lipids; this may be a consequence of the distal location of polymerizable group in the sorbyl lipids which may facilitate interleaflet bonding. The D values measured after polymerization were 0.1-0.8 of those measured before polymerization, a range that corresponds to fluidity intermediate between that of a Lα phase and a Lβ phase. This D range is comparable to ratios of D values reported for liquid-disordered (Ld) and liquid-ordered (Lo) lipid phases and indicates that the effect of UV polymerization on lateral diffusion in a dienoyl PSLB is similar to the transition from a Ld phase to a Lo phase. The partial retention of fluidity in UV-polymerized PSLBs, their enhanced stability, and the activity of incorporated transmembrane proteins and peptides is discussed.

Reducing Adverse Effects During Drug Development: The Example of Lesogaberan and Paresthesia.

PubMed

Rydholm, Hans; von Corswant, Christian; Denison, Hans; Jensen, Jörgen M; Lehmann, Anders; Ruth, Magnus; Söderlind, Erik; Aurell-Holmberg, Ann

2016-04-01

Lesogaberan, a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)B receptor agonist, was developed for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with a partial response to proton pump inhibitor therapy. A high prevalence of paresthesia was observed in healthy individuals after dosing with lesogaberan in early-phase clinical trials. The aim of this review was to gain further insight into paresthesia caused by lesogaberan by summarizing the relevant preclinical and clinical data. This study was a narrative review of the literature and unpublished data. The occurrence of paresthesia may depend on the route or rate of drug administration; several studies were conducted to test this hypothesis, and formulations were developed to minimize the occurrence of paresthesia. Phase I clinical studies showed that, in healthy individuals, paresthesia occurred soon after administration of lesogaberan in a dose-dependent manner regardless of the route of administration. The occurrence of paresthesia could be decreased by fractionating the dose or reducing the rate of administration. These findings suggest that the initial rate of absorption plays an important part in the development of paresthesia. Modified-release formulations minimize the occurrence of paresthesia while retaining the anti-reflux activity of the drug, as measured by esophageal pH and the number of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations. The development of lesogaberan was halted because the effect on gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms observed in Phase II studies was not considered clinically meaningful in the target patient population. Nevertheless, it is an example of successful formulation development designed to minimize the occurrence of a compound's adverse effect while retaining its pharmacodynamic action. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier HS Journals, Inc. All rights reserved.

Photopolymerization of dienoyl lipids creates planar supported poly(lipid) membranes with retained fluidity

PubMed Central

Orosz, Kristina S.; Jones, Ian W.; Keogh, John P.; Smith, Christopher M.; Griffin, Kaitlyn R.; Xu, Juhua; Comi, Troy J.; Hall, H. K.

2016-01-01

Polymerization of substrate-supported bilayers composed of dienoyl phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipids is known to greatly enhance their chemical and mechanical stability, however the effects of polymerization on membrane fluidity have not been investigated. Here planar supported lipid bilayers (PSLBs) composed of dienoyl PCs on glass substrates were examined to assess the degree to which UV-initiated polymerization affects lateral lipid mobility. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) was used to measure the diffusion coefficients (D) and mobile fractions of rhodamine-DOPE in unpolymerized and polymerized PSLBs composed of bis-sorbyl phosphatidylcholine (bis-SorbPC), mono-sorbyl phosphatidylcholine (mono-SorbPC), bis-dienoyl phosphatidylcholine (bis-DenPC) and mono-dienoyl phosphatidylcholine (mono-DenPC). Polymerization was performed in both the Lα and Lβ phase for each lipid. In all cases, polymerization reduced membrane fluidity, however measurable lateral diffusion was retained which is attributed to a low degree of polymerization. The D values for sorbyl lipids were less than those of the denoyl lipids; this may be a consequence of the distal location of polymerizable group in the sorbyl lipids which may facilitate inter-leaflet bonding. The D values measured after polymerization were 0.1 to 0.8 of those measured before polymerization, a range that corresponds to fluidity intermediate between that of a Lα phase and a Lβ phase. This D range is comparable to ratios of D values reported for liquid-disordered (Ld) and liquid-ordered (Lo) lipid phases, and indicates that the effect of UV polymerization on lateral diffusion in a dienoyl PSLB is similar to the transition from a Ld phase to a Lo phase. The partial retention of fluidity in UV polymerized PSLBs, their enhanced stability, and the activity of incorporated transmembrane proteins and peptides is discussed. PMID:26794208

Fitness, adiposopathy, and adiposity are independent predictors of insulin sensitivity in middle-aged men without diabetes.

PubMed

Huth, Claire; Pigeon, Étienne; Riou, Marie-Ève; St-Onge, Josée; Arguin, Hélène; Couillard, Erick; Dubois, Marie-Julie; Marette, André; Tremblay, Angelo; Weisnagel, S John; Lacaille, Michel; Mauriège, Pascale; Joanisse, Denis R

2016-09-01

Adiposopathy, or sick fat, refers to adipose tissue dysfunction that can lead to several complications such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia. The relative contribution of adiposopathy in predicting insulin resistance remains unclear. We investigated the relationship between adiposopathy, as assessed as a low plasma adiponectin/leptin ratio, with anthropometry, body composition (hydrostatic weighing), insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp), inflammation, and fitness level (ergocycle VO2max, mL/kgFFM/min) in 53 men (aged 34-53 years) from four groups: sedentary controls without obesity (body mass index [BMI] <25 kg/m(2)), sedentary with obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m(2)), sedentary with obesity and glucose intolerance, and endurance trained active without obesity. The adiponectin/leptin ratio was the highest in trained men (4.75 ± 0.82) and the lowest in glucose intolerant subjects with obesity (0.27 ± 0.06; ANOVA p < 0.0001) indicating increased adiposopathy in those with obesity. The ratio was negatively associated with adiposity (e.g., waist circumference, r = -0.59, p < 0.01) and positively associated with VO2max (r = 0.67, p < 0.01) and insulin sensitivity (M/I, r = 0.73, p < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis revealed fitness as the strongest independent predictor of insulin sensitivity (partial R (2) = 0.61). While adiposopathy was also an independent and significant contributor (partial R (2) = 0.10), waist circumference added little power to the model (partial R (2) = 0.024). All three variables remained significant independent predictors when trained subjects were excluded from the model. Plasma lipids were not retained in the model. We conclude that low fitness, adiposopathy, as well as adiposity (and in particular abdominal obesity) are independent contributors to insulin resistance in men without diabetes.

Effect of pasteurisation and freezing method on bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of strawberry pulp.

PubMed

Gonçalves, Gilma Auxiliadora Santos; Resende, Nathane Silva; Carvalho, Elisângela Elena Nunes; Resende, Jaime Vilela de; Vilas Boas, Eduardo Valério de Barros

2017-09-01

This study evaluated the stability of strawberry pulp subjected to three factors, pasteurisation (pasteurised and unpasteurised), freezing method (static air and forced air) and storage time (0, 2, 4 and 6 months). Pasteurisation favoured vitamin C retention during storage but enhanced the total loss of phenolics without affecting anthocyanin levels. Freezing by forced air was more effective in retaining phenolics during the first 4 months of storage, although the freezing method did not affect the anthocyanin levels. Processing and storage reduced the levels of individual phenolics. Freezing by forced air was more effective than static air in retaining antioxidant activity of the pulp. Polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase enzyme levels were relatively stable and independent of pasteurisation, freezing and storage time. Even after 6 months of frozen storage, strawberry pulp is a significant source of nutrients and bioactive compounds and retains high antioxidant capacity independent of pasteurisation and freezing method.

Towards Tuneable Retaining Glycosidase-Inhibiting Peptides by Mimicry of a Plant Flavonol Warhead.

PubMed

Yoshisada, Ryoji; van Gijzel, Lieke; Jongkees, Seino A K

2017-12-05

Retaining glycosidases are an important class of enzymes involved in glycan degradation. To study better the role of specific enzymes in deglycosylation processes, and thereby the importance of particular glycosylation patterns, a set of potent inhibitors, each specific to a particular glycosidase, would be an invaluable toolkit. Towards this goal, we detail here a more in-depth study of a prototypical macrocyclic peptide inhibitor of the model retaining glycosidase human pancreatic α-amylase (HPA). Notably, incorporation of l-DOPA into this peptide affords an inhibitor of HPA with potency that is tenfold higher (K i =480 pm) than that of the previously found consensus sequence. This represents a first successful step in converting a recently discovered natural-product-derived motif, already specific for the catalytic side-chain arrangement conserved in the active sites of retaining glycosidases, into a tuneable retaining glycosidase inhibition warhead. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Organic solvent tolerance of an α-amylase from haloalkaliphilic bacteria as a function of pH, temperature, and salt concentrations.

PubMed

Pandey, Sandeep; Singh, S P

2012-04-01

A haloalkaliphilic bacterium was isolated from salt-enriched soil of Mithapur, Gujarat (India) and identified as Bacillus agaradhaerens Mi-10-6₂ based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis (NCBI gene bank accession, GQ121032). The bacterium was studied for its α-amylase characteristic in the presence of organic solvents. The enzyme was quite active and it retained considerable activity in 30% (v/v) organic solvents, dodecane, decane, heptane, n-hexane, methanol, and propanol. At lower concentrations of solvents, the catalysis was quite comparable to control. Enzyme catalysis at wide range of alkanes and alcohol was an interesting finding of the study. Mi-10-6₂ amylase retained activity over a broader alkaline pH range, with the optimal pH at 10-11. Two molars of salt was optimum for catalysis in the presence of most of the tested solvents, though the enzyme retained significant activity even at 4 M salt. With dodecane, the optimum temperature shifted from 50 °C to 60 °C, while the enzyme was active up to 80 °C. Over all, the present study focused on the effect of organic solvents on an extracellular α-amylase from haloalkaliphilic bacteria under varying conditions of pH, temperature, and salt.

Increasing the Numbers, A Partial Success Story

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stith, James H.

2000-04-01

Compared to all other sciences, physics has the lowest representation of women, with only engineering having proportionally fewer women. According to NSF, only 201 African-Americans earned physics Ph.D. degrees between 1973 and 1996, less than 1% of the total number of physics Ph.D. degrees granted during that time period. The picture is similar for other under represented groups. AIP has a number of outreach programs that serve to focus attention on the above issue. This talk will describe some of these programs and chronicle efforts to work with the physics community to attract and retain members of underrepresented groups in physics.

Evaluation of chest tube administration of tissue plasminogen activator to treat retained hemothorax.

PubMed

Stiles, P J; Drake, Rachel M; Helmer, Stephen D; Bjordahl, Paul M; Haan, James M

2014-06-01

When retained hemothorax occurs, video-assisted thoracoscopy or thoracotomy is performed, but recently, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has been used. This study evaluated intrapleural tPA use for retained traumatic hemothoraces. A retrospective review was conducted of trauma patients treated with intrapleural tPA for retained hemothorax. Data included demographics, past medical and surgical histories, injury details, treatment details, and outcomes. Seven patients (median age = 47 years, male = 6, blunt trauma = 6) met study criteria. All patients received a chest tube. Six patients later received computed tomography-guided drains for tPA infusion. Number of tPA treatments per patient varied from 1 to 5. Median total tPA dosage was 24 mg. Median time from injury to chest tube placement was 11 days and from chest tube placement to first tPA treatment was 4 days. No patients required a video-assisted thoracoscopy; however, 1 patient required thoracotomy. There were no deaths or bleeding complications attributed to intrapleural tPA. Although future studies are needed to identify optimum treatment guidelines, intrapleural tPA appears to be a safe and efficacious treatment option. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

[Knowledge retain of BLS and BLS-D theoretical contents in a long-term follow-up].

PubMed

Paolini, Enrico; Conti, Elettra; Guerra, Federico; Capucci, Alessandro

2018-03-01

Despite the many recent improvements in basic life support (BLS) and the widespread training to a great number of lay rescuers, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is still a major cause of death. Nowadays, BLS teaching protocols ask for many concepts to be learned and specific algorithms to be applied, without any available data on how much all these inputs are retained by the students. The present survey aims to evaluate how BLS is really retained by those rescuers (laypersons and nurses) who do not often put it into practice. The first survey was targeted at laypersons who are responsible for security in their work environment. The second survey was targeted at nurses operating in low-intensity wards or out-of-hospital clinics. Both surveys were anonymous and asked specific questions aimed at evaluating how BLS/BLS-D (BLS and defibrillation) information was retained on an average of 3 years after training completion. Lay rescuers showed difficulties in recognizing specific signs of OHCA, were unsure on when to call the emergency medical service and retained few and sometime erroneous information on the correct BLS sequence to perform. The nurses operating in low-intensity settings performed better in terms of OHCA recognition and advanced medical assistance activation, while how to set and operate an automatic external defibrillation was seldom clear. BLS information is usually not retained after a 3-year follow-up by people who are not involved in OHCA management as part of their everyday job. It should be useful to lower the number of concepts taught in current BLS courses in order to focus on the most significant aspects of it, such as prompt emergency medical system activation and early defibrillation.

ATLAS jet trigger update for the LHC run II

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Delgado, A. T.

The CERN Large Hadron Collider is the biggest and most powerful particle collider ever built. It produces up to 40 million proton-proton collisions per second at unprecedented energies to explore the fundamental laws and properties of Nature. The ATLAS experiment is one of the detectors that analyses and records these collisions. It generates dozens of GB/s of data that has to be reduced before it can be permanently stored, the event selection is made by the ATLAS trigger system, which reduces the data volume by a factor of 105. The trigger system has to be highly configurable in order tomore » adapt to changing running conditions and maximize the physics output whilst keeping the output rate under control. A particularly interesting pattern generated during collisions consists of a collimated spray of particles, known as a hadronic jet. To retain the interesting jets and efficiently reject the overwhelming background, optimal jet energy resolution is needed. Therefore the Jet trigger software requires CPU-intensive reconstruction algorithms. In order to reduce the resources needed for the reconstruction step, a partial detector readout scheme was developed, which effectively suppresses the low activity regions of the calorimeter. In this paper we describe the overall ATLAS trigger software, and the jet trigger in particular, along with the improvements made on the system. We then focus on detailed studies of the algorithm timing and the performance impact of the full and partial calorimeter readout schemes. We conclude with an outlook of the jet trigger plans for the next LHC data-taking period. (authors)« less

Standing intraoral extractions of cheek teeth aided by partial crown removal in 165 horses (2010-2016).

PubMed

Rice, M K; Henry, T J

2018-01-01

Diseased cheek teeth in horses often require invasive extraction techniques that carry a high rate of complications. Techniques and instrumentation were developed to perform partial crown removal to aid standing intraoral extraction of diseased cheek teeth in horses. To analyse success rates and post-surgical complications in horses undergoing cheek teeth extraction assisted by partial crown removal. Retrospective cohort study. This study included 165 horses with 194 diseased cheek teeth that were extracted orally assisted by partial crown removal between 2010 and 2016. Medical records were analysed, including case details, obtained radiographs, surgical reports and follow-up information. Follow-up information (≥2 months) was obtained for 151 horses (91.5%). There were 95 horses examined post-operatively by the authors and, 16 horses by the referring veterinarian; in 40 horses, post-operative follow up was obtained by informal telephone interviews with the owner. Successful standing intraoral extraction of cheek teeth was obtained in 164/165 horses (99.4%). Twenty-five of these horses (15.2%) required additional intraoral extraction methods to complete the extraction, including minimally invasive transbuccal approach (n = 21) and tooth sectioning (n = 4). There was one (0.6%) horse with intraoral extraction failure that required standing repulsion to complete the extraction. The intraoperative complication of fractured root tips occurred in 11/165 horses (6.7%). Post-operative complications occurred in 6/165 horses (3.6%), including alveolar sequestra (n = 4), mild delay of alveolar healing at 2 months (n = 1), and development of a persistent draining tract secondary to a retained root tip (n = 1). Specialised instrumentation and additional training in the technique are recommended to perform partial crown removal in horses. Horses with cheek teeth extraction by partial crown removal have an excellent prognosis for a positive outcome. The term partial coronectomy is proposed for this technique. © 2017 EVJ Ltd.

Fingerprinting of near-homogeneous DNA ligase I and II from human cells. Similarity of their AMP-binding domains.

PubMed

Yang, S W; Becker, F F; Chan, J Y

1990-10-25

DNA ligases play obligatory roles during replication, repair, and recombination. Multiple forms of DNA ligase have been reported in mammalian cells including DNA ligase I, the high molecular mass species which functions during replication, and DNA ligase II, the low molecular mass species which is associated with repair. In addition, alterations in DNA ligase activities have been reported in acute lymphocytic leukemia cells, Bloom's syndrome cells, and cells undergoing differentiation and development. To better distinguish the biochemical and molecular properties of the various DNA ligases from human cells, we have developed a method of purifying multiple species of DNA ligase from HeLa cells by chromatography through DEAE-Bio-Gel, CM-Bio-Gel, hydroxylapatite, Sephacryl S-300, Mono P, and DNA-cellulose. DNA-cellulose chromatography of the partially purified enzymes resolved multiple species of DNA ligase after labeling the enzyme with [alpha-32P]ATP to form the ligase-[32P]AMP adduct. The early eluting enzyme activity (0.25 M NaCl) contained a major 67-kDa-labeled protein, while the late eluting activity (0.48 M NaCl) contained two major labeled proteins of 90 and 78 kDa. Neutralization experiments with antiligase I antibodies indicated that the early and late eluting activity peaks were DNA ligase II and I, respectively. The three major ligase-[32P]AMP polypeptides (90, 78, and 67 kDa) were subsequently purified to near homogeneity by elution from preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. All three polypeptides retained DNA ligase activities after gel elution and renaturation. To further reveal the relationship between these enzymes, partial digestion by V8-protease was performed. All three purified polypeptides gave rise to a common 22-kDa-labeled fragment for their AMP-binding domains, indicating that the catalytic sites of ligase I and II are quite similar, if not identical. Similar findings were obtained from the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of their AMP-binding domains in the trypsin-digested protein fragments. The results also suggested that these isozymes have been derived from the same primordial DNA sequence or from the same precursor protein. The purification scheme and the data obtained will be instrumental for the further elucidation of the biological roles of various DNA ligases from human cells.

Differential 3-bromopyruvate inhibition of cytosolic and mitochondrial human serine hydroxymethyltransferase isoforms, key enzymes in cancer metabolic reprogramming.

PubMed

Paiardini, Alessandro; Tramonti, Angela; Schirch, Doug; Guiducci, Giulia; di Salvo, Martino Luigi; Fiascarelli, Alessio; Giorgi, Alessandra; Maras, Bruno; Cutruzzolà, Francesca; Contestabile, Roberto

2016-11-01

The cytosolic and mitochondrial isoforms of serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT1 and SHMT2, respectively) are well-recognized targets of cancer research, since their activity is critical for purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis and because of their prominent role in the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells. Here we show that 3-bromopyruvate (3BP), a potent novel anti-tumour agent believed to function primarily by blocking energy metabolism, differentially inactivates human SHMT1 and SHMT2. SHMT1 is completely inhibited by 3BP, whereas SHMT2 retains a significant fraction of activity. Site directed mutagenesis experiments on SHMT1 demonstrate that selective inhibition relies on the presence of a cysteine residue at the active site of SHMT1 (Cys204) that is absent in SHMT2. Our results show that 3BP binds to SHMT1 active site, forming an enzyme-3BP complex, before reacting with Cys204. The physiological substrate l-serine is still able to bind at the active site of the inhibited enzyme, although catalysis does not occur. Modelling studies suggest that alkylation of Cys204 prevents a productive binding of l-serine, hampering interaction between substrate and Arg402. Conversely, the partial inactivation of SHMT2 takes place without the formation of a 3BP-enzyme complex. The introduction of a cysteine residue in the active site of SHMT2 by site directed mutagenesis (A206C mutation), at a location corresponding to that of Cys204 in SHMT1, yields an enzyme that forms a 3BP-enzyme complex and is completely inactivated. This work sets the basis for the development of selective SHMT1 inhibitors that target Cys204, starting from the structure and reactivity of 3BP. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Exposure to apoptotic activated CD4+ T cells induces maturation and APOBEC3G-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 infection in dendritic cells.

PubMed

Mohanram, Venkatramanan; Johansson, Ulrika; Sköld, Annette E; Fink, Joshua; Kumar Pathak, Sushil; Mäkitalo, Barbro; Walther-Jallow, Lilian; Spetz, Anna-Lena

2011-01-01

Dendritic cells (DCs) are activated by signaling via pathogen-specific receptors or exposure to inflammatory mediators. Here we show that co-culturing DCs with apoptotic HIV-infected activated CD4(+) T cells (ApoInf) or apoptotic uninfected activated CD4(+) T cells (ApoAct) induced expression of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokine release. In addition, we measured a reduced HIV infection rate in DCs after co-culture with ApoAct. A prerequisite for reduced HIV infection in DCs was activation of CD4(+) T cells before apoptosis induction. DCs exposed to ApoAct or ApoInf secreted MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MCP-1, and TNF-α; this effect was retained in the presence of exogenous HIV. The ApoAct-mediated induction of co-stimulatory CD86 molecules and reduction of HIV infection in DCs were partially abrogated after blocking TNF-α using monoclonal antibodies. APOBEC3G expression in DCs was increased in co-cultures of DCs and ApoAct but not by apoptotic resting CD4(+) T cells (ApoRest). Silencing of APOBEC3G in DC abrogated the HIV inhibitory effect mediated by ApoAct. Sequence analyses of an env region revealed significant induction of G-to-A hypermutations in the context of GG or GA dinucleotides in DNA isolated from DCs exposed to HIV and ApoAct. Thus, ApoAct-mediated DC maturation resulted in induction of APOBEC3G that was important for inhibition of HIV-infection in DCs. These findings underscore the complexity of differential DC responses evoked upon interaction with resting as compared with activated dying cells during HIV infection.

[Effect of cigarette smoking on coexistence of cadmium and zinc in retained wisdom teeth].

PubMed

Malara, Piotr; Kwapuliński, Jerzy; Drugacz, Jan; Malara, Beata

2005-01-01

The change in coexistence pattern of elements (antagonism-synergism) in conditions of excessive level of toxic element is observed in many biological samples. The aim of this study was to establish the cadmium and zinc content in hard tissues of retained wisdom teeth of smokers and non-smokers and to find out if active exposure to cigarette smoke has an influence on coexistence of both metals in these tissues. Material consisted of 127 retained wisdom teeth (65 from smokers and 62 from non-smokers). Cadmium and zinc contents were determined by means of atomic absorption spectrometry. We found out that retained wisdom tooth from smokers exhibited higher cadmium and zinc contents compared to non-smokers' teeth. Moreover, coexistence pattern of cadmium and zinc in teeth depends on exposure to heavy metals and exhibits strong synergism in smokers.

Silica-based waste form for immobilization of iodine from reprocessing plant off-gas streams

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Matyáš, Josef; Canfield, Nathan; Sulaiman, Sannoh

A high selectivity and sorption capacity for iodine and a feasible consolidation to a durable SiO2-based waste form makes silver-functionalized silica aerogel (Ag0-aerogel) an attractive choice for the removal and sequestration of iodine compounds from the off-gas of a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. Hot uniaxial pressing of iodine-loaded Ag0-aerogel (20.2 mass% iodine) at 1200°C for 30 min under 29 MPa pressure provided a partially sintered product with residual open porosity of 16.9% that retained ~93% of sorbed iodine. Highly iodine-loaded Ag0-aerogel was successfully consolidated by hot isostatic pressing at 1200°C with a 30-min hold and under 207 MPa. The fullymore » densified waste form had a bulk density of 3.3 g/cm3 and contained ~39 mass% iodine. The iodine was retained in the form of nano- and micro-particles of AgI that were uniformly distributed inside and along boundaries of fused silica grains.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Adhikari, B.; Pellegrino, J.; Stickel, J.

We are currently evaluating the feasibility of performing continuous enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to product sugars using a membrane-assisted reaction/separation process. The overarching technical goals are to continuously remove the sugars—this lowers product feedback inhibition—retain and recycle active enzyme, and continuously recover the co-product of lignin. Experimental d d d currently evaluating the feasibility of performing continuous enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to product sugars using a membrane-assisted reaction/separation process. The overarching technical goals are to continuously remove the sugars -- this lowers product feedback inhibition --retain and recycle active enzyme, and continuously recover the co-product of lignin.

Telescopic Partial Dentures-Concealed Technology.

PubMed

Bhagat, Tushar Vitthalrao; Walke, Ashwini Nareshchandra

2015-09-01

The ideal goal of good dentist is to restore the missing part of oral structure, phonetics, his look and the most important is restored the normal health of the patient, which is hampered due to less or insufficient intake of food. Removable partial denture (RPD) treatment option is considered as a notion, which precludes the inevitability of "floating plastic" in edentulous mouth, that many times fail to fulfill the above essential of the patients. In modern dentistry, though the dental implants or fixed partial denture is the better options, but they have certain limitations. However, overdentures and particularly telescopic denture is the overlooked technology in dentistry that would be a boon for such needy patients. Telescopic denture is especially indicated in the distal edentulous area with minimum two teeth bilaterally present with a good amount of periodontal support. This treatment modality is sort of preventive prosthodontics remedy, which in a conservative manner preserve the remaining teeth and helps in conservation of alveolar bone ultimately. There are two tenets related to this option, one is constant conservation edentulous ridge around the retained tooth and the most important is the endless existence of periodontal sensory action that directs and monitor gnathodynamic task. In this option the primary coping or inner coping are cemented on the prepared tooth, and a similar removable outer or inner telescopic crown placed tightly by using a mechanism of tenso-friction, this is firmly attached to a removable RPD in place without moving or rocking of the prosthesis, which is the common compliant of almost all patients of RPD. Copings are also protecting the abutment from tooth decay and also offers stabilization and maintaining of the outer crown. The outer crown engages the inner coping and gives as an anchor for the remainder of the dentition. This work is the review of telescopic prosthesis which is well supported by the case discussion, and designates the utilization of favorable retained tooth/teeth as abutment that drastically minimized alveolar bone resorption beneath the prosthesis and give the maximum tactile sensation of natural teeth to the patient, which is not possible with other type of RPD.

Telescopic Partial Dentures-Concealed Technology

PubMed Central

Bhagat, Tushar Vitthalrao; Walke, Ashwini Nareshchandra

2015-01-01

The ideal goal of good dentist is to restore the missing part of oral structure, phonetics, his look and the most important is restored the normal health of the patient, which is hampered due to less or insufficient intake of food. Removable partial denture (RPD) treatment option is considered as a notion, which precludes the inevitability of “floating plastic” in edentulous mouth, that many times fail to fulfill the above essential of the patients. In modern dentistry, though the dental implants or fixed partial denture is the better options, but they have certain limitations. However, overdentures and particularly telescopic denture is the overlooked technology in dentistry that would be a boon for such needy patients. Telescopic denture is especially indicated in the distal edentulous area with minimum two teeth bilaterally present with a good amount of periodontal support. This treatment modality is sort of preventive prosthodontics remedy, which in a conservative manner preserve the remaining teeth and helps in conservation of alveolar bone ultimately. There are two tenets related to this option, one is constant conservation edentulous ridge around the retained tooth and the most important is the endless existence of periodontal sensory action that directs and monitor gnathodynamic task. In this option the primary coping or inner coping are cemented on the prepared tooth, and a similar removable outer or inner telescopic crown placed tightly by using a mechanism of tenso-friction, this is firmly attached to a removable RPD in place without moving or rocking of the prosthesis, which is the common compliant of almost all patients of RPD. Copings are also protecting the abutment from tooth decay and also offers stabilization and maintaining of the outer crown. The outer crown engages the inner coping and gives as an anchor for the remainder of the dentition. This work is the review of telescopic prosthesis which is well supported by the case discussion, and designates the utilization of favorable retained tooth/teeth as abutment that drastically minimized alveolar bone resorption beneath the prosthesis and give the maximum tactile sensation of natural teeth to the patient, which is not possible with other type of RPD. PMID:26435635

Historical thermal regimes define limits to coral acclimatization.

PubMed

Howells, Emily J; Berkelmans, Ray; van Oppen, Madeleine J H; Willis, Bette L; Bay, Line K

2013-05-01

Knowledge of the degree to which corals undergo physiological acclimatization or genetic adaptation in response to changes in their thermal environment is crucial to the success of coral reef conservation strategies. The potential of corals to acclimatize to temperatures exceeding historical thermal regimes was investigated by reciprocal transplantation of Acropora millepora colonies between the warm central and cool southern regions of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) for a duration of 14 months. Colony fragments retained at native sites remained healthy, whereas transplanted fragments, although healthy over initial months when temperatures remained within native thermal regimes, subsequently bleached and suffered mortality during seasonal temperature extremes. Corals hosting Symbiodinium D transplanted to the southern GBR bleached in winter and the majority suffered whole (40%; n=20 colonies) or partial (50%) mortality at temperatures 1.1 degrees C below their 15-year native minimum. In contrast, corals hosting Symbiodinium C2 transplanted to the central GBR bleached in summer and suffered whole (50%; n=10 colonies) or partial (42%) mortality at temperatures 2.5 degrees C above their 15-year native maximum. During summer bleaching, the dominant Symbiodinium type changed from C2 to D within corals transplanted to the central GBR. Corals transplanted to the cooler, southern GBR grew 74-80% slower than corals at their native site, and only 50% of surviving colonies reproduced, at least partially because of cold water bleaching of transplants. Despite the absence of any visual signs of stress, corals transplanted to the warmer, central GBR grew 52-59% more slowly than corals at their native site before the summer bleaching (i.e., from autumn to spring). Allocation of energy to initial acclimatization or reproduction may explain this pattern, as the majority (65%) of transplants reproduced one month earlier than portions of the same colonies retained at the southern native site. All parameters investigated (bleaching, mortality, Symbiodinium type fidelity, reproductive timing) demonstrated strong interactions between genotype and environment, indicating that the acclimatization potential of A. millepora populations may be limited by adaptation of the holobiont to native thermal regimes.

Characterization of porcine partially reprogrammed iPSCs from adipose-derived stem cells.

PubMed

Wei, Chao; Li, Xia; Zhang, Pengfei; Zhang, Yu; Liu, Tong; Jiang, Shaoshuai; Han, Fei; Zhang, Yunhai

2015-05-01

Partially reprogrammed induced pluripotent stem cells (PiPSCs) have great potential for investigating reprogramming mechanisms and represent an alternative potential material for making genetically modified animals and regenerative medicine. To date, PiPSCs have scarcely been reported in detail when compared with mice and humans. In this study, we obtained PiPSCs from porcine adipose-derived stem cells (pADSCs) by ectopic expression of human transcription factors (OCT4, SOX2, c-MYC, and KLF4) in feeder-free condition. The morphology and proliferation activity of porcine PiPSCs (pPiPSCs) were similar to those of porcine fully reprogrammed iPSCs (pFiPSCs); furthermore, pPiPSCs expressed higher levels of the typical surface molecules (CD29) found in pADSCs. However, pPiPSCs were negative for key proteins (NANOG) connected with stemness and possessed lower differentiation ability in vivo and in vitro. When differentiation-inhibiting factors were withdrawn, pPiPSCs-derived cells (pPiPSC-DCs) showed similar features to pADSCs in many aspects, including proliferation, differentiation, and immunosuppression. When both types of cells were used to produce cloned embryos, we found that the blastocyst formation rate of 19DC (one of the pPiPSC-DC cell lines)-derived cloned embryos was obviously higher than that of others. The total cell number of 19DC-derived blastocysts was significantly higher than the 30DC (one pFiPSC-DC cell line)-derived blastocysts. In all, through limited differentiation ability, the proliferation activity of pPiPSCs is similar to that of pFiPSCs, and pPiPSCs can retain several of the features of pADSCs, which are beneficial to cell therapy. Furthermore, the differentiation of pPiPSCs is more favorable for producing high-quality reconstructed embryos. © 2015 Society for Reproduction and Fertility.

Mechanism of partial agonism in AMPA-type glutamate receptors

PubMed Central

Salazar, Hector; Eibl, Clarissa; Chebli, Miriam; Plested, Andrew

2017-01-01

Neurotransmitters trigger synaptic currents by activating ligand-gated ion channel receptors. Whereas most neurotransmitters are efficacious agonists, molecules that activate receptors more weakly—partial agonists—also exist. Whether these partial agonists have weak activity because they stabilize less active forms, sustain active states for a lesser fraction of the time or both, remains an open question. Here we describe the crystal structure of an α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate receptor (AMPAR) ligand binding domain (LBD) tetramer in complex with the partial agonist 5-fluorowillardiine (FW). We validate this structure, and others of different geometry, using engineered intersubunit bridges. We establish an inverse relation between the efficacy of an agonist and its promiscuity to drive the LBD layer into different conformations. These results suggest that partial agonists of the AMPAR are weak activators of the receptor because they stabilize multiple non-conducting conformations, indicating that agonism is a function of both the space and time domains. PMID:28211453

NAD deamidation "a new reaction" by an enzyme from Aspergillus terreus DSM 826.

PubMed

Elzainy, Tahany A; Ali, Thanaa H

2005-02-01

NAD deamidation is a non-previously recognized reaction. This reaction has been found to be catalyzed by extracts of Aspergillus terreus DSM 826. Conversion of NAD to the biosynthetic intermediate, deamido NAD, by these extracts, at the optimum pH and temperature did not exceed about 55 of the amount of the substrate added. Completion of the reaction was achieved when the extracts were pre-heated at 50 degrees C for 15 min in absence of the substrate. In a very similar manner, the extracts catalyzed hydrolytic cleavage of the amide linkages of different biomolecules such as nicotinamide, nicotinamide riboside, nicotinamide mononucleotide, L-glutamine, L-asparagine and acetamide. Polyacrylamide was also deamidated under the same conditions. In addition, complete dephosphorylation of the dinucleotide molecule was also effected by the same extracts. Separation of the NAD deamidating enzyme from the NAD dephosphorylating enzyme was achieved on using either DEAE - Sephadex A-25 or Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. The obtained phosphohydrolase-free-deamidase showed optimum activity at pH 8 of 0.1 M phosphate buffer and 50 degrees C. It exhibited broad substrate specificity and hyperbolic substrate saturation kinetics. It was isosterically inhibited by the product of its activity and this inhibition was prevented by heating the extracts at 50 degrees C for 15 min. Its activity was not affected in presence of sodium fluoride, partially inhibited in presence of magnesium chloride and was retained in the freezer for some months.

Red Oak Research and Demonstration Area in Phelps Township, North Bay, Ontario-2004 to 2005

Treesearch

Dave Deugo; Andrée Morneault; Dianne Othmer; Megan Smith; Al Stinson; Murray Woods; Ian Kovacs; Ian Aho; Bill Parker; Rob Baker; Marinus Verwey; Guylaine Thauvette; Don Willis; Jeff Dech

2006-01-01

In July 2004, a large stand of red oak (Quercus rubra) was harvested in Phelps Township, North Bay District, North Bay, Ontario using the uniform shelterwood system. Most of the stand was harvested to retain 40 percent crown closure, while a very small portion was harvested to retain 70 percent crown closure. During tree marking, an active Northern...

Evaluation of the effectiveness of an urban stormwater treatment unit in Madison, Wisconsin, 1996-97

USGS Publications Warehouse

Waschbusch, Robert J.

1999-01-01

The material retained in the treatment chamber had high concentrations of lead and PAH and may be subject to special disposal restrictions based on those concentrations and the presence of benzo(a)anthracene. The chemical makeup of the retained material in other similar stormwater treatment units will probably vary depending on the land use and activities in the drainage basin.

AP2 hemicomplexes contribute independently to synaptic vesicle endocytosis

PubMed Central

Gu, Mingyu; Liu, Qiang; Watanabe, Shigeki; Sun, Lin; Hollopeter, Gunther; Grant, Barth D; Jorgensen, Erik M

2013-01-01

The clathrin adaptor complex AP2 is thought to be an obligate heterotetramer. We identify null mutations in the α subunit of AP2 in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. α-adaptin mutants are viable and the remaining μ2/β hemicomplex retains some function. Conversely, in μ2 mutants, the alpha/sigma2 hemicomplex is localized and is partially functional. α-μ2 double mutants disrupt both halves of the complex and are lethal. The lethality can be rescued by expression of AP2 components in the skin, which allowed us to evaluate the requirement for AP2 subunits at synapses. Mutations in either α or μ2 subunits alone reduce the number of synaptic vesicles by about 30%; however, simultaneous loss of both α and μ2 subunits leads to a 70% reduction in synaptic vesicles and the presence of large vacuoles. These data suggest that AP2 may function as two partially independent hemicomplexes. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00190.001 PMID:23482940

Temporary Shell Proof-of-Concept Technique: Digital-Assisted Workflow to Enable Customized Immediate Function in Two Visits in Partially Edentulous Patients

PubMed

Pozzi, Alessandro; Arcuri, Lorenzo; Moy, Peter K

2018-03-01

The growing interest in minimally invasive implant placement and delivery of a prefabricated provisional prosthesis immediately, thus minimizing "time to teeth," has led to the development of numerous 3-dimensional (3D) planning software programs. Given the enhancements associated with fully digital workflows, such as better 3D soft-tissue visualization and virtual tooth rendering, computer-guided implant surgery and immediate function has become an effective and reliable procedure. This article describes how modern implant planning software programs provide a comprehensive digital platform that enables efficient interplay between the surgical and restorative aspects of implant treatment. These new technologies that streamline the overall digital workflow allow transformation of the digital wax-up into a personalized, CAD/CAM-milled provisional restoration. Thus, collaborative digital workflows provide a novel approach for time-efficient delivery of a customized, screw-retained provisional restoration on the day of implant surgery, resulting in improved predictability for immediate function in the partially edentate patient.

Thermo-mechanical Processing of TRIP-Aided Steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ranjan, Ravi; Beladi, Hossein; Singh, Shiv Brat; Hodgson, Peter D.

2015-07-01

The effects of the partial replacement of Si with Al and the addition of P on the microstructure and mechanical properties of experimental TRIP-aided steels subjected to different thermo-mechanical cycles were studied. Based on the available literature and thermodynamics-based calculations, three steels with different compositions were designed to obtain optimum results from a relatively low number of experiments. Different combinations of microstructure were developed through three different kinds of thermo-mechanical-controlled processing (TMCP) routes, and the corresponding tensile properties were evaluated. The results indicated that partial replacement of Si with Al improved the strength-ductility balance along with providing an improved variation in the incremental change in the strain-hardening exponent. However, the impact of the P addition was found to depend more on the final microstructure obtained by the different TMCP cycles. It has also been shown that an increase in the volume fraction of the retained austenite () or its carbon content () resulted in an improved strength-ductility balance, which can be attributed to better exploitation of the TRIP effect.

Soft sensor modelling by time difference, recursive partial least squares and adaptive model updating

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fu, Y.; Yang, W.; Xu, O.; Zhou, L.; Wang, J.

2017-04-01

To investigate time-variant and nonlinear characteristics in industrial processes, a soft sensor modelling method based on time difference, moving-window recursive partial least square (PLS) and adaptive model updating is proposed. In this method, time difference values of input and output variables are used as training samples to construct the model, which can reduce the effects of the nonlinear characteristic on modelling accuracy and retain the advantages of recursive PLS algorithm. To solve the high updating frequency of the model, a confidence value is introduced, which can be updated adaptively according to the results of the model performance assessment. Once the confidence value is updated, the model can be updated. The proposed method has been used to predict the 4-carboxy-benz-aldehyde (CBA) content in the purified terephthalic acid (PTA) oxidation reaction process. The results show that the proposed soft sensor modelling method can reduce computation effectively, improve prediction accuracy by making use of process information and reflect the process characteristics accurately.

Determination of solid mass fraction in partially frozen hydrocarbon fuels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cotterell, E. M.; Mossadegh, R.; Bruce, A. J.; Moynihan, C. T.

1986-01-01

Filtration procedures alone are insufficient to determine the amounts of crystalline solid in a partially frozen hydrocarbon distillate fraction. This is due to the nature of the solidification process by which a large amount of liquid becomes entrapped within an interconnected crystalline structure. A technique has been developed to supplement filtration methods with an independent determination of the amount of liquid in the precipitate thereby revealing the actual value of mass percent crystalline solid, %S. A non-crystallizing dye is injected into the fuel and used as a tracer during the filtration. The relative concentrations of the dye in the filtrate and precipitate fractions is subsequently detected by a spectrophotometric comparison. The filtration apparatus was assembled so that the temperature of the sample is recorded immediately above the filter. Also, a second method of calculation has been established which allows significant reduction in test time while retaining acceptable accuracy of results. Data have been obtained for eight different kerosene range hydrocarbon fuels.

[Computer aided design for fixed partial denture framework based on reverse engineering technology].

PubMed

Sun, Yu-chun; Lü, Pei-jun; Wang, Yong

2006-03-01

To explore a computer aided design (CAD) route for the framework of domestic fixed partial denture (FPD) and confirm the suitable method of 3-D CAD. The working area of a dentition model was scanned with a 3-D mechanical scanner. Using the reverse engineering (RE) software, margin and border curves were extracted and several reference curves were created to ensure the dimension and location of pontic framework that was taken from the standard database. The shoulder parts of the retainers were created after axial surfaces constructed. The connecting areas, axial line and curving surface of the framework connector were finally created. The framework of a three-unit FPD was designed with RE technology, which showed smooth surfaces and continuous contours. The design route is practical. The result of this study is significant in theory and practice, which will provide a reference for establishing the computer aided design/computer aided manufacture (CAD/CAM) system of domestic FPD.

Use of an intact core and stable-metal isotopes to examine leaching characteristics of a fluvial tailings deposit

USGS Publications Warehouse

Ranville, James F.; Smith, Kathleen S.; Lamothe, Paul J.; Jackson, Brian P.; Walton-Day, Katherine

2003-01-01

In this paper, we use Cd as an example of the utility of stable-metal isotopes in geochemical studies. In the case of Cd, after the core was partially saturated, the 111Cd spike was released as evidenced by a change in the Cd isotope ratios in the effluent. This release continued during the fully saturated leaching phase, however, the total Cd concentration did not increase. These results suggest that the 111Cd spike was retained inside the core during the unsaturated leaching phase, and only partially released as reducing conditions developed. Results from this core-leaching experiment indicate there is a large reservoir of water-soluble material within the fluvial tailings deposit, which yields elevated metal concentrations and high acidity, and which may degrade adjacent ground- and surface-water quality. Use of stable metal isotopes in this study facilitated the determination of different metal-retention processes, metal-release processes, and metal sources in the fluvial tailings deposit in response to changing geochemical conditions.

Characterization of Three Vasopressin Receptor 2 Variants: An Apparent Polymorphism (V266A) and Two Loss-of-Function Mutations (R181C and M311V)

PubMed Central

Armstrong, Stephen P.; Seeber, Ruth M.; Ayoub, Mohammed Akli; Feldman, Brian J.; Pfleger, Kevin D. G.

2013-01-01

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is released from the posterior pituitary and controls water homeostasis. AVP binding to vasopressin V2 receptors (V2Rs) located on kidney collecting duct epithelial cells triggers activation of Gs proteins, leading to increased cAMP levels, trafficking of aquaporin-2 water channels, and consequent increased water permeability and antidiuresis. Typically, loss-of-function V2R mutations cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), whereas gain-of-function mutations cause nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (NSIAD). Here we provide further characterization of two mutant V2Rs, R181C and M311V, reported to cause complete and partial NDI respectively, together with a V266A variant, in a patient diagnosed with NSIAD. Our data in HEK293FT cells revealed that for cAMP accumulation, AVP was about 500- or 30-fold less potent at the R181C and M311V mutants than at the wild-type receptor respectively (and about 4000- and 60-fold in COS7 cells respectively). However, in contrast to wild type V2R, the R181C mutant failed to increase inositol phosphate production, while with the M311V mutant, AVP exhibited only partial agonism in addition to a 37-fold potency decrease. Similar responses were detected in a BRET assay for β-arrestin recruitment, with the R181C receptor unresponsive to AVP, and partial agonism with a 23-fold decrease in potency observed with M311V in both HEK293FT and COS7 cells. Notably, the V266A V2R appeared functionally identical to the wild-type receptor in all assays tested, including cAMP and inositol phosphate accumulation, β-arrestin interaction, and in a BRET assay of receptor ubiquitination. Each receptor was expressed at comparable levels. Hence, the M311V V2R retains greater activity than the R181C mutant, consistent with the milder phenotype of NDI associated with this mutant. Notably, the R181C mutant appears to be a Gs protein-biased receptor incapable of signaling to inositol phosphate or recruiting β-arrestin. The etiology of NSIAD in the patient with V266A V2R remains unknown. PMID:23762448

Characterization of three vasopressin receptor 2 variants: an apparent polymorphism (V266A) and two loss-of-function mutations (R181C and M311V).

PubMed

Armstrong, Stephen P; Seeber, Ruth M; Ayoub, Mohammed Akli; Feldman, Brian J; Pfleger, Kevin D G

2013-01-01

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is released from the posterior pituitary and controls water homeostasis. AVP binding to vasopressin V2 receptors (V2Rs) located on kidney collecting duct epithelial cells triggers activation of Gs proteins, leading to increased cAMP levels, trafficking of aquaporin-2 water channels, and consequent increased water permeability and antidiuresis. Typically, loss-of-function V2R mutations cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), whereas gain-of-function mutations cause nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (NSIAD). Here we provide further characterization of two mutant V2Rs, R181C and M311V, reported to cause complete and partial NDI respectively, together with a V266A variant, in a patient diagnosed with NSIAD. Our data in HEK293FT cells revealed that for cAMP accumulation, AVP was about 500- or 30-fold less potent at the R181C and M311V mutants than at the wild-type receptor respectively (and about 4000- and 60-fold in COS7 cells respectively). However, in contrast to wild type V2R, the R181C mutant failed to increase inositol phosphate production, while with the M311V mutant, AVP exhibited only partial agonism in addition to a 37-fold potency decrease. Similar responses were detected in a BRET assay for β-arrestin recruitment, with the R181C receptor unresponsive to AVP, and partial agonism with a 23-fold decrease in potency observed with M311V in both HEK293FT and COS7 cells. Notably, the V266A V2R appeared functionally identical to the wild-type receptor in all assays tested, including cAMP and inositol phosphate accumulation, β-arrestin interaction, and in a BRET assay of receptor ubiquitination. Each receptor was expressed at comparable levels. Hence, the M311V V2R retains greater activity than the R181C mutant, consistent with the milder phenotype of NDI associated with this mutant. Notably, the R181C mutant appears to be a Gs protein-biased receptor incapable of signaling to inositol phosphate or recruiting β-arrestin. The etiology of NSIAD in the patient with V266A V2R remains unknown.

Activities of native and tyrosine-69 mutant phospholipases A2 on phospholipid analogues. A reevaluation of the minimal substrate requirements.

PubMed

Kuipers, O P; Dekker, N; Verheij, H M; de Haas, G H

1990-06-26

The role of Tyr-69 of porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 in substrate binding was studied with the help of proteins modified by site-directed mutagenesis and phospholipid analogues with a changed head-group geometry. Two mutants were used containing Phe and Lys, respectively, at position 69. Modifications in the phospholipids included introduction of a sulfur at the phosphorus (thionophospholipids), removal of the negative charge at phosphorus (phosphatidic acid dimethyl ester), and reduction (phosphonolipids) or extension (diacylbutanetriol choline phosphate) of the distance between the phosphorus and the acyl ester bond. Replacement of Tyr-69 by Lys reduces enzymatic activity, but the mutant enzyme retains both the stereospecificity and positional specificity of native phospholipase A2. The Phe-69 mutant not only hydrolyzes the Rp isomer of thionophospholipids more efficiently than the wild-type enzyme, but the Sp thiono isomer is hydrolyzed too, although at a low (approximately 4%) rate. Phosphonolipids are hydrolyzed by native phospholipase A2 about 7 times more slowly than natural phospholipids, with retention of positional specificity and a (partial) loss of stereospecificity. The dimethyl ester of phosphatidic acid is degraded efficiently in a calcium-dependent and positional-specific way by native phospholipase A2 and by the mutants, indicating that a negative charge at phosphorus is not an absolute substrate requirement. The activities on the phosphatidic acid dimethyl ester of native enzyme and the Lys-69 mutant are lower than those on the corresponding lecithin, in contrast to the Phe-69 mutant, which has equal activities on both substrates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Conversion of taurine into N-chlorotaurine (taurine chloramine) and sulphoacetaldehyde in response to oxidative stress.

PubMed

Cunningham, C; Tipton, K F; Dixon, H B

1998-03-01

N-Chlorotaurine (taurine chloramine), formed by treating taurine with hypochlorous acid, was shown to decompose to sulphoacetaldehyde with a first-order rate constant of 9.9+/-0.5 x 10(-4).h-1 at 37 degrees C in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. Rat liver homogenates accelerated this decay in a process that was proportional to tissue-protein concentration and saturable, with maximum velocity (Vmax) and Km values of 0.28+/-0.01 nmol/min per mg of protein and 37+/-9 microM respectively. This activity was found to be lost on heat denaturation, but retained after dialysis. There was no detectable formation of sulphoacetaldehyde when taurine itself was incubated with the tissue homogenates under the same conditions. Activation of human neutrophils (1.67 x 10(6) cells/ml) with latex beads resulted in a respiratory burst of oxygen-radical production, the products of which were partially sequestered by 12.5 mM taurine. Under these conditions sulphoacetaldehyde was generated at a constant rate of 637+/-18 pmol/h per ml for over 7 h. A non-activated neutrophil suspension contained constant levels of 1.42+/-0.02 nmol/ml sulphoacetaldehyde, as did activated cells incubated in the absence of taurine, a basal level which may indicate a steady turnover of taurine in these cells. Such formation of chlorotaurine and its decay to the aldehyde may be the first steps in the metabolism of taurine to isethionate (2-hydroxyethanesulphonate) that has been demonstrated by various authors to occur in vivo.

Does partial titin degradation affect sarcomere length non-uniformities and force in active and passive myofibrils?

PubMed

Joumaa, Venus; Bertrand, Fanny; Liu, Shuyue; Poscente, Sophia; Herzog, Walter

2018-05-16

The aim of this study was to determine the role of titin in preventing the development of sarcomere length non-uniformities following activation and after active and passive stretch, by determining the effect of partial titin degradation on sarcomere length non-uniformities and force in passive and active myofibrils. Selective partial titin degradation was performed using a low dose of trypsin. Myofibrils were set at a sarcomere length of 2.4 µm and then passively stretched to sarcomere lengths of 3.4 µm and 4.4 µm. In the active condition, myofibrils were set at a sarcomere length of 2.8µm, activated and actively stretched by 1 µm/sarcomere. The extent of sarcomere length non-uniformities was calculated for each sarcomere as the absolute difference between sarcomere length and the mean sarcomere length of the myofibril. Our main finding is that partial titin degradation does not increase sarcomere length non-uniformities after passive stretch and activation compared to when titin is intact, but increases the extent of sarcomere length non-uniformities after active stretch. Furthermore, when titin was partially degraded, active and passive stresses were substantially reduced. These results suggest that titin plays a crucial role in actively stretched myofibrils and is likely involved in active and passive force production.

A retained intron in the 3'-UTR of Calm3 mRNA mediates its Staufen2- and activity-dependent localization to neuronal dendrites.

PubMed

Sharangdhar, Tejaswini; Sugimoto, Yoichiro; Heraud-Farlow, Jacqueline; Fernández-Moya, Sandra M; Ehses, Janina; Ruiz de Los Mozos, Igor; Ule, Jernej; Kiebler, Michael A

2017-10-01

Dendritic localization and hence local mRNA translation contributes to synaptic plasticity in neurons. Staufen2 (Stau2) is a well-known neuronal double-stranded RNA-binding protein (dsRBP) that has been implicated in dendritic mRNA localization. The specificity of Stau2 binding to its target mRNAs remains elusive. Using individual-nucleotide resolution CLIP (iCLIP), we identified significantly enriched Stau2 binding to the 3'-UTRs of 356 transcripts. In 28 (7.9%) of those, binding occurred to a retained intron in their 3'-UTR The strongest bound 3'-UTR intron was present in the longest isoform of Calmodulin 3 ( Calm3 L ) mRNA Calm3 L 3'-UTR contains six Stau2 crosslink clusters, four of which are in this retained 3'-UTR intron. The Calm3 L mRNA localized to neuronal dendrites, while lack of the 3'-UTR intron impaired its dendritic localization. Importantly, Stau2 mediates this dendritic localization via the 3'-UTR intron, without affecting its stability. Also, NMDA-mediated synaptic activity specifically promoted the dendritic mRNA localization of the Calm3 L isoform, while inhibition of synaptic activity reduced it substantially. Together, our results identify the retained intron as a critical element in recruiting Stau2, which then allows for the localization of Calm3 L mRNA to distal dendrites. © 2017 The Authors.

Shifts in the evolutionary rate and intensity of purifying selection between two Brassica genomes revealed by analyses of orthologous transposons and relics of a whole genome triplication.

PubMed

Zhao, Meixia; Du, Jianchang; Lin, Feng; Tong, Chaobo; Yu, Jingyin; Huang, Shunmou; Wang, Xiaowu; Liu, Shengyi; Ma, Jianxin

2013-10-01

Recent sequencing of the Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea genomes revealed extremely contrasting genomic features such as the abundance and distribution of transposable elements between the two genomes. However, whether and how these structural differentiations may have influenced the evolutionary rates of the two genomes since their split from a common ancestor are unknown. Here, we investigated and compared the rates of nucleotide substitution between two long terminal repeats (LTRs) of individual orthologous LTR-retrotransposons, the rates of synonymous and non-synonymous substitution among triplicated genes retained in both genomes from a shared whole genome triplication event, and the rates of genetic recombination estimated/deduced by the comparison of physical and genetic distances along chromosomes and ratios of solo LTRs to intact elements. Overall, LTR sequences and genic sequences showed more rapid nucleotide substitution in B. rapa than in B. oleracea. Synonymous substitution of triplicated genes retained from a shared whole genome triplication was detected at higher rates in B. rapa than in B. oleracea. Interestingly, non-synonymous substitution was observed at lower rates in the former than in the latter, indicating shifted densities of purifying selection between the two genomes. In addition to evolutionary asymmetry, orthologous genes differentially regulated and/or disrupted by transposable elements between the two genomes were also characterized. Our analyses suggest that local genomic and epigenomic features, such as recombination rates and chromatin dynamics reshaped by independent proliferation of transposable elements and elimination between the two genomes, are perhaps partially the causes and partially the outcomes of the observed inter-specific asymmetric evolution. © 2013 Purdue University The Plant Journal © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Quadriceps force during knee extension in different replacement scenarios with a modular partial prosthesis.

PubMed

Calliess, Tilman; Schado, Ssuheib; Richter, Berna I; Becher, Christoph; Ezechieli, Marco; Ostermeier, Sven

2014-02-01

Previous biomechanical studies have shown that bi-cruciate retaining knee replacement does not significantly alter normal knee kinematics, however, there are no data on the influence of a combined medial and patellofemoral bi-compartimental arthroplasty. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of different replacement scenarios with a modular partial knee replacement system on the amount of quadriceps force required to extend the knee during an isokinetic extension cycle. Ten human knee specimens were tested in a kinematic knee simulator under (1) physiologic condition and after subsequent implantation of (2) a medial unicondylar and (3) a trochlear replacement. An isokinetic extension cycle of the knee with a constant extension moment of 31 Nm was simulated. The resulting quadriceps extension force was measured from 120° to full knee extension. The quadriceps force curve described a typically sinusoidal characteristic before and after each replacement scenario. The isolated medial replacement resulted in a slightly, but significantly higher maximum quadriceps force (1510 N vs. 1585 N, P = 0.006) as well as the subsequent trochlear replacement showed an additional increase (1801 N, P = 0.008). However, for both replacements no significant difference to the untreated condition could be detected in mid-flexion (10-50°). When considering a bi-compartimental replacement an increase of required maximum quadriceps force needed to extend the knee has to keep in mind. However, the close to physiological movement in mid-flexion suggests that patients with a bi-crutiate retaining arthroplasty might have an advantage in knee stability compared to total knee arthroplasty. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Pattern of Retained Contrast on Immediate Postprocedure Computed tomography (CT) After Particle Embolization of Liver Tumors Predicts Subsequent Treatment Response

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang Xiaodong, E-mail: wangxde@gmail.com; Erinjeri, Joseph P., E-mail: erinjerj@mskcc.org; Jia Xiaoyu, E-mail: jiax@mskcc.org

2013-08-01

PurposeTo determine if the pattern of retained contrast on immediate postprocedure computed tomography (CT) after particle embolization of hepatic tumors predicts modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST) response.Materials and MethodsThis study was approved by the Institutional Review Board with a waiver of authorization. One hundred four liver tumors were embolized with spherical embolic agents (Embospheres, Bead Block, LC Bead) and polyvinyl alcohol. Noncontrast CT was performed immediately after embolization to assess contrast retention in the targeted tumors, and treatment response was assessed by mRECIST criteria on follow-up CT (average time 9.0 {+-} 7.7 weeks after embolization). Tumor contrastmore » retention (TCR) was determined based on change in Hounsfield units (HUs) of the index tumors between the preprocedure and immediate postprocedure scans; vascular contrast retention (VCR) was rated; and defects in contrast retention (DCR) were also documented. The morphology of residual enhancing tumor on follow-up CT was described as partial, circumferential, or total. Association between TCR variables and tumor response were assessed using multivariate logistic regression.ResultsOf 104 hepatic tumors, 51 (49 %) tumors had complete response (CR) by mRECIST criteria; 23 (22.1 %) had partial response (PR); 21 (20.2 %) had stable disease (SD); and 9 (8.7 %) had progressive disease (PD). By multivariate analysis, TCR, VCR, and tumor size are independent predictors of CR (p = 0.02, 0.05, and 0.005 respectively). In 75 tumors, DCR was found to be an independent predictor of failure to achieve complete response (p < 0.0001) by imaging criteria.ConclusionTCR, VCR, and DCR on immediate posttreatment CT are independent predictors of CR by mRECIST criteria.« less

Distinct DNA-binding surfaces in the ATPase and linker domains of MutLγ determine its substrate specificities and exert separable functions in meiotic recombination and mismatch repair

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

Mlh1-Mlh3 (MutLγ) is a mismatch repair factor with a central role in formation of meiotic crossovers, presumably through resolution of double Holliday junctions. MutLγ has DNA-binding, nuclease, and ATPase activities, but how these relate to one another and to in vivo functions are unclear. Here, we combine biochemical and genetic analyses to characterize Saccharomyces cerevisiae MutLγ. Limited proteolysis and atomic force microscopy showed that purified recombinant MutLγ undergoes ATP-driven conformational changes. In vitro, MutLγ displayed separable DNA-binding activities toward Holliday junctions (HJ) and, surprisingly, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), which was not predicted from current models. MutLγ bound DNA cooperatively, could bind multiple substrates simultaneously, and formed higher-order complexes. FeBABE hydroxyl radical footprinting indicated that the DNA-binding interfaces of MutLγ for ssDNA and HJ substrates only partially overlap. Most contacts with HJ substrates were located in the linker regions of MutLγ, whereas ssDNA contacts mapped within linker regions as well as the N-terminal ATPase domains. Using yeast genetic assays for mismatch repair and meiotic recombination, we found that mutations within different DNA-binding surfaces exert separable effects in vivo. For example, mutations within the Mlh1 linker conferred little or no meiotic phenotype but led to mismatch repair deficiency. Interestingly, mutations in the N-terminal domain of Mlh1 caused a stronger meiotic defect than mlh1Δ, suggesting that the mutant proteins retain an activity that interferes with alternative recombination pathways. Furthermore, mlh3Δ caused more chromosome missegregation than mlh1Δ, whereas mlh1Δ but not mlh3Δ partially alleviated meiotic defects of msh5Δ mutants. These findings illustrate functional differences between Mlh1 and Mlh3 during meiosis and suggest that their absence impinges on chromosome segregation not only via reduced formation of crossovers. Taken together, our results offer insights into the structure-function relationships of the MutLγ complex and reveal unanticipated genetic relationships between components of the meiotic recombination machinery. PMID:28505149

The use of cone beam computed tomography and three dimensional printing technology in the restoration of a maxillectomy patient using a dental implant retained obturator.

PubMed

Michelinakis, George

2017-01-01

This case report presents an alternative method for fabricating an obturator for patients that develop xerostomia and mild trismus following radiation to the Head and Neck region. Multiple initial impression stages are avoided leading to less irritation to soft tissues and less discomfort to the patient. A 69-year-old male patient was referred to our dental practice by the Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the local General Hospital. The patient had undergone a right maxillectomy for removal of a Squamous Cell Carcinoma 2 weeks prior. Four endosseous dental implants were placed in the remaining upper jaw and 2 implants were inserted into the canine region of his edentulous mandible 3 weeks after ablative surgery. Five months following completion of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, a cone beam computed tomography of the maxilla was obtained, and a three dimensional model was constructed using an appropriate resin. Using the model as the detailed primary cast, a custom acrylic special tray was fabricated for the final impression of the remaining maxilla and the maxillary defect. An implant retained maxillary obturator and an implant retained mandibular overdenture were constructed to restore patient's speech, mastication and deglutition. The method presented here can limit the impression stages needed for construction of a maxillary obturator prosthesis to a single impression procedure advocating a partial digital workflow process. This can be very beneficial to the patient suffering from postradiation side-effects such as trismus, mucositis, and xerostomia.

Effects of resistance form on attachment strength of resin-retained castings.

PubMed

Wilkes, P W; Shillingburg, H T; Johnson, D L

2000-01-01

This study evaluated the effects of tooth preparation design on resistance to dislodgment of a resin-bonded fixed partial denture (RBFPD). The variations of tooth preparation tested included axial coverage, retentive grooves, and an occlusal rest. Patterns of the tooth preparation designs were prepared and cast in a base metal alloy. Retainer patterns were waxed to refractory casts of metal dies, cast, finished and then bonded to the dies. The complete assemblies were loaded to failure on an Instron mechanical testing machine, and analysis indicated that retainers with occlusal rests were the most resistant. Grooves provided no statistically significant increase in resistance to failure of the cement. Increased axial coverage did not increase resistance to dislodgment. Successful fixed partial dentures (FPDs) depend on cast retainers to resist displacement of the restoration during function. Introduction of resin-bonded restorations opened the possibility of FPDs with minimal reduction of abutments. Specific questions concerning long term success and tooth preparation designs were prominent concerns. The influence of resistance form on overall stability of a restoration was also of particular interest. Buonocore established the foundation for retention of composite resins to acid-pitted enamel. Rochette used this technology to bond perforated cast metal splints to periodontally compromised teeth. A mechanical interlock was created as composite resin engaged these perforations and sustained the cast splint to acid-etched enamel. Howe adapted this design for replacement of anterior teeth by adding porcelain to a metal ceramic framework and then bonding the framework to abutments without tooth preparations. The advantages of these procedures were their conservative nature, esthetics, and ease of rebonding after dislodgment. Livaditis and Thompson adapted the procedure proposed by Tanaka of corrosion-pitting the bonding surface of a base metal alloy. They increased the surface area to be bonded, eliminated the perforations to improve rigidity of the framework, and described tooth preparation modifications of the abutments. They suggested an occlusal rest, establishment of guide planes through axial reduction, and a proximal extension to the facial surface to resist lingual displacement. Simonson, et al., based their anterior tooth preparation design on the configuration suggested by Livaditis which included a slight chamfer finish line plus reduction of the lingual surface to provide a thicker metal framework. Barrack introduced an inlay type tooth preparation for the occlusal rest plus shallow vertical proximal grooves, and Meiers used grooves as an esthetic alternative to proximal extensions. Clinical studies and surveys have identified specific variables involved with success and failure, while in vitro studies have evaluated framework designs, bonding agents, and methods for pitting the metal surface. This study evaluated resistance of RBFPDs to dislodgment of different tooth preparation designs.

Emergency EDAPTS retainer support.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2007-06-01

The Efficient Deployment of Advanced Transportation Systems (EDAPTS) Smart Transit System Project : required various quick-response deployment support activities over the 26-month period from April 18, 2005 : to June 30, 2007. These activities requir...

Effect of mini-implant-supported mandibular overdentures on electromyographic activity of the masseter muscle during chewing of hard and soft food.

PubMed

Ashmawy, Tarek Mohy; El Talawy, Dina Bahgat; Shaheen, Nasser Hussein

2014-09-01

To objectively evaluate the effect of mini-implant- supported mandibular overdentures on electromyographic activity (EMG) of the masseter muscle during chewing of hard and soft foods. Twelve completely edentulous patients (4 females and 8 males) with maladaptive experience of wearing mandibular dentures received new maxillary and mandibular dentures. After 3 months of adaptation, four mini dental implants (MDIs) were inserted in the interforaminal region of the mandible, and the new mandibular dentures were connected to the implants immediately with O/ring attachments. The activity of masseter muscle (EMG) and the duration of chewing cycle were measured during chewing hard (carrot) and soft (gum) foods. The measurements were made 3 months after wearing each of the following prostheses: the new conventional dentures; and the MDI-retained mandibular overdentures. The EMG of masseter muscle increased and the DC decreased with MDI-retained mandibular overdentures when compared to conventional dentures. Hard food (carrot) was associated with increased EMG and decreased DC when compared to soft food (gum) for both conventional dentures and MDI-retained mandibular overdentures. Mini-implant-supported mandibular overdentures are associated with increased activity of masseter muscle and decreased duration of chewing cycle for both hard and soft foods when compared to conventional dentures.

P-glycoprotein retains function when reconstituted into a sphingolipid- and cholesterol-rich environment.

PubMed

Modok, Szabolcs; Heyward, Catherine; Callaghan, Richard

2004-10-01

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) appears to be associated within specialized raftlike membrane microdomains. The activity of P-gp is sensitive to its lipid environment, and a functional association in raft microdomains will require that P-gp retains activity in the microenvironment. Purified hamster P-gp was reconstituted in liposomes comprising sphingomyelin and cholesterol, both highly enriched in membrane microdomains and known to impart a liquid-ordered phase to bilayers. The activity of P-gp was compared with that of proteoliposomes composed of crude egg phosphatidylcholine (unsaturated) or dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (saturated) in the presence or absence of cholesterol. The maximal rate of ATP hydrolysis was not significantly altered by the nature of the lipid species. However, the potencies of nicardipine and XR9576 to modulate the ATPase activity of P-gp were increased in the sphingolipid-based proteoliposomes. The drug-P-gp interaction was investigated by measurement of the rates of [(3)H]XR9576 association and dissociation from the transporter. The lipid environment of P-gp did not affect these kinetic parameters of drug binding. In summary, P-gp retains function in liquid-ordered cholesterol and sphingolipid model membranes in which the communication between the transmembrane and the nucleotide binding domains after drug binding to the protein is more efficient.

Immobilization of cellulase on a silica gel substrate modified using a 3-APTES self-assembled monolayer

DOE PAGES

Zhang, Dezhi; Hegab, Hisham E.; Lvov, Yuri; ...

2016-01-20

Cellulase was immobilized onto silica gel surfaces pretreated with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxy-silane (3-APTES), and glutaraldehyde (GA) was used as a cross-linker. A carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (CMC) solution was used for activity experiments. Protein assay was performed to determine the mass immobilized and compare with free enzyme. Cellulase was successfully demonstrated to be immobilized on the modified silica gel surface, and no detectable amount of enzyme was stripped off during the hydrolysis of the CMC solution. The specific activity of the immobilized cellulase is 7 ± 2 % compared to the similar amount of free cellulase. Significant activity over multiple reusesmore » was observed. The seventh batch achieved 82 % activity of the initial batch, and the fifteenth batch retained 31 %. Lastly, it was observed that the immobilized cellulase retained 48 % of its initial activity after 4 days, and 22 % even after 14 days.« less

Effects of Chilling and Partial Freezing on Rigor Mortis Changes of Bighead Carp (Aristichthys nobilis) Fillets: Cathepsin Activity, Protein Degradation and Microstructure of Myofibrils.

PubMed

Lu, Han; Liu, Xiaochang; Zhang, Yuemei; Wang, Hang; Luo, Yongkang

2015-12-01

To investigate the effects of chilling and partial freezing on rigor mortis changes in bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis), pH, cathepsin B, cathepsin B+L activities, SDS-PAGE of sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins, texture, and changes in microstructure of fillets at 4 °C and -3 °C were determined at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after slaughter. The results indicated that pH of fillets (6.50 to 6.80) was appropriate for cathepsin function during the rigor mortis. For fillets that were chilled and partially frozen, the cathepsin activity in lysosome increased consistently during the first 12 h, followed by a decrease from the 12 to 24 h, which paralleled an increase in activity in heavy mitochondria, myofibrils and sarcoplasm. There was no significant difference in cathepsin activity in lysosomes between fillets at 4 °C and -3 °C (P > 0.05). Partially frozen fillets had greater cathepsin activity in heavy mitochondria than chilled samples from the 48 to 72 h. In addition, partially frozen fillets showed higher cathepsin activity in sarcoplasm and lower cathepsin activity in myofibrils compared with chilled fillets. Correspondingly, we observed degradation of α-actinin (105 kDa) by cathepsin L in chilled fillets and degradation of creatine kinase (41 kDa) by cathepsin B in partially frozen fillets during the rigor mortis. The decline of hardness for both fillets might be attributed to the accumulation of cathepsin in myofibrils from the 8 to 24 h. The lower cathepsin activity in myofibrils for fillets that were partially frozen might induce a more intact cytoskeletal structure than fillets that were chilled. © 2015 Institute of Food Technologists®

Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 2 Tax-Mediated NF-κB Activation Involves a Mechanism Independent of Tax Conjugation to Ubiquitin and SUMO

PubMed Central

Journo, Chloé; Bonnet, Amandine; Favre-Bonvin, Arnaud; Turpin, Jocelyn; Vinera, Jennifer; Côté, Emilie; Chevalier, Sébastien Alain; Kfoury, Youmna; Bazarbachi, Ali

2013-01-01

Permanent activation of the NF-κB pathway by the human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax (Tax1) viral transactivator is a key event in the process of HTLV-1-induced T lymphocyte immortalization and leukemogenesis. Although encoding a Tax transactivator (Tax2) that activates the canonical NF-κB pathway, HTLV-2 does not cause leukemia. These distinct pathological outcomes might be related, at least in part, to distinct NF-κB activation mechanisms. Tax1 has been shown to be both ubiquitinated and SUMOylated, and these two modifications were originally proposed to be required for Tax1-mediated NF-κB activation. Tax1 ubiquitination allows recruitment of the IKK-γ/NEMO regulatory subunit of the IKK complex together with Tax1 into centrosome/Golgi-associated cytoplasmic structures, followed by activation of the IKK complex and RelA/p65 nuclear translocation. Herein, we compared the ubiquitination, SUMOylation, and acetylation patterns of Tax2 and Tax1. We show that, in contrast to Tax1, Tax2 conjugation to endogenous ubiquitin and SUMO is barely detectable while both proteins are acetylated. Importantly, Tax2 is neither polyubiquitinated on lysine residues nor ubiquitinated on its N-terminal residue. Consistent with these observations, Tax2 conjugation to ubiquitin and Tax2-mediated NF-κB activation is not affected by overexpression of the E2 conjugating enzyme Ubc13. We further demonstrate that a nonubiquitinable, non-SUMOylable, and nonacetylable Tax2 mutant retains a significant ability to activate transcription from a NF-κB-dependent promoter after partial activation of the IKK complex and induction of RelA/p65 nuclear translocation. Finally, we also show that Tax2 does not interact with TRAF6, a protein that was shown to positively regulate Tax1-mediated activation of the NF-κB pathway. PMID:23135727

Progress toward heterologous expression of active G-protein-coupled receptors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Linking cellular stress response with translocation and trafficking

PubMed Central

O'Malley, Michelle A; Mancini, J Dominic; Young, Carissa L; McCusker, Emily C; Raden, David; Robinson, Anne S

2009-01-01

High-level expression of mammalian G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is a necessary step toward biophysical characterization and high-resolution structure determination. Even though many heterologous expression systems have been used to express mammalian GPCRs at high levels, many receptors are improperly trafficked or are inactive in these systems. En route to engineering a robust microbial host for GPCR expression, we have investigated the expression of 12 GPCRs in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, where all receptors are expressed at the mg/L scale. However, only the human adenosine A2a (hA2aR) receptor is active for ligand-binding and located primarily at the plasma membrane, whereas other tested GPCRs are mainly retained within the cell. Selective receptors associate with BiP, an ER-resident chaperone, and activated the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway, which suggests that a pool of receptors may be folded incorrectly. Leader sequence cleavage of the expressed receptors was complete for the hA2aR, as expected, and partially cleaved for hA2bR, hCCR5R, and hD2LR. Ligand-binding assays conducted on the adenosine family (hA1R, hA2aR, hA2bR, and hA3R) of receptors show that hA2aR and hA2bR, the only adenosine receptors that demonstrate leader sequence processing, display activity. Taken together, these studies point to translocation as a critical limiting step in the production of active mammalian GPCRs in S. cerevisiae. PMID:19760666

C3G promotes a selective release of angiogenic factors from activated mouse platelets to regulate angiogenesis and tumor metastasis.

PubMed

Martín-Granado, Víctor; Ortiz-Rivero, Sara; Carmona, Rita; Gutiérrez-Herrero, Sara; Barrera, Mario; San-Segundo, Laura; Sequera, Celia; Perdiguero, Pedro; Lozano, Francisco; Martín-Herrero, Francisco; González-Porras, José Ramón; Muñoz-Chápuli, Ramón; Porras, Almudena; Guerrero, Carmen

2017-12-19

Previous observations indicated that C3G (RAPGEF1) promotes α-granule release, evidenced by the increase in P-selectin exposure on the platelet surface following its activation. The goal of the present study is to further characterize the potential function of C3G as a modulator of the platelet releasate and its implication in the regulation of angiogenesis. Proteomic analysis revealed a decreased secretion of anti-angiogenic factors from activated transgenic C3G and C3G∆Cat platelets. Accordingly, the secretome from both transgenic platelets had an overall pro-angiogenic effect as evidenced by an in vitro capillary-tube formation assay with HUVECs (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) and by two in vivo models of heterotopic tumor growth. In addition, transgenic C3G expression in platelets greatly increased mouse melanoma cells metastasis. Moreover, immunofluorescence microscopy showed that the pro-angiogenic factors VEGF and bFGF were partially retained into α-granules in thrombin- and ADP-activated mouse platelets from both, C3G and C3GΔCat transgenic mice. The observed interaction between C3G and Vesicle-associated membrane protein (Vamp)-7 could explain these results. Concomitantly, increased platelet spreading in both transgenic platelets upon thrombin activation supports this novel function of C3G in α-granule exocytosis. Collectively, our data point out to the co-existence of Rap1GEF-dependent and independent mechanisms mediating C3G effects on platelet secretion, which regulates pathological angiogenesis in tumors and other contexts. The results herein support an important role for platelet C3G in angiogenesis and metastasis.

Identification, Characterization, and Recombinant Expression of Epidermicin NI01, a Novel Unmodified Bacteriocin Produced by Staphylococcus epidermidis That Displays Potent Activity against Staphylococci

PubMed Central

Sandiford, Stephanie

2012-01-01

We describe the discovery, purification, characterization, and expression of an antimicrobial peptide, epidermicin NI01, which is an unmodified bacteriocin produced by Staphylococcus epidermidis strain 224. It is a highly cationic, hydrophobic, plasmid-encoded peptide that exhibits potent antimicrobial activity toward a wide range of pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), enterococci, and biofilm-forming S. epidermidis strains. Purification of the peptide was achieved using a combination of hydrophobic interaction, cation exchange, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight (MALDI-TOF) analysis yielded a molecular mass of 6,074 Da, and partial sequence data of the peptide were elucidated using a combination of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and de novo sequencing. The draft genome sequence of the producing strain was obtained using 454 pyrosequencing technology, thus enabling the identification of the structural gene using the de novo peptide sequence data previously obtained. Epidermicin NI01 contains 51 residues with four tryptophan and nine lysine residues, and the sequence showed approximately 50% identity to peptides lacticin Z, lacticin Q, and aureocin A53, all of which belong to a new family of unmodified type II-like bacteriocins. The peptide is active in the nanomolar range against S. epidermidis, MRSA isolates, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Other unique features displayed by epidermicin include a high degree of protease stability and the ability to retain antimicrobial activity over a pH range of 2 to 10, and exposure to the peptide does not result in development of resistance in susceptible isolates. In this study we also show the structural gene alone can be cloned into Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3), and expression yields active peptide. PMID:22155816

Human Tamm-Horsfall protein, a renal specific protein, serves as a cofactor in complement 3b degradation

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) is an abundant urinary protein of renal origin. We hypothesize that THP can act as an inhibitor of complement since THP binds complement 1q (C1q) of the classical complement pathway, inhibits activation of this pathway, and is important in decreasing renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (a complement-mediated condition). In this study, we began to investigate whether THP interacted with the alternate complement pathway via complement factor H (CFH). THP was shown to bind CFH using ligand blots and in an ELISA (KD of 1 × 10−6 M). Next, the ability of THP to alter CFH’s normal action as it functioned as a cofactor in complement factor I (CFI)–mediated complement 3b (C3b) degradation was investigated. Unexpectedly, control experiments in these in vitro assays suggested that THP, without added CFH, could act as a cofactor in CFI-mediated C3b degradation. This cofactor activity was present equally in THP isolated from 10 different individuals. While an ELISA demonstrated small amounts of CFH contaminating THP samples, these CFH amounts were insufficient to explain the degree of cofactor activity present in THP. An ELISA demonstrated that THP directly bound C3b (KD ~ 5 × 10−8 m), a prerequisite for a protein acting as a C3b degradation cofactor. The cofactor activity of THP likely resides in the protein portion of THP since partially deglycosylated THP still retained cofactor activity. In conclusion, THP appears to participate directly in complement inactivation by its ability to act as a cofactor for C3b degradation, thus adding support to the hypothesis that THP might act as an endogenous urinary tract inhibitor of complement. PMID:28742158

Natural Frequencies Evaluation on Partially Damaged Building using Ambient Vibration Technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kamarudin, A. F.; Zainal Abidin, M. H.; Daud, M. E.; Noh, M. S. Md; Madun, A.; Ibrahim, A.; Matarul, J.; Mokhatar, S. N.

2018-04-01

Severe damages observed on the school blocks, roads, retaining walls and drainage within the compound of SMK Kundasang Sabah possibly due to the ground movements triggered by the Ranau earthquake in 1991. Ambient vibration measurements were carried on the remaining demolished 3-storey building which partially damaged in order to measure the predominant building frequencies using tri-axial 1 Hz seismometer sensors. Popular methods of Horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios (HVSR) and Fourier amplitude spectra (FAS) were used to compute the ambient vibration wave fields of each building axes (Transverse or North-South (NS), Longitudinal or East-West (EW) and vertical) into Fourier spectra. Two main modes of translation and torsion were observed from the peaks frequencies obtained at 2.99 to 3.10 Hz (1st mode), 4.85 Hz (2nd mode) and 5.63 to 5.85 Hz (3rd mode). The building experiencing translation modes of bending and shear in the NS and EW directions. It could be seen when the amplitudes tends to increase when the floor are increased. Meanwhile, the torsional bending mode is expected to occur when the deformation amplitudes are found to be increasing horizontally, when moving into partially structural damaged section located on the East wing of building.

Joining of alumina via copper/niobium/copper interlayers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Marks, Robert A.; Chapman, Daniel R.; Danielson, David T.

2000-03-15

Alumina has been joined at 1150 degrees C and 1400 degrees C using multilayer copper/niobium/copper interlayers. Four-point bend strengths are sensitive to processing temperature, bonding pressure, and furnace environment (ambient oxygen partial pressure). Under optimum conditions, joints with reproducibly high room temperature strengths (approximately equal 240 plus/minus 20 MPa) can be produced; most failures occur within the ceramic. Joints made with sapphire show that during bonding an initially continuous copper film undergoes a morphological instability, resulting in the formation of isolated copper-rich droplets/particles at the sapphire/interlayer interface, and extensive regions of direct bonding between sapphire and niobium. For optimized aluminamore » bonds, bend tests at 800 degrees C-1100 degrees C indicate significant strength is retained; even at the highest test temperature, ceramic failure is observed. Post-bonding anneals at 1000 degrees C in vacuum or in gettered argon were used to assess joint stability and to probe the effect of ambient oxygen partial pressure on joint characteristics. Annealing in vacuum for up to 200 h causes no significant decrease in room temperature bend strength or change in fracture path. With increasing anneal time in a lower oxygen partial pressure environment, the fracture strength decreases only slightly, but the fracture path shifts from the ceramic to the interface.« less

Method for improved selectivity in photo-activation of molecular agents

DOEpatents

Fisher, Walter G.; Wachter, Eric A.; Dees, H. Craig

1998-01-01

A method for the treatment of a particular volume of plant or animal tissue comprising the steps of treating the plant or animal tissue with at least one photo-active molecular agent, wherein the particular volume of the plant or animal tissue retains at least a portion of the at least one photo-active molecular agent, and then treating the particular volume of the plant or animal tissue with light sufficient to promote a simultaneous two-photon excitation of at least one of the at least one photo-active molecular agent retained in the particular volume of the plant or animal tissue, wherein the at least one photo-active molecular agent becomes active in the particular volume of the plant or animal tissue. There is also disclosed a method for the treatment of cancer in plant or animal tissue and a method for producing at least one photo-activated molecular agent in a particular volume of a material.

Method for improved selectivity in photo-activation of molecular agents

DOEpatents

Fisher, Walter G.; Wachter, Eric A.; Dees, H. Craig

1999-01-01

A method for the treatment of a particular volume of plant or animal tissue comprising the steps of treating the plant or animal tissue with at least one photo-active molecular agent, wherein the particular volume of the plant or animal tissue retains at least a portion of the at least one photo-active molecular agent, and then treating the particular volume of the plant or animal tissue with light sufficient to promote a simultaneous two-photon excitation of at least one of the at least one photo-active molecular agent retained in the particular volume of the plant or animal tissue, wherein the at least one photo-active molecular agent becomes active in the particular volume of the plant or animal tissue. There is also disclosed a method for the treatment of cancer in plant or animal tissue and a method for producing at least one photo-activated molecular agent in a particular volume of a material.

Method for improved selectivity in photo-activation of molecular agents

DOEpatents

Fisher, W.G.; Wachter, E.A.; Dees, H.C.

1998-11-03

A method for the treatment of a particular volume of plant or animal tissue comprising the steps of treating the plant or animal tissue with at least one photo-active molecular agent, wherein the particular volume of the plant or animal tissue retains at least a portion of the at least one photo-active molecular agent, and then treating the particular volume of the plant or animal tissue with light sufficient to promote a simultaneous two-photon excitation of at least one of the at least one photo-active molecular agent retained in the particular volume of the plant or animal tissue, wherein the at least one photo-active molecular agent becomes active in the particular volume of the plant or animal tissue. There is also disclosed a method for the treatment of cancer in plant or animal tissue and a method for producing at least one photo-activated molecular agent in a particular volume of a material. 23 figs.

Direct comparison of gluco-oligosaccharide oxidase variants and glucose oxidase: substrate range and H2O2 stability.

PubMed

Vuong, Thu V; Foumani, Maryam; MacCormick, Benjamin; Kwan, Rachel; Master, Emma R

2016-11-21

Glucose oxidase (GO) activity is generally restricted to glucose and is susceptible to inactivation by H 2 O 2 . By comparison, the Y300A variant of gluco-oligosaccharide oxidase (GOOX) from Sarocladium strictum showed broader substrate range and higher H 2 O 2 stability. Specifically, Y300A exhibited up to 40 times higher activity on all tested sugars except glucose, compared to GO. Moreover, fusion of the Y300A variant to a family 22 carbohydrate binding module from Clostridium thermocellum (CtCBM22A) nearly doubled its catalytic efficiency on glucose, while retaining significant activity on oligosaccharides. In the presence of 200 mM of H 2 O 2 , the recombinant CtCBM22A_Y300A retained 80% of activity on glucose and 100% of activity on cellobiose, the preferred substrate for this enzyme. By contrast, a commercial glucose oxidase reported to contain ≤0.1 units catalase/ mg protein, retained 60% activity on glucose under the same conditions. GOOX variants appear to undergo a different mechanism of inactivation, as a loss of histidine instead of methionine was observed after H 2 O 2 incubation. The addition of CtCBM22A also promoted functional binding of the fusion enzyme to xylan, facilitating its simultaneous purification and immobilization using edible oat spelt xylan, which might benefit the usage of this enzyme preparation in food and baking applications.

Strains Around Abutment Teeth with Different Attachments Used for Implant-Assisted Distal Extension Partial Overdentures: An In Vitro Study.

PubMed

ELsyad, Moustafa Abdou; Omran, Abdelbaset Omar; Fouad, Mohammed Mohammed

2017-01-01

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare strain around abutment teeth with different attachments used for implant-assisted distal extension partial overdentures (IADEPODs). A mandibular Kennedy class I acrylic model (remaining teeth from first premolar to first premolar) was constructed. A conventional partial denture was constructed over the model (control, group 1). Two laboratory implants were then placed bilaterally in the first molar areas parallel to each other and perpendicular to the residual ridge. Three additional experimental partial overdentures (PODs) were constructed and connected to the implants using ball (group 2), magnetic (group 3), and Locator (group 4) attachments. Three linear strain gauges were bonded buccal, lingual, and distal to the first premolar abutment tooth at the right (loading) and the left (nonloading) sides. For each group, a universal testing device was used to apply a unilateral vertical static load (50 N) on the first molar area, and the strain was recorded using a multichannel digital strainometer. Significant differences between groups and between sites of strain gauges were detected. Strains recorded for all groups were compressive (negative) in nature. Group 1 demonstrated the highest strain, followed by group 3 and group 4; group 2 recorded the lowest strain. For group 2, the highest strain was recoded at the lingual nonloading side. For group 1, group 3, and group 4, the highest strain was recorded at the buccal loading side. Within the limitation of the present study, ball attachments used to retain IADEPODs to the implants were associated with lower strains around abutment teeth than Locator and magnetic attachments. The highest strain was recorded with conventional partial dentures. © 2015 by the American College of Prosthodontists.

Familiarity Detection is an Intrinsic Property of Cortical Microcircuits with Bidirectional Synaptic Plasticity.

PubMed

Zhang, Xiaoyu; Ju, Han; Penney, Trevor B; VanDongen, Antonius M J

2017-01-01

Humans instantly recognize a previously seen face as "familiar." To deepen our understanding of familiarity-novelty detection, we simulated biologically plausible neural network models of generic cortical microcircuits consisting of spiking neurons with random recurrent synaptic connections. NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-dependent synaptic plasticity was implemented to allow for unsupervised learning and bidirectional modifications. Network spiking activity evoked by sensory inputs consisting of face images altered synaptic efficacy, which resulted in the network responding more strongly to a previously seen face than a novel face. Network size determined how many faces could be accurately recognized as familiar. When the simulated model became sufficiently complex in structure, multiple familiarity traces could be retained in the same network by forming partially-overlapping subnetworks that differ slightly from each other, thereby resulting in a high storage capacity. Fisher's discriminant analysis was applied to identify critical neurons whose spiking activity predicted familiar input patterns. Intriguingly, as sensory exposure was prolonged, the selected critical neurons tended to appear at deeper layers of the network model, suggesting recruitment of additional circuits in the network for incremental information storage. We conclude that generic cortical microcircuits with bidirectional synaptic plasticity have an intrinsic ability to detect familiar inputs. This ability does not require a specialized wiring diagram or supervision and can therefore be expected to emerge naturally in developing cortical circuits.

Structural and Biochemical Characterization of Acinetobacter spp. Aminoglycoside Acetyltransferases Highlights Functional and Evolutionary Variation among Antibiotic Resistance Enzymes.

PubMed

Stogios, Peter J; Kuhn, Misty L; Evdokimova, Elena; Law, Melissa; Courvalin, Patrice; Savchenko, Alexei

2017-02-10

Modification of aminoglycosides by N-acetyltransferases (AACs) is one of the major mechanisms of resistance to these antibiotics in human bacterial pathogens. More than 50 enzymes belonging to the AAC(6') subfamily have been identified in Gram-negative and Gram-positive clinical isolates. Our understanding of the molecular function and evolutionary origin of these resistance enzymes remains incomplete. Here we report the structural and enzymatic characterization of AAC(6')-Ig and AAC(6')-Ih from Acinetobacter spp. The crystal structure of AAC(6')-Ig in complex with tobramycin revealed a large substrate-binding cleft remaining partially unoccupied by the substrate, which is in stark contrast with the previously characterized AAC(6')-Ib enzyme. Enzymatic analysis indicated that AAC(6')-Ig and -Ih possess a broad specificity against aminoglycosides but with significantly lower turnover rates as compared to other AAC(6') enzymes. Structure- and function-informed phylogenetic analysis of AAC(6') enzymes led to identification of at least three distinct subfamilies varying in oligomeric state, active site composition, and drug recognition mode. Our data support the concept of AAC(6') functionality originating through convergent evolution from diverse Gcn5-related-N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) ancestral enzymes, with AAC(6')-Ig and -Ih representing enzymes that may still retain ancestral nonresistance functions in the cell as provided by their particular active site properties.

Selective Hydrodeoxygenation of Vegetable Oils and Waste Cooking Oils to Green Diesel Using a Silica-Supported Ir-ReOx Bimetallic Catalyst.

PubMed

Liu, Sibao; Simonetti, Trent; Zheng, Weiqing; Saha, Basudeb

2018-05-09

High yields of diesel-range alkanes are prepared by hydrodeoxygenation of vegetable oils and waste cooking oils over ReO x -modified Ir/SiO 2 catalysts under mild reaction conditions. The catalyst containing a Re/Ir molar ratio of 3 exhibits the best performance, achieving 79-85 wt % yield of diesel-range alkanes at 453 K and 2 MPa H 2 . The yield is nearly quantitative for the theoretical possible long-chain alkanes on the basis of weight of the converted oils. The catalyst retains comparable activity upon regeneration through calcination. Control experiments using probe molecules as model substrates suggest that C=C bonds of unsaturated triglycerides and free fatty acids are first hydrogenated to their corresponding saturated intermediates, which are then converted to aldehyde intermediates through hydrogenolysis of acyl C-O bonds and subsequently hydrogenated to fatty alcohols. Finally, long-chain alkanes without any carbon loss are formed by direct hydrogenolysis of the fatty alcohols. Small amounts of alkanes with one carbon fewer are also formed by decarbonylation of the aldehyde intermediates. A synergy between Ir and partially reduced ReO x sites is discussed to elucidate the high activity of Ir-ReO x /SiO 2. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

The therapeutic potential of milk thistle in diabetes.

PubMed

Kazazis, Christos E; Evangelopoulos, Angelos A; Kollas, Aris; Vallianou, Natalia G

2014-01-01

Milk thistle has been known for more than 2.000 years as a herbal remedy for a variety of disorders. It has mainly been used to treat liver and gallbladder diseases. Silibum marianum, the Latin term for the plant, and its seeds contain a whole family of natural compounds, called flavonolignans. Silimarin is a dry mixture of these compounds; it is extracted after processing with ethanol, methanol, and acetone. Silimarin contains mainly silibin A, silibin B, taxifolin, isosilibin A, isosilibin B, silichristin A, silidianin, and other compounds in smaller concentrations. Apart from its use in liver and gallbladder disorders, milk thistle has recently gained attention due to its hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties. Recently, a substance from milk thistle has been shown to possess peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist properties. PPARγ is the molecular target of thiazolidinediones, which are used clinically as insulin sensitizers to lower blood glucose levels in diabetes type 2 patients. The thiazolidinedione type of PPARγ ligands is an agonist with a very high binding affinity. However, this ligand type demonstrates a range of undesirable side effects, thus necessitating the search for new effective PPARγ agonists. Interestingly, studies indicate that partial agonism of PPARγ induces promising activity patterns by retaining the positive effects attributed to the full agonists, with reduced side effects. In this review, the therapeutic potential of milk thistle in the management of diabetes and its complications are discussed.

Familiarity Detection is an Intrinsic Property of Cortical Microcircuits with Bidirectional Synaptic Plasticity

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

Abstract Humans instantly recognize a previously seen face as “familiar.” To deepen our understanding of familiarity-novelty detection, we simulated biologically plausible neural network models of generic cortical microcircuits consisting of spiking neurons with random recurrent synaptic connections. NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-dependent synaptic plasticity was implemented to allow for unsupervised learning and bidirectional modifications. Network spiking activity evoked by sensory inputs consisting of face images altered synaptic efficacy, which resulted in the network responding more strongly to a previously seen face than a novel face. Network size determined how many faces could be accurately recognized as familiar. When the simulated model became sufficiently complex in structure, multiple familiarity traces could be retained in the same network by forming partially-overlapping subnetworks that differ slightly from each other, thereby resulting in a high storage capacity. Fisher’s discriminant analysis was applied to identify critical neurons whose spiking activity predicted familiar input patterns. Intriguingly, as sensory exposure was prolonged, the selected critical neurons tended to appear at deeper layers of the network model, suggesting recruitment of additional circuits in the network for incremental information storage. We conclude that generic cortical microcircuits with bidirectional synaptic plasticity have an intrinsic ability to detect familiar inputs. This ability does not require a specialized wiring diagram or supervision and can therefore be expected to emerge naturally in developing cortical circuits. PMID:28534043

Resistance of bromelain to SDS binding.

PubMed

Bhattacharya, Reema; Bhattacharyya, Debasish

2009-04-01

Interaction of the plant cysteine protease bromelain with SDS has been studied using CD spectroscopy, intrinsic fluorescence emission, extrinsic fluorescence probe pyrene, isothermal calorimetric (ITC) investigations and inhibition of hydrolyzing activity. Results exhibit number of synchronous transitions when plotted against the total SDS concentration. SDS at submicellar level caused conformation change of bromelain leading to a stable entity. ITC and pyrene experiments suggest that the structural modifications below 5 mM, the cmc(app) of SDS solutions containing bromelain, are the result of alterations of solvent hydrophobicity or non-specific weak binding and/or adsorption of SDS monomers. Melting temperature (T(m)) and the free energy change for thermal unfolding (DeltaG(unf)) of the SDS induced conformers was decreased by 5 degrees C and 0.5 kcal/mol respectively, compared to native bromelain. Below 5 mM, SDS caused large decrease in V(max) without affecting K(m) for the substrate Z-Arg-Arg-NHMec. Analysis of kinetic data imply that SDS acts as a partial non-competitive inhibitor since even at 100 mM, the residual activity of bromelain was retained by 3%. Inhibition studies show an IC(50) of 0.55 mM and a high K(i) of 0.145 mM. These demonstrate that bromelain is resistant to SDS binding and denaturation, a property known for beta-sheet rich kinetically stable proteins.

Stability of equidimensional pseudo-single-domain magnetite over billion-year timescales.

PubMed

Nagy, Lesleis; Williams, Wyn; Muxworthy, Adrian R; Fabian, Karl; Almeida, Trevor P; Conbhuí, Pádraig Ó; Shcherbakov, Valera P

2017-09-26

Interpretations of paleomagnetic observations assume that naturally occurring magnetic particles can retain their primary magnetic recording over billions of years. The ability to retain a magnetic recording is inferred from laboratory measurements, where heating causes demagnetization on the order of seconds. The theoretical basis for this inference comes from previous models that assume only the existence of small, uniformly magnetized particles, whereas the carriers of paleomagnetic signals in rocks are usually larger, nonuniformly magnetized particles, for which there is no empirically complete, thermally activated model. This study has developed a thermally activated numerical micromagnetic model that can quantitatively determine the energy barriers between stable states in nonuniform magnetic particles on geological timescales. We examine in detail the thermal stability characteristics of equidimensional cuboctahedral magnetite and find that, contrary to previously published theories, such nonuniformly magnetized particles provide greater magnetic stability than their uniformly magnetized counterparts. Hence, nonuniformly magnetized grains, which are commonly the main remanence carrier in meteorites and rocks, can record and retain high-fidelity magnetic recordings over billions of years.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of the interactions of a strongly antimicrobial but weakly hemolytic analogue of gramicidin S with lipid micelles and lipid bilayer membranes.

PubMed

Lewis, Ruthven N A H; Kiricsi, Monika; Prenner, Elmar J; Hodges, Robert S; McElhaney, Ronald N

2003-01-21

Cyclo[VKLdKVdYPLKVKLdYP] (GS14dK(4)), a synthetic tetradecameric ring-size analogue of the naturally occurring antimicrobial peptide gramicidin S (GS), retains the strong antimicrobial activity of GS but is 15-20 times less hemolytic. To characterize its interaction with lipid membranes and to understand the molecular basis of its capacity to lyse bacterial cells, in preference to erythrocytes, we have investigated the interactions of GS14dK(4) with detergent micelles and with lipid bilayer model membranes by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and compared our results with those of a similar study of GS [Lewis, R. N. A. H., et al. (1999) Biochemistry 38, 15193-15203]. In both aqueous and organic solvent solutions, GS14dK(4) adopts a beta-sheet conformation that is somewhat distorted and more sensitive to the polarity of its environment than GS. Like GS, GS14dK(4) is completely or partially excluded from gel-state lipid bilayers but interacts strongly with liquid-crystalline lipid bilayers and detergent micelle, and interacts more strongly with more fluid liquid-crystalline lipid systems. However, its interactions are more strongly influenced by membrane lipid order and fluidity, and unlike GS, it is essentially excluded from cholesterol-containing phospholipid bilayers. Also, GS14dK(4) is excluded from cationic lipid bilayers, but partitions more strongly and/or penetrates more deeply into anionic lipid bilayers than into those composed of either zwitterionic or nonionic lipids. Anionic lipids also facilitate GS14dK(4) interactions with multicomponent lipid bilayers which are predominantly zwitterionic or nonionic. Although GS14dK(4) generally penetrates and/or partitions into zwitterionic or uncharged lipid bilayers less strongly than does GS, its greater size and altered distribution of positive charges make it intrinsically more perturbing with regard to membrane organization once associated with lipid bilayers. This fact, combined with its relatively strong interactions with anionic phospholipids, may explain why GS14dK(4) retains relatively high antimicrobial activity. However, its low hemolytic activity is probably largely attributable to its low propensity to penetrate and/or partition into cholesterol-containing zwitterionic lipid membranes.

Geotechnical Monitoring of the Automobile Road

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Matsiy, Vladimir

2017-12-01

In the present article, the results of geotechnical monitoring of A-147 automobile road “Dzhubga-Sochi” are given. Some sections of the automobile road suffered from the landslide adjustment movements; it resulted in many deformations of the retaining structures, the damages of the roadbed and ground crawling over the retaining walls. The observation data made it possible to specify the borders of the active landslide and to form a forecast of the landslide activity in the sections of the automobile roads. Due to monitoring being carried out, there was substantiated the necessity to correct the service forms and records connected with the automobile road reconstruction.

Purification, immobilization and characterization of tannase from Penicillium variable.

PubMed

Sharma, Shashi; Agarwal, Lata; Saxena, Rajendra Kumar

2008-05-01

Tannase from Penicillium variable IARI 2031 was purified by a two-step purification strategy comprising of ultra-filtration using 100 kDa molecular weight cutoff and gel-filtration using Sephadex G-200. A purification fold of 135 with 91% yield of tannase was obtained. The enzyme has temperature and pH optima of 50 degrees C and 5 degrees C, respectively. However, the functional temperature range is from 25 to 80 degrees C and functional pH range is from 3.0 to 8.0. This tannase could successfully be immobilized on Amberlite IR where it retains about 85% of the initial catalytic activity even after ninth cycle of its use. Based on the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) of tannase, tannic acid is the best substrate with Km of 32 mM and Vmax of 1.11 micromol ml(-1)min(-1). Tannase is inhibited by phenyl methyl sulphonyl fluoride (PMSF) and N-ethylmaleimide retaining only 28.1% and 19% residual activity indicating that this enzyme belongs to the class of serine hydrolases. Tannase in both crude and crude lyophilized forms is stable for one year retaining more than 60% residual activity.

Muscle Activation Differs Between Partial and Full Back Squat Exercise With External Load Equated.

PubMed

da Silva, Josinaldo J; Schoenfeld, Brad J; Marchetti, Priscyla N; Pecoraro, Silvio L; Greve, Julia M D; Marchetti, Paulo H

2017-06-01

Changes in range of motion affect the magnitude of the load during the squat exercise and, consequently, may influence muscle activation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate muscle activation between the partial and full back squat exercise with external load equated on a relative basis between conditions. Fifteen young, healthy, resistance-trained men (age: 26 ± 5 years, height: 173 ± 6 cm) performed a back squat at their 10 repetition maximum (10RM) using 2 different ranges of motion (partial and full) in a randomized, counterbalanced fashion. Surface electromyography was used to measure muscle activation of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris (BF), semitendinosus, erector spinae, soleus (SL), and gluteus maximus (GM). In general, muscle activity was highest during the partial back squat for GM (p = 0.004), BF (p = 0.009), and SL (p = 0.031) when compared with full-back squat. There was no significant difference for rating of perceived exertion between partial and full back squat exercise at 10RM (8 ± 1 and 9 ± 1, respectively). In conclusion, the range of motion in the back squat alters muscle activation of the prime mover (GM) and stabilizers (SL and BF) when performed with the load equated on a relative basis. Thus, the partial back squat maximizes the level of muscle activation of the GM and associated stabilizer muscles.

Large Mass, Entry, Descent and Landing Sensitivity Results for Environmental, Performance, and Design Parameters

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shidner, Jeremy D.; Davis, Jody L.; Cianciolo, Alicia D.; Samareh, Jamshid A.; Powell, RIchard W.

2010-01-01

Landing on Mars has been a challenging task. Past NASA missions have shown resilience to increases in spacecraft mass by scaling back requirements such as landing site altitude, landing site location and arrival time. Knowledge of the partials relating requirements to mass is critical for mission designers to understand so that the project can retain margin throughout the process. Looking forward to new missions that will land 1.5 metric tons or greater, the current level of technology is insufficient, and new technologies will need to be developed. Understanding the sensitivity of these new technologies to requirements is the purpose of this paper.

Off-balance-sheet financing can generate capital for strategic development.

PubMed

Campobasso, F D

2000-06-01

To manage their real estate portfolios effectively and obtain funding for strategic development, IDSs should consider adopting off-balance-sheet financing strategies, such as sale-and-leaseback transactions, synthetic leases, and joint-venture arrangements. Under these approaches, real estate assets are moved off of the organization's balance sheet via a partial or complete transfer of ownership to a third-party entity. The organization typically retains a satisfactory degree of control over the assets as lessee in sale-and-leaseback and synthetic-lease arrangements, or limited or minority partner in a joint venture, while freeing up cash to use for other strategic purposes.

Excess europium content in Precambrian sedimentary rocks and continental evolution

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jakes, P.; Taylor, S. R.

1974-01-01

It is proposed that the europium excess in Precambrian sedimentary rocks, relative to those of younger age, is derived from volcanic rocks of ancient island arcs, which were the source materials for the sediments. Precambrian sedimentary rocks and present-day volcanic rocks of island arcs have similar REE patterns, total REE abundances, and excess Eu, relative to the North American shale composite. The present upper crustal REE pattern, as exemplified by that of sediments, is depleted in Eu, relative to chondrites. This depletion is considered to be a consequence of development of a granodioritic upper crust by partial melting in the lower crust, which selectively retains europium.

NONPARAMETRIC MANOVA APPROACHES FOR NON-NORMAL MULTIVARIATE OUTCOMES WITH MISSING VALUES

PubMed Central

He, Fanyin; Mazumdar, Sati; Tang, Gong; Bhatia, Triptish; Anderson, Stewart J.; Dew, Mary Amanda; Krafty, Robert; Nimgaonkar, Vishwajit; Deshpande, Smita; Hall, Martica; Reynolds, Charles F.

2017-01-01

Between-group comparisons often entail many correlated response variables. The multivariate linear model, with its assumption of multivariate normality, is the accepted standard tool for these tests. When this assumption is violated, the nonparametric multivariate Kruskal-Wallis (MKW) test is frequently used. However, this test requires complete cases with no missing values in response variables. Deletion of cases with missing values likely leads to inefficient statistical inference. Here we extend the MKW test to retain information from partially-observed cases. Results of simulated studies and analysis of real data show that the proposed method provides adequate coverage and superior power to complete-case analyses. PMID:29416225

DMFS: A Data Migration File System for NetBSD

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Studenmund, William

1999-01-01

I have recently developed dmfs, a Data Migration File System, for NetBSD. This file system is based on the overlay file system, which is discussed in a separate paper, and provides kernel support for the data migration system being developed by my research group here at NASA/Ames. The file system utilizes an underlying file store to provide the file backing, and coordinates user and system access to the files. It stores its internal meta data in a flat file, which resides on a separate file system. Our data migration system provides archiving and file migration services. System utilities scan the dmfs file system for recently modified files, and archive them to two separate tape stores. Once a file has been doubly archived, files larger than a specified size will be truncated to that size, potentially freeing up large amounts of the underlying file store. Some sites will choose to retain none of the file (deleting its contents entirely from the file system) while others may choose to retain a portion, for instance a preamble describing the remainder of the file. The dmfs layer coordinates access to the file, retaining user-perceived access and modification times, file size, and restricting access to partially migrated files to the portion actually resident. When a user process attempts to read from the non-resident portion of a file, it is blocked and the dmfs layer sends a request to a system daemon to restore the file. As more of the file becomes resident, the user process is permitted to begin accessing the now-resident portions of the file. For simplicity, our data migration system divides a file into two portions, a resident portion followed by an optional non-resident portion. Also, a file is in one of three states: fully resident, fully resident and archived, and (partially) non-resident and archived. For a file which is only partially resident, any attempt to write or truncate the file, or to read a non-resident portion, will trigger a file restoration. Truncations and writes are blocked until the file is fully restored so that a restoration which only partially succeed does not leave the file in an indeterminate state with portions existing only on tape and other portions only in the disk file system. We chose layered file system technology as it permits us to focus on the data migration functionality, and permits end system administrators to choose the underlying file store technology. We chose the overlay layered file system instead of the null layer for two reasons: first to permit our layer to better preserve meta data integrity and second to prevent even root processes from accessing migrated files. This is achieved as the underlying file store becomes inaccessible once the dmfs layer is mounted. We are quite pleased with how the layered file system has turned out. Of the 45 vnode operations in NetBSD, 20 (forty-four percent) required no intervention by our file layer - they are passed directly to the underlying file store. Of the twenty five we do intercept, nine (such as vop_create()) are intercepted only to ensure meta data integrity. Most of the functionality was concentrated in five operations: vop_read, vop_write, vop_getattr, vop_setattr, and vop_fcntl. The first four are the core operations for controlling access to migrated files and preserving the user experience. vop_fcntl, a call generated for a certain class of fcntl codes, provides the command channel used by privileged user programs to communicate with the dmfs layer.

A Sensitive Gel-based Method Combining Distinct Cyclophellitol-based Probes for the Identification of Acid/Base Residues in Human Retaining β-Glucosidases*

PubMed Central

Kallemeijn, Wouter W.; Witte, Martin D.; Voorn-Brouwer, Tineke M.; Walvoort, Marthe T. C.; Li, Kah-Yee; Codée, Jeroen D. C.; van der Marel, Gijsbert A.; Boot, Rolf G.; Overkleeft, Herman S.; Aerts, Johannes M. F. G.

2014-01-01

Retaining β-exoglucosidases operate by a mechanism in which the key amino acids driving the glycosidic bond hydrolysis act as catalytic acid/base and nucleophile. Recently we designed two distinct classes of fluorescent cyclophellitol-type activity-based probes (ABPs) that exploit this mechanism to covalently modify the nucleophile of retaining β-glucosidases. Whereas β-epoxide ABPs require a protonated acid/base for irreversible inhibition of retaining β-glucosidases, β-aziridine ABPs do not. Here we describe a novel sensitive method to identify both catalytic residues of retaining β-glucosidases by the combined use of cyclophellitol β-epoxide- and β-aziridine ABPs. In this approach putative catalytic residues are first substituted to noncarboxylic amino acids such as glycine or glutamine through site-directed mutagenesis. Next, the acid/base and nucleophile can be identified via classical sodium azide-mediated rescue of mutants thereof. Selective labeling with fluorescent β-aziridine but not β-epoxide ABPs identifies the acid/base residue in mutagenized enzyme, as only the β-aziridine ABP can bind in its absence. The Absence of the nucleophile abolishes any ABP labeling. We validated the method by using the retaining β-glucosidase GBA (CAZy glycosylhydrolase family GH30) and then applied it to non-homologous (putative) retaining β-glucosidases categorized in GH1 and GH116: GBA2, GBA3, and LPH. The described method is highly sensitive, requiring only femtomoles (nanograms) of ABP-labeled enzymes. PMID:25344605

Enzyme encapsulation in silica gel prepared by polylysine and its catalytic activity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kawachi, Yuki; Kugimiya, Shin-ichi; Nakamura, Hitomi; Kato, Katsuya

2014-09-01

Enzymes used in industrial applications are often immobilized onto different types of supports because they are sensitive to pH, temperature, and various other environmental conditions. However, many of the current immobilization approaches face problems such as the requirement of tedious multi-step procedures, loss of enzyme activity during immobilization, and poor reusability. In this study, we chose poly-L-lysine (Ki) as a catalyst for silica mineralization and attempted a one-step "leave to stand" synthesis method under mild conditions, so as to simultaneously maintain both high enzymatic activity and reusability. To examine the effect of Kx on the enzymatic reaction of lipase, we performed hydrolysis of 2-octylacetate without adding a silica precursor. Results indicate that Kx hardly exerts adverse influence on the enzymatic activity of lipase. The lipase encapsulated in the silica gel prepared by leave to stand (Gelstand) retained 70% of the activity compared to the free solution, which is two times higher than that obtained by mixing (Gelmix). However, the Km value was found to be similar to that of free enzymes. These results suggest that the leave to stand is a suitable procedure for immobilization, without any decrease in the mass transfer of substrate. The Gel-stand sample retained 100% activity even after the 5th cycle, and retained above 95% of its activity after 4 h of heat treatment at 65 °C. Using phenyltriethoxysilane as a silica precursor, tertiary structural stability of enzyme was obtained, and its Kcat value was improved when compared to a free solution.

Melt generation in the West Antarctic Rift System: the volatile legacy of Gondwana subduction?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aviado, K.; Rilling-Hall, S.; Mukasa, S. B.; Bryce, J. G.; Cabato, J.

2013-12-01

The West Antarctic Rift System (WARS) represents one of the largest extensional alkali volcanic provinces on Earth, yet the mechanisms responsible for driving rift-related magmatism remain controversial. The failure of both passive and active models of decompression melting to explain adequately the observed volume of volcanism has prompted debate about the relative roles of thermal plume-related melting and ancient subduction-related flux melting. The latter is supported by roughly 500 Ma of subduction along the paleo-Pacific margin of Gondwana, although both processes are capable of producing the broad seismic anomaly imaged beneath most of the Southern Ocean. Olivine-hosted melt inclusions from basanitic lavas provide a means to evaluate the volatile budget of the mantle responsible for active rifting beneath the WARS. We present H2O, CO2, F, S and Cl concentrations determined by SIMS and major oxide compositions by EMPA for olivine-hosted melt inclusions from lavas erupted in Northern Victoria Land (NVL) and Marie Byrd Land (MBL). The melt inclusions are largely basanitic in composition (4.05 - 17.09 wt % MgO, 37.86 - 45.89 wt % SiO2, and 1.20 - 5.30 wt % Na2O), and exhibit water contents ranging from 0.5 up to 3 wt % that are positively correlated with Cl and F. Coupling between Cl and H2O indicates metasomatic enrichment by subduction-related fluids produced during dehydration reactions; coupling between H2O and F, which is more highly retained in subducting slabs, may be related to partial melting of slab remnants [1]. Application of source lithology filters [2] to whole rock major oxide data shows that primitive lavas (MgO wt % >7) from the Terror Rift, considered the locus of on-going tectonomagmatic activity, have transitioned from a pyroxenite source to a volatilized peridotite source over the past ~4 Ma. Integrating the volatile data with the modeled characteristics of source lithologies suggests that partial melting of lithosphere modified by subduction processes is the source of pyroxenite and volatiles in the mantle beneath the present-day rift. The earliest magmatic activity preferentially removed the most readily fusible components from the mantle, resulting in transition to a metasomatized peridotite source over time. [1] Straub & Layne, 2003, GCA; [2] Herzberg & Asimow, 2008, G3; [3] Rilling et al., 2009, JGR.

Progressive quality control of secretory proteins in the early secretory compartment by ERp44.

PubMed

Sannino, Sara; Anelli, Tiziana; Cortini, Margherita; Masui, Shoji; Degano, Massimo; Fagioli, Claudio; Inaba, Kenji; Sitia, Roberto

2014-10-01

ERp44 is a pH-regulated chaperone of the secretory pathway. In the acidic milieu of the Golgi, its C-terminal tail changes conformation, simultaneously exposing the substrate-binding site for cargo capture and the RDEL motif for ER retrieval through interactions with cognate receptors. Protonation of cysteine 29 in the active site allows tail movements in vitro and in vivo. Here, we show that conserved histidine residues in the C-terminal tail also regulate ERp44 in vivo. Mutants lacking these histidine residues retain substrates more efficiently. Surprisingly, they are also O-glycosylated and partially secreted. Co-expression of client proteins prevents secretion of the histidine mutants, forcing tail opening and RDEL accessibility. Client-induced RDEL exposure allows retrieval of proteins from distinct stations along the secretory pathway, as indicated by the changes in O-glycosylation patterns upon overexpression of different partners. The ensuing gradients might help to optimize folding and assembly of different cargoes. Endogenous ERp44 is O-glycosylated and secreted by human primary endometrial cells, suggesting possible pathophysiological roles of these processes. © 2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.

Design of a New Glutamine-Fipronil Conjugate with α-Amino Acid Function and its Uptake by A. thaliana Lysine Histidine Transporter 1 ( AtLHT1).

PubMed

Jiang, Xunyuan; Xie, Yun; Ren, Zhanfu; Ganeteg, Ulrika; Lin, Fei; Zhao, Chen; Xu, Hanhong

2018-06-26

Creating novel pesticides with phloem-mobility is essential for controlling insects in vascular tissue and root, and conjugating existing pesticides with amino acid is an effective approach. In order to obtain highly phloem-mobile candidate for efficient pesticide, an electro-neutral L-glutamine-fipronil conjugate (L-GlnF) retaining α-amino acid function was designed and synthesized to fit the substrate specificity of amino acid transporter. Cotyledon uptake and phloem loading tests with Ricinus communis have verified that L-GlnF was phloem mobile, and its phloem mobility was higher than its enantiomer D-GlnF and other previously reported amino acid-fipronil conjugates. Inhibition experiments then suggested that the uptake of L-GlnF was, at least partially, mediated by active transport mechanism. This inference was further strengthened by assimilation experiments with Xenopus oocytes and genetically modified Arabidopsis thaliana, which showed direct correlation between the uptake of L-GlnF and expression of amino acid transporter AtLHT1. Thus, conjugation with L-Gln appears to be a potential strategy to ensure the uptake of pesticides via endogenous amino acid transport system.

By-product from decoction process of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. calyces as a source of polyphenols and dietary fiber.

PubMed

Sáyago-Ayerdi, Sonia G; Velázquez-López, Carolina; Montalvo-González, Efigenia; Goñi, Isabel

2014-03-30

Dietary fiber (DF) and antioxidant compounds are widely used as functional ingredients. The market in this field is competitive and the search for new types of quality ingredients for the food industry is intensifying. The aim of this study was to evaluate the composition and antioxidant activity of by-products generated during the decoction of calyces of four Mexican Hibiscus sabdariffa L. cultivars ('Criolla', 'China', 'Rosalis' and 'Tecoanapa') in order to assess them as a source of functional ingredients. Some calyx components were partially transferred to the beverage during the decoction process, while most were retained in the decoction residues. These by-products proved to be a good source of DF (407.4-457.0 g kg⁻¹ dry matter) and natural antioxidants (50.7-121.8 µmol Trolox equivalent g⁻¹ dry matter). The decoction process extracted some soluble carbohydrates, ash and some extractable polyphenols. The DF content changed in the dried residues, which could be considered as high-DF materials with a high proportion of soluble DF (∼20% of total DF) and considerable antioxidant capacity. These by-products could be used as an antioxidant DF source. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry.

A New Paradigm for Habitability in Planetary Systems: the Extremophilic Zone

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Janot-Pacheco, E., Bernardes, L., Lage, C. A. S.

2014-03-01

More than a thousand exoplanets have been discovered so far. Planetary surface temperature may strongly depends on its albedo and geodynamic conditions. We have fed exoplanets from the Encyclopedia database with a comprehensive model of Earth's atmosphere and plate tectonics. As CO2 is the main agent responsible for the greenhouse effect, its partial pressure has been taken as a free parameter to estimate the surface temperature of some known planets. We also investigated the possible presence of "exomoons" belonging to giant planets in the Habitable Zone capable of harbour dynamic stability, to retain an atmosphere and to keep geodynamic activity for long time spans. Biological data on earthly micro-organisms classified as "extremophiles" indicate that such kind of microbial species could dwell on the surface of many exoplanets and exomoons. We thus propose an extension of the mainly astronomically defined "Habitable Zone" concept into the more astrobiologically one, the "Extremophililic Zone", that takes into account other parameters allowing survival of more robust life forms. This contribution comes from an ongoing project developed by a French-Brazilian colaboration in Astrophysics and Biophysics to search for living fingerprints in astrobiologically promising exoplanets.

Genetic forms of neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus.

PubMed

Rutishauser, Jonas; Spiess, Martin; Kopp, Peter

2016-03-01

Neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus is characterized by polyuria and polydipsia owing to partial or complete deficiency of the antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin (AVP). Although in most patients non-hereditary causes underlie the disorder, genetic forms have long been recognized and studied both in vivo and in vitro. In most affected families, the disease is transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner, whereas autosomal recessive forms are much less frequent. Both phenotypes can be caused by mutations in the vasopressin-neurophysin II (AVP) gene. In transfected cells expressing dominant mutations, the mutated hormone precursor is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum, where it forms fibrillar aggregates. Autopsy studies in humans and a murine knock-in model suggest that the dominant phenotype results from toxicity to vasopressinergic neurons, but the mechanisms leading to cell death remain unclear. Recessive transmission results from AVP with reduced biologic activity or the deletion of the locus. Genetic neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus occurring in the context of diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness is termed DIDMOAD or Wolfram syndrome, a genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the wolframin (WFS 1) gene. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Functional assessment of hepatocytes after transplantation into rat spleen

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Woods, R.J.; Fuller, B.J.; Attenburrow, V.D.

1982-02-01

The retention of structural integrity and metabolic function by isolated hepatocytes after ectopic transplantation has been investigated in autografted rats. Rats were partially hepatectomized and isolated hepatocytes prepared from the excised liver lobes were implanted into their spleens. Histological examination of the spleens 7 or more weeks after implantation revealed aggregates of hepatocytes in the red pulp. Two tests of biochemical function were applied to the hepatocytes after transplantation. In the first the hepatobiliary imaging agent technetium-99m N-(N'-(2, 6-dimethylphenyl)carbamoylmethyl)iminodiacetic acid (99mTc HIDA), which was shown to be avidly taken up by isolated hepatocytes in vitro, was infused into the tailmore » veins of autograft and control rats. Radioactivity accumulating in the spleens of autografted rats was markedly greater than that in controls implanted with lethally damaged cells or in nontransplanted rats. In the second the presence of bilirubin metabolites was sought in autograft spleens after intravenous infusion of bilirubin. Both mono- and diglucuronides of bilirubin were recovered from the spleens of autograft rats but no conjugates were recovered from the spleens of unoperated controls. We conclude that after autotransplantation isolated hepatocytes retain their morphology and at least some of their functional activities.« less

The mycoheterotrophic symbiosis between orchids and mycorrhizal fungi possesses major components shared with mutualistic plant-mycorrhizal symbioses.

PubMed

Miura, Chihiro; Yamaguchi, Katsushi; Miyahara, Ryohei; Yamamoto, Tatsuki; Fuji, Masako; Yagame, Takahiro; Imaizumi-Anraku, Haruko; Yamato, Masahide; Shigenobu, Shuji; Kaminaka, Hironori

2018-04-12

Achlorophylous and early developmental stages of chorolophylous orchids are highly dependent on carbon and other nutrients provided by mycorrhizal fungi, in a nutritional mode termed mycoheterotrophy. Previous findings have implied that some common properties at least partially underlie the mycorrhizal symbioses of mycoheterotrophic orchids and that of autotrophic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) plants; however, information about the molecular mechanisms of the relationship between orchids and their mycorrhizal fungi is limited. In this study, we characterized the molecular basis of an orchid-mycorrhizal (OM) symbiosis by analyzing the transcriptome of Bletilla striata at an early developmental stage associated with the mycorrhizal fungus Tulasnella sp. The essential components required for the establishment of mutual symbioses with AM fungi and/or rhizobia in most terrestrial plants were identified from B. striata gene set. A cross-species gene complementation analysis showed one of the component genes, calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase gene CCaMK in B. striata, retains functional characteristics of that in AM plants. The expression analysis revealed the activation of homologs of AM-related genes during the OM symbiosis. Our results suggest that orchids possess, at least partly, the molecular mechanisms common to AM plants.

The mechanism of action of serine transhydroxymethylase

PubMed Central

Jordan, P. M.; Akhtar, M.

1970-01-01

1. The preparation of stereospecifically tritiated glycines and the determination of their absolute configurations by the use of d-amino acid oxidase are described. 2. The reaction catalysed by serine transhydroxymethylase, which results in the conversion of glycine into serine, has been separated into at least four partial reactions. It is suggested that the first event in this conversion is the formation of a Schiff base intermediate of glycine and pyridoxal phosphate. The next important step involves the removal of the 2S-hydrogen atom of glycine to give a carbanion intermediate. Experiments pertinent to the mechanism of conversion of this carbanion intermediate into serine are described. 3. The enzyme preparation catalysing the conversion of glycine into serine also participates in the conversion of glycine into threonine and allothreonine. In both these conversions, glycine → serine and glycine → threonine, the 2S-hydrogen atom of glycine is eliminated and the 2R-hydrogen atom of glycine is retained. 4. In the light of these experiments the mechanism of action of serine transhydroxymethylase is discussed. It is suggested that methylenetetrahydrofolate is the carrier of formaldehyde, from which formaldehyde may be liberated at the active site of the enzyme, thus allowing the overall reaction to take place. PMID:5414101

The Effectiveness of University Programs, Services, and Practices in Retaining Student Veterans Transitioning to Higher Education: Voices of Student Veterans--A Case Study Analysis Approach at Two Universities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lopez, Eddie S.

2013-01-01

With an active war ongoing for nearly thirteen years, the nation has been experiencing hundreds of thousands of returning solders as a result of the military drawdown of troops from Iraq and Afghanistan. The intent of this research study was to understand the effectiveness of university programs, services, and practices in retaining student…

Layers of air in the water beneath the floating fern Salvinia are exposed to fluctuations in pressure.

PubMed

Mayser, Matthias J; Barthlott, Wilhelm

2014-12-01

Superhydrophobic, hierarchically structured, technical surfaces (Lotus-effect) are of high scientific and economic interest because of their remarkable properties. Recently, the immense potential of air-retaining superhydrophobic surfaces, for example, for low-friction transport of fluids and drag-reducing coatings of ships has begun to be explored. A major problem of superhydrophobic surfaces mimicking the Lotus-effect is the limited persistence of the air retained, especially under rough conditions of flow. However, there are a variety of floating or diving plant and animal species that possess air-retaining surfaces optimized for durable water-repellency (Salvinia-effect). Especially floating ferns of the genus Salvinia have evolved superhydrophobic surfaces capable of maintaining layers of air for months. Apart from maintaining stability under water, the layer of air has to withstand the stresses of water pressure (up to 2.5 bars). Both of these aspects have an application to create permanent air layers on ships' hulls. We investigated the effect of pressure on air layers in a pressure cell and exposed the air layer to pressures of up to 6 bars. We investigated the suppression of the air layer at increasing pressures as well as its restoration during decreases in pressure. Three of the four examined Salvinia species are capable of maintaining air layers at pressures relevant to the conditions applying to ships' hulls. High volumes of air per surface area are advantageous for retaining at least a partial Cassie-Baxter-state under pressure, which also helps in restoring the air layer after depressurization. Closed-loop structures such as the baskets at the top of the "egg-beater hairs" (see main text) also help return the air layer to its original level at the tip of the hairs by trapping air bubbles. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Veneered zirconia inlay-retained fixed dental prostheses: 10-Year results from a prospective clinical study.

PubMed

Rathmann, Friederike; Bömicke, Wolfgang; Rammelsberg, Peter; Ohlmann, Brigitte

2017-09-01

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the 10-year clinical performance of zirconia-based inlay-retained fixed dental prostheses (IRFDP). For replacement of a molar in 27 patients, 30 IRFDP were luted by use of different cements, Panavia F (Kuraray Europe GmbH) or Multilink Automix (Ivoclar Vivadent GmbH), with use of inlay/inlay, inlay/full-crown, or inlay/partial-crown retainers for anchorage. Frameworks were milled from yttria-stabilized zirconia (IPS e.maxZirCAD; Ivoclar Vivadent GmbH) and fully veneered with pressable ceramic (IPS e.max ZirPress; Ivoclar Vivadent GmbH). Before luting, the IRFDP were silica-coated (Rocatec; 3M Espe) and silanized (Monobond S; Ivoclar Vivadent GmbH). Complications (for example, chipping or delamination of the veneering ceramic, debonding, secondary caries, endodontic treatment, and abutment tooth fracture) and failure were reported, by use of standardized report forms, 2 weeks, 6 months, and 1, 2, and 10 years after cementation. Statistical analysis included Kaplan-Meier survival and success (complication-free survival) and Cox regression analysis (α=0.05 for all). During the 10-year observation period, the complications most often observed were chipping of the veneer and debonding. Twenty-five restorations failed and one participant dropped out. Cumulative 10-year survival and success were 12.1% and 0%, respectively. The design of the retainer, use of a dental dam, choice of cement, and location in the dental arch had no statistically significant effect on the occurrence of complications. Use of fully veneered zirconia-based IRFDP with this technique cannot be recommended. A large incidence of complications and poor survival were observed for fully veneered zirconia-based IRFDP, revealing an urgent need for further design improvements for this type of restoration. This, again, emphasizes the need for testing of new restoration designs in clinical trials before implementation in general dental practice. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Maxillary Four Implant-retained Overdentures via Locator® Attachment: Intermediate-term Results from a Retrospective Study.

PubMed

Wang, Feng; Monje, Alberto; Huang, Wei; Zhang, Zhiyong; Wang, Guomin; Wu, Yiqun

2016-06-01

Maxillary overdentures have been utilized to restore oral function in scenarios where limited bone structure represents a drawback for financial issues and for cases where oral hygiene is uncertain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intermediate-term clinical outcome of four locator attachment retaining maxillary overdentures and to test their reliability. A retrospective study was conducted from January 2007 to October 2013. After the placement of four maxillary dental implants and a healing period of approximately 3 months, all the implants were restored with locator-retained overdentures with partial palatal coverage. Subjects and implant characteristics, implant position (anterior vs posterior maxilla), bone quality, and opposing dentition were recorded. Peri-implant clinical parameters and marginal bone loss (MBL) were evaluated after delivery of the final prosthesis and annually thereafter. The performance of locator components and the prosthetic restoration were also recorded at follow-up. A total of 104 implants were placed in 26 subjects (11 women, 15 men; mean age, 64 years; age range, 55-76 years). One implant failed before loading. One subject dropped out of the study during a mean follow-up period of 46 months (range: 7-73 months), achieving an overall survival rate of 95.2%. Clinical parameters revealed healthy tissues around most of the implants, with low scores of plaque and bleeding indices. At the last follow-up evaluation, the mean MBL was 1.7 ± 1.1 mm (0.4-2.6 mm). Regression model analysis indicated that MBL for implants in the posterior maxilla was significantly higher than that for implants in the anterior maxilla (p = .0487). Overall, 26 technical and prosthetic complications were reported. Within the limitations of this study, maxillary four implant-retained overdentures via Locator attachment seem to be a predictable alternative for oral rehabilitation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Novel magnetic cross-linked lipase aggregates for improving the resolution of (R, S)-2-octanol.

PubMed

Liu, Ying; Guo, Chen; Liu, Chun-Zhao

2015-03-01

Novel magnetic cross-linked lipase aggregates were fabricated by immobilizing the cross-linked lipase aggregates onto magnetic particles with a high number of -NH2 terminal groups using p-benzoquinone as the cross-linking agent. At the optimal fabrication conditions, 100% of immobilization efficiency and 139% of activity recovery of the magnetic cross-linked lipase aggregates were achieved. The magnetic cross-linked lipase aggregates were able to efficiently resolve (R, S)-2-octanol, and retained 100% activity and 100% enantioselectivity after 10 cycles of reuse, whereas the cross-linked lipase aggregates only retained about 50% activity and 70% enantioselectivity due to insufficient cross-linking. These results provide a great potential for industrial applications of the magnetic cross-linked lipase aggregates. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

[Surface stress analysis of distal extension removable partial denture retained with two types of semi-precision attachments].

PubMed

Wang, Y; Mi, N; Qing, F; Liu, F; Chen, J

2001-10-01

The aims of this study are to analyze the surface stress of the periodontal supporting bone of the bilateral distol extension removable partial denture which is retained by using intra-coronal or extra-coronal semi-precision attachment, and to characterize the biomechanics of these two designs by using a strain gauge. A fresh human mandible specimen with 76|67 missing and six bilateral partial removable denture retained with six semi-precision attachments were made, including three attachments with intra-coronal studs and three attachments with extra-coronal vertical bars. A total of six 45 degrees rosette strain gauges were bonded at six prepared points on the surface of the mandible to measure the surface stress, including the middle point between 76 of the buccal edentulous alveolar crest area under the denture base verge(point 1), the distal buccal cervix of 5 (point 2), the buccal apical area of 5 (point 3), the buccal middle area of 34 roots (point 4, 5), the lingual middle area of 5 root (point 6). The static loads of 14N, 28N and 42N were applied vertically, buccally 45 degrees, lingually 45 degrees at the middle point of the 6|6 occlusal surface. The micro-strain was recorded, and the maximal/minimal principle stresses were calculated for each RPD and each point. The stress characteristics of these two types of attachments were compared and analyzed. In most situations, the stress of these two semi-precision attachments showed significant differences. The vertical load: The stress values of these intra-coronal and extra-coronal attachments at points 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 differed significantly(P < 0.05), including points 1, 2, (sigma intra < sigma extra) and points 3, 4, 6(sigma intra > sigma extra). Buccal loads: The stress values of these intra-coronal and extra-coronal attachments at points 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 differed significantly(P < 0.05), including points 1, 2(sigma intra < sigma extra) and points 3, 4, 5(sigma intra > sigma extra). Lingual loads: The stress values of these intra-coronal and extra-coronal attachments at points 2, 3, 4, 6 differed significantly (P < 0.05, sigma intra > sigma extra). The intra-coronal attachment generally produced higher stress at the site of the alveolar bone around the abutment than the extra-coronal attachment, but extra-coronal attachment produced higher stress at the edentulous alveolar crest and the distal cervical alveolar bone of the distal abutment than the intra-coronal attachment. The intra-coronal attachment is suggested to be applied in some cases that the periodontal condition of distal abutment was good, and the extra-coronal attachment is suggested to be used in some cases that the condition of the edentulous alveolar crest is fairly good, while the periodontal condition of the distal abutment was relatively weak.

Effects of the Subaleurone Layer of Rice on Macrophage Activation and Protection of Pollen Allergy in a Murine Model.

PubMed

Tamura, Yuki; Inagawa, Hiroyuki; Nakata, Yoko; Kohchi, Chie; Soma, Gen-Ichiro

2015-08-01

Oral intake of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been demonstrated to be effective in the prevention of various diseases. We have found that the subaleurone layer of rice contains a large amount of LPS. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of this layer in innate immunity. Using the Saika-style rice polishing process, a sbaleurone layer and the rice retaining a subaleurone layer and polished white rice were prepared from brown rice. Using hot-water extracts from rice, LPS content was measured by the Limulus reaction and the effect of activation of macrophages was evaluated on the basis of their phagocytic activity and nitric monoxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production levels. Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2-, TLR-4- and TLR-9-transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells were used to identify the activation pathway. An allergy mouse model was used to evaluate the prevention of pollen allergy. When compared to polished white rice, rice retaining a subaleurone layer had a 6-fold increase in LPS and an increased macrophage activation when phagocytic activity and NO and TNF production were used as indices. TRL4 was the major pathway for such activation. Anti-allergy test by oral intake of subaleurone showed a significant preventive effect for pollen allergy. Compared to polished white rice, rice retaining a subaleurone layer contained a high level of LPS with higher macrophage activation. Furthermore, oral administration of the rice demonstrated a preventive effect for pollen allergy, thus indicating its utility as a functional food that has a regulatory effect on innate immunity. Copyright© 2015 International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. John G. Delinassios), All rights reserved.

Lipopolysaccharide loss produces partial colistin dependence and collateral sensitivity to azithromycin, rifampicin and vancomycin in Acinetobacter baumannii.

PubMed

García-Quintanilla, Meritxell; Carretero-Ledesma, Marta; Moreno-Martínez, Patricia; Martín-Peña, Reyes; Pachón, Jerónimo; McConnell, Michael J

2015-12-01

Treatment options for multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Acinetobacter baumannii that acquire resistance to colistin are limited. Acinetobacter baumannii can become highly resistant to colistin through complete loss of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) owing to mutations in the genes encoding the first three enzymes involved in lipid A biosynthesis (lpxA, lpxC and lpxD). The objective of this study was to characterise the susceptibility to 15 clinically relevant antibiotics and 6 antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of MDR A. baumannii clinical isolates that acquired colistin resistance due to mutations in lpxA, lpxC and lpxD as well as their colistin-susceptible counterparts. A dramatic increase in antibiotic susceptibility (≥16-fold increase) was observed upon LPS loss for azithromycin, rifampicin and vancomycin, whereas a moderate increase in susceptibility was seen for amikacin, ceftazidime, imipenem, cefepime and meropenem. Importantly, concentrations ranging from 8 mg/L to 32 mg/L of the six AMPs were able to reduce bacterial viability by ≥3 log10 in growth curve assays. We also demonstrate that colistin resistance results in partial colistin dependence for growth in LPS-deficient strains containing mutations in lpxA, lpxC and lpxD, but not when colistin resistance occurs via LPS modification due to mutations in the PmrA/B two-component system. The results of this study indicate that loss of LPS expression results in collateral sensitivity to azithromycin, rifampicin and vancomycin, and that the six AMPs tested retain activity against LPS-deficient strains, indicating that these antibiotics may be viable treatment options for infections caused by these strains. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. and the International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.

Characterization of novel StAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein) mutations causing non-classic lipoid adrenal hyperplasia.

PubMed

Flück, Christa E; Pandey, Amit V; Dick, Bernhard; Camats, Núria; Fernández-Cancio, Mónica; Clemente, María; Gussinyé, Miquel; Carrascosa, Antonio; Mullis, Primus E; Audi, Laura

2011-01-01

Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) is crucial for transport of cholesterol to mitochondria where biosynthesis of steroids is initiated. Loss of StAR function causes lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia (LCAH). StAR gene mutations causing partial loss of function manifest atypical and may be mistaken as familial glucocorticoid deficiency. Only a few mutations have been reported. To report clinical, biochemical, genetic, protein structure and functional data on two novel StAR mutations, and to compare them with published literature. Collaboration between the University Children's Hospital Bern, Switzerland, and the CIBERER, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Autonomous University, Barcelona, Spain. Two subjects of a non-consanguineous Caucasian family were studied. The 46,XX phenotypic normal female was diagnosed with adrenal insufficiency at the age of 10 months, had normal pubertal development and still has no signs of hypergonodatropic hypogonadism at 32 years of age. Her 46,XY brother was born with normal male external genitalia and was diagnosed with adrenal insufficiency at 14 months. Puberty was normal and no signs of hypergonadotropic hypogonadism are present at 29 years of age. StAR gene analysis revealed two novel compound heterozygote mutations T44HfsX3 and G221S. T44HfsX3 is a loss-of-function StAR mutation. G221S retains partial activity (∼30%) and is therefore responsible for a milder, non-classic phenotype. G221S is located in the cholesterol binding pocket and seems to alter binding/release of cholesterol. StAR mutations located in the cholesterol binding pocket (V187M, R188C, R192C, G221D/S) seem to cause non-classic lipoid CAH. Accuracy of genotype-phenotype prediction by in vitro testing may vary with the assays employed.

The modulatory effects of noradrenaline on vagal control of heart rate in the dogfish, Squalus acanthias.

PubMed

Agnisola, Claudio; Randall, David J; Taylor, Edwin W

2003-01-01

The possible interactions between inhibitory vagal control of the heart and circulating levels of catecholamines in dogfish (Squalus acanthias) were studied using an in situ preparation of the heart, which retained intact its innervation from centrally cut vagus nerves. The response to peripheral vagal stimulation typically consisted of an initial cardiac arrest, followed by an escape beat, leading to renewed beating at a mean heart rate lower than the prestimulation rate (partial recovery). Cessation of vagal stimulation led to a transient increase in heart rate, above the prestimulation rate. This whole response was completely abolished by 10(-4) M atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist). The degree of vagal inhibition was evaluated in terms of both the initial, maximal cardiac interval and the mean heart rate during partial recovery, both expressed as a percentage of the prestimulation heart rate. The mean prestimulation heart rate of this preparation (36+/-4 beats min(-1)) was not affected by noradrenaline but was significantly reduced by 10(-4) M nadolol (a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist), suggesting the existence of a resting adrenergic tone arising from endogenous catecholamines. The degree of vagal inhibition of heart rate varied with the rate of stimulation and was increased by the presence of 10(-8) M noradrenaline (the normal in vivo level in routinely active fish), while 10(-7) M noradrenaline (the in vivo level measured in disturbed or deeply hypoxic fish) reduced the cardiac response to vagal stimulation. In the presence of 10(-7) M noradrenaline, 10(-4) M nadolol further reduced the vagal response, while 10(-4) M nadolol + 10(-4) M phentolamine had no effect, indicating a complex interaction between adrenoreceptors, possibly involving presynaptic modulation of vagal inhibition.

Neuronal Activity in the Subthalamic Cerebrovasodilator Area under Partial-Gravity Conditions in Rats

PubMed Central

Zeredo, Jorge L.; Toda, Kazuo; Kumei, Yasuhiro

2014-01-01

The reduced-gravity environment in space is known to cause an upward shift in body fluids and thus require cardiovascular adaptations in astronauts. In this study, we recorded in rats the neuronal activity in the subthalamic cerebrovasodilator area (SVA), a key area that controls cerebral blood flow (CBF), in response to partial gravity. “Partial gravity” is the term that defines the reduced-gravity levels between 1 g (the unit gravity acceleration on Earth) and 0 g (complete weightlessness in space). Neuronal activity was recorded telemetrically through chronically implanted microelectrodes in freely moving rats. Graded levels of partial gravity from 0.4 g to 0.01 g were generated by customized parabolic-flight maneuvers. Electrophysiological signals in each partial-gravity phase were compared to those of the preceding 1 g level-flight. As a result, SVA neuronal activity was significantly inhibited by the partial-gravity levels of 0.15 g and lower, but not by 0.2 g and higher. Gravity levels between 0.2–0.15 g could represent a critical threshold for the inhibition of neurons in the rat SVA. The lunar gravity (0.16 g) might thus trigger neurogenic mechanisms of CBF control. This is the first study to examine brain electrophysiology with partial gravity as an experimental parameter. PMID:25370031

12 CFR 211.23 - Nonbanking activities of foreign banking organizations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... reflected in its annual reports (FR Y-7) filed with the Board. (2) Continuing activities and investments. (i... continue to engage in activities or retain investments commenced or acquired prior to the end of the first.... (ii) Termination or divestiture. Activities commenced or investments made after that date shall be...

24 CFR 1003.204 - Special activities by Community-Based Development Organizations (CBDOs).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... activities that increase economic opportunity, principally for persons of low- and moderate-income, or that stimulate or retain businesses or permanent jobs, including projects that include one or more such... jobs; (3) Energy conservation project includes activities that address energy conservation, principally...

5 CFR 734.402 - Expression of an employee's individual opinion.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... this subpart retains the right to participate in any of the following political activities, as long as such activity is not performed in concert with a political party, partisan political group, or a... SERVICE REGULATIONS (CONTINUED) POLITICAL ACTIVITIES OF FEDERAL EMPLOYEES Employees in Certain Agencies...

Two Major Medicinal Honeys Have Different Mechanisms of Bactericidal Activity

PubMed Central

Kwakman, Paulus H. S.; te Velde, Anje A.; de Boer, Leonie; Vandenbroucke-Grauls, Christina M. J. E.; Zaat, Sebastian A. J.

2011-01-01

Honey is increasingly valued for its antibacterial activity, but knowledge regarding the mechanism of action is still incomplete. We assessed the bactericidal activity and mechanism of action of Revamil® source (RS) honey and manuka honey, the sources of two major medical-grade honeys. RS honey killed Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa within 2 hours, whereas manuka honey had such rapid activity only against B. subtilis. After 24 hours of incubation, both honeys killed all tested bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, but manuka honey retained activity up to higher dilutions than RS honey. Bee defensin-1 and H2O2 were the major factors involved in rapid bactericidal activity of RS honey. These factors were absent in manuka honey, but this honey contained 44-fold higher concentrations of methylglyoxal than RS honey. Methylglyoxal was a major bactericidal factor in manuka honey, but after neutralization of this compound manuka honey retained bactericidal activity due to several unknown factors. RS and manuka honey have highly distinct compositions of bactericidal factors, resulting in large differences in bactericidal activity. PMID:21394213

Stability of thermostable alkaline protease from Bacillus licheniformis RP1 in commercial solid laundry detergent formulations.

PubMed

Sellami-Kamoun, Alya; Haddar, Anissa; Ali, Nedra El-Hadj; Ghorbel-Frikha, Basma; Kanoun, Safia; Nasri, Moncef

2008-01-01

The stability of crude extracellular protease produced by Bacillus licheniformis RP1, isolated from polluted water, in various solid laundry detergents was investigated. The enzyme had an optimum pH and temperature at pH 10.0-11.0 and 65-70 degrees C. Enzyme activity was inhibited by PMSF, suggesting that the preparation contains a serine-protease. The alkaline protease showed extreme stability towards non-ionic (5% Tween 20% and 5% Triton X-100) and anionic (0.5% SDS) surfactants, which retained 100% and above 73%, respectively, of its initial activity after preincubation 60 min at 40 degrees C. The RP1 protease showed excellent stability and compatibility with a wide range of commercial solid detergents at temperatures from 40 to 50 degrees C, suggesting its further application in detergent industry. The enzyme retained 95% of its initial activity with Ariel followed by Axion (94%) then Dixan (93.5%) after preincubation 60 min at 40 degrees C in the presence of 7 mg/ml of detergents. In the presence of Nadhif and New Det, the enzyme retained about 83.5% of the original activity. The effects of additives such as maltodextrin, sucrose and PEG 4000 on the stability of the enzyme during spray-drying and during subsequent storage in New Det detergent were also examined. All additives tested enhanced stability of the enzyme.

Excessive workload, uncertain career opportunities and lack of funding are important barriers to recruiting and retaining primary care medical researchers: a qualitative interview study.

PubMed

Thomsen, Janus Laust; Jarbøl, Dorthe; Søndergaard, Jens

2006-10-01

Research activity in primary care has been steadily increasing, but is still insufficient and more researchers are needed. Many initiatives have been launched to recruit and retain primary care researchers, but only little is known about barriers and facilitators to a research career in primary care. To examine barriers and facilitators to recruiting and retaining primary care medical researchers. Semi-structured interviews with 33 primary care medical researchers, all medical doctors. We used a phenomenological approach to analysing the interviews. Important barriers to pursuing a research career in primary care were heavy workload, isolation at work, short-term funding and low salary. Important facilitators to attracting and retaining primary care researchers were the desire and opportunity to improve primary care, the flexible working conditions, the career opportunities, including the possibility of combining university-based research with clinical work and a friendly and competent research environment. Better strategies for recruiting and retaining researchers are a prerequisite for the development of primary care, and in future the main emphasis should be on working conditions, networking and mentoring. Studies including those primary care physicians who have chosen not to do research are highly needed.

Retained placenta--a major cause of maternal morbidity.

PubMed

Marahatta, Rita

2012-03-01

Retained placenta is a condition when placenta is not delivered by 30 minutes after delivery of baby. It commonly occurs among those women who deliver at home and it is responsible for more of maternal morbidity and mortality. One reason behind this is it mostly occurs in home delivery where active management of third stage of labour is lacking and once it takes place it increases the chances of post partum haemorrhage (PPH) and sepsis irrespective of place of delivery. In this prospective study carried out in a Hospital which is located at a distance of 10-12 kilometers from the centre of the capital, we tried to find out the prevalence of retained placenta, its relation with the place of delivery, steps taken to manage the cases of retained placenta and morbidity in terms of blood loss and hospital stay. The frequency of retained placenta in this study is 3.96% with majority having home delivery (82.8%). Those women who had blood loss of more than 1 litre (4.0%) all were home deliveries. Among all 12.0% cases had severe anaemia and needed significant amount of blood transfusion. All cases with retained placenta were first tried with use of oxytocics and controlled cord traction followed by manual removal of placenta under general anaesthesia. All cases were successfully managed with control cord traction (CCT) except 18 cases who needed manual removal of placenta (MRP).

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme stability in filter paper dried blood spots.

PubMed

Flores, Sharon R; Hall, Elizabeth M; De Jesús, Víctor R

2017-10-01

Prior to initial distribution of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) proficiency testing (PT) materials, we evaluated G6PD enzyme stability in dried blood spots (DBS) under various temperature and humidity environments to develop storage and usage guidelines for our new materials. We prepared fresh G6PD-normal DBS materials and conducted stability evaluations of daily use and short and long-term storage under various temperature and humidity environments. G6PD DBS PT materials retained 92% of initial activity after 30days of use at 4°C. Materials stored at -20°C and 4°C with desiccant for 30days retained 95% and 90% of initial activity, respectively. When stored for one year at -20°C or six months at 4°C specimens retained >90% of initial activity. Specimens stored at 37°C with desiccant lost 10% activity in three days. At the end of 30days, specimens stored under 'Extreme'-humidity >50% without desiccant- conditions at 37°C assayed below the NSQAP cut off for G6PD. Humidity exacerbated loss of enzyme activity with increasing temperature and time duration. Data suggest that G6PD PT materials can be stored at 4°C and used for up to one month and can be stored at -20°C for one year and yield >90% enzyme activity. Exposure to warm temperatures, especially with elevated humidity, should be avoided. Desiccant should always be used to mitigate humidity effects. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Permeability of low molecular weight organics through nanofiltration membranes.

PubMed

Meylan, Sébastien; Hammes, Frederik; Traber, Jacqueline; Salhi, Elisabeth; von Gunten, Urs; Pronk, Wouter

2007-09-01

The removal of natural organic matter (NOM) using nanofiltration (NF) is increasingly becoming an option for drinking water treatment. Low molecular weight (LMW) organic compounds are nevertheless only partially retained by such membranes. Bacterial regrowth and biofilm formation in the drinking water distribution system is favoured by the presence of such compounds, which in this context are considered as the assimilable organic carbon (AOC). In this study, the question of whether NF produces microbiologically stable water was addressed. Two NF membranes (cut-off of about 300Da) were tested with different natural and synthetic water samples in a cross-flow filtration unit. NOM was characterised by liquid chromatography with organic carbon detection (LC-OCD) using a size-exclusion column in addition to specific organic acid measurements, while AOC was measured in a batch growth bioassay. Similarly to high molecular weight organic compounds like polysaccharides or humic substances that have a permeability lower than 1%, charged LMW organic compounds were efficiently retained by the NF membranes tested and showed a permeability lower than 3%. However, LMW neutrals and hydrophobic organic compounds permeate to a higher extent through the membranes and have a permeability of up to 6% and 12%, respectively. Furthermore, AOC was poorly retained by NF and the apparent AOC concentration measured in the permeated water was above the proposed limit for microbiologically stable water. This indicates that the drinking water produced by NF might be biologically unstable in the distribution system. Nevertheless, in comparison with the raw water, NF significantly reduced the AOC concentration.

A selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma modulator, telmisartan, binds to the receptor in a different fashion from thiazolidinediones.

PubMed

Tagami, Tetsuya; Yamamoto, Hiroyuki; Moriyama, Kenji; Sawai, Kuniko; Usui, Takeshi; Shimatsu, Akira; Naruse, Mitsuhide

2009-02-01

Angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers are widely used for the treatment of hypertension, and one angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker, telmisartan, specifically activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma. We studied the impact of PPARgamma mutants on transcriptional control and interaction with cofactors to elucidate differences in the molecular mechanism between telmisartan and other PPARgamma agonists, thiazolidinediones (TZDs). We created several amino acid substitutions in the ligand binding domain of PPARgamma that, based on molecular modeling, may affect the binding of these agents. In transient expression experiments, wild-type PPARgamma-mediated transcription stimulated by telmisartan was more than one third of that stimulated by TZDs. The activation stimulated by TZDs was impaired, whereas activation stimulated by telmisartan was retained, in the H323Y, S342A, and H449A mutants. In the Y473A mutant, the TZD-induced activation was further impaired and lower than that of telmisartan-induced activation. Coexpression of coactivators enhanced the activation by both telmisartan and TZDs, but activation by telmisartan always exceeded that of TZDs in the Y473A mutant. Based on a mammalian two-hybrid assay, the interaction with corepressors was retained in Y473A. Telmisartan and TZDs, but not 9cis retinoic acid, dissociated corepressors from the wild-type PPARgamma. Telmisartan most effectively dissociated corepressors from Y473A. The interaction with coactivators was enhanced by TZD activation of wild-type PPARgamma and both telmisartan and TZD activation of Y473A. Thus, the Y473A mutant is selectively stimulated by telmisartan but not TZDs, suggesting that telmisartan and TZDs have differential effects on the transcriptional control. In conclusion, these PPARgamma mutants could be powerful tools for developing novel therapeutic agents that retain the metabolic efficacy of PPARgamma activation with fewer adverse effects, such as the increase in body weight associated with TZDs.

Oral mark in the application of an individual identification: From ashes to truth.

PubMed

Chugh, Anshul; Narwal, Anumeha

2017-01-01

Forensic odontology is the branch of dentistry which deals with the proper handling, examination, evaluation and presentation of dental findings in the interest of justice. After major disasters and perimortem assaults such as earthquakes, fires, severe head and neck trauma or gross decomposition, accurate and early identification of dead and injured becomes important. In the absence of other records in such cases, identification is based on restorations, missing teeth and prosthetic devices such as partial and complete removable/fixed prosthesis or implant retained devices. This brings out the major role of prosthodontics to investigate the identity of suspects in the criminal cases as well as the deceased human beings in traumatic injuries or in disasters. Denture identification systems are being used as means of postmortem identification of edentulous persons which has evolved from the inclusion of some form of printed label in a denture to more high-tech methods. The provision of implant retained complete lower denture, antemortem, and postmortem radiographs of edentulous persons and correlation of bite marks using special impression techniques provide another potential source of evidence for human identification. Hence, this literature review throws some light on the role played by prosthodontist in forensic odontology.

Retention of sequential drug discriminations under fixed-interval schedules for long time periods without training.

PubMed

Li, Mi; McMillan, Donald E

2003-08-22

The experiments showed that sequential drug discriminations can be learned and retained under a fixed-interval (FI) schedule for more than 18 months without additional training under a complex three-choice procedure. Pigeons were trained to discriminate among 5 mg/kg pentobarbital, 2 mg/kg D-amphetamine, and saline. After responding stabilized, dose-response curves were determined for other drugs. Subsequently, pentobarbital was replaced with 5 mg/kg morphine as a training drug, and D-amphetamine was replaced with 30 mg/kg caffeine. After the pigeons learned these new discriminations, dose-response curves were redetermined. Initially, chlordiazepoxide substituted for pentobarbital, cocaine substituted for D-amphetamine, and nicotine partially substituted for D-amphetamine. Morphine, Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and caffeine did not substitute for either drug. After retraining with morphine and caffeine, responding occurred on the pentobarbital/morphine key after pentobarbital, chlordiazepoxide and morphine and on the D-amphetamine/caffeine key after D-amphetamine, cocaine and caffeine. After nicotine and Delta9-tetrahyrdocannabinol, responding occurred on the saline key. These data show that drug discriminations learned under fixed-interval schedules are retained for long time periods, even when discrimination training with other drugs occurs during the retention period.

Active Learning in the Classroom: The Use of Group Role Plays.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kitzerow, Phyllis

1990-01-01

Describes group role-playing activities that have been used to teach about education, criminology, and sex roles. Suggests that role play helps students to absorb and retain many of the insights about the issues involved. (DB)

Comparison of Stability of the Results of Orthodontic Treatment and Gingival Health between Hawley and Vacuum-formed Retainers.

PubMed

Moslemzadeh, Seyed H; Sohrabi, Aydin; Rafighi, Ali; Farshidnia, Somaieh

2018-04-01

Aim: Retention is one of the stages of orthodontic treatment, which is an attempt to retain teeth in their corrected positions after active treatment with the use of fixed orthodontic appliances. The aim of the present study was to compare the stability of the results of orthodontic treatment and the gingival health between Hawley retainer (HR) and vacuum-formed retainer (VFR) with two different thicknesses. Materials and methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 66 patients undergoing comprehensive orthodontic treatment in a private office were evaluated after completion of treatment. The subjects were randomly assigned to three groups. At the end of orthodontic treatment, the subjects in all the groups received a fixed bonded retainer in the mandible; in the maxilla, group I received an HR, group II received a VFR with a thickness of 1.5 mm, and group III received a VFR with a thickness of 1 mm. The American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system (ABO-OGS) index was used at the end of treatment (before the delivery of the retainers) and 6 months after the use of retainers to evaluate the stability of the results of orthodontic treatment. Gingival index (GI) was used at the two above-mentioned intervals to evaluate gingival health. The ABO-OGS measurements were carried out on dental casts by a clinician who was blinded to the types of retainers the patients wore. Data were analyzed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20, using proper statistical analyses. Results: Six months after the delivery of retainers, ABO-OGS and GI scores with the 1.5 mm VFR were higher than those in the two other groups, with no significant differences between the three groups. There were no significant differences between the ABO-OGS scores before the delivery of retainers and 6 months after the use of retainers in any of the study groups. In the HR and 1.5 mm VFR groups, there were significant differences in GI scores between the period before the delivery of the retainers and 6 months after their delivery; however, in the 1 mm VFR group, no significant differences were observed in GI scores between the two time intervals. Conclusion: Hawley retainer and 1 mm thick and 1.5 mm thick VFRs were equally effective in preserving and stabilizing the results of orthodontic treatment during the 6-month interval after the completion of orthodontic treatment. In addition, there were no significant differences between the three retainers in relation to gingival health. Clinical significance: The VFR might be a good alternative for HR due to its better esthetic appearance and greater popularity with orthodontic patients. Keywords: American Board of Orthodontics model grading system, American Board of Orthodontics objective frading system, Gingival index, Hawley retainers, Vacuum-formed retainers.

On the retention of high-energy protons and nuclei with charges Z or equal to 2 in large solar flares after the process of their acceleration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Volodichev, N. N.; Kuzhevsky, B. M.; Nechaev, O. Y.; Savenko, I. A.

1985-01-01

Data which suggest that the protons with energies of up to several GeV should be retained on the Sun after the process of their acceleration are presented. The protons are on the average retained for 15 min, irrespectively of the solar flare heliolatitude and of the accelerated particle energy ranging from 100 MeV to several GeV. It is suggested that the particles are retained in a magnetic trap formed in a solar active region. No Z or = 2 nuclei of solar origin during large solar flares. The absence of the 500 MeV/nucleon nuclei with Z or = 2 may be due to their retention in the magnetic trap which also retains the high-energy protons. During the trapping time the approx. 500 MeV/nucleon nuclei with Z or = 2 may escape due to nuclear interactions and ionization loss.

Influence of putrescine and carnauba wax on functional and sensory quality of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruits during storage.

PubMed

Barman, Kalyan; Asrey, Ram; Pal, R K; Kaur, Charanjit; Jha, S K

2014-01-01

Functional properties (anthocyanins, antioxidant, ascorbic acid and tannin) and sensory score were determined in pomegranate fruits at two storage temperatures (3 and 5 °C) after treatment with 2 mM putrescine and 1 : 10 carnauba wax (carnauba wax : water). The treatments (putrescine and carnauba wax) were given by immersion method followed by storage up to 60 days. Both treatments retained significantly higher anthocyanins, antioxidant, ascorbic acid, tannin and sensory qualities as compared with control fruits under both the storage conditions. Combined application of putrescine + carnauba wax showed better response in retaining functional properties than putrescine treated or nontreated fruits. The impacts of putrescine and carnauba wax treatments were found more pronounced after 30 days at 3-5 °C storage temperature in retaining functional and sensory qualities. After 60 days of storage, putrescine + carnauba wax retained about 25% higher antioxidant activity both at 3 and 5 °C storage temperatures.

A Survey of Removable Partial Denture (RPD) Retentive Elements in Relation to the Type of Edentulism and Abutment Teeth Found in Commercial Laboratories, Athens, Greece

PubMed Central

Sotiriou, Michael; Zissis, Alcibiades

2014-01-01

Objective The aim of this survey was to record removable partial denture (RPD) retentive elements and abutment teeth in partially edentulous patients, identified in commercial laboratories in Athens, Greece. Material and Methods 628 master casts with the corresponding cast metal frameworks used in the construction of RPDs were evaluated. Casts were photographed to identify the number and position of existing teeth, the partial edentulism class and the retentive elements. Prevalence tables and the x2 test were used for the statistical analysis of the collected data (α=.05). Results There were 276 maxillary (43.9%) and 352 (56.1%) mandibular casts. Maxillary edentulism entailed almost a total absence of right third molars in 96.7% and left third molars 96.0% of casts, with lower rates for the first and second molars. Edentulism in the posterior mandible presented a similar pattern. The most profound findings concerning retentive elements were: 91.9% of the retainers used were clasps and the remaining 8.1% were attachments. Of the clasps used, 48.9% were of the Roach Τ type, a finding more common in Kennedy Class I as compared to other Kennedy Classes (p<0.01). The circumferential clasps accounted for 19.3% of the total clasps used, and it was less frequently presented (8.8%) in Kennedy I Classes (p<0.01). Conclusions Roach clasps were used in the majority of cases whereas RPI clasps and attachments were rarely used. PMID:27688367

Pharmacologic intervention for retained placenta: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PubMed

Duffy, James M N; Mylan, Sophie; Showell, Marian; Wilson, Matthew J A; Khan, Khalid S

2015-03-01

To assess the effectiveness and safety of pharmacologic interventions for the treatment of retained placenta (when the placenta remains undelivered after 30 minutes of active management of the third stage of labor). We searched: 1) Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), 2) Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register, 3) EMBASE, and 4) MEDLINE from inception to June 2014. Randomized controlled trials comparing a pharmacologic intervention(s) with a placebo for the treatment of retained placenta were included. Sixteen randomized controlled trials, including 1,683 participants, were included. Study characteristics and quality were recorded. The meta-analysis was based on random-effects methods for pooled data. There were no statistically significant differences in the requirement to perform manual removal of a placenta in patients treated with oxytocin (55% compared with 60%; relative risk [RR] 0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.73-1.02; 10 randomized controlled trials [RCTs]), prostaglandins (44% compared with 55%; RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.58-1.15; four RCTs), nitroglycerin (85% compared with 80%; RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.80-1.41; one RCT), or oxytocin and nitroglycerin (52% compared with 79%; RR 0.23, 95% CI 0.01-8.48; two RCTs) compared with placebo. There was limited reporting of secondary outcomes. As opposed to the use of oxytocin as part of the active management of the third stage of labor that has been shown to diminish bleeding in the third stage, once the diagnosis of retained placenta has been made, no pharmacologic treatment has been shown to be effective. When retained placenta is diagnosed, immediate manual removal of the placenta should be considered. PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews, http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, CRD42014010641.

Return to Sports and Physical Activities After Primary Partial Arthrodesis for Lisfranc Injuries in Young Patients.

PubMed

MacMahon, Aoife; Kim, Paul; Levine, David S; Burket, Jayme; Roberts, Matthew M; Drakos, Mark C; Deland, Jonathan T; Elliott, Andrew J; Ellis, Scott J

2016-04-01

Research regarding outcomes in sports and physical activities after primary partial arthrodesis for Lisfranc injuries has been sparse. The purposes of this study were to assess various sports and physical activities in young patients following primary partial arthrodesis for Lisfranc injuries and to compare these with clinical outcomes. Patients who underwent primary partial arthrodesis for a Lisfranc injury were identified by a retrospective registry review. Thirty-eight of 46 eligible patients (83%) responded for follow-up at a mean of 5.2 (range, 1.0 to 9.3) years with a mean age at surgery of 31.8 (range, 16.8 to 50.3) years. Physical activity participation was assessed with a new sports-specific, patient-administered questionnaire. Clinical outcomes were assessed with the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS). Patients participated in 29 different and 155 total physical activities preoperatively, and 27 different and 145 total physical activities postoperatively. Preoperatively, 47.1% were high impact, and postoperatively, 44.8% were high impact. The most common activities were walking, bicycling, running, and weightlifting. Compared to preoperatively, difficulty was the same in 66% and increased in 34% of physical activities. Participation levels were improved in 11%, the same in 64%, and impaired in 25% of physical activities. Patients spent on average 4.2 (range, 0.0 to 19.8) hours per week exercising postoperatively. In regard to return to physical activity, 97% of respondents were satisfied with their operative outcome. Mean postoperative FAOS subscores were significantly worse for patients who had increased physical activity difficulty. Most patients were able to return to their previous physical activities following primary partial arthrodesis for a Lisfranc injury, many of which were high-impact. However, the decreased participation or increase in difficulty of some activities suggests that some patients experienced postoperative limitations in exercise. Future studies could compare sports outcomes between primary partial arthrodesis and open reduction internal fixation for Lisfranc injuries. Level IV, retrospective case series. © The Author(s) 2015.

24 CFR 570.208 - Criteria for national objectives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...- and moderate-income persons to be considered is the creation or retention of jobs, except as provided... or 92.254 are met. (4) Job creation or retention activities. An activity designed to create or retain... activity designed to provide job training and placement and/or other employment support services, including...

20 CFR 633.302 - Training activities and services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Training activities and services. 633.302... activities and services. (a) A grantee may provide assistance to eligible individuals to obtain or retain... agricultural employment through training and supportive services which may include, but are not limited to: (1...

20 CFR 633.302 - Training activities and services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Training activities and services. 633.302... activities and services. (a) A grantee may provide assistance to eligible individuals to obtain or retain... agricultural employment through training and supportive services which may include, but are not limited to: (1...

Production, purification, and properties of a lipase from a bacterium (Pseudomonas aeruginosa YS-7) capable of growing in water-restricted environments.

PubMed Central

Shabtai, Y; Daya-Mishne, N

1992-01-01

An extracellular lipase from the low-water-tolerant bacterium P. aeruginosa YS-7 was produced, purified, and characterized with respect to its functional properties in aqueous solutions and organic solvents. The enzyme was partially released from the cells during fermentation in defined medium with 5% (wt/vol) soybean oil. Approximately one-half of the total culture activity remained in solution after removal of cells. More than 95% of the activity was found in culture supernatant after mild detergent treatment (10 mM sodium deoxycholate) or after shifting the carbon source during the fermentation from triglyceride to a free fatty acid. The enzyme was recovered from an acetone precipitate of the whole culture and purified by hydrophobic interaction chromatography, yielding a preparation having a specific activity of about 1,300 mumol of fatty acid mg-1 h-1. The lipase (molecular size, approximately 40 kDa) hydrolyzes a variety of fatty acid esters and has an optimum pH of about 7. The enzyme retained its full activity at 20 to 55 degrees C, even after prolonged exposure (more than 30 days) to different concentrations of water-miscible organic solvents such as alcohols, glycols, pyridine, acetonitrile, dimethyl formamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide. The hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl laurate ester and of triglyceride emulsified in water was slightly accelerated with increasing concentrations of alcohols and glycols up to about 20% but was abolished with a further increase in alcohol concentration or in the presence of acetonitrile. In contrast, the rate of hydrolysis of these substrates in concentrated solutions of dimethyl formamide or dimethyl sulfoxide was markedly increased, by more than twofold and more than fivefold, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Images PMID:1539972

Immunologic analysis of human breast cancer progesterone receptors. 1. Immunonaffinity purification of transformed receptors and production of monoclonal antibodies

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Estes, P.A.; Suba, E.J.; Lawler-Heavner, J.

1987-09-22

A monoclonal antibody (MAb), designated PR-6, produced against chick oviduct progesterone receptors cross-reacts with the M/sub r/ 120,000 human B receptors. An immunomatrix prepared with PR-6 was used to purify progesterone receptors (PR) from T47D human breast cancer cells. Single-step immunoaffinity chromatography results in enrichment of B receptors (identified by immunoblot with PR-6 and by photoaffinity labeling with (/sup 3/H)promegestone) to a specific activity of 1915 pmol/mg of protein (or 23% purity) and with 27% yield. Purity and yields as judged by gel electrophoresis and densitometric scanning of the B protein were approximately 1.7-fold higher due to partial loss inmore » hormone binding activity at the elution step. B receptors purified under these conditions are transformed and biologically active. They were maintained as undergraded 120-kDa doublets and retained both hormone and DNA binding activities. These purified B receptors were used as immunogen for production of four monoclonal antibodies against human PR. Three of the MAbs, designated as B-30 (IgG/sub 1/), B-64 (IgG/sub 1/), and B-11 (IgM), are specific for B receptors. The fourth MAb, A/B-52 (IgG/sub 1/), reacts with both A and B receptors. The IgG MAbs are monospecific for human PR since they recognize and absorb native receptor-hormone complexes, displace the sedimentation of 4S receptors on salt containing sucrose gradients, and, by immunoblot assay of crude T47D cytosol, react only with receptor polypeptides. Although mice were injected with B receptors only, production of A/B-52 which recognized both A and B receptors provides evidence that these two proteins share regions of structural homology.« less

Mutant FGF-23 responsible for autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets is resistant to proteolytic cleavage and causes hypophosphatemia in vivo.

PubMed

Shimada, Takashi; Muto, Takanori; Urakawa, Itaru; Yoneya, Takashi; Yamazaki, Yuji; Okawa, Katsuya; Takeuchi, Yasuhiro; Fujita, Toshiro; Fukumoto, Seiji; Yamashita, Takeyoshi

2002-08-01

FGF-23 is involved in the pathogenesis of two similar hypophosphatemic diseases, autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia (ADHR) and tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO). We have shown that the overproduction of FGF-23 by tumors causes TIO. In contrast, ADHR derives from missense mutations in FGF-23 gene. However, it has been unclear how those mutations affect phosphate metabolism. Therefore, we produced mutant as well as wild-type FGF-23 proteins and examined their biological activity. Western blot analysis using site-specific antibodies showed that wild-type FGF-23 secreted into conditioned media was partially cleaved between Arg(179) and Ser(180). In addition, further processing of the cleaved N-terminal portion was observed. In constrast, mutant FGF-23 proteins found in ADHR were resistant to the cleavage. In order to clarify which molecule has the biological activity to induce hypophosphatemia, we separated full-length protein, the N-terminal and C-terminal fragments of wild-type FGF-23. When the activity of each fraction was examined in vivo, only the full-length FGF-23 decreased serum phosphate. Mutant FGF-23 protein that was resistant to the cleavage also retained the activity to induce hypophosphatemia. The extent of hypophosphatemia induced by the single administration of either wild-type or the mutant full-length FGF-23 protein was similar. In addition, implantation of CHO cells expressing the mutant FGF-23 protein caused hypophosphatemia and the decrease of bone mineral content. We conclude that ADHR is caused by hypophosphatemic action of mutant full-length FGF-23 proteins that are resistant to the cleavage between Arg(179) and Ser(180).

Protease-Activated Receptor 4 Variant p.Tyr157Cys Reduces Platelet Functional Responses and Alters Receptor Trafficking.

PubMed

Norman, Jane E; Cunningham, Margaret R; Jones, Matthew L; Walker, Mary E; Westbury, Sarah K; Sessions, Richard B; Mundell, Stuart J; Mumford, Andrew D

2016-05-01

Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is a key regulator of platelet reactivity and is encoded by F2RL3, which has abundant rare missense variants. We aimed to provide proof of principle that rare F2LR3 variants potentially affect platelet reactivity and responsiveness to PAR1 antagonist drugs and to explore underlying molecular mechanisms. We identified 6 rare F2RL3 missense variants in 236 cardiac patients, of which the variant causing a tyrosine 157 to cysteine substitution (Y157C) was predicted computationally to have the greatest effect on PAR4 structure. Y157C platelets from 3 cases showed reduced responses to PAR4-activating peptide and to α-thrombin compared with controls, but no reduction in responses to PAR1-activating peptide. Pretreatment with the PAR1 antagonist vorapaxar caused lower residual α-thrombin responses in Y157C platelets than in controls, indicating greater platelet inhibition. HEK293 cells transfected with a PAR4 Y157C expression construct had reduced PAR4 functional responses, unchanged total PAR4 expression but reduced surface expression. PAR4 Y157C was partially retained in the endoplasmic reticulum and displayed an expression pattern consistent with defective N-glycosylation. Mutagenesis of Y322, which is the putative hydrogen bond partner of Y157, also reduced PAR4 surface expression in HEK293 cells. Reduced PAR4 responses associated with Y157C result from aberrant anterograde surface receptor trafficking, in part, because of disrupted intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Characterization of PAR4 Y157C establishes that rare F2RL3 variants have the potential to markedly alter platelet PAR4 reactivity particularly after exposure to therapeutic PAR1 antagonists. © 2016 American Heart Association, Inc.

Mechanism of clathrin basket dissociation: separate functions of protein domains of the DnaJ homologue auxilin

PubMed Central

1996-01-01

Auxilin was recently identified as cofactor for hsc70 in the uncoating of clathrin-coated vesicles (Ungewickell, E., H. Ungewickell, S.E. Holstein, R. Lindner, K. Prasad, W. Barouch, B. Martin, L.E. Greene, and E. Eisenberg. 1995. Nature (Lond.). 378: 632-635). By constructing different glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-auxilin fragments, we show here that cooperation of auxilin's J domain (segment 813-910) with an adjoining clathrin binding domain (segment 547-814) suffices to dissociate clathrin baskets in the presence of hsc70 and ATP. When the two domains are expressed as separate GST fusion proteins, the cofactor activity is lost, even though both retain their respective functions. The clathrin binding domain binds to triskelia like intact auxilin with a maximum stoichiometry of 3 and concomitantly promotes their assembly into regular baskets. A fragment containing auxilin's J domain associates in an ATP-dependent reaction with hsc70 to form a complex with a half-life of 8 min at 25 degrees C. When the clathrin binding domain and the J domain are recombined via dimerization of their GST moieties, cofactor activity is partially recovered. The interaction between auxilin's J domain and hsc70 causes rapid hydrolysis of bound ATP. Release of inorganic phosphate appears to be correlated with the disintegration of the complex between auxilin's J domain and hsc70. We infer that the metastable complex composed of auxilin, hsc70, ADP, and P(i) contains an activated form of hsc70, primed to engage clathrin that is brought into apposition with it by the DnaJ homologue auxilin. PMID:8922377

Late-onset Stargardt disease is associated with missense mutations that map outside known functional regions of ABCR (ABCA4).

PubMed

Yatsenko, A N; Shroyer, N F; Lewis, R A; Lupski, J R

2001-04-01

Based on recent studies of the photoreceptor-specific ABC transporter gene ABCR (ABCA4) in Stargardt disease (STGD1) and other retinal dystrophies, we and others have developed a model in which the severity of retinal disease correlates inversely with residual ABCR activity. This model predicts that patients with late-onset STGDI may retain partial ABCR activity attributable to mild missense alleles. To test this hypothesis, we used late-onset STGDI patients (onset: > or =35 years) to provide an in vivo functional analysis of various combinations of mutant alleles. We sequenced directly the entire coding region of ABCR and detected mutations in 33/50 (66%) disease chromosomes, but surprisingly, 11/33 (33%) were truncating alleles. Importantly, all 22 missense mutations were located outside the known functional domains of ABCR (ATP-binding or transmembrane), whereas in our general cohort of STGDI subjects, alterations occurred with equal frequency across the entire protein. We suggest that these missense mutations in regions of unknown function are milder alleles and more susceptible to modifier effects. Thus, we have corroborated a prediction from the model of ABCR pathogenicity that (1) one mutant ABCR allele is always missense in late-onset STGD1 patients, and (2) the age-of-onset is correlated with the amount of ABCR activity of this allele. In addition, we report three new pseudodominant families that now comprise eight of 178 outbred STGD1 families and suggest a carrier frequency of STGD1-associated ABCR mutations of about 4.5% (approximately 1/22).

Trypsin from the processing waste of the lane snapper (Lutjanus synagris) and its compatibility with oxidants, surfactants and commercial detergents.

PubMed

Espósito, Talita S; Marcuschi, Marina; Amaral, Ian P G; Carvalho, Luiz B; Bezerra, Ranilson S

2010-05-26

A trypsin from the viscera of the lane snapper (Lutjanus synagris) was purified by heat treatment, fractionation with ammonium sulfate and affinity chromatography. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 28.4 kDa (SDS-PAGE). The purified enzyme was capable of hydrolyzing the specific substrate for trypsin benzoyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BApNA) and was inhibited by benzamidine and tosyl lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), synthetic trypsin inhibitors and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), which is a serine-protease inhibitor. The enzyme exhibited maximal activity at pH 9.0 and 45 degrees C and retained 100% of the activity after incubation at the optimal temperature for 30 min. At a concentration of 10 mM, activity was slightly activated by Ca(2+) and inhibited by the following ions in decreasing order: Cd(2+) > Hg(2+) > Cu(2+) > Zn(2+) > Al(3+). The effects of Ba(2+), K(1+) and Li(1+) proved to be less intensive. Using 1% (w/v) azocasein as substrate, the enzyme revealed high resistance (60% residual activity) when incubated with 10% H(2)O(2) for 75 min. The enzyme retained more than 80% activity after 60 min in the presence of different surfactants (Tween 20, Tween 80 and sodium choleate). The alkaline protease demonstrated compatibility with commercial detergents (7 mg/mL), such as Bem-te-vi, Surf and Ala, retaining more than 50% of initial activity after 60 min at 25 degrees C and 30 min at 40 degrees C. The thermostability and compatibility of this enzyme with commercial detergents suggest a good potentiality for application in the detergent industry.

Optimization and Immobilization of Purified Labeo rohita Visceral Protease by Entrapment Method

PubMed Central

Geethanjali, S.; Subash, Anitha

2013-01-01

The purified fish visceral protease enzyme was immobilized by using various concentrations of sodium alginate and calcium chloride to optimize the best concentration for the formation of the beads. Then it was characterized by assaying the optimal pH, temperature, storage stability and reusability. The results on immobilization with sodium alginate and calcium chloride showed that a combination of 2% sodium alginate and 0.3 M calcium chloride weas found to be the optimum concentration for the formation of spherical and stable beads, this gave a maximal entrapped activity of 48.31%, and there was no change in the optimum pH 8.0 and temperature 40°C of protease before and after entrapment. The results on stability and reusability indicated that it was stable at 4°C retaining 100% residual activity after 5 days of storage and 67% loss of activity after ten days of storage and it retained 100% residual activity on the first reuse, 75% residual activity on the second reuse, 25% residual activity on the third use and complete loss in the activity on the fourth reuse. PMID:23533718

[The structure and antimicrobial activity of the partial degradation products of the antibiotic eremomycin].

PubMed

Berdnikova, T F; Lomakina, N N; Olsuf'eva, E N; Aleksandrova, L G; Potapova, N P; Rozynov, B V; Malkova, I V; Orlova, G I

1991-06-01

Antimicrobial activity of partial degradation products of eremomycin, a new glycopeptide antibiotic, was studied. The products formed by eremomycin deglycosylation (deseremosaminyl eremomycin, eremosaminyl aglycone and aglycone) and elimination of the chlorine atom from the molecule aglycone moiety (dechloroeremomycin). The spectral data in favour of the compounds structure are presented. It was found that partial degradation led to a decrease in the antimicrobial activity of the antibiotic. Dechloreremomycin had the highest activity among the products. Its MIC for the methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus was only twice as low as that of the initial antibiotic.

Electrophysiological Perspectives on the Therapeutic Use of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Partial AgonistsS⃞

PubMed Central

Trocmé-Thibierge, Caryn; Guendisch, Daniela; Al Rubaiy, Shehd Abdullah Abbas; Bloom, Stephen A.

2011-01-01

Partial agonist therapies rely variously on two hypotheses: the partial agonists have their effects through chronic low-level receptor activation or the partial agonists work by decreasing the effects of endogenous or exogenous full agonists. The relative significance of these activities probably depends on whether acute or chronic effects are considered. We studied nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes to test a model for the acute interactions between acetylcholine (ACh) and weak partial agonists. Data were best-fit to a basic competition model that included an additional factor for noncompetitive inhibition. Partial agonist effects were compared with the nAChR antagonist bupropion in prolonged bath application experiments that were designed to mimic prolonged drug exposure typical of therapeutic drug delivery. A primary effect of prolonged application of nicotine was to decrease the response of all nAChR subtypes to acute applications of ACh. In addition, nicotine, cytisine, and varenicline produced detectable steady-state activation of α4β2* [(α4)2(β2)3, (α4)3(β2)2, and (α4)2(β2)2α5)] receptor subtypes that was not seen with other test compounds. Partial agonists produced no detectable steady-state activation of α7 nAChR, but seemed to show small potentiation of ACh-evoked responses; however, “run-up” of α7 ACh responses was also sometimes observed under control conditions. Potential off-target effects of the partial agonists therefore included the modulation of α7 responses by α4β2 partial agonists and decreases in α4β2* responses by α7-selective agonists. These data indicate the dual effects expected for α4β2* partial agonists and provide models and insights for utility of partial agonists in therapeutic development. PMID:21285282

Disposable swim diaper retention of Cryptosporidium-sized particles on human subjects in a recreational water setting.

PubMed

Amburgey, James E; Anderson, J Brian

2011-12-01

Cryptosporidium is a chlorine-resistant protozoan parasite responsible for the majority of waterborne disease outbreaks in recreational water venues in the USA. Swim diapers are commonly used by diaper-aged children participating in aquatic activities. This research was intended to evaluate disposable swim diapers for retaining 5-μm diameter polystyrene microspheres, which were used as non-infectious surrogates for Cryptosporidium oocysts. A hot tub recirculating water without a filter was used for this research. The microsphere concentration in the water was monitored at regular intervals following introduction of microspheres inside of a swim diaper while a human subject undertook normal swim/play activities. Microsphere concentrations in the bulk water showed that the majority (50-97%) of Cryptosporidium-sized particles were released from the swim diaper within 1 to 5 min regardless of the swim diaper type or configuration. After only 10 min of play, 77-100% of the microspheres had been released from all swim diapers tested. This research suggests that the swim diapers commonly used by diaper-aged children in swimming pools and other aquatic activities are of limited value in retaining Cryptosporidium-sized particles. Improved swim diaper solutions are necessary to efficiently retain pathogens and effectively safeguard public health in recreational water venues.

Recrystallization and Water Absorption Properties of Vitrified Trehalose Near Room Temperature.

PubMed

Shirakashi, Ryo; Takano, Kiyoshi

2018-05-10

To provide the physicochemical properties of vitrified trehalose for predicting its recrystallization. Thin films of vitrified trehalose solutions were prepared at room temperature and exposed to various humid and temperature atmospheres. The in-situ amount of retained water in the vacuum-dried trehalose thin film during exposure was determined using its FTIR spectrum by quantifying the extremely infinitesimal amount of retained water in the trehalose solution. Recrystallization of the sample was also assessed by the FTIR spectrum of trehalose dihydrate. The effective water absorption coefficient, h meff , exponentially increased to the water activity of the trehalose sample, A w , at 25°C and 40°C at which the increasing rates are comparable. The surface energy of trehalose dihydrate, γ, was found to be lower than the value calculated from the reported equation, neglecting the effects of the activity of the solute and solvent water. The retained water in trehalose considerably increases its affinity for water vapor, and the change in this affinity with regard to the water activity is nearly independent of temperature. The dihydrate nucleation rate of trehalose-water system is maximal when trehalose weight ratio is ~0.8 at 25°C and is slightly higher (~0.85) at 40°C.

Total knee replacement with retention of both cruciate ligaments: a 22-year follow-up study.

PubMed

Sabouret, P; Lavoie, F; Cloutier, J-M

2013-07-01

We report on the long-term results of 163 bicruciate-retaining Hermes 2C total knee replacements in 130 patients at a mean follow-up of 22.4 years (20.3 to 23.5). Even when the anterior cruciate ligament had a partially degenerative appearance it was preserved as long as the knee had a normal anterior drawer and Lachman's test pre-operatively. The description and surgical technique of this minimally constrained prosthesis were published in 1983 and the ten-year clinical results in 1999. A total of 12% of the knees (20 of 163) in this study were revised because of wear of the polyethylene tibial insert. Excellent stability was achieved and the incidence of aseptic component loosening was 4.3% (seven of 163). The survival rate using revision for any reason as the endpoint was 82% (95% confidence interval 76.2 to 88.0). Although this series included a relatively small number of replacements, it demonstrated that the anterior cruciate ligament, even when partially degenerated at the time of TKR, remained functional and provided adequate stability at a long-term follow-up.

A moving mesh finite difference method for equilibrium radiation diffusion equations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yang, Xiaobo, E-mail: xwindyb@126.com; Huang, Weizhang, E-mail: whuang@ku.edu; Qiu, Jianxian, E-mail: jxqiu@xmu.edu.cn

2015-10-01

An efficient moving mesh finite difference method is developed for the numerical solution of equilibrium radiation diffusion equations in two dimensions. The method is based on the moving mesh partial differential equation approach and moves the mesh continuously in time using a system of meshing partial differential equations. The mesh adaptation is controlled through a Hessian-based monitor function and the so-called equidistribution and alignment principles. Several challenging issues in the numerical solution are addressed. Particularly, the radiation diffusion coefficient depends on the energy density highly nonlinearly. This nonlinearity is treated using a predictor–corrector and lagged diffusion strategy. Moreover, the nonnegativitymore » of the energy density is maintained using a cutoff method which has been known in literature to retain the accuracy and convergence order of finite difference approximation for parabolic equations. Numerical examples with multi-material, multiple spot concentration situations are presented. Numerical results show that the method works well for radiation diffusion equations and can produce numerical solutions of good accuracy. It is also shown that a two-level mesh movement strategy can significantly improve the efficiency of the computation.« less

Cryogenic strength improvement by utilizing room-temperature deformation twinning in a partially recrystallized VCrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy

PubMed Central

Jo, Y. H.; Jung, S.; Choi, W. M.; Sohn, S. S.; Kim, H. S.; Lee, B. J.; Kim, N. J.; Lee, S.

2017-01-01

The excellent cryogenic tensile properties of the CrMnFeCoNi alloy are generally caused by deformation twinning, which is difficult to achieve at room temperature because of insufficient stress for twinning. Here, we induced twinning at room temperature to improve the cryogenic tensile properties of the CrMnFeCoNi alloy. Considering grain size effects on the critical stress for twinning, twins were readily formed in the coarse microstructure by cold rolling without grain refinement by hot rolling. These twins were retained by partial recrystallization and played an important role in improving strength, allowing yield strengths approaching 1 GPa. The persistent elongation up to 46% as well as the tensile strength of 1.3 GPa are attributed to additional twinning in both recrystallized and non-recrystallization regions. Our results demonstrate that non-recrystallized grains, which are generally avoided in conventional alloys because of their deleterious effect on ductility, can be useful in achieving high-strength high-entropy alloys. PMID:28604656

Spatial and temporal accuracy of asynchrony-tolerant finite difference schemes for partial differential equations at extreme scales

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumari, Komal; Donzis, Diego

2017-11-01

Highly resolved computational simulations on massively parallel machines are critical in understanding the physics of a vast number of complex phenomena in nature governed by partial differential equations. Simulations at extreme levels of parallelism present many challenges with communication between processing elements (PEs) being a major bottleneck. In order to fully exploit the computational power of exascale machines one needs to devise numerical schemes that relax global synchronizations across PEs. This asynchronous computations, however, have a degrading effect on the accuracy of standard numerical schemes.We have developed asynchrony-tolerant (AT) schemes that maintain order of accuracy despite relaxed communications. We show, analytically and numerically, that these schemes retain their numerical properties with multi-step higher order temporal Runge-Kutta schemes. We also show that for a range of optimized parameters,the computation time and error for AT schemes is less than their synchronous counterpart. Stability of the AT schemes which depends upon history and random nature of delays, are also discussed. Support from NSF is gratefully acknowledged.

Dimethylthiourea inhibits heart weight and hematocrit changes caused by dietary copper deficiency

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Saari, J.T.

1991-03-11

Feeding antioxidants to rats in a copper (Cu)-deficient diet can partially inhibit the cardiac enlargement and anemia caused by Cu deficiency. This study was done to determine whether an antioxidant which bypassed the gastrointestinal tract was also protective and whether an agent more potent than previously used was more effective in this inhibition. Male, weanling rats were fed diets deficient or sufficient in Cu for 4 wks. Dimethylthiourea (DMTU) or saline was injected (ip) 4 times a week; minimum amount of DMTU retained during the experiment was estimated to be 250 mg/kg. Unlike other antioxidants, DMTU completely prevented the increasemore » in heart wt/body wt ratio; like the other agents, it only partially inhibited the anemia of Cu deficiency. DMTU did not affect plasma or liver Cu content of CuD rats; however, heart copper of CuD rats was significantly increased by DMTU. The effects of DMTU on heart size and hematocrit (Hct) may be attributed to its antioxidant function, but the possibility of altered mineral status must also be considered.« less

Structural and electrochemical properties of annealed La1-xYxNi3.55Mno.4Alo.3Coo.75 hydrogen storage alloys.

PubMed

Du, Yulei; Li, Wei

2011-06-01

The effects of the annealing and partial substitution of Y for La on the structural and electrochemical properties of La1-xYxNi3.55Mno.4Alo.3Cro.75 (x = 0, 0.1 and 0.2) alloys were reported in the present work. The single-phased CaCu5-type structure was retained after La was partially substituted by Y. However, the increase of Y content leads to decrease of the lattice parameters and the unit-cell volume. The annealed Lao.9Yo.1Ni3.55Mno.4Alo.3Coo.75 alloys shows typical isometric microstructure, indicating that the composition segregation is improved by annealing. Y substitution for La in the alloys is effective to improve the electrochemical properties at both room temperature and high temperature. A critical substitution content of Y is found at x = 0.1. Copyright © 2011 The Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Two Regimes of Bandgap Red Shift and Partial Ambient Retention in Pressure-Treated Two-Dimensional Perovskites

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu, Gang; Kong, Lingping; Guo, Peijun

The discovery of elevated environmental stability in two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden–Popper hybrid perovskites represents a significant advance in low-cost, high-efficiency light absorbers. In comparison to 3D counterparts, 2D perovskites of organo-lead-halides exhibit wider, quantum-confined optical bandgaps that reduce the wavelength range of light absorption. Here, we characterize the structural and optical properties of 2D hybrid perovskites as a function of hydrostatic pressure. We observe bandgap narrowing with pressure of 633 meV that is partially retained following pressure release due to an atomic reconfiguration mechanism. We identify two distinct regimes of compression dominated by the softer organic and less compressible inorganic sublattices.more » Our findings, which also include PL enhancement, correlate well with density functional theory calculations and establish structure–property relationships at the atomic scale. These concepts can be expanded into other hybrid perovskites and suggest that pressure/strain processing could offer a new route to improved materials-by-design in applications.« less

32 CFR 651.5 - Army policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... retain environmental analyses and data from requirements determination activities, and Science and... environmental analysis of acquisition life-cycle activities (including disposal). Planning to accomplish these... required, throughout the life cycle of the system. The MATDEV will coordinate with ASA (AL&T) or MACOM...

Functional restoration of penis with partial defect by scrotal skin flap.

PubMed

Zhao, Yue-Qiang; Zhang, Jie; Yu, Mo-Sheng; Long, Dao-Chou

2009-11-01

We investigated a reconstructive method with better sensory and erectile function for partial penile defects and report our long-term results of surgical correction using scrotal skin flaps. We retrospectively analyzed the records of 18 patients with penile defects referred to us between 1992 and 2007. All cases were treated with a scrotal skin flap initially to repair the secondary defect after penile elongation. Of the 18 cases treated during the 15-year period the mechanism of primary injury was circumcision in 3, animal bite in 9 and penile tumor dissection in 6. Penile elongation, division of the suspensory ligament and scrotal skin flaps achieved penile augmentation and enhancement. Six cases were treated with a bilateral scrotal skin flap supplied by the anterior scrotal artery and 12 were repaired with a total anterior scrotal skin flap supplied by the anterior and posterior scrotal arteries. Penile length in the flaccid and erectile states was obviously increased postoperatively (p <0.05). All patients were followed 1 to 9 years (mean 2.3) postoperatively. Deep and superficial sensation recovered and erectile function was retained. Of the 18 patients 15 reported satisfied sexual intercourse during the 0.5 to 5-year followup. The method of correcting partial penile defect using scrotal skin flaps is effective and simple according to our long-term experience. This method achieves reasonable cosmesis and penile length in most cases with better sensory and erectile function.

Strain Distribution in a Kennedy Class I Implant Assisted Removable Partial Denture under Various Loading Conditions

PubMed Central

Shahmiri, Reza; Aarts, John M.; Bennani, Vincent; Swain, Michael V.

2013-01-01

Purpose. This in vitro study investigates how unilateral and bilateral occlusal loads are transferred to an implant assisted removable partial denture (IARPD). Materials and Methods. A duplicate model of a Kennedy class I edentulous mandibular arch was made and then a conventional removable partial denture (RPD) fabricated. Two Straumann implants were placed in the second molar region, and the prosthesis was modified to accommodate implant retained ball attachments. Strain gages were incorporated into the fitting surface of both the framework and acrylic to measure microstrain (μStrain). The IARPD was loaded to 120Ns unilaterally and bilaterally in three different loading positions. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) with an alpha level of 0.05 to compare the maximum μStrain values of the different loading conditions. Results. During unilateral and bilateral loading the maximum μStrain was predominantly observed in a buccal direction. As the load was moved anteriorly the μStrain increased in the mesial area. Unilateral loading resulted in a twisting of the structure and generated a strain mismatch between the metal and acrylic surfaces. Conclusions. Unilateral loading created lateral and vertical displacement of the IARPD. The curvature of the dental arch resulted in a twisting action which intensified as the unilateral load was moved anteriorly. PMID:23737788

Lacosamide monotherapy for partial onset seizures.

PubMed

Lattanzi, Simona; Cagnetti, Claudia; Foschi, Nicoletta; Provinciali, Leandro; Silvestrini, Mauro

2015-04-01

To evaluate the 1-year efficacy and safety of oral lacosamide as conversion monotherapy in adult patients with partial onset seizures with or without generalization. We prospectively followed-up consecutive patients converted to lacosamide monotherapy after 1-year seizure freedom on lacosamide add-on therapy and withdrawal of the concurrent antiepileptic drug (AED). Seizure occurrence, treatment compliance and drug toxicity were assessed every 3 months up to 1 year. The study outcomes were the retention rate of lacosamide as single AED and the seizure freedom under lacosamide monotherapy at 1 year from withdrawal of background AED. The safety variable was the prevalence of lacosamide related adverse events (AEs). Among the 58 included patients, at 1 year from withdrawal of background medication, 37 (63.8%) retained lacosamide as single AED and 32 (55.2%) were free from seizure occurrence under lacosamide monotherapy throughout the entire follow-up. The history of less than three lifetime AEDs turned out to be significant predictor of seizure freedom (adjusted OR = 6.38, 95% CI 1.85-21.98, p = 0.003). Twelve (20.8%) subjects reported mild to moderate AEs, with the commonest being drowsiness, dizziness, and headache. Conversion to lacosamide monotherapy could be effective and well tolerated in selected adults patients with partial onset seizures who had achieved seizure freedom during lacosamide add-on therapy. Copyright © 2015 British Epilepsy Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Intracellular metabolic pathway distribution in diatoms and tools for genome-enabled experimental diatom research.

PubMed

Gruber, Ansgar; Kroth, Peter G

2017-09-05

Diatoms are important primary producers in the oceans and can also dominate other aquatic habitats. One reason for the success of this phylogenetically relatively young group of unicellular organisms could be the impressive redundancy and diversity of metabolic isoenzymes in diatoms. This redundancy is a result of the evolutionary origin of diatom plastids by a eukaryote-eukaryote endosymbiosis, a process that implies temporary redundancy of functionally complete eukaryotic genomes. During the establishment of the plastids, this redundancy was partially reduced via gene losses, and was partially retained via gene transfer to the nucleus of the respective host cell. These gene transfers required re-assignment of intracellular targeting signals, a process that simultaneously altered the intracellular distribution of metabolic enzymes compared with the ancestral cells. Genome annotation, the correct assignment of the gene products and the prediction of putative function, strongly depends on the correct prediction of the intracellular targeting of a gene product. Here again diatoms are very peculiar, because the targeting systems for organelle import are partially different to those in land plants. In this review, we describe methods of predicting intracellular enzyme locations, highlight findings of metabolic peculiarities in diatoms and present genome-enabled approaches to study their metabolism.This article is part of the themed issue 'The peculiar carbon metabolism in diatoms'. © 2017 The Author(s).

Analysis and Modeling of Parallel Photovoltaic Systems under Partial Shading Conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Buddala, Santhoshi Snigdha

Since the industrial revolution, fossil fuels like petroleum, coal, oil, natural gas and other non-renewable energy sources have been used as the primary energy source. The consumption of fossil fuels releases various harmful gases into the atmosphere as byproducts which are hazardous in nature and they tend to deplete the protective layers and affect the overall environmental balance. Also the fossil fuels are bounded resources of energy and rapid depletion of these sources of energy, have prompted the need to investigate alternate sources of energy called renewable energy. One such promising source of renewable energy is the solar/photovoltaic energy. This work focuses on investigating a new solar array architecture with solar cells connected in parallel configuration. By retaining the structural simplicity of the parallel architecture, a theoretical small signal model of the solar cell is proposed and modeled to analyze the variations in the module parameters when subjected to partial shading conditions. Simulations were run in SPICE to validate the model implemented in Matlab. The voltage limitations of the proposed architecture are addressed by adopting a simple dc-dc boost converter and evaluating the performance of the architecture in terms of efficiencies by comparing it with the traditional architectures. SPICE simulations are used to compare the architectures and identify the best one in terms of power conversion efficiency under partial shading conditions.

The influence of a wind tunnel on helicopter rotational noise: Formulation of analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mosher, M.

1984-01-01

An analytical model is discussed that can be used to examine the effects of wind tunnel walls on helicopter rotational noise. A complete physical model of an acoustic source in a wind tunnel is described and a simplified version is then developed. This simplified model retains the important physical processes involved, yet it is more amenable to analysis. The simplified physical model is then modeled as a mathematical problem. An inhomogeneous partial differential equation with mixed boundary conditions is set up and then transformed into an integral equation. Details of generating a suitable Green's function and integral equation are included and the equation is discussed and also given for a two-dimensional case.

Tiagabine May Reduce Bruxism and Associated Temporomandibular Joint Pain

PubMed Central

Kast, R. E.

2005-01-01

Tiagabine is an anticonvulsant gamma-aminobutyric acid reuptake inhibitor commonly used as an add-on treatment of refractory partial seizures in persons over 12 years old. Four of the 5 cases reported here indicate that tiagabine might also be remarkably effective in suppressing nocturnal bruxism, trismus, and consequent morning pain in the teeth, masticatory musculature, jaw, and temporomandibular joint areas. Tiagabine has a benign adverse-effect profile, is easily tolerated, and retains effectiveness over time. Bed partners of these patients report that grinding noises have stopped; therefore, the tiagabine effect is probably not simply antinociceptive. The doses used to suppress nocturnal bruxism at bedtime (4–8 mg) are lower than those used to treat seizures. PMID:16252740

The edentulous mandible opposed by natural maxillary teeth: a report of six cases treated with implant-retained prostheses.

PubMed

Clark, R K; Comfort, M B

1994-01-01

Dental restoration of the edentulous mandible opposing natural maxillary teeth is often associated with a number of problems, particularly in the occlusion, and an accelerated rate of alveolar bone resorption in the edentulous mandible resulting from occlusal loading. The advent of osseointegrated implants would seem to provide a new means of treating these cases. Accordingly, the cases of six patients for whom either fixed partial dentures or over-dentures supported by Brånemark implants were provided, are reviewed. Three of the mandibles were normal and three had bone grafts. Results so far indicate that this is a viable alternative for treating such cases.

Performance of Nonmigratory Iron Chelating Active Packaging Materials in Viscous Model Food Systems.

PubMed

Roman, Maxine J; Decker, Eric A; Goddard, Julie M

2015-09-01

Many packaged food products undergo quality deterioration due to iron promoted oxidative reactions. Recently, we have developed a nonmigratory iron chelating active packaging material that represents a novel approach to inhibit oxidation of foods while addressing consumer demands for "cleanˮ labels. A challenge to the field of nonmigratory active packaging is ensuring that surface-immobilized active agents retain activity in a true food system despite diffusional limitations. Yet, the relationship between food viscosity and nonmigratory active packaging activity retention has never been characterized. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of food viscosity on iron chelation by a nonmigratory iron chelating active packaging material. Methyl cellulose was added to aqueous buffered iron solutions to yield model systems with viscosities ranging from ∼1 to ∼10(5)  mPa·s, representing viscosities ranging from beverage to mayonnaise. Iron chelation was quantified by material-bound iron content using colorimetry and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES).  Maximum iron chelation was reached in solutions up to viscosity ∼10(2)  mPa·s. In more viscous solutions (up to ∼10(4)  mPa·s), there was a significant decrease in iron chelating capacity (P < 0.05). However, materials still retained at least 76% iron chelating capacity. Additionally, the influence of different food hydrocolloids on the performance of nonmigratory iron chelating active packaging was characterized. Methyl cellulose and carrageenan did not compete with the material for specific iron chelation (P > 0.05). Materials retained 32% to 45% chelating capacity when in contact with competitively chelating hydrocolloids guar gum, locust bean gum, and xanthan gum. This work demonstrates the potential application of nonmigratory iron chelating active packaging in liquid and semi-liquid foods to allow for the removal of synthetic chelators, while maintaining food quality. © 2015 Institute of Food Technologists®

Hupresin Retains Binding Capacity for Butyrylcholinesterase and Acetylcholinesterase after Sanitation with Sodium Hydroxide.

PubMed

Onder, Seda; David, Emilie; Tacal, Ozden; Schopfer, Lawrence M; Lockridge, Oksana

2017-01-01

Hupresin is a new affinity resin that binds butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in human plasma and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) solubilized from red blood cells (RBC). Hupresin is available from the CHEMFORASE company. BChE in human plasma binds to Hupresin and is released with 0.1 M trimethylammonium bromide (TMA) with full activity and 10-15% purity. BChE immunopurified from plasma by binding to immobilized monoclonal beads has fewer contaminating proteins than the one-step Hupresin-purified BChE. However, when affinity chromatography on Hupresin follows ion exchange chromatography at pH 4.5, BChE is 99% pure. The membrane bound AChE, solubilized from human RBC with 0.6% Triton X-100, binds to Hupresin and remains bound during washing with sodium chloride. Human AChE is not released in significant quantities with non-denaturing solvents, but is recovered in 1% trifluoroacetic acid. The denatured, partially purified AChE is useful for detecting exposure to nerve agents by mass spectrometry. Our goal was to determine whether Hupresin retains binding capacity for BChE and AChE after Hupresin is washed with 0.1 M NaOH. A 2 mL column of Hupresin equilibrated in 20 mM TrisCl pH 7.5 was used in seven consecutive trials to measure binding and recovery of BChE from 100 mL human plasma. Between each trial the Hupresin was washed with 10 column volumes of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide. A similar trial was conducted with red blood cell AChE in 0.6% Triton X-100. It was found that the binding capacity for BChE and AChE was unaffected by washing Hupresin with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide. Hupresin could be washed with sodium hydroxide at least seven times without losing binding capacity.

Folding and Function of a T4 Lysozyme Containing 10 Consecutive Alanines Illustrate the Redundancy of Information in an Amino Acid Sequence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heinz, Dirk W.; Baase, Walt A.; Matthews, Brian W.

1992-05-01

Single and multiple Xaa -> Ala substitutions were constructed in the α-helix comprising residues 39-50 in bacteriophage T4 lysozyme. The variant with alanines at 10 consecutive positions (A40-49) folds normally and has activity essentially the same as wild type, although it is less stable. The crystal structure of this polyalanine mutant displays no significant change in the main-chain atoms of the helix when compared with the wild-type structure. The individual substitutions of the solvent-exposed residues Asn-40, Ser-44, and Glu-45 with alanine tend to increase the thermostability of the protein, whereas replacements of the buried or partially buried residues Lys-43 and Leu-46 are destabilizing. The melting temperature of the lysozyme in which Lys-43 and Leu-46 are retained and positions 40, 44, 45, 47, and 48 are substituted with alanine (i.e., A40-42/44-45/47-49) is increased by 3.1^circC relative to wild type at pH 3.0, but reduced by 1.6^circC at pH 6.7. In the case of the charged amino acids Glu-45 and Lys-48, the changes in melting temperature indicate that the putative salt bridge between these two residues contributes essentially nothing to the stability of the protein. The results clearly demonstrate that there is considerable redundancy in the sequence information in the polypeptide chain; not every amino acid is essential for folding. Also, further evidence is provided that the replacement of fully solvent-exposed residues within α-helices with alanines may be a general way to increase protein stability. The general approach may permit a simplification of the protein folding problem by retaining only amino acids proven to be essential for folding and replacing the remainder with alanine.

24 CFR 1003.208 - Criteria for compliance with the primary objective.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... considered is the creation or retention of jobs except as provided in paragraph (b)(4) of this section.) To... households. (d) Job creation or retention activities. An activity designed to create or retain permanent jobs.... (4) An activity designed to provide job training and placement and/or other employment support...

New Ways in Teaching Reading. Revised

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Day, Richard R.

2012-01-01

This second edition of "New Ways in Teaching Reading" bursts with new activities while retaining many of the features that made the first edition a best seller. The activities chosen for this edition are inspired by state-of-the art trends in teaching reading to English learners. Teachers now find numerous creative, classroom-ready activities in…

Cellular localization of the activated EGFR determines its effect on cell growth in MDA-MB-468 cells

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hyatt, Dustin C.; Ceresa, Brian P.

2008-11-01

The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) is a ubiquitously expressed receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates diverse cell functions that are dependent upon cell type, the presence of downstream effectors, and receptor density. In addition to activating biochemical pathways, ligand stimulation causes the EGFR to enter the cell via clathrin-coated pits. Endocytic trafficking influences receptor signaling by controlling the duration of EGFR phosphorylation and coordinating the receptor's association with downstream effectors. To better understand the individual contributions of cell surface and cytosolic EGFRs on cell physiology, we used EGF that was conjugated to 900 nm polystyrene beads (EGF-beads). EGF-beads canmore » stimulate the EGFR and retain the activated receptor at the plasma membrane. In MDA-MB-468 cells, a breast cancer cell line that over-expresses the EGFR, only internalized, activated EGFRs stimulate caspase-3 and induce cell death. Conversely, signaling cascades triggered from activated EGFR retained at the cell surface inhibit caspase-3 and promote cell proliferation. Thus, through endocytosis, the activated EGFR can differentially regulate cell growth in MDA-MB-468 cells.« less

Treatment of retained placenta with misoprostol: a randomised controlled trial in a low-resource setting (Tanzania).

PubMed

van Beekhuizen, Heleen J; Pembe, Andrea B; Fauteck, Heiner; Lotgering, Fred K

2009-10-23

Retained placenta is one of the common causes of maternal mortality in developing countries where access to appropriate obstetrical care is limited. Current treatment of retained placenta is manual removal of the placenta under anaesthesia, which can only take place in larger health care facilities. Medical treatment of retained placenta with prostaglandins E1 (misoprostol) could be cost-effective and easy-to-use and could be a life-saving option in many low-resource settings. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of sublingually administered misoprostol in women with retained placenta in a low resource setting. Multicentered randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, to be conducted in 5 hospitals in Tanzania, Africa. Women with retained placenta, at a gestational age of 28 weeks or more and blood loss less than 750 ml, 30 minutes after delivery of the newborn despite active management of third stage of labour. Trial Entry & Randomisation & Study Medication: After obtaining informed consent, eligible women will be allocated randomly to the treatment groups using numbered envelopes that will be randomized in variable blocks containing identical capsules with either 800 microgram of misoprostol or placebo. The drugs will be given sublingually. The women, maternal care providers and researchers will be blinded to treatment allocation. 117 women, to show a 40% reduction in manual removals of the placenta (p = 0.05, 80% power). The randomization will be misoprostol: placebo = 2:1. PRIMARY STUDY OUTCOME: Expulsion of the placenta without manual removal. Secondary outcome is the number of blood transfusions. This is a protocol for a randomized trial in a low resource setting to assess if medical treatment of women with retained placenta with misoprostol reduces the incidence of manual removal of the placenta. Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN16104753.

Loss-of-function PCSK9 mutants evade the unfolded protein response sensor GRP78 and fail to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress when retained.

PubMed

Lebeau, Paul; Platko, Khrystyna; Al-Hashimi, Ali A; Byun, Jae Hyun; Lhoták, Šárka; Holzapfel, Nicholas; Gyulay, Gabriel; Igdoura, Suleiman A; Cool, David R; Trigatti, Bernardo; Seidah, Nabil G; Austin, Richard C

2018-05-11

The proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK9) plays a central role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) by degrading hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). As such, loss-of-function (LOF) PCSK9 variants that fail to exit the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) increase hepatic LDLR levels and lower the risk of developing CVD. The retention of misfolded protein in the ER can cause ER stress and activate the unfolded protein response (UPR). In this study, we investigated whether a variety of LOF PCSK9 variants that are retained in the ER can cause ER stress and hepatic cytotoxicity. Although overexpression of these PCSK9 variants caused an accumulation in the ER of hepatocytes, UPR activation or apoptosis was not observed. Furthermore, ER retention of endogenous PCSK9 via splice switching also failed to induce the UPR. Consistent with these in vitro studies, overexpression of PCSK9 in the livers of mice had no impact on UPR activation. To elucidate the cellular mechanism to explain these surprising findings, we observed that the 94-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP94) sequesters PCSK9 away from the 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), the major activator of the UPR. As a result, GRP94 knockdown increased the stability of GRP78-PCSK9 complex and resulted in UPR activation following overexpression of ER-retained PCSK9 variants relative to WT secreted controls. Given that overexpression of these LOF PCSK9 variants does not cause UPR activation under normal homeostatic conditions, therapeutic strategies aimed at blocking the autocatalytic cleavage of PCSK9 in the ER represent a viable strategy for reducing circulating PCSK9. © 2018 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

Retention and sustainability of community-based health volunteers' activities: A qualitative study in rural Northern Ghana.

PubMed

Chatio, Samuel; Akweongo, Patricia

2017-01-01

The shortage of formal health workers has led to the utilization of Community-Based Health Volunteers (CBHV) to provide health care services to people especially in rural and neglected communities. Community-based health volunteers have been effective partners in health care delivery at the community level for many years. The challenge is how to retain these volunteers and also sustain their activities. This study explored factors affecting retention and sustainability of community-based health volunteers' activities in a rural setting in Northern Ghana. This was a qualitative study comprising thirty-two in-depth interviews (IDIs) with health volunteers and health workers in-charge of health volunteers' activities. Purposive sampling technique was used to select study participants for the interviews. The interviews were transcribed and coded into themes using Nvivo 10 software. The thematic analysis framework was used to analyze the data. Study participants reported that the desire to help community members, prestige and recognition as doctors in community mainly motivated them to work as health volunteers. Lack of incentives and logistical supplies such as raincoats, torch lights, wellington boots and transportation in the form of bicycles to facilitate the movement of health volunteers affected the work. They suggested that lack of these things discouraged them from working as health volunteers. Most of the dropout volunteers said lack of support and respect from community members made them to stop working as health volunteers. They recommended that community support, incentives and logistical supplies such as raincoats, torch light, wellington boots, bicycles, awards to hard working volunteers are mechanisms that can help retain community-based health volunteers and also sustain their activities. Providing means of transport and non-monetary incentives would help to retain community-based health volunteers and also sustain their activities at the community level.

Plasma progesterone levels and luteal activity during gestation and prolonged oviductal egg retention in a tropical lizard, Calotes versicolor.

PubMed

Shanbhag, B A; Radder, R S; Saidapur, S K

2001-07-01

Plasma progesterone (P) levels and luteal and adrenal activities were studied during normal gestation and unusual prolonged period of oviductal egg retention in a polyautochronic, multiclutched lizard, Calotes versicolor. The normal gestation period (approximately 15 days) was categorized into four stages: stage I--a few hours following ovulation, stage II--eggs with shell and embryo at primitive streak, stage III--embryonic stages 16-20, and stage IV--prior to ovipostion (stages 26-27). The gravid lizards maintained in captivity retained eggs in their oviducts for 45 days. Plasma P levels were low in stage I, increased significantly during stage II, declined in stage III, and reached their lowest in stage IV of gestation. 3Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSDH) activity was greater in lutein cells at stage II and was present in traces in stage IV gestation. Interestingly, plasma P titers that were high in lizards with eggs retained longer though the corpora lutea (CL) showed a trace 3beta-HSDH activity. However, 3beta-HSDH activity was greater in the adrenocortical cells in these lizards than that in lizards during a normal gestation period. The present study on C. versicolor shows that the CL remains active and secretes P only during the early part of the gestation. The drop in P level during the later part of gestation might facilitate growth of a second set of vitellogenic follicles. During unfavorable conditions when the lizards are forced to retain eggs in the oviduct, the adrenal glands seem to secrete progesterone to help in egg retention and in inhibition of oviposition.

Cellulose fiber-enzyme composites fabricated through layer-by-layer nanoassembly.

PubMed

Xing, Qi; Eadula, Sandeep R; Lvov, Yuri M

2007-06-01

Cellulose microfibers were coated with enzymes, laccase and urease, through layer-by-layer assembly by alternate adsorption with oppositely charged polycations. The formation of organized polyelectrolyte and enzyme multilayer films of 15-20 nm thickness was demonstrated by quartz crystal microbalance, zeta-potential analysis, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. These biocomposites retained enzymatic catalytic activity, which was proportional to the number of coated enzyme layers. For laccase-fiber composites, around 50% of its initial activity was retained after 2 weeks of storage at 4 degrees C. The synthesis of calcium carbonate microparticles on urease-fiber composites confirmed urease functionality and demonstrated its possible applications. This strategy could be employed to fabricate fiber-based composites with novel biological functions.

Solar Wind Implantation into Lunar Regolith: Hydrogen Retention in a Surface with Defects

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Farrell, W. M.; Hurley, D. M.; Zimmerman, M. I.

2014-01-01

Solar wind protons are implanted directly into the top 100 nm of the lunar near-surface region, but can either quickly diffuse out of the surface or be retained, depending upon surface temperature and the activation energy, U, associated with the implantation site. In this work, we explore the distribution of activation energies upon implantation and the associated hydrogen-retention times; this for comparison with recent observation of OH on the lunar surface. We apply a Monte Carlo approach: for simulated solar wind protons at a given local time, we assume a distribution of U values with a central peak, U(sub c) and width, U(sub w), and derive the fraction retained for long periods in the near-surface. We find that surfaces characterized by a distribution with predominantly large values of U (greater than 1 eV) like that expected at defect sites will retain implanted H (to likely form OH). Surfaces with the distribution predominantly at small values of U (less than 0.2 eV) will quickly diffuse away implanted H. However, surfaces with a large portion of activation energies between 0.3 eV less than U less than 0.9 eV will tend to be H-retentive in cool conditions but transform into H-emissive surfaces when warmed (as when the surface rotates into local noon). These mid-range activation energies give rise to a diurnal effect with diffusive loss of H at noontime.

Multimodal mapping of the brain's functional connectivity and the adult outcome of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

PubMed

Sudre, Gustavo; Szekely, Eszter; Sharp, Wendy; Kasparek, Steven; Shaw, Philip

2017-10-31

We have a limited understanding of why many children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder do not outgrow the disorder by adulthood. Around 20-30% retain the full syndrome as young adults, and about 50% show partial, rather than complete, remission. Here, to delineate the neurobiology of this variable outcome, we ask if the persistence of childhood symptoms into adulthood impacts on the brain's functional connectivity. We studied 205 participants followed clinically since childhood. In early adulthood, participants underwent magnetoencephalography (MEG) to measure neuronal activity directly and functional MRI (fMRI) to measure hemodynamic activity during a task-free period (the "resting state"). We found that symptoms of inattention persisting into adulthood were associated with disrupted patterns of typical functional connectivity in both MEG and fMRI. Specifically, those with persistent inattention lost the typical balance of connections within the default mode network (DMN; prominent during introspective thought) and connections between this network and those supporting attention and cognitive control. By contrast, adults whose childhood inattentive symptoms had resolved did not differ significantly from their never-affected peers, both hemodynamically and electrophysiologically. The anomalies in functional connectivity tied to clinically significant inattention centered on midline regions of the DMN in both MEG and fMRI, boosting confidence in a possible pathophysiological role. The findings suggest that the clinical course of this common childhood onset disorder impacts the functional connectivity of the adult brain. Published under the PNAS license.

Predictive Genomic Analyses Inform the Basis for Vitamin Metabolism and Provisioning in Bacteria-Arthropod Endosymbioses

PubMed Central

Serbus, Laura R.; Rodriguez, Brian Garcia; Sharmin, Zinat; Momtaz, A. J. M. Zehadee; Christensen, Steen

2017-01-01

The requirement of vitamins for core metabolic processes creates a unique set of pressures for arthropods subsisting on nutrient-limited diets. While endosymbiotic bacteria carried by arthropods have been widely implicated in vitamin provisioning, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. To address this issue, standardized predictive assessment of vitamin metabolism was performed in 50 endosymbionts of insects and arachnids. The results predicted that arthropod endosymbionts overall have little capacity for complete de novo biosynthesis of conventional or active vitamin forms. Partial biosynthesis pathways were commonly predicted, suggesting a substantial role in vitamin provisioning. Neither taxonomic relationships between host and symbiont, nor the mode of host-symbiont interaction were clear predictors of endosymbiont vitamin pathway capacity. Endosymbiont genome size and the synthetic capacity of nonsymbiont taxonomic relatives were more reliable predictors. We developed a new software application that also predicted that last-step conversion of intermediates into active vitamin forms may contribute further to vitamin biosynthesis by endosymbionts. Most instances of predicted vitamin conversion were paralleled by predictions of vitamin use. This is consistent with achievement of provisioning in some cases through upregulation of pathways that were retained for endosymbiont benefit. The predicted absence of other enzyme classes further suggests a baseline of vitamin requirement by the majority of endosymbionts, as well as some instances of putative mutualism. Adaptation of this workflow to analysis of other organisms and metabolic pathways will provide new routes for considering the molecular basis for symbiosis on a comprehensive scale. PMID:28455417

ERK1/2 signaling mediated naringin-induced osteogenic differentiation of immortalized human periodontal ligament stem cells.

PubMed

Wei, Kai; Xie, Yuansheng; Chen, Tianyu; Fu, Bo; Cui, Shaoyuan; Wang, Yan; Cai, Guangyan; Chen, Xiangmei

2017-07-29

Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are promising tools for the investigations of cell differentiation and bone regeneration. However, the limited life span significantly restricts their usefulness. In this study, we established an immortalized PDLSC cell line by the introduction of Bmi1 (PDLSC-Bmi1). Several genes related to cell cycle, cell replication and stemness were found to be changed with the overexpression of Bmi1. Compared with primary PDLSCs, the immortalized cells had a slower aging rate, maintained in a proliferative state without crisis for more than 30 passages, and retained the molecular markers and biological functions of primary ones. Using the PDLSC-Bmi1, we confirmed the promotive effect of naringin on osteogenesis. Naringin promoted the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSC-Bmi1 manifested as the increased activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), expression of the runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and osteocalcin (OCN), and formation of mineralized nodules. In addition, the extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) 1/2 was found to be activated by naringin, and the ERK1/2 specific inhibitor significantly inhibited naringin-induced osteogenic differentiation in PDLSC-Bmi1. Our results indicated that the overexpression of Bmi1 extended the life span of PDLSCs without perturbing their biological functions, and that naringin promoted the osteogenesis of PDLSC-Bmi1 at least partially through the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

miRNAs trigger widespread epigenetically activated siRNAs from transposons in Arabidopsis.

PubMed

Creasey, Kate M; Zhai, Jixian; Borges, Filipe; Van Ex, Frederic; Regulski, Michael; Meyers, Blake C; Martienssen, Robert A

2014-04-17

In plants, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) is mediated by DICER-LIKE 1 (DCL1)-dependent microRNAs (miRNAs), which also trigger 21-nucleotide secondary short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) via RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 6 (RDR6), DCL4 and ARGONAUTE 1 (AGO1), whereas transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) of transposons is mediated by 24-nucleotide heterochromatic (het)siRNAs, RDR2, DCL3 and AGO4 (ref. 4). Transposons can also give rise to abundant 21-nucleotide 'epigenetically activated' small interfering RNAs (easiRNAs) in DECREASED DNA METHYLATION 1 (ddm1) and DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (met1) mutants, as well as in the vegetative nucleus of pollen grains and in dedifferentiated plant cell cultures. Here we show that easiRNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana resemble secondary siRNAs, in that thousands of transposon transcripts are specifically targeted by more than 50 miRNAs for cleavage and processing by RDR6. Loss of RDR6, DCL4 or DCL1 in a ddm1 background results in loss of 21-nucleotide easiRNAs and severe infertility, but 24-nucleotide hetsiRNAs are partially restored, supporting an antagonistic relationship between PTGS and TGS. Thus miRNA-directed easiRNA biogenesis is a latent mechanism that specifically targets transposon transcripts, but only when they are epigenetically reactivated during reprogramming of the germ line. This ancient recognition mechanism may have been retained both by transposons to evade long-term heterochromatic silencing and by their hosts for genome defence.

Control of respiration in fish, amphibians and reptiles.

PubMed

Taylor, E W; Leite, C A C; McKenzie, D J; Wang, T

2010-05-01

Fish and amphibians utilise a suction/force pump to ventilate gills or lungs, with the respiratory muscles innervated by cranial nerves, while reptiles have a thoracic, aspiratory pump innervated by spinal nerves. However, fish can recruit a hypobranchial pump for active jaw occlusion during hypoxia, using feeding muscles innervated by anterior spinal nerves. This same pump is used to ventilate the air-breathing organ in air-breathing fishes. Some reptiles retain a buccal force pump for use during hypoxia or exercise. All vertebrates have respiratory rhythm generators (RRG) located in the brainstem. In cyclostomes and possibly jawed fishes, this may comprise elements of the trigeminal nucleus, though in the latter group RRG neurons have been located in the reticular formation. In air-breathing fishes and amphibians, there may be separate RRG for gill and lung ventilation. There is some evidence for multiple RRG in reptiles. Both amphibians and reptiles show episodic breathing patterns that may be centrally generated, though they do respond to changes in oxygen supply. Fish and larval amphibians have chemoreceptors sensitive to oxygen partial pressure located on the gills. Hypoxia induces increased ventilation and a reflex bradycardia and may trigger aquatic surface respiration or air-breathing, though these latter activities also respond to behavioural cues. Adult amphibians and reptiles have peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid arteries and central chemoreceptors sensitive to blood carbon dioxide levels. Lung perfusion may be regulated by cardiac shunting and lung ventilation stimulates lung stretch receptors.

Plasmid-cured Chlamydia caviae activates TLR2-dependent signaling and retains virulence in the guinea pig model of genital tract infection.

PubMed

Frazer, Lauren C; Darville, Toni; Chandra-Kuntal, Kumar; Andrews, Charles W; Zurenski, Matthew; Mintus, Margaret; AbdelRahman, Yasser M; Belland, Robert J; Ingalls, Robin R; O'Connell, Catherine M

2012-01-01

Loss of the conserved "cryptic" plasmid from C. trachomatis and C. muridarum is pleiotropic, resulting in reduced innate inflammatory activation via TLR2, glycogen accumulation and infectivity. The more genetically distant C. caviae GPIC is a natural pathogen of guinea pigs and induces upper genital tract pathology when inoculated intravaginally, modeling human disease. To examine the contribution of pCpGP1 to C. caviae pathogenesis, a cured derivative of GPIC, strain CC13, was derived and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Transcriptional profiling of CC13 revealed only partial conservation of previously identified plasmid-responsive chromosomal loci (PRCL) in C. caviae. However, 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) treatment of GPIC and CC13 resulted in reduced transcription of all identified PRCL, including glgA, indicating the presence of a plasmid-independent glucose response in this species. In contrast to plasmid-cured C. muridarum and C. trachomatis, plasmid-cured C. caviae strain CC13 signaled via TLR2 in vitro and elicited cytokine production in vivo similar to wild-type C. caviae. Furthermore, inflammatory pathology induced by infection of guinea pigs with CC13 was similar to that induced by GPIC, although we observed more rapid resolution of CC13 infection in estrogen-treated guinea pigs. These data indicate that either the plasmid is not involved in expression or regulation of virulence in C. caviae or that redundant effectors prevent these phenotypic changes from being observed in C. caviae plasmid-cured strains.

Genetic and biochemical analysis of the interaction of Bacillus subtilis CodY with branched-chain amino acids.

PubMed

Villapakkam, Anuradha C; Handke, Luke D; Belitsky, Boris R; Levdikov, Vladimir M; Wilkinson, Anthony J; Sonenshein, Abraham L

2009-11-01

Bacillus subtilis CodY protein is a DNA-binding global transcriptional regulator that responds to branched-chain amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, and valine) and GTP. Crystal structure studies have shown that the N-terminal region of the protein includes a GAF domain that contains a hydrophobic pocket within which isoleucine and valine bind. This region is well conserved in CodY homologs. Site-directed mutagenesis was employed to understand the roles of some of the residues in the GAF domain and hydrophobic pocket in interaction with isoleucine and GTP. The F40A, F71E, and F98A forms of CodY were inactive in vivo. They were activatable by GTP but to a much lesser extent by branched-chain amino acids in vitro. The CodY mutant R61A retained partial repression of target promoters in vivo and was able to respond to GTP in vitro but also responded poorly to branched-chain amino acids in vitro unless GTP was simultaneously present. Thus, the GAF domain includes residues essential for full activation of CodY by branched-chain amino acids, but these residues are not critical for activation by GTP. Binding studies with branched-chain amino acids and their analogs revealed that an amino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 3 of valine are critical components of the recognition of the amino acids by CodY.

A DFT approach to discriminate the antagonist and partial agonist activity of ligands binding to the NMDA receptor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Haslak, Zeynep Pinar; Bozkurt, Esra; Dutagaci, Bercem; De Proft, Frank; Aviyente, Viktorya; De Vleeschouwer, Freija

2018-02-01

The activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors is found to be intimately associated with neurodegenerative diseases which make them promising therapeutic targets. Despite the significantly increasing multidisciplinary interests centred on this ionotropic channel, design of new ligands with intended functional activity remains a great challenge. In this article, a computational study based on density functional theory is presented to understand the structural factors of ligands determining their function as antagonists and partial agonists. With this aim, the GluN1 subunit is chosen as being one of the essential components in the activation mechanism, and quantum chemical calculations are implemented for 30 antagonists and 30 partial agonists known to bind to this subunit with different binding affinities. Several quantum chemical descriptors are investigated which might unlock the difference between antagonists and partial agonists.

Unique and Highly Selective Anticytomegalovirus Activities of Artemisinin-Derived Dimer Diphenyl Phosphate Stem from Combination of Dimer Unit and a Diphenyl Phosphate Moiety

PubMed Central

He, Ran; Forman, Michael; Mott, Bryan T.; Venkatadri, Rajkumar; Posner, Gary H.

2013-01-01

We report that the artemisinin-derived dimer diphenyl phosphate (DPP; dimer 838) is the most selective inhibitor of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication among a series of artemisinin-derived monomers and dimers. Dimer 838 was also unique in being an irreversible CMV inhibitor. The peroxide unit within artemisinins' chemical structures is critical to their activities, and its absence results in loss of anti-CMV activities. Surprisingly, the deoxy dimer of 838 retained modest anti-CMV activity, suggesting that the DPP moiety of dimer 838 contributes to its anti-CMV activities. DPP alone did not inhibit CMV replication, but triphenyl phosphate (TPP) had modest CMV inhibition, although its selectivity index was low. Artemisinin DPP derivatives dimer 838 and monomer diphenyl phosphate (compound 558) showed stronger CMV inhibition and a higher selectivity index than their analogs lacking the DPP unit. An add-on and removal assay revealed that removing DPP derivatives (compounds 558 and 838) but not the non-DPP backbones (artesunate and compound 606) at 24 h postinfection (hpi) already resulted in dominant CMV inhibition. CMV inhibition was fully irreversible with 838 and partially irreversible with 558, while non-DPP artemisinins were reversible inhibitors. While all artemisinin derivatives and TPP reduced the expression of the CMV immediate early 2 (IE2), UL44, and pp65 proteins at or after 48 hpi, only TPP inhibited the expression of both IE1 and IE2. Combination of a non-DPP dimer (compound 606) with TPP was synergistic in CMV inhibition, while ganciclovir and TPP were additive. Although TPP shared structural similarity with monomer DPP (compound 558) and dimer DPP (compound 838), its pattern of CMV inhibition was significantly different from the patterns of the artemisinins. These findings demonstrate that the DPP group contributes to the unique activities of compound 838. PMID:23774439

Effect of drying method to antioxidants capacity of Limnophila aromatica

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yen, Tran Thi Ngoc; Vu, Nguyen Hoang

2017-09-01

Limnophila aromatica is widely used in South East Asian countries to make spices in food and medicine in traditional medicine. The use value of vegetables is known because some of the lesser constituents in plants are called antioxidants. These active ingredients have not been fully researched and their pharmacological effects are underestimated. In this study, the drying temperature at 40 °C was showed that the antioxidant activity decreased the most. The drying temperature of 50 °C is suitable for convection drying method and drying temperature of 60 °C suitable for vacuum drying, as it retains the most antioxidant properties. Regarding the drying method, freeze drying proved to be effective when retaining high antioxidant capacity. Using The convection drying at 50 °C and the vacuum drying at 60 °C, the antioxidant activity of Limnophila aromatica was not different. Over 6 weeks of preservation, the dried product has deterioration in antioxidant properties.