Practical issues for using solar-reflective materials to mitigate urban heat islands

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bretz, Sarah; Akbari, Hashem; Rosenfeld, Arthur

Solar-reflective or high-albedo, alternatives to traditionally absorptive urban surfaces such as rooftops and roadways can reduce cooling energy use and improve urban air quality at almost no cost. This paper presents information to support programs that mitigate urban heat islands with solar-reflective surfaces: estimates of the achievable increase in albedo for a variety of surfaces, issues related to the selection of materials and costs and benefits of using them. As an example, we present data for Sacramento, California. In Sacramento, we estimate that 20% of the 96 square mile area is dark roofing and 10% is dark pavement. Based on the change in albedo that is achievable for these surfaces, the overall albedo of Sacramento could be increased by 18%, a change that would produce significant energy savings and increase comfort within the city. Roofing market data indicate which roofing materials should be targeted for incentive programs. In 1995, asphalt shingle was used for over 65% of residential roofing area in the U.S. and 6% of commercial. Built-up roofing was used for about 5% of residential roofing and about 30% of commercial roofing. Single-ply membranes covered about 9% of the residential roofing area and over 30% of the commercial area. White, solar-reflective alternatives are presently available for these roofing materials but a low- first-cost, solar-reflective alternative to asphalt shingles is needed to capture the sloped-roof market. Since incoming solar radiation has a large non-visible component, solar-reflective materials can also be produced in a variety of colors.

Exploring the role of community engagement in improving the health of disadvantaged populations: a systematic review

PubMed Central

Cyril, Sheila; Smith, Ben J.; Possamai-Inesedy, Alphia; Renzaho, Andre M. N.

2015-01-01

Background Although community engagement (CE) is widely used in health promotion, components of CE models associated with improved health are poorly understood. This study aimed to examine the magnitude of the impact of CE on health and health inequalities among disadvantaged populations, which methodological approaches maximise the effectiveness of CE, and components of CE that are acceptable, feasible, and effective when used among disadvantaged populations. Design The systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We carried out methodological assessments of the included studies using rating scales. The analysis focussed on model synthesis to identify the key CE components linked to positive study outcomes and comparative analysis between positive study outcomes, processes, and quality indicators of CE. Results Out of 24 studies that met our inclusion criteria, 21 (87.5%) had positively impacted health behaviours, public health planning, health service access, health literacy, and a range of health outcomes. More than half of the studies (58%) were of good quality, whereas 71% and 42% of studies showed good community involvement in research and achieved high levels of CE, respectively. Key CE components that affected health outcomes included real power-sharing, collaborative partnerships, bidirectional learning, incorporating the voice and agency of beneficiary communities in research protocol, and using bicultural health workers for intervention delivery. Conclusions The findings suggest that CE models can lead to improved health and health behaviours among disadvantaged populations if designed properly and implemented through effective community consultation and participation. We also found several gaps in the current measurement of CE in health intervention studies, which suggests the importance of developing innovative approaches to measure CE impact on health outcomes in a more rigorous way. PMID:26689460

Component characterization and predictive modeling for green roof substrates optimized to adsorb P and improve runoff quality: A review.

PubMed

Jennett, Tyson S; Zheng, Youbin

2018-06-01

This review is a synthesis of the current knowledge regarding the effects of green roof substrate components and their retentive capacity for nutrients, particularly phosphorus (P). Substrates may behave as either sources or sinks of P depending on the components they are formulated from, and to date, the total P-adsorbing capacity of a substrate has not been quantified as the sum of the contributions of its components. Few direct links have been established among substrate components and their physicochemical characteristics that would affect P-retention. A survey of recent literature presented herein highlights the trends within individual component selection (clays and clay-like material, organics, conventional soil and sands, lightweight inorganics, and industrial wastes and synthetics) for those most common during substrate formulation internationally. Component selection will vary with respect to ease of sourcing component materials, cost of components, nutrient-retention capacity, and environmental sustainability. However, the number of distinct components considered for inclusion in green roof substrates continues to expand, as the desires of growers, material suppliers, researchers and industry stakeholders are incorporated into decision-making. Furthermore, current attempts to characterize the most often used substrate components are also presented whereby runoff quality is correlated to entire substrate performance. With the use of well-described characterization (constant capacitance model) and modeling techniques (the soil assemblage model), it is proposed that substrates optimized for P adsorption may be developed through careful selection of components with prior knowledge of their chemical properties, that may increase retention of P in plant-available forms, thereby reducing green roof fertilizer requirements and P losses in roof runoff. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A field study to evaluate runoff quality from green roofs.

PubMed

Vijayaraghavan, K; Joshi, U M; Balasubramanian, R

2012-03-15

Green (vegetated) roofs are emerging as practical strategies to improve the environmental quality of cities. However, the impact of green roofs on the storm water quality remains a topic of concern to city planners and environmental policy makers. This study investigated whether green roofs act as a source or a sink of various metals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Mn, Cr, Ni, Li and Co), inorganic anions (NO3-, NO2-, PO4(3-), SO4(2-), Cl-, F- and Br-) and cation (NH4+). A series of green roof assemblies were constructed. Four different real rain events and several artificial rain events were considered for the study. Results showed that concentrations of most of the chemical components in runoff were highest during the beginning of rain events and subsided in the subsequent rain events. Some of the important components present in the runoff include Na, K, Ca, Mg, Li, Fe, Al, Cu, NO3-, PO4(3-) and SO4(2-). However, the concentration of these chemical components in the roof runoff strongly depends on the nature of substrates used in the green roof and the volume of rain. Based on the USEPA standards for freshwater quality, we conclude that the green roof used in this study is reasonably effective except that the runoff contains significant amounts of NO3- and PO4(3-). Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Li+, Na+ and K+ co-doping effects on scintillation properties of Ce:Gd3Ga3Al2O12 single crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoshino, Masao; Kamada, Kei; Kochurikhin, Vladimir V.; Ivanov, Mikhail; Nikl, Martin; Okumura, Satoshi; Yamamoto, Seiichi; Yeom, Jung Yeol; Shoji, Yasuhiro; Kurosawa, Shunsuke; Yokota, Yuui; Ohashi, Yuji; Yoshikawa, Akira

2018-06-01

Ce0.5%: Ce:Gd3Ga3Al2O12(GGAG) single crystals co-doped with 500at.ppm Li+, Na+ and K+ were grown by using the micro-pulling down method. The smooth Ce4+ charge transfer absorption below 350 nm and decay time acceleration were observed in Li co-doped sample. Na+ and K+ co-doping did not show a large effect on the acceleration of decay time compared with Li co-doping. Ce0.5%:GGAG single crystals co-doped with 500 at.ppm Li+ were also grown by the Czochralski method. Optical, scintillation properties and timing performance were evaluated to investigate the effect of univalent alkali metal ions co-doping on Ce:GGAG scintillators. The scintillation decay curves were accelerated by Li co-doping: the decay time was significantly accelerated to 54.8 ns (47%) for the faster component and 158 ns (53%) for the slower component. The light output was 94% of the non co-doped Ce:GGAG standard. The coincidence time resolution was improved to 258 ps by Li co-doping.

A two-stage storage routing model for green roof runoff detention.

PubMed

Vesuviano, Gianni; Sonnenwald, Fred; Stovin, Virginia

2014-01-01

Green roofs have been adopted in urban drainage systems to control the total quantity and volumetric flow rate of runoff. Modern green roof designs are multi-layered, their main components being vegetation, substrate and, in almost all cases, a separate drainage layer. Most current hydrological models of green roofs combine the modelling of the separate layers into a single process; these models have limited predictive capability for roofs not sharing the same design. An adaptable, generic, two-stage model for a system consisting of a granular substrate over a hard plastic 'egg box'-style drainage layer and fibrous protection mat is presented. The substrate and drainage layer/protection mat are modelled separately by previously verified sub-models. Controlled storm events are applied to a green roof system in a rainfall simulator. The time-series modelled runoff is compared to the monitored runoff for each storm event. The modelled runoff profiles are accurate (mean Rt(2) = 0.971), but further characterization of the substrate component is required for the model to be generically applicable to other roof configurations with different substrate.

Risk assessment by percolation leaching tests of extensive green roofs with fine fraction of mixed recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste.

PubMed

López-Uceda, Antonio; Galvín, Adela P; Ayuso, Jesús; Jiménez, José Ramón; Vanwalleghem, Tom; Peña, Adolfo

2018-03-19

Extensive green roofs are urban construction systems that provide thermal regulation and sound proofing for the buildings involved, in addition to providing an urban heat island mitigation or water retention. On the other hand, policies towards reduction of energy consumption, a circular economy and sustainability are core in the European Union. Motivated by this, an experimental study was carried out to evaluate the environmental risk assessment according to release levels of polluting elements on leachates of different green roof substrate mixtures based on recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste through (i) the performance in laboratory of two procedures: compliance and percolation tests and (ii) an upscaled experimental leaching test for long-term on-site prediction. Four plots were built on a building roof and covered with autochthonous Mediterranean plants in Córdoba, South of Spain. As growing substrate, four mixtures were used of a commercial growing substrate with different proportions of a fine mixed recycled aggregate ranging from 0 to 75% by volume. The results show that these mixtures were classified as non-hazardous materials according to legal limits of the Landfill Directive 2003/33/CE. The release levels registered in extensive green roofs were lower compared to the laboratory test data. This shows how laboratory conditions can overestimate the potential pollutant effect of these materials compared to actual conditions.

Biochar increases plant growth and alters microbial communities via regulating the moisture and temperature of green roof substrates.

PubMed

Chen, Haoming; Ma, Jinyi; Wei, Jiaxing; Gong, Xin; Yu, Xichen; Guo, Hui; Zhao, Yanwen

2018-09-01

Green roofs have increasingly been designed and applied to relieve environmental problems, such as water loss, air pollution as well as heat island effect. Substrate and vegetation are important components of green roofs providing ecosystem services and benefiting the urban development. Biochar made from sewage sludge could be potentially used as the substrate amendment for green roofs, however, the effects of biochar on substrate quality and plant performance in green roofs are still unclear. We evaluated the effects of adding sludge biochar (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%, v/v) to natural soil planted with three types of plant species (ryegrass, Sedum lineare and cucumber) on soil properties, plant growth and microbial communities in both green roof and ground ecosystems. Our results showed that sludge biochar addition significantly increased substrate moisture, adjusted substrate temperature, altered microbial community structure and increased plant growth. The application rate of 10-15% sludge biochar on the green roof exerted the most significant effects on both microbial and plant biomass by 63.9-89.6% and 54.0-54.2% respectively. Path analysis showed that biochar addition had a strong effect on microbial biomass via changing the soil air-filled porosity, soil moisture and temperature, and promoted plant growth through the positive effects on microbial biomass. These results suggest that the applications of biochar at an appropriate rate can significantly alter plant growth and microbial community structure, and increase the ecological benefits of green roofs via exerting effects on the moisture, temperature and nutrients of roof substrates. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Use of a Binary Composite Endpoint and Sample Size Requirement: Influence of Endpoints Overlap.

PubMed

Marsal, Josep-Ramon; Ferreira-González, Ignacio; Bertran, Sandra; Ribera, Aida; Permanyer-Miralda, Gaietà; García-Dorado, David; Gómez, Guadalupe

2017-05-01

Although composite endpoints (CE) are common in clinical trials, the impact of the relationship between the components of a binary CE on the sample size requirement (SSR) has not been addressed. We performed a computational study considering 2 treatments and a CE with 2 components: the relevant endpoint (RE) and the additional endpoint (AE). We assessed the strength of the components' interrelation by the degree of relative overlap between them, which was stratified into 5 groups. Within each stratum, SSR was computed for multiple scenarios by varying the events proportion and the effect of the therapy. A lower SSR using CE was defined as the best scenario for using the CE. In 25 of 66 scenarios the degree of relative overlap determined the benefit of using CE instead of the RE. Adding an AE with greater effect than the RE leads to lower SSR using the CE regardless of the AE proportion and the relative overlap. The influence of overlapping decreases when the effect on RE increases. Adding an AE with lower effect than the RE constitutes the most uncertain situation. In summary, the interrelationship between CE components, assessed by the relative overlap, can help to define the SSR in specific situations and it should be considered for SSR computation. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Scintillating screens based on the LPE grown Tb3Al5O12:Ce single crystalline films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zorenko, Yuriy; Douissard, Paul-Antoine; Martin, Thierry; Riva, Federica; Gorbenko, Vitaliy; Zorenko, Tetiana; Paprocki, Kazimierz; Iskalieva, Aizhan; Witkiewicz, Sandra; Fedorov, Alexander; Bilski, Paweł; Twardak, Anna

2017-03-01

We report in this work the creation of new heavy and efficient Tb3Al5O12:Ce (TbAG:Ce) single crystalline film (SCF) scintillators, grown by LPE method from PbO-B2O3 based flux onto Y3Al5O12 (YAG) and Gd3Ga2.5Al2.5O12 (GAGG) substrates, for different optoelectronic applications. The luminescent and scintillation properties of the TbAG:Ce SCF screens, grown onto different types of substrates, are studied and compared with the properties of the Lu3Al5O12:Ce (LuAG:Ce) and YAG:Ce SCF counterparts. TbAG:Ce SCFs show very high scintillation light yield (LY) under α-particles excitation, which overcomes by 30% the LY of high-quality LuAG:Ce SCF samples. In comparison with YAG:Ce and LuAG:Ce SCFs, TbAG:Ce SCF screens show also significantly lower afterglow (up to 10-4 level at X-ray burst duration of 0.1 s), which is comparable with the afterglow level of the best samples of LSO:Ce, Tb SCFs typically being used now for microimaging. Together with a high light output of X-ray excited luminescence, such extremely low afterglow of TbAG:Ce SCF is a very good reason for future development of scintillating screens based on the mentioned garnet. We also introduce the possibility to create new types of ;film-substrate; hybrid scintillators using the LPE method for simultaneous registration of different components of ionizing radiation and microimaging based on the TbAG:Ce SCF and GAGG:Ce substrates.

Squaring the circle. Social and environmental implications of pre-pottery neolithic building technology at Tell Qarassa (South Syria).

PubMed

Balbo, Andrea L; Iriarte, Eneko; Arranz, Amaia; Zapata, Lydia; Lancelotti, Carla; Madella, Marco; Teira, Luis; Jiménez, Miguel; Braemer, Frank; Ibáñez, Juan José

2012-01-01

We present the results of the microstratigraphic, phytolith and wood charcoal study of the remains of a 10.5 ka roof. The roof is part of a building excavated at Tell Qarassa (South Syria), assigned to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period (PPNB). The Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) period in the Levant coincides with the emergence of farming. This fundamental change in subsistence strategy implied the shift from mobile to settled aggregated life, and from tents and huts to hard buildings. As settled life spread across the Levant, a generalised transition from round to square buildings occurred, that is a trademark of the PPNB period. The study of these buildings is fundamental for the understanding of the ever-stronger reciprocal socio-ecological relationship humans developed with the local environment since the introduction of sedentism and domestication. Descriptions of buildings in PPN archaeological contexts are usually restricted to the macroscopic observation of wooden elements (posts and beams) and mineral components (daub, plaster and stone elements). Reconstructions of microscopic and organic components are frequently based on ethnographic analogy. The direct study of macroscopic and microscopic, organic and mineral, building components performed at Tell Qarassa provides new insights on building conception, maintenance, use and destruction. These elements reflect new emerging paradigms in the relationship between Neolithic societies and the environment. A square building was possibly covered here with a radial roof, providing a glance into a topologic shift in the conception and understanding of volumes, from round-based to square-based geometries. Macroscopic and microscopic roof components indicate buildings were conceived for year-round residence rather than seasonal mobility. This implied performing maintenance and restoration of partially damaged buildings, as well as their adaptation to seasonal variability.

Squaring the Circle. Social and Environmental Implications of Pre-Pottery Neolithic Building Technology at Tell Qarassa (South Syria)

PubMed Central

Balbo, Andrea L.; Iriarte, Eneko; Arranz, Amaia; Zapata, Lydia; Lancelotti, Carla; Madella, Marco; Teira, Luis; Jiménez, Miguel; Braemer, Frank; Ibáñez, Juan José

2012-01-01

We present the results of the microstratigraphic, phytolith and wood charcoal study of the remains of a 10.5 ka roof. The roof is part of a building excavated at Tell Qarassa (South Syria), assigned to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period (PPNB). The Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) period in the Levant coincides with the emergence of farming. This fundamental change in subsistence strategy implied the shift from mobile to settled aggregated life, and from tents and huts to hard buildings. As settled life spread across the Levant, a generalised transition from round to square buildings occurred, that is a trademark of the PPNB period. The study of these buildings is fundamental for the understanding of the ever-stronger reciprocal socio-ecological relationship humans developed with the local environment since the introduction of sedentism and domestication. Descriptions of buildings in PPN archaeological contexts are usually restricted to the macroscopic observation of wooden elements (posts and beams) and mineral components (daub, plaster and stone elements). Reconstructions of microscopic and organic components are frequently based on ethnographic analogy. The direct study of macroscopic and microscopic, organic and mineral, building components performed at Tell Qarassa provides new insights on building conception, maintenance, use and destruction. These elements reflect new emerging paradigms in the relationship between Neolithic societies and the environment. A square building was possibly covered here with a radial roof, providing a glance into a topologic shift in the conception and understanding of volumes, from round-based to square-based geometries. Macroscopic and microscopic roof components indicate buildings were conceived for year-round residence rather than seasonal mobility. This implied performing maintenance and restoration of partially damaged buildings, as well as their adaptation to seasonal variability. PMID:22848723

The crystal structure of galgenbergite-(Ce), CaCe2(CO3)4•H2O

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Walter, Franz; Bojar, Hans-Peter; Hollerer, Christine E.; Mereiter, Kurt

2013-04-01

Galgenbergite-(Ce) from the type locality, the railroad tunnel Galgenberg between Leoben and St. Michael, Styria, Austria, was investigated. There it occurs in small fissures of an albite-chlorite schist as very thin tabular crystals building rosette-shaped aggregates associated with siderite, ancylite-(Ce), pyrite and calcite. Electron microprobe analyses gave CaO 9.49, Ce2O3 28.95, La2O3 11.70, Nd2O3 11.86, Pr2O3 3.48, CO2 30.00, H2O 3.07, total 98.55 wt.%. CO2 and H2O calculated by stoichiometry. The empirical formula (based on Ca + REE ∑3.0) is C{{a}_{1.00 }}{{( {C{{e}_{1.04 }}L{{a}_{0.42 }}N{{d}_{0.42 }}P{{r}_{0.12 }}} )}_{2.00 }}{{( {C{{O}_3}} )}_4}\\cdot {{H}_2}O , and the simplified formula is CaC{{e}_2}{{( {C{{O}_3}} )}_4}\\cdot {{H}_2}O . According to X-ray single crystal diffraction galgenbergite-(Ce) is triclinic, space group Poverline{1},a=6.3916(5) , b = 6.4005(4), c = 12.3898(9) Å, α = 100.884(4), β = 96.525(4), γ = 100.492(4)°, V = 483.64(6) Å3, Z = 2. The eight strongest lines in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern are [ d calc in Å/( I)/ hkl]: 5.052/(100)/011; 3.011/(70)/0-22; 3.006/(66)/004; 5.899/(59)/-101; 3.900/(51)/1-12; 3.125/(46)/-201; 2.526/(42)/022; 4.694/(38)/-102. The infrared absorption spectrum reveals H2O (OH-stretching mode at 3,489 cm-1, HOH bending mode at 1,607 cm-1) and indicates the presence of distinctly non-equivalent CO3-groups by double and quadruple peaks of their ν1, ν2, ν3 and ν4 modes. The crystal structure of galgenbergite-(Ce) was refined with X-ray single crystal data to R1 = 0.019 for 2,448 unique reflections ( I > 2 σ( I)) and 193 parameters. The three cation sites of the structure Ca(1), Ce(2) and Ce(3) have a modest mixed site occupation by Ca and small amount of REE (Ce, La, Pr, Nd) and vice versa. The structure is based on double layers parallel to (001), which are composed of Ca(1)Ce(2)(CO3)2 single layers with an ordered chessboard like arrangement of Ca and Ce, and with a roof tile-like stacking of the CO3 groups. Perpendicular to (001) the double layers are connected to a triclinic framework structure with good cleavage parallel to (001) by a differently organized and more open part of the structure formed by Ce(3)(CO3)2(H2O). Based on the topology of the CaCe(CO3)2 single layer in galgenbergite-(Ce), structural relationships to rutherfordine, to aragonite and ancylite type minerals, and to lanthanite are outlined.

Optical and scintillation properties of ce-doped (Gd2Y1)Ga2.7Al2.3O12 single crystal grown by Czochralski method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Chao; Wu, Yuntao; Ding, Dongzhou; Li, Huanying; Chen, Xiaofeng; Shi, Jian; Ren, Guohao

2016-06-01

Multicomponent garnets, due to their excellent light yield and energy resolution, become one of the most promising scintillators used for homeland security and nuclear non-proliferation applications. This work focuses on the optimization of Ce-doped (Gd,Y)3(Ga,Al)5O12 scintillators using a combination strategy of pre-screening and scale-up. Ce-doped GdxY1-xGayAl5-yO12 (x=1, 2 and y=2, 2.2, 2.5, 2.7, 3) polycrystalline powders were prepared by high-temperature solid state reaction method. The desired garnet phase in all the samples was confirmed using X-ray diffraction measurement. By comparing the radioluminescence intensity, the highest scintillation efficiency was achieved at a component of Gd2Y1Ga2.7Al2.3O12:Ce powders. A (Gd2Y1)Ga2.7Al2.3O12 doped with 1% Ce single crystal with dimensions of Ø35×40 mm was grown by Czochralski method using a <111> oriented seed. Luminescence and scintillation properties were measured. An optical transmittance of 84% was achieved in the concerned wavelength from 500 to 800 nm. Its 5d-4f emission of Ce3+ is at 530 nm. The light yield of a Ce1%: Gd2Y1Ga2.7Al2.3O12 single crystal slab at a size of 5×5×1 mm3 can reach about 65,000±3000 Ph/MeV along with two decay components of 94 and 615 ns under 137Cs source irradiation.

Feasibility of determining flat roof heat losses using aerial thermography

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bowman, R. L.; Jack, J. R.

1979-01-01

The utility of aerial thermography for determining rooftop heat losses was investigated experimentally using several completely instrumented test roofs with known thermal resistances. Actual rooftop heat losses were obtained both from in-situ instrumentation and aerial thermography obtained from overflights at an altitude of 305 m. In general, the remotely determined roof surface temperatures agreed very well with those obtained from ground measurements. The roof heat losses calculated using the remotely determined roof temperature agreed to within 17% of those calculated from 1/R delta T using ground measurements. However, this agreement may be fortuitous since the convective component of the heat loss is sensitive to small changes in roof temperature and to the average heat transfer coefficient used, whereas the radiative component is less sensitive. This, at this time, it is felt that an acceptable quantitative determination of roof heat losses using aerial thermography is only feasible when the convective term is accurately known or minimized. The sensitivity of the heat loss determination to environmental conditions was also evaluated. The analysis showed that the most reliable quantitative heat loss determinations can probably be obtained from aerial thermography taken under conditions of total cloud cover with low wind speeds and at low ambient temperatures.

5. Roof Truss Above Service Area, Roof Truss Above Ward, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. Roof Truss Above Service Area, Roof Truss Above Ward, Roof Framing Axonometric - National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers - Battle Mountain Sanitarium, Ward 4, 500 North Fifth Street, Hot Springs, Fall River County, SD

The analysis of PM2.5 and associated elements and their indoor/outdoor pollution status in an urban area.

PubMed

Lim, J-M; Jeong, J-H; Lee, J-H; Moon, J-H; Chung, Y-S; Kim, K-H

2011-04-01

In this study, elemental composition of PM2.5 and the status of indoor/outdoor pollution were investigated in a commercial building near a roadside area in Daejeon, Korea. A total of 60 parallel PM2.5 samples were collected both on the roof (outdoor) and in an indoor office of a building near a highly congested road during the spring and fall of 2008. The concentrations of 23 elements were analysed from these PM2.5 samples using instrumental neutron activation analysis. PM2.5 levels in indoor environment (47.6 ± 16.5 μg/m(3)) were noticeably higher than the outdoor levels (37.7 ± 17.2 μg/m(3)) with the I/O concentration ratio of 1.37 ± 0.33 [correlation coefficient (r) = 0.89, P < 0.001]. Principal component analysis results coincidently showed the predominance of sources such as soil dust, traffic, oil/coal combustion and road dust for both indoor and outdoor microenvironments. An isolated source in the indoor environment was assigned to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) with high factor loading of Ce, Cl, I, K, La and Zn. The overall results of our study indicate that the sources of indoor constituents were strongly dependent on outdoor processes except for the ones affected by independent sources such as ETS. An improved understanding of the factors affecting the indoor PM2.5 concentration levels can lead to the development of an efficient management strategy to control health risks from exposure to indoor PM2.5 and related toxic components. A comparison of our comprehensive data sets indicated that most indoor PM2.5 and associated elemental species were strongly enriched by indoor source activities along with infiltration of ambient outdoor air for a naturally ventilated building. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

The competing effects of microbially derived polymeric and low molecular-weight substances on the dispersibility of CeO2 nanoparticles

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nakano, Yuriko; Ochiai, Asumi; Kawamoto, Keisuke

To understand the competing effects of the components in extracellular substances (ES), polymeric substances (PS) and low-molecular-weight small substances (SS) <1 kDa derived from microorganisms, on the colloidal stability of cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CeNPs), we investigated their adsorption to sparingly soluble CeNPs at room temperature at pH 6.0. The ES was extracted from the fungus S. cerevisiae. The polypeptides and phosphates in all components preferentially adsorbed onto the CeNPs. The zeta potentials of ES + CeNPs, PS + CeNPs, and SS + CeNPs overlapped on the plot of PS itself, indicating the surface charge of the polymeric substances controls themore » zeta potentials. The sizes of the CeNP aggregates, 100–1300 nm, were constrained by the zeta potentials. The steric barrier derived from the polymers, even in SS, enhanced the CeNP dispersibility at pH 1.5–10. Consequently, the PS and SS had similar effects on modifying the CeNP surfaces. The adsorption of ES, which contains PS + SS, can suppress the aggregation of CeNPs over a wider pH range than that for PS only. The present study addresses the non-negligible effects of small-sized molecules derived from microbial activity on the migration of CeNP in aquatic environments, especially where bacterial consortia prevail.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Desjarlais, Andre Omer; Kriner, Scott; Miller, William A

An alternative to white and cool-color roofs that meets prescriptive requirements for steep-slope (residential and non-residential) and low-slope (non-residential) roofing has been documented. Roofs fitted with an inclined air space above the sheathing (herein termed above-sheathing ventilation, or ASV), performed as well as if not better than high-reflectance, high-emittance roofs fastened directly to the deck. Field measurements demonstrated the benefit of roofs designed with ASV. A computer tool was benchmarked against the field data. Testing and benchmarks were conducted at roofs inclined at 18.34 ; the roof span from soffit to ridge was 18.7 ft (5.7 m). The tool wasmore » then exercised to compute the solar reflectance needed by a roof equipped with ASV to exhibit the same annual cooling load as that for a direct-to-deck cool-color roof. A painted metal roof with an air space height of 0.75 in. (0.019 m) and spanning 18.7 ft (5.7 m) up the roof incline of 18.34 needed only a 0.10 solar reflectance to exhibit the same annual cooling load as a direct-to-deck cool-color metal roof (solar reflectance of 0.25). This held for all eight ASHRAE climate zones complying with ASHRAE 90.1 (2007a). A dark heat-absorbing roof fitted with 1.5 in. (0.038 m) air space spanning 18.7 ft (5.7 m) and inclined at 18.34 was shown to have a seasonal cooling load equivalent to that of a conventional direct-to-deck cool-color metal roof. Computations for retrofit application based on ASHRAE 90.1 (1980) showed that ASV air spaces of either 0.75 or 1.5 in. (0.019 and 0.038 m) would permit black roofs to have annual cooling loads equivalent to the direct-to-deck cool roof. Results are encouraging, and a parametric study of roof slope and ASV aspect ratio is needed for developing guidelines applicable to all steep- and low-slope roof applications.« less

Benzalkonium runoff from roofs treated with biocide products - In situ pilot-scale study.

PubMed

Gromaire, M C; Van de Voorde, A; Lorgeoux, C; Chebbo, G

2015-09-15

Roof maintenance practices often involve the application of biocide products to fight against moss, lichens and algae. The main component of these products is benzalkonium chloride, a mixture of alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chlorides with mainly C12 and C14 alkyl chain lengths, which is toxic for the aquatic environment. This paper describes, on the basis of an in-situ pilot scale study, the evolution of roof runoff contamination over a one year period following the biocide treatment of roof frames. Results show a major contamination of roof runoff immediately after treatment (from 5 to 30 mg/L), followed by an exponential decrease. 175-375 mm of cumulated rainfall is needed before the runoff concentrations become less than EC50 values for fish (280 μg/l). The residual concentration in the runoff water remains above 4 μg/L even after 640 mm of rainfall. The level of benzalkonium ions leaching depends on the roofing material, with lower concentrations and total mass leached from ceramic tiles than from concrete tiles, and on the state of the tile (new or worn out). Mass balance calculations indicate that a large part of the mass of benzalkonium compounds applied to the tiles is lost, probably due to biodegradation processes. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Composition and Diversity of Avian Communities Using a New Urban Habitat: Green Roofs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Washburn, Brian E.; Swearingin, Ryan M.; Pullins, Craig K.; Rice, Matthew E.

2016-06-01

Green roofs on buildings are becoming popular and represent a new component of the urban landscape. Public benefits of green roof projects include reduced stormwater runoff, improved air quality, reduced urban heat island effects, and aesthetic values. As part of a city-wide plan, several green roofs have been constructed at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport (ORD). Like some other landscaping features, green roofs on or near an airport might attract wildlife and thus increase the risk of bird-aircraft collisions. During 2007-2011, we conducted a series of studies to evaluate wildlife use of newly constructed green roofs and traditional (gravel) roofs on buildings at ORD. These green roofs were 0.04-1.62 ha in area and consisted of primarily stonecrop species for vegetation. A total of 188 birds were observed using roofs during this research. Of the birds using green roofs, 66, 23, and 4 % were Killdeer, European Starlings, and Mourning Doves, respectively. Killdeer nested on green roofs, whereas the other species perched, foraged, or loafed. Birds used green roofs almost exclusively between May and October. Overall, avian use of the green roofs was minimal and similar to that of buildings with traditional roofs. Although green roofs with other vegetation types might offer forage or cover to birds and thus attract potentially hazardous wildlife, the stonecrop-vegetated green roofs in this study did not increase the risk of bird-aircraft collisions.

Multicolor tuning towards single red-emission band of upconversion nanoparticles for tunable optical component and optical/x-ray imaging agents via Ce(3+) doping.

PubMed

Yi, Zhigao; Zeng, Tianmei; Xu, Yaru; Lu, Wei; Qian, Chao; Liu, Hongrong; Zeng, Songjun; Hao, Jianhua

2015-09-25

A simple strategy of Ce(3+) doping is proposed to realize multicolor tuning and predominant red emission in BaLnF5:Yb(3+)/Ho(3+) (Ln(3+) = Gd(3+), Y(3+), Yb(3+)) systems. A tunable upconversion (UC) multicolor output from green/yellow to red can be readily achieved in a fixed Yb(3+)/Ho(3+) composition by doping Ce(3+), providing an effective route for multicolor tuning widely used for various optical components. Moreover, compared with Ce(3+)-free UC nanoparticles (UCNPs), a remarkable enhancement of the red-to-green (R/G) ratio is observed by doping 30% Ce(3+), arising from the two largely promoted cross-relaxation (CR) processes between Ce(3+) and Ho(3+). UCNPs with pure red emission are selected as in vivo UC bioimaging agents, demonstrating the merits of deep penetration depth, the absence of autofluorescence and high contrast in small animal bioimaging. Moreover, such fluorescence imaging nanoprobes can also be used as contrast agents for three-dimensional (3D) x-ray bioimaging by taking advantage of the high K-edge values and x-ray absorption coefficients of Ba(2+), Gd(3+), and Ce(3+) in our designed nanoprobes. Thus, the simultaneous realization of multicolor output, highly enhanced R/G ratio, and predominant red emission makes the Ce(3+)-doped UCNPs very useful for widespread applications in optical components and bioimaging.

A generic hydrological model for a green roof drainage layer.

PubMed

Vesuviano, Gianni; Stovin, Virginia

2013-01-01

A rainfall simulator of length 5 m and width 1 m was used to supply constant intensity and largely spatially uniform water inflow events to 100 different configurations of commercially available green roof drainage layer and protection mat. The runoff from each inflow event was collected and sampled at one-second intervals. Time-series runoff responses were subsequently produced for each of the tested configurations, using the average response of three repeat tests. Runoff models, based on storage routing (dS/dt = I-Q) and a power-law relationship between storage and runoff (Q = kS(n)), and incorporating a delay parameter, were created. The parameters k, n and delay were optimized to best fit each of the runoff responses individually. The range and pattern of optimized parameter values was analysed with respect to roof and event configuration. An analysis was performed to determine the sensitivity of the shape of the runoff profile to changes in parameter values. There appears to be potential to consolidate values of n by roof slope and drainage component material.

Composition and Diversity of Avian Communities Using a New Urban Habitat: Green Roofs.

PubMed

Washburn, Brian E; Swearingin, Ryan M; Pullins, Craig K; Rice, Matthew E

2016-06-01

Green roofs on buildings are becoming popular and represent a new component of the urban landscape. Public benefits of green roof projects include reduced stormwater runoff, improved air quality, reduced urban heat island effects, and aesthetic values. As part of a city-wide plan, several green roofs have been constructed at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport (ORD). Like some other landscaping features, green roofs on or near an airport might attract wildlife and thus increase the risk of bird-aircraft collisions. During 2007-2011, we conducted a series of studies to evaluate wildlife use of newly constructed green roofs and traditional (gravel) roofs on buildings at ORD. These green roofs were 0.04-1.62 ha in area and consisted of primarily stonecrop species for vegetation. A total of 188 birds were observed using roofs during this research. Of the birds using green roofs, 66, 23, and 4 % were Killdeer, European Starlings, and Mourning Doves, respectively. Killdeer nested on green roofs, whereas the other species perched, foraged, or loafed. Birds used green roofs almost exclusively between May and October. Overall, avian use of the green roofs was minimal and similar to that of buildings with traditional roofs. Although green roofs with other vegetation types might offer forage or cover to birds and thus attract potentially hazardous wildlife, the stonecrop-vegetated green roofs in this study did not increase the risk of bird-aircraft collisions.

Luminescence properties and scintillation response in Ce3+-doped Y2Gd1Al5-xGaxO12 (x = 2, 3, 4) single crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chewpraditkul, Warut; Pánek, Dalibor; Brůža, Petr; Chewpraditkul, Weerapong; Wanarak, Chalerm; Pattanaboonmee, Nakarin; Babin, Vladimir; Bartosiewicz, Karol; Kamada, Kei; Yoshikawa, Akira; Nikl, Martin

2014-08-01

The compositional dependence of luminescence properties and scintillation response were investigated in Ce3+-doped Y2Gd1Al5-xGaxO12 (x = 2, 3, 4) single crystals. The Gd3+ → Ce3+ energy transfer was evidenced by photoluminescence excitation spectra of Ce3+ emission. With increasing Ga content in the garnet host, the Ce3+ luminescence from the lowest 5d level (5d1) is shifted toward higher energy due to the decrease in the crystal field splitting of the 5d levels. Light yield (LY) and its dependence on the amplifier shaping time were measured under excitation with γ-rays. High LY value of ˜38 000 ph/MeV was obtained for a Y2Gd1Al3Ga2O12:Ce sample. Scintillation decay was measured with an extended dynamical and temporal scale under the nanosecond pulse soft X-ray excitation. The decrease of both LY value and relative contribution of slower decay component in the scintillation response was observed with increasing Ga content in the garnet host.

Green Roofs: Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) Federal Technology Alert

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Scholz-Barth, K.; Tanner, S.

In a ''green roof,'' a layer of vegetation (e.g., a roof garden) covers the surface of a roof to provide shade, cooler indoor and outdoor temperatures, and effective storm-water management to reduce runoff. The main components are waterproofing, soil, and plants. There are two basic kinds: intensive and extensive. An intensive green roof often features large shrubs and trees, and it can be expensive to install and maintain. An extensive green roof features shallow soil and low-growing, horizontally spreading plants that can thrive in the alpine conditions of many rooftops. These plants do not require a lot of water ormore » soil, and they can tolerate a significant amount of exposure to the sun and wind. This Federal Technology Alert focuses on the benefits, design, and implementation of extensive green roofs and includes criteria for their use on federal facilities.« less

Optical properties of BaY2F8:Ce3+

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fabeni, P.; di Martino, D.; Nikl, M.; Pazzi, G. P.; Sani, E.; Toncelli, A.; Tonelli, M.; Vedda, A.

2005-01-01

The optical properties of Ce3+-doped BaY2F8 crystals were investigated under selective laser excitation and X-ray irradiation. In both cases, the emission spectrum is dominated by the characteristic doublet transition from the lowest energy level of the 5d configuration to the spin-orbit split 2F ground state of Ce3+. Excitation bands at 4.1, 5.0, 5.9 and 6.2 eV, due to transitions between 4f and split 5d levels were observed. The emission time decay was satisfactorily analyzed by a single exponential component, characterized by a decay time of approximately 28 ns at 10 K and slightly increasing with temperature. A monotonic temperature quenching of the photo-luminescence intensity was observed; on the other hand, the temperature dependence of radio-luminescence intensity is modulated by the presence of shallow traps competing with Ce3+ ions in carrier trapping during irradiation.

Scintillation properties of Ce-doped (Gd0.32Y0.68)3Al5O12 transparent ceramics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hirano, Shotaro; Okada, Go; Kawaguchi, Noriaki; Yagi, Hideki; Yanagitani, Takagimi; Yanagida, Takayuki

2017-04-01

In this work, we have investigated optical and scintillation properties of 0.35-0.65% Ce:(Gd0.32Y0.68)3Al5O12 (Ce:GYAG) transparent ceramics prepared by the vacuum sintering method. Obtained samples showed high transmittance in the spectral region longer than 500 nm, and two strong absorption bands were clearly observed below 380 nm and between 400 and 500 nm due to the 4f-5d transitions of Ce3+. Under UV and X-rays, we have also observed emission due to the 5d-4f transitions of Ce3+ which appeared around 500-700 nm. The emission decay profile of PL consisted of a single exponential decay component with the decay time of 62.7-64.1 ns while the scintillation decay profile was approximated by a second-order exponential decay function with the decay times of 87.3-100 ns and 1.14-1.32 μs. In addition, it has been revealed that 0.65% Ce:GYAG transparent ceramic showed a notable light yield of 18,000 ph/MeV and low afterglow (13 ppm).

Photoluminescence and scintillation properties of Ce-doped Sr2(Gd1-xLux)8(SiO4)6O2 (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6) crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Igashira, Takuya; Kawano, Naoki; Okada, Go; Kawaguchi, Noriaki; Yanagida, Takayuki

2018-05-01

Apatite crystals with chemical compositions of 0.5% Ce-doped Sr2(Gd1-xLux)8(SiO4)6O2 (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6) were synthesized by the Floating Zone method, and then we evaluated their photoluminescence (PL) and scintillation properties. All the Ce-doped samples exhibited PL and scintillation with an intense broad emission in 400-550 nm in which the origin was attributed to the 5d-4f transition of Ce3+, and the emission peak became broader with increasing the concentration of Lu3+. Both PL and scintillation decay time profiles were best-approximated by a sum of two exponential decay functions, and the origin of slower component was attributed to the 5d-4f transition of Ce3+. In the X-ray induced afterglow measurements, the Ce-doped Sr2(Gd0.4Lu0.6)8(SiO4)6O2 sample exhibited the lowest afterglow level. Furthermore, the Ce-doped Sr2(Gd0.5Lu0.5)8(SiO4)6O2 and Sr2(Gd0.4Lu0.6)8(SiO4)6O2 samples showed a clear full energy deposited peak under 5.5 MeV 241Am α-ray irradiation, and the estimated absolute scintillation light yields were around 290 and 1300 ph/5.5 MeV-α, respectively.

Properties of transparent (Gd,Lu)3(Al,Ga)5O12:Ce ceramic with Mg, Ca and Ce co-dopants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Yimin; Baldoni, Gary; Brecher, Charles; Rhodes, William H.; Shirwadkar, Urmila; Glodo, Jarek; Shah, Ishaan; Ji, Chuncheng

2015-08-01

Cerium activated mixed lutetium/gadolinium- and aluminum/gallium-based garnets have great potential as host scintillators for medical imaging applications. (Gd,Lu)3(Al,Ga)5O12:Ce and denoted as GLuGAG feature high effective atomic number and good light yield, which make it particularly attractive for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and other γ-ray detection applications. For PET application, rapid decay and good timing resolution are extremely important. Most Ce-doped mixed garnet materials such as GLuGAG:Ce, have their main decay component at around 80 ns. However, it has been reported that the decays of some single crystal scintillators (e.g., LSO and GGAG) can be effectively accelerated by codoping with selected additives such as Ca, Mg and B. In this study, transparent polycrystalline (Gd,Lu)3(Al,Ga)5O12:Ce ceramics codoped with Ca or Mg or additional Ce, were fabricated by the sinter-HIP approach. It was found the transmission of the ceramics are closely related to the microstructure of the ceramics. As the co-dopant levels increase, 2nd phase occurs in the ceramic and thus transparency of the ceramic decreases. Ca and Mg co-doping in GLuGAG:Ce ceramic effectively accelerate decays of GLuGAG:Ce ceramics at a cost of light output. However, additional Ce doping in the GLuGAG:Ce has no benefit on improving decay time but, on the other hand, reduces transmission, light output. The mechanism under the different scintillation behaviors with Mg, Ca and Ce dopants are discussed. The results suggest that decay time of GLuGAG:Ce ceramics can be effectively tailored by co-doping GLuGAG:Ce ceramic with Mg and Ca for applications with optimal timing resolution.

TASK 2.5.5 NATURAL EXPOSURE TESTING IN CALIFORNIA

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Miller, William A; Cheng, Mengdawn; New, Joshua Ryan

2010-03-01

Airborne particulate matter that settles on a roof can either reflect or absorb incoming solar radiation, dependent on the chemical content and size of the particles. These light scattering and absorption processes occur within a few microns of the surface, and can affect the solar reflectance of the roof. Wilkes et al. (2000) tested 24 different roof coatings on a low-slope test stand and observed about a 25% decrease in the solar reflectance of white-coated and aluminum-coated surfaces as the time of exposure increased; however, the decrease leveled off after 2 years. SPRI Inc. and its affiliates studied the effectmore » of climatic exposure on the surface properties of white thermoplastic single-ply membranes and determined that membranes lose from 30 to 50% of their reflectance over 3 years (Miller et al. 2002). The CMRC and its affiliates AISI, NamZAC, MBMA, MCA and NCCA exposed unpainted and painted metal roofing on both steep- and low-slope test roofs and found that after 3 years, the painted polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) metal roofs lost less than 5% of their original reflectance (Miller et al. 2004). The results of the three different weathering studies are very interesting in terms of their solar reflectance after 3 years of exposure. The white thermoplastic membrane and white ceramic coating with white topcoat had original reflectance measures that were about 20 percentage points higher than the painted metal; however, after 3-years of field exposure the solar reflectance of the painted metal exceeds that of the thermoplastic membrane and equals that of the coating. The long-term loss of reflectance appears driven by the ability of the particulate matter to cling to the roof and resist being washed off by wind and or rain. Miller et al. (2002) discovered that aerosol deposition introduced biomass of complex microbial consortia onto the test roofs and the combination of contaminants and biomass accelerated the loss of solar reflectance for the thermoplastic membranes and the roof coatings. Airborne contaminants and biomass were also detected on the painted metal roofs; however, the loss of solar reflectance was less than 5% for the painted metal roofs. The chemistry of the PVDF paint resin system uses similar organic film bonding to that responsible for Teflon , making it extremely chemical resistant and dirt shedding. Miller and Rudolph (2003) found the PVDF painted metals maintained solar reflectance even after 30 years of climatic exposure. Therefore the reduction of roof reflectance is closely related to the composition of the roof and to the chemical profile of the contaminants soiling the roof. Contaminants collected from samples of roof products exposed at seven California weathering sites were analyzed for elements and carbons to characterize the chemical profile of the particles soiling each roof sample and to identify those elements that degrade or enhance solar reflectance. The losses in solar reflectance varied from site to site and also varied at a give site based on the color of the coupon. The least drop in reflectance was observed in the alpine climate of McArthur while the largest drop occurred in sites near urban development. Light color samples were soiled after just one year of exposure. The darker color coupons did not show the same seasonal variations in solar reflectance as observed for the lighter colors. However, after an additional year of exposure the samples at all sites regained most of their solar reflectance due to rain and/or wind washing. The loss of reflectance appears cyclical with the onset of seasons having more rainfall. Solar reflectance of the cool pigmented coupons always exceeded that of the conventional pigmented coupons. Climatic soiling did not cause the cool pigmented roof coupons to lose any more solar reflectance than their conventional pigmented counterparts. The effect of roof slope appears to have more of an effect on lighter color roofs whose solar reflectance exceeds at least 0.5 and visually shows the accumulation of airborne contaminants. The thermal emittance remained invariant with time and location and was therefore not affected by climatic soiling. A thin-film deposition model was developed based on first principles, which simulates light interaction with a soiled substrate. This model was used in combination with the measured data to determine the solar absorptance and reflectance of particulate matter at each of the sites calculated using least squares fitting routines. Principal Component Analysis was used to determine the most important combinations of chemicals correlated with changes in solar absorption. Linear regression helped extract an approximate correlation using chromium, iron and elemental carbon concentrations. It appears that chromium ranks first, iron ranks second, and elemental carbon ranks third in importance to soil absorptance in the data« less

A comparative study on the quality of bio-oil derived from green macroalga Enteromorpha clathrata over metal modified ZSM-5 catalysts.

PubMed

Wang, Shuang; Cao, Bin; Liu, Xinlin; Xu, Lujiang; Hu, Yamin; Afonaa-Mensah, Stephen; Abomohra, Abd El-Fatah; He, Zhixia; Wang, Qian; Xu, Shannan

2018-05-01

The green macroalga Enteromorpha clathrata was pyrolyzed with or without catalysts at the temperature of 550 °C for producing high-quality bio-oil. The ZSM-5 and 1,2,3 mmol Mg-Ce/ZSM-5 catalysts were introduced to investigate the yields and components distribution of bio-oil. Increase of bio-oil production was obtained with the use of ZSM-5 and 1,2,3 mmol Mg-Ce/ZSM-5 catalysts. The 1 mmol Mg-Ce/ZSM-5 catalyst exhibited more promising property for promoting the relative content of C 5 -C 7 compounds, and decreasing the relative content of acids in bio-oil. The results suggested that E. clathrata had potential as pyrolysis feedstocks for producing the high-quality bio-oil with large amounts of C 5 -C 7 compounds and low relative content of acids when the 1 mmol Mg-Ce/ZSM-5 catalyst was used. Furthermore, the physicochemical properties of ZSM-5 and 1 mmol Mg-Ce/ZSM-5 catalysts were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Impact of height and shape of building roof on air quality in urban street canyons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yassin, Mohamed F.

2011-09-01

A building's roof shape and roof height play an important role in determining pollutant concentrations from vehicle emissions and its complex flow patterns within urban street canyons. The impact of the roof shape and height on wind flow and dispersion of gaseous pollutants from vehicle exhaust within urban canyons were investigated numerically using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model. Two-dimensional flow and dispersion of gaseous pollutants were analyzed using standard κ- ɛ turbulence model, which was numerically solved based on Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. The diffusion fields in the urban canyons were examined with three roof heights ( Z H/ H = 0.17, 0.33 and 0.5) and five roof shapes: (1) flat-shaped roof, (2) slanted-shaped roof, (3) downwind wedge-shaped roof, (4) upwind wedge-shaped roof, and (5) trapezoid-shaped roof. The numerical model was validated against the wind tunnels results in order to optimize the turbulence model. The numerical simulations agreed reasonably with the wind tunnel results. The results obtained indicated that the pollutant concentration increased as the roof height decreases. It also decreased with the slanted and trapezoid-shaped roofs but increased with the flat-shaped roof. The pollutant concentration distributions simulated in the present work, indicated that the variability of the roof shapes and roof heights of the buildings are important factors for estimating air quality within urban canyons.

Wind tunnel tests for wind pressure distribution on gable roof buildings.

PubMed

Jing, Xiao-kun; Li, Yuan-qi

2013-01-01

Gable roof buildings are widely used in industrial buildings. Based on wind tunnel tests with rigid models, wind pressure distributions on gable roof buildings with different aspect ratios were measured simultaneously. Some characteristics of the measured wind pressure field on the surfaces of the models were analyzed, including mean wind pressure, fluctuating wind pressure, peak negative wind pressure, and characteristics of proper orthogonal decomposition results of the measured wind pressure field. The results show that extremely high local suctions often occur in the leading edges of longitudinal wall and windward roof, roof corner, and roof ridge which are the severe damaged locations under strong wind. The aspect ratio of building has a certain effect on the mean wind pressure coefficients, and the effect relates to wind attack angle. Compared with experimental results, the region division of roof corner and roof ridge from AIJ2004 is more reasonable than those from CECS102:2002 and MBMA2006.The contributions of the first several eigenvectors to the overall wind pressure distributions become much bigger. The investigation can offer some basic understanding for estimating wind load distribution on gable roof buildings and facilitate wind-resistant design of cladding components and their connections considering wind load path.

Solar collector cell and roof flashing assembly and method of constructing a roof with such an assembly

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mayerovitch, M.D.

1980-03-25

A solar collector cell formed as an integral portion of a roof flashing is disclosed as comprising a flashing base having a dihedral surface including a larger base portion and a smaller ramp portion, and a solar collector cell container built integrally with the base portion of the flashing. The combination is designed to be installed in the roof of a dwelling or other building structure. The container portion of the flashing is substantially shorter in height above the roof line than conventional solar collector cell structures added to a roof subsequent to its construction. As a result, the inventionmore » gives the building constructor or owner, the option of either including the solar cell components at the time of construction of the roof to provide a solar heating device, or to fill the solar collector cell container with a temporary support structure, such as roof shakes or tiles. The shape of the solar collector cell and flashing assembly permits the solar collector cell structure to be camouflaged by overlying shakes or tiles of which the roof is constructed.« less

Flexible roof drill for low coal. Volume 2. Phase III and Phase IV

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shoup, N.H.

1977-09-01

Design specifications were developed for a flexible drilling and bolting system. The system configuration is based on the use of the Galis dual-boom roof drill as a vehicle for the drilling/bolting system. The WSU Flex-drill drivehead is mounted on the Galis drill boom and the Galis parts are modified to accommodate the revised system. The flexible drillhead supports a bolt bender/inserter designed by Bendix Corporation and is integrated into the system operation. A supplemental bolt thruster was designed to complete insertion of the roof bolt following operation and removal of the Bendix bender from the bolt shank. The complete cyclemore » of drilling a 1-3/8-in. diameter bolt hole, bending a roof bolt into the hole, thrusting the bolt head and washer to the roof surface, and final torquing of the bolt is manually controlled by the operator located in the new position behind the bolting line. The new operating position is beneath newly bolted roof in a safer location in back of the stab jack ad roof jacks positioning the drill boom and drivehead. The Flex-drill/bolting system prototype was constructed from both purchased components and parts specially fabricated in the shops for this design. This unit was assembled and test-operated with appropriate support equipment in a laboratory test stand. Numerous test holes were drilled in blocks of concrete at feed rates of 5 ft/min with drill rotation speeds of 360 rpm. The drill feeds uniformly and cuts smoothly with no difficulty in collection of dust or clogging of the drill bit. The holes drilled were straight, as evidence by passage of a 1-1/4-in. diameter bar full depth into the hole with no binding or evidence of curvature. The flexible drill is capable of drilling 8-ft-deep roof bolt holes in low coal 36 in. in height.« less

The impact of roofing material on building energy performance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Badiee, Ali

The last decade has seen an increase in the efficient use of energy sources such as water, electricity, and natural gas as well as a variety of roofing materials, in the heating and cooling of both residential and commercial infrastructure. Oil costs, coal and natural gas prices remain high and unstable. All of these instabilities and increased costs have resulted in higher heating and cooling costs, and engineers are making an effort to keep them under control by using energy efficient building materials. The building envelope (that which separates the indoor and outdoor environments of a building) plays a significant role in the rate of building energy consumption. An appropriate architectural design of a building envelope can considerably lower the energy consumption during hot summers and cold winters, resulting in reduced HVAC loads. Several building components (walls, roofs, fenestration, foundations, thermal insulation, external shading devices, thermal mass, etc.) make up this essential part of a building. However, thermal insulation of a building's rooftop is the most essential part of a building envelope in that it reduces the incoming "heat flux" (defined as the amount of heat transferred per unit area per unit time from or to a surface) (Sadineni et al., 2011). Moreover, more than 60% of heat transfer occurs through the roof regardless of weather, since a roof is often the building surface that receives the largest amount of solar radiation per square annually (Suman, and Srivastava, 2009). Hence, an argument can be made that the emphasis on building energy efficiency has influenced roofing manufacturing more than any other building envelope component. This research project will address roofing energy performance as the source of nearly 60% of the building heat transfer (Suman, and Srivastava, 2009). We will also rank different roofing materials in terms of their energy performance. Other parts of the building envelope such as walls, foundation, fenestration, etc. and their thermal insulation energy performance value will not be included this study. Five different UAB campus buildings with the same reinforced concrete structure (RC Structure), each having a different roofing material were selected, surveyed, analyzed, and evaluated in this study. Two primary factors are considered in this evaluation: the energy consumption and utility bills. The data has been provided by the UAB Facilities Management Department and has been monitored from 2007 to 2013 using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-test methods. The energy utilities examined in this study involved electricity, domestic water, and natural gas. They were measured separately in four different seasons over a seven-year time period. The building roofing materials consisted of a green roof, a white (reflective) roof, a river rock roof, a concrete paver roof, and a traditional black roof. Results of the tested roofs from this study indicate that the white roof is the most energy efficient roofing material.

Impact of green roofs on stormwater quality in a South Australian urban environment.

PubMed

Razzaghmanesh, M; Beecham, S; Kazemi, F

2014-02-01

Green roofs are an increasingly important component of water sensitive urban design systems and can potentially improve the quality of urban runoff. However, there is evidence that they can occasionally act as a source rather than a sink for pollutants. In this study, the water quality of the outflow from both intensive and extensive green roof systems were studied in the city of Adelaide, South Australia over a period of nine months. The aim was to examine the effects of different green roof configurations on stormwater quality and to compare this with runoff from aluminium and asphalt roofs as control surfaces. The contaminant concentrations in runoff from both intensive and extensive green roofs generally decreased during the study period. A comparison between the two types of green roof showed that except for some events for EC, TDS and chloride, the values of the parameters such as pH, turbidity, nitrate, phosphate and potassium in intensive green roof outflows were higher than in the outflows from the extensive green roofs. These concentrations were compared to local, state, national and international water quality guidelines in order to investigate the potential for outflow runoff from green roofs to be reused for potable and non-potable purposes. The study found that green roof outflow can provide an alternative water source for non-potable purposes such as urban landscape irrigation and toilet flushing. © 2013.

Injuries Associated with Specific Motor Vehicle Hazards: Radiators, Batteries, Power Windows, and Power Roofs

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1997-07-01

This report provides estimates of the numbers of persons injured as a result of : hazards involving four specific motor vehicle components: radiators, batteries, : power windows, and power roofs. The injury estimates are based upon data from : the Co...

Roof Type Selection Based on Patch-Based Classification Using Deep Learning for High Resolution Satellite Imagery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Partovi, T.; Fraundorfer, F.; Azimi, S.; Marmanis, D.; Reinartz, P.

2017-05-01

3D building reconstruction from remote sensing image data from satellites is still an active research topic and very valuable for 3D city modelling. The roof model is the most important component to reconstruct the Level of Details 2 (LoD2) for a building in 3D modelling. While the general solution for roof modelling relies on the detailed cues (such as lines, corners and planes) extracted from a Digital Surface Model (DSM), the correct detection of the roof type and its modelling can fail due to low quality of the DSM generated by dense stereo matching. To reduce dependencies of roof modelling on DSMs, the pansharpened satellite images as a rich resource of information are used in addition. In this paper, two strategies are employed for roof type classification. In the first one, building roof types are classified in a state-of-the-art supervised pre-trained convolutional neural network (CNN) framework. In the second strategy, deep features from deep layers of different pre-trained CNN model are extracted and then an RBF kernel using SVM is employed to classify the building roof type. Based on roof complexity of the scene, a roof library including seven types of roofs is defined. A new semi-automatic method is proposed to generate training and test patches of each roof type in the library. Using the pre-trained CNN model does not only decrease the computation time for training significantly but also increases the classification accuracy.

5. ROOF DETAIL, LOOKING EAST TOWARD SECOND FLOOR WAREHOUSE FROM ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. ROOF DETAIL, LOOKING EAST TOWARD SECOND FLOOR WAREHOUSE FROM ROOF OF ASSEMBLY AREA. - Ford Motor Company Long Beach Assembly Plant, Assembly Building, 700 Henry Ford Avenue, Long Beach, Los Angeles County, CA

Influence of plant composition and water use strategies on green roof stormwater retention.

PubMed

Zhang, Zheng; Szota, Christopher; Fletcher, Tim D; Williams, Nicholas S G; Werdin, Joerg; Farrell, Claire

2018-06-01

Green roofs are increasingly being considered a promising engineered ecosystem for reducing stormwater runoff. Plants are a critical component of green roofs and it has been suggested that plants with high water use after rainfall, but which are also drought tolerant, can improve rainfall retention on green roofs. However, there is little evidence to show how plants with different water use strategies will affect green roof retention performance, either in monocultures or in mixed plantings. This study tested how monocultures and a mixture of herbaceous species (Dianella admixta, Lomandra longifolia and Stypandra glauca) affected rainfall retention on green roofs. These species were chosen based on their water use strategies and compared with a commonly used succulent species (Sedum pachyphyllum) with conservative water use. We measured retention performance for 67 rainfall events, quantifying all components of the water balance. We also compared growth for species in monocultures and mixtures. We found that monocultures of L. longifolia had the greatest stormwater retention and ET. Although S. glauca has a similar water use strategy to D. admixta, it had the lowest stormwater retention and ET. In both the mixture and as a monoculture, S. glauca created preferential flow pathways, resulting in lower substrate water contents which reduced ET and therefore rainfall retention. This species also dominated performance of the mixture, such that the mixture had lower ET and retention than all monocultures (except S. glauca). We suggest that root traits and their interaction with substrates should be considered alongside water use strategies for rainfall retention on green roofs. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Interactions between working memory and language in young children with specific language impairment (SLI).

PubMed

Vugs, Brigitte; Knoors, Harry; Cuperus, Juliane; Hendriks, Marc; Verhoeven, Ludo

2016-01-01

The underlying structure of working memory (WM) in young children with and without specific language impairment (SLI) was examined. The associations between the components of WM and the language abilities of young children with SLI were then analyzed. The Automated Working Memory Assessment and four linguistic tasks were administered to 58 children with SLI and 58 children without SLI, aged 4-5 years. The WM of the children was best represented by a model with four separate but interacting components of verbal storage, visuospatial storage, verbal central executive (CE), and visuospatial CE. The associations between the four components of WM did not differ significantly for the two groups of children. However, the individual components of WM showed varying associations with the language abilities of the children with SLI. The verbal CE component of WM was moderately to strongly associated with all the language abilities in children with SLI: receptive vocabulary, expressive vocabulary, verbal comprehension, and syntactic development. These results show verbal CE to be involved in a wide range of linguistic skills; the limited ability of young children with SLI to simultaneously store and process verbal information may constrain their acquisition of linguistic skills. Attention should thus be paid to the language problems of children with SLI, but also to the WM impairments that can contribute to their language problems.

Experimental Investigation of Thermal Performance in a Vehicle Cabin Test Setup With Pcm in the Roof

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Purusothaman, M.; kota, Saichand; Cornilius, C. Sam; Siva, R.

2017-05-01

Heat flow from the roof with radiation through glass windows obviously high level that contributes to the total heat gained of a vehicle cabin. The cabin temperature of closed stationary vehicles in direct sunlight can quickly rise to a very level that may damage property and harm children or pets left in the vehicle. The problem that is faced by many car users today is very hot interior after certain minutes or hours of parking in open or un-shaded parking area. The heat accumulated inside the vehicle with undesired temperature rise would cause the parts of the car’s interior to degrade. Even the passengers are affected with the thermal condition inside the vehicle itself. The passenger has to wait for a certain time before getting into the car to cool down the interior condition either by lowering down the window or switching on the air conditioner at high speed that really affect the fuel consumption. A new roofing structure to improve its total thermal resistance is developed. Its uses phase change material properties to trap the heat from solar radiation and then release it back to the outer atmosphere by external convection when the vehicle is in use or during the nocturnal cycle. Phase change material, which has become an attractive means to store. Thermal energy, which has a wide range of applications, has been used. Phase change material has a high heat of fusion which is able to store and release large amount of energy. This PCM has been insulated in the roof of the vehicle to arrest the heat entering into the vehicle cabin. Experimental and numerical analyses have been conducted to compare the thermal performance of the new roofing structure and the normal roofing. By this experiment, the cooling process of the cabin could be much lower. The experimental investigation revealed that, on a hot day, the interior temperature of the vehicles cabin was approximately 22ºCe higher than the ambient temperature. The results show that the new roofing structure could effectively reduce the inlet of heat from the roof into the cabin. As a result, the interior temperature of the cabin could be much lower.

Digging the New York City Skyline: Soil Fungal Communities in Green Roofs and City Parks

PubMed Central

McGuire, Krista L.; Payne, Sara G.; Palmer, Matthew I.; Gillikin, Caitlyn M.; Keefe, Dominique; Kim, Su Jin; Gedallovich, Seren M.; Discenza, Julia; Rangamannar, Ramya; Koshner, Jennifer A.; Massmann, Audrey L.; Orazi, Giulia; Essene, Adam; Leff, Jonathan W.; Fierer, Noah

2013-01-01

In urban environments, green roofs provide a number of benefits, including decreased urban heat island effects and reduced energy costs for buildings. However, little research has been done on the non-plant biota associated with green roofs, which likely affect their functionality. For the current study, we evaluated whether or not green roofs planted with two native plant communities in New York City functioned as habitats for soil fungal communities, and compared fungal communities in green roof growing media to soil microbial composition in five city parks, including Central Park and the High Line. Ten replicate roofs were sampled one year after planting; three of these roofs were more intensively sampled and compared to nearby city parks. Using Illumina sequencing of the fungal ITS region we found that green roofs supported a diverse fungal community, with numerous taxa belonging to fungal groups capable of surviving in disturbed and polluted habitats. Across roofs, there was significant biogeographical clustering of fungal communities, indicating that community assembly of roof microbes across the greater New York City area is locally variable. Green roof fungal communities were compositionally distinct from city parks and only 54% of the green roof taxa were also found in the park soils. Phospholipid fatty acid analysis revealed that park soils had greater microbial biomass and higher bacterial to fungal ratios than green roof substrates. City park soils were also more enriched with heavy metals, had lower pH, and lower quantities of total bases (Ca, K, and Mg) compared to green roof substrates. While fungal communities were compositionally distinct across green roofs, they did not differentiate by plant community. Together, these results suggest that fungi living in the growing medium of green roofs may be an underestimated component of these biotic systems functioning to support some of the valued ecological services of green roofs. PMID:23469260

Digging the New York City Skyline: soil fungal communities in green roofs and city parks.

PubMed

McGuire, Krista L; Payne, Sara G; Palmer, Matthew I; Gillikin, Caitlyn M; Keefe, Dominique; Kim, Su Jin; Gedallovich, Seren M; Discenza, Julia; Rangamannar, Ramya; Koshner, Jennifer A; Massmann, Audrey L; Orazi, Giulia; Essene, Adam; Leff, Jonathan W; Fierer, Noah

2013-01-01

In urban environments, green roofs provide a number of benefits, including decreased urban heat island effects and reduced energy costs for buildings. However, little research has been done on the non-plant biota associated with green roofs, which likely affect their functionality. For the current study, we evaluated whether or not green roofs planted with two native plant communities in New York City functioned as habitats for soil fungal communities, and compared fungal communities in green roof growing media to soil microbial composition in five city parks, including Central Park and the High Line. Ten replicate roofs were sampled one year after planting; three of these roofs were more intensively sampled and compared to nearby city parks. Using Illumina sequencing of the fungal ITS region we found that green roofs supported a diverse fungal community, with numerous taxa belonging to fungal groups capable of surviving in disturbed and polluted habitats. Across roofs, there was significant biogeographical clustering of fungal communities, indicating that community assembly of roof microbes across the greater New York City area is locally variable. Green roof fungal communities were compositionally distinct from city parks and only 54% of the green roof taxa were also found in the park soils. Phospholipid fatty acid analysis revealed that park soils had greater microbial biomass and higher bacterial to fungal ratios than green roof substrates. City park soils were also more enriched with heavy metals, had lower pH, and lower quantities of total bases (Ca, K, and Mg) compared to green roof substrates. While fungal communities were compositionally distinct across green roofs, they did not differentiate by plant community. Together, these results suggest that fungi living in the growing medium of green roofs may be an underestimated component of these biotic systems functioning to support some of the valued ecological services of green roofs.

Optical and scintillation characteristics of Gd2YAl2Ga3O12:Ce and Lu2YAl2Ga3O12:Ce single crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chewpraditkul, Warut; Sakthong, Ongsa; Pattanaboonmee, Nakarin; Chewpraditkul, Weerapong; Szczesniak, Tomasz; Swiderski, Lukasz; Moszynski, Marek; Kamada, Kei; Yoshikawa, Akira; Nikl, Martin

2017-06-01

The optical and scintillation characteristics of Gd2YAl2Ga3O12:Ce and Lu2YAl2Ga3O12:Ce single crystals are investigated. At 662 keV γ-rays, light yield (LY) of 37,900 ph/MeV and energy resolution of 7.0% obtained for Gd2YAl2Ga3O12:Ce are superior to those of 18,900 ph/MeV and 11.5% obtained for Lu2YAl2Ga3O12:Ce. Scintillation decays are measured using the time-correlated single photon counting technique. A fast component decay time of 45 ns with relative intensity of 88% obtained for Lu2YAl2Ga3O12:Ce is superior to that of 50 ns (65%) for Gd2YAl2Ga3O12:Ce. The linear attenuation coefficient at 662 keV γ-rays is also determined and discussed.

Magnetic structures and excitations in CePd2(Al,Ga)2 series: Development of the "vibron" states

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klicpera, M.; Boehm, M.; Doležal, P.; Mutka, H.; Koza, M. M.; Rols, S.; Adroja, D. T.; Puente Orench, I.; Rodríguez-Carvajal, J.; Javorský, P.

2017-02-01

CePd2Al2 -xGax compounds crystallizing in the tetragonal CaBe2Ge2 -type structure (space group P 4 /n m m ) and undergoing a structural phase transition to an orthorhombic structure (C m m e ) at low temperatures were studied by means of neutron scattering. The amplitude-modulated magnetic structure of CePd2Al2 is described by an incommensurate propagation vector k ⃗=(δx,1/2 +δy,0 ) with δx=0.06 and δy=0.04 . The magnetic moments order antiferromagnetically within the a b planes stacked along the c axis and are arranged along the direction close to the orthorhombic a axis with a maximum value of 1.5(1) μB/Ce3 +. CePd2Ga2 reveals a magnetic structure composed of two components: the first is described by the propagation vector k1⃗=(1/2 ,1/2 ,0 ) , and the second one propagates with k2⃗=(0 ,1/2 ,0 ) . The magnetic moments of both components are aligned along the same direction—the orthorhombic [100] direction—and their total amplitude varies depending on the mutual phase of magnetic moment components on each Ce site. The propagation vectors k1⃗ and k2⃗ describe also the magnetic structure of substituted CePd2Al2 -xGax compounds, except the one with x =0.1 .CePd2Al1.9Ga0.1 with magnetic structure described by k ⃗ and k1⃗ stays on the border between pure CePd2Al2 and the rest of the series. Determined magnetic structures are compared with other Ce 112 compounds. Inelastic neutron scattering experiments disclosed three nondispersive magnetic excitations in the paramagnetic state of CePd2Al2 , while only two crystal field (CF) excitations are expected from the splitting of ground state J =5/2 of the Ce3 + ion in a tetragonal/orthorhombic point symmetry. Three magnetic excitations at 1.4, 7.8, and 15.9 meV are observed in the tetragonal phase of CePd2Al2 . A structural phase transition to an orthorhombic structure shifts the first excitation up to 3.7 meV, while the other two excitations remain at almost the same energy. The presence of an additional magnetic peak is discussed and described within the Thalmeier-Fulde CF-phonon coupling (i.e., magnetoelastic coupling) model generalized to the tetragonal point symmetry. The second parent compound CePd2Ga2 does not display any sign of additional magnetic excitation. The expected two CF excitations were observed. The development of magnetic excitations in the CePd2Al2 -xGax series is discussed and crystal field parameters determined.

Wind Tunnel Tests for Wind Pressure Distribution on Gable Roof Buildings

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Gable roof buildings are widely used in industrial buildings. Based on wind tunnel tests with rigid models, wind pressure distributions on gable roof buildings with different aspect ratios were measured simultaneously. Some characteristics of the measured wind pressure field on the surfaces of the models were analyzed, including mean wind pressure, fluctuating wind pressure, peak negative wind pressure, and characteristics of proper orthogonal decomposition results of the measured wind pressure field. The results show that extremely high local suctions often occur in the leading edges of longitudinal wall and windward roof, roof corner, and roof ridge which are the severe damaged locations under strong wind. The aspect ratio of building has a certain effect on the mean wind pressure coefficients, and the effect relates to wind attack angle. Compared with experimental results, the region division of roof corner and roof ridge from AIJ2004 is more reasonable than those from CECS102:2002 and MBMA2006.The contributions of the first several eigenvectors to the overall wind pressure distributions become much bigger. The investigation can offer some basic understanding for estimating wind load distribution on gable roof buildings and facilitate wind-resistant design of cladding components and their connections considering wind load path. PMID:24082851

Green roof impact on the hydrological cycle components

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lamera, Carlotta; Rulli, Maria Cristina; Becciu, Gianfranco; Rosso, Renzo

2013-04-01

In the last decades the importance of storm water management in urban areas has increased considerably, due to both urbanization extension and to a greater concern for environment pollution. Traditional storm water control practices, based on the "all to the sewer" attitude, rely on conveyance to route storm water runoff from urban impervious surfaces towards the nearby natural water bodies. In recent years, infiltration facilities are receiving an increasing attention, due to their particular efficiency in restoring a balance in hydrological cycle quite equal to quite pre-urbanization condition. In particular, such techniques are designed to capture, temporarily retain and infiltrate storm water, promote evapotranspiration and harvest water at the source, encouraging in general evaporation, evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge and the re-use of storm water. Green roofs are emerging as an increasingly popular Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) technique for urban storm water management. Indeed, they are able to operate hydrologic control over storm water runoff: they allow a significant reduction of peak flows and runoff volumes collected by drainage system, with a consequent reduction of flooding events and pollution masses discharges by CSO. Furthermore green roofs have a positive influence on the microclimate in urban areas by helping in lower urban air temperatures and mitigate the heat island effect. Last but not least, they have the advantage of improving the thermal insulation of buildings, with significant energy savings. A detailed analysis of the hydrological dynamics, connected both with the characteristics of the climatic context and with the green roof technical design, is essential in order to obtain a full characterization of the hydrologic behavior of a green roof system and its effects on the urban water cycle components. The purpose of this paper is to analysis the hydrological effects and urban benefits of the vegetation cover of a building by installing green roofs and, thus, providing a conversion of rooftops in pervious areas; the objective is modeling hydrological fluxes (interception, evapotranspiration, soil water fluxes in the surface and hypodermic components) in relation to climate forcing, basic technology components and geometric characteristics of green roof systems (thickness of the stratigraphy, soil layers and materials, vegetation typology and density). The sensitivity analysis of hydrological processes at different hydrological, climatic and geometric parameters has allowed to draw some general guidelines useful in the design and construction of this type of drainage systems.

Waste and Abuse: Public School Roofing Projects.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

2000

This report details the results of a comprehensive inquiry by New Jersey into one aspect of school construction, the repair and replacement of roof systems, which represents the single most expensive and integral component of a school's physical structure. The investigation began in late 1997 after confidential complaints suggested abuse in the…

Selecting a Roof Membrane.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Waldron, Larry W.

1990-01-01

Offers a brief synopsis of the unique characteristics of the following roof membranes: (1) built-up roofing; (2) elastoplastic membranes; (3) modified bitumen membranes; (4) liquid applied membranes; and (5) metal roofing. A chart compares the characteristics of the raw membranes only. (MLF)

Design of Snook in Depillaring Panel Using Continuous Miner

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chawla, Shailendra; Jaiswal, Ashok; Shrivastva, B. K.

2018-04-01

Different patterns of extraction of pillars during depillaring operation with continuous miner are adopted depending upon the geo-mining condition. Various sizes of snook are left during final extraction of coal in mechanized depillaring operation. The size of the snook plays a significant role in providing safe mining condition. Stability of the snook left during final extraction with continuous miner was analyzed using numerical modelling. A case study has been chosen for the simulation of the depillaring process with three scenarios of varying width of snook, i.e., 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5 m. The mine panel consists of 4 × 8 array of pillars having the width of 41 m center to center. Double split and fender method of mining is used with the straight line of extraction. Field investigation shows that the failure of immediate roof occurs after extraction of two or three fenders (i.e., about 40 m). The thickness of immediate roof was 2 m. A numerical model of a depillaring panel was simulated with three different sizes of snook, i.e., 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5 m in the study. An immediate roof of 2 m thickness was considered in the model. An interface has been introduced in between immediate and main roof. The immediate roof behaves as a cantilever during depillaring. It is concluded from the simulation of different size of snooks that snook width of 5.5 m shows reasonable residual strength to hold the immediate roof. Higher tensile stress was developed at the top of the immediate roof above the edge of the snook which leads the possible roof failure towards the goaf side. Vertical stress profile and yield profile in the panel at different stages of mechanized depillaring have also been plotted.

Roof strength and injury risk in rollover crashes of passenger cars.

PubMed

Brumbelow, Matthew L; Teoh, Eric R

2009-12-01

A 2009 study by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety found that midsize SUVs with stronger roofs, as measured in quasi-static tests, had lower risk of ejection and lower risk of injury for nonejected drivers. The objective of the present study was to determine whether a similar association exists for other vehicle groups. Twelve small passenger cars were evaluated according to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 216 test conditions. Crash databases in 14 states provided more than 20,000 single-vehicle rollover crashes involving these vehicles. Logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the effect of roof strength on the rate of driver injury while assessing and controlling for the effects of driver age, vehicle stability, state, and other factors where necessary. Small cars with stronger roofs had lower overall rates of serious injury, lower rates of ejection, and lower rates of injury for nonejected drivers. Although the effect on ejection was somewhat smaller for cars than for SUVs, the overall pattern of injury results was consistent. For roof strength-to-weight ratio measured within 5 in. (SWR(5)), a one-unit increase (e.g., from 2.0 to 3.0) was associated with a 22 percent reduction in risk of incapacitating or fatal driver injury in single-vehicle rollovers. This compares with a 24 percent reduction estimated for a similar change in roof strength among midsize SUVs. The association between vehicle roof strength and occupant injury risk in rollover crashes appears robust across different vehicle groups and across roof SWR(5) values, varying from just more than 1.5 to just less than 4.0. If roofs were to increase in strength by one SWR(5), a 20-25 percent reduction in risk of serious injury in rollovers would be expected. Still, even if all vehicle roofs were as strong as the strongest roof measured, many rollover injuries still would occur, indicating the need for additional research and countermeasures.

Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Nevada Proving Grounds, March-June 1953. Project 3.5 Tests on the Response of Wall and Roof Panels and the Transmission of Load to Supporting Structure

DTIC Science & Technology

1955-05-01

56 4.23 Postshot, 3.5ba, Interior of Test Cell . . . . . . . . • • 57 4.24 Postshot, 35.Sbb, Damage to Precast Concrete Channel Roof 6...Predicted Applied and Measured Transmitted Forces, Roof Panel 3.5bb (3-1/2 in. precast concrete channels on steel purlins) . . . o . o . ... . ... 104 5.16...truss rafters 3.Sba Bowstring truss with wood 4500 4200 10 7.1 10 decking, tar and gravel roofing 3.5bb 3-1/2 in. precast concrete channels on steel

Quantifying and Comparing Effects of Climate Engineering Methods on the Earth System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sonntag, Sebastian; Ferrer González, Miriam; Ilyina, Tatiana; Kracher, Daniela; Nabel, Julia E. M. S.; Niemeier, Ulrike; Pongratz, Julia; Reick, Christian H.; Schmidt, Hauke

2018-02-01

To contribute to a quantitative comparison of climate engineering (CE) methods, we assess atmosphere-, ocean-, and land-based CE measures with respect to Earth system effects consistently within one comprehensive model. We use the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM) with prognostic carbon cycle to compare solar radiation management (SRM) by stratospheric sulfur injection and two carbon dioxide removal methods: afforestation and ocean alkalinization. The CE model experiments are designed to offset the effect of fossil-fuel burning on global mean surface air temperature under the RCP8.5 scenario to follow or get closer to the RCP4.5 scenario. Our results show the importance of feedbacks in the CE effects. For example, as a response to SRM the land carbon uptake is enhanced by 92 Gt by the year 2100 compared to the reference RCP8.5 scenario due to reduced soil respiration thus reducing atmospheric CO2. Furthermore, we show that normalizations allow for a better comparability of different CE methods. For example, we find that due to compensating processes such as biogeophysical effects of afforestation more carbon needs to be removed from the atmosphere by afforestation than by alkalinization to reach the same global warming reduction. Overall, we illustrate how different CE methods affect the components of the Earth system; we identify challenges arising in a CE comparison, and thereby contribute to developing a framework for a comparative assessment of CE.

Mapping the Green Infrastructure potential - and it's water-energy impacts on New York City roof Tops

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Engström, Rebecka; Destouni, Georgia; Howells, Mark

2017-04-01

Green Roofs have the potential to provide multiple services in cities. Besides acting as carbon sinks, providing noise reduction and decreasing air pollution - without requiring any additional "land-use" in a city (only roof-use), green roofs have a quantifiable potential to reduce direct and indirect energy and water use. They enhance the insulating capacity of a conventional residential roof and thereby decrease both cooling demands in summer and heating demands in winter. The former is further mitigated by the cooling effect of evapotranspiration from the roofs In New York City green roofs are additionally a valuable component of reducing "combined sewer overflows", as these roofs can retain storm water. This can improve water quality in the city's rivers as well as decrease the total volume of water treated in the city's wastewater treatment plants, thereby indirectly reduce energy demands. The impacts of green roofs on NYC's water-energy nexus has been initially studied (Engström et. al, forthcoming). The present study expands that work to more comprehensively investigate the potential of this type of nature-based solution in a dense city. By employing Geographical Information Systems analysis, the roof top area of New York City is analysed and roof space suitable for green roofs of varying types (ranging from extensive to intensive) are mapped and quantified. The total green roof area is then connected with estimates of potential water-energy benefits (and costs) of each type of green roof. The results indicate where green roofs can be beneficially installed throughout the city, and quantifies the related impacts on both water and energy use. These outputs can provide policy makers with valuable support when facing investment decisions in green infrastructure, in a city where there is great interest for these types of nature-based solutions.

5. VIEW OF VENTILATION HOUSES AND ROOF MONITOR FROM SOUTHEAST ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. VIEW OF VENTILATION HOUSES AND ROOF MONITOR FROM SOUTHEAST CORNER OF ROOF. ROOF MONITOR WINDOWS HAVE BEEN INFILLED WITH BRICK. THE VENTILATION HOUSES ARE PART OF THE ORIGINAL CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM AND CONTAINED AIR WASHERS, FANS AND OTHER HUMIDFYING EQUIPMENT FROM PARKS-CRAMER COMPANY OF FITCHBURG, MASSACHUSETTS. LOCATING THIS EQUIPMENT ON THE ROOF MADE IT UNNECESSARY TO CONSTRUCT A FULL BASEMENT, AND THEREFORE LOWERED CONSTRUCTION COSTS. THIS ARRANGEMENT ALSO PUT THE AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT CLOSEST TO THE TOP FLOOR SPINNING ROOM, WHICH HAD THE GREATEST COOLING REQUIREMENTS. - Stark Mill, 117 Corinth Road, Hogansville, Troup County, GA

Advanced Energy Efficient Roof System

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jane Davidson

2008-09-30

Energy consumption in buildings represents 40 percent of primary U.S. energy consumption, split almost equally between residential (22%) and commercial (18%) buildings.1 Space heating (31%) and cooling (12%) account for approximately 9 quadrillion Btu. Improvements in the building envelope can have a significant impact on reducing energy consumption. Thermal losses (or gains) from the roof make up 14 percent of the building component energy load. Infiltration through the building envelope, including the roof, accounts for an additional 28 percent of the heating loads and 16 percent of the cooling loads. These figures provide a strong incentive to develop and implementmore » more energy efficient roof systems. The roof is perhaps the most challenging component of the building envelope to change for many reasons. The engineered roof truss, which has been around since 1956, is relatively low cost and is the industry standard. The roof has multiple functions. A typical wood frame home lasts a long time. Building codes vary across the country. Customer and trade acceptance of new building products and materials may impede market penetration. The energy savings of a new roof system must be balanced with other requirements such as first and life-cycle costs, durability, appearance, and ease of construction. Conventional residential roof construction utilizes closely spaced roof trusses supporting a layer of sheathing and roofing materials. Gypsum board is typically attached to the lower chord of the trusses forming the finished ceiling for the occupied space. Often in warmer climates, the HVAC system and ducts are placed in the unconditioned and otherwise unusable attic. High temperature differentials and leaky ducts result in thermal losses. Penetrations through the ceilings are notoriously difficult to seal and lead to moisture and air infiltration. These issues all contribute to greater energy use and have led builders to consider construction of a conditioned attic. The options considered to date are not ideal. One approach is to insulate between the trusses at the roof plane. The construction process is time consuming and costs more than conventional attic construction. Moreover, the problems of air infiltration and thermal bridges across the insulation remain. Another approach is to use structurally insulated panels (SIPs), but conventional SIPs are unlikely to be the ultimate solution because an additional underlying support structure is required except for short spans. In addition, wood spline and metal locking joints can result in thermal bridges and gaps in the foam. This study undertook a more innovative approach to roof construction. The goal was to design and evaluate a modular energy efficient panelized roof system with the following attributes: (1) a conditioned and clear attic space for HVAC equipment and additional finished area in the attic; (2) manufactured panels that provide structure, insulation, and accommodate a variety of roofing materials; (3) panels that require support only at the ends; (4) optimal energy performance by minimizing thermal bridging and air infiltration; (5) minimal risk of moisture problems; (6) minimum 50-year life; (7) applicable to a range of house styles, climates and conditions; (8) easy erection in the field; (9) the option to incorporate factory-installed solar systems into the panel; and (10) lowest possible cost. A nationwide market study shows there is a defined market opportunity for such a panelized roof system with production and semi-custom builders in the United States. Senior personnel at top builders expressed interest in the performance attributes and indicate long-term opportunity exists if the system can deliver a clear value proposition. Specifically, builders are interested in (1) reducing construction cycle time (cost) and (2) offering increased energy efficiency to the homebuyer. Additional living space under the roof panels is another low-cost asset identified as part of the study. The market potential is enhanced through construction activity levels in target markets. Southern markets, from Florida to Texas account for 50 percent of the total new construction angled-roof volume. California contributes an additional 13 percent share of market volume. These states account for 28 to 30 million squares (2.8 to 3 billion square feet) of new construction angled roof opportunity. The major risk to implementation is the uncertainty of incorporating new design and construction elements into the construction process. By coordinating efforts to enhance the drivers for adoption and minimize the barriers, the panelized roof system stands to capitalize on a growing market demand for energy efficient building alternatives and create a compelling case for market adoption.« less

Green roof stormwater retention: effects of roof surface, slope, and media depth.

PubMed

VanWoert, Nicholaus D; Rowe, D Bradley; Andresen, Jeffrey A; Rugh, Clayton L; Fernandez, R Thomas; Xiao, Lan

2005-01-01

Urban areas generate considerably more stormwater runoff than natural areas of the same size due to a greater percentage of impervious surfaces that impede water infiltration. Roof surfaces account for a large portion of this impervious cover. Establishing vegetation on rooftops, known as green roofs, is one method of recovering lost green space that can aid in mitigating stormwater runoff. Two studies were performed using several roof platforms to quantify the effects of various treatments on stormwater retention. The first study used three different roof surface treatments to quantify differences in stormwater retention of a standard commercial roof with gravel ballast, an extensive green roof system without vegetation, and a typical extensive green roof with vegetation. Overall, mean percent rainfall retention ranged from 48.7% (gravel) to 82.8% (vegetated). The second study tested the influence of roof slope (2 and 6.5%) and green roof media depth (2.5, 4.0, and 6.0 cm) on stormwater retention. For all combined rain events, platforms at 2% slope with a 4-cm media depth had the greatest mean retention, 87%, although the difference from the other treatments was minimal. The combination of reduced slope and deeper media clearly reduced the total quantity of runoff. For both studies, vegetated green roof systems not only reduced the amount of stormwater runoff, they also extended its duration over a period of time beyond the actual rain event.

The influence of dual-substrate-layer extensive green roofs on rainwater runoff quantity and quality.

PubMed

Wang, Xiaoou; Tian, Yimei; Zhao, Xinhua

2017-08-15

This study investigates the ability of dual-substrate-layer extensive green roofs to retain rainwater and reduce pollutant leaching. The substrates in dual-substrate-layer green roofs consist of an upper organic nutrition layer for plant growth and a lower inorganic adsorption layer for water retention and pollutant reduction. One traditional single-substrate-layer extensive green roof was built for comparison with dual-substrate-layer green roofs. During the experimental period, dual-substrate-layer green roofs supported better natural vegetation growth, with coverage exceeding 90%, while the coverage in single-substrate-layer green roof was over 80%. Based on the average retention value of the total rainfall for four types of simulated rains (the total rainfall depth (mm) was 43.2, 54.6, 76.2 and 86.4, respectively), the dual-substrate-layer green roofs, which used the mixture of activated charcoal with perlite and vermiculite as the adsorption substrate, possessed better rainfall retention performance (65.9% and 55.4%) than the single-substrate-layer green roof (52.5%). All of the dual-substrate-layer green roofs appeared to be sinks for organics, heavy metals and all forms of nitrogen in all cases, while acted as sources of phosphorus contaminants in the case of heavy rains. In consideration of the factors of water retention, pollution reduction and service life of the green roof, a mixture of activated charcoal and/or pumice with perlite and vermiculite is recommended as the adsorption substrate. The green roofs were able to mitigate mild acid rain, raising the pH from approximately 5.6 in rainfall to 6.5-7.6 in green roof runoff. No signs of a first flush effect for phosphate, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen, organics, zinc, lead, chromium, manganese, copper, pH or turbidity were found in the green roof runoff. Cost analysis further proved the practicability of dual-substrate-layer green roofs in retaining rainwater, and their long-term rainwater runoff quantity and quality performance in urban environments merit further investigation. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Optical spectroscopy of Ce3+ ions in BaY2F8 single crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Francini, R.; Pinelli, S.; Baraldi, A.; Capelletti, R.; Sani, E.; Toncelli, A.; Tonelli, M.

In the present work we report on the spectroscopic properties of the Ce3+ ion in BaY2F8 single crystals. The absorption and excitation spectra of the emission centered at 340 nm have been measured in the temperature range 15-300 K. The 340 nm emission consists of two broad partially overlapping bands, peaking at 324 and 347 nm (at 15 K), respectively. The full width at half maximum is about 0.5 eV at room temperature. The absorption spectrum of the lowest in energy component of the f --> d transition of Ce3+ reveals at low temperature a marked vibronic structure. High resolution (0.02 cm(-1)) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the wave number range 500-5000 cm(-1) and in the temperature range 9-300 K has been exploited to monitor the f level splitting. The absorption transitions from the three Stark components of the F-2(5/2) manifold to the four of the F-2(7/2) one, have been monitored in the wave number range 2000-3400 cm(-1) . The wave number separation at 9 K between the lowest level of the ground F-2(5/2) manifold and lowest one of the F-2 (7/2) manifold is found to be 2197.47 cm(-1) in good agreement with the splitting detected between the two components of the d --> f emission.

Field Testing Unvented Roofs with Asphalt Shingles in Cold and Hot-Humid Climates

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ueno, Kohta; Lstiburek, Joseph W.

2015-09-01

Test houses with unvented roof assemblies were built to measure long-term moisture performance, in the Chicago area (5A) and the Houston area (2A). The Chicago-area test bed had seven experimental rafter bays, including a control vented compact roof, and six unvented roof variants with cellulose or fiberglass insulation. The interior was run at 50% RH. The Houston-area roof was an unvented attic insulated with spray-applied fiberglass. Most ridges and hips were built with a diffusion vent detail, capped with vapor permeable roof membrane. In contrast, the diffusion vent roofs had drier conditions at the roof peak in wintertime, but duringmore » the summer, RHs and MCs were higher than the unvented roof (albeit in the safe range).« less

Storm Water Retention on Three Green Roofs with Distinct Climates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Breach, P. A.; Sims, A.; O'Carroll, D. M.; Robinson, C. E.; Smart, C. C.; Powers, B. S. C.

2014-12-01

As urbanization continues to increase the impact of cities on their surrounding environments, the feasibility of implementing low-impact development such as green roofs is of increasing interest. Green roofs retain and attenuate storm water thereby reducing the load on urban sewer systems. In addition, green roofs can provide insulation and lower roof surface temperature leading to a decrease in building energy load. Green roof technology in North American urban environments remains underused, in part due to a lack of climate appropriate green roof design guidelines. The capacity of a green roof to moderate runoff depends on the storage capacity of the growing medium at the start of a rainfall event. Storage capacity is finite, which makes rapid drainage and evapotranspiration loss critical for maximizing storage capacity between subsequent storms. Here the retention and attenuation of storm events are quantified for experimental green roof sites located in three representative Canadian climates corresponding to; semiarid conditions in Calgary, Alberta, moderate conditions in London, Ontario, and cool and humid conditions in Halifax, Nova Scotia. The storage recovery and storm water retention at each site is modelled using a modified water balance approach. Components of the water balance including evapotranspiration are predicted using climate data collected from 2012 to 2014 at each of the experimental sites. During the measurement period there were over 300 precipitation events ranging from small, frequent events (< 2 mm) to a storm with a 250 year return period. The modeling approach adopted provides a tool for planners to assess the feasibility of implementing green roofs in their respective climates.

Performance Evaluation of Advanced Retrofit Roof Technologies Using Field-Test Data Phase Three Final Report, Volume 2

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Biswas, Kaushik; Childs, Phillip W.; Atchley, Jerald Allen

2015-01-01

This article presents some miscellaneous data from two low-slope and two steep-slope experimental roofs. The low-slope roofs were designed to compare the performance of various roof coatings exposed to natural weatherization. The steep-slope roofs contained different combinations of phase change material, rigid insulation, low emittance surface and above-sheathing ventilation, with standing-seam metal panels on top. The steep-slope roofs were constructed on a series of adjacent attics separated at the gables using thick foam insulation. This article describes phase three (3) of a study that began in 2009 to evaluate the energy benefits of a sustainable re-roofing technology utilizing standing-seam metalmore » roofing panels combined with energy efficient features like above-sheathing-ventilation (ASV), phase change material (PCM) and rigid insulation board. The data from phases 1 and 2 have been previously published and reported [Kosny et al., 2011; Biswas et al., 2011; Biswas and Childs, 2012; Kosny et al., 2012]. Based on previous data analyses and discussions within the research group, additional test roofs were installed in May 2012, to test new configurations and further investigate different components of the dynamic insulation systems. Some experimental data from phase 3 testing from May 2012 to December 2013 and some EnergyPlus modeling results have been reported in volumes 1 and 3, respectively, of the final report [Biswas et al., 2014; Biswas and Bhandari, 2014].« less

Pollutant Removal, Dispersion and Entrainment over Two-Dimensional Idealized Street Canyons: an LES Approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wong, C.; Liu, C.

2010-12-01

Unlike pollutant transport over flat terrain, the mechanism and plume dispersion over urban areas is not well known. This study is therefore conceived to examine how urban morphology modifies the pollutant transport over urban areas. The computational domain and boundary condition used in this study is shown in Figure 1. The LES shows that inside the street canyon, the ground-level pollutants are carried to roof-level by the re-circulating flow, which are then removed from the street canyon to the UBL. Right above the roof level, narrow high-speed air masses in the streamwise flows and intensive downdrafts have been found in the shear layer. Different from the flows over a smooth surface, the maximum turbulence intensities descend that are peaked near the top of the building roughness. The pollutant is rather uniformly distributed inside a street canyon but disperses rapidly over the buildings exhibiting a Gaussian-plume form in the UBL. The mean component of vertical pollutant flux shows that the mean wind contributes to pollutant removal and entrainment simultaneously. Whereas, the fluctuating component demystifies that pollutant removal is mainly governed by atmospheric turbulence. Over the roof level, atmospheric flows slow down rapidly in the wake behind leeward building, suggesting the momentum entrainment into the street canyons. The decelerating streamwise flows in turn lead to upward flows carrying pollutants away from the street canyons, illustrating the basic pollutant removal mechanism in the skimming flow regime. Figure 1: Computational domain and boundary conditions Figure 2: Ensemble average vertical pollutant flux along the roof level. (a). Mean component; (b). turbulent component.

4. VIEW SOUTHWEST COMPONENTS TEST LAB TEST BAY DETAIL SHOWING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. VIEW SOUTHWEST COMPONENTS TEST LAB TEST BAY DETAIL SHOWING EMERGENCY SHOWER, AND EYEWASH, AND OBSERVATION WINDOW. STORAGE TANKS ON ROOF. - Marshall Space Flight Center, East Test Area, Components Test Laboratory, Huntsville, Madison County, AL

Experimental research on coalbed gas drainage effect and economy of long directional borehole in roof

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Huiming; Hu, Liangping

2017-05-01

In order to study the coalbed gas drainage effect and economy of long directional roof borehole, 2 boreholes were laid out in Xinji No. 2 mine to analyze its gas drainage and investment costs comparing with high position roof borehole and high position roof roadway. The result indicates that the long directional roof borehole save investment by 44.8% and shorten the construction period by 30%, comparing with high position roof roadway for controlling gas in the working face. Investment slightly less and shorten the construction period by 47.5%, comparing with the roof high position borehole. Therefore, the method of the long directional roof borehole to drain coalbed gas in working face is the most cost-effective.

Bioaccumulation of CeO2 Nanoparticles by Earthworms in Biochar-Amended Soil: A Synchrotron Microspectroscopy Study.

PubMed

Servin, Alia D; Castillo-Michel, Hiram; Hernandez-Viezcas, Jose A; De Nolf, Wout; De La Torre-Roche, Roberto; Pagano, Luca; Pignatello, Joseph; Uchimiya, Minori; Gardea-Torresdey, Jorge; White, Jason C

2018-01-11

The interactions of nanoparticles (NPs) with biochar and soil components may substantially influence NP availability and toxicity to biota. In the present study, earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were exposed for 28 days to a residential or agricultural soil amended with 0-2000 mg of CeO 2 NP/kg and with biochar (produced by the pyrolysis of pecan shells at 350 and 600 °C) at various application rates [0-5% (w/w)]. After 28 days, earthworms were depurated and analyzed for Ce content, moisture content, and lipid peroxidation. The results showed minimal toxicity to the worms; however, biochar (350 or 600 °C) was the dominant factor, accounting for 94 and 84% of the variance for the moisture content and lipid peroxidation, respectively, in the exposed earthworms. For both soils with 1000 mg of CeO 2 /kg at 600 °C, biochar significantly decreased the accumulation of Ce in the worm tissues. Amendment with 350 °C biochar had mixed responses on Ce uptake. Analysis by micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (μ-XANES) was used to evaluate Ce localization, speciation, and persistence in CeO 2 - and biochar-exposed earthworms after depuration for 12, 48, and 72 h. Earthworms from the 500 mg of CeO 2 /kg and 0% biochar treatments eliminated most Ce after a 48 h depuration period. However, in the same treatment and with 5% BC-600 (biochar pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C), ingested biochar fragments (∼50 μm) with Ce adsorbed to the surfaces were retained in the gut after 72 h. Additionally, Ce remained in earthworms from the 2000 mg of CeO 2 /kg and 5% biochar treatments after depuration for 48 h. Analysis by μ-XANES showed that, within the earthworm tissues, Ce remained predominantly as Ce 4+ O 2 , with only few regions (2-3 μm 2 ) where it was found in the reduced form (Ce 3+ ). The present findings highlight that soil and biochar properties have a significant influence in the internalization of CeO 2 NPs in earthworms; such interactions need to be considered when estimating NP fate and effects in the environment.

Improved black-blood imaging using DANTE-SPACE for simultaneous carotid and intracranial vessel wall evaluation

PubMed Central

Xie, Yibin; Yang, Qi; Xie, Guoxi; Pang, Jianing; Fan, Zhaoyang; Li, Debiao

2015-01-01

Purpose The purpose of this work is to develop a 3D black-blood imaging method for simultaneously evaluating carotid and intracranial arterial vessel wall with high spatial resolution and excellent blood suppression with and without contrast enhancement. Methods DANTE preparation module was incorporated into SPACE sequence to improve blood signal suppression. Simulations and phantom studies were performed to quantify image contrast variations induced by DANTE. DANTE-SPACE, SPACE and 2D TSE were compared for apparent SNR, CNR and morphometric measurements in fourteen healthy subjects. Preliminary clinical validation was performed in six symptomatic patients. Results Apparent residual luminal blood was observed in 5 (pre-CE) and 9 (post-CE) subjects with SPACE, and only 2 (post-CE) subjects with DANTE-SPACE. DANTE-SPACE showed 31% (pre-CE) and 100% (post-CE) improvement in wall-to-blood CNR over SPACE. Vessel wall area measured from SPACE was significantly larger than that from DANTE-SPACE due to possible residual blood signal contamination. In patients DANTE-SPACE showed the potential to detect vessel wall dissection and identify plaque components. Conclusion DANTE-SPACE significantly improved arterial and venous blood suppression compared with SPACE. Simultaneous high-resolution carotid and intracranial vessel wall imaging to potentially identify plaque components was feasible with scan time under 6 minutes. PMID:26152900

Quality in physical therapist clinical education: a systematic review.

PubMed

McCallum, Christine A; Mosher, Peter D; Jacobson, Peri J; Gallivan, Sean P; Giuffre, Suzanne M

2013-10-01

Many factors affect student learning throughout the clinical education (CE) component of professional (entry-level) physical therapist education curricula. Physical therapist education programs (PTEPs) manage CE, yet the material and human resources required to provide CE are generally overseen by community-based physical therapist practices. The purposes of this systematic review were: (1) to examine how the construct of quality is defined in CE literature and (2) to determine the methodological rigor of the available evidence on quality in physical therapist CE. This study was a systematic review of English-language journals using the American Physical Therapy Association's Open Door Portal to Evidence-Based Practice as the computer search engine. The search was categorized using terms for physical therapy and quality and for CE pedagogy and models or roles. Summary findings were characterized by 5 primary themes and 14 subthemes using a qualitative-directed content analysis. Fifty-four articles were included in the study. The primary quality themes were: CE framework, CE sites, structure of CE, assessment in CE, and CE faculty. The methodological rigor of the studies was critically appraised using a binary system based on the McMaster appraisal tools. Scores ranged from 3 to 14. Publication bias and outcome reporting bias may be inherent limitations to the results. The review found inconclusive evidence about what constitutes quality or best practice for physical therapist CE. Five key constructs of CE were identified that, when aggregated, could construe quality.

Blue-green tunable color of Ce3+/Tb3+ coactivated NaBa3La3Si6O20 phosphor via energy transfer

PubMed Central

Jia, Zhen; Xia, Mingjun

2016-01-01

A series of color tunable phosphors NaBa3La3Si6O20:Ce3+, Tb3+ were synthesized via the high-temperature solid-state method. NaBa3La3Si6O20 crystallizes in noncentrosymmetric space group Ama2 with the cell parameters of a = 14.9226(4) Å, b = 24.5215(5) Å and c = 5.6241(2) Å by the Rietveld refinement method. The Ce3+ ions doped NaBa3La3Si6O20 phosphors have a strong absorption band from 260 to 360 nm and show near ultraviolet emission light centered at 378 nm. The Ce3+ and Tb3+ ions coactivated phosphors exhibit color tunable emission light from deep blue to green by adjusting the concentration of the Tb3+ ions. An energy transfer of Ce3+ → Tb3+ investigated by the photoluminescence properties and lifetime decay, is demonstrated to be dipole–quadrupole interaction. These results indicate the NaBa3La3Si6O20:Ce3+, Tb3+ phosphors can be considered as potential candidates for blue-green components for white light emitting diodes. PMID:27628111

Light Stable Isotopic Compositions of Enriched Mantle Sources: Resolving the Dehydration Paradox

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dixon, J. E.; Bindeman, I. N.; Kingsley, R. H.

2017-12-01

An outstanding puzzle in mantle geochemistry has been the origin and evolution of Earth's volatile components. The "dehydration paradox" refers to the following conundrum. Mantle compositions for some enriched mid-ocean ridge (MORB) and ocean island (OIB) basalts basalts require involvement of a mostly dehydrated slab component to explain the trace element ratios and radiogenic isotopic compositions, but a fully hydrated slab component to explain the stable isotopic compositions. Volatile and stable isotopic data on enriched MORB show a diversity of enriched components. Pacific PREMA-type basalts (H2O/Ce = 215 ± 30, δDSMOW = -45 ± 5 ‰) are similar to those in the north Atlantic (H2O/Ce = 220 ± 30; δDSMOW = -30 to -40 ‰). Basalts with EM-type signatures have regionally variable volatile compositions. North Atlantic EM-type basalts are wetter (H2O/Ce = 330 ± 30) and have isotopically heavier hydrogen (δDSMOW = -57 ± 5 ‰) than north Atlantic MORB. South Atlantic EM-type basalts are damp (H2O/Ce = 120 ± 10) with intermediate δDSMOW (-68 ± 2 ‰), similar to dDSMOW for Pacific MORB. North EPR EM-type basalts are dry (H2O/Ce = 110 ± 20) and isotopically light (δDSMOW = -94 ± 3 ‰). Boron and lithium isotopic ratios parallel the trends observed for dDSMOW. A multi-stage metasomatic and melting model accounts for the origin of the enriched components by extending the subduction factory concept down through the mantle transition zone, with slab temperature a key variable. The dehydration paradox is resolved by decoupling of volatiles from lithophile elements, reflecting primary dehydration of the slab followed by secondary rehydration and re-equilibration by fluids derived from subcrustal hydrous phases (e.g., antigorite) in cooler, deeper parts of the slab. The "expanded subduction factory" model includes melting at several key depths, including 1) 180 to 280 km, where EM-type mantle compositions are generated above slabs with average to hot thermal profiles by addition of <1% carbonated sediment-derived supercritical fluids/melts to depleted asthenospheric or subcontinental lithospheric mantle, and 2) 410 to 660 km, where PREMA-type mantle sources are generated, above slabs with average to cool thermal profiles, by addition of <1% carbonated eclogite ± sediment-derived supercritical fluids to depleted mantle.

Fuel consumption impacts of auto roof racks

DOE PAGES

Chen, Yuche; Meier, Alan

2016-03-23

The after-market roof rack is one of the most common components attached to a vehicle for carrying over-sized items, such as bicycles and skis. It is important to understand these racks' fuel consumption impacts on both individual vehicles and the national fleet because they are widely used. We estimate the national fuel consumption impacts of roof racks using a bottom-up approach. Our model incorporates real-world data and vehicle stock information to enable assessing fuel consumption impacts for several categories of vehicles, rack configurations, and usage conditions. In addition, the model draws on two new data-gathering techniques, on-line forums and crowd-sourcing.more » The results show that nationwide, roof racks are responsible for 0.8‰ of light duty vehicle fuel consumption in 2015, corresponding to 100 million gallons of gasoline per year. Sensitivity analyses show that results are most sensitive to the fraction of vehicles with installed roof racks but carrying no equipment. Here, the aerodynamic efficiency of typical roof racks can be greatly improved and reduce individual vehicle fuel consumption; however, government policies to minimize extensive driving with empty racks--if successful--could save more fuel nationally.« less

Technology Solutions Case Study: Field Testing an Unvented Roof with Asphalt Shingles in a Cold Climate

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

K. Ueno and J. Lstiburek

2015-09-01

Test houses with unvented roof assemblies were built to measure long-term moisture performance, in the Chicago area (5A) and the Houston area (2A). The Chicago-area test bed had seven experimental rafter bays, including a "control" vented compact roof, and six unvented roof variants with cellulose or fiberglass insulation. The interior was run at 50% RH. All roofs except the vented cathedral assembly experienced wood moisture contents and RH levels high enough to constitute failure. Disassembly at the end of the experiment showed that the unvented fiberglass roofs had wet sheathing and mold growth. In contrast, the cellulose roofs only hadmore » slight issues, such as rusted fasteners and sheathing grain raise.« less

Terrestrial Photovoltaic System Analysis.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-07-01

the photovoltaic arrays was detertttined to be the roof on the building adjacent to the plating facilit.. Sult ficitut roof area is available to...indicated here: Component 50 kW System 300 kW System Solar Array $10/W $"’/W Inverter $38/W $I/W (dlitereut supplier) The life-cycle cost analysis...27 15. Various solar energy concem t rating systems .......... 3 I. Varionts photovoltaic concentrators developed under PRDA- 15

Impact of Sustainable Cool Roof Technology on Building Energy Consumption

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vuppuluri, Prem Kiran

Highly reflective roofing systems have been analyzed over several decades to evaluate their ability to meet sustainability goals, including reducing building energy consumption and mitigating the urban heat island. Studies have isolated and evaluated the effects of climate, surface reflectivity, and roof insulation on energy savings, thermal load mitigation and also ameliorating the urban heat island. Other sustainable roofing systems, like green-roofs and solar panels have been similarly evaluated. The motivation for the present study is twofold: the first goal is to present a method for simultaneous evaluation and inter-comparison of multiple roofing systems, and the second goal is to quantitatively evaluate the realized heating and cooling energy savings associated with a white roof system compared to the reduction in roof-top heat flux. To address the first research goal a field experiment was conducted at the International Harvester Building located in Portland, OR. Thermal data was collected for a white roof, vegetated roof, and a solar panel shaded vegetated roof, and the heat flux through these roofing systems was compared against a control patch of conventional dark roof membrane. The second research goal was accomplished using a building energy simulation program to determine the impact of roof area and roof insulation on the savings from a white roof, in both Portland and Phoenix. The ratio of cooling energy savings to roof heat flux reduction from replacing a dark roof with a white roof was 1:4 for the month of July, and 1:5 annually in Portland. The COP of the associated chillers ranges from 2.8-4.2, indicating that the ratio of cooling energy savings to heat flux reduction is not accounted for solely by the COP of the chillers. The results of the building simulation indicate that based on energy savings alone, white roofs are not an optimal choice for Portland. The benefits associated with cooling energy savings relative to a black roof are offset by the winter-time penalty, and the net benefit from adopting white roof technology in Portland is small. That said, there are other potential benefits of white roofing such as impact on urban heat islands and roof life that must also be considered.

Field Testing Unvented Roofs with Asphalt Shingles in Cold and Hot-Humid Climates

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ueno, Kohta; Lstiburek, Joseph W.

2015-09-01

Insulating roofs with dense-pack cellulose (instead of spray foam) has moisture risks, but is a lower cost approach. If moisture risks could be addressed, buildings could benefit from retrofit options, and the ability to bring HVAC systems within the conditioned space. Test houses with unvented roof assemblies were built to measure long-term moisture performance, in the Chicago area (5A) and the Houston area (2A). The Chicago-area test bed had seven experimental rafter bays, including a control vented compact roof, and six unvented roof variants with cellulose or fiberglass insulation. The interior was run at 50% RH. All roofs except themore » vented cathedral assembly experienced wood moisture contents and RH levels high enough to constitute failure. Disassembly at the end of the experiment showed that the unvented fiberglass roofs had wet sheathing and mold growth. In contrast, the cellulose roofs only had slight issues, such as rusted fasteners and sheathing grain raise. The Houston-area roof was an unvented attic insulated with spray-applied fiberglass. Most ridges and hips were built with a diffusion vent detail, capped with vapor permeable roof membrane. Some ridge sections were built as a conventional unvented roof, as a control. In the control unvented roofs, roof peak RHs reached high levels in the first winter; as exterior conditions warmed, RHs quickly fell. In contrast, the diffusion vent roofs had drier conditions at the roof peak in wintertime, but during the summer, RHs and MCs were higher than the unvented roof (albeit in the safe range).« less

Building America Case Study: Field Testing an Unvented Roof with Asphalt Shingles in a Cold Climate, Boilingbrook, Illinois

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

2015-09-01

Insulating roofs with dense-pack cellulose (instead of spray foam) has moisture risks, but is a lower cost approach. If moisture risks could be addressed, buildings could benefit from retrofit options, and the ability to bring HVAC systems within the conditioned space. Test houses with unvented roof assemblies were built to measure long-term moisture performance, in the Chicago area (5A) and the Houston area (2A). The Chicago-area test bed had seven experimental rafter bays, including a 'control' vented compact roof, and six unvented roof variants with cellulose or fiberglass insulation. The interior was run at 50% RH. All roofs except themore » vented cathedral assembly experienced wood moisture contents and RH levels high enough to constitute failure. Disassembly at the end of the experiment showed that the unvented fiberglass roofs had wet sheathing and mold growth. In contrast, the cellulose roofs only had slight issues, such as rusted fasteners and sheathing grain raise. The Houston-area roof was an unvented attic insulated with spray-applied fiberglass. Most ridges and hips were built with a 'diffusion vent' detail, capped with vapor permeable roof membrane. Some ridge sections were built as a conventional unvented roof, as a control. In the control unvented roofs, roof peak RHs reached high levels in the first winter; as exterior conditions warmed, RHs quickly fell. In contrast, the diffusion vent roofs had drier conditions at the roof peak in wintertime, but during the summer, RHs and MCs were higher than the unvented roof (albeit in the safe range).« less

What makes community engagement effective?: Lessons from the Eliminate Dengue Program in Queensland Australia.

PubMed

Kolopack, Pamela A; Parsons, Janet A; Lavery, James V

2015-04-01

Worldwide, more than 40% of the population is at risk from dengue and recent estimates suggest that up to 390 million dengue infections are acquired every year. The Eliminate Dengue (ED) Program is investigating the use of Wolbachia-infected, transmission-compromised, mosquitoes to reduce dengue transmission. Previous introductions of genetically-modified strategies for dengue vector control have generated controversy internationally by inadequately engaging host communities. Community Engagement (CE) was a key component of the ED Program's initial open release trials in Queensland Australia. Their approach to CE was perceived as effective by the ED team's senior leadership, members of its CE team, and by its funders, but if and why this was the case was unclear. We conducted a qualitative case study of the ED Program's approach to CE to identify and critically examine its components, and to explain whether and how these efforts contributed to the support received by stakeholders. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 participants with a range of experiences and perspectives related to the ED Program's CE activities. Our analytic approach combined techniques of grounded theory and qualitative description. The ED Program's approach to CE reflected four foundational features: 1) enabling conditions; 2) leadership; 3) core commitments and guiding values; and 4) formative social science research. These foundations informed five key operational practices: 1) building the CE team; 2) integrating CE into management practices; 3) discerning the community of stakeholders; 4) establishing and maintaining a presence in the community; and 5) socializing the technology and research strategy. We also demonstrate how these practices contributed to stakeholders' willingness to support the trials. Our case study has identified, and explained the functional relationships among, the critical features of the ED Program's approach to CE. It has also illuminated how these features were meaningful to stakeholders and contributed to garnering support within the host communities for the open-release trials. Our findings reveal how translating ethical intentions into effective action is more socially complex than is currently reflected in the CE literature. Because our case study delineates the critical features of the ED Program's approach to CE, it can serve as a framework for other programs to follow when designing their own strategies. And because the findings outline a theory of change for CE, it can also serve as a starting point for developing an evaluation framework for CE.

Comparative evaluation of western blotting in hepatic and pulmonary cystic echinococcosis.

PubMed

Akisu, C; Delibas, S B; Bicmen, C; Ozkoc, S; Aksoy, U; Turgay, N

2006-12-01

Many serological tests are widely used in the diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval stages of Echinococcus granulosus. The present study was carried for differentiation between hepatic and pulmonary cystic echinococcosis by Western Blotting (WB). A total of 121 sera from patients with hepatic CE (37), pulmonary CE (31) and controls (53; consisting of six healthy, seven Hymenolepis nana infection, 20 hepatic and 20 pulmonary diseases other than CE) were examined. In all of the CE patients, E. gronulosus infection was confirmed by surgical intervention. Sera were previously tested using IHA and ELISA to detect the E. gronulosus specific antibodies. Sera from hepatic cases of CE reacted with 16 polypeptides of 6-116 kDa and sera from pulmonary cases of CE reacted with 14 polypeptides of 4-130 kDa by Western Blotting. The WB test enabled the detection of antibodies in the hepatic CE samples for proteins of 24, 32 34, 44-46 and 52-54 kDa in molecular weight in 78.4%, 75.7%, 78.4% and 89.2% of the patients, respectively. In the pulmonary CE samples sera WB test enabled the detection of antibodies 24, 44-46, 100, 110, 116 and 120 124 kDa in molecular weight in 81.3%, 75.0%, 87.5%, 71.9%, 84.4% and 65.6% of the patients, respectively. We indicated that the antigenic components of high molecular weight can be good candidates for differentiation of hepatic CE from pulmonary CE.

5. AERIAL VIEW, FROM NORTH, SHOWING ROOF OF CARPENTER'S FRONT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. AERIAL VIEW, FROM NORTH, SHOWING ROOF OF CARPENTER'S FRONT STORE AND CARPENTER'S HALL IN CENTER BACKGROUND - Carpenters' Company, Front Store, 322 Chestnut Street & Carpenters' Court, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

49 CFR 393.203 - Cab and body components.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... NECESSARY FOR SAFE OPERATION Frames, Cab and Body Components, Wheels, Steering, and Suspension Systems § 393... a roof exit. (b) Bolts or brackets securing the cab or the body of the vehicle to the frame shall...

Sleep Medicine Care Under One Roof: A Proposed Model for Integrating Dentistry and Medicine

PubMed Central

Sharma, Sunil; Essick, Greg; Schwartz, David; Aronsky, Amy J.

2013-01-01

Integrating oral appliance therapy into the delivery of care for sleeprelated breathing disorders has been a challenge for dental and medical professionals alike. We review the difficulties that have been faced and propose a multidisciplinary care delivery model that integrates dental sleep medicine and sleep medicine under the same roof with educational and research components. The model promises to offer distinct advantages to improved patient care, continuity of treatment, and the central coordination of clinical and insurance-related benefits. Citation: Sharma S; Essick G; Schwartz D; Aronsky AJ. Sleep medicine care under one roof: a proposed model for integrating dentistry and medicine. J Clin Sleep Med 2013;9(8):827-833. PMID:23946715

Inclusion of cool roofs in nonresidential Title 24 prescriptive requirements

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Levinson, Ronnen; Akbari, Hashem; Konopacki, Steve

2002-12-15

Roofs that have high solar reflectance (high ability to reflect sunlight) and high thermal emittance (high ability to radiate heat) tend to stay cool in the sun. The same is true of low-emittance roofs with exceptionally high solar reflectance. Substituting a cool roof for a noncool roof tends to decrease cooling electricity use, cooling power demand, and cooling-equipment capacity requirements, while slightly increasing heating energy consumption. Cool roofs can also lower the ambient air temperature in summer, slowing ozone formation and increasing human comfort. DOE-2.1E building energy simulations indicate that use of a cool roofing material on a prototypical Californiamore » nonresidential building with a low-sloped roof yields average annual cooling energy savings of approximately 300 kWh/1000 ft2 [3.2 kWh/m2], average annual natural gas deficits of 4.9 therm/1000 ft2 [5.6 MJ/m2], average source energy savings of 2.6 MBTU/1000 ft2 [30 MJ/m2], and average peak power demand savings of 0. 19 kW/1000 ft2 [2.1 W/m2]. The 15-year net present value (NPV) of energy savings averages $450/1000 ft2 [$4.90/m2] with time dependent valuation (TDV), and $370/1000 ft2 [$4.00/m2] without TDV. When cost savings from downsizing cooling equipment are included, the average total savings (15-year NPV + equipment savings) rises to $550/1000 ft2 [$5.90/m2] with TDV, and to $470/1000 ft2 [$5.00/m2] without TDV. Total savings range from 0.18 to 0.77 $/ft2 [1.90 to 8.30 $/m2] with TDV, and from 0.16 to 0.66 $/ft2 [1.70 to 7.10 $/m2] without TDV, across California's 16 climate zones. The typical cost premium for a cool roof is 0.00 to 0.20 $/ft2 [0.00 to 2.20 $/m2]. Cool roofs with premiums up to $0.20/ft2 [$2.20/m2] are expected to be cost effective in climate zones 2 through 16; those with premiums not exceeding $0.18/ft2 [$1.90/m2] are expected to be also cost effective in climate zone 1. Hence, this study recommends that the year-2005 California building energy efficiency code (Title 24, Pa rt 6 of the California Code of Regulations) for nonresidential buildings with low-sloped roofs include a cool-roof prescriptive requirement in all California climate zones. Buildings with roofs that do not meet prescriptive requirements may comply with the code via an ''overall-envelope'' approach (non-metal roofs only), or via a performance approach (all roof types).« less

Effectiveness of Different Urban Heat Island Mitigation Methods and Their Regional Impacts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, N.

2017-12-01

Cool roofs and green roofs are two popular methods to mitigate urban heat island and improve urban climate. The effectiveness of different urban heat island mitigation strategies in the summer of 2013 in the Yangtze River Delta, China is investigated using the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model coupled with a physically based urban canopy model. The modifications to the roof surface changed the urban surface radiation balance and then modified the local surface energy budget. Both cool roofs and green roofs led to lower surface skin temperature and near-surface air temperature. Increasing the roof albedo to 0.5 caused a similar effectiveness as covering 25% of urban roofs with vegetation; increasing roof albedo to 0.7 caused a similar near-surface air temperature decrease as 75% green roof coverage. The near-surface relative humidity increased in both cool roof and green roof experiments because of the combination of the impacts of increases in specific humidity and decreases in air temperature. The regional impacts of cool roofs and green roofs were evaluated using the regional effect index. The regional effect could be found in both near-surface air temperature and surface specific/relative humidity when the percentage of roofs covered with high albedo materials or green roofs reached a higher fraction (greater than 50%). The changes in the vertical profiles of temperature cause a more stable atmospheric boundary layer over the urban area; at the same time, the crossover phenomena occurred above the boundary layer due to the decrease in vertical wind speed.

Green roof valuation: a probabilistic economic analysis of environmental benefits.

PubMed

Clark, Corrie; Adriaens, Peter; Talbot, F Brian

2008-03-15

Green (vegetated) roofs have gained global acceptance as a technologythat has the potential to help mitigate the multifaceted, complex environmental problems of urban centers. While policies that encourage green roofs exist atthe local and regional level, installation costs remain at a premium and deter investment in this technology. The objective of this paper is to quantitatively integrate the range of stormwater, energy, and air pollution benefits of green roofs into an economic model that captures the building-specific scale. Currently, green roofs are primarily valued on increased roof longevity, reduced stormwater runoff, and decreased building energy consumption. Proper valuation of these benefits can reduce the present value of a green roof if investors look beyond the upfront capital costs. Net present value (NPV) analysis comparing a conventional roof system to an extensive green roof system demonstrates that at the end of the green roof lifetime the NPV for the green roof is between 20.3 and 25.2% less than the NPV for the conventional roof over 40 years. The additional upfront investment is recovered at the time when a conventional roof would be replaced. Increasing evidence suggests that green roofs may play a significant role in urban air quality improvement For example, uptake of N0x is estimated to range from $1683 to $6383 per metric ton of NOx reduction. These benefits were included in this study, and results translate to an annual benefit of $895-3392 for a 2000 square meter vegetated roof. Improved air quality leads to a mean NPV for the green roof that is 24.5-40.2% less than the mean conventional roof NPV. Through innovative policies, the inclusion of air pollution mitigation and the reduction of municipal stormwater infrastructure costs in economic valuation of environmental benefits of green roofs can reduce the cost gap that currently hinders U.S. investment in green roof technology.

NH3-SCR denitration catalyst performance over vanadium-titanium with the addition of Ce and Sb.

PubMed

Xu, Chi; Liu, Jian; Zhao, Zhen; Yu, Fei; Cheng, Kai; Wei, Yuechang; Duan, Aijun; Jiang, Guiyuan

2015-05-01

Selective catalytic reduction technology using NH3 as a reducing agent (NH3-SCR) is an effective control method to remove nitrogen oxides. TiO2-supported vanadium oxide catalysts with different levels of Ce and Sb modification were prepared by an impregnation method and were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), Raman and Hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR). The catalytic activities of V5CexSby/TiO2 catalysts for denitration were investigated in a fixed bed flow microreactor. The results showed that cerium, vanadium and antimony oxide as the active components were well dispersed on TiO2, and the catalysts exhibited a large number of d-d electronic transitions, which were helpful to strengthen SCR reactivity. The V5CexSby/TiO2 catalysts exhibited a good low temperature NH3-SCR catalytic activity. In the temperature range of 210 to 400°C, the V5CexSby/TiO2 catalysts gave NO conversion rates above 90%. For the best V5Ce35Sb2/TiO2 catalyst, at a reaction temperature of 210°C, the NO conversion rate had already reached 90%. The catalysts had different catalytic activity with different Ce loadings. With the increase of Ce loading, the NO conversion rate also increased. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier B.V.

REGIONALLY APPROPRIATE SUSTAINABLE DESIGN: URBAN GREEN ROOF APPLICATIONS FOR TEMPERATE CONTINENTAL CLIMATES

EPA Science Inventory

As a strategy for sustainable development, green roof technology is gaining acceptance in the U.S. However, widespread adoption in highly variable continental climates, such as the Upper Midwest (EPA Region 5), lags behind green roof use in cities with simi...

hmmr mediates anterior neural tube closure and morphogenesis in the frog Xenopus.

PubMed

Prager, Angela; Hagenlocher, Cathrin; Ott, Tim; Schambony, Alexandra; Feistel, Kerstin

2017-10-01

Development of the central nervous system requires orchestration of morphogenetic processes which drive elevation and apposition of the neural folds and their fusion into a neural tube. The newly formed tube gives rise to the brain in anterior regions and continues to develop into the spinal cord posteriorly. Conspicuous differences between the anterior and posterior neural tube become visible already during neural tube closure (NTC). Planar cell polarity (PCP)-mediated convergent extension (CE) movements are restricted to the posterior neural plate, i.e. hindbrain and spinal cord, where they propagate neural fold apposition. The lack of CE in the anterior neural plate correlates with a much slower mode of neural fold apposition anteriorly. The morphogenetic processes driving anterior NTC have not been addressed in detail. Here, we report a novel role for the breast cancer susceptibility gene and microtubule (MT) binding protein Hmmr (Hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor, RHAMM) in anterior neurulation and forebrain development in Xenopus laevis. Loss of hmmr function resulted in a lack of telencephalic hemisphere separation, arising from defective roof plate formation, which in turn was caused by impaired neural tissue narrowing. hmmr regulated polarization of neural cells, a function which was dependent on the MT binding domains. hmmr cooperated with the core PCP component vangl2 in regulating cell polarity and neural morphogenesis. Disrupted cell polarization and elongation in hmmr and vangl2 morphants prevented radial intercalation (RI), a cell behavior essential for neural morphogenesis. Our results pinpoint a novel role of hmmr in anterior neural development and support the notion that RI is a major driving force for anterior neurulation and forebrain morphogenesis. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Reducing Heat Gains and Cooling Loads Through Roof Structure Configurations of A House in Medan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Handayani Lubis, Irma; Donny Koerniawan, Mochamad

2018-05-01

Heat gains and heat losses through building surfaces are the main factors that determine the building’s cooling and heating loads. Roof as a building surface that has the most exposed area to the sun, contribute most of heat gains in the building. Therefore, the amount of solar heat gains on the roofs need to be minimized by roof structure configurations. This research aims to discover the optimization of roof structure configurations (coating material, structure material, inclination, overhang, and insulation) as one of passive design strategies that reduce heat gains and cooling loads of a house in Medan. The result showed that case four, white-painted metal roof combined with 45° roof pitched, 1.5m overhang, and addition of insulation, indicates the minimum heat gains production and the less cooling loads during clear sky day but not in the overcast sky condition. In conclusion, heat gains and cooling loads of a house in Medan could be diminished during clear sky day by the addition of roof coating with high reflectance low solar absorbtance, the slope roof, the extension of wider veranda, and the addition of insulation in the roof structure.

Distribution of 137Cs on components in urban area four years after the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident.

PubMed

Yoshimura, K; Saito, K; Fujiwara, K

2017-11-01

Distribution of 137 Cs on components in urban areas such as roofs and roads is crucial for evaluating the behavior of radiocesium and ambient dose rates in the area. This study evaluated relative 137 Cs inventories, which are defined as the relative values of 137 Cs inventory on each component to that on a nearby permeable plane field, for 11 buildings in the evacuation zone about four years after the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. The average relative inventory of paved ground accounted for 0.18 of that on permeable plane fields. Other components showed small average values of less than 0.1, indicating rapid removal of radiocesium from urban areas even without decontamination. The differences in the relative inventories on roads and roofs with those in the case of Europe suggest that human activity and component materials largely affect the reduction of radiocesium in urban area. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Comparative life cycle assessment of standard and green roofs.

PubMed

Saiz, Susana; Kennedy, Christopher; Bass, Brad; Pressnail, Kim

2006-07-01

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to evaluate the benefits, primarily from reduced energy consumption, resulting from the addition of a green roof to an eight story residential building in Madrid. Building energy use is simulated and a bottom-up LCA is conducted assuming a 50 year building life. The key property of a green roof is its low solar absorptance, which causes lower surface temperature, thereby reducing the heat flux through the roof. Savings in annual energy use are just over 1%, but summer cooling load is reduced by over 6% and reductions in peak hour cooling load in the upper floors reach 25%. By replacing the common flat roof with a green roof, environmental impacts are reduced by between 1.0 and 5.3%. Similar reductions might be achieved by using a white roof with additional insulation for winter, but more substantial reductions are achieved if common use of green roofs leads to reductions in the urban heat island.

Assessment of addition of biochar to filtering mixtures for potential water pollutant removal.

PubMed

Piscitelli, Lea; Rivier, Pierre-Adrien; Mondelli, Donato; Miano, Teodoro; Joner, Erik J

2018-01-01

Green roofs are used increasingly to alleviate peaks of water discharge into the sewage systems in urban areas. Surface runoff from roofs contain pollutants from dry and wet deposition, and green roofs offer a possibility to reduce the amounts of pollutants in the water discharged from roofs by degradation and filtering. These pollutants would otherwise enter wastewater treatments plants and ultimately end up in sewage sludge that is spread on agricultural soils. The most common substrates used in green roofs have limited capacity for filtration and sorption. Also, more sustainable alternatives are sought, due to the high carbon footprint of these materials. Biochar is a carbon-rich material produced by pyrolysis of biomass, and several types of biochar have been described as good sorbents and filter materials. Biochar is also a light and carbon negative material, which may fulfill other desired criteria for new green roof substrates. We here report on an experiment where two types of biochar, produced from olive husks at 450 °C or from forest waste at 850 ° C were mixed with volcanic rock or peat, and tested for retention capacity of phenanthrene and six heavy metals in a column experiment with unsaturated gravimetric water flow lasting for 3 weeks. The results suggest that biochar as a component in green roof substrates perform better than traditional materials, concerning retention of the tested pollutants, and that different types of biochar have different properties in this respect.

Analysis of rock mass dynamic impact influence on the operation of a powered roof support control system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Szurgacz, Dawid; Brodny, Jaroław

2018-01-01

A powered roof support is a machine responsible for protection of an underground excavation against deformation generated by rock mass. In the case of dynamic impact of rock mass, the proper level of protection is hard to achieve. Therefore, the units of the roof support and its components are subject to detailed tests aimed at acquiring greater reliability, efficiency and efficacy. In the course of such test, however, it is not always possible to foresee values of load that may occur in actual conditions. The article presents a case of a dynamic load impacting the powered roof support during a high-energy tremor in an underground hard coal mine. The authors discuss the method for selecting powered roof support units proper for specific forecasted load conditions. The method takes into account the construction of the support and mining and geological conditions of an excavation. Moreover, the paper includes tests carried out on hydraulic legs and yield valves which were responsible for additional yielding of the support. Real loads impacting the support unit during tremors are analysed. The results indicated that the real registered values of the load were significantly greater than the forecasted values. The analysis results of roof support operation during dynamic impact generated by the rock mass (real life conditions) prompted the authors to develop a set of recommendations for manufacturers and users of powered roof supports. These include, inter alia, the need for innovative solutions for testing hydraulic section systems.

Source Characterization of the 2015 Collapse in Gypsum Mine in Shandong, China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, H.; Chu, R.; Sheng, M.

2016-12-01

Source parameters of mining earthquakes are essential to investigating pressure redistribution and accumulation due to underground excavation. On 25 December 2015, a local magnitude 4.0 earthquake occurred at 07:56:12 BJT in Pingyi County, China (latitude: 35.5°N, longitude: 117.7°E) with a depth of 0 km. This earthquake is caused by underground cave collapse. In this paper, we used sliding-window cross-correlation method to detect aftershocks of this event. The result indicates there are at least six aftershocks within ten minutes after the earthquake. Then we inverted focal mechanisms and depths of the mainshock and the largest aftershock with three-component broadband seismic waveform data recorded by the National Seismic Network. We use the generalized Cut-and-Paste (gCAP) method to obtain their moment tensors, which allows for a characterization of the relative amounts of deviatoric and isotropic source components. This gCAP method divides three component waveforms into Pnl and surface wave segments, and allows adjustable time shifts between observed and synthetic data, so that it reduces the influence of uncertainties in the 1-D velocity model. The results show that both events have similar focal mechanisms, which contains obvious non-double-couple component with a large proportion of isotropic source component. The mechanisms are dominated by 80% implosive isotropic energy and 20% thrusting double couple energy. Such mechanisms might be explained by an asymmetric collapse of the mine cavity due to unevenly distributed in situ stresses, sympathetic shear on a roof fault, or between the roof and floor of the mine.

Interfacial RhO{sub x}/CeO{sub 2} sites as locations for low temperature N{sub 2}O dissociation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cunningham, J.; Hickey, J.N.; Soria, J.

Temperatures required for extensive N{sub 2}O dissociation to N{sub 2}, or to N{sub 2} plus O{sub 2}, over 0.5% RhO{sub x}/CeO{sub 2} materials, and over polycrystalline Rh{sub 2}O{sub 3} or CeO{sub 2}, are compared for preoxidised and for prereduced samples on the basis of conversions achieved in pulsed-reactant, continuous-flow and recirculatory microcatalytic reactors. Influences of sample prereduction or preoxidation upon those measurements and upon results from parallel ESR and FTIR studies of N{sub 2}O interactions with such materials are presented and compared. Over partially reduced 0.5% RhO{sub x}/CeO{sub 2} materials complete dissociation of N{sub 2}O pulses to N{sub 2} plusmore » O{sub 2} is obtained at temperatures 50-100{degrees} lower than those required for extensive dissociation over prereduced Rh{sub 2}O{sub 3}. Furthermore, N{sub 2} was the sole product from the latter. Higher ongoing N{sub 2}O conversions to N{sub 2} plus O{sub 2} at 623 K over 0.5% Rh/CeO{sub 2} in pulsed-reactant than in continuous-flow mode point to regeneration of active sites under helium flushing between pulses. The TPD profile for dioxygen release from Rhodia containing samples at temperatures 350-550 K is presented. ESR measurements reveal complementary effects of outgassings at temperatures, T{sub v}, {ge} 573 K upon the availability at RhO{sub x}/CeO{sub 2} surfaces of electron-excess sites reactive towards N{sub 2}O. Differences from observations over Rh{sub 2}O{sub 3} and CeO{sub 2} can be understood by attributing the low-temperature activity of RhO{sub x}/CeO{sub 2} to electron excess sites at microinterfaces between the dispersed Rhodia component and the Ceria support.« less

a Line-Based 3d Roof Model Reconstruction Algorithm: Tin-Merging and Reshaping (tmr)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rau, J.-Y.

2012-07-01

Three-dimensional building model is one of the major components of a cyber-city and is vital for the realization of 3D GIS applications. In the last decade, the airborne laser scanning (ALS) data is widely used for 3D building model reconstruction and object extraction. Instead, based on 3D roof structural lines, this paper presents a novel algorithm for automatic roof models reconstruction. A line-based roof model reconstruction algorithm, called TIN-Merging and Reshaping (TMR), is proposed. The roof structural line, such as edges, eaves and ridges, can be measured manually from aerial stereo-pair, derived by feature line matching or inferred from ALS data. The originality of the TMR algorithm for 3D roof modelling is to perform geometric analysis and topology reconstruction among those unstructured lines and then reshapes the roof-type using elevation information from the 3D structural lines. For topology reconstruction, a line constrained Delaunay Triangulation algorithm is adopted where the input structural lines act as constraint and their vertex act as input points. Thus, the constructed TINs will not across the structural lines. Later at the stage of Merging, the shared edge between two TINs will be check if the original structural line exists. If not, those two TINs will be merged into a polygon. Iterative checking and merging of any two neighboured TINs/Polygons will result in roof polygons on the horizontal plane. Finally, at the Reshaping stage any two structural lines with fixed height will be used to adjust a planar function for the whole roof polygon. In case ALS data exist, the Reshaping stage can be simplified by adjusting the point cloud within the roof polygon. The proposed scheme reduces the complexity of 3D roof modelling and makes the modelling process easier. Five test datasets provided by ISPRS WG III/4 located at downtown Toronto, Canada and Vaihingen, Germany are used for experiment. The test sites cover high rise buildings and residential area with diverse roof type. For performance evaluation, the adopted roof structural lines are manually measured from the provided stereo-pair. Experimental results indicate a nearly 100% success rate for topology reconstruction was achieved provided that the 3D structural lines can be enclosed as polygons. On the other hand, the success rate at the Reshaping stage is dependent on the complexity of the rooftop structure. Thus, a visual inspection and semi-automatic adjustment of roof-type is suggested and implemented to complete the roof modelling. The results demonstrate that the proposed scheme is robust and reliable with a high degree of completeness, correctness, and quality, even when a group of connected buildings with multiple layers and mixed roof types is processed.

Separating Drought Effects from Roof Artifacts on Ecosystem Processes in a Grassland Drought Experiment

PubMed Central

Vogel, Anja; Fester, Thomas; Eisenhauer, Nico; Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael; Schmid, Bernhard; Weisser, Wolfgang W.; Weigelt, Alexandra

2013-01-01

1 Given the predictions of increased drought probabilities under various climate change scenarios, there have been numerous experimental field studies simulating drought using transparent roofs in different ecosystems and regions. Such roofs may, however, have unknown side effects, called artifacts, on the measured variables potentially confounding the experimental results. A roofed control allows the quantification of potential artifacts, which is lacking in most experiments. 2 We conducted a drought experiment in experimental grasslands to study artifacts of transparent roofs and the resulting effects of artifacts on ecosystems relative to drought on three response variables (aboveground biomass, litter decomposition and plant metabolite profiles). We established three drought treatments, using (1) transparent roofs to exclude rainfall, (2) an unroofed control treatment receiving natural rainfall and (3) a roofed control, nested in the drought treatment but with rain water reapplied according to ambient conditions. 3 Roofs had a slight impact on air (+0.14°C during night) and soil temperatures (−0.45°C on warm days, +0.25°C on cold nights), while photosynthetically active radiation was decreased significantly (−16%). Aboveground plant community biomass was reduced in the drought treatment (−41%), but there was no significant difference between the roofed and unroofed control, i.e., there were no measurable roof artifact effects. 4 Compared to the unroofed control, litter decomposition was decreased significantly both in the drought treatment (−26%) and in the roofed control treatment (−18%), suggesting artifact effects of the transparent roofs. Moreover, aboveground metabolite profiles in the model plant species Medicago x varia were different from the unroofed control in both the drought and roofed control treatments, and roof artifact effects were of comparable magnitude as drought effects. 5 Our results stress the need for roofed control treatments when using transparent roofs for studying drought effects, because roofs can cause significant side effects. PMID:23936480

Inverted drop testing and neck injury potential.

PubMed

Forrest, Stephen; Herbst, Brian; Meyer, Steve; Sances, Anthony; Kumaresan, Srirangam

2003-01-01

Inverted drop testing of vehicles is a methodology that has long been used by the automotive industry and researchers to test roof integrity and is currently being considered by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration as a roof strength test. In 1990 a study was reported which involved 8 dolly rollover tests and 5 inverted drop tests. These studies were conducted with restrained Hybrid III instrumented Anthropometric Test Devices (ATD) in production and rollcaged vehicles to investigate the relationship between roof strength and occupant injury potential. The 5 inverted drop tests included in the study provided a methodology producing "repeatable roof impacts" exposing the ATDs to the similar impact environment as those seen in the dolly rollover tests. Authors have conducted two inverted drop test sets as part of an investigation of two real world rollover accidents. Hybrid-III ATD's were used in each test with instrumented head and necks. Both test sets confirm that reduction of roof intrusion and increased headroom can significantly enhance occupant protection. In both test pairs, the neck force of the dummy in the vehicle with less crush and more survival space was significantly lower. Reduced roof crush and dynamic preservation of the occupant survival space resulted in only minor occupant contact and minimal occupant loading, establishing a clear causal relationship between roof crush and neck injuries.

Substantiation of artificial composite-structure roof construction in top-down cut-and-fill stoping

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rukavishnikov, GD; Neverov, SA; Neverov, AA

2018-03-01

It has been found efficient and safe to use top-down cut-and-fill stoping with saving of the artificial backfill cost and material through the use of a solid nonuniform material composed of two components (layers). It is shown that the artificial roof can be advanced after a stope without essential change in the stope condition as compared with the classical top-down slice method, which provides higher safety of mining.

CeO2 nanoparticles induce no changes in phenanthrene toxicity to the soil organisms Porcellionides pruinosus and Folsomia candida.

PubMed

Tourinho, Paula S; Waalewijn-Kool, Pauline L; Zantkuijl, Irene; Jurkschat, Kerstin; Svendsen, Claus; Soares, Amadeu M V M; Loureiro, Susana; van Gestel, Cornelis A M

2015-03-01

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) are used as diesel fuel additives to catalyze oxidation. Phenanthrene is a major component of diesel exhaust particles and one of the most common pollutants in the environment. This study aimed at determining the effect of CeO2 NPs on the toxicity of phenanthrene in Lufa 2.2 standard soil for the isopod Porcellionides pruinosus and the springtail Folsomia candida. Toxicity tests were performed in the presence of CeO2 concentrations of 10, 100 or 1000mg Ce/kg dry soil and compared with results in the absence of CeO2 NPs. CeO2 NPs had no adverse effects on isopod survival and growth or springtail survival and reproduction. For the isopods, LC50s for the effect of phenanthrene ranged from 110 to 143mg/kg dry soil, and EC50s from 17.6 to 31.6mg/kg dry soil. For the springtails, LC50s ranged between 61.5 and 88.3mg/kg dry soil and EC50s from 52.2 to 76.7mg/kg dry soil. From this study it may be concluded that CeO2 NPs have a low toxicity and do not affect toxicity of phenanthrene to isopods and springtails. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Modelling reduction of urban heat load in Vienna by modifying surface properties of roofs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Žuvela-Aloise, Maja; Andre, Konrad; Schwaiger, Hannes; Bird, David Neil; Gallaun, Heinz

2018-02-01

The study examines the potential of urban roofs to reduce the urban heat island (UHI) effect by changing their reflectivity and implementing vegetation (green roofs) using the example of the City of Vienna. The urban modelling simulations are performed based on high-resolution orography and land use data, climatological observations, surface albedo values from satellite imagery and registry of the green roof potential in Vienna. The modelling results show that a moderate increase in reflectivity of roofs (up to 0.45) reduces the mean summer temperatures in the densely built-up environment by approximately 0.25 °C. Applying high reflectivity materials (roof albedo up to 0.7) leads to average cooling in densely built-up area of approximately 0.5 °C. The green roofs yield a heat load reduction in similar order of magnitude as the high reflectivity materials. However, only 45 % of roof area in Vienna is suitable for greening and the green roof potential mostly applies to industrial areas in city outskirts and is therefore not sufficient for substantial reduction of the UHI effect, particularly in the city centre which has the highest heat load. The strongest cooling effect can be achieved by combining the green roofs with high reflectivity materials. In this case, using 50 or 100 % of the green roof potential and applying high reflectivity materials on the remaining surfaces have a similar cooling effect.

Roofing as a source of nonpoint water pollution.

PubMed

Chang, Mingteh; McBroom, Matthew W; Scott Beasley, R

2004-12-01

Sixteen wooden structures with two roofs each were installed to study runoff quality for four commonly used roofing materials (wood shingle, composition shingle, painted aluminum, and galvanized iron) at Nacogdoches, Texas. Each roof, either facing NW or SE, was 1.22 m wide x 3.66 m long with a 25.8% roof slope. Thus, there were 32 alternatively arranged roofs, consisting of four roof types x two aspects x four replicates, in the study. Runoff from the roofs was collected through galvanized gutters, downspouts, and splitters. The roof runoff was compared to rainwater collected by a wet/dry acid rain collector for the concentrations of eight water quality variables, i.e. Cu(2+), Mn(2+), Pb(2+), Zn(2+), Mg(2+), Al(3+), EC and pH. Based on 31 storms collected between October 1997 and December 1998, the results showed: (1) concentrations of pH, Cu, and Zn in rainwater already exceed the EPA freshwater quality standards even without pollutant inputs from roofs, (2) Zn and Cu, the two most serious pollutants in roof runoff, exceeded the EPA national freshwater water quality standards in virtually 100% and more than 60% of the samples, respectively, (3) pH, EC, and Zn were the only three variables significantly affected by roofing materials, (4) differences in Zn concentrations were significant among all roof types and between all roof runoff and rainwater samples, (5) although there were no differences in Cu concentrations among all roof types and between roof runoff and rainwater, all means and medians of runoff and rainwater exceeded the national water quality standards, (6) water quality from wood shingles was the worst among the roof types studied, and (7) although SE is the most frequent and NW the least frequent direction for incoming storms, only EC, Mg, Mn, and Zn in wood shingle runoff from the SE were significantly higher than those from the NW; the two aspects affected no other elements in runoff from the other three roof types. Also, Zn concentrations from new wood-shingle roofs were significantly higher than those from aged roofs of a previous study. The study demonstrated that roofs could be a serious source of nonpoint water pollution. Since Zn is the most serious water pollutant and wood shingle is the worst of the four roof types, using less compounds and materials associated with Zn along with good care and maintenance of roofs are critical in reducing Zn pollution in roof runoff.

Contaminant deposition building shielding factors for US residential structures.

PubMed

Dickson, Elijah; Hamby, David; Eckerman, Keith

2017-10-10

This paper presents validated building shielding factors designed for contemporary US housing-stock under an idealized, yet realistic, exposure scenario from contaminant deposition on the roof and surrounding surfaces. The building shielding factors are intended for use in emergency planning and level three probabilistic risk assessments for a variety of postulated radiological events in which a realistic assessment is necessary to better understand the potential risks for accident mitigation and emergency response planning. Factors are calculated from detailed computational housing-units models using the general-purpose Monte Carlo N-Particle computational code, MCNP5, and are benchmarked from a series of narrow- and broad-beam measurements analyzing the shielding effectiveness of ten common general-purpose construction materials and ten shielding models representing the primary weather barriers (walls and roofs) of likely US housing-stock. Each model was designed to scale based on common residential construction practices and include, to the extent practical, all structurally significant components important for shielding against ionizing radiation. Calculations were performed for floor-specific locations from contaminant deposition on the roof and surrounding ground as well as for computing a weighted-average representative building shielding factor for single- and multi-story detached homes, both with and without basement as well for single-wide manufactured housing-unit. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Contaminant deposition building shielding factors for US residential structures.

PubMed

Dickson, E D; Hamby, D M; Eckerman, K F

2015-06-01

This paper presents validated building shielding factors designed for contemporary US housing-stock under an idealized, yet realistic, exposure scenario from contaminant deposition on the roof and surrounding surfaces. The building shielding factors are intended for use in emergency planning and level three probabilistic risk assessments for a variety of postulated radiological events in which a realistic assessment is necessary to better understand the potential risks for accident mitigation and emergency response planning. Factors are calculated from detailed computational housing-units models using the general-purpose Monte Carlo N-Particle computational code, MCNP5, and are benchmarked from a series of narrow- and broad-beam measurements analyzing the shielding effectiveness of ten common general-purpose construction materials and ten shielding models representing the primary weather barriers (walls and roofs) of likely US housing-stock. Each model was designed to scale based on common residential construction practices and include, to the extent practical, all structurally significant components important for shielding against ionizing radiation. Calculations were performed for floor-specific locations from contaminant deposition on the roof and surrounding ground as well as for computing a weighted-average representative building shielding factor for single- and multi-story detached homes, both with and without basement as well for single-wide manufactured housing-unit.

What Makes Community Engagement Effective?: Lessons from the Eliminate Dengue Program in Queensland Australia

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

Background Worldwide, more than 40% of the population is at risk from dengue and recent estimates suggest that up to 390 million dengue infections are acquired every year. The Eliminate Dengue (ED) Program is investigating the use of Wolbachia-infected, transmission-compromised, mosquitoes to reduce dengue transmission. Previous introductions of genetically-modified strategies for dengue vector control have generated controversy internationally by inadequately engaging host communities. Community Engagement (CE) was a key component of the ED Program’s initial open release trials in Queensland Australia. Their approach to CE was perceived as effective by the ED team’s senior leadership, members of its CE team, and by its funders, but if and why this was the case was unclear. We conducted a qualitative case study of the ED Program’s approach to CE to identify and critically examine its components, and to explain whether and how these efforts contributed to the support received by stakeholders. Methodology/Principal Findings In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 participants with a range of experiences and perspectives related to the ED Program’s CE activities. Our analytic approach combined techniques of grounded theory and qualitative description. The ED Program’s approach to CE reflected four foundational features: 1) enabling conditions; 2) leadership; 3) core commitments and guiding values; and 4) formative social science research. These foundations informed five key operational practices: 1) building the CE team; 2) integrating CE into management practices; 3) discerning the community of stakeholders; 4) establishing and maintaining a presence in the community; and 5) socializing the technology and research strategy. We also demonstrate how these practices contributed to stakeholders’ willingness to support the trials. Conclusions/Significance Our case study has identified, and explained the functional relationships among, the critical features of the ED Program’s approach to CE. It has also illuminated how these features were meaningful to stakeholders and contributed to garnering support within the host communities for the open-release trials. Our findings reveal how translating ethical intentions into effective action is more socially complex than is currently reflected in the CE literature. Because our case study delineates the critical features of the ED Program’s approach to CE, it can serve as a framework for other programs to follow when designing their own strategies. And because the findings outline a theory of change for CE, it can also serve as a starting point for developing an evaluation framework for CE. PMID:25875485

17. 4th floor roof, view south, 4th and 5th floor ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

17. 4th floor roof, view south, 4th and 5th floor setback to left and atrium structure to right - Sheffield Farms Milk Plant, 1075 Webster Avenue (southwest corner of 166th Street), Bronx, Bronx County, NY

Charge deformation and orbital hybridization: intrinsic mechanisms on tunable chromaticity of Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ luminescence by doping Gd3+ for warm white LEDs

PubMed Central

Chen, Lei; Chen, Xiuling; Liu, Fayong; Chen, Haohong; Wang, Hui; Zhao, Erlong; Jiang, Yang; Chan, Ting-Shan; Wang, Chia-Hsin; Zhang, Wenhua; Wang, Yu; Chen, Shifu

2015-01-01

The deficiency of Y3Al5O12:Ce (YAG:Ce) luminescence in red component can be compensated by doping Gd3+, thus lead to it being widely used for packaging warm white light-emitting diode devices. This article presents a systematic study on the photoluminescence properties, crystal structures and electronic band structures of (Y1−xGdx)3Al5O12: Ce3+ using powerful experimental techniques of thermally stimulated luminescence, X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectra (UPS) of the valence band, assisted with theoretical calculations on the band structure, density of states (DOS), and charge deformation density (CDD). A new interpretation from the viewpoint of compression deformation of electron cloud in a rigid structure by combining orbital hybridization with solid-state energy band theory together is put forward to illustrate the intrinsic mechanisms that cause the emission spectral shift, thermal quenching, and luminescence intensity decrease of YAG: Ce upon substitution of Y3+ by Gd3+, which are out of the explanation of the classic configuration coordinate model. The results indicate that in a rigid structure, the charge deformation provides an efficient way to tune chromaticity, but the band gaps and crystal defects must be controlled by comprehensively accounting for luminescence thermal stability and efficiency. PMID:26175141

Triple innominate osteotomy for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease in children: does the lateral coverage change with time?

PubMed

Hosalkar, Harish; Munhoz da Cunha, Ana Laura; Baldwin, Keith; Ziebarth, Kai; Wenger, Dennis R

2012-09-01

Triple innominate osteotomy (TIO) is one of the modalities of surgical containment in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD). However, overcoverage with TIO can lead to pincer impingement. We therefore asked (1) whether TIO contained the femoral head in Catterall Stages III and IV of LCPD; (2) whether the center-edge (CE) angle, acetabular roof arc angle (ARA), and Sharp's angle changed during the growing years; and (3) what percentage of patients had radiographic evidence of pincer impingement beyond a minimum followup of 3 years. We identified 19 children who had 20 TIOs performed for Catterall Stages III and IV LCPD. Two blinded observers assessed sequential radiographs. Each observer made two sets of readings more than 2 weeks apart. Femoral head extrusion index, CE angle of Wiberg, ARA, and Sharp's angle were measured. Minimum followup was 3 years to document continued acetabular growth (mean, 3.8 years; range, 3-7 years). All patients exhibited femoral head containment at last followup. Eleven of 20 hips demonstrated no radiographic evidence of pincer morphology beyond a minimum followup of 3 years (mean, 3.8 years). Patients with CE angle corrected to 44° or less and an ARA of greater than -6° after TIO did not demonstrate a pincer morphology at last followup. TIO resulted in femoral head containment in all cases. Lateral acetabular coverage changed during the growing years in all patients. Surgical correction beyond 44° of CE angle and -6° of ARA should be avoided to prevent pincer morphology later.

5. EXTERIOR OF TRIPLEX COTTAGE ROOF SHOWING MANVILLE COMPOSITION SHINGLES, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. EXTERIOR OF TRIPLEX COTTAGE ROOF SHOWING MANVILLE COMPOSITION SHINGLES, POURED CONCRETE CHIMNEYS, AND TRANSLUCENT PLASTIC COVERING OVER WALKWAY AT REAR OF HOUSE (PHOTO LEFT). VIEW TO NORTHWEST. - Lee Vining Creek Hydroelectric System, Triplex Cottage, Lee Vining Creek, Lee Vining, Mono County, CA

Experimental Polyurethane Foam Roof Systems - II.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-01-01

distribution unlimited. qt’, B 11 1 A F FN 1 5.6,-’ ,". I Rf- IE I0 Edthat, I.f "" Roofs, energy conservation, insulation, sprayed polyurethane foam...pcriod is presented, and thle energy savings realized by Oamning thle roof’ are prese nted. Libirary Card Naval Civil lFiginvee.ig I alora tor)i...the energy savings I reali/ed by foaming the roof are presented.I Unclassified rC~U~tTY CL ASSIrICATIO)N OF THISt PAGi-h WI-., . I -d CONTENTS Page

Simulating the Impact Response of Composite Airframe Components

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jackson, Karen E.; Littell, Justin D.; Fasanella, Edwin L.

2014-01-01

In 2010, NASA Langley Research Center obtained residual hardware from the US Army's Survivable Affordable Repairable Airframe Program (SARAP). The hardware consisted of a composite fuselage section that was representative of the center section of a Black Hawk helicopter. The section was fabricated by Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation and designated the Test Validation Article (TVA). The TVA was subjected to a vertical drop test in 2008 to evaluate a tilting roof concept to limit the intrusion of overhead mass items, such as the rotor transmission, into the fuselage cabin. As a result of the 2008 test, damage to the hardware was limited primarily to the roof. Consequently, when the post-test article was obtained in 2010, the roof area was removed and the remaining structure was cut into six different types of test specimens including: (1) tension and compression coupons for material property characterization, (2) I-beam sections, (3) T-sections, (4) cruciform sections, (5) a large subfloor section, and (6) a forward framed fuselage section. In 2011, NASA and Sikorsky entered into a cooperative research agreement to study the impact responses of composite airframe structures and to evaluate the capabilities of the explicit transient dynamic finite element code, LS-DYNA®, to simulate these responses including damage initiation and progressive failure. Finite element models of the composite specimens were developed and impact simulations were performed. The properties of the composite material were represented using both a progressive in-plane damage model (Mat 54) and a continuum damage mechanics model (Mat 58) in LS-DYNA. This paper provides test-analysis comparisons of time history responses and the location and type of damage for representative I-beam, T-section, and cruciform section components.

Magnetic properties of new antiferromagnetic heavy-fermion compounds, Ce3TiBi5 and CeTi3Bi4

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Motoyama, Gaku; Sezaki, Masumi; Gouchi, Jun; Miyoshi, Kiyotaka; Nishigori, Shijo; Mutou, Tetsuya; Fujiwara, Kenji; Uwatoko, Yoshiya

2018-05-01

We have succeeded in growing single crystals of hexagonal P63 / mcm Ce3TiBi5 and orthorhombic Fmmm CeTi3Bi4 by the Bi self-flux method. Measurements of electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, and specific heat have been made on Ce3TiBi5 and CeTi3Bi4. The results indicate that both Ce3TiBi5 and CeTi3Bi4 are new Ce compounds with an antiferromagnetic ordering temperature of 5.0 and 3.4 K, respectively.

Intertwined Orders in Heavy-Fermion Superconductor CeCoIn 5

DOE PAGES

Kim, Duk Young; Lin, Shi-Zeng; Weickert, Franziska; ...

2016-12-20

The appearance of spin-density-wave (SDW) magnetic order in the low-temperature and high-field corner of the superconducting phase diagram of CeCoIn 5 is unique among unconventional superconductors. The nature of this magnetic $Q$ phase is a matter of current debate. Here, we present the thermal conductivity of CeCoIn 5 in a rotating magnetic field, which reveals the presence of an additional order inside the $Q$ phase that is intimately intertwined with the superconducting d-wave and SDW orders. A discontinuous change of the thermal conductivity within the $Q$ phase, when the magnetic field is rotated about antinodes of the superconducting d-wave ordermore » parameter, demands that the additional order must change abruptly, together with the recently observed switching of the SDW. Lastly, a combination of interactions, where spin-orbit coupling orients the SDW, which then selects the secondary p -wave pair-density-wave component (with an average amplitude of 20% of the primary d-wave order parameter), accounts for the observed behavior.« less

Optical properties in the visible luminescence of SiO2:B2O3:CaO:GdF3 glass scintillators containing CeF3

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Park, J. M.; Kim, H. J.; Karki, Sujita; Kaewkhao, J.; Damdee, B.; Kothan, S.; Kaewjaeng, S.

2017-12-01

CeF3-doped silicaborate-calcium-gadolinium glass scintillators, with the formula 10SiO2:(55-x)B2O3:10CaO:25GdF3:xCeF3, were fabricated by the melt-quenching technique. The doping concentration of the CeF3 was from 0.00 mol% to 0.20 mol%. The optical properties of the CeF3 doped glass scintillators were studied by using various radiation sources. The transition state of the CeF3-doped glass scintillators studied by using the absorption and photo-luminescence spectrum results. The X-ray, photo, proton and laser-induced luminescence spectra were also studied to understand the luminescence mechanism under various conditions. To understand the temperature dependence, the laser-induced luminescence and the decay component of the CeF3-doped glass scintillator were studied while the temperature was varied from 300 K to 10 K. The emission wavelength spectrum showed from 350 nm to 55 nm under various radiation sources. Also the CeF3-doped glass scintillator have one decay component as 34 ns at room temperature.

Two Heteromeric Kinesin Complexes in Chemosensory Neurons and Sensory Cilia of Caenorhabditis elegans

PubMed Central

Signor, Dawn; Wedaman, Karen P.; Rose, Lesilee S.; Scholey, Jonathan M.

1999-01-01

Chemosensation in the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans depends on sensory cilia, whose assembly and maintenance requires the transport of components such as axonemal proteins and signal transduction machinery to their site of incorporation into ciliary structures. Members of the heteromeric kinesin family of microtubule motors are prime candidates for playing key roles in these transport events. Here we describe the molecular characterization and partial purification of two heteromeric kinesin complexes from C. elegans, heterotrimeric CeKinesin-II and dimeric CeOsm-3. Transgenic worms expressing green fluorescent protein driven by endogenous heteromeric kinesin promoters reveal that both CeKinesin-II and CeOsm-3 are expressed in amphid, inner labial, and phasmid chemosensory neurons. Additionally, immunolocalization experiments on fixed worms show an intense concentration of CeKinesin-II and CeOsm-3 polypeptides in the ciliated endings of these chemosensory neurons and a punctate localization pattern in the corresponding cell bodies and dendrites. These results, together with the phenotypes of known mutants in the pathway of sensory ciliary assembly, suggest that CeKinesin-II and CeOsm-3 drive the transport of ciliary components required for sequential steps in the assembly of chemosensory cilia. PMID:9950681

Physicochemical and biological technologies for future exploration missions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Belz, S.; Buchert, M.; Bretschneider, J.; Nathanson, E.; Fasoulas, S.

2014-08-01

Life Support Systems (LSS) are essential for human spaceflight. They are the key element for humans to survive, to live and to work in space. Ambitious goals of human space exploration in the next 40 years like a permanently crewed surface habitat on Moon or a manned mission to Mars require technologies which allow for a reduction of system and resupply mass. Enhancements of existing technologies, new technological developments and synergetic components integration help to close the oxygen, water and carbon loops. In order to design the most efficient LSS architecture for a given mission scenario, it is important to follow a dedicated design process: definition of requirements, selection of candidate technologies, development of possible LSS architectures and characterisation of LSS architectures by system drivers and evaluation of the LSS architectures. This paper focuses on the approach of a synergetic integration of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEFC) and microalgae cultivated in photobioreactors (PBR). LSS architectures and their benefits for selected mission scenarios are demonstrated. Experiments on critical processes and interfaces were conducted and result in engineering models for a PEFC and PBR system which fulfil the requirements of a synergetic integrative environment. The PEFC system (about 1 kW) can be operated with cabin air enriched by stored or biologically generated oxygen instead of pure oxygen. This offers further advantages with regard to thermal control as high oxygen concentrations effect a dense heat production. The PBR system consists of an illuminated cultivation chamber (about 5 l), a nutrients supply and harvesting and analytics units. Especially the chamber enables a microgravity adapted cultivation of microalgae. However, the peripheral units still have to be adapted in order to allow for a continuous and automated cultivation and harvesting. These automation processes will be tested and evaluated by means of a parabolic flight experiment. Both engineering models are being specified in dimensions, components, mass and energy flows. They will serve as a platform for getting operational experience, reliability data and identifying technical problems before the next step is to be realized: in-orbit verification in a spaceflight experiment.

Temporal variations in the potential hydrological performance of extensive green roof systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

De-Ville, Simon; Menon, Manoj; Stovin, Virginia

2018-03-01

Existing literature provides contradictory information about variation in potential green roof hydrological performance over time. This study has evaluated a long-term hydrological monitoring record from a series of extensive green roof test beds to identify long-term evolutions and sub-annual (seasonal) variations in potential hydrological performance. Monitoring of nine differently-configured extensive green roof test beds took place over a period of 6 years in Sheffield, UK. Long-term evolutions and sub-annual trends in maximum potential retention performance were identified through physical monitoring of substrate field capacity over time. An independent evaluation of temporal variations in detention performance was undertaken through the fitting of reservoir-routing model parameters. Aggregation of the resulting retention and detention variations permitted the prediction of extensive green roof hydrological performance in response to a 1-in-30-year 1-h summer design storm for Sheffield, UK, which facilitated the comparison of multi and sub-annual hydrological performance variations. Sub-annual (seasonal) variation was found to be significantly greater than long-term evolution. Potential retention performance increased by up to 12% after 5-years, whilst the maximum sub-annual variation in potential retention was 27%. For vegetated roof configurations, a 4% long-term improvement was observed for detention performance, compared to a maximum 63% sub-annual variation. Consistent long-term reductions in detention performance were observed in unvegetated roof configurations, with a non-standard expanded-clay substrate experiencing a 45% reduction in peak attenuation over 5-years. Conventional roof configurations exhibit stable long-term hydrological performance, but are nonetheless subject to sub-annual variation.

Air-quality implications of widespread adoption of cool roofs on ozone and particulate matter in southern California

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ban-Weiss, G. A.; Lee, S. M.; Katzenstein, A. S.; Carreras-Sospedra, M.; Zhang, X.; Farina, S.; Vahmani, P.; Fine, P.; Epstein, S. A.

2017-12-01

The installation of roofing materials with increased solar reflectance (i.e., "cool roofs") can mitigate the urban heat island effect and reduce energy use. In addition, meteorological changes, along with the possibility of enhanced UV reflection from these surfaces, can have complex impacts on ozone and PM2.5 concentrations. We aim to evaluate the air-quality impacts of widespread cool-roof installations prescribed by building energy efficiency standards within the heavily populated and polluted South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) in Southern California. Development of a comprehensive rooftop area database and evaluation of spectral reflectance measurements of roofing materials allows us to predict potential future changes in solar and UV reflectance for simulations using the Weather Research Forecast and Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) models. Meteorological simulations indicate a decrease in daily maximum temperatures, daily maximum boundary layer heights, and ventilation coefficients throughout the SoCAB upon widespread installation of cool roofs. CMAQ simulations show significant increases in PM2.5 concentrations and policy-relevant design values. Changes in 8-h ozone concentrations depend on the potential change in UV reflectance, ranging from a decrease in population-weighted concentrations when UV reflectance remains unchanged to an increase when changes in UV reflectance are at an upper bound. However, 8-h policy-relevant ozone design values increase in all cases. Although the other benefits of cool roofs could outweigh small air-quality penalties, UV reflectance standards for cool roofing materials could mitigate these negative consequences. Results of this study motivate the careful consideration of future rooftop and pavement solar reflectance modification policies.

Synthesis of crystalline Ce-activated garnet phosphor powders and technique to characterize their scintillation light yield

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gordienko, E.; Fedorov, A.; Radiuk, E.; Mechinsky, V.; Dosovitskiy, G.; Vashchenkova, E.; Kuznetsova, D.; Retivov, V.; Dosovitskiy, A.; Korjik, M.; Sandu, R.

2018-04-01

This work reports on a process of preparation of garnet phosphor powders and a technique for light yield evaluation of strongly light scattering samples. Powders of scintillation compounds could be used as individual materials or as samples for express tests of scintillation properties. However, estimation of their light yield (LY) is complicated by strong light scattering of this kind of materials. Ce3+-activated yttrium-aluminum and gallium-gadolinium-aluminum garnet phosphor powders, Y3Al5O12 (YAG:Ce) and Gd3Ga3Al2O12 (GGAG:Ce), were obtained using a modified coprecipitation technique. Ga tends to residue in mother liquor in ammonia media, but the modification allows to avoid the loss of components. We propose an approach for sample preparation and LY measurement setup with alpha particles excitation, allowing to decrease light scattering influence and to estimate a light yield of powder samples. This approach is used to evaluate the obtained powders.

A metered intake of milk following exercise and thermal dehydration restores whole-body net fluid balance better than a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution or water in healthy young men.

PubMed

Seery, Suzanne; Jakeman, Philip

2016-09-01

Appropriate rehydration and nutrient intake in recovery is a key component of exercise performance. This study investigated whether the recovery of body net fluid balance (NFB) following exercise and thermal dehydration to -2 % of body mass (BM) was enhanced by a metered rate of ingestion of milk (M) compared with a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (CE) or water (W). In randomised order, seven active men (aged 26·2 (sd 6·1) years) undertook exercise and thermal dehydration to -2 % of BM on three occasions. A metered replacement volume of M, CE or W equivalent to 150 % of the BM loss was then consumed within 2-3 h. NFB was subsequently measured for 5 h from commencement of rehydration. A higher overall NFB in M than CE (P=0·001) and W (P=0·006) was observed, with no difference between CE and W (P=0·69). After 5 h, NFB in M remained positive (+117 (sd 122) ml) compared with basal, and it was greater than W (-539 (sd 390) ml, P=0·011) but not CE (-381 (sd 460) ml, P=0·077, d=1·6). Plasma osmolality (Posm) and K remained elevated above basal in M compared with CE and W. The change in Posm was associated with circulating pre-provasopressin (r s 0·348, P<0·001), a biomarker of arginine vasopressin, but could not account fully for the augmented NFB in M compared with CE and W. These data suggest that a metered approach to fluid ingestion acts in synergy with the nutrient composition of M in the restoration of NFB following exercise and thermal dehydration.

ADVANCED HEAT TRANSFER TEST FACILITY, TRA666A. ELEVATIONS. ROOF FRAMING PLAN. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

ADVANCED HEAT TRANSFER TEST FACILITY, TRA-666A. ELEVATIONS. ROOF FRAMING PLAN. CONCRETE BLOCK SIDING. SLOPED ROOF. ROLL-UP DOOR. AIR INTAKE ENCLOSURE ON NORTH SIDE. F.C. TORKELSON 842-MTR-666-A5, 8/1966. INL INDEX NO. 531-0666-00-851-152258, REV. 2. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Test Reactor Area, Materials & Engineering Test Reactors, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Review of plants to mitigate particulate matter, ozone as well as nitrogen dioxide air pollutants and applicable recommendations for green roofs in Montreal, Quebec.

PubMed

Gourdji, Shannon

2018-05-28

In urbanized regions with expansive impervious surfaces and often low vegetation cover, air pollution due to motor vehicles and other combustion sources, is a problem. The poor air quality days in Montreal, Quebec are mainly due to fine particulate matter and ozone. Businesses using wood ovens are a source of particulates. Careful vegetation selection and increased green roof usage can improve air quality. This paper reviews different green roofs and the capability of plants in particulate matter (PM), ozone (O 3 ) as well as nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) level reductions. Both the recommended green roof category and plants to reduce these pollutants in Montreal's zone 5 hardiness region are provided. Green roofs with larger vegetation including shrubs and trees, or intensive green roofs, remove air pollutants to a greater extent and are advisable to implement on existing, retrofitted or new buildings. PM is most effectively captured by pines. The small Pinus strobus 'Nana', Pinus mugho var. pumilio, Pinus mugho 'Slowmound' and Pinus pumila 'Dwarf Blue' are good candidates for intensive green roofs. Drought tolerant, deciduous broadleaved trees with low biogenic volatile organic compound emissions including Japanese Maple or Acer palmatum 'Shaina' and 'Mikawa-Yatsubusa' are options to reduce O 3 levels. Magnolias are tolerant to NO 2 and it is important in their metabolic pathways. The small cold-tolerant Magnolia 'Genie' is a good option to remove NO 2 in urban settings and to indirectly reduce O 3 formation. Given the emissions by Montreal businesses' wood ovens, calculations performed based on their respective complex roof areas obtained via Google Earth Pro indicates 88% Pinus mugho var. pumilio roof coverage can annually remove 92.37 kg of PM 10 of which 35.10 kg is PM 2.5 . The removal rates are 4.00 g/m 2 and 1.52 g/m 2 for PM 10 and PM 2.5 , respectively. This paper provides insight to addressing air pollution through urban rooftop greening. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of Fe(II)/Ce(III) dosage ratio on the structure and anion adsorptive removal of hydrothermally precipitated composites: Insights from EXAFS/XANES, XRD and FTIR.

PubMed

Chubar, Natalia; Gerda, Vasyl; Banerjee, Dipanjan; Yablokova, Ganna

2017-02-01

In this work, we present material chemistry in the hydrothermal synthesis of new complex structure materials based on various dosage ratios of Fe and Ce (1:0, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 0:1), characterize them by the relevant methods that allow characterization of both crystalline and amorphous phases and correlate their structure/surface properties with the adsorptive performance of the five toxic anions. The applied synthesis conditions resulted in the formation of different compounds of Fe and Ce components. The Fe-component was dominated by various phases of Fe hydrous oxides, whereas the Ce-component was composed of various phases of Ce carbonates. The presence of two metal salts in raw materials resulted in the formation of a mesoporous structure and averaged the surface area compared to one metal-based material. The surface of all Fe-Ce composites was abundant in Fe component phases. Two-metal systems showed stronger anion removal performance than one-metal materials. The best adsorption was demonstrated by Fe-Ce based materials that had low crystallinity, that were rich in phases and that exhibited surfaces were abundant in greater number of surface functional groups. Notably, Fe extended fine structures simulated by EXAFS in these better adsorbents were rich from oscillations from both heavy and light atoms. This work provides new insights on the structure of composite inorganic materials useful to develop their applications in adsorption and catalysis. It also presents new inorganic anion exchangers with very high removal potential to fluoride and arsenate. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Roof Weakening of Hydraulic Fracturing for Control of Hanging Roof in the Face End of High Gassy Coal Longwall Mining: A Case Study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Bingxiang; Wang, Youzhuang

2016-09-01

The occurence of hanging roof commonly arises in the face end of longwall coal mining under hard roof conditions. The sudden break and subsequent caving of a hanging roof could result in the extrusion of gas in the gob to the face, causing gas concentrations to rise sharply and to increase to over a safety-limited value. A series of linear fracturing-holes of 32 mm diameter were drilled into the roof of the entries with an anchor rig. According to the theory that the gob should be fully filled with the fragmentized falling roof rock, the drilling depth is determined as being 3 5 times the mining height if the broken expansion coefficient takes an empirical value. Considering the general extension range of cracks and the supporting form of the entryway, the spacing distance between two drilling holes is determined as being 1 2 times the crack's range of extension. Using a mounting pipe, a high pressure resistant sealing device of a small diameter-size was sent to the designated location for the high-pressure hydraulic fracturing of the roof rock. The hydraulic fracturing created the main hydro-fracturing crack and airfoil branch cracks in the interior of the roof-rock, transforming the roof structure and weakening the strength of the roof to form a weak plane which accelerated roof caving, and eventually induced the full caving in of the roof in time with the help of ground pressure. For holes deeper than 4 m, retreating hydraulic fracturing could ensure the uniformity of crack extension. Tested and applied at several mines in Shengdong Mining District, the highest ruptured water pressure was found to be 55 MPa, and the hanging roof at the face end was reduced in length from 12 m to less than 1 2 m. This technology has eliminated the risk of the extrusion of gas which has accumulated in the gob.

Electronic structure study of Ce1-xAxO2 (A = Zr & Hf) nanoparticles: NEXAFS and EXAFS investigations.

PubMed

Sharma, Aditya; Varshney, Mayora; Shin, Hyun-Joon; Park, Yong Jun; Kim, Min-Gyu; Ha, Tae-Kyun; Chae, Keun Hwa; Gautam, Sanjeev

2014-10-07

Single phase nanoparticles (NPs) of CeO2, Ce0.5Zr0.5O2, Ce0.5Hf0.5O2 and Ce0.5Hf0.25Zr0.25O2 were successfully synthesized by co-precipitation method at constant pH and temperature. The X-ray diffraction results revealed that the additive atoms did not segregate to form secondary phases but led to grain size variation in the NPs. The 10 Dq values in the near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra at the O K-edge did not vary in the same way as the average grain size was changed for the doped CeO2 NPs. The deconvolution of Ce M5-edge and detailed analysis of O K pre-edge peak have shown the higher Ce(+3)/(Ce(+3) + Ce(+4)) ratio in the Zr- and Hf-doped samples. The local atomic structure around the Ce, Zr and Hf atoms was investigated using extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy at Ce K-edge, Zr K-edge and Hf L3-edge, respectively, and the EXAFS data were fitted with the theoretical calculations. The 4f occupancy, Ce(+3)/(Ce(+3) + Ce(+4)) ratio of Ce ions, coordination number of Ce and Ce-Ce/Ce-O bond distances were sensitive to the additive atoms but not explicitly changed according to the grain size variation in the NPs.

Research on the synergistic doped effects and the catalysis properties of Cu2+ and Zn2+ co-doped CeO2 solid solutions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Guofang; Li, Yiming; Hou, Zhonghui; Xv, Jianyi; Wang, Qingchun; Zhang, Yanghuan

2018-08-01

The Cu2+ and Zn2+ co-doped CeO2-based solid solutions were synthesized via hydrothermal method. The microstructure and the spectra features of the solid solutions were characterized systematically. The XRD results showed that the dopants were incorporated into the CeO2 lattice to form Ce1-xCu0.5xZn0.5xO2 solid solutions when x was lower than 0.14. The cell parameters and the crystalline size decreased linearly, and the lattice strain gradually increased with increasing the doping level. The TEM patterns showed that the particle size in the solid solution was lower than 10 nm which is in accordance with the XRD results. The ICP analysis indicated that the real doped content in the solid solution was close to the nominal proportion. XPS proved that the Ce3+ component was increased by doping. The Raman and PL spectra indicated that the lattice distortion and the oxygen vacancies also increased following the same trend. At the same time, the synergistic effects of two ions co-doped solid solutions were studied by comparing them with that of single ions doped samples. The catalysis effects of Cu2+ and Zn2+ co-doped CeO2-based solid solutions on the hydrogen storage electrochemical and kinetic properties of Mg2Ni alloys were detected. The electrochemistry properties of the Mg2Ni-Ni-5 wt% Ce1-xCu0.5xZn0.5xO2 composites indicated that the doped catalysts could provide better optimizations to improve the maximum discharge capacities and the discharge potentials. On the other hand, the charge transfer abilities on the surface and diffusion rate of H atoms in the bulk of alloys also got improved. The DSC measurements showed that the hydrogen desorption activation of the hydrogenated composites with Ce0.88Cu0.06Zn0.06O2 solid solutions decreased to 77.03 kJ mol-1, while that of the composites with pure CeO2 was 97.62 kJ mol-1. The catalysis effect was enhanced by the doped content increase that means that the catalysis mechanism had close links to the oxygen vacancy concentration and the lattice defects in the solid solutions. On the other hand, the doped Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions could also play an important role in the catalytic process.

Inclusion of cool roofs in nonresidential Title 24 prescriptiverequirements

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Levinson, Ronnen; Akbari, Hashem; Konopacki, Steve

2003-07-01

Roofs that have high solar reflectance (high ability toreflect sunlight) and high thermal emittance (high ability to radiateheat) tend to stay cool in the sun. The same is true of low-emittanceroofs with exceptionally high solar reflectance. Substituting a cool rooffor a non-cool roof tends to decrease cooling electricity use, coolingpower demand, and cooling-equipment capacity requirements, while slightlyincreasing heating energy consumption. Cool roofs can also lower citywideambient air temperature in summer, slowing ozone formation and increasinghuman comfort.DOE-2.1E building energy simulations indicate that use of acool roofing material on a prototypical California nonresidential (NR)building with a low-sloped roof yields average annual coolingmore » energysavings of approximately 3.2 kW h/m2 (300 kW h/1000 ft2), average annualnatural gas deficits of 5.6 MJ/m2 (4.9 therm/1000 ft2), average annualsource energy savings of 30 MJ/m2 (2.6 MBTU/1000 ft2), and average peakpower demand savings of 2.1 W/m2 (0.19 kW/1000 ft2). The 15-year netpresent value (NPV) of energy savings averages $4.90/m2 ($450/1000 ft2)with time-dependent valuation (TDV), and $4.00/m2 ($370/1000 ft2) withoutTDV. When cost savings from downsizing cooling equipment are included,the average total savings (15-year NPV+equipment savings) rises to$5.90/m2 ($550/1000 ft2) with TDV, and to $5.00/m2 ($470/1000 ft2)without TDV.Total savings range from 1.90 to 8.30 $/m2 (0.18 0.77 $/ft2)with TDV, and from 1.70 to 7.10 $/m2 (0.16 0.66 $/ft2) without TDV,across California's 16 climate zones. The typical cost premium for a coolroof is 0.00 2.20 $/m2 (0.00 0.20 $/ft2). Cool roofs with premiums up to$2.20/m2 ($0.20/ft2) are expected to be cost effective in climate zones 216; those with premiums not exceeding $1.90/m2 ($0.18/ft2) are expectedto be also cost effective in climate zone 1. Hence, this study recommendsthat the year-2005 California building energy efficiency code (Title 24,Part 6 of the California Code of Regulations) for NR buildings withlow-sloped roofs include a cool-roof prescriptive requirement in allCalifornia climate zones. Buildings with roofs that do not meetprescriptive requirements may comply with the code via an"overall-envelope" approach (non-metal roofs only), or via a performanceapproach (all roof types).« less

Mountain-Plains Handbook: The Design and Operation of a Residential Family Based Education Program. Appendix. Supplement II to Volume 5. Operational Support: Administrative Services Division.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Anderson, Newell B.; And Others

One of two supplements which accompany chapter 5 of "Mountain-Plains Handbook: The Design and Operation of a Residential, Family Oriented Career Education Model" (CE 014 630), this document contains specific information concerning the following components of the administrative services division: purchasing, property control, and…

Mountain-Plains Handbook: The Design and Operation of a Residential Family Based Education Program. Appendix. Supplement I to Volume 5. Operational Support: Administrative Services Division.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Anderson, Newell B.; And Others

One of two supplements which accompany chapter 5 of "Mountain-Plains Handbook: The Design and Operation of a Residential, Family Oriented Career Education Model" (CE 014 630), this document contains specific information concerning the reprographic and personnel components of the administrative services division. Several job descriptions…

The growth and survival of plants in urban green roofs in a dry climate.

PubMed

Razzaghmanesh, M; Beecham, S; Kazemi, F

2014-04-01

Green roofs as one of the components of water-sensitive urban design have become widely used in recent years. This paper describes performance monitoring of four prototype-scale experimental green roofs in a northern suburb of Adelaide, South Australia, undertaken over a 1-year period. Four species of indigenous Australian ground cover and grass species comprising Carpobrotus rossii, Lomandra longifolia 'Tanika,' Dianella caerula 'Breeze' and Myoporum parvifolium were planted in extensive and intensive green roof configurations using two different growing media. The first medium consisted of crushed brick, scoria, coir fibre and composted organics while the second comprised scoria, composted pine bark and hydro-cell flakes. Plant growth indices including vertical and horizontal growth rate, leaf succulence, shoot and root biomasses, water use efficiency and irrigation regimes were studied during a 12-month period. The results showed that the succulent species, C. rossii, can best tolerate the hot, dry summer conditions of South Australia, and this species showed a 100% survival rate and had the maximum horizontal growth rate, leaf succulence, shoot biomass and water use efficiency. All of the plants in the intensive green roofs with the crushed brick mix media survived during the term of this study. It was shown that stormwater can be used as a source of irrigation water for green roofs during 8 months of the year in Adelaide. However, supplementary irrigation is required for some of the plants over a full annual cycle. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Decoupling factors affecting plant diversity and cover on extensive green roofs.

PubMed

MacIvor, J Scott; Margolis, Liat; Puncher, Curtis L; Carver Matthews, Benjamin J

2013-11-30

Supplemental irrigation systems are often specified on green roofs to ensure plant cover and growth, both important components of green roof performance and aesthetics. Properties of the growing media environment too can alter the assemblage of plant species able to thrive. In this study we determine how plant cover, above ground biomass and species diversity are influenced by irrigation and growing media. Grass and forb vegetative cover and biomass were significantly greater in organic based growing media but there was no effect of supplemental irrigation, with two warm season grasses dominating in those treatments receiving no supplemental irrigation. On the other hand, plant diversity declined without irrigation in organic media, and having no irrigation in inorganic growing media resulted in almost a complete loss of cover. Sedum biomass was less in inorganic growing media treatments and species dominance shifted when growing media organic content increased. Our results demonstrate that supplemental irrigation is required to maintain plant diversity on an extensive green roof, but not necessarily plant cover or biomass. These results provide evidence that planting extensive green roofs with a mix of plant species can ensure the survival of some species; maintaining cover and biomass when supplemental irrigation is turned off to conserve water, or during extreme drought. Crown Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Testing the pyramid wavefront sensor on the sky

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ragazzoni, Roberto; Ghedina, Adriano; Baruffolo, Andrea; Marchetti, Enrico; Farinato, Jacopo; Niero, Tiziano; Crimi, G.; Ghigo, Mauro

2000-07-01

The pyramid wavefront sensor is a novel concept device whose features are attractive for adaptive optics for several reasons. We show here the first loop closure of an AO system using this kind of sensor at the focal plane of a 4m-class telescope. One of the critical optical elements of our wavefront sensor is the pyramid that splits the light from the star used for the wavefront correction. This component is essentially a four faces prism having actually a full vertex angle of 7 degrees with specifications on its edges and roof of 4 - 5 microns or better. The best turned edges obtained on the prototypes already built have shown values of the order of 6 microns, with roofs of the same order, not far from the required tolerances. In this article we describe the techniques and the system used for the construction of this optical component and the improvements to the polishing procedure that we plan to adopt in order to increase the quality of its edges and optical surfaces. Pixel processing is suitable to fit with existing Shack-Hartmann systems, making this device an attractive add-on option for existing SH-based AO systems. The plans for future developments in order to firmly establish the performances of the pyramid wavefront sensor are briefed out.

Metabolomic characterization of rhubarb species by capillary electrophoresis and ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography.

PubMed

Tseng, Yufeng Jane; Kuo, Chun-Ting; Wang, San-Yuan; Liao, Hsiao-Wei; Chen, Guan-Yuan; Ku, Yuan-Ling; Shao, Wei-Cheng; Kuo, Ching-Hua

2013-10-01

This study developed CE and ultra-high-pressure LC (UHPLC) methods coupled with UV detectors to characterize the metabolomic profiles of different rhubarb species. The optimal CE conditions used a BGE with 15 mM sodium tetraborate, 15 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate, 30 mM sodium deoxycholate, and 30% ACN v/v at pH 8.3. The optimal UHPLC conditions used a mobile phase composed of 0.05% phosphate buffer and ACN with gradient elution. The gradient profile increased linearly from 10 to 21% ACN within the first 25 min, then increased to 33% ACN for the next 10 min. It took another 5 min to reach the 65% ACN, then for the next 5 min, it stayed unchanged. Sixteen samples of Rheum officinale and Rheum tanguticum collected from various locations were analyzed by CE and UHPLC methods. The metabolite profiles of CE were aligned and baseline corrected before chemometric analysis. Metabolomic signatures of rhubarb species from CE and UHPLC were clustered using principle component analysis and distance-based redundancy analysis; the clusters were not only able to discriminate different species but also different cultivation regions. Similarity measurements were performed by calculating the correlation coefficient of each sample with the authentic samples. Hybrid rhizome was clearly identified through similarity measurement of UHPLC metabolite profile and later confirmed by gene sequencing. The present study demonstrated that CE and UHPLC are efficient and effective tools to identify and authenticate herbs even coupled with simple detectors. © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Construction of Experimental Roofing.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-11-01

buildings at Fort Benning, GA; Fort Knox, KY; and Fort Lewis, WA. Sheets of EPDM synthetic rubber were installed on buildings at Forts Benning and Lewis...Contract and Unit Costs 14 5 Polyurethane Foam Roofing -- Initial Physical Properties 28 6 EPDM Sheet Rubber Roofing -- Initial Physical Properties 30 7...the new system. The system selected for Area A was an EPDM synthetic rubber manufactured by Carlisle Tire and Rubber Company. The contract specified

Dengue and Chikungunya Vector Control Pocket Guide

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-05-01

mosquito eggs, larvae, or pupae. Examples of such items are tarps, discarded bottles, flower pot saucers, and rain gauges. In areas where there...coconut husks, (4) tires, (5) barrels, (6) water storage tanks, (7) bromeliads and axils of banana trees, (8) obstructed roof gutters, (9) plant pot...regularly Store under roof Fill with sand Throw Away/ Recycle Buckets X X X Flower Pot Saucers X X Roof Gutters X Discarded

49 CFR 571.216 - Standard No. 216; Roof crush resistance; Applicable unless a vehicle is certified to § 571.216a.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... the test device described in S6 is used to apply a force to either side of the forward edge of a... more than 127 millimeters. The applied force in Newtons is equal to 1.5 times the unloaded vehicle... or removable roof structure in place over the occupant compartment. Remove roof racks or other non...

49 CFR 571.216 - Standard No. 216; Roof crush resistance; Applicable unless a vehicle is certified to § 571.216a.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... the test device described in S6 is used to apply a force to either side of the forward edge of a... more than 127 millimeters. The applied force in Newtons is equal to 1.5 times the unloaded vehicle... or removable roof structure in place over the occupant compartment. Remove roof racks or other non...

49 CFR 571.216 - Standard No. 216; Roof crush resistance; Applicable unless a vehicle is certified to § 571.216a.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... the test device described in S6 is used to apply a force to either side of the forward edge of a... more than 127 millimeters. The applied force in Newtons is equal to 1.5 times the unloaded vehicle... or removable roof structure in place over the occupant compartment. Remove roof racks or other non...

New Scintillator Materials (K2CeBr5) and (Cs2CeBr5)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hawrami, R.; Volz, M. P.; Batra, A. K.; Aggarwal, M. D.; Roy, U. N.; Groza, M.; Burger, A.; Cherepy, Nerine; Niedermayr, Thomas; Payne, Stephen A.

2008-01-01

Cesium cerium bromide (Cs2CeBr5) and potassium cerium bromide (K2CeBr5) are new scintillator materials for X-ray and gamma ray detector applications. Recently halide scintillator materials, such as Ce doped lanthanum bromide has been proved to be very important material for the same purpose. These materials are highly hygroscopic; a search for high light yield non-hygroscopic materials was highly desirable to advance the scintillator technology. In this paper, we are reporting the crystal growth of novel scintillator materials, cesium cerium bromide (Cs2CeBr5) and potassium cerium bromide (K2CeBr5). Crystals were successfully grown from the melt using the vertical Bridgman-Stockbarger technique, in a comparison with the high performance LaBr3 or LaCl3 crystals, cerium based alkali halides crystals, (Cs2CeBr5) and (K2CeBr5) have similar scintillation properties, while being much less hygroscopic. Furthermore, cesium based compounds will not suffer from the self-activity present in potassium and lanthanum compounds. However the Cs2CeBr5 crystals did not grow properly probably due to non-congruent melting or to some phase transition during cooling. Keywords." Scintillator materials; Ce3+; Energy resolution; Light yield; K2CeBr5

Synthesis and luminescent properties of Tb3Al5O12:Ce3+ phosphors for warm white light emitting diodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meng, Qinghuan; Liu, Ying; Fu, Yujie; Zu, Yuangang; Zhou, Zhenbao

2018-01-01

A series of Tb3Al5O12:Ce3+ phosphors were successfully synthesized by a precipitation method. The pure Tb3Al5O12 phase was obtained in the synthesized Tb3Al5O12:Ce3+ phosphors after heat treatments at 500 °C in air for 3 h. The excitation spectra of Tb3Al5O12:Ce3+ phosphors include excitation bands corresponding to Tb3+ and Ce3+ ions. Under the excitation at 455 nm, Tb3Al5O12:Ce3+ phosphors show emission band at around 553 nm. The critical doping concentration of Ce3+ in Tb3Al5O12 is 6mol%, which shows the highest emission intensity. White light-emitting diodes were fabricated by combining InGaN-based blue light-emitting diodes with Tb3Al5O12:Ce3+ and Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ phosphors. The Tb3Al5O12:Ce3+ based white light-emitting diode shows a lower color temperature than that of Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ based white light-emitting diode. The experimental results clearly indicate that the prepared Tb3Al5O12:Ce3+ has potential applications in white light emitting diodes.

Air-quality implications of widespread adoption of cool roofs on ozone and particulate matter in southern California.

PubMed

Epstein, Scott A; Lee, Sang-Mi; Katzenstein, Aaron S; Carreras-Sospedra, Marc; Zhang, Xinqiu; Farina, Salvatore C; Vahmani, Pouya; Fine, Philip M; Ban-Weiss, George

2017-08-22

The installation of roofing materials with increased solar reflectance (i.e., "cool roofs") can mitigate the urban heat island effect and reduce energy use. In addition, meteorological changes, along with the possibility of enhanced UV reflection from these surfaces, can have complex impacts on ozone and PM 2.5 concentrations. We aim to evaluate the air-quality impacts of widespread cool-roof installations prescribed by California's Title 24 building energy efficiency standards within the heavily populated and polluted South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB). Development of a comprehensive rooftop area database and evaluation of spectral reflectance measurements of roofing materials allows us to project potential future changes in solar and UV reflectance for simulations using the Weather Research Forecast and Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) models. 2012 meteorological simulations indicate a decrease in daily maximum temperatures, daily maximum boundary layer heights, and ventilation coefficients throughout the SoCAB upon widespread installation of cool roofs. CMAQ simulations show significant increases in PM 2.5 concentrations and policy-relevant design values. Changes in 8-h ozone concentrations depend on the potential change in UV reflectance, ranging from a decrease in population-weighted concentrations when UV reflectance remains unchanged to an increase when changes in UV reflectance are at an upper bound. However, 8-h policy-relevant ozone design values increase in all cases. Although the other benefits of cool roofs could outweigh small air-quality penalties, UV reflectance standards for cool roofing materials could mitigate these negative consequences. Results of this study motivate the careful consideration of future rooftop and pavement solar reflectance modification policies.

The Ce-Ni-Si system as a representative of the rare earth-Ni-Si family: Isothermal section and new rare-earth nickel silicides

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Morozkin, A.V., E-mail: morozkin@tech.chem.msu.ru; Knotko, A.V.; Garshev, A.V.

The Ce-Ni-Si system has been investigated at 870/1070 K by X-ray and microprobe analyses. The existence of the known compounds, i.e.: Ce{sub 2}Ni{sub 15.8}Si{sub 1.2} (Th{sub 2}Ni{sub 17}-type), Ce{sub 2}Ni{sub 15-14}Si{sub 2-3} (Th{sub 2}Zn{sub 17}-type), CeNi{sub 8.6}Si{sub 2.4} (BaCd{sub 11}-type), CeNi{sub 8.8}Si{sub 4.2} (LaCo{sub 9}Si{sub 4}-type), CeNi{sub 6}Si{sub 6} (CeNi{sub 6}Si{sub 6}-type), CeNi{sub 5}Si{sub 1-0.3} (TbCu{sub 7}-type), CeNi{sub 4}Si (YNi{sub 4}Si-type), CeNi{sub 2}Si{sub 2} (CeGa{sub 2}Al{sub 2}-type), Ce{sub 2}Ni{sub 3}Si{sub 5} (U{sub 2}Co{sub 3}Si{sub 5}-type), Ce{sub 3}Ni{sub 6}Si{sub 2} (Ce{sub 3}Ni{sub 6}Si{sub 2}-type), Ce{sub 3}Ni{sub 4}Si{sub 4} (U{sub 3}Ni{sub 4}Si{sub 4}-type), CeNiSi{sub 2} (CeNiSi{sub 2}-type), ~CeNi{sub 1.3}Si{sub 0.7} (unknown typemore » structure), Ce{sub 6}Ni{sub 7}Si{sub 4} (Pr{sub 6}Ni{sub 7}Si{sub 4}-type), CeNiSi (LaPtSi-type), CeNi{sub 0.8-0.3}Si{sub 1.2-1.7} (AlB{sub 2}-type), ~Ce{sub 2}Ni{sub 2}Si (unknown type structure), ~Ce{sub 4.5}Ni{sub 3.5}Si{sub 2} (unknown type structure), Ce{sub 15}Ni{sub 7}Si{sub 10} (Pr{sub 15}Ni{sub 7}Si{sub 10}-type), Ce{sub 5}Ni{sub 1.85}Si{sub 3} (Ce{sub 5}Ni{sub 1.85}Si{sub 3}-type), Ce{sub 6}Ni{sub 1.4}Si{sub 3.4} (Ce{sub 6}Ni{sub 1.67}Si{sub 3}-type), Ce{sub 7}Ni{sub 2}Si{sub 5} (Ce{sub 7}Ni{sub 2}Si{sub 5}-type) and Ce{sub 3}NiSi{sub 3} (Y{sub 3}NiSi{sub 3}-type) has been confirmed in this section. Moreover, the type structure has been determined for ~Ce{sub 2}Ni{sub 2}Si (Mo{sub 2}NiB{sub 2}-type Ce{sub 2}Ni{sub 2.5}Si{sub 0.5}) and ~Ce{sub 4.5}Ni{sub 3.5}Si{sub 2} (W{sub 3}CoB{sub 3}-type Ce{sub 3}Ni{sub 3-2.7}Si{sub 1-1.3}) and new ternary phases Ce{sub 2}Ni{sub 6.25}Si{sub 0.75} (Gd{sub 2}Co{sub 7}-type), CeNi{sub 7-7.6}Si{sub 6-5.4} (GdNi{sub 7}Si{sub 6}-type) and ~Ce{sub 27}Ni{sub 42}Si{sub 31} (unknown type structure) have been identified in this system. Quasi-binary phases, solid solutions, were detected at 870/1070 K for CeNi{sub 5}, CeNi{sub 3} and CeSi{sub 2}; while no appreciable solubility was observed for the other binary compounds of the Ce-Ni-Si system. As a prolongation of Rare Earth-Ni-Si system’s isostructural rows, LaNi{sub 7}Si{sub 6} and YNi{sub 6.6}Si{sub 6.1} (GdNi{sub 7}Si{sub 6}-type), ScNi{sub 6}Si{sub 6} (YCo{sub 6}Ge{sub 6}-type), NdNi{sub 6}Si{sub 6} (YNi{sub 6}Si{sub 6}-type), (Tb, Ho){sub 2}Ni{sub 15}Si{sub 2} (Th{sub 2}Zn{sub 17}-type), Nd{sub 2}Ni{sub 2.3}Si{sub 0.7} and Sm{sub 2}Ni{sub 2.2}Si{sub 0.8} (Mo{sub 2}NiB{sub 2}-type), Nd{sub 3}Ni{sub 2.55}Si{sub 1.45} (W{sub 3}CoB{sub 3}-type) and (Tb, Dy){sub 7}Ni{sub 50}Si{sub 19} (Y{sub 7}Ni{sub 49}Si{sub 20}-type) compounds were synthesized and investigated. Magnetic properties of the CeNi{sub 6}Si{sub 6}, CeNi{sub 7}Si{sub 6}, CeNi{sub 8.8}Si{sub 4.2}, Ce{sub 6}Ni{sub 7}Si{sub 4}, CeNi{sub 5}Si, Ce{sub 2}Ni{sub 2.5}Si{sub 0.5}, Nd{sub 2}Ni{sub 2.3}Si{sub 0.7} and Dy{sub 7}Ni{sub 50}Si{sub 19} compounds have also been investigated and are presented here. - Highlights: • Ce-Ni-Si isothermal section was obtained at 870/1070 K. • Twenty one known ternary cerium nickel silicides were confirmed in Ce-Ni-Si. • Five new cerium nickel silicides were detected in Ce-Ni-Si. • Eleven new rare earth nickel silicides were detected in R-Ni-Si. • Magnetic properties of eight rare earth nickel silicides were investigated.« less

[Influence of green roof application on water quantity and quality in urban region].

PubMed

Wang, Shu-Min; Li, Xing-Yang; Zhang, Jun-Hua; Yu, Hui; Hao, You-Zhi; Yang, Wan-Yi

2014-07-01

Green roof is widely used in advanced stormwater management as a major measure now. Taking Huxi catchment in Chongqing University as the study area, the relationships between green roof installation with runoff volume and water quality in urban region were investigated. The results showed that roof greening in the urban region contributed to reducing the runoff volume and pollution load. In addition, the spatial distribution and area of green roof also had effects on the runoff water quality. With the conditions that the roof area was 25% of the total watershed area, rainfall duration was 15 min and rainfall intensity was 14.8 mm x h(-1), the peak runoff and total runoff volume were reduced by 5.3% and 31%, the pollution loads of total suspended solid (TSS), total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) decreased by 40.0%, 31.6% and 29.8%, their peak concentrations decreased by 21.0%, 16.0% and -12.2%, and the EMCs (event mean concentrations) were cut down by 13.1%, 0.9% and -1.7%, respectively, when all impervious roofs were greened in the research area. With the increase of roof greening rate, the reduction rates of TSS and TP concentrations increased, while the reduction rate of TN concentration decreased on the whole. Much more improvement could be obtained with the use of green roofs near the outlet of the watershed.

Studies on hydride-forming alloys as the active material of a metal hydride electrode for a nickel metal hydride cell

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lim, H.S.; Zelter, G.R.; Allison, D.U.

1997-12-01

Multi-component AB{sub 5} hydrides are attractive replacements for the cadmium electrode in nickel-cadmium batteries. The archetype compound of the AB{sub 5} alloy class is LaNi{sub 5}, but in a typical battery electrode mischmetal is substituted for La and Ni is substituted in part by variety of metals. This paper deals with the effect on cycle life upon the partial substitution of various lanthanides for La and Sn, In, Al, Co, and Mn for Ni. The presence of Ce was shown to enhance cycle life as did Sn in some cases. An electrode of La{sub 0.67}Ce{sub 0.33}B{sub 5} alloy gave overmore » 3,500 cycles (to specific capacity of 200 mAh/g), indicating that it is a very attractive alloy for a practical Ni/MH{sub x} cell.« less

Roof selection for rainwater harvesting: quantity and quality assessments in Spain.

PubMed

Farreny, Ramon; Morales-Pinzón, Tito; Guisasola, Albert; Tayà, Carlota; Rieradevall, Joan; Gabarrell, Xavier

2011-05-01

Roofs are the first candidates for rainwater harvesting in urban areas. This research integrates quantitative and qualitative data of rooftop stormwater runoff in an urban Mediterranean-weather environment. The objective of this paper is to provide criteria for the roof selection in order to maximise the availability and quality of rainwater. Four roofs have been selected and monitored over a period of 2 years (2008-2010): three sloping roofs - clay tiles, metal sheet and polycarbonate plastic - and one flat gravel roof. The authors offer a model for the estimation of the runoff volume and the initial abstraction of each roof, and assess the physicochemical contamination of roof runoff. Great differences in the runoff coefficient (RC) are observed, depending mostly on the slope and the roughness of the roof. Thus, sloping smooth roofs (RC>0.90) may harvest up to about 50% more rainwater than flat rough roofs (RC=0.62). Physicochemical runoff quality appears to be generally better than the average quality found in the literature review (conductivity: 85.0 ± 10.0 μS/cm, total suspended solids: 5.98 ± 0.95 mg/L, total organic carbon: 11.6 ± 1.7 mg/L, pH: 7.59 ± 0.07 upH). However, statistically significant differences are found between sloping and flat rough roofs for some parameters (conductivity, total organic carbon, total carbonates system and ammonium), with the former presenting better quality in all parameters (except for ammonium). The results have an important significance for local governments and urban planners in the (re)design of buildings and cities from the perspective of sustainable rainwater management. The inclusion of criteria related to the roof's slope and roughness in city planning may be useful to promote rainwater as an alternative water supply while preventing flooding and water scarcity. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Luminescent properties of Tm3-xLuxAl5O12:Ce single crystalline films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zorenko, Yu.; Gorbenko, V.; Zorenko, T.; Suchocki, A.; Zhydachevskyy, Ya.; Fabisiak, K.; Paprocki, K.; Bilski, P.; Twardak, A.; Fedorov, A.

2017-07-01

The work devoted to the investigation of a new luminescent and scintillation material based on the single crystalline films (SCFs) of Tm3-xLuxAG:Ce garnet; x = 0-1.5, grown by LPE method from PbO based flux. The best scintillation properties are achieved for SCFs of Tm1.5Lu1.5Al5O12:Ce composition. We have found that direct Tm → Ce and backside Ce → Tm energy transfer processes are observed in Tm1.5Lu1.5Al5O12:Ce. Due to elimination of traps in the 300-450 °C range, the relatively fast scintillation decay is realized in highly doped Tm1.5Lu1.5Al5O12:Ce SCFs. For this reason, Tm doping can be considered as a suitable way for improvement of the scintillation efficiency in other Ce3+ doped garnet compounds.

Micrometeorological observations of carbon, water vapor and heat exchanges on the California Academy of Sciences' living roof using eddy covariance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lavender, S.; Oliphant, A. J.; Thorp, R.

2014-12-01

Living roofs have very different surface energy, water and carbon budgets than conventional roofs. Since roofs cover approximately one third of the planimetric surface area of cities, they are a significant driver of the urban boundary layer. Living roofs have been thought to be beneficial for reducing the urban heat island through increased latent heat exchange, uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide and storage in soil and plant matter, building energy conservation through soil heat storage and latent heat fluxes and reduction in runoff. Here we present evidence of some of these through ongoing observations of surface energy, water and carbon budget estimates for the extensive living roof of the California Academy of Sciences building in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California. Micrometeorological measurements including the eddy covariance approach are used to estimate CO2, water vapor and both ground and atmospheric heat fluxes. The California Academy's roof encompasses an area of 18,000 m2. Vegetation surveys were conducted in the spring; beach strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis) and California bentgrass (Agrostis) were found to dominate the project footprint out of the 26 species observed. Eddy covariance measurements are made about one meter above the 10-20 cm tall vegetation on the downwind side of the building. Approximately 50% of data are rejected due to less than 80% of the flux source area being contained in the roof or due to low friction velocity. Nevertheless, we are able to develop robust diurnal ensemble fluxes, and will present data from a nine month period. During summer, the roof acted as a carbon sink of approximately 1.5 gC m-2 d-1. Turbulent heat fluxes were dominated by sensible heat flux with a mean Bowen ratio of approximately 1.5 and daily evapotranspiration rates of about 1.8 mm d-1. The role of seasonality and meteorology on surface microclimate characteristics will also be discussed.

Multi-scale monitoring of a remarkable green roof: the Green Wave of Champs-sur-Marne

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stanic, Filip; Versini, Pierre-Antoine; Schertzer, Daniel; Delage, Pierre; Tchiguirinskaia, Ioulia; Cui, Yu-Jun; Baudoin, Genevieve

2017-04-01

The installation of green infrastructures on existing or new roofs has become very popular in recent years (more than 2 km2 of green roofs is implemented each year in France) for many reasons. Among all of the green roofs' advantages, those related to storm water management are often pushed forward, since it has been pointed out that urban runoff peak can be significantly reduced and delayed thanks to the green roofs' retention and detention capabilities. Microclimate can also be affected by decreasing the temperature in the surrounding green area. However, dynamic physical processes involved in green roofs are highly non linear and variable. In order to accurately assess their performances, detailed monitoring experiments are required, both in situ and in the lab, so as to better understand the thermo-hydric behaviour of green roofs and to capture the related spatio-temporal variability at different scales. Based on these considerations, the 1 ha area wavy-form green roof of a section of the Bienvenüe building, called the Green Wave, is currently being monitored in Champs-sur-Marne (France), in front of Ecole des Ponts ParisTech. Initiated in the "Blue Green Dream" European project, detailed measurements systems have been implemented for studying all components of the water balance. Among others, a wireless network of water content and temperature sensors has been especially installed for characterizing spatial and temporal variability of infiltration, retention and evapotranspiration processes. In parallel, some laboratory tests have been conducted to better characterize the hydro-mechanical properties of the substrate. Moreover, at the Green Wave scale, some discharge measurements are carried out in the storm-water pipes that are collecting drained water, to determine runoff flow. This talk will present the current monitoring campaigns and analyze the data collected in the Universal Multifractal framework. This work represents the initial stage for developing a model capable to simulate reliable hydrological responses of different kinds of green roofs. Such a tool could be used to quantify hydrological impacts and interfere with the stormwater policies at the lot scale.

Growth and luminescent properties of Lu2SiO5 and Lu2SiO5:Ce single crystalline films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zorenko, Yu; Nikl, M.; Gorbenko, V.; Mares, J. A.; Savchyn, V.; Voznyak, T.; Solsky, I.; Grynyov, B.; Sidletskiy, O.; Kurtsev, D.; Beitlerova, A.; Kucerkova, R.

2010-11-01

Single crystalline films (SCF) of Lu2SiO5 (LSO) and Lu2SiO5:Ce (LSO:Ce) silicates with thickness of 2.5-21 μm were crystallised by liquid phase epitaxy method onto undoped LSO substrates from melt-solution based on PbO-B2O3 flux. The luminescence and scintillation properties of LSO and LSO:Ce SCFs were compared with the properties of a reference LSO:Ce and LYSO:Ce crystals. The light yield (LY) of LSO and LSO:Ce SCF reaches up 30 % and 145 %, respectively, of that of a reference LSO:Ce crystal under excitation by α-particles of 241Am source (5.5 MeV). We found that the luminescence spectrum of LSO:Ce SCF is red-shifted with respect to the spectrum of a reference LSO:Ce crystal. Differences in luminescence properties of LSO:Ce SCF and single crystal are explained by the different distribution of Ce3+ over the Lu1 and Lu2 positions of LSO host and are also due to Pb2+ contamination in the former.

Department of National Defence's use of thermography for facilities maintenance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kittson, John E.

1990-03-01

Since the late seventies DND through the Director General Works has been actively encouraging the use of thermography as an efficient and effective technique for supporting preventive maintenance quality assurance and energy conservation programs at Canadian Forces Bases (CFBs). This paper will provide an overview of DND''s experiences in the utilization of thermography for facilities maintenance applications. 1. HISTORICAL MILESTONES The following are milestones of DND''s use of thermography: a. Purchase of Infrared Equipment In 1976/77 DND purchased five AGA 750 Infrared Thermovision Systems which were distributed to commands. In 1980/81/82 six AGA liOs five AGA TPT8Os two AGA 782s and one AGA 720 were acquired. Finally DND also purchased seven AGEMA 870 systems during 1987/88. b. First and Second Interdepartaental Building Thermography Courses In 1978 and 1980 DND hosted two building thermography courses that were conducted by Public Works Canada. c. CE Thermographer Specialist Training Courses DND developed a training standard in 1983 for Construction Engineering (CE) Thermographer qualification which included all CE applications of thermography. The first annual inhouse training course was conducted at CFB Borden Ontario in 1984. These are now being conducted at the CFB Chilliwack Detachment in Vernon British Columbia. 2 . MARKETING FACILITIES MAINTENANCE IR Of paramount importance for successfully developing DND appreciation for thermography was providing familiarization training to CE staff at commands and bases. These threeday presentations emphasized motivational factors conducting thermographic surveys and utilizing infrared data of roofs electrical/mechanical systems heating plants steam distribution and building enclosures. These factors consisted mainly of the following objectives: a. preventive maintenance by locating deficiencies to be repaired b. quality assurance by verification of workmanship materials and design c. energy conservation by locating heat loss areas 2 / SPIE Vol. 1313 Thermosense XII (1990)

Investigating the climate impacts of urbanization and the potential for cool roofs to counter future climate change in Southern California

DOE PAGES

Vahmani, P.; Sun, F.; Hall, A.; ...

2016-12-15

The climate warming effects of accelerated urbanization along with projected global climate change raise an urgent need for sustainable mitigation and adaptation strategies to cool urban climates. Our modeling results show that historical urbanization in the Los Angeles and San Diego metropolitan areas has increased daytime urban air temperature by 1.3 °C, in part due to a weakening of the onshore sea breeze circulation. We find that metropolis-wide adoption of cool roofs can meaningfully offset this daytime warming, reducing temperatures by 0.9 °C relative to a case without cool roofs. Residential cool roofs were responsible for 67% of the cooling.more » Nocturnal temperature increases of 3.1 °C from urbanization were larger than daytime warming, while nocturnal temperature reductions from cool roofs of 0.5 °C were weaker than corresponding daytime reductions. We further show that cool roof deployment could partially counter the local impacts of global climate change in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Assuming a scenario in which there are dramatic decreases in greenhouse gas emissions in the 21st century (RCP2.6), mid- and end-of-century temperature increases from global change relative to current climate are similarly reduced by cool roofs from 1.4 °C to 0.6 °C. Assuming a scenario with continued emissions increases throughout the century (RCP8.5), mid-century warming is significantly reduced by cool roofs from 2.0 °C to 1.0 °C. The end-century warming, however, is significantly offset only in small localized areas containing mostly industrial/commercial buildings where cool roofs with the highest albedo are adopted. We conclude that metropolis-wide adoption of cool roofs can play an important role in mitigating the urban heat island effect, and offsetting near-term local warming from global climate change. Global-scale reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are the only way of avoiding long-term warming, however. We further suggest that both climate mitigation and adaptation can be pursued simultaneously using 'cool photovoltaics'.« less

Investigating the climate impacts of urbanization and the potential for cool roofs to counter future climate change in Southern California

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vahmani, P.; Sun, F.; Hall, A.; Ban-Weiss, G.

2016-12-01

The climate warming effects of accelerated urbanization along with projected global climate change raise an urgent need for sustainable mitigation and adaptation strategies to cool urban climates. Our modeling results show that historical urbanization in the Los Angeles and San Diego metropolitan areas has increased daytime urban air temperature by 1.3 °C, in part due to a weakening of the onshore sea breeze circulation. We find that metropolis-wide adoption of cool roofs can meaningfully offset this daytime warming, reducing temperatures by 0.9 °C relative to a case without cool roofs. Residential cool roofs were responsible for 67% of the cooling. Nocturnal temperature increases of 3.1 °C from urbanization were larger than daytime warming, while nocturnal temperature reductions from cool roofs of 0.5 °C were weaker than corresponding daytime reductions. We further show that cool roof deployment could partially counter the local impacts of global climate change in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Assuming a scenario in which there are dramatic decreases in greenhouse gas emissions in the 21st century (RCP2.6), mid- and end-of-century temperature increases from global change relative to current climate are similarly reduced by cool roofs from 1.4 °C to 0.6 °C. Assuming a scenario with continued emissions increases throughout the century (RCP8.5), mid-century warming is significantly reduced by cool roofs from 2.0 °C to 1.0 °C. The end-century warming, however, is significantly offset only in small localized areas containing mostly industrial/commercial buildings where cool roofs with the highest albedo are adopted. We conclude that metropolis-wide adoption of cool roofs can play an important role in mitigating the urban heat island effect, and offsetting near-term local warming from global climate change. Global-scale reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are the only way of avoiding long-term warming, however. We further suggest that both climate mitigation and adaptation can be pursued simultaneously using ‘cool photovoltaics’.

Investigating the climate impacts of urbanization and the potential for cool roofs to counter future climate change in Southern California

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vahmani, P.; Sun, F.; Hall, A.

The climate warming effects of accelerated urbanization along with projected global climate change raise an urgent need for sustainable mitigation and adaptation strategies to cool urban climates. Our modeling results show that historical urbanization in the Los Angeles and San Diego metropolitan areas has increased daytime urban air temperature by 1.3 °C, in part due to a weakening of the onshore sea breeze circulation. We find that metropolis-wide adoption of cool roofs can meaningfully offset this daytime warming, reducing temperatures by 0.9 °C relative to a case without cool roofs. Residential cool roofs were responsible for 67% of the cooling.more » Nocturnal temperature increases of 3.1 °C from urbanization were larger than daytime warming, while nocturnal temperature reductions from cool roofs of 0.5 °C were weaker than corresponding daytime reductions. We further show that cool roof deployment could partially counter the local impacts of global climate change in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Assuming a scenario in which there are dramatic decreases in greenhouse gas emissions in the 21st century (RCP2.6), mid- and end-of-century temperature increases from global change relative to current climate are similarly reduced by cool roofs from 1.4 °C to 0.6 °C. Assuming a scenario with continued emissions increases throughout the century (RCP8.5), mid-century warming is significantly reduced by cool roofs from 2.0 °C to 1.0 °C. The end-century warming, however, is significantly offset only in small localized areas containing mostly industrial/commercial buildings where cool roofs with the highest albedo are adopted. We conclude that metropolis-wide adoption of cool roofs can play an important role in mitigating the urban heat island effect, and offsetting near-term local warming from global climate change. Global-scale reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are the only way of avoiding long-term warming, however. We further suggest that both climate mitigation and adaptation can be pursued simultaneously using 'cool photovoltaics'.« less

Czochralski growth of Gd3(Al5-xGax)O12 (GAGG) single crystals and their scintillation properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kurosawa, Shunsuke; Shoji, Yasuhiro; Yokota, Yuui; Kamada, Kei; Chani, Valery I.; Yoshikawa, Akira

2014-05-01

Ce:Gd3(AlxGa1-x)5O12 (x=2.5/5 and 3/5, Ce:GAGG-2.5 and Ce:GAGG-3) crystals were grown by the Czochralski process in order to reduce cost of the starting materials as compared with conventional Ce:Gd3Al2Ga3O12 (Ce:GAGG-2) crystal which have high light output. Although perovskite phase was detected in Ce:GAGG-3, Ce:GAGG-2.5 had single-phase garnet structure. Solidification fraction for the Ce:GAGG-2.5 growth was 0.52. Optical properties including transmittance, emission, and excitation spectra of 30 samples cut from the Ce:GAGG-2.5 bulk ingot did not depend on their original position along the growth axis. These samples had light outputs of approximately 58,000±3000 photons/MeV. However, scintillation decay times varied from 140 to 200 ns and depended on the position clearly.

Chemometric resolution of fully overlapped CE peaks: quantitation of carbamazepine in human serum in the presence of several interferences.

PubMed

Vera-Candioti, Luciana; Culzoni, María J; Olivieri, Alejandro C; Goicoechea, Héctor C

2008-11-01

Drug monitoring in serum samples was performed using second-order data generated by CE-DAD, processed with a suitable chemometric strategy. Carbamazepine could be accurately quantitated in the presence of its main metabolite (carbamazepine epoxide), other therapeutic drugs (lamotrigine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, phenylephrine, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, theophylline, caffeine, acetyl salicylic acid), and additional serum endogenous components. The analytical strategy consisted of the following steps: (i) serum sample clean-up to remove matrix interferences, (ii) data pre-processing, in order to reduce the background and to correct for electrophoretic time shifts, and (iii) resolution of fully overlapped CE peaks (corresponding to carbamazepine, its metabolite, lamotrigine and unexpected serum components) by the well-known multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares algorithm, which extracts quantitative information that can be uniquely ascribed to the analyte of interest. The analyte concentration in serum samples ranged from 2.00 to 8.00 mg/L. Mean recoveries were 102.6% (s=7.7) for binary samples, and 94.8% (s=13.5) for spiked serum samples, while CV (%)=4.0 was computed for five replicate, indicative of the acceptable accuracy and precision of the proposed method.

Cleaning Aged EPDM Rubber Roofing Membrane Material for Patching: Laboratory Investigations and Recommendations

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-08-01

Cleaning Aged EPDM Rubber Roofing Membrane Material for Patching: Laboratory Investigations and Recommendations Walter J. Rossiter, Jr. T N n-’T ic...condition of the aged EPDM rubber before bonding. This study assessed the effectiveness of different cleaning methods for preparing aged EPDM membranes for...REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED August 1992 Final 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Cleaning Aged EPDM Rubber Roofing Membrane

Predicting Maps of Green Growth in Košice

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Poorova, Zuzana; Vranayova, Zuzana

2017-10-01

The paper deals with the changing of the traditional roofs in the city of Košice into green roofs. Possible areas of city housing estates, after taking into account the conditions of each of them (types of buildings, statics of buildings), are listed in the paper. The research is picturing the prediction maps of Košice city from 2017 to 2042 in 5-years interval. The paper is a segment of a dissertation work focusing on changing traditional roofs into green roofs with the aim to retain water, calculate the amount of retained water and show possibilities how to use this water.

Final Environmental Assessment for Decommissioning and Demolition of the Central Heat Plant, GHLN 09-1010B F. E. Warren Air Force Base, Wyoming

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

could either be accomplished by installing a solar heating panel on the roof of each of the 104 buildings or having a solar photovoltaic array...Prior to 1981 , ACMs were used extensively in plaster, wall board, joint compound, felt material , roofing material , floor tile , mastic, piping...5 5.4. Alternative D-lnstall Solar Heating Panels or Solar Photovoltaic Array ......................... 5 5.5. Alternative E

The preparation and activity of Cu-Fe-Zr-Ce based catalysts for water gas shift

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, H. D.; Liu, T. S.; Liu, H. Z.

2018-01-01

CeO2-ZrO2 composite oxide was synthesized with precipitation method as support and CuaFeb(ZrCe4)8Ox catalysts were prepared by impregnation; X-ray diffraction, H2 temperature program reduction, and scanning electron microscope techniques were jointly used to characterize the crystal phases and reduction properties of catalysts. Then the activity of catalysts in water gas shift was studied, thus investigated how catalyst composition impacted the water gas shift. Conclusions drew from the results can be briefly stated. CuaFeb(ZrCe4)8Ox was provided with stable cubic crystalline framework and Cu and Fe, as the active components, was highly dispersed on the surface of supports in the form of CuO and Fe2O3 respectively. The strong interactions between copper and iron component enhanced the reducing capacity of CuO and Fe2O3. CuaFeb(ZrCe4)8Ox catalysts exhibited high catalytic activity and selectivity while the main active components were Cu and Fe3O4. The CO conversion rate reached 96% when Cu7Fe3(ZrCe4)8Ox catalysts was used in water gas shift at 623K and the only products were H2 and CO2. The activity was still desirable even the catalysts was applied at 723K.

Effects of smolt release timing and size on the survival of hatchery-origin coho salmon in the Strait of Georgia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Irvine, J. R.; O'Neill, M.; Godbout, L.; Schnute, J.

2013-08-01

Altering release sizes and timings of coho salmon smolts from hatcheries in the Strait of Georgia will not reverse the precipitous survival declines of the past three decades. We modeled the effects on survival of ocean entry year, mean smolt size (weight), and release day. Ocean entry year was by far the most important. During 1979-2006, smolt to adult survivals declined similarly for hatchery and wild coho salmon, although wild salmon consistently survived at higher rates. Best models differed among hatcheries, implying location-specific differences in the optimal size and timing of release. At four of five hatcheries, heavier smolts survived significantly better than lighter smolts. At one hatchery, a significant interaction between ocean entry year and smolt weight reflected an increased positive effect of weight later in the time series. At two Vancouver Island hatcheries, early release groups appeared to survive better than later releases in early years, while later release groups survived best in recent years. We recommend: (1) hatchery managers release coho salmon smolts throughout the outmigration period of higher surviving wild coho salmon smolts and (2) an experimental approach using hatcheries to evaluate density-dependent effects on coho salmon growth and survival.

30 CFR 75.206 - Conventional roof support.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... materials are used as the only means of support— (1) The width of any opening shall not exceed 20 feet; (2) The spacing of roadway roof support shall not exceed 5 feet; (3)(i) Supports shall be installed to within 5 feet of the uncut face; (ii) When supports nearest the face must be removed to facilitate the...

30 CFR 75.206 - Conventional roof support.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... materials are used as the only means of support— (1) The width of any opening shall not exceed 20 feet; (2) The spacing of roadway roof support shall not exceed 5 feet; (3)(i) Supports shall be installed to within 5 feet of the uncut face; (ii) When supports nearest the face must be removed to facilitate the...

Rare earth activated yttrium aluminate phosphors with modulated luminescence.

PubMed

Muresan, L E; Popovici, E J; Perhaita, I; Indrea, E; Oro, J; Casan Pastor, N

2016-06-01

Yttrium aluminate (Y3 A5 O12 ) was doped with different rare earth ions (i.e. Gd(3+) , Ce(3+) , Eu(3+) and/or Tb(3+) ) in order to obtain phosphors (YAG:RE) with general formula,Y3-x-a Gdx REa Al5 O12 (x = 0; 1.485; 2.97 and a = 0.03). The synthesis of the phosphor samples was done using the simultaneous addition of reagents technique. This study reveals new aspects regarding the influence of different activator ions on the morpho-structural and luminescent characteristics of garnet type phosphor. All YAG:RE phosphors are well crystallized powders containing a cubic-Y3 Al5 O12 phase as major component along with monoclinic-Y4 Al2 O9 and orthorhombic-YAlO3 phases as the impurity. The crystallites dimensions of YAG:RE phosphors vary between 38 nm and 88 nm, while the unit cell slowly increase as the ionic radius of the activator increases. Under UV excitation, YAG:Ce exhibits yellow emission due to electron transition in Ce(3+) from the 5d level to the ground state levels ((2) F5/2 , (2) F7/2 ). The emission intensity of Ce(3+) is enhanced in the presence of the Tb(3+) ions and is decreased in the presence of Eu(3+) ions due to some radiative or non-radiative processes that take place between activator ions. By varying the rare earth ions, the emission colour can be modulated from green to white and red. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Growth and luminescent properties of Lu 2SiO 5:Ce and (Lu 1- xGd x) 2SiO 5:Ce single crystalline films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zorenko, Yu.; Gorbenko, V.; Savchyn, V.; Voznyak, T.; Grinyov, B.; Sidletskiy, O.; Kurtsev, D.; Fedorov, A.; Baumer, V.; Nikl, M.; Mares, J. A.; Beitlerova, A.; Prusa, P.; Kucera, M.

2011-12-01

Single crystalline films (SCF) of Lu 2SiO 5:Ce (LSO:Ce), (Lu 1- xGd x) 2SiO 5:Ce (LGSO:Ce) and LGSO:Ce,Tb orthosilicates with thickness of 2.5-21 μm were crystallized by liquid phase epitaxy method onto undoped LSO substrates from melt-solution based on PbO-B 2O 3 flux. The concentration of Gd was varied in the range of x=0.2-0.7 formula units (f.u.). In the case of LGSO:Ce SCF growth we do not use any additional doping for reducing the misfit between the SCF and substrate lattices. The luminescence and scintillation properties of LSO:Ce, LGSO:Ce and LGSO:Ce,Tb SCFs were mutually compared and confronted with the performance of reference LSO:Ce and LYSO:Ce crystals. With increasing Gd content the luminescence spectrum of LGSO:Ce SCF is gradually red-shifted with respect to that of LSO:Ce SCF. The LY of (Lu 1- xGd x)SO:Ce SCF becomes lower in comparison with that for LSO:Ce SC at increasing Gd content in the range of x=0.2-0.7 f.u. The peculiarities of luminescence properties of LSO:Ce and LGSO:Ce SCFs in comparison with crystal analogs are explained by the different distribution of Ce 3+ over Lu1 and Lu2 positions of LSO host and by the influence of Pb 2+ contamination coming from the flux used for the film growth.

Understanding green roof spatial dynamics: results from a scale based hydrologic study and introduction of a low-cost method for wide-range monitoring

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hakimdavar, Raha; Culligan, Patricia J.; Guido, Aida

2014-05-01

Green roofs have the potential, if implemented on a wide scale and with proper foresight, to become an important supplement to traditional urban water management infrastructure, while also helping to change the face of cities from concrete draped, highly modified environments, to hybrid places where nature is more closely integrated into designs rather than pushed out of them. The ability of these systems to act as a decentralized rainwater handling network has been the topic of many recent studies. While these studies have attempted to quantify the hydrologic performance of green roofs, it's clear that they are dynamic systems whose responses are difficult to generalize. What also seems to be lacking from many studies is a discussion on the effects of green roof scale, spatial planning and configuration. This research aims to understand how rainfall characteristics and green roof scale impact its hydrologic performance. Three extensive green roof systems in New York City, with the same engineered components, age and regional climatic conditions, but different drainage areas, are analyzed. We find that rainfall volume and event duration are two of the parameters that most affect green roof performance, while rainfall intensity and antecedent dry weather period are less significant. We also find that green roof scale does in fact affect hydrologic performance, but mainly in reducing runoff peaks, with rainfall retention and lag time being much less affected by drainage area. We also introduce a low-cost monitoring method, termed the Soil Water Apportioning (SWA) method, which uses a water balance approach to analytically link precipitation to substrate moisture, and enable inference of green runoff and evapotranspiration from information on substrate moisture changes over time. Twelve months of in situ rainfall and soil moisture observations from three different green roof systems - extensive vegetated mat, semi-intensive vegetated mat, and semi-intensive tray - are used to test the reliability of the proposed approach using two different low-cost soil moisture probes. The estimates of runoff are compared with observed runoff data for durations ranging between 6 months to 1 year. Preliminary results indicate that this can be an effective low-cost and low-maintenance alternative to the custom made weir and lysimeter systems frequently used to quantify runoff during green roof studies. By significantly reducing the cost and labor associated with typical monitoring efforts, the SWA method makes large scale studies of green roof hydrologic performance more feasible.

Using Remote Sensing to Quantify Roof Albedo in Seven California Cities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ban-Weiss, G. A.; Woods, J.; Millstein, D.; Levinson, R.

2013-12-01

Cool roofs reflect sunlight and therefore can reduce cooling energy use in buildings. Further, since roofs cover about 20-25% of cities, wide spread deployment of cool roofs could mitigate the urban heat island effect and partially counter urban temperature increases associated with global climate change. Accurately predicting the potential for increasing urban albedo using reflective roofs and its associated energy use and climate benefits requires detailed knowledge of the current stock of roofs at the city scale. Until now this knowledge has been limited due to a lack of availability of albedo data with sufficient spatial coverage, spatial resolution, and spectral information. In this work we use a novel source of multiband aerial imagery to derive the albedos of individual roofs in seven California cities: Los Angeles, Long Beach, San Diego, Bakersfield, Sacramento, San Francisco, and San Jose. The radiometrically calibrated, remotely sensed imagery has high spatial resolution (1 m) and four narrow (less than 0.1 μm wide) band reflectances: blue, green, red, and near-infrared. To derive the albedo of roofs in each city, we first locate roof pixels within GIS building outlines. Next we use laboratory measurements of the solar spectral reflectances of 190 roofing products to empirically relate solar reflectance (albedo) to reflectances in the four narrow bands; the root-mean-square of the residuals for the albedo prediction is 0.016. Albedos computed from remotely sensed reflectances are calibrated to ground measurements of roof albedo in each city. The error (both precision and accuracy) of albedo values is presented for each city. The area-weighted mean roof albedo (× standard deviation) for each city ranges from 0.17 × 0.08 (Los Angeles) to 0.29 × 0.15 (San Diego). In each city most roofs have low albedo in the range of 0.1 to 0.3. Roofs with albedo greater than 0.4 comprise less than 3% of total roofs and 7% of total roof area in each city. The California Building Energy Efficiency Standard (Title-24, Part 6) includes the use of high-albedo surfaces on low-sloped roofs on non-residential buildings. Analyzing a subset of large presumably commercial buildings, we find high albedo roofs represent 0.5% and 10% of total roofs and roof surface area, respectively. The potential for high albedo roofs to reduce urban temperatures was investigated for a California city (Bakersfield) with warm summers using a state-of-the-art meteorological model (Weather Research and Forecasting, WRF). Base case and cool roof scenarios were simulated with the only difference being that the surface albedo was increased under the cool roof scenario. Roof albedos derived from the aerial imagery were used as an input to the climate model in the base case scenario. Simulation results indicate that seasonal average afternoon (1500 h) temperatures could be reduced by up to 0.2 °C across Bakersfield during both the summer and winter. While temperature changes are similar during winter and summer, only summer shows statistically significant temperature changes downwind (southeast) from Bakersfield. This indicates that reduced summertime temperatures may be felt over a distance that is 2 or 3 times the length scale of the region with high albedo roofs.

Effects of Solar Photovoltaic Panels on Roof Heat Transfer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dominguez, A.; Klessl, J.; Samady, M.; Luvall, J. C.

2010-01-01

Building Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) is a major contributor to urban energy use. In single story buildings with large surface area such as warehouses most of the heat enters through the roof. A rooftop modification that has not been examined experimentally is solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays. In California alone, several GW in residential and commercial rooftop PV are approved or in the planning stages. With the PV solar conversion efficiency ranging from 5-20% and a typical installed PV solar reflectance of 16-27%, 53-79% of the solar energy heats the panel. Most of this heat is then either transferred to the atmosphere or the building underneath. Consequently solar PV has indirect effects on roof heat transfer. The effect of rooftop PV systems on the building roof and indoor energy balance as well as their economic impacts on building HVAC costs have not been investigated. Roof calculator models currently do not account for rooftop modifications such as PV arrays. In this study, we report extensive measurements of a building containing a flush mount and a tilted solar PV array as well as exposed reference roof. Exterior air and surface temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation were measured and thermal infrared (TIR) images of the interior ceiling were taken. We found that in daytime the ceiling surface temperature under the PV arrays was significantly cooler than under the exposed roof. The maximum difference of 2.5 C was observed at around 1800h, close to typical time of peak energy demand. Conversely at night, the ceiling temperature under the PV arrays was warmer, especially for the array mounted flat onto the roof. A one dimensional conductive heat flux model was used to calculate the temperature profile through the roof. The heat flux into the bottom layer was used as an estimate of the heat flux into the building. The mean daytime heat flux (1200-2000 PST) under the exposed roof in the model was 14.0 Watts per square meter larger than under the tilted PV array. The maximum downward heat flux was 18.7 Watts per square meters for the exposed roof and 7.0 Watts per square meters under the tilted PV array, a 63% reduction due to the PV array. This study is unique as the impact of tilted and flush PV arrays could be compared against a typical exposed roof at the same roof for a commercial uninhabited building with exposed ceiling and consisting only of the building envelope. Our results indicate a more comfortable indoor environment in PV covered buildings without HVAC both in hotter and cooler seasons.

Pyrazolates advance cerium chemistry: a CeIII/CeIV redox equilibrium with benzoquinone.

PubMed

Werner, Daniel; Deacon, Glen B; Junk, Peter C; Anwander, Reiner

2017-05-16

Two stable cerium(iv) 3,5-dialkylpyrazolate complexes are presented, namely dimeric [Ce(Me 2 pz) 4 ] 2 (Me 2 pz = 3,5-dimethylpyrazolate) and monomeric Ce(tBu 2 pz) 4 (tBu 2 pz = 3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazolate) along with their trivalent counterparts [Ce(Me 2 pz) 3 ] and [Ce(tBu 2 pz) 3 ] 2 . All complexes were obtained from protonolysis reactions employing the silylamide precursors Ce[N(SiHMe 2 ) 2 ] 4 and Ce[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 3 . Treatment of homoleptic Ce IV and Ce III Me 2 pz complexes with 1,4-hydroquinone (H 2 hq) or 1,4-benzoquinone (bq), respectively, ultimately gave the same trimetallic Ce III species via a cerium redox equilibrium. The Ce III complex Ce 3 (Me 2 pz) 5 (pchd) 2 (L) (pchd = 1,4-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)cyclohex-2,5-diene-1,4-diolato; L = Me 2 pzH or (thf) 2 ) results from a di-1,4-pyrazolyl attack on pre-coordinated bq. The reduction of bq by [Ce(Me 2 pz) 3 (thf)] 2 , and re-oxidation by the resulting Ce IV species was supported by UV-vis spectroscopic investigations. Comparisons with the redox-innocent complexes [Ln(Me 2 pz) 3 (thf)] 2 (Ln = La and Pr) revealed far less selective reactions with bq, giving hexametallic and octametallic rare-earth metal side products containing 2-Me 2 pz substituted hq ligands.

Anthony D. Fontanini | NREL

Science.gov Websites

simulation component models within EnergyPlus and OpenStudio. Prior to working at NREL, Anthony was a member building envelope and developed attic and roof simulation tools. His background is in modeling heat

38 CFR Appendix A to Part 200 - Categorical Exclusions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... of equipment or components in AFRH-controlled facilities without change in location, e.g., HVAC, electrical distribution systems, windows, doors or roof. A.3(e) Disposal or other disposition of claimed or...

38 CFR Appendix A to Part 200 - Categorical Exclusions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... of equipment or components in AFRH-controlled facilities without change in location, e.g., HVAC, electrical distribution systems, windows, doors or roof. A.3(e) Disposal or other disposition of claimed or...

38 CFR Appendix A to Part 200 - Categorical Exclusions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... of equipment or components in AFRH-controlled facilities without change in location, e.g., HVAC, electrical distribution systems, windows, doors or roof. A.3(e) Disposal or other disposition of claimed or...

38 CFR Appendix A to Part 200 - Categorical Exclusions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... of equipment or components in AFRH-controlled facilities without change in location, e.g., HVAC, electrical distribution systems, windows, doors or roof. A.3(e) Disposal or other disposition of claimed or...

Platinum group elements and gold in ferromanganese crusts from Afanasiy-Nikitin seamount, equatorial Indian Ocean: Sources and fractionation

USGS Publications Warehouse

Banakar, V.K.; Hein, J.R.; Rajani, R.P.; Chodankar, A.R.

2007-01-01

The major element relationships in ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) crusts from Afanasiy-Nikitin seamount (ANS), eastern equatorial Indian Ocean, appear to be atypical. High positive correlations (r = 0.99) between Mn/Co and Fe/Co ratios, and lack of correlation of those ratios with Co, Ce, and Ce/Co, indicate that the ANS Fe-Mn crusts are distinct from Pacific seamount Fe-Mn crusts, and reflect region-specific chemical characteristics. The platinum group elements (PGE: Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt, and Pd) and Au in ANS Fe-Mn crusts are derived from seawater and are mainly of terrestrial origin, with a minor cosmogenic component. The Ru/Rh (0.5-2) and Pt/Ru ratios (7-28) are closely comparable to ratios in continental basalts, whereas Pd/Ir ratios exhibit values ( 0.75) correlations between water depth and Mn/Co, Fe/Co, Ce/Co, Co, and the PGEs. Fractionation of the PGE-Au from seawater during colloidal precipitation of the major-oxide phases is indicated by well-defined linear positive correlations (r > 0.8) of Co and Ce with Ir, Ru, Rh, and Pt; Au/Co with Mn/Co; and by weak or no correlations of Pd with water depth, Co-normalized major-element ratios, and with the other PGE (r < 0.5). The strong enrichment of Pt (up to 1 ppm) relative to the other PGE and its positive correlations with Ce and Co demonstrate a common link for the high concentrations of all three elements, which likely involves an oxidation reaction on the Mn-oxide and Fe-oxyhydroxide surfaces. The documented fractionation of PGE-Au and their positive association with redox sensitive Co and Ce may have applications in reconstructing past-ocean redox conditions and water masses.

Interaction of Ce{sub 1−x}Er{sub x}O{sub 2−y} nanoparticles with SiO{sub 2}-effect of temperature and atmosphere

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kepinski, L., E-mail: L.Kepinski@int.pan.wroc.pl; Krajczyk, L.; Mista, W.

2014-01-15

Morphology, microstructure and phase evolution of homogeneous, nanocrystalline Ce{sub 1−x}Er{sub x}O{sub 2−x/2} mixed oxide (x=0.3 and 0.5), prepared by microemulsion method, supported on amorphous SiO{sub 2} was studied in oxidizing and reducing atmosphere by XRD, TEM, SEM-EDS and N{sub 2} adsorption. The system is structurally and chemically stable in the oxidizing atmosphere up to 1000 °C, exhibiting only a small increase of the mean crystallite size of the oxide to ∼4 nm. At 1100 °C formation of Er silicate with unusual structure isomorphic with y-Y{sub 2}Si{sub 2}O{sub 7} (yttrialite), stabilized by Ce{sup 4+} ions was observed. In the reducing atmospheremore » the Ce{sub 1−x}Er{sub x}O{sub 2−x/2} reacted with SiO{sub 2} already at 900 °C, due to high affinity of the reduced Ce{sup 3+} to form a silicate phase. At higher temperature the silicate crystallized into the tetragonal, low temperature A-(Ce{sub 1−x}Er{sub x}){sub 2}Si{sub 2}O{sub 7} polymorph. Such systems, containing nanocrystalline silicate particles with Er{sup 3+} ions placed in well defined sites embedded in silica matrix, may be interesting as highly efficient active components of optical waveguides amplifiers integrated with Si microelectronics. The nanocrystalline Ce–Er–O/SiO{sub 2} system prepared by the impregnation of the silica with the aqueous solution of nitrates appeared to be chemically inhomogeneous and less stable in both oxidising and reducing atmosphere. - Graphical abstract: Structure evolution of Ce{sub 0.5}Er{sub 0.5}O{sub 1.75} in air and in H{sub 2}. Display Omitted - Highlights: • Homogeneous 3 nm Ce{sub 1−x}Er{sub x}O{sub 2−y} particles were prepared and uniformly dispersed on SiO{sub 2}. • Er diffusion to SiO{sub 2} determines the stability of the mixed oxide in air to ∼1000 °C. • Spreading of Ce{sub 1−x}Er{sub x}O{sub 2−y} onto SiO{sub 2} occurs in hydrogen at 900 °C. • Nanocrystalline A-(Ce,Er){sub 2}Si{sub 2}O{sub 7} silicate forms in H{sub 2} at 1100 °C.« less

Microstructure, texture evolution and magnetic properties of strip-casting non-oriented 6.5 wt.% Si electrical steel doped with cerium

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, Hao-Ze, E-mail: lhzqq83@163.com; Liu, Hai-Tao; Liu, Zhen-Yu, E-mail: zyliu@mail.neu.edu.cn

A 0.3 mm thick non-oriented 6.5 wt.% Si electrical steel sheet doped with cerium is produced by twin-roll strip casting, hot rolling, warm rolling and annealing. A detailed study of the cerium precipitates in the as-cast strip, microstructure and texture evolution at different processing stages is carried out by electron probe micro-analysis, optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and electron backscattered diffraction analysis. Grain interior distributing precipitates identified as Ce-oxides, Ce-oxysulfides and Ce-phosphides, and boundary distributing Ce-oxides and Ce-phosphides are observed in the as-cast strip. The initial as-cast strip is characterized by a much finer solidification microstructure and dominated by obvious //ND texture through the strip thickness. After hot and warm rolling, inhomogeneous microstructure containing large amounts of in-grain shear bands is characterized by mixed < 110 >//RD and < 111 >//ND textures. The texture of the annealed sheet with a relatively large average grain size is far more optimized by the domination of the beneficial cube, rotated cube, (001)< 120 > to (001)< 130 > and Goss texture components, and the elimination of the detrimental γ-fiber texture, leading to a superior magnetic induction and improved iron loss. - Highlights: • An Fe–6.5 wt.% Si as-cast strip doped with cerium was produced. • A thin warm rolled sheet with limited edge cracks was obtained. • Microstructure and texture evolution at each stage were investigated. • Strong λ-fiber and Goss recrystallization textures were formed. • The magnetic properties of the annealed sheet were significantly improved.« less

Better Care Teams: A Stepwise Skill Reinforcement Model.

PubMed

Christopher, Beth-Anne; Grantner, Mary; Coke, Lola A; Wideman, Marilyn; Kwakwa, Francis

2016-06-01

The Building Healthy Urban Communities initiative presents a path for organizations partnering to improve patient outcomes with continuing education (CE) as a key component. Components of the CE initiative included traditional CE delivery formats with an essential element of adaptability and new methods, with rigorous evaluation over time that included evaluation prior to the course, immediately following the CE session, 6 to 8 weeks after the CE session, and then subsequent monthly "testlets." Outcome measures were designed to allow for ongoing adaptation of content, reinforcement of key learning objectives, and use of innovative concordant testing and retrieval practice techniques. The results after 1 year of programming suggest the stepwise skill reinforcement model is effective for learning and is an efficient use of financial and human resources. More important, its design is one that could be adopted at low cost by organizations willing to work in close partnership. J Contin Educ Nurs. 2016;47(6):283-288. Copyright 2016, SLACK Incorporated.

Ventilation Processes in a Three-Dimensional Street Canyon

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nosek, Štěpán; Kukačka, Libor; Kellnerová, Radka; Jurčáková, Klára; Jaňour, Zbyněk

2016-05-01

The ventilation processes in three different street canyons of variable roof geometry were investigated in a wind tunnel using a ground-level line source. All three street canyons were part of an urban-type array formed by courtyard-type buildings with pitched roofs. A constant roof height was used in the first case, while a variable roof height along the leeward or windward walls was simulated in the two other cases. All street-canyon models were exposed to a neutrally stratified flow with two approaching wind directions, perpendicular and oblique. The complexity of the flow and dispersion within the canyons of variable roof height was demonstrated for both wind directions. The relative pollutant removals and spatially-averaged concentrations within the canyons revealed that the model with constant roof height has higher re-emissions than models with variable roof heights. The nomenclature for the ventilation processes according to quadrant analysis of the pollutant flux was introduced. The venting of polluted air (positive fluctuations of both concentration and velocity) from the canyon increased when the wind direction changed from perpendicular to oblique, irrespective of the studied canyon model. Strong correlations (>0.5) between coherent structures and ventilation processes were found at roof level, irrespective of the canyon model and wind direction. This supports the idea that sweep and ejection events of momentum bring clean air in and detrain the polluted air from the street canyon, respectively.

Evaluation of critical distances for energy transfer between Pr3+ and Ce3+ in yttrium aluminium garnet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zeng, Peng; Wei, Xiantao; Zhou, Shaoshuai; Yin, Min; Chen, Yonghu

2016-09-01

A series of Pr3+/Ce3+ doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Y3Al5O12 or simply YAG) phosphors were synthesized to investigate the energy transfer between Pr3+ and Ce3+ for their potential application in a white light-emitting diode and quantum information storage and processing. The excitation and emission spectra of YAG:Pr3+/Ce3+ were measured and analyzed, and it revealed that the reabsorption between Pr3+ and Ce3+ was so weak that it can be ignored, and the energy transfer from Pr3+ (5d) to Ce3+ (5d) and Ce3+ (5d) to Pr3+ (1D2) did occur. By analyzing the excitation and the emission spectra, the energy transfer from Pr3+ (5d) to Ce3+ (5d) and Ce3+ (5d) to Pr3+ (1D2) was examined in detail with an original strategy deduced from fluorescence dynamics and the Dexter energy transfer theory, and the critical distances of energy transfer were derived to be 7.9 Å and 4.0 Å for Pr3+ (5d) to Ce3+ (5d) and Ce3+ (5d) to Pr3+ (1D2), respectively. The energy transfer rates of the two processes of various concentrations were discussed and evaluated. Furthermore, for the purpose of sensing a single Pr3+ state with a Ce3+ ion, the optimal distance of Ce3+ from Pr3+ was evaluated as 5.60 Å, where the probability of success reaches its maximum value of 78.66%, and meanwhile the probabilities were evaluated for a series of Y3+ sites in a YAG lattice. These results will be of valuable reference for achievement of the optimal energy transfer efficiency in Pr3+/Ce3+ doped YAG and other similar systems.

Pressure and temperature dependence of the Ce valence and c -f hybridization gap in Ce T2In5(T =Co ,Rh ,Ir ) heavy-fermion superconductors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yamaoka, H.; Yamamoto, Y.; Schwier, E. F.; Honda, F.; Zekko, Y.; Ohta, Y.; Lin, J.-F.; Nakatake, M.; Iwasawa, H.; Arita, M.; Shimada, K.; Hiraoka, N.; Ishii, H.; Tsuei, K.-D.; Mizuki, J.

2015-12-01

Pressure- and temperature-induced changes in the Ce valence and c -f hybridization of the Ce115 superconductors have been studied systematically. Resonant x-ray-emission spectroscopy indicated that the increase of the Ce valence with pressure was significant for CeCoIn5, and moderate for CeIr (In0.925Cd0.075)5 . We found no abrupt change of the Ce valence in the Kondo regime for CeIr (In0.925Cd0.075)5 , which suggests that valence fluctuations are unlikely to mediate the superconductivity in this material. X-ray-diffraction results were consistent with the pressure-induced change in the Ce valence. High-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy revealed a temperature-dependent reduction of the spectral intensity at the Fermi level, indicating enhanced c -f hybridization on cooling.

Quantitative study of the f occupation in CeMIn 5 and other cerium compounds with hard X-rays

DOE PAGES

Sundermann, M.; Strigari, F.; Willers, T.; ...

2016-02-28

We present bulk-sensitive hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) data of the Ce3d core levels and lifetime-reduced L-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) in the partial fluorescence yield (PFY) mode of the CeMIn 5 family with M = Co, Rh, and Ir. The HAXPES data are analyzed quantitatively with a combination of full multiplet and configuration interaction model which allows correcting for the strong plasmons in the CeMIn 5 HAXPES data, and reliable weights w n of the different f n contributions in the ground state are determined. The CeMIn 5 results are compared to HAXPES data of other heavy fermion compoundsmore » and a systematic decrease of the hybridization strength V eff from CePd 3 to CeRh 3B 2 to CeRu 2Si 2 is observed, while it is smallest for the three CeMIn 5 compounds. The f-occupation, however, increases in the same sequence and is close to one for the CeMIn 5 family. The PFY-XAS data confirm an identical f-occupation in the three CeMIn 5 compounds and a phenomenological fit to these PFY-XAS data combined with a configuration interaction model yields consistent results.« less

GREENROOF RUNOFF WATER QUALITY

EPA Science Inventory

Runoff samples were collected from 5 experimental green roof test plots on small buildings at the Center for Green Roof Research at Rock Springs, PA during the period from January 2005 through May 2006. Samples were either analyzed in-house for pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), T...

Achievement of high coercivity in sintered R-Fe-B magnets based on misch-metal by dual alloy method

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Niu, E, E-mail: niue@aphy.iphy.ac.cn; Wang, Zhen-Xi; Beijing Zhong Ke San Huan Research, No.10 Chuangxin Road, Changping District, Beijing 102200

2014-03-21

The R-Fe-B (R, rare earth) sintered magnets prepared with different ratio of alloys of MM-Fe-B (MM, misch-metal) and Nd-Fe-B by dual alloy method were investigated. As expected, the high ratio of MM-Fe-B alloy degrades the hard magnetic properties heavily with intrinsic coercivity lower than 5 kOe. When the atomic ratio MM/R ≤ 21.5% the magnetic properties can reach a practical level of B{sub r} ≥ 12.1 kGs, H{sub cj} ≥ 10.7 kOe, and (BH){sub max} ≥ 34.0 MGOe. And the effect of H{sub cj} enhancement by the grain boundary diffusion process is obvious when MM/R ≤ 21.5%. It is revealed that the decrement of intrinsic magnetic properties of R{sub 2}Fe{submore » 14}B matrix phase is not the main reason of the degradation of the magnets with high MM ratio. The change of deteriorated microstructure together with phase component plays fundamental roles in low H{sub cj}. In high MM ratio magnets, (a) after annealing, Ce atoms inside main phase are inclined to be segregated in the outer layer of the main phase grains; (b) there is no thin layer of Ce-rich phase as an analogue of Nd-rich phase to separate main phase grains; (c) excessive Ce tends to form CeFe{sub 2} grains.« less

Deployable Temporary Shelter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shaffer, Joe R.; Headley, David E.

1993-01-01

Compact storable components expand to create large shelter. Fully deployed structure provides large, unobstructed bay. Deployed trusses support wall and roof blankets. Provides temporary cover for vehicles, people, and materials. Terrestrial version used as garage, hangar, or large tent.

Independent component analysis based channel equalization for 6 × 6 MIMO-OFDM transmission over few-mode fiber.

PubMed

He, Zhixue; Li, Xiang; Luo, Ming; Hu, Rong; Li, Cai; Qiu, Ying; Fu, Songnian; Yang, Qi; Yu, Shaohua

2016-05-02

We propose and experimentally demonstrate two independent component analysis (ICA) based channel equalizers (CEs) for 6 × 6 MIMO-OFDM transmission over few-mode fiber. Compared with the conventional channel equalizer based on training symbols (TSs-CE), the proposed two ICA-based channel equalizers (ICA-CE-I and ICA-CE-II) can achieve comparable performances, while requiring much less training symbols. Consequently, the overheads for channel equalization can be substantially reduced from 13.7% to 0.4% and 2.6%, respectively. Meanwhile, we also experimentally investigate the convergence speed of the proposed ICA-based CEs.

Cooler Tile-Roofed Buildings with Near-Infrared-ReflectiveNon-white Coatings

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Levinson, Ronnen; Akbari, Hashem; Reilly, Joeseph C.

Owners of homes with pitched roofs visible from ground leveloften prefer non-white roofing products for aesthetic considerations.Non-white, near-infrared-reflective architectural coatings can be appliedin-situ to pitched concrete or clay tile roofs to reduce tiletemperature, building heat gain, and cooling power demand, whilesimultaneously improving the roof s appearance. Scale model measurementsof building temperatures and heat-flux were combined with solar andcooling energy use data to estimate the effects of such cool roofcoatings in various California data. Under typical conditions e.g., 1 kWm-2 summer afternoon insolation, R-11 attic insulation, no radiantbarrier, and a 0.3 reduction in solar absorptance absolute reductions inroof surface temperature, atticmore » air temperature, and ceiling heat fluxare about 12 K, 6.2 K, and 3.7 W m-2, respectively. For a typical 1,500ft2 (139 m2) house with R-11 attic insulation and no radiant barrier,reducing roof absorptance by 0.3 yields whole-house peak power savings of230, 210, and 210 W in Fresno, San Bernardino, and San Diego,respectively. The corresponding absolute and fractional cooling energysavings are 92 kWh yr-1 (5 percent), 67 kWh yr-1 (6 percent), and 8 kWhyr-1 (1 percent), respectively. These savings are about half thosepreviously reported for houses with non-tile roofs. With theseassumptions, the statewide peak cooling power and annual cooling energyreductions would be 240 MW and 63 GWh yr-1, respectively. These energysavings would reduce annual emissions from California power plants by 35kilotonnes CO2, 11 tonnes NOx,and 0.86 tonnes SOx. The economic value ofcooling energy savings is well below the cost of coating a tile roof, butthe simple payback times for using cool pigments in a rooftile coatingare modest (5-7 years) in the hot climates of Fresno and SanBernardino.« less

Polycrystalline scintillators for large area detectors in HEP experiments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dosovitskiy, G.; Fedorov, A.; Karpyuk, P.; Kuznetsova, D.; Mikhlin, A.; Kozlov, D.; Dosovitskiy, A.; Korjik, M.

2017-06-01

After significant increase of the accelerator luminosity throughout the High Luminosity phase of LHC, charged hadrons and neutrons with fluences higher than 1014 p/cm2 per year in the largest pseudo-rapidity regions of the detectors will cause increased radiation damage of materials. Increasing activation of the experimental equipment will make periodical maintenance and replacement of detector components difficult. Therefore, the selected materials for new detectors should be tolerant to radiation damage. Y3Al5O12:Ce (YAG:Ce) crystal was found to be one of the most radiation hard scintillation materials. However, production of YAG:Ce in a single crystalline form is costly, because crystal growth is performed at temperature near 1900°C with a very low rate of transformation of a raw material into a crystal. We propose translucent YAG:Ce ceramics as an alternative cheaper solution. Ceramic samples were sintered up to density ~98% of the theoretical value and were translucent. The samples have demonstrated light yield of 2200 phot./MeV under 662 keV γ-quanta, which gives the expected response to minimum ionizing particle around 3000 phot. for 2 mm thick plate. Scintillation light yield, registered under surface layer excitation with α-particles, was 50-70% higher than for the reference single crystal YAG:Ce.

Air-quality implications of widespread adoption of cool roofs on ozone and particulate matter in southern California

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Epstein, Scott A.; Lee, Sang-Mi; Katzenstein, Aaron S.; Carreras-Sospedra, Marc; Zhang, Xinqiu; Farina, Salvatore C.; Vahmani, Pouya; Fine, Philip M.; Ban-Weiss, George

2017-08-01

The installation of roofing materials with increased solar reflectance (i.e., “cool roofs”) can mitigate the urban heat island effect and reduce energy use. In addition, meteorological changes, along with the possibility of enhanced UV reflection from these surfaces, can have complex impacts on ozone and PM2.5 concentrations. We aim to evaluate the air-quality impacts of widespread cool-roof installations prescribed by California’s Title 24 building energy efficiency standards within the heavily populated and polluted South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB). Development of a comprehensive rooftop area database and evaluation of spectral reflectance measurements of roofing materials allows us to project potential future changes in solar and UV reflectance for simulations using the Weather Research Forecast and Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) models. 2012 meteorological simulations indicate a decrease in daily maximum temperatures, daily maximum boundary layer heights, and ventilation coefficients throughout the SoCAB upon widespread installation of cool roofs. CMAQ simulations show significant increases in PM2.5 concentrations and policy-relevant design values. Changes in 8-h ozone concentrations depend on the potential change in UV reflectance, ranging from a decrease in population-weighted concentrations when UV reflectance remains unchanged to an increase when changes in UV reflectance are at an upper bound. However, 8-h policy-relevant ozone design values increase in all cases. Although the other benefits of cool roofs could outweigh small air-quality penalties, UV reflectance standards for cool roofing materials could mitigate these negative consequences. Results of this study motivate the careful consideration of future rooftop and pavement solar reflectance modification policies.

Air-quality implications of widespread adoption of cool roofs on ozone and particulate matter in southern California

PubMed Central

Lee, Sang-Mi; Katzenstein, Aaron S.; Carreras-Sospedra, Marc; Zhang, Xinqiu; Farina, Salvatore C.; Vahmani, Pouya; Fine, Philip M.

2017-01-01

The installation of roofing materials with increased solar reflectance (i.e., “cool roofs”) can mitigate the urban heat island effect and reduce energy use. In addition, meteorological changes, along with the possibility of enhanced UV reflection from these surfaces, can have complex impacts on ozone and PM2.5 concentrations. We aim to evaluate the air-quality impacts of widespread cool-roof installations prescribed by California’s Title 24 building energy efficiency standards within the heavily populated and polluted South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB). Development of a comprehensive rooftop area database and evaluation of spectral reflectance measurements of roofing materials allows us to project potential future changes in solar and UV reflectance for simulations using the Weather Research Forecast and Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) models. 2012 meteorological simulations indicate a decrease in daily maximum temperatures, daily maximum boundary layer heights, and ventilation coefficients throughout the SoCAB upon widespread installation of cool roofs. CMAQ simulations show significant increases in PM2.5 concentrations and policy-relevant design values. Changes in 8-h ozone concentrations depend on the potential change in UV reflectance, ranging from a decrease in population-weighted concentrations when UV reflectance remains unchanged to an increase when changes in UV reflectance are at an upper bound. However, 8-h policy-relevant ozone design values increase in all cases. Although the other benefits of cool roofs could outweigh small air-quality penalties, UV reflectance standards for cool roofing materials could mitigate these negative consequences. Results of this study motivate the careful consideration of future rooftop and pavement solar reflectance modification policies. PMID:28784778

The effects of high temperature and roof modification on physiological responses of swamp buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis) in the tropics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khongdee, Titaporn; Sripoon, S.; Vajrabukka, C.

2013-05-01

The objective of the experiments reported here was to measure the effects of cooling techniques (Modified roof vs Normal roof) on the performance and physiology of 12 young male buffaloes with a similar live weight of 160 kg. The study was conducted at Chainat Agriculture and Technology College, Chainat Province, Thailand. The animals were divided randomly into two groups, each group comprising six buffaloes, and the two groups were studied to evaluate the effects of modified roofing (normal roof fitted with woven polypropylene shade cloth) on the subjects' physiological responses to heat stress under hot humid conditions. The modified roof resulted in lowered heat stress in buffaloes compared to those under a standard roof. The difference was shown by the buffaloes having a significantly lower mean rectal temperature (39.14 ± 0.07 vs 40.00 ± 0.10°C) and plasma cortisol (2.14 ± 0.24 vs 3.38 ± 0.37 ng/ml). The average daily water consumption was significantly lower in the MR group (MR, 29.71 ± 0.86 vs NR, 34.14 ± 1.06 L head -1 day-1), while there was a tendency for the roughage intake to be higher in the MR group compared to that of the NR group (MR, 5.88 ± 0.18 vs NR, 6.44 ± 0.19 kg head-1 -1 day-1; P = 0.0508). It was concluded that roof modification facilitated a reduction in heat load from roof re-radiation, and was an effective means of alleviating thermal stress in young buffaloes.

Fractionating the neural correlates of individual working memory components underlying arithmetic problem solving skills in children

PubMed Central

Metcalfe, Arron W. S.; Ashkenazi, Sarit; Rosenberg-Lee, Miriam; Menon, Vinod

2013-01-01

Baddeley and Hitch’s multi-component working memory (WM) model has played an enduring and influential role in our understanding of cognitive abilities. Very little is known, however, about the neural basis of this multi-component WM model and the differential role each component plays in mediating arithmetic problem solving abilities in children. Here, we investigate the neural basis of the central executive (CE), phonological (PL) and visuo-spatial (VS) components of WM during a demanding mental arithmetic task in 7–9 year old children (N=74). The VS component was the strongest predictor of math ability in children and was associated with increased arithmetic complexity-related responses in left dorsolateral and right ventrolateral prefrontal cortices as well as bilateral intra-parietal sulcus and supramarginal gyrus in posterior parietal cortex. Critically, VS, CE and PL abilities were associated with largely distinct patterns of brain response. Overlap between VS and CE components was observed in left supramarginal gyrus and no overlap was observed between VS and PL components. Our findings point to a central role of visuo-spatial WM during arithmetic problem-solving in young grade-school children and highlight the usefulness of the multi-component Baddeley and Hitch WM model in fractionating the neural correlates of arithmetic problem solving during development. PMID:24212504

All-in-one light-tunable borated phosphors with chemical and luminescence dynamical control resolution.

PubMed

Lin, Chun Che; Liu, Yun-Ping; Xiao, Zhi Ren; Wang, Yin-Kuo; Cheng, Bing-Ming; Liu, Ru-Shi

2014-06-25

Single-composition white-emitting phosphors with superior intrinsic properties upon excitation by ultraviolet light-emitting diodes are important constituents of next-generation light sources. Borate-based phosphors, such as NaSrBO3:Ce(3+) and NaCaBO3:Ce(3+), have stronger absorptions in the near-ultraviolet region as well as better chemical/physical stability than oxides. Energy transfer effects from sensitizer to activator caused by rare-earth ions are mainly found in the obtained photoluminescence spectra and lifetime. The interactive mechanisms of multiple dopants are ambiguous in most cases. We adjust the doping concentration in NaSrBO3:RE (RE = Ce(3+), Tb(3+), Mn(2+)) to study the energy transfer effects of Ce(3+) to Tb(3+) and Mn(2+) by comparing the experimental data and theoretical calculation. The vacuum-ultraviolet experimental determination of the electronic energy levels for Ce(3+) and Tb(3+) in the borate host regarding the 4f-5d and 4f-4f configurations are described. Evaluation of the Ce(3+)/Mn(2+) intensity ratios as a function of Mn(2+) concentration is based on the analysis of the luminescence dynamical process and fluorescence lifetime measurements. The results closely agree with those directly obtained from the emission spectra. Density functional calculations are performed using the generalized gradient approximation plus an on-site Coulombic interaction correction scheme to investigate the forbidden mechanism of interatomic energy transfer between the NaSrBO3:Ce(3+) and NaSrBO3:Eu(2+) systems. Results indicate that the NaSrBO3:Ce(3+), Tb(3+), and Mn(2+) phosphors can be used as a novel white-emitting component of UV radiation-excited devices.

A Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Retention Time Alignment Algorithm To Enhance Chemometric Analysis of Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Separation Data

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pierce, Karisa M.; Wood, Lianna F.; Wright, Bob W.

2005-12-01

A comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) retention time alignment algorithm was developed using a novel indexing scheme. The algorithm is termed comprehensive because it functions to correct the entire chromatogram in both dimensions and it preserves the separation information in both dimensions. Although the algorithm is demonstrated by correcting comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) data, the algorithm is designed to correct shifting in all forms of 2D separations, such as LC x LC, LC x CE, CE x CE, and LC x GC. This 2D alignment algorithm was applied to three different data sets composed of replicate GC x GCmore » separations of (1) three 22-component control mixtures, (2) three gasoline samples, and (3) three diesel samples. The three data sets were collected using slightly different temperature or pressure programs to engender significant retention time shifting in the raw data and then demonstrate subsequent corrections of that shifting upon comprehensive 2D alignment of the data sets. Thirty 12-min GC x GC separations from three 22-component control mixtures were used to evaluate the 2D alignment performance (10 runs/mixture). The average standard deviation of the first column retention time improved 5-fold from 0.020 min (before alignment) to 0.004 min (after alignment). Concurrently, the average standard deviation of second column retention time improved 4-fold from 3.5 ms (before alignment) to 0.8 ms (after alignment). Alignment of the 30 control mixture chromatograms took 20 min. The quantitative integrity of the GC x GC data following 2D alignment was also investigated. The mean integrated signal was determined for all components in the three 22-component mixtures for all 30 replicates. The average percent difference in the integrated signal for each component before and after alignment was 2.6%. Singular value decomposition (SVD) was applied to the 22-component control mixture data before and after alignment to show the restoration of trilinearity to the data, since trilinearity benefits chemometric analysis. By applying comprehensive 2D retention time alignment to all three data sets (control mixtures, gasoline samples, and diesel samples), classification by principal component analysis (PCA) substantially improved, resulting in 100% accurate scores clustering.« less

Ba{sub 2}B{sub 2}O{sub 5}:Ce{sup 3+}: A novel blue emitting phosphor for white LEDs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, Panlai, E-mail: li_panlai@126.com; Wang, Zhijun, E-mail: wangzj1998@126.com; Yang, Zhiping

2014-12-15

Graphical abstract: Under the 350 nm radiation excitation, Ba{sub 2}B{sub 2}O{sub 5}:Ce{sup 3+} has a broad blue emission band. When the temperature turned up to 150 °C, the emission intensity of Ba{sub 1.97}B{sub 2}O{sub 5}:0.03Ce{sup 3+} is 63.4% of the initial value at room temperature. The activation energy ΔE is calculated to be 0.25 eV, which prove the good thermal stability of Ba{sub 2}B{sub 2}O{sub 5}:Ce{sup 3+}. All the properties indicate that Ba{sub 2}B{sub 2}O{sub 5}:Ce{sup 3+} may have potential application in white LEDs. - Highlights: • Ba{sub 2}B{sub 2}O{sub 5}:Ce{sup 3+} has a broad blue emission band under themore » 350 nm radiation excitation. • Emission intensity of Ba{sub 2}B{sub 2}O{sub 5}:Ce{sup 3+} is 63.4% (150 °C) of the initial value (30 °C). • The activation energy ΔE for thermal quenching is 0.25 eV. - Abstract: A novel blue emitting phosphor Ba{sub 2}B{sub 2}O{sub 5}:Ce{sup 3+} is synthesized by a high temperature solid state method. The luminescent property and the thermal stability of Ba{sub 2}B{sub 2}O{sub 5}:Ce{sup 3+} are investigated. Under the 350 nm radiation excitation, Ba{sub 2}B{sub 2}O{sub 5}:Ce{sup 3+} has a broad blue emission band, and the peak locates at 417 nm which is assigned to the 5d{sup 1}–4f{sup 1} transition of Ce{sup 3+}. It is further proved that the dipole–dipole interaction results in the concentration quenching of Ce{sup 3+} in Ba{sub 2}B{sub 2}O{sub 5}:Ce{sup 3+}. When the temperature turned up to 150 °C, the emission intensity of Ba{sub 1.97}B{sub 2}O{sub 5}:0.03Ce{sup 3+} is 63.4% of the initial value at room temperature. The activation energy ΔE is calculated to be 0.25 eV, which prove the good thermal stability of Ba{sub 2}B{sub 2}O{sub 5}:Ce{sup 3+}. All the properties indicate that Ba{sub 2}B{sub 2}O{sub 5}:Ce{sup 3+} may have potential application in white LEDs.« less

Synthesis and effect of Ce and Mn co-doping on photoluminescence characteristics of Ca6AlP5O20:Eu novel phosphors.

PubMed

Shinde, K N; Dhoble, S J

2013-01-01

A series of Ca6AlP5O20 doped with rare earths (Eu and Ce) and co-doped (Eu, Ce and Eu,Mn) were prepared by combustion synthesis. Under Hg-free excitation, Ca6AlP5O20:Eu exhibited Eu(2+) (486 nm) emission in the blue region of the spectrum and under near Hg excitation (245 nm), Ca6AlP5O20:Ce phosphor exhibited Ce(3+) emission (357 nm) in the UV range. Photoluminescence (PL) peak intensity increased in Ca6AlP5O20:Eu,Ce and Ca6AlP5O20:Eu, Mn phosphors due to co-activators of Ce(3+) and Mn(2+) ions. As a result, these ions played an important role in PL emission in the present matrix. Ca6AlP5O20:Eu, Ce and Ca6AlP5O20:Eu, Mn phosphors provided energy transfer mechanisms via Ce(3+) → Eu(2+) and Eu(2+) → Mn(2+), respectively. Eu ions acted as activators and Ce ions acted as sensitizers. Ce emission energy was well matched with Eu excitation energy in the case of Ca6AlP5O20:Eu, Ce and Eu ions acted as activators and Mn ions acted as sensitizers in Ca6AlP5O20:Eu, Mn. This study included synthesis of new and efficient phosphate phosphors. The impact of doping and co-doping on photoluminescence properties and energy transfer mechanisms were investigated and we propose a feasible interpretation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Multi-scale modeling of urban air pollution: development of a Street-in-Grid model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Youngseob; Wu, You; Seigneur, Christian; Roustan, Yelva

2016-04-01

A new multi-scale model of urban air pollution is presented. This model combines a chemical-transport model (CTM) that includes a comprehensive treatment of atmospheric chemistry and transport at spatial scales greater than 1 km and a street-network model that describes the atmospheric concentrations of pollutants in an urban street network. The street-network model is based on the general formulation of the SIRANE model and consists of two main components: a street-canyon component and a street-intersection component. The street-canyon component calculates the mass transfer velocity at the top of the street canyon (roof top) and the mean wind velocity within the street canyon. The estimation of the mass transfer velocity depends on the intensity of the standard deviation of the vertical velocity at roof top. The effect of various formulations of this mass transfer velocity on the pollutant transport at roof-top level is examined. The street-intersection component calculates the mass transfer from a given street to other streets across the intersection. These mass transfer rates among the streets are calculated using the mean wind velocity calculated for each street and are balanced so that the total incoming flow rate is equal to the total outgoing flow rate from the intersection including the flow between the intersection and the overlying atmosphere at roof top. In the default option, the Leighton photostationary cycle among ozone (O3) and nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2) is used to represent the chemical reactions within the street network. However, the influence of volatile organic compounds (VOC) on the pollutant concentrations increases when the nitrogen oxides (NOx) concentrations are low. To account for the possible VOC influence on street-canyon chemistry, the CB05 chemical kinetic mechanism, which includes 35 VOC model species, is implemented in this street-network model. A sensitivity study is conducted to assess the uncertainties associated with the use of the Leighton cycle chemistry. The street-network model is coupled to the CTM Polair3D of the Polyphemus air quality modeling platform to constitute a Street-in-Grid (SinG) model. The street-network model is used to simulate the concentrations of the chemical species in the lowest layer in the urban area and the simulation for the upper layers is then performed by Polair3D. Interactions between the street-network model and the host CTM occur at roof-top and depend on the vertical mass transfer described above. The SinG model is used to simulate the concentrations of gas-phase pollutants (O3 and NOx) in a Paris suburb. The emission data for each street that are needed for the street-network model were obtained from a dynamic traffic model. Topographic data, such as street length/width and building height, were obtained from a geographic database (BD TOPO). Simulated concentrations are compared to concentrations measured at two monitoring stations that were located on each side of a large avenue.

Modelling of green roofs' hydrologic performance using EPA's SWMM.

PubMed

Burszta-Adamiak, E; Mrowiec, M

2013-01-01

Green roofs significantly affect the increase in water retention and thus the management of rain water in urban areas. In Poland, as in many other European countries, excess rainwater resulting from snowmelt and heavy rainfall contributes to the development of local flooding in urban areas. Opportunities to reduce surface runoff and reduce flood risks are among the reasons why green roofs are more likely to be used also in this country. However, there are relatively few data on their in situ performance. In this study the storm water performance was simulated for the green roofs experimental plots using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) with Low Impact Development (LID) Controls module (version 5.0.022). The model consists of many parameters for a particular layer of green roofs but simulation results were unsatisfactory considering the hydrologic response of the green roofs. For the majority of the tested rain events, the Nash coefficient had negative values. It indicates a weak fit between observed and measured flow-rates. Therefore complexity of the LID module does not affect the increase of its accuracy. Further research at a technical scale is needed to determine the role of the green roof slope, vegetation cover and drying process during the inter-event periods.

Green roof adoption in atlanta, georgia: the effects of building characteristics and subsidies on net private, public, and social benefits.

PubMed

Mullen, Jeffrey D; Lamsal, Madhur; Colson, Greg

2013-10-01

This research draws on and expands previous studies that have quantified the costs and benefits associated with conventional roofs versus green roofs. Using parameters from those studies to define alternative scenarios, we estimate from a private, public, and social perspective the costs and benefits of installing and maintaining an extensive green roof in Atlanta, GA. Results indicate net private benefits are a decreasing function of roof size and vary considerably across scenarios. In contrast, net public benefits are highly stable across scenarios, ranging from $32.49 to $32.90 m(-2). In addition, we evaluate two alternative subsidy regimes: (i) a general subsidy provided to every building that adopts a green roof and (ii) a targeted subsidy provided only to buildings for which net private benefits are negative but net public benefits are positive. In 6 of the 12 general subsidy scenarios the optimal public policy is not to offer a subsidy; in 5 scenarios the optimal subsidy rate is between $20 and $27 m(-2); and in 1 scenario the optimal rate is $5 m(-2). The optimal rate with a targeted subsidy is between $20 and $27 m(-2) in 11 scenarios and no subsidy is optimal in the twelfth. In most scenarios, a significant portion of net public benefits are generated by buildings for which net private benefits are positive. This suggests a policy focused on information dissemination and technical assistance may be more cost-effective than direct subsidy payments.

Characterization and first flush analysis in road and roof runoff in Shenyang, China.

PubMed

Li, Chunlin; Liu, Miao; Hu, Yuanman; Gong, Jiping; Sun, Fengyun; Xu, Yanyan

2014-01-01

As urbanization increases, urban runoff is an increasingly important component of total urban non-point source pollution. In this study, the properties of urban runoff were examined in Shenyang, in northeastern China. Runoff samples from a tiled roof, a concrete roof and a main road were analyzed for key pollutants (total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), chemical oxygen demand (COD), Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn). The event mean concentration, site mean concentration, M(V) curves (dimensionless cumulative curve of pollutant load with runoff volume), and mass first flush ratio (MFF30) were used to analyze the characteristics of pollutant discharge and first flush (FF) effect. For all events, the pollutant concentration peaks occurred in the first half-hour after the runoff appeared and preceded the flow peaks. TN is the main pollutant in roof runoff. TSS, TN, TP, Pb, and Cr are the main pollutants in road runoff in Shenyang. There was a significant correlation between TSS and other pollutants except TN in runoff, which illustrated that TSS was an important carrier of organic matter and heavy metals. TN had strong positive correlations with total rainfall (Pearson's r = 0.927), average rainfall (Pearson's r = 0.995), and maximum rainfall intensity (Pearson's r = 0.991). TP had a strong correlation with rainfall intensity (Pearson's r = 0.940). A significant positive correlation between COD and rainfall duration (Pearson's r = 0.902, significance level = 0.05) was found. The order of FF intensity in different surfaces was concrete roof > tile roof > road. Rainfall duration and the length of the antecedent dry period were positively correlated with the FF. TN tended to exhibit strong flush for some events. Heavy metals showed a substantially stronger FF than other pollutant.

Zic1 and Zic4 regulate zebrafish roof plate specification and hindbrain ventricle morphogenesis

PubMed Central

Elsen, Gina E.; Choi, Louis; Millen, Kathleen; Grinblat, Yevgenya; Prince, Victoria E.

2008-01-01

During development, the lumen of the neural tube develops into a system of brain cavities or ventricles, which play important roles in normal CNS function. We have established that the formation of the hindbrain (4th) ventricle in zebrafish is dependent upon the pleiotropic functions of the genes implicated in human Dandy Walker Malformation, Zic1 and Zic4. Using morpholino knockdown we show that zebrafish Zic1 and Zic4 are required for normal morphogenesis of the 4th ventricle. In Zic1 and/or Zic4 morphants the ventricle does not open properly, but remains completely or partially fused from the level of rhombomere (r) 2 towards the posterior. In the absence of Zic function early hindbrain regionalization and neural crest development remain unaffected, but dorsal hindbrain progenitor cell proliferation is significantly reduced. Importantly, we find that Zic1 and Zic4 are required for development of the dorsal roof plate. In Zic morphants expression of roof plate markers, including lmx1b.1 and lmx1b.2, is disrupted. We further demonstrate that zebrafish Lmx1b function is required for both hindbrain roof plate development and 4th ventricle morphogenesis, confirming that roof plate formation is a critical component of ventricle development. Finally, we show that dorsal rhombomere boundary signaling centers depend on Zic1 and Zic4 function and on roof plate signals, and provide evidence that these boundary signals are also required for ventricle morphogenesis. In summary, we conclude that Zic1 and Zic4 control zebrafish 4th ventricle morphogenesis by regulating multiple mechanisms including cell proliferation and fate specification in the dorsal hindbrain. PMID:18191121

Magnetic excitations in Kondo liquid: superconductivity and hidden magnetic quantum critical fluctuations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yang, Yifeng; Urbano, Ricardo; Nicholas, Curro

2009-01-01

We report Knight shift experiments on the superconducting heavy electron material CeCoIn{sub 5} that allow one to track with some precision the behavior of the heavy electron Kondo liquid in the superconducting state with results in agreement with BCS theory. An analysis of the {sup 115}In nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spin-lattice relaxation rate T{sub 1}{sup -1} measurements under pressure reveals the presence of 2d magnetic quantum critical fluctuations in the heavy electron component that are a promising candidate for the pairing mechanism in this material. Our results are consistent with an antiferromagnetic quantum critical point (QCP) located at slightly negativemore » pressure in CeCoIn{sub 5} and provide additional evidence for significant similarities between the heavy electron materials and the high T{sub c} cuprates.« less

Indoor climate and moisture durability performances of houses with unvented attic roof constructions in a mixed-humid climate.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pallin, Simon B.; Boudreaux, Philip R.; Jackson, Roderick K.

2014-10-01

A sealed or unvented attic is an energy-efficient envelope component that can reduce the amount of energy a house consumes for space conditioning if the air handler and/or ducts are located in the attic. The attic is typically sealed by using spray foam on the underside of the roof deck and covering the soffit, ridge and gable vents to minimize air leakage from the attic to the outside. This approach can save up to 10% in space-conditioning energy when ducts are located in the attic (DOE 2013). Past research done by ORNL and Florida Solar Energy Center suggests that inmore » more hot, humid climates, an unvented attic could potentially create a more humid, uncomfortable living environment than a vented attic (Colon 2011, Boudreaux, Pallin et al. 2013). Research showed that controlling the higher indoor humidity could reduce the energy savings from the sealed, unvented attic, which in turn would decrease the energy savings payback. Research also showed that the roof assembly (5.5 inches of open-cell foam, 1inch of closed-cell foam, OSB, felt paper, and asphalt shingles) stored moisture, thus acting as a moisture buffer. During the fall and winter, the roof assembly stored moisture and during the spring and summer it released moisture. This phenomenon is not seen in a vented attic, in which the air exchange rate to the outside is greater and, in the winter, helps to dehumidify the attic air. It was also seen that in a vented attic, the direction of water vapor diffusion is on average from the attic to the interior of the house. Air leakage from the attic to the interior also occurs during more of the year in a house with an unvented attic than in one with a vented attic. These discoveries show that the moisture dynamics in a house with an unvented attic are much different from those in a house with a vented attic. This study reports on a series of computer model investigations completed to determine the key variables impacting indoor comfort and the durability of roof assemblies against moisture. The key variables investigated were the leakage area from the attic to the outside, leakage area from the attic to the interior, leakage area from the interior to the outside, supply duct leakage in the attic, and interior moisture generation. These investigations are described in this report.« less

Evaluation of critical distances for energy transfer between Pr{sup 3+} and Ce{sup 3+} in yttrium aluminium garnet

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zeng, Peng; Wei, Xiantao; Yin, Min

A series of Pr{sup 3+}/Ce{sup 3+} doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Y{sub 3}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12} or simply YAG) phosphors were synthesized to investigate the energy transfer between Pr{sup 3+} and Ce{sup 3+} for their potential application in a white light-emitting diode and quantum information storage and processing. The excitation and emission spectra of YAG:Pr{sup 3+}/Ce{sup 3+} were measured and analyzed, and it revealed that the reabsorption between Pr{sup 3+} and Ce{sup 3+} was so weak that it can be ignored, and the energy transfer from Pr{sup 3+} (5d) to Ce{sup 3+} (5d) and Ce{sup 3+} (5d) to Pr{sup 3+} ({sup 1}D{submore » 2}) did occur. By analyzing the excitation and the emission spectra, the energy transfer from Pr{sup 3+} (5d) to Ce{sup 3+} (5d) and Ce{sup 3+} (5d) to Pr{sup 3+} ({sup 1}D{sub 2}) was examined in detail with an original strategy deduced from fluorescence dynamics and the Dexter energy transfer theory, and the critical distances of energy transfer were derived to be 7.9 Å and 4.0 Å for Pr{sup 3+} (5d) to Ce{sup 3+} (5d) and Ce{sup 3+} (5d) to Pr{sup 3+} ({sup 1}D{sub 2}), respectively. The energy transfer rates of the two processes of various concentrations were discussed and evaluated. Furthermore, for the purpose of sensing a single Pr{sup 3+} state with a Ce{sup 3+} ion, the optimal distance of Ce{sup 3+} from Pr{sup 3+} was evaluated as 5.60 Å, where the probability of success reaches its maximum value of 78.66%, and meanwhile the probabilities were evaluated for a series of Y{sup 3+} sites in a YAG lattice. These results will be of valuable reference for achievement of the optimal energy transfer efficiency in Pr{sup 3+}/Ce{sup 3+} doped YAG and other similar systems.« less

[A review of green roof performance towards management of roof runoff].

PubMed

Chen, Xiao-ping; Huang, Pei; Zhou, Zhi-xiang; Gao, Chi

2015-08-01

Green roof has a significant influence on reducing runoff volume, delaying runoff-yielding time, reducing the peak flow and improving runoff quality. This paper addressed the related research around the world and concluded from several aspects, i.e., the definition of green roof of different types, the mechanism how green roof manages runoff quantity and quality, the ability how green roof controls roof runoff, and the influence factors of green roof toward runoff quantity and quality. Afterwards, there was a need for more future work on research of green roof toward roof runoff, i.e., vegetation selection of green roof, efficient construction model selection of green roof, the regulating characteristics of green roof on roof runoff, the value assessment of green roof on roof runoff, analysis of source-sink function of green roof on the water pollutants of roof runoff and the research on the mitigation measures of roof runoff pollution. This paper provided a guideline to develop green roofs aiming to regulating roof runoff.

Method for phosphorothioate antisense DNA sequencing by capillary electrophoresis with UV detection.

PubMed

Froim, D; Hopkins, C E; Belenky, A; Cohen, A S

1997-11-01

The progress of antisense DNA therapy demands development of reliable and convenient methods for sequencing short single-stranded oligonucleotides. A method of phosphorothioate antisense DNA sequencing analysis using UV detection coupled to capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been developed based on a modified chain termination sequencing method. The proposed method reduces the sequencing cost since it uses affordable CE-UV instrumentation and requires no labeling with minimal sample processing before analysis. Cycle sequencing with ThermoSequenase generates quantities of sequencing products that are readily detectable by UV. Discrimination of undesired components from sequencing products in the reaction mixture, previously accomplished by fluorescent or radioactive labeling, is now achieved by bringing concentrations of undesired components below the UV detection range which yields a 'clean', well defined sequence. UV detection coupled with CE offers additional conveniences for sequencing since it can be accomplished with commercially available CE-UV equipment and is readily amenable to automation.

Method for phosphorothioate antisense DNA sequencing by capillary electrophoresis with UV detection.

PubMed Central

Froim, D; Hopkins, C E; Belenky, A; Cohen, A S

1997-01-01

The progress of antisense DNA therapy demands development of reliable and convenient methods for sequencing short single-stranded oligonucleotides. A method of phosphorothioate antisense DNA sequencing analysis using UV detection coupled to capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been developed based on a modified chain termination sequencing method. The proposed method reduces the sequencing cost since it uses affordable CE-UV instrumentation and requires no labeling with minimal sample processing before analysis. Cycle sequencing with ThermoSequenase generates quantities of sequencing products that are readily detectable by UV. Discrimination of undesired components from sequencing products in the reaction mixture, previously accomplished by fluorescent or radioactive labeling, is now achieved by bringing concentrations of undesired components below the UV detection range which yields a 'clean', well defined sequence. UV detection coupled with CE offers additional conveniences for sequencing since it can be accomplished with commercially available CE-UV equipment and is readily amenable to automation. PMID:9336449

Effect of the Cerium Oxide (CeO2) on the Structural and Electrochemical Properties of the LaNi5Ce Metal Hydride Anode

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Utami Hapsari, Ade; Zulfia, Anne; Raharjo, Jarot; Agustanhakri

2017-07-01

One of negative electrode, AB5-type alloy electrodes, have been extensively studied and applied in rechargeable Ni-MH batteries due to their excellent electrochemical characteristics. Some researchers have found that addition of rare earth oxides (La, Ce, Pr, Er, Tm, Yb) to AB5-type alloy (MH) electrode improves battery performance significantly. Cerium Oxide (CeO2) is a light rare earth oxide is widely obtained from the processing of tailings in mining activities. During this time, there is still little data for research applications of cerium oxide for electrode materials. In this paper, the effects of adding CeO2 on the performance metal hydride electrode were investigated. In order to study the effects of CeO2 on the performance of anode material, 1%, 2%, and 3% of weight ratio CeO2 was mixed to LaNi5 as an negative electrode. The powder mixtures were mechanically milled at a speed of rpm 240 for 2 hours using ball mill. The powder mixtures were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Electrochemical characteristics were measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The powder mixing showed the presence of Ce atom substitution into LaNi5 structures that affect the electrochemical properties of the material. The addition of cerium oxide at LaNi5 increase of the value of impedance. However, the addition of the value of impedance at 1% CeO2 is not significant when compared with the addition of 2% and 3% CeO2 that actually make the electrochemical properties of LaNi5 worst. Although the addition of 1% CeO2 also slightly increases the impedance value of LaNi5, but the addition of 1% CeO2 showed increase the corrosion resistance than without the addition of CeO2 and the addition of 2% and 3% CeO2.

Blast Transport of Debris from Scale Model Buildings, Volume I - Chapters 1 through 5,

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-01-18

Laboratories, Inc. Whippany, New Jersey 07981 I . CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE Director 18 January 1979 Defense Nuclear Agency 3...NUMBER OF PAGES Washington, D.C. 20305 178 14 MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(if different from Controlling Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS (of ths report...FRONT (2 BLDGS) I I SIDES (2 BLOCS) I I BACK (2 BLDGS) I I ROOF w I ROOF 0 Ii FRONT (28LDGS) VI I SIDES (2 BLDCS ) (2 BLOS 1 ROOF 1 OOi FRONT (2

A research of selected textural features for detection of asbestos-cement roofing sheets using orthoimages

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Książek, Judyta

2015-10-01

At present, there has been a great interest in the development of texture based image classification methods in many different areas. This study presents the results of research carried out to assess the usefulness of selected textural features for detection of asbestos-cement roofs in orthophotomap classification. Two different orthophotomaps of southern Poland (with ground resolution: 5 cm and 25 cm) were used. On both orthoimages representative samples for two classes: asbestos-cement roofing sheets and other roofing materials were selected. Estimation of texture analysis usefulness was conducted using machine learning methods based on decision trees (C5.0 algorithm). For this purpose, various sets of texture parameters were calculated in MaZda software. During the calculation of decision trees different numbers of texture parameters groups were considered. In order to obtain the best settings for decision trees models cross-validation was performed. Decision trees models with the lowest mean classification error were selected. The accuracy of the classification was held based on validation data sets, which were not used for the classification learning. For 5 cm ground resolution samples, the lowest mean classification error was 15.6%. The lowest mean classification error in the case of 25 cm ground resolution was 20.0%. The obtained results confirm potential usefulness of the texture parameter image processing for detection of asbestos-cement roofing sheets. In order to improve the accuracy another extended study should be considered in which additional textural features as well as spectral characteristics should be analyzed.

An experimental study of the behaviour of cerium/molybdenum ratios during subduction: Implications for tracing the slab component in the Lesser Antilles and Mariana Arc

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Skora, Susanne; Freymuth, Heye; Blundy, Jon; Elliott, Tim; Guillong, Marcel

2017-09-01

Arc magmas are very distinct in their geochemical signatures, a consequence of trace element enriched components from the subducting slab that are incorporated into melts of the overlying mantle wedge. However, it is not always straightforward to distinguish such slab components from assimilation of crustal rocks during subsequent differentiation, given that both reservoirs can share similar geochemical characteristics. This has prompted the development of new tools, such as 98Mo/95Mo analyses used in combination with Ce/Mo measurements. The diverse range of δ98/95Mo in the surface environment gives rise to variable isotopic compositions of subducted Mo. Most diagnostic of these is the extremely isotopically heavy Mo in marine black shales, such as those drilled in the vicinity of the Lesser Antilles. However, subducting assemblages are invariably complex and differing melting behaviours and contrasting δ98/95Mo of various crustal components may counter-balance one another, requiring a more detailed investigation of the behaviour of Mo and Ce in the down-going slab. This study is dedicated to identifying possible hosts for Mo and Ce in sediments and basalt at sub-arc depths. New melting experiments were performed (3 GPa, 800-900 °C), using synthetic carbon-rich black shale and calcareous sediment compositions from the Lesser Antilles arc. In addition, new analyses of Mo concentrations and Ce/Mo data of previously published partial melting studies on altered oceanic crust and volcaniclastics (Mariana Arc) are presented. Our study suggests that sulfide and to a lesser extent rutile are the major hosts for Mo in eclogites, whereas the presence or absence of monazite (Ca-poor sediments), epidote (Ca-rich sediments) and carbonate (CaCO3-rich sediments) controls Ce concentrations in sediments. Redox conditions are found to be of great importance for the Ce/Mo ratios of slab components derived from these lithologies because of their influence on sulfide and epidote stability. It is further shown that rutile only hosts Mo at suitably reducing conditions, in concordance with previous studies. The combination of measured Ce/Mo with our experimental results thus places important constrains on phase petrology and redox conditions in the subducted slab.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

none,

This case study describes a DOE Zero Energy Ready Home in Houston, Texas, that scored HERS 39 without PV and HERS 29 with PV. This 5,947 ft2 custom home has 11.5-inch ICF walls. The attic is insulated along the roof line with 5 to 7 inches of open-cell spray foam. Most of the home's drinking water is supplied by a 11,500-gallon rainwater cistern. Hurricane strapping connects the roof to the walls. The triple-pane windows are impact resistant. The foundation is a raised slab.

Overexpressing corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the primate amygdala increases anxious temperament and alters its neural circuit

PubMed Central

Kalin, Ned H; Fox, Andrew S; Kovner, Rothem; Riedel, Marissa K; Fekete, Eva M; Roseboom, Patrick H; Tromp, Do P M; Grabow, Benjamin P; Olsen, Miles E; Brodsky, Ethan K; McFarlin, Daniel R.; Alexander, Andrew L; Emborg, Marina E; Block, Walter F; Fudge, Julie L; Oler, Jonathan A

2016-01-01

Background Nonhuman primate models are critical for understanding mechanisms underlying human psychopathology. We established a non-human primate model of anxious temperament (AT) for studying the early-life risk to develop anxiety and depression. Studies have identified the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) as an essential component of AT’s neural substrates. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is expressed in the Ce, has a role in stress, and is linked to psychopathology. Here, in young rhesus monkeys, we combined viral vector technology with assessments of anxiety and multimodal neuroimaging to understand the consequences of chronically increased CRH in the Ce-region. Methods Using real-time intraoperative MRI-guided convection-enhanced delivery, 5 monkeys received bilateral dorsal amygdala Ce-region infusions of adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2) containing the CRH construct. Their cage-mates served as unoperated controls. AT, regional brain metabolism, “resting” fMRI, and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were assessed before and two months after viral infusions. Results Dorsal amygdala CRH overexpression significantly increased AT and metabolism within the dorsal amygdala. Additionally, we observed changes in metabolism in other AT-related regions, as well as in measures of functional and structural connectivity. Conclusion This study provides a translational roadmap that is important for understanding human psychopathology by combining molecular manipulations used in rodents with behavioral phenotyping and multimodal neuroimaging measures used in humans. The results indicate that chronic CRH overexpression in primates not only increases AT, but also affects metabolism and connectivity within components of AT’s neural circuitry. PMID:27016385

Role of flue gas components in mercury oxidation over TiO2 supported MnOx-CeO2 mixed-oxide at low temperature.

PubMed

Li, Hailong; Wu, Chang-Yu; Li, Ying; Li, Liqing; Zhao, Yongchun; Zhang, Junying

2012-12-01

MnO(x)-CeO(2) mixed-oxide supported on TiO(2) (Mn-Ce/Ti) was synthesized by an ultrasound-assisted impregnation method and employed to oxidize elemental mercury (Hg(0)) at 200°C in simulated coal combustion flue gas. Over 90% of Hg(0) oxidation was achieved on the Mn-Ce/Ti catalyst at 200°C under simulated flue gas representing those from burning low-rank coals with a high gas hourly space velocity of 60,000 h(-1). Gas-phase O(2) regenerated the lattice oxygen and replenished the chemisorbed oxygen, which facilitated Hg(0) oxidation. HCl was the most effective flue gas component responsible for Hg(0) oxidation. 10 ppm HCl plus 4% O(2) resulted in 100% Hg(0) oxidation under the experimental conditions. SO(2) competed with Hg(0) for active sites, thus deactivating the catalyst's capability in oxidizing Hg(0). NO covered the active sites and consumed surface oxygen active for Hg(0) oxidation, hence limiting Hg(0) oxidation. Water vapor showed prohibitive effect on Hg(0) oxidation due to its competition with HCl and Hg(0) for active adsorption sites. This study provides information about the promotional or inhibitory effects of individual flue gas components on Hg(0) oxidation over a highly effective Mn-Ce/Ti catalyst. Such knowledge is of fundamental importance for industrial applications of the Mn-Ce/Ti catalyst in coal-fired power plants. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

ETR ELECTRICAL BUILDING, TRA648. ELEVATIONS AND DETAILS. ROOF PLAN. DOOR ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

ETR ELECTRICAL BUILDING, TRA-648. ELEVATIONS AND DETAILS. ROOF PLAN. DOOR SCHEDULE. KAISER ETR-5528-MTR-648-A-3, 1/1956. INL INDEX NO. 532-0648-00-486-101403, REV. 5. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Test Reactor Area, Materials & Engineering Test Reactors, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Influence of roofing shingles on asphalt concrete mixture properties. Final report

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1993-06-01

It is estimated that the production of new roofing shingles generates approximately 1,000,000 tons of waste annually in the U.S., and about 36,000 tons of this waste is in the Twin Cities Metro Area of Minnesota. With another 8.5 million tons of wast...

40 CFR 59.401 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... appurtenances, to portable buildings, to pavements, or to curbs. This definition excludes adhesives and coatings... for roofing, pavement sealing, or waterproofing that incorporates bitumens. Bitumens are black or...-component product. Conversion varnishes produce a hard, durable, clear finish designed for professional...

40 CFR 59.401 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... appurtenances, to portable buildings, to pavements, or to curbs. This definition excludes adhesives and coatings... for roofing, pavement sealing, or waterproofing that incorporates bitumens. Bitumens are black or...-component product. Conversion varnishes produce a hard, durable, clear finish designed for professional...

40 CFR 59.401 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... appurtenances, to portable buildings, to pavements, or to curbs. This definition excludes adhesives and coatings... for roofing, pavement sealing, or waterproofing that incorporates bitumens. Bitumens are black or...-component product. Conversion varnishes produce a hard, durable, clear finish designed for professional...

40 CFR 59.401 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... appurtenances, to portable buildings, to pavements, or to curbs. This definition excludes adhesives and coatings... for roofing, pavement sealing, or waterproofing that incorporates bitumens. Bitumens are black or...-component product. Conversion varnishes produce a hard, durable, clear finish designed for professional...

40 CFR 59.401 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... appurtenances, to portable buildings, to pavements, or to curbs. This definition excludes adhesives and coatings... for roofing, pavement sealing, or waterproofing that incorporates bitumens. Bitumens are black or...-component product. Conversion varnishes produce a hard, durable, clear finish designed for professional...

Fundamentals and Catalytic Applications of CeO2-Based Materials.

PubMed

Montini, Tiziano; Melchionna, Michele; Monai, Matteo; Fornasiero, Paolo

2016-05-25

Cerium dioxide (CeO2, ceria) is becoming an ubiquitous constituent in catalytic systems for a variety of applications. 2016 sees the 40(th) anniversary since ceria was first employed by Ford Motor Company as an oxygen storage component in car converters, to become in the years since its inception an irreplaceable component in three-way catalysts (TWCs). Apart from this well-established use, ceria is looming as a catalyst component for a wide range of catalytic applications. For some of these, such as fuel cells, CeO2-based materials have almost reached the market stage, while for some other catalytic reactions, such as reforming processes, photocatalysis, water-gas shift reaction, thermochemical water splitting, and organic reactions, ceria is emerging as a unique material, holding great promise for future market breakthroughs. While much knowledge about the fundamental characteristics of CeO2-based materials has already been acquired, new characterization techniques and powerful theoretical methods are deepening our understanding of these materials, helping us to predict their behavior and application potential. This review has a wide view on all those aspects related to ceria which promise to produce an important impact on our life, encompassing fundamental knowledge of CeO2 and its properties, characterization toolbox, emerging features, theoretical studies, and all the catalytic applications, organized by their degree of establishment on the market.

Magnetic interactions in equi-atomic rare-earth intermetallic alloys RScGe (R = Ce, Pr, Nd and Gd) studied by time differential perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy and ab initio calculations.

PubMed

Mishra, S N

2009-03-18

Applying the time differential perturbed angular correlation (TDPAC) technique we have measured electric and magnetic hyperfine fields of the (111)Cd impurity in equi-atomic rare-earth intermetallic alloys RScGe (R = Ce, Pr and Gd) showing antiferro- and ferromagnetism with unusually high ordering temperatures. The Cd nuclei occupying the Sc site show high magnetic hyperfine fields with saturation values B(hf)(0) = 21 kG, 45 kG and 189 kG in CeScGe, PrScGe and GdScGe, respectively. By comparing the results with the hyperfine field data of Cd in rare-earth metals and estimations from the RKKY model, we find evidence for the presence of additional spin density at the probe nucleus, possibly due to spin polarization of Sc d band electrons. The principal electric field gradient component V(zz) in CeScGe, PrScGe and GdScGe has been determined to be 5.3 × 10(21) V m(-2), 5.5 × 10(21) V m(-2) and 5.6 × 10(21) V m(-2), respectively. Supplementing the experimental measurements, we have carried out ab initio calculations for pure and Cd-doped RScGe compounds with R = Ce, Pr, Nd and Gd using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FLAPW) method based on density functional theory (DFT). From the total energies calculated with and without spin polarization we find ferrimagnetic ground states for CeScGe and PrScGe while NdScGe and GdScGe are ferromagnetic. In addition, we find a sizable magnetic moment at the Sc site, increasing from ≈0.10 μ(B) in CeScGe to ≈0.3 μ(B) in GdScGe, confirming the spin polarization of Sc d band electrons. The calculated electric field gradient and magnetic hyperfine fields of the Cd impurity closely agree with the experimental values. We believe spin polarization of Sc 3d band electrons, strongly hybridized with spin polarized 5d band electrons of the rare-earth, enables a long range Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) interaction between RE 4f moments which in turn leads to high magnetic ordering temperatures in RScGe compounds.

The development of Ce3+-activated (Gd,Lu)3Al5O12 garnet solid solutions as efficient yellow-emitting phosphors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Jinkai; Li, Ji-Guang; Liu, Shaohong; Li, Xiaodong; Sun, Xudong; Sakka, Yoshio

2013-10-01

Ce3+-activated Gd3Al5O12 garnet, effectively stabilized by Lu3+ doping, has been developed for new yellow-emitting phosphors. The powder processing of [(Gd1-xLux)1-yCey]3Al5O12 solid solutions was achieved through precursor synthesis via carbonate precipitation, followed by annealing. The resultant (Gd,Lu)AG:Ce3+ phosphor particles exhibit typical yellow emission at ˜570 nm (5d-4f transition of Ce3+) upon blue-light excitation at ˜457 nm (the 2F5/2-5d transition of Ce3+). The quenching concentration of Ce3+ was determined to be ˜1.0 at% (y = 0.01) and the quenching mechanism was suggested to be driven by exchange interactions. The best luminescent [(Gd0.9Lu0.1)0.99Ce0.01]AG phosphor is comparative to the well-known YAG:Ce3+ in emission intensity but has a substantially red-shifted emission band that is desired for warm-white lighting. The effects of processing temperature (1000-1500 °C) on the spectroscopic properties of the phosphors, especially those of Lu3+/Ce3+, were thoroughly investigated and discussed from the centroid position and crystal field splitting of the Ce3+ 5d energy levels.

A modelling study of the event-based retention performance of green roof under the hot-humid tropical climate in Kuching.

PubMed

Chai, C T; Putuhena, F J; Selaman, O S

2017-12-01

The influences of climate on the retention capability of green roof have been widely discussed in existing literature. However, knowledge on how the retention capability of green roof is affected by the tropical climate is limited. This paper highlights the retention performance of the green roof situated in Kuching under hot-humid tropical climatic conditions. Using the green roof water balance modelling approach, this study simulated the hourly runoff generated from a virtual green roof from November 2012 to October 2013 based on past meteorological data. The result showed that the overall retention performance was satisfactory with a mean retention rate of 72.5% from 380 analysed rainfall events but reduced to 12.0% only for the events that potentially trigger the occurrence of flash flood. By performing the Spearman rank's correlation analysis, it was found that the rainfall depth and mean rainfall intensity, individually, had a strong negative correlation with event retention rate, suggesting that the retention rate increases with decreased rainfall depth. The expected direct relationship between retention rate and antecedent dry weather period was found to be event size dependent.

Development of spectral indices for roofing material condition status detection using field spectroscopy and WorldView-3 data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Samsudin, Sarah Hanim; Shafri, Helmi Z. M.; Hamedianfar, Alireza

2016-04-01

Status observations of roofing material degradation are constantly evolving due to urban feature heterogeneities. Although advanced classification techniques have been introduced to improve within-class impervious surface classifications, these techniques involve complex processing and high computation times. This study integrates field spectroscopy and satellite multispectral remote sensing data to generate degradation status maps of concrete and metal roofing materials. Field spectroscopy data were used as bases for selecting suitable bands for spectral index development because of the limited number of multispectral bands. Mapping methods for roof degradation status were established for metal and concrete roofing materials by developing the normalized difference concrete condition index (NDCCI) and the normalized difference metal condition index (NDMCI). Results indicate that the accuracies achieved using the spectral indices are higher than those obtained using supervised pixel-based classification. The NDCCI generated an accuracy of 84.44%, whereas the support vector machine (SVM) approach yielded an accuracy of 73.06%. The NDMCI obtained an accuracy of 94.17% compared with 62.5% for the SVM approach. These findings support the suitability of the developed spectral index methods for determining roof degradation statuses from satellite observations in heterogeneous urban environments.

Energy Resolution and Temperature Dependence of Ce:GAGG Coupled to 3mm × 3mm Silicon Photomultipliers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Seitz, B.; Rivera, N. Campos; Stewart, A. G.

2016-04-01

Scintillators are a critical component of sensor systems for the detection of ionizing radiation. Such systems have a diverse portfolio of applications from medical imaging, well logging in oil exploration, and detection systems for the prevention of the illicit movement of nuclear materials. The rare earth element cerium is an ideal dopant for a variety of host scintillating materials due to the fast 5d1 → 4f radiative transition of Ce3+. Cerium-doped gadolinium aluminium gallium garnet (Ce:GAGG) is a relatively new single crystal scintillator with several interesting properties. These include high light yield, an emission peak well-matched to silicon sensors, and low intrinsic energy resolution. Moreover, the material has high density and is nonhygroscopic. In this paper, we review the properties of cerium-doped GAGG and report energy-resolution (ER) measurements over the temperature range -10°C to +50°C for 3 × 3 × 30 mm3 Ce:GAGG crystals optically coupled to a silicon photomultipler (SiPM) sensor with a 3 mm × 3 mm active area. In addition, the linearity of the scintillator-SiPM response as a function of gamma energy is reported.

Fractionating the neural correlates of individual working memory components underlying arithmetic problem solving skills in children.

PubMed

Metcalfe, Arron W S; Ashkenazi, Sarit; Rosenberg-Lee, Miriam; Menon, Vinod

2013-10-01

Baddeley and Hitch's multi-component working memory (WM) model has played an enduring and influential role in our understanding of cognitive abilities. Very little is known, however, about the neural basis of this multi-component WM model and the differential role each component plays in mediating arithmetic problem solving abilities in children. Here, we investigate the neural basis of the central executive (CE), phonological (PL) and visuo-spatial (VS) components of WM during a demanding mental arithmetic task in 7-9 year old children (N=74). The VS component was the strongest predictor of math ability in children and was associated with increased arithmetic complexity-related responses in left dorsolateral and right ventrolateral prefrontal cortices as well as bilateral intra-parietal sulcus and supramarginal gyrus in posterior parietal cortex. Critically, VS, CE and PL abilities were associated with largely distinct patterns of brain response. Overlap between VS and CE components was observed in left supramarginal gyrus and no overlap was observed between VS and PL components. Our findings point to a central role of visuo-spatial WM during arithmetic problem-solving in young grade-school children and highlight the usefulness of the multi-component Baddeley and Hitch WM model in fractionating the neural correlates of arithmetic problem solving during development. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Characterisation of Antigen B Protein Species Present in the Hydatid Cyst Fluid of Echinococcus canadensis G7 Genotype

PubMed Central

Folle, Ana Maite; Kitano, Eduardo S.; Lima, Analía; Gil, Magdalena; Cucher, Marcela; Mourglia-Ettlin, Gustavo; Iwai, Leo K.; Rosenzvit, Mara; Batthyány, Carlos

2017-01-01

The larva of cestodes belonging to the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) complex causes cystic echinococcosis (CE). It is a globally distributed zoonosis with significant economic and public health impact. The most immunogenic and specific Echinococcus-genus antigen for human CE diagnosis is antigen B (AgB), an abundant lipoprotein of the hydatid cyst fluid (HF). The AgB protein moiety (apolipoprotein) is encoded by five genes (AgB1-AgB5), which generate mature 8 kDa proteins (AgB8/1-AgB8/5). These genes seem to be differentially expressed among Echinococcus species. Since AgB immunogenicity lies on its protein moiety, differences in AgB expression within E. granulosus s.l. complex might have diagnostic and epidemiological relevance for discriminating the contribution of distinct species to human CE. Interestingly, AgB2 was proposed as a pseudogene in E. canadensis, which is the second most common cause of human CE, but proteomic studies for verifying it have not been performed yet. Herein, we analysed the protein and lipid composition of AgB obtained from fertile HF of swine origin (E. canadensis G7 genotype). AgB apolipoproteins were identified and quantified using mass spectrometry tools. Results showed that AgB8/1 was the major protein component, representing 71% of total AgB apolipoproteins, followed by AgB8/4 (15.5%), AgB8/3 (13.2%) and AgB8/5 (0.3%). AgB8/2 was not detected. As a methodological control, a parallel analysis detected all AgB apolipoproteins in bovine fertile HF (G1/3/5 genotypes). Overall, E. canadensis AgB comprised mostly AgB8/1 together with a heterogeneous mixture of lipids, and AgB8/2 was not detected despite using high sensitivity proteomic techniques. This endorses genomic data supporting that AgB2 behaves as a pseudogene in G7 genotype. Since recombinant AgB8/2 has been found to be diagnostically valuable for human CE, our findings indicate that its use as antigen in immunoassays could contribute to false negative results in areas where E. canadensis circulates. Furthermore, the presence of anti-AgB8/2 antibodies in serum may represent a useful parameter to rule out E. canadensis infection when human CE is diagnosed. PMID:28045899

Characterisation of Antigen B Protein Species Present in the Hydatid Cyst Fluid of Echinococcus canadensis G7 Genotype.

PubMed

Folle, Ana Maite; Kitano, Eduardo S; Lima, Analía; Gil, Magdalena; Cucher, Marcela; Mourglia-Ettlin, Gustavo; Iwai, Leo K; Rosenzvit, Mara; Batthyány, Carlos; Ferreira, Ana María

2017-01-01

The larva of cestodes belonging to the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) complex causes cystic echinococcosis (CE). It is a globally distributed zoonosis with significant economic and public health impact. The most immunogenic and specific Echinococcus-genus antigen for human CE diagnosis is antigen B (AgB), an abundant lipoprotein of the hydatid cyst fluid (HF). The AgB protein moiety (apolipoprotein) is encoded by five genes (AgB1-AgB5), which generate mature 8 kDa proteins (AgB8/1-AgB8/5). These genes seem to be differentially expressed among Echinococcus species. Since AgB immunogenicity lies on its protein moiety, differences in AgB expression within E. granulosus s.l. complex might have diagnostic and epidemiological relevance for discriminating the contribution of distinct species to human CE. Interestingly, AgB2 was proposed as a pseudogene in E. canadensis, which is the second most common cause of human CE, but proteomic studies for verifying it have not been performed yet. Herein, we analysed the protein and lipid composition of AgB obtained from fertile HF of swine origin (E. canadensis G7 genotype). AgB apolipoproteins were identified and quantified using mass spectrometry tools. Results showed that AgB8/1 was the major protein component, representing 71% of total AgB apolipoproteins, followed by AgB8/4 (15.5%), AgB8/3 (13.2%) and AgB8/5 (0.3%). AgB8/2 was not detected. As a methodological control, a parallel analysis detected all AgB apolipoproteins in bovine fertile HF (G1/3/5 genotypes). Overall, E. canadensis AgB comprised mostly AgB8/1 together with a heterogeneous mixture of lipids, and AgB8/2 was not detected despite using high sensitivity proteomic techniques. This endorses genomic data supporting that AgB2 behaves as a pseudogene in G7 genotype. Since recombinant AgB8/2 has been found to be diagnostically valuable for human CE, our findings indicate that its use as antigen in immunoassays could contribute to false negative results in areas where E. canadensis circulates. Furthermore, the presence of anti-AgB8/2 antibodies in serum may represent a useful parameter to rule out E. canadensis infection when human CE is diagnosed.

Radiation-induced amorphization of Ce-doped Mg2Y8(SiO4)6O2 silicate apatite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Jianren; Yao, Tiankai; Lian, Jie; Shen, Yiqiang; Dong, Zhili; Lu, Fengyuan

2016-07-01

Ce-doped Mg2Y8(SiO4)6O2 silicate apatite (Ce = 0.05 and 0.5) were irradiated with 1 MeV Kr2+ ion beam irradiation at different temperatures and their radiation response and the cation composition dependence of the radiation-induced amorphization were studied by in situ TEM. The two Ce-doped Mg2Y8(SiO4)6O2 silicate apatites are sensitive to ion beam induced amorphization with a low critical dose (0.096 dpa) at room temperature, and exhibits significantly different radiation tolerance at elevated temperatures. Ce concentration at the apatite AI site plays a critical role in determining the radiation response of this silicate apatite, in which the Ce3+ rich Mg2Y7.5Ce0.5(SiO4)6O2 displays lower amorphization susceptibility than Mg2Y7.95Ce0.05(SiO4)6O2 with a lower Ce3+ occupancy at the AI sites. The critical temperature (Tc) and activation energy (Ea) change from 667.5 ± 33 K and 0.162 eV of Mg2Y7.5Ce0.5(SiO4)6O2 to 963.6 ± 64 K and 0.206 eV of Mg2Y7.95Ce0.05(SiO4)6O2. We demonstrate that the radiation tolerance can be controlled by varying the chemical composition, and enhanced radiation tolerance is achieved by increasing the Ce concentration at the AI site.

Tuning into single-band red upconversion luminescence in Yb(3+)/Ho(3+) activated nano-glass-ceramics through Ce(3+) doping.

PubMed

Chen, Daqin; Zhou, Yang; Wan, Zhongyi; Ji, Zhenguo; Huang, Ping

2015-03-28

Yb(3+)/Ho(3+) activated glass ceramics containing β-YF3 nanocrystals were successfully fabricated. The green ((5)S2/(5)F4→(5)I8) upconversion emission is dominant in the glass ceramics and is about 160 times stronger than that of the precursor glass, resulting from the partition of lanthanide activators into a low-phonon-energy crystalline lattice and the subsequent low probability of multi-phonon nonradiative relaxation from the (5)S2/(5)F4 and (5)I6 states to the lower ones. Upon the introduction of Ce(3+) ions into nano-glass-ceramics, two efficient cross-relaxation processes between Ho(3+) and Ce(3+), i.e., Ho(3+):(5)S2/(5)F4 + Ce(3+):(2)F5/2→Ho(3+):(5)F5 + Ce(3+):(2)F7/2 and Ho(3+):(5)I6 + Ce(3+):(2)F5/2→Ho(3+):(5)I7 + Ce(3+):(2)F7/2, are demonstrated to greatly suppress the population of the green-emitting (5)S2/(5)F4 state and to enhance the population of the red-emitting (5)F5 one, leading to the intense single-band red UC radiation of Ho(3+).

V-TECS Guide for Carpenter.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moore, Charles G.; And Others

This curriculum guide provides materials for a nine-duty course in carpentry. The nine duties are estimating materials, preparing building site, sharpening tools, building and installing foundation forms, installing rough framing, installing roof components, installing exterior finishes, installing interior finishes, and assembling and…

The Influence of Arc-Flash and Fire-Resistant Clothing on Thermoregulation during Exercise in the Heat.

PubMed

Poirier, Martin P; Meade, Robert D; McGinn, Ryan; Friesen, Brian J; Hardcastle, Stephen G; Flouris, Andreas D; Kenny, Glen P

2015-01-01

We evaluated the effect of arc-flash and fire-resistant (AFR) clothing ensembles (CE) on whole-body heat dissipation during work in the heat. On 10 occasions, 7 males performed four 15-min cycling bouts at a fixed rate of metabolic heat production (400 W) in the heat (35°C), each separated by 15-min of recovery. Whole-body heat loss and metabolic heat production were measured by direct and indirect calorimetry, respectively. Body heat storage was calculated as the temporal summation of heat production and heat loss. Responses were compared in a semi-nude state and while wearing two CE styles: (1) single-piece (coveralls) and (2) two-piece (workpant + long-sleeve shirt). For group 1, there was one non-AFR single-piece CE (CE1STD) and three single-piece CE with AFR properties (CE2AFR, CE3AFR, CE4AFR). For group 2, there was one non-AFR two-piece CE (CE5STD) and four two-piece CE with AFR properties (CE6AFR, CE7AFR, CE8AFR, CE9AFR). The workpants for CE6AFR were not AFR-rated, while a cotton undershirt was also worn for conditions CE8AFR and CE9AFR and for all single-piece CE. Heat storage for all conditions (CE1STD: 328 ± 55, CE2AFR: 335 ± 87, CE3AFR: 309 ± 95, CE4AFR: 403 ± 104, CE5STD: 253 ± 78, CE6AFR: 268 ± 89, CE7AFR: 302 ± 70, CE8AFR: 360 ± 36, CE9AFR: 381 ± 99 kJ) was greater than the semi-nude state (160 ± 124 kJ) (all p ≤ 0.05). No differences were measured between single-piece uniforms (p = 0.273). Among the two-piece uniforms, heat storage was greater for CE8AFR and CE9AFR relative to CE5STD and CE6AFR (all p ≤ 0.05), but not CE7AFR (both p > 0.05). Differences between clothing styles were measured such that greater heat storage was observed in both CE1STD and CE2-4AFR relative to CE5STD. Further, heat storage was greater in CE2AFR and CE4AFR relative to CE6AFR, while it was greater in CE4AFR compared to CE7AFR. Body heat storage during work in the heat was not influenced by the use of AFR fabrics in the single- or two-piece uniforms albeit less heat was stored in the two-piece uniforms when no undershirt was worn. However, heat storage was comparable between clothing styles when an undershirt was worn with the two-piece uniform.

Luminescence and scintillation properties of liquid phase epitaxy grown Y2SiO5:Ce single crystalline films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wantong, Kriangkrai; Yawai, Nattasuda; Chewpraditkul, Weerapong; Kucera, Miroslav; Hanus, Martin; Nikl, Martin

2017-06-01

Luminescence and scintillation properties of Y2SiO5:Ce single crystalline film (YSO:Ce-LPE) grown by the liquid phase epitaxy technique are investigated and compared to the bulk Czochralski-grown YSO:Ce single crystal (YSO:Ce-SC). The light yield (LY) and energy resolution are measured using an R6231 photomultiplier under excitation with α - and γ- rays. At 662 keV γ- rays, the LY value of 12,410 ph/MeV obtained for YSO:Ce -LPE is lower than that of 20,150 ph/MeV for YSO:Ce -SC whereas the comparable LY value and energy resolution are obtained under excitation with 5.5 MeV α- rays. The ratio of LY under excitation with α- and γ- rays (α/γ ratio) is determined. Dependence of LY on an amplifier shaping time (0.5-12 μs) is also measured.

Electronic structure of the heavy-fermion caged compound Ce 3 Pd 20 X 6 ( X = Si, Ge ) studied by density functional theory and photoelectron spectroscopy

DOE PAGES

Yamaoka, Hitoshi; Schwier, Eike F.; Arita, Masashi; ...

2015-03-30

The electronic structure of Ce₃Pd₂₀X₆ (X = Si, Ge) has been studied using detailed density functional theory (DFT) calculations and high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) measurements. The orbital decomposition of the electronic structure by DFT calculations indicates that Ce atoms at the (8c) site surrounded by 16 Pd atoms have a more localized nature and a tendency to be magnetic. Ce atoms in the (4a) site surrounded by 12 Pd and 6 X atoms, on the other, show only a negligible magnetic moment. In the photoemission valence-band spectra we observe a strong f⁰ (Ce⁴⁺) component with a small fraction of f¹more » (Ce³⁺) component. The spectral weight of f¹ component near the Fermi level Ce₃Pd₂₀Si₆ is stronger than that for Ce₃Pd₂₀Ge₆ at the 4d-4f resonance, suggesting stronger c-f hybridization in the former. This may hint to the origin of the large electronic specific coefficient of Ce₃Pd₂₀Si₆ compared to Ce₃Pd₂₀Ge₆.« less

Investigation of structural and luminescent properties of Ce{sup 3+}/Mn{sup 2+} ions-doped Ca{sub 5}(PO{sub 4}){sub 3}F

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, Lei; Fu, Zuoling, E-mail: zlfu@jlu.edu.cn; Wu, Zhijian

Graphical abstract: The structural and luminescent properties FAP: Ce{sup 3+} and FAP: Ce{sup 3+}, Mn{sup 2+} were investigated in detail by the spectral measurement and theoretical calculation. The emission of Ce{sup 3+} is fitted by two Gaussian functions dashed lines in wavenumber to further confirm the Ce{sup 3+} ion simultaneously occupy the 4f and 6h sites Ca{sub 5}(PO{sub 4})F host. - Highlights: • A simple hydrothermal method has been used to prepare Ca{sub 5}(PO{sub 4}){sub 3}F: Ce{sup 3+}, Mn{sup 2+} powders with structural and luminescent analysis. • The emission of Ce{sup 3+} is fitted by two Gaussian functions to confirmmore » the Ce{sup 3+} ion simultaneously to occupy the 4f and 6h sites in Ca{sub 5}(PO{sub 4}){sub 3}F host. • Due to an efficient energy transfer, the existence of Ce{sup 3+} (sensitizer) can dramatically enhance the green emission of Mn{sup 2+} (activator) in co-doped samples. - Abstract: Ce{sup 3+}/Mn{sup 2+} ions-doped oxyapatite calcium fluorapatite [Ca{sub 5}(PO{sub 4}){sub 3}F, FAP] has been successfully synthesized by a facile one-step hydrothermal method. The luminescent properties of Ce{sup 3+}- and Ce{sup 3+}/Mn{sup 2+}- activated FAP phosphors were investigated using the photoluminescence (PL) and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra. The emission of Ce{sup 3+} was fitted by two Gaussian functions with dashed lines in wavenumber to confirm the Ce{sup 3+} ion simultaneously to occupy the 4f and 6h sites in Ca{sub 5}(PO{sub 4}){sub 3}F host, which was consistent with the calculated results of crystal field based on chemical bond theory. In addition, the existence of Ce{sup 3+} (sensitizer) can dramatically enhance the green emission of Mn{sup 2+} (activator) in Ce{sup 3+}/Mn{sup 2+} ions co-doped samples due to an efficient energy transfer from Ce{sup 3+} to Mn{sup 2+}. All of these results could help us understand the site assignments and optical properties of the rare earth ions doped in hexagonal Ca{sub 5}(PO{sub 4}){sub 3}F.« less

30 CFR 75.222 - Roof control plan-approval criteria.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., roof bolts should be installed on at least 5-foot centers where the work is performed. (2) Where the... opening before any other work or travel in the intersection. (f) ATRS systems in working sections where... panel in advance of the frontal abutment stresses of the panel being mined. (2) When a ground failure...

30 CFR 75.222 - Roof control plan-approval criteria.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., roof bolts should be installed on at least 5-foot centers where the work is performed. (2) Where the... opening before any other work or travel in the intersection. (f) ATRS systems in working sections where... panel in advance of the frontal abutment stresses of the panel being mined. (2) When a ground failure...

40 CFR Table 5 to Subpart Ggg of... - Control Requirements for Items of Equipment That Meet the Criteria of § 63.1252(f)

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...(h)(2); or (b) Equip with a floating roof that meets the equipment specifications of § 60.693(a)(1)(i... and other points of access to a conveyance system. c A fixed roof may have openings necessary for...

Pressure dependence of Ce valence in CeRhIn 5

DOE PAGES

Brubaker, Z. E.; Stillwell, R. L.; Chow, P.; ...

2017-12-14

We have studied the Ce valence as a function of pressure in CeRhIn5 at 300 K and at 22 K using x-ray absorption spectroscopy in partial fluorescent yield mode. At room temperature, we found no detectable change in Ce valence greater than 0.01 up to a pressure of 5.5 GPa. At 22 K, the valence remains robust against pressure below 6 GPa, in contrast to the predicted valence crossover at P = 2.35 GPa. In conclusion, this work yields an upper limit for the change in Ce-valence and suggests that the critical valence fluctuation scenario, in its current form, ismore » unlikely.« less

CT Scanning in Identification of Sheep Cystic Echinococcosis.

PubMed

Mao, Rui; Qi, Hongzhi; Pei, Lei; Hao, Jie; Dong, Jian; Jiang, Tao; Ainiwaer, Abudula; Shang, Ge; Xu, Lin; Shou, Xi; Zhang, Songan; Wu, Ge; Lu, Pengfei; Bao, Yongxing; Li, Haitao

2017-01-01

We aim to determine the efficiency of CT in identification of cystic echinococcosis in sheep. Fifty-three sheep with liver cysts confirmed by ultrasonography were subject to CT scan to evaluate the number, size, and type of the cysts in liver and lung, confirmed using necropsy. The correlation of numbers between liver cysts and lung cysts was calculated using Pearson analysis. Necropsy indicated a 98% consensus on size, location, number, and activity compared with CT scan. The viable cysts were 53.1% and 50.6% in the liver and lung, respectively. Among the cysts in liver, 35.5%, 9.5%, 5.7%, 10.2%, and 39.1% were Types CE1, CE2, CE3, CE4, and CE5, respectively. The cysts in the lungs, 17.4%, 26.9%, 12.1%, 11.6%, and 32.1%, were Types CE1, CE2, CE3, CE4, and CE5, respectively. A significant correlation was noticed between the number of cysts in liver and those in lung ( R = 0.770, P < 0.001). CT scan is a suitable tool in determining the size and type of cystic hydatid cysts in both liver and lung of sheep. A significant correlation was noticed between the numbers in liver and lung, indicating that lung infection was likely due to the expansion of liver cyst burden pressure.

Electronic structure of heavy fermion system CePt 2In 7 from angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy

DOE PAGES

Shen, Bing; Yu, Li; Liu, Kai; ...

2017-06-01

We have carried out high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission measurements on the Cebased heavy fermion compound CePt 2In 7 that exhibits stronger two-dimensional character than the prototypical heavy fermion system CeCoIn 5. Multiple Fermi surface sheets and a complex band structure are clearly resolved. We have also performed detailed band structure calculations on CePt 2In 7. The good agreement found between our measurements and the calculations suggests that the band renormalization effect is rather weak in CePt 2In 7. A comparison of the common features of the electronic structure of CePt 2In 7 and CeCoIn5 indicates that CeCoIn 5 shows a muchmore » stronger band renormalization effect than CePt 2In 7. These results provide new information for understanding the heavy fermion behaviors and unconventional superconductivity in Ce-based heavy fermion systems.« less

Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Energy Use, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Urban Heat-island Effects: Findings from an India Experiment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Akbari, Hashem; Xu, Tengfang; Taha, Haider

Cool roofs, cool pavements, and urban vegetation reduce energy use in buildings, lower local air pollutant concentrations, and decrease greenhouse gas emissions from urban areas. This report summarizes the results of a detailed monitoring project in India and related simulations of meteorology and air quality in three developing countries. The field results quantified direct energy savings from installation of cool roofs on individual commercial buildings. The measured annual energy savings potential from roof-whitening of previously black roofs ranged from 20-22 kWh/m2 of roof area, corresponding to an air-conditioning energy use reduction of 14-26% in commercial buildings. The study estimated thatmore » typical annual savings of 13-14 kWh/m2 of roof area could be achieved by applying white coating to uncoated concrete roofs on commercial buildings in the Metropolitan Hyderabad region, corresponding to cooling energy savings of 10-19%. With the assumption of an annual increase of 100,000 square meters of new roof construction for the next 10 years in the Metropolitan Hyderabad region, the annual cooling energy savings due to whitening concrete roof would be 13-14 GWh of electricity in year ten alone, with cumulative 10-year cooling energy savings of 73-79 GWh for the region. The estimated savings for the entire country would be at least 10 times the savings in Hyderabad, i.e., more than 730-790 GWh. We estimated that annual direct CO2 reduction associated with reduced energy use would be 11-12 kg CO2/m2 of flat concrete roof area whitened, and the cumulative 10-year CO2 reduction would be approximately 0.60-0.65 million tons in India. With the price of electricity estimated at seven Rupees per kWh, the annual electricity savings on air-conditioning would be approximately 93-101 Rupees per m2 of roof. This would translate into annual national savings of approximately one billion Rupees in year ten, and cumulative 10-year savings of over five billion Rupees for cooling energy in India. Meteorological simulations in this study indicated that a reduction of 2C in air temperature in the Hyderabad area would be likely if a combination of increased surface albedo and vegetative cover are used as urban heat-island control strategies. In addition, air-temperature reductions on the order of 2.5-3.5C could be achieved if moderate and aggressive heat-island mitigation measures are adopted, respectively. A large-scale deployment of mitigation measures can bring additional indirect benefit to the urban area. For example, cooling outside air can improve the efficiency of cooling systems, reduce smog and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and indirectly reduce pollution from power plants - all improving environmental health quality. This study has demonstrated the effectiveness of cool-roof technology as one of the urban heat-island control strategies for the Indian industrial and scientific communities and has provided an estimate of the national energy savings potential of cool roofs in India. These outcomes can be used for developing cool-roof building standards and related policies in India. Additional field studies, built upon the successes and lessons learned from this project, may be helpful to further confirm the scale of potential energy savings from the application of cooler roofs in various regions of India. In the future, a more rigorous meteorological simulation using urbanized (meso-urban) meteorological models should be conducted, which may produce a more accurate estimate of the air-temperature reductions for the entire urban area.« less

Luminescent properties and energy transfer in the green phosphors LaBSiO5:Tb3+, Ce3+.

PubMed

Wang, Zhengliang; Cheng, Ping; He, Pei; Liu, Yong; Zhou, Yayun; Zhou, Qiang

2015-09-01

LaBSiO5 phosphors doped with Ce(3+) and Tb(3+) were synthesized using the conventional solid-state method at 1100 °C. The phase purity and luminescent properties of these phosphors are investigated. LaBSiO5:Tb(3+) phosphors show intense green emission, and LaBSiO5 phosphors doped with Ce(3+) show blue-violet emission under UV light excitation. LaBSiO5 phosphors co-doped with Ce(3+) and Tb(3+) exhibit blue-violet and green emission under excitation by UV light. The blue-violet emission is due to the 5d-4f transition of Ce(3+) and the green emission is ascribed to the (5) D4 → (7) F5 transition of Tb(3+). The spectral overlap between the excitation band of Tb(3+) and the emission band of Ce(3+) supports the occurrence of energy transfer from Ce(3+) to Tb(3+), and the energy transfer process was investigated. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

High power laser-driven ceramic phosphor plate for outstanding efficient white light conversion in application of automotive lighting

PubMed Central

Song, Young Hyun; Ji, Eun Kyung; Jeong, Byung Woo; Jung, Mong Kwon; Kim, Eun Young; Yoon, Dae Ho

2016-01-01

We report on Y3Al5O12: Ce3+ ceramic phosphor plate (CPP) using nano phosphor for high power laser diode (LD) application for white light in automotive lighting. The prepared CPP shows improved luminous properties as a function of Ce3+ concentration. The luminous properties of the Y3Al5O12: Ce3+ CPP nano phosphor are improved when compared to the Y3Al5O12: Ce3+ CPP with bulk phosphor, and hence, the luminous emittance, luminous flux, and conversion efficiency are improved. The Y3Al5O12: Ce3+ CPP with an optimal Ce3+ content of 0.5 mol % shows 2733 lm/mm2 value under high power blue radiant flux density of 19.1 W/mm2. The results indicate that Y3Al5O12: Ce3+ CPP using nano phosphor can serve as a potential material for solid-state laser lighting in automotive applications. PMID:27502730

High power laser-driven ceramic phosphor plate for outstanding efficient white light conversion in application of automotive lighting.

PubMed

Song, Young Hyun; Ji, Eun Kyung; Jeong, Byung Woo; Jung, Mong Kwon; Kim, Eun Young; Yoon, Dae Ho

2016-08-09

We report on Y3Al5O12: Ce(3+) ceramic phosphor plate (CPP) using nano phosphor for high power laser diode (LD) application for white light in automotive lighting. The prepared CPP shows improved luminous properties as a function of Ce(3+) concentration. The luminous properties of the Y3Al5O12: Ce(3+) CPP nano phosphor are improved when compared to the Y3Al5O12: Ce(3+) CPP with bulk phosphor, and hence, the luminous emittance, luminous flux, and conversion efficiency are improved. The Y3Al5O12: Ce(3+) CPP with an optimal Ce(3+) content of 0.5 mol % shows 2733 lm/mm(2) value under high power blue radiant flux density of 19.1 W/mm(2). The results indicate that Y3Al5O12: Ce(3+) CPP using nano phosphor can serve as a potential material for solid-state laser lighting in automotive applications.

Viscosity of Industrially Important Zn-Al Alloys Part II: Alloys with Higher Contents of Al and Si

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nunes, V. M. B.; Queirós, C. S. G. P.; Lourenço, M. J. V.; Santos, F. J. V.; Nieto de Castro, C. A.

2018-05-01

The viscosity of Zn-Al alloys melts, with industrial interest, was measured for temperatures between 693 K and 915 K, with an oscillating cup viscometer, and estimated expanded uncertainties between 3 and 5 %, depending on the alloy. The influence of minor components, such as Si, Mg and Ce + La, on the viscosity of the alloys is discussed. An increase in the amount of Mg triggers complex melt/solidification processes while the addition of Ce and La renders alloys viscosity almost temperature independent. Furthermore, increases in Al and Si contents decrease melts viscosity and lead to an Arrhenius type behavior. This paper complements a previous study describing the viscosity of Zn-Al alloys with quasi-eutectic compositions.

Evaluation of Physically and Empirically Based Models for the Estimation of Green Roof Evapotranspiration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Digiovanni, K. A.; Montalto, F. A.; Gaffin, S.; Rosenzweig, C.

2010-12-01

Green roofs and other urban green spaces can provide a variety of valuable benefits including reduction of the urban heat island effect, reduction of stormwater runoff, carbon sequestration, oxygen generation, air pollution mitigation etc. As many of these benefits are directly linked to the processes of evaporation and transpiration, accurate and representative estimation of urban evapotranspiration (ET) is a necessary tool for predicting and quantifying such benefits. However, many common ET estimation procedures were developed for agricultural applications, and thus carry inherent assumptions that may only be rarely applicable to urban green spaces. Various researchers have identified the estimation of expected urban ET rates as critical, yet poorly studied components of urban green space performance prediction and cite that further evaluation is needed to reconcile differences in predictions from varying ET modeling approaches. A small scale green roof lysimeter setup situated on the green roof of the Ethical Culture Fieldston School in the Bronx, NY has been the focus of ongoing monitoring initiated in June 2009. The experimental setup includes a 0.6 m by 1.2 m Lysimeter replicating the anatomy of the 500 m2 green roof of the building, with a roof membrane, drainage layer, 10 cm media depth, and planted with a variety of Sedum species. Soil moisture sensors and qualitative runoff measurements are also recorded in the Lysimeter, while a weather station situated on the rooftop records climatologic data. Direct quantification of actual evapotranspiration (AET) from the green roof weighing lysimeter was achieved through a mass balance approaches during periods absent of precipitation and drainage. A comparison of AET to estimates of potential evapotranspiration (PET) calculated from empirically and physically based ET models was performed in order to evaluate the applicability of conventional ET equations for the estimation of ET from green roofs. Results have shown that the empirically based Thornthwaite approach for estimating monthly average PET underestimates compared to AET by 54% over the course of a one year period, and performs similarly on a monthly basis. Estimates of PET from the Northeast Regional Climate Center MORECS model based on a variation of the Penman-Monteith model, overestimates compared to AET by only 2% over a one year period. However, monthly and daily estimates were not accurate, with the model overestimating during warm, summer months by as much as 206% and underestimating during winter months by as much as 58%, which would have significant implications if such estimates were utilized for the evaluation of potential benefits from green roofs. Thus, further evaluation and improvement of these and other methodologies are needed and will be pursued for estimation of ET from green roofs and other urban green spaces including NYC Greenstreets and urban parks.

Optical transmission radiation damage and recovery stimulation of DSB: Ce3+ inorganic scintillation material

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Borisevich, A.; Dormenev, V.; Korjik, M.; Kozlov, D.; Mechinsky, V.; Novotny, R. W.

2015-02-01

Recently, a new scintillation material DSB: Ce3+ was announced. It can be produced in a form of glass or nano-structured glass ceramics with application of standard glass production technology with successive thermal annealing. When doped with Ce3+, material can be applied as scintillator. Light yield of scintillation is near 100 phe/MeV. Un-doped material has a wide optical window from 4.5eV and can be applied to detect Cherenkov light. Temperature dependence of the light yield LY(T) is 0.05% which is 40 times less than in case of PWO. It can be used for detectors tolerant to a temperature variation between -20° to +20°C. Several samples with dimensions of 15x15x7 mm3 have been tested for damage effects on the optical transmission under irradiation with γ-quanta. It was found that the induced absorption in the scintillation range depends on the doping concentration and varies in range of 0.5-7 m-1. Spontaneous recovery of induced absorption has fast initial component. Up to 25% of the damaged transmission is recuperated in 6 hours. Afterwards it remains practically constant if the samples are kept in the dark. However, induced absorption is reduced by a factor of 2 by annealing at 50°C and completely removed in a short time when annealing at 100°C. A significant acceleration of the induced absorption recovery is observed by illumination with visible and IR light. This effect is observed for the first time in a Ce-doped scintillation material. It indicates, that radiation induced absorption in DSB: Ce scintillation material can be retained at the acceptable level by stimulation with light in a strong irradiation environment of collider experiments.

Stormwater runoff mitigation and nutrient leaching from a green roof designed to attract native pollinating insects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fogarty, S.; Grogan, D. S.; Hale, S. R.

2013-12-01

A green roof is typically installed for one of two reasons: to mitigate the 'urban heat island' effect, reducing ambient temperatures and creating energy savings, or to reduce both the quantity and intensity of stormwater runoff, which is a major cause of river erosion and eutrophication. The study of green roofs in the United States has focused on commercial systems that use a proprietary expanded shale or clay substrate, along with succulent desert plants (mainly Sedum species). The green roof has the potential not only to provide thermal insulation and reduce storm runoff, but also to reclaim some of the natural habitat that has been lost to the built environment. Of special importance is the loss of habitat for pollinating insects, particularly native bees, which have been in decline for at least two decades. These pollinators are essential for crop production and for the reproduction of at least 65% of wild plants globally. Our study involves the installation of a small (4ft by 4ft), self-designed green roof system built with readily available components from a hardware store. The garden will be filled with a soilless potting mix, combined with 15% compost, and planted with grasses and wildflowers native to the Seacoast, New Hampshire region. Some of the plant species are used by bees for nesting materials, while others provide food in the form of nectar, pollen, and seeds for bees, butterflies, hummingbirds, and granivorous birds. We monitor precipitation on the roof and runoff from the garden on a per storm basis, and test grab samples of runoff for dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorous. Runoff and nutrient concentration results are compared to a non-vegetated roof surface, and a proprietary Green Grid green roof system. This project is designed to address three main questions of interest: 1) Can these native plant species, which potentially provide greater ecosystem services than Sedum spp. in the form of food and habitat, survive in the conditions on a rooftop? 2) How does this design compare with the performance of the extant Green Grid green roof system on the roof in regard to storm water runoff mitigation and nutrient leaching? and 3) Using GIS, can this information be scaled to a larger region (i.e. UNH campus, the NH Seacoast, NH cities, etc.) to determine areas of particular interest for pollinator conservation? Runoff mitigation, as a percentage of precipitation, is expected to be greater than that on the roof with proprietary substrate, though nutrient leaching may be greater as well due to the higher organic matter content. Paired with GIS data on NH ecoregions, these results will help to identify areas in the state that would benefit from the construction of pollinator habitat corridors, including urban areas that may not have been previously considered.

Using soil microbial inoculations to enhance substrate performance on extensive green roofs.

PubMed

Molineux, Chloe J; Gange, Alan C; Newport, Darryl J

2017-02-15

Green roofs are increasing in popularity in the urban environment for their contribution to green infrastructure; but their role for biodiversity is not often a design priority. Maximising biodiversity will impact positively on ecosystem services and is therefore fundamental for achieving the greatest benefits from green roofs. Extensive green roofs are lightweight systems generally constructed with a specialised growing medium that tends to be biologically limited and as such can be a harsh habitat for plants to thrive in. Thus, this investigation aimed to enhance the soil functioning with inoculations of soil microbes to increase plant diversity, improve vegetation health/performance and maximise access to soil nutrients. Manipulations included the addition of mycorrhizal fungi and a microbial mixture ('compost tea') to green roof rootzones, composed mainly of crushed brick or crushed concrete. The study revealed that growing media type and depth play a vital role in the microbial ecology of green roofs, with complex relationships between depth and type of substrate and the type of microbial inoculant applied, with no clear pattern being observed. For bait plant measurements (heights, leaf numbers, root/shoot biomass, leaf nutrients), a compost tea may have positive effects on plant performance when grown in substrates of shallower depths (5.5cm), even one year after inoculums are applied. Results from the species richness surveys show that diversity was significantly increased with the application of an AM fungal treatment and that overall, results suggest that brick-based substrate blends are most effective for vegetation performance as are deeper depths (although this varied with time). Microbial inoculations of green roof habitats appeared to be sustainable; they need only be done once for benefits to still been seen in subsequent years where treatments are added independently (not in combination). They seem to be a novel and viable method of enhancing rooftop conditions. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Spatial and temporal effects of drought on soil CO2 efflux in a cacao agroforestry system in Sulawesi, Indonesia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van Straaten, O.; Veldkamp, E.; Köhler, M.; Anas, I.

2010-04-01

Climate change induced droughts pose a serious threat to ecosystems across the tropics and sub-tropics, particularly to those areas not adapted to natural dry periods. In order to study the vulnerability of cacao (Theobroma cacao) - Gliricidia sepium agroforestry plantations to droughts a large scale throughfall displacement roof was built in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. In this 19-month experiment, we compared soil surface CO2 efflux (soil respiration) from three roof plots with three adjacent control plots. Soil respiration rates peaked at intermediate soil moisture conditions and decreased under increasingly dry conditions (drought induced), or increasingly wet conditions (as evidenced in control plots). The roof plots exhibited a slight decrease in soil respiration compared to the control plots (average 13% decrease). The strength of the drought effect was spatially variable - while some measurement chamber sites reacted strongly (responsive) to the decrease in soil water content (up to R2=0.70) (n=11), others did not react at all (non-responsive) (n=7). A significant correlation was measured between responsive soil respiration chamber sites and sap flux density ratios of cacao (R=0.61) and Gliricidia (R=0.65). Leaf litter CO2 respiration decreased as conditions became drier. The litter layer contributed approximately 3-4% of the total CO2 efflux during dry periods and up to 40% during wet periods. Within days of roof opening soil CO2 efflux rose to control plot levels. Thereafter, CO2 efflux remained comparable between roof and control plots. The cumulative effect on soil CO2 emissions over the duration of the experiment was not significantly different: the control plots respired 11.1±0.5 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, while roof plots respired 10.5±0.5 Mg C ha-1 yr-1. The relatively mild decrease measured in soil CO2 efflux indicates that this agroforestry ecosystem is capable of mitigating droughts with only minor stress symptoms.

Achieving High Strength and Good Ductility in As-Extruded Mg–Gd–Y–Zn Alloys by Ce Micro-Alloying

PubMed Central

Gao, Zhengyuan; Hu, Linsheng; Li, Jinfeng; An, Zhiguo; Li, Jun; Huang, Qiuyan

2018-01-01

In this study, the effect of Ce additions on microstructure evolution of Mg–7Gd–3.5Y–0.3Zn (wt %) alloys during the casting, homogenization, aging and extrusion processing are investigated, and novel mechanical properties are also obtained. The results show that Ce addition promotes the formation of long period stacking ordered (LPSO) phases in the as-cast Mg–Gd–Y–Zn–Ce alloys. A high content of Ce addition would reduce the maximum solubility of Gd and Y in the Mg matrix, which leads to the higher density of Mg12Ce phases in the as-homogenized alloys. The major second phases observed in the as-extruded alloys are micron-sized bulk LPSO phases, nano-sized stripe LPSO phases, and broken Mg12Ce and Mg5RE phases. Recrystallized grain size of the as-extruded 0.2Ce, 0.5Ce and 1.0Ce alloys can be refined to ~4.3 μm, ~1.0 μm and ~8.4 μm, respectively, which is caused by the synthesized effect of both micron phases and nano phases. The strength and ductility of as-extruded samples firstly increase and then decrease with increasing Ce content. As-extruded 0.5Ce alloy exhibits optimal mechanical properties, with ultimate strength of 365 MPa and ductility of ~15% simultaneously. PMID:29320471

Covalency in lanthanides. An X-ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory study of LnCl6(x-) (x = 3, 2).

PubMed

Löble, Matthias W; Keith, Jason M; Altman, Alison B; Stieber, S Chantal E; Batista, Enrique R; Boland, Kevin S; Conradson, Steven D; Clark, David L; Lezama Pacheco, Juan; Kozimor, Stosh A; Martin, Richard L; Minasian, Stefan G; Olson, Angela C; Scott, Brian L; Shuh, David K; Tyliszczak, Tolek; Wilkerson, Marianne P; Zehnder, Ralph A

2015-02-25

Covalency in Ln-Cl bonds of Oh-LnCl6(x-) (x = 3 for Ln = Ce(III), Nd(III), Sm(III), Eu(III), Gd(III); x = 2 for Ln = Ce(IV)) anions has been investigated, primarily using Cl K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT); however, Ce L3,2-edge and M5,4-edge XAS were also used to characterize CeCl6(x-) (x = 2, 3). The M5,4-edge XAS spectra were modeled using configuration interaction calculations. The results were evaluated as a function of (1) the lanthanide (Ln) metal identity, which was varied across the series from Ce to Gd, and (2) the Ln oxidation state (when practical, i.e., formally Ce(III) and Ce(IV)). Pronounced mixing between the Cl 3p- and Ln 5d-orbitals (t2g* and eg*) was observed. Experimental results indicated that Ln 5d-orbital mixing decreased when moving across the lanthanide series. In contrast, oxidizing Ce(III) to Ce(IV) had little effect on Cl 3p and Ce 5d-orbital mixing. For LnCl6(3-) (formally Ln(III)), the 4f-orbitals participated only marginally in covalent bonding, which was consistent with historical descriptions. Surprisingly, there was a marked increase in Cl 3p- and Ce(IV) 4f-orbital mixing (t1u* + t2u*) in CeCl6(2-). This unexpected 4f- and 5d-orbital participation in covalent bonding is presented in the context of recent studies on both tetravalent transition metal and actinide hexahalides, MCl6(2-) (M = Ti, Zr, Hf, U).

Experimental study on Hg0 removal from flue gas over columnar MnOx-CeO2/activated coke

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xie, Yine; Li, Caiting; Zhao, Lingkui; Zhang, Jie; Zeng, Guangming; Zhang, Xunan; Zhang, Wei; Tao, Shasha

2015-04-01

Mn-Ce mixed oxides supported on commercial columnar activated coke (MnCe/AC) were employed to remove elemental mercury (Hg0) at low temperatures (100-250 °C) without the assistance of HCl in flue gas. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). Effects of some factors, including Mn-Ce loading values, active component, reaction temperatures and flue gas components (O2, SO2, NO, H2O), on Hg0 removal efficiency were investigated. Results indicated that the optimal Mn-Ce loading value and reaction temperature were 6% and 190 °C, respectively. Considerable high Hg0 removal efficiency (>90%) can be obtained over MnCe6/AC under both N2/O2 atmosphere and simulated flue gas atmosphere at 190 °C. Besides, it was observed that O2 and NO exerted a promotional effect on Hg0 removal, H2O exhibited a suppressive effect, and SO2 hindered Hg0 removal seriously when in the absence of O2. Furthermore, the XPS spectra of Hg 4f and Hg-TPD results showed that the captured mercury were existed as Hg0 and HgO on the MnCe6/AC, and HgO was the major species, which illustrated that adsorption and catalytic oxidation process were included for Hg0 removal over MnCe6/AC, and catalytic oxidation played the critical role. What's more, both lattice oxygen and chemisorbed oxygen or OH groups on MnCe6/AC contributed to Hg0 oxidation. MnCe6/AC, which exhibited excellent performance on Hg0 removal in the absence of HCl, appeared to be promising in industrial application, especially for low-rank coal fired flue gas.

Interoceanic variation in the rare earth, major, and trace element depositional chemistry of chert: Perspectives gained from the DSDP and ODP record

USGS Publications Warehouse

Murray, R.W.; Buchholtz ten Brink, Marilyn R.; Gerlach, David C.; Russ III, G. Price; Jones, David L.

1992-01-01

Rare earth element (REE), major, and trace element abundances and relative fractionations in forty nodular cherts sampled by the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) indicate that the REE composition of chert records the interplay between terrigenous sources and scavenging from the local seawater. Major and (non-REE) trace element ratios indicate that the aluminosilicate fraction within the chert is similar to NASC (North American Shale Composite), with average Pacific chert including ~7% NASC-like particles, Indian chert ~ 11% NASC, Atlantic chert ~ 17% NASC, and southern high latitude (SHL) chert 53% NASC. Using La as a proxy for ∑REE, approximations of Laex (the amount of La in excess of that supplied by the detrital aluminosilicate fraction) indicate that Pacific chert contains the greatest Laex (85% of Latotal) and SHL chert the least (38% of Latotal). As shown by interelement associations, this Laex is most likely an adsorbed component onto aluminosilicate and phosphatic phases.Accordingly, chert from the large Pacific Ocean, where deposition occurs relatively removed from significant terrigenous input, records a depositional REE signal dominated by adsorption of dissolved REEs from seawater. Pacific chert CeCe*⪡ 1 and LanYbn ~ 0.8-1, resulting from adsorption of local Ce-depleted seawater and preferential adsorption of LREEs from seawater (e.g., LanYbn ~ 0.4), which increases the LanYbn ratio recorded in chert. Chert from the Atlantic basin, a moderately sized ocean basin lined by passive margins and with more terrigenous input than the Pacific, records a mix of adsorptive and terrigenous REE signals, with moderately negative Ce anomalies and LanYbn">LanYbn ratios intermediate to those of the Pacific and those of terrigenous input. Chert from the SHL region is dominated by the large terrigenous input on the Antarctic passive margin, with inherited CeCe*~1">CeCe*~1 and inherited LanYbn">LanYbn values of ~1.2–1.4.CeCe*">~1.2–1.4.CeCe* does not vary with age, either throughout the entire data base or within a particular basin. Overall, CeCe*">CeCe* does not correlate with P2O5 concentrations, even though phosphatic phases may be an important REE carrier.This and previous studies of the large-scale controlling parameters of sedimentary REEs across ocean basins collectively indicate that REE indices of depositional regime (e.g., CeCe*">CeCe*, LanYbn">LanYbn, Laex) are reproducible in a variety of sediment and rock lithologies, ages, and ocean basins, and present a coherent tool for paleoceanographic and tectonic basin reconstructions.

Precise rise and decay time measurements of inorganic scintillators by means of X-ray and 511 keV excitation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gundacker, S.; Turtos, R. M.; Auffray, E.; Lecoq, P.

2018-05-01

The emergence of new solid-state avalanche photodetectors, e.g. SiPMs, with unprecedented timing capabilities opens new ways to profit from ultrafast and prompt photon emission in scintillators. In time of flight positron emission tomography (TOF-PET) and high energy timing detectors based on scintillators the ultimate coincidence time resolution (CTR) achievable is proportional to the square root of the scintillation rise time, decay time and the reciprocal light yield, CTR ∝√{τrτd / LY }. Hence, the precise study of light emission in the very first tens of picoseconds is indispensable to understand time resolution limitations imposed by the scintillator. We developed a time correlated single photon counting setup having a Gaussian impulse response function (IRF) of 63ps sigma, allowing to precisely measure the scintillation rise time of various materials with 511keV excitation. In L(Y)SO:Ce we found two rise time components, the first below the resolution of our setup <10 ps and a second component being ∼380 ps. Co-doping with Ca2+ completely suppresses the slow rise component leading to a very fast initial scintillation emission with a rise time of <10ps. A very similar behavior is observed in LGSO:Ce crystals. The results are further confirmed by complementary measurements using a streak-camera system with pulsed X-ray excitation and additional 511 keV excited measurements of Mg2+ co-doped LuAG:Ce, YAG:Ce and GAGG:Ce samples.

Who Is Worst Off? Developing a Severity-scoring Model of Complex Emergency Affected Countries in Order to Ensure Needs Based Funding.

PubMed

Eriksson, Anneli; Ohlsén, Ylva Kristina; Garfield, Richard; von Schreeb, Johan

2015-11-03

Disasters affect close to 400 million people each year. Complex Emergencies (CE) are a category of disaster that affects nearly half of the 400 million and often last for several years. To support the people affected by CE, humanitarian assistance is provided with the aim of saving lives and alleviating suffering. It is widely agreed that funding for this assistance should be needs-based. However, to date, there is no model or set of indicators that quantify and compare needs from one CE to another. In an effort to support needs-based and transparent funding of humanitarian assistance, the aim of this study is to develop a model that distinguishes between levels of severity among countries affected by CE. In this study, severity serves as a predictor for level of need. The study focuses on two components of severity: vulnerability and exposure. In a literature and Internet search we identified indicators that characterize vulnerability and exposure to CE. Among the more than 100 indicators identified, a core set of six was selected in an expert ratings exercise. Selection was made based on indicator availability and their ability to characterize preexisting or underlying vulnerabilities (four indicators) or to quantify exposure to a CE (two indicators). CE from 50 countries were then scored using a 3-tiered score (Low-Moderate, High, Critical).  The developed model builds on the logic of the Utstein template. It scores severity based on the readily available value of four vulnerability and four exposure indicators. These are 1) GNI per capita, PPP, 2) Under-five mortality rate, per 1 000 live births, 3) Adult literacy rate, % of people ages 15 and above, 4) Underweight, % of population under 5 years, and 5) number of persons and proportion of population affected, and 6) number of uprooted persons and proportion of population uprooted. The model can be used to derive support for transparent, needs-based funding of humanitarian assistance. Further research is needed to determine its validity, the robustness of indicators and to what extent levels of scoring relate to CE outcome.

Green roofs for a drier world: effects of hydrogel amendment on substrate and plant water status.

PubMed

Savi, Tadeja; Marin, Maria; Boldrin, David; Incerti, Guido; Andri, Sergio; Nardini, Andrea

2014-08-15

Climate features of the Mediterranean area make plant survival over green roofs challenging, thus calling for research work to improve water holding capacities of green roof systems. We assessed the effects of polymer hydrogel amendment on the water holding capacity of a green roof substrate, as well as on water status and growth of Salvia officinalis. Plants were grown in green roof experimental modules containing 8 cm or 12 cm deep substrate (control) or substrate mixed with hydrogel at two different concentrations: 0.3 or 0.6%. Hydrogel significantly increased the substrate's water content at saturation, as well as water available to vegetation. Plants grown in 8 cm deep substrate mixed with 0.6% of hydrogel showed the best performance in terms of water status and membrane integrity under drought stress, associated to the lowest above-ground biomass. Our results provide experimental evidence that polymer hydrogel amendments enhance water supply to vegetation at the establishment phase of a green roof. In particular, the water status of plants is most effectively improved when reduced substrate depths are used to limit the biomass accumulation during early growth stages. A significant loss of water holding capacity of substrate-hydrogel blends was observed after 5 months from establishment of the experimental modules. We suggest that cross-optimization of physical-chemical characteristics of hydrogels and green roof substrates is needed to improve long term effectiveness of polymer-hydrogel blends. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

CeCo5 thin films with perpendicular anisotropy grown by molecular beam epitaxy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sharma, S.; Hildebrandt, E.; Major, M.; Komissinskiy, P.; Radulov, I.; Alff, L.

2018-04-01

Buffer-free, highly textured (0 0 1) oriented CeCo5 thin films showing perpendicular magnetic anisotropy were synthesized on (0 0 1) Al2O3 substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. Ce exists in a mixture of Ce3+ and Ce4+ valence states as shown by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The first anisotropy constant, K1, as measured by torque magnetometry was 0.82 MJ/m3 (8.2 ×106erg /cm3) . A maximum coercivity of 5.16 kOe with a negative temperature coefficient of -0.304%K-1 and a magnetization of 527.30 emu/cm3 was measured perpendicular to the film plane at 5 K. In addition, a large anisotropy of the magnetic moment of 15.5% was observed. These magnetic parameters make CeCo5 a potential candidate material for spintronic and magnetic recording applications.

CT Scanning in Identification of Sheep Cystic Echinococcosis

PubMed Central

Mao, Rui; Qi, Hongzhi; Pei, Lei; Hao, Jie; Dong, Jian; Jiang, Tao; Ainiwaer, Abudula; Shang, Ge; Xu, Lin; Shou, Xi; Zhang, Songan; Wu, Ge; Lu, Pengfei

2017-01-01

Objective We aim to determine the efficiency of CT in identification of cystic echinococcosis in sheep. Methods Fifty-three sheep with liver cysts confirmed by ultrasonography were subject to CT scan to evaluate the number, size, and type of the cysts in liver and lung, confirmed using necropsy. The correlation of numbers between liver cysts and lung cysts was calculated using Pearson analysis. Results Necropsy indicated a 98% consensus on size, location, number, and activity compared with CT scan. The viable cysts were 53.1% and 50.6% in the liver and lung, respectively. Among the cysts in liver, 35.5%, 9.5%, 5.7%, 10.2%, and 39.1% were Types CE1, CE2, CE3, CE4, and CE5, respectively. The cysts in the lungs, 17.4%, 26.9%, 12.1%, 11.6%, and 32.1%, were Types CE1, CE2, CE3, CE4, and CE5, respectively. A significant correlation was noticed between the number of cysts in liver and those in lung (R = 0.770, P < 0.001). Conclusions CT scan is a suitable tool in determining the size and type of cystic hydatid cysts in both liver and lung of sheep. A significant correlation was noticed between the numbers in liver and lung, indicating that lung infection was likely due to the expansion of liver cyst burden pressure. PMID:29082246

30 CFR 75.205 - Installation of roof support using mining machines with integral roof bolters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... machines with integral roof bolters. 75.205 Section 75.205 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH... Roof Support § 75.205 Installation of roof support using mining machines with integral roof bolters. When roof bolts are installed by a continuous mining machine with intregal roof bolting equipment: (a...

Habitat template approach for green roofs using a native rocky sea coast plant community in Japan.

PubMed

Nagase, Ayako; Tashiro-Ishii, Yurika

2018-01-15

The present study examined whether it is possible to simulate a local herbaceous coastal plant community on a roof, by studying the natural habitats of rocky sea coast plants and their propagation and performance on a green roof. After studying the natural habitat of coastal areas in Izu peninsula, a germination and cutting transplant study was carried out using herbaceous plants from the Jogasaki sea coast. Many plant species did not germinate at all and the use of cuttings was a better method than direct seeding. The green roof was installed in the spring of 2012 in Chiba city. Thirteen plant species from the Jogasaki sea coast, which were successfully propagated, were planted in three kinds of substrate (15 cm depth): pumice, roof tile and commercial green roof substrate. The water drainage was restricted and a reservoir with 5 cm depth of water underlaid the substrate to simulate a similar growing environment to the sea coast. Volcanic rocks were placed as mulch to create a landscape similar to that on the Jogasaki sea coast. Plant coverage on the green roof was measured every month from June 2012 to October 2014. All plants were harvested and their dry shoot weight was measured in December 2014. The type of substrate did not cause significant differences in plant survival and dry shoot weight. Sea coast plant species were divided into four categories: vigorous growth; seasonal change; disappearing after a few years; limited growth. Understanding the ecology of natural habitats was important to simulating a local landscape using native plant communities on the green roof. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Neonate Auditory Brainstem Responses to CE-Chirp and CE-Chirp Octave Band Stimuli I: Versus Click and Tone Burst Stimuli.

PubMed

Cobb, Kensi M; Stuart, Andrew

The purpose of the study was to generate normative auditory brainstem response (ABR) wave component peak latency and amplitude values for neonates with air- and bone-conducted CE-Chirps and air-conducted CE-Chirp octave band stimuli (i.e., 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz). A second objective was to compare neonate ABRs to CE-Chirp stimuli with ABR responses to traditional click and tone burst stimuli with the same stimulus parameters. Participants were 168 healthy neonates. ABRs were obtained to air- and bone-conducted CE-Chirp and click stimuli and air-conducted CE-Chirp octave band and tone burst stimuli. The effects of stimulus level, rate, and polarity were examined with air-conducted CE-Chirps and clicks. The effect of stimulus level was also examined with bone-conducted CE-Chirps and clicks and air-conducted CE-Chirp octave band stimuli. In general, ABR wave V amplitudes to air- and bone-conducted CE-Chirp stimuli were significantly larger (p < 0.05) than those evoked to traditional click and tone burst stimuli. Systematic statistically significant (p < 0.05) wave V latency differences existed between the air- and bone-conducted CE-Chirp and CE-Chirp octave band stimuli relative to traditional click and tone burst stimuli. ABRs to air- and bone-conducted CE-Chirps and CE-Chirp octave band stimuli may be valuable in the assessment of newborn infants. However, the prognostic value of such stimuli needs to be validated.

A wedge strategy for mitigation of urban warming in future climate scenarios

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Lei; Lee, Xuhui; Schultz, Natalie M.

2017-07-01

Heat stress is one of the most severe climate threats to human society in a future warmer world. The situation is further exacerbated in urban areas by urban heat islands (UHIs). Because the majority of world's population is projected to live in cities, there is a pressing need to find effective solutions for the heat stress problem. We use a climate model to investigate the effectiveness of various urban heat mitigation strategies: cool roofs, street vegetation, green roofs, and reflective pavement. Our results show that by adopting highly reflective roofs, almost all the cities in the United States and southern Canada are transformed into white oases - cold islands caused by cool roofs at midday, with an average oasis effect of -3.4 K in the summer for the period 2071-2100, which offsets approximately 80 % of the greenhouse gas (GHG) warming projected for the same period under the RCP4.5 scenario. A UHI mitigation wedge consisting of cool roofs, street vegetation, and reflective pavement has the potential to eliminate the daytime UHI plus the GHG warming.

Roof-top solar energy potential under performance-based building energy codes: The case of Spain

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Izquierdo, Salvador; Montanes, Carlos; Dopazo, Cesar

2011-01-15

The quantification at regional level of the amount of energy (for thermal uses and for electricity) that can be generated by using solar systems in buildings is hindered by the availability of data for roof area estimation. In this note, we build on an existing geo-referenced method for determining available roof area for solar facilities in Spain to produce a quantitative picture of the likely limits of roof-top solar energy. The installation of solar hot water systems (SHWS) and photovoltaic systems (PV) is considered. After satisfying up to 70% (if possible) of the service hot water demand in every municipality,more » PV systems are installed in the remaining roof area. Results show that, applying this performance-based criterion, SHWS would contribute up to 1662 ktoe/y of primary energy (or 68.5% of the total thermal-energy demand for service hot water), while PV systems would provide 10 T W h/y of electricity (or 4.0% of the total electricity demand). (author)« less

Enhancement of life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology to include the effect of surface albedo on climate change: Comparing black and white roofs.

PubMed

Susca, Tiziana

2012-04-01

Traditionally, life cycle assessment (LCA) does not estimate a key property: surface albedo. Here an enhancement of the LCA methodology has been proposed through the development and employment of a time-dependent climatological model for including the effect of surface albedo on climate. The theoretical findings derived by the time-dependent model have been applied to the case study of a black and a white roof evaluated in the time-frames of 50 and 100 years focusing on the impact on global warming potential. The comparative life cycle impact assessment of the two roofs shows that the high surface albedo plays a crucial role in offsetting radiative forcings. In the 50-year time horizon, surface albedo is responsible for a decrease in CO(2)eq of 110-184 kg and 131-217 kg in 100 years. Furthermore, the white roof compared to the black roof, due to the high albedo, decreases the annual energy use of about 3.6-4.5 kWh/m(2). Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

An environmental cost-benefit analysis of alternative green roofing strategies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Richardson, M.; William, R. K.; Goodwell, A. E.; Le, P. V.; Kumar, P.; Stillwell, A. S.

2016-12-01

Green roofs and cool roofs are alternative roofing strategies that mitigate urban heat island effects and improve building energy performance. Green roofs consist of soil and vegetation layers that provide runoff reduction, thermal insulation, and potential natural habitat, but can require regular maintenance. Cool roofs involve a reflective layer that reflects more sunlight than traditional roofing materials, but require additional insulation during winter months. This study evaluates several roofing strategies in terms of energy performance, urban heat island mitigation, water consumption, and economic cost. We use MLCan, a multi-layer canopy model, to simulate irrigated and non-irrigated green roof cases with shallow and deep soil depths during the spring and early summer of 2012, a drought period in central Illinois. Due to the dry conditions studied, periodic irrigation is implemented in the model to evaluate its effect on evapotranspiration. We simulate traditional and cool roof scenarios by altering surface albedo and omitting vegetation and soil layers. We find that both green roofs and cool roofs significantly reduce surface temperature compared to the traditional roof simulation. Cool roof temperatures always remain below air temperature and, similar to traditional roofs, require low maintenance. Green roofs remain close to air temperature and also provide thermal insulation, runoff reduction, and carbon uptake, but might require irrigation during dry periods. Due to the longer lifetime of a green roof compared to cool and traditional roofs, we find that green roofs realize the highest long term cost savings under simulated conditions. However, using longer-life traditional roof materials (which have a higher upfront cost) can help decrease this price differential, making cool roofs the most affordable option due to the higher maintenance costs associated with green roofs

A flux-free method for synthesis of Ce{sup 3+}-doped YAG phosphor for white LEDs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Qiang, Yaochun; Yu, Yuxi, E-mail: yu_heart@xmu.edu.cn; Chen, Guolong

2016-02-15

Highlights: • A series of CeF{sub 3}-doped YAG phosphors were successfully synthesized. • CeF{sub 3} not only can be used as the Ce{sup 3+} source but also can play the role of a flux. • The QY of YAG:CeF{sub 3} phosphor is 91% but the QY of YAG:Ce{sub 2}O{sub 3} phosphor is just 80%. • YAG:CeF{sub 3} phosphor exhibits excellent thermal stability. • Using CeF{sub 3} as the Ce{sup 3+} source is a promising flux-free method to prepare YAG:Ce{sup 3+}. - Abstract: A series of CeF{sub 3}-doped Y{sub 3}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12} (YAG:CeF{sub 3}) phosphor, CeO{sub 2}-doped Y{sub 3}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12}more » (YAG:Ce{sub 2}O{sub 3}) phosphor and 5 wt% BaF{sub 2} added YAG:Ce{sub 2}O{sub 3} (YAG:Ce{sub 2}O{sub 3} + BaF{sub 2}) phosphor were successfully synthesized by a solid-state reaction method. The microstructure, morphology, luminescence spectra, luminescence quantum yield (QY) and thermal quenching of the phosphors were investigated. The QY of YAG:CeF{sub 3} phosphor is 91% but the QY of YAG:Ce{sub 2}O{sub 3} phosphor is just 80%. At 150 °C, the luminescence intensity of YAG:CeF{sub 3} phosphor, YAG:Ce{sub 2}O{sub 3} phosphor and YAG:Ce{sub 2}O{sub 3} + BaF{sub 2} phosphor was 85%, 86% and 89% of that measured at 25 °C, respectively. The comprehensive performance of the white LED lamp employing YAG:CeF{sub 3} phosphor is even better than that of the white LED lamp employing YAG:Ce{sub 2}O{sub 3} + BaF{sub 2} phosphor. The experimental results show that it is a promising flux-free method to synthesize Ce{sup 3+}-doped YAG phosphor by employing CeF{sub 3} as the Ce{sup 3+} source.« less

DAMGO in the central amygdala alleviates the affective dimension of pain in a rat model of inflammatory hyperalgesia.

PubMed

Zhang, R-X; Zhang, M; Li, A; Pan, L; Berman, B M; Ren, K; Lao, L

2013-11-12

Pain has sensory-discriminative and emotional-affective dimensions. Recent studies show that the affective component can be assessed with a conditioned place avoidance (CPA) test. We hypothesized that systemic morphine before a post-conditioning test would more potently attenuate the affective aspect compared to the sensory component and that [d-Ala2-N-Me-Phe4, Gly-ol5]-enkephalin (DAMGO), a μ-selective opioid receptor agonist, injected into the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) would reduce established CPA. A rat model of inflammatory pain, produced by a complete Freund adjuvant (CFA) injection into the hind paw, was combined with a CPA test. Three experiments were performed on adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Systemic morphine (0.5 or 1.0mg/kg) in Experiment 1, intrathecal (i.t.) morphine (2.5 μg/rat) in Experiment 2, and intra-CeA DAMGO (7.7-15.4 ng/0.4 μl) in Experiment 3 were given to CFA-injected rats (n=6-8/group) prior to a post-conditioning test. Saline-injected rats were used as control. Time spent in a pain-paired compartment was recorded twice, before conditioning and after a post-conditioning test. Paw withdrawal latency (PWL) to a noxious thermal stimulus was measured before experiment at day-1 and after the post-conditioning test; hyperalgesia was defined as a decrease in PWL. The data showed that CFA-injected rats had significantly negative CPA compared to those of saline-injected rats (P<0.05). Low-dosage systemic morphine significantly (P<0.05) reduced CFA-induced CPA but had no effect on PWL. I.t. morphine did not inhibit the display of CPA but significantly increased PWL, suppressing hyperalgesia (P<0.05). Intra-CeA DAMGO significantly inhibited the display of CPA compared to saline (P<0.05) but had no effect on PWL. The data demonstrate that morphine attenuates the affective component more powerfully than it does the sensory and suggests that the sensory and the emotional-affective dimensions are underpinned by different mechanisms. Copyright © 2013 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effects of local structure of Ce3+ ions on luminescent properties of Y3Al5O12:Ce nanoparticles

PubMed Central

He, Xiaowu; Liu, Xiaofang; Li, Rongfeng; Yang, Bai; Yu, Kaili; Zeng, Min; Yu, Ronghai

2016-01-01

Ce3+-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG:Ce) nanocrystals were successfully synthesized via a facile sol-gel method. Multiple characterization techniques were employed to study the structure, morphology, composition and photoluminescence properties of YAG:Ce nanophosphors. The YAG:Ce0.0055 sintered at 1030 °C exhibited a typical 5d1-4f1 emission band with the maximum peak located at 525 nm, and owned a short fluorescence lifetime τ1 (~28 ns) and a long fluorescence lifetime τ2 (~94 ns). Calcination temperature and Ce3+ doping concentration have significant effects on the photoluminescence properties of the YAG:Ce nanophosphors. The emission intensity was enhanced as the calcination temperature increased from 830 to 1030 °C, but decreased dramatically with the increase of Ce3+ doping concentration from 0.55 to 5.50 at.% due to the concentration quenching. By optimizing the synthesized condition, the strongest photoluminescence emission intensity was achieved at 1030 °C with Ce3+ concentration of 0.55 at.%. PMID:26935980

Crystal Growth and Scintillation Properties of Ce Doped Gd3Ga,Al5O12 Single Crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kamada, Kei; Yanagida, Takayuki; Pejchal, Jan; Nikl, Martin; Endo, Takanori; Tsutsumi, Kousuke; Fujimoto, Yutaka; Fukabori, Akihiro; Yoshikawa, Akira

2012-10-01

Ce1%, 2% and 3% doped Gd3(Ga,Al)5O12 (GAGG) single crystals were grown by the Cz method. Luminescence and scintillation properties were measured. Light yield change along the growth direction and effects of Ce concentration on scintillation properties in Ce:GAGG were studied. Ce3+ 5d-4f emission within 520-530 nm was observed in the Ce:GAGG crystals. The Ce1%:GAGG sample with 3×3×1 mm size showed the highest light yield of 46000 photon/MeV. The energy resolution was 7.8%@662 keV. With increasing solidification fraction, the LY were decreased. It is proposed that the increase of Ga concentration along the growth direction is the main cause of the decrease of LY. The scintillation decay times were accelerated with increasing Ce concentration in the Ce:GAGG crystals. The scintillation decay times were 92.0 ns, 79.1 ns and 68.3 ns in the Ce1, 2 and 3% GAGG, respectively.

Reducing Life-Cycle Costs.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Roodvoets, David L.

2003-01-01

Presents factors to consider when determining roofing life-cycle costs, explaining that costs do not tell the whole story; discussing components that should go into the decision (cost, maintenance, energy use, and environmental costs); and concluding that important elements in reducing life-cycle costs include energy savings through increased…

A comparative study of the luminescence properties of LYSO:Ce, LSO:Ce, GSO:Ce and BGO single crystal scintillators for use in medical X-ray imaging.

PubMed

Valais, I; Michail, C; David, S; Nomicos, C D; Panayiotakis, G S; Kandarakis, I

2008-06-01

The present study is a comparative investigation of the luminescence properties of (Lu,Y)(2)SiO(5):Ce (LYSO:Ce), Lu(2)SiO(5):Ce (LSO:Ce), Gd(2)SiO(5):Ce (GSO:Ce) and (Bi(4)Ge(3)O(12)) BGO single crystal scintillators under medical X-ray excitation. All scintillating crystals have dimensions of 10 x 10 x 10 mm(3) are non-hygroscopic exhibiting high radiation absorption efficiency in the energy range used in medical imaging applications. The comparative investigation was performed by determining the absolute luminescence efficiency (emitted light flux over incident X-ray exposure) in X-ray energies employed in general X-ray imaging (40-140 kV) and in mammographic X-ray imaging (22-49 kV). Additionally, light emission spectra of crystals at various X-ray energies were measured, in order to determine the spectral compatibility to optical photon detectors incorporated in medical imaging systems and the overall efficiency (effective efficiency) of a scintillator-optical detector combination. The light emission performance of LYSO:Ce and LSO:Ce scintillators studied was found very high for X-ray imaging.

Effect of CeO2 coprecipitation on the electrochemical performance of Li(Li,Ni,Mn,Co)O2-CeO2-C composite cathode materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kurilenko, K. A.; Shlyakhtin, O. A.; Petukhov, D. I.; Garshev, A. V.

2017-06-01

Composite electrode materials Li[Li0.13Ni0.2Mn0.47Co0.2]O2 (LNMC)-CeO2-С are obtained by the coprecipitation of Co, Ni, Mn and Ce hydroxides followed by the coating of LNMC-CeO2 composites with pyrolytic carbon. The introduction of 5% CeO2 promotes the reduction of LNMC grain size from 190-230 to 100-170 nm and the corresponding increase in the electrochemical capacity of LNMC-CeO2 composite. The pyrolytic coating consists of the network of 2-5 nm polymer-carbon particles at the surface of LNMC crystallites. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data, which was performed after the galvanostatic cycling, demonstrated considerably lower charge transfer resistance of the carbon-coated composites compared to the bare LNMC and the LNMC-CeO2 composites. The values of the discharge capacity of LNMC-CeO2-C composites are superior to the capacity of LMNC-CeO2 and LMNC-C composites at all discharge rates (C/10 - 5C). The increase of the upper boundary of potentials to 4.8 V after cycling at 5C (U - 2÷4.6 V) promotes the increase of low rate electrochemical capacity of LNMC-CeO2-C composite to 220 mAh g-1.

Magnetic susceptibility and AMS of the Bushveld alkaline granites, South Africa

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ferré, Eric C.; Wilson, Jeff; Gleizes, Gérard

1999-06-01

The Bushveld Complex in South Africa includes one of the world's largest anorogenic alkaline granite intrusions (66,000 km 2). The granite forms a composite laccolith, of 350 × 250 km in area and about 2 km in thickness, which was emplaced at about 5 km depth into sediments overlying the Kaapvaal craton, at 2054 Ma. The Bushveld granite and its roof-rocks have long been mined for Sn, W and F. The Bushveld granites have high magnetic susceptibilities ( Km from 1000 to 4000 μSI), and a quantitative model is presented, suggesting that susceptibility fabrics are primarily carried by ferromagnetic minerals. The measured AMS foliations coincide with observed subhorizontal mineral lineations and compositional layering. Magnetic lineation trends vary considerably within the horizontal plane. The existence of a weak planar fabric and, an almost absent linear component may reflect (a) laccolithic emplacement by roof uplift, causing flattening magmatic fabrics, or (b) emplacement of largely crystal-free magma crystallizing in-situ and developing horizontal compositional layering from thermal chemical diffusion fronts and gravity-driven mechanisms. Weak magnétic fabrics, like those identified in the Bushveld granites require specific sampling schemes and procedures, in addition to rigorous constraint of magnetic mineralogy and crystallization sequence.

Inhomogenous Broadening, Charge Compensation, and Luminescence Quenching in Ce 3+-Doped Sr 3AlO 4F Phosphors

DOE PAGES

Setlur, A. A.; Porob, D. G.; Happek, U.; ...

2015-09-24

The local coordination around luminescent ions in phosphors can affect the properties of these materials. Here, we analyze the Ce 3+ luminescence for the various Ce 3+ centers in Sr 3AlO 4F-based phosphors and use the excitation, emission, and quenching of these phosphors to infer aspects of the local coordination. It is shown that Ce 3+ centers with lower energy 4f 1→5d 1 absorption bands are likely from charge compensation effects by the replacement of F - by O 2-. In addition, at higher RE 3+ concentrations, additional Ce 3+ centers with even lower energy 4f 1→5d 1 absorption bandsmore » are present, presumably due to Ce 3+-RE 3+ pair formation and O 2- charge compensation. These Ce 3+ centers with lower energy 4f 1→5d 1 absorption bands have their luminescence strongly quenched at room temperature. The relationships between composition and Ce 3+ luminescence quenching for Sr 3AlO 4F-based phosphors are also discussed, giving evidence that Ce 3+(5d 1) ionization is the main cause for luminescence quenching in these materials.« less

BIPV: a real-time building performance study for a roof-integrated facility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aaditya, Gayathri; Mani, Monto

2018-03-01

Building integrated photovoltaic system (BIPV) is a photovoltaic (PV) integration that generates energy and serves as a building envelope. A building element (e.g. roof and wall) is based on its functional performance, which could include structure, durability, maintenance, weathering, thermal insulation, acoustics, and so on. The present paper discusses the suitability of PV as a building element in terms of thermal performance based on a case study of a 5.25 kWp roof-integrated BIPV system in tropical regions. Performance of PV has been compared with conventional construction materials and various scenarios have been simulated to understand the impact on occupant comfort levels. In the current case study, PV as a roofing material has been shown to cause significant thermal discomfort to the occupants. The study has been based on real-time data monitoring supported by computer-based building simulation model.

Single crystal and optical ceramic multicomponent garnet scintillators: A comparative study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Yuntao; Luo, Zhaohua; Jiang, Haochuan; Meng, Fang; Koschan, Merry; Melcher, Charles L.

2015-04-01

Multicomponent garnet materials can be made in optical ceramic as well as single crystal form due to their cubic crystal structure. In this work, high-quality Gd3Ga3Al2O12:0.2 at% Ce (GGAG:Ce) single crystal and (Gd,Lu)3Ga3Al2O12:1 at% Ce (GLuGAG:Ce) optical ceramics were fabricated by the Czochralski method and a combination of hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) and annealing treatment, respectively. Under optical and X-ray excitation, the GLuGAG:Ce optical ceramic exhibits a broad Ce3+ transition emission centered at 550 nm, while the emission peak of the GGAG:Ce single crystal is centered at 540 nm. A self-absorption effect in GLuGAG:Ce optical ceramic results in this red-shift of the Ce3+ emission peak compared to that in the GGAG:Ce single crystal. The light yield under 662 keV γ-ray excitation was 45,000±2500 photons/MeV and 48,200±2410 photons/MeV for the GGAG:Ce single crystal and GLuGAG:Ce optical ceramic, respectively. An energy resolution of 7.1% for 662 keV γ-rays was achieved in the GLuGAG:Ce optical ceramic with a Hamamatsu R6231 PMT, which is superior to the value of 7.6% for a GGAG:Ce single crystal. Scintillation decay time measurements under 137Cs irradiation show two exponential decay components of 58 ns (47%) and 504 ns (53%) for the GGAG:Ce single crystal, and 84 ns (76%) and 148 ns (24%) for the GLuGAG:Ce optical ceramic. The afterglow level after X-ray cutoff in the GLuGAG:Ce optical ceramic is at least one order of magnitude lower than in the GGAG:Ce single crystal.

Remelting in caldera and rift environments and the genesis of hot, “recycled” rhyolites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simakin, A. G.; Bindeman, I. N.

2012-07-01

Large and small volume rhyolites are generated in calderas and rift zones, inheriting older and isotopically diverse crystal populations from their volcanic predecessors. Low-δ18O values in many of these rhyolites suggest that they were derived from the remelting of solid, hydrothermally altered by meteoric water protoliths that were once close to the surface, but become buried by caldera collapse or rifting. These rhyolites persist for millions of years in these environments with little evidence of coeval basalts. We present a series of numerical experiments on convective melting of roof-rocks by the underplated by near liquidus to superheated silicic melts, generated at the base of the chamber by basaltic intrusions in shallow crustal conditions. We used a range of temperatures and compositions, an appropriate phase diagram with a defined extended eutectic zone appropriate for these environments, varied sill thickness, viscosity of the boundary layer, and considered hydrothermal and lower boundary heat losses. The goal was to estimate melting rates and mechanisms, define conditions that are required for efficient and rapid remelting in the upper crust, quantitatively describe novel details of the dynamics of convecting melting, and compare it to the earlier parametric and numerical treatments of roof melting by underplating. Resolution of numerical experiments allowed us to track mixed thermal and two-phase plume-like convection in silicic magma with a bulk viscosity of 104.5-105.5 Pa s. The following results were obtained: (1) remarkably fast melting/magma generation rates of many meters per year, (2) intrinsic inhomogeneities in the roof accelerates convection and melting rates via rapid gravitational settling of refractory blocks and exposing detachment scars to the melting front, (3) due to rapid melting, hydrothermal heat loss through the roof, and conductive heat dissipation through the bottom are less important on melting timescales. (4) Convective melting is capable of digesting cold roof-rocks, with high assimilation degrees, which are primarily controlled by sill thickness and roof-rock temperature: thin 10 m sills are able to digest 40% of the initially hot roof-rock T=650 °C roof-rock, but>100 m sills achieve the same level of bulk digestion with T=400 °C roof-rocks. The proposed model can explain the origin of hot (above 800-850 °C), crystal-poor, "recycled" rhyolites in calderas and rift zones. It can also explain the generation of large, supervolcanic rhyolite volumes through remelting of their erupted and subvolcanic predecessors on rapid timescales, dictated by their zoned and disequilibrium crystalline cargo.

Crystal structure and solution species of Ce(III) and Ce(IV) formates: from mononuclear to hexanuclear complexes.

PubMed

Hennig, Christoph; Ikeda-Ohno, Atsushi; Kraus, Werner; Weiss, Stephan; Pattison, Philip; Emerich, Hermann; Abdala, Paula M; Scheinost, Andreas C

2013-10-21

Cerium(III) and cerium(IV) both form formate complexes. However, their species in aqueous solution and the solid-state structures are surprisingly different. The species in aqueous solutions were investigated with Ce K-edge EXAFS spectroscopy. Ce(III) formate shows only mononuclear complexes, which is in agreement with the predicted mononuclear species of Ce(HCOO)(2+) and Ce(HCOO)2(+). In contrast, Ce(IV) formate forms in aqueous solution a stable hexanuclear complex of [Ce6(μ3-O)4(μ3-OH)4(HCOO)x(NO3)y](12-x-y). The structural differences reflect the different influence of hydrolysis, which is weak for Ce(III) and strong for Ce(IV). Hydrolysis of Ce(IV) ions causes initial polymerization while complexation through HCOO(-) results in 12 chelate rings stabilizing the hexanuclear Ce(IV) complex. Crystals were grown from the above-mentioned solutions. Two crystal structures of Ce(IV) formate were determined. Both form a hexanuclear complex with a [Ce6(μ3-O)4(μ3-OH)4](12+) core in aqueous HNO3/HCOOH solution. The pH titration with NaOH resulted in a structure with the composition [Ce6(μ3-O)4(μ3-OH)4(HCOO)10(NO3)2(H2O)3]·(H2O)9.5, while the pH adjustment with NH3 resulted in [Ce6(μ3-O)4(μ3-OH)4(HCOO)10(NO3)4]·(NO3)3(NH4)5(H2O)5. Furthermore, the crystal structure of Ce(III) formate, Ce(HCOO)3, was determined. The coordination polyhedron is a tricapped trigonal prism which is formed exclusively by nine HCOO(-) ligands. The hexanuclear Ce(IV) formate species from aqueous solution is widely preserved in the crystal structure, whereas the mononuclear solution species of Ce(III) formate undergoes a polymerization during the crystallization process.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme in epithelial and neuroepithelial cells.

PubMed

Defendini, R; Zimmerman, E A; Weare, J A; Alhenc-Gelas, F; Erdös, E G

1983-07-01

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (CE) occurs in three types of cell: endothelial, epithelial, and neuroepithelial. In all three, it appears to be bound to plasma membrane. With antisera to the human enzyme, CE is demonstrated in paraffin sections on the apical surface of epithelial cells in the proximal tubule of the kidney, the mucosa of the small intestine, the syncytial trophoblast of the placenta, and the choroid plexus. Epithelial CE is characteristically found on microvillous surfaces in contact with an effluent, well placed to act on substrate in flux. In the brain, CE occurs in nerve fibers and terminals, mainly mesiobasally and in basal ganglia. Mesiobasal CE coincides with other components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the choroid/ventricular fluid, the subfornical organ, and the magnocellular neurosecretory system of the hypothalamus. Extrapyramidal CE, however, may not be related to the RAS. In the substantia nigra and the globus pallidus, the enzyme has the same cellular distribution as two putative neuromodulators, substance P and enkephalin, the latter a known substrate of CE.

Estimation of the Thermodynamic Efficiency of a Solid-State Cooler Based on the Multicaloric Effect

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Starkov, A. S.; Pakhomov, O. V.; Rodionov, V. V.; Amirov, A. A.; Starkov, I. A.

2018-03-01

The thermodynamic efficiency of using the multicaloric effect (μCE) in solid-state cooler systems has been studied in comparison to single-component caloric effects. This approach is illustrated by example of the Brayton cycle for μCE and magnetocaloric effect (MCE). Based on the results of experiments with Fe48Rh52-PbZr0.53Ti0.47O3 two-layer ferroic composite, the temperature dependence of the relative efficiency is determined and the temperature range is estimated in which the μCE is advantageous to MCE. The proposed theory of μCE is compared to experimental data.

Competing pseudogap and impurity effects on the normal-state specific heat properties of cuprate superconductors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dzhumanov, S.; Karimboev, E. X.

2014-07-01

In this paper, we show that the pseudogap in the excitation spectra of high-Tc cuprates together with the impurity phase and charge inhomogeneity plays key roles in determining the essential features of their anomalous specific heat properties observed above Tc. We consider the doped cuprate superconductor as a multi-carrier model system (which consists of intrinsic and extrinsic polarons and pre-formed bosonic Cooper pairs) and study the competing pseudogap and impurity effects on the normal-state electronic specific heat of high-Tc cuprates taking into account charge inhomogeneities. We argue that unconventional electron-phonon interactions are responsible for the precursor Cooper pairing in the polaronic band below a mean-field temperature T∗ and the existence of a pseudogap above Tc in the cuprates. The electronic specific heat Ce(T) of doped cuprates below T∗ is calculated taking into account three contributions coming from the excited components of Cooper pairs, the ideal Bose-gas of incoherent Cooper pairs and the unpaired carriers in the impurity band. Above T∗, two contributions to Ce(T) coming from the unpaired intrinsic and extrinsic polarons are calculated within the two-component degenerate Fermi-gas model. By comparing our results with the experimental Ce(T) data obtained for La- and Y-based cuprates, we find that the observed behaviors of Ce(T) (below and above T∗) are similar to the calculated results for Ce(T) and the BCS-type jumps of Ce(T) at T∗ may be depressed by the impurity effects and may become more or less pronounced BCS-type anomalies in Ce(T) .

What part of working memory is not working in ADHD? Short-term memory, the central executive and effects of reinforcement.

PubMed

Dovis, Sebastiaan; Van der Oord, Saskia; Wiers, Reinout W; Prins, Pier J M

2013-08-01

Deficits in Working Memory (WM) are related to symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In children with ADHD visuospatial WM is most impaired. WM is composed of Short-Term Memory (STM) and a Central Executive (CE). Therefore, deficits in either or both STM and the CE may account for WM impairments in children with ADHD. WM-component studies investigating this find deficits in both STM and the CE. However, recent studies show that not only cognitive deficits, but also motivational deficits give rise to the aberrant WM performance of children with ADHD. To date, the influence of these motivational deficits on the components of WM has not been investigated. This study examined the effects of a standard (feedback-only) and a high level of reinforcement (feedback + 10 euros) on the visuospatial WM-, visuospatial STM-, and the CE performance of 86 children with ADHD and 62 typically-developing controls. With standard reinforcement the STM, CE, and WM performance of children with ADHD was worse than that of controls. High reinforcement improved STM and WM performance more in children with ADHD than in controls, but was unable to normalize their performance. High reinforcement did not appear to improve the CE-related performance of children with ADHD and controls. Motivational deficits have a detrimental effect on both the visuospatial WM performance and the STM performance of children with ADHD. Aside from motivational deficits, both the visuospatial STM and the CE of children with ADHD are impaired, and give rise to their deficits in visuospatial WM.

Controllable upconversion luminescence and temperature sensing behavior in NaGdF4:Yb3+/Ho3+/Ce3+ nano-phosphors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pang, Tao; Wang, Jiajun

2018-01-01

The hexagonal NaGdF4:Yb3+/Ho3+/Ce3+ nano-phosphors are synthesized by a hydrothermal method. Under 980 nm excitation, the phosphor emits green, red and far-red light in the visible wavelength region, corresponding to the 5S2/5F4 → 5I8, 5F5 → 5I8 and 5S2/5F4 → 5I7 transitions of Ho3+ ions, respectively. When adjusting the Ce3+ concentration from 0% to 16%, the dominant wavelength shifts ˜43 nm toward the longer wavelength. Two cross-relaxation processes between Ho3+ and Ce3+ are responsible for the change in chromaticity. Also, the ability of the Ce3+ concentration to regulate the luminescence color depends on the pumping power and temperature of samples. More interestingly, the phosphors are potentially applicable as the optical thermometric materials. In the case of 16% Ce3+ doping, the maximum sensitivity (0.1446 K-1) about 4-35 times as high as the reported values of several typical thermometric materials is obtained.

Roof Plans: Section "CC", Roof Plan; Roof Framing Plans: Section ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Roof Plans: Section "C-C", Roof Plan; Roof Framing Plans: Section "C-C", Section "D-D"; Roof Framing Sections: Cross Section "G-G", Cross Section "H-H" - Fort Washington, Fort Washington Light, Northeast side of Potomac River at Fort Washington Park, Fort Washington, Prince George's County, MD

Hierarchical Heterogeneity at the CeO x –TiO 2 Interface: Electronic and Geometric Structural Influence on the Photocatalytic Activity of Oxide on Oxide Nanostructures

DOE PAGES

Luo, Si; Nguyen-Phan, Thuy-Duong; Johnston-Peck, Aaron C.; ...

2015-01-13

Mixed oxide interfaces are critical for delivering active components of demanding catalytic processes such as the photo-catalytic splitting of water. We have studied CeO xTiO₂ catalysts with low ceria loadings of 1 wt%, 3 wt% and 6 wt% that were prepared with wet impregnation methods to favor a strong interaction between CeO x and TiO₂. In these materials the interfaces between CeO x-TiO₂ have been sequentially loaded (1%, 3% and 6%), with and without Pt (0.5 wt%). The structure and properties of the catalysts were characterized using several X-ray and electron based techniques including XRD, XPS, UPS, NEXAFS, UV-Vis andmore » HR-STEM/STEM-EELS, to unravel the local morphology, bulk structure, surface states and electronic structure. The combination of all these techniques allow us to analyze in a systematic way the complete structural and electronic properties that prevail at the CeO x-TiO₂ interface. Fluorite structured nano crystallites of ceria on anatase-structured titania were identified by both XRD and NEXAFS. A sequential increasing of the CeO x loading led to the formation of clusters, then plates and finally nano particles in a hierarchical manner on the TiO₂ support. The electronic structures of these catalysts indicate that the interaction between TiO₂ and CeO₂ is closely related to the local morphology of nanostructured CeO₂. Ce³⁺ cations were detected at the surface of CeO₂ and at the interface of the two oxides. In addition, the titania is perturbed by the interaction with ceria and also with Pt. The photocatalytic activity for the splitting of H₂O using UV light was measured for these materials and correlated with our understanding of the electronic and structural properties. Optimal catalytic performance and photo response results were found for the 1 wt% CeO x-TiO₂ catalyst where low dimensional geometry of the ceria provided ideal electronic and geometrical properties. The structural and electronic properties of the interface were critical for the photocatalytic performance of this mixed-oxide nanocatalyst system.« less

30 CFR 75.1321 - Permits for firing more than 20 boreholes and for use of nonpermissible blasting units.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... approximate number of boreholes to be fired; (3) The period of time during which the permit will apply; (4..., track grading, roof brushing or boom holes; (5) A plan, proposed by the operator designed to protect... scaling and supporting the remaining roof prior to wiring a new series of boreholes; (2) Exposure to...

30 CFR 75.1321 - Permits for firing more than 20 boreholes and for use of nonpermissible blasting units.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... approximate number of boreholes to be fired; (3) The period of time during which the permit will apply; (4..., track grading, roof brushing or boom holes; (5) A plan, proposed by the operator designed to protect... scaling and supporting the remaining roof prior to wiring a new series of boreholes; (2) Exposure to...

30 CFR 75.1321 - Permits for firing more than 20 boreholes and for use of nonpermissible blasting units.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... approximate number of boreholes to be fired; (3) The period of time during which the permit will apply; (4..., track grading, roof brushing or boom holes; (5) A plan, proposed by the operator designed to protect... scaling and supporting the remaining roof prior to wiring a new series of boreholes; (2) Exposure to...

30 CFR 75.1321 - Permits for firing more than 20 boreholes and for use of nonpermissible blasting units.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... approximate number of boreholes to be fired; (3) The period of time during which the permit will apply; (4..., track grading, roof brushing or boom holes; (5) A plan, proposed by the operator designed to protect... scaling and supporting the remaining roof prior to wiring a new series of boreholes; (2) Exposure to...

40 CFR 65.43 - Fixed roof with an internal floating roof (IFR).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... maintained in a closed position at all times (i.e., no visible gaps) except when the device is in actual use... is emptied, but no less frequently than once every 10 years. (2) Double seal. For vessels equipped... storage vessel is emptied, but no less frequently than once every 5 years; or (ii) Visually inspect the...

40 CFR 65.43 - Fixed roof with an internal floating roof (IFR).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... maintained in a closed position at all times (i.e., no visible gaps) except when the device is in actual use... is emptied, but no less frequently than once every 10 years. (2) Double seal. For vessels equipped... storage vessel is emptied, but no less frequently than once every 5 years; or (ii) Visually inspect the...

Regulating the surface of nanoceria and its applications in heterogeneous catalysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, Yuanyuan; Gao, Wei; Zhang, Zhiyun; Zhang, Sai; Tian, Zhimin; Liu, Yuxuan; Ho, Johnny C.; Qu, Yongquan

2018-03-01

Ceria (CeO2) as a support, additive, and active component for heterogeneous catalysis has been demonstrated to have great catalytic performance, which includes excellent thermal structural stability, catalytic efficiency, and chemoselectivity. Understanding the surface properties of CeO2 and the chemical reactions occurred on the corresponding interfaces is of great importance in the rational design of heterogeneous catalysts for various reactions. In general, the reversible Ce3+/Ce4+ redox pair and the surface acid-base properties contribute to the superior intrinsic catalytic capability of CeO2, and hence yield enhanced catalytic phenomenon in many reactions. Particularly, nanostructured CeO2 is characterized by a large number of surface-bound defects, which are primarily oxygen vacancies, as the surface active catalytic sites. Many efforts have therefore been made to control the surface defects and properties of CeO2 by various synthetic strategies and post-treatments. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress in regulating the surface structure and composition of CeO2 and its applications in catalysis.

Optical spectroscopy and ultrafast pump-probe studies on the heavy-fermion compound CePt 2 In 7

DOE PAGES

Chen, R. Y.; Zhang, S. J.; Bauer, E. D.; ...

2016-07-29

We report optical spectroscopy and ultrafast pump-probe measurements on the antiferromagnetic heavy-fermion compound CePt 2 In 7 , a member showing stronger two dimensionality than other compounds in the CeIn 3 -derived heavy-fermion family. Here, we identify clear and typical hybridization spectral structures at low temperature from the two different spectroscopy probes. But, the strength and related energy scale of the hybridization are much weaker and smaller than that in the superconducting compounds CeCoIn 5 and CeIrIn 5 . The features are more similar to observations on the antiferromagnetic compounds CeIn 3 and CeRhIn 5 in the same family. Ourmore » results clearly indicate that the Kondo interaction and hybridizations exist in the antiferromagnetic compounds but with weaker strength.« less

Ce{sub 2}PdIn{sub 8}, Ce{sub 3}PdIn{sub 11} and Ce{sub 5}Pd{sub 2}In{sub 19}—members of homological series based on AuCu{sub 3}- and PtHg{sub 2}-type structural units

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tursina, A.; Nesterenko, S.; Seropegin, Y.

Crystal structures of three members of a unique homological series with the general formula Ce{sub m}Pd{sub n}In{sub 3m+2n} based on the AuCu{sub 3} and PtHg{sub 2} structure types were studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compounds crystallize with space group P4/mmm (Z=1) and the lattice parameters: a=4.6900(9) Å, c=12.185(6) Å for Ce{sub 2}PdIn{sub 8}, a=4.6846(8) Å, c=16.846(8) Å for Ce{sub 3}PdIn{sub 11}, and a=4.70120(10) Å, c=29.1359(4) Å for Ce{sub 5}Pd{sub 2}In{sub 19}. The crystal structures of Ce{sub 3}PdIn{sub 11} and Ce{sub 5}Pd{sub 2}In{sub 19} represent new types. The three structures constitute of [CeIn{sub 3}] cuboctahedra layers and [PdIn{sub 2}] rectangularmore » polyhedra layers, alternating along the tetragonal c-axis in accordance with the m:n proportion. The magnetic and electrical transport properties of the novel compounds Ce{sub 3}PdIn{sub 11} and Ce{sub 5}Pd{sub 2}In{sub 19} were investigated down to 1.72 K. Both indides are Curie–Weiss paramagnets due to the presence of fairly well localized 4f electrons of trivalent cerium ions. The electrical resistivity of both materials is dominated over an extended temperature range by strong spin–flip Kondo interactions with the characteristic temperature scale of 20–30 K. - Graphical abstract: TOC Figure Crystal structures of Ce{sub 3}PdIn{sub 11}, Ce{sub 2}PdIn{sub 8}, and Ce{sub 5}Pd{sub 2}In{sub 19}. Highlights: ► Large section of Ce–Pd–In phase diagram was examined. ► Three distinct ternary phases were identified, two of them for the first time. ► Crystal structures of two novel compounds constitute new structure types. ► The determined crystal structures show close mutual relationship. ► Ce{sub 3}PdIn{sub 11} and Ce{sub 5}Pd{sub 2}In{sub 19} are paramagnetic Kondo lattices.« less

X-ray detection capability of a BaCl{sub 2} single crystal scintillator

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Koshimizu, Masanori; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075; Onodera, Kazuya

2012-01-15

The x-ray detection capability of a scintillation detector equipped with a BaCl{sub 2} single crystal was evaluated. The scintillation decay kinetics can be expressed by a sum of two exponential decay components. The fast and slow components have lifetimes of 1.5 and 85 ns, respectively. The total light output is 5% that of YAP:Ce. A subnanosecond timing resolution was obtained. The detection efficiency of a 67.41 keV x-ray is 87% for a detector equipped with a BaCl{sub 2} crystal 6-mm thick. Thus, excellent timing resolution and high detection efficiency can be simultaneously achieved. Additionally, luminescence decay characteristics under vacuum ultravioletmore » excitation have been investigated. Radiative decay of self-trapped excitons is thought to be responsible for the fast scintillation component.« less

Long- and Short-Term Processes Indicated by the Displacement of the Chamber Roofs in the Monumental Wieliczka Salt Mine / Długo- i krótkotrwałe procesy sygnalizowane przemieszczeniami stropu komór w zabytkowej kopalni soli wieliczka

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kortas, Grzegorz

2013-03-01

This paper presents several processes that are characteristic for the salt rock mass, which have been found upon analysis of observations of the chamber roof displacements in the monumental Wieliczka Salt Mine. Those processes are revealed in different time frames and they range from short- to long-term ones. A regular long-term increase or decrease of creeping rate in the chamber roof is expressed by power function of time. It was found that an annual component of that process consists in the season cycle, marked by increased displacement rates in the summer and reduced ones in the winter. The seasonal changes in air humidity are the cause of those cycles. A rock slip cycle is observed in some chambers during several months. In those periods, we can identify displacements that happen when internal static and dynamic friction is overcome. In 2007-2009, single signals from large-area rock-mass movements were recorded in several chambers. They were probably associated with the change of geo-mechanical conditions in northern region of rock mass after a leak had been plugged in the cross-corridor Mina. The results of our analysis have revealed new cognitive components contributing to the description of rock behaviour in specific geological and mining conditions of Miocene salt deposits.

Rooftop farming on urban wastes: a first assessment of ecosystem services provided by constructed technosols

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grard, Baptiste; Chenu, Claire; Frascaria-Lacoste, Nathalie; Aubry, Christine

2017-04-01

Urban farming, especially on rooftops, is a popular and a growing topic in media as well as in the scientific literature. It is a great opportunity to meet some of the challenges linked to urban areas development worldwide. However, little attention has been paid so far to the growing media of green roofs, i.e. technosols. A better understanding of the influence of technosol choice and component links with ecosystem services is required in order to maximize environmental benefits from rooftop urban farming. Between March 2013 and 2015, a pilot project called T4P (Parisian Productive rooftoP, Pilot Experiment) took place on the rooftop of the technical University AgroParisTech. Two different units based on the use of two contrasted urban organic wastes were compared to a commercial potting soil through yield measurements, substrates characterization and leaching quantification. We performed a first assessment of several ecosystem services expected from these technosols, i.e. provisioning of food (food production), regulation of water runoff (quantity and quality of runoff), recycling of organic wastes. We identified indicators of the ecosystem services (e.g. yield, annual mass loss of mineral nitrogen) and compared their measured values to reference situations (asphalt roof, green roof or cropland). Our analysis shows the multifunctional character of technosols made from organic wastes located on urban rooftops and the ecosystem services approach appears as a fertile one to evaluate and devise constructed technosols as a component of green infrastructures.

Prolong Your Roof's Performance: Roof Asset Management.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Teitsma, Jerry

2001-01-01

Discusses the roof asset management process for maintaining a roof system's integrity and value in a cost-effective manner. Included is a breakdown of roofing surface characteristics for multiply and single ply roofing systems. (GR)

Broadcast application of a placebo rodenticide bait in a native Hawaiian forest

USGS Publications Warehouse

Dunlevy, P.A.; Campbell, E. Wm.; Lindsey, G.D.

2000-01-01

This study consisted of three replicates of controlled field trials using a pelletized placebo (Ramik?? Green formulated without diphacinone) bait treated with a biological marker and broadcast at three application rates - 11.25, 22.5 and 33.75 kg/ha. We determined that Polynesian (Rattus exulans) and roof rats (Rattus rattus) consumed this bait when broadcast on the ground and assessed the optimal sowage rate to result in maximum exposure of bait to the rats while minimizing bait usage. All Polynesian rats captured in all application rates had eaten the bait. The percentage of roof rats that had eaten the bait increased with application rate, however, 22.5 kg/ha was clearly the optimal application rate. Bait degradation and invertebrate activity was documented and assessed.This study consisted of three replicates of controlled field trials using a pelletized placebo (Ramik Green formulated without diphacinone) bait treated with a biological marker and broadcast at three application rates - 11.25, 22.5 and 33.75 kg/ha. We determined that Polynesian (Rattus exulans) and roof rats (Rattus rattus) consumed this bait when broadcast on the ground and assessed the optimal sewage rate to result in maximum exposure of bait to the rats while minimizing bait usage. All Polynesian rats captured in all application rates had eaten the bait. The percentage of roof rats that had eaten the bait increased with application rate, however, 22.5 kg/ha was clearly the optimal application rate. Bait degradation and invertebrate activity was documented and assessed.

Cinnamon extract regulates glucose transporter and insulin-signaling gene expression in mouse adipocytes.

PubMed

Cao, Heping; Graves, Donald J; Anderson, Richard A

2010-11-01

Cinnamon extracts (CE) are reported to have beneficial effects on people with normal and impaired glucose tolerance, the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and insulin resistance. However, clinical results are controversial. Molecular characterization of CE effects is limited. This study investigated the effects of CE on gene expression in cultured mouse adipocytes. Water-soluble CE was prepared from ground cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii). Quantitative real-time PCR was used to investigate CE effects on the expression of genes coding for adipokines, glucose transporter (GLUT) family, and insulin-signaling components in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. CE (100 μg/ml) increased GLUT1 mRNA levels 1.91±0.15, 4.39±0.78, and 6.98±2.18-fold of the control after 2-, 4-, and 16-h treatments, respectively. CE decreased the expression of further genes encoding insulin-signaling pathway proteins including GSK3B, IGF1R, IGF2R, and PIK3R1. This study indicates that CE regulates the expression of multiple genes in adipocytes and this regulation could contribute to the potential health benefits of CE. Published by Elsevier GmbH.

Effects of Zr/Ce molar ratio and water content on thermal stability and structure of ZrO{sub 2}–CeO{sub 2} mixed oxides prepared via sol–gel process

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Huang, Wenzhi; Yang, Jili; Wang, Chunjie

2012-09-15

Highlights: ► Tetragonal t″ phase was stabilized in Zr{sub 0.5}Ce{sub 0.5}O{sub 2} solid solution at temperature as high as 1000 °C. ► Specific surface area of powders decreased with the increase of water addition and the Ce content. ► The single stable phase was controlled by adjusting the volume ratio of water and ethanol. ► Tetragonal (t″) phase dissociated into cubic and tetragonal (t′) phases at 1200 °C. -- Abstract: ZrO{sub 2}–CeO{sub 2} mixed oxides were synthesized via sol–gel process. Thermal stability, structure and morphology of samples were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction, FT-Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanningmore » electron microscopy. In this approach, the solvent composition and Zr/Ce molar ratio have great influences on the structure and morphology of final products. With decreasing water content in the mixed solvent, specific surface area of powders increased and the single tetragonal phase was obtained. Only when the volume ratio of water and ethanol and the Zr/Ce molar ratio were 1:1, tetragonal t″-Zr{sub 0.5}Ce{sub 0.5}O{sub 2} could be stabilized in powders at temperature as high as 1000 °C. Meanwhile, tetragonal (t′) and (t″) phases coexisted in Zr{sub 0.5}Ce{sub 0.5}O{sub 2} solid solution without peak splitting after calcination at 1100 °C, further transforming into cubic and tetragonal (t′) phases at 1200 °C. The effective activation energy for Zr{sub 0.5}Ce{sub 0.5}O{sub 2} nanocrystallite growth during annealing is about 5.24 ± 0.15 kJ/mol.« less

CCR7(lo)PD-1(hi) CXCR5(+) CD4(+) T cells are positively correlated with levels of IL-21 in active and transitional cystic echinococcosis patients.

PubMed

Zhang, Fengbo; Pang, Nannan; Zhu, Yuejie; Zhou, Dexian; Zhao, Hui; Hu, Jinwei; Ma, Xiumin; Li, Jun; Wen, Hao; Samten, Buka; Fan, Haining; Ding, Jianbing

2015-10-26

In our study, we investigated whether circulating T follicular helper (Tfh) and the related cytokines are involved in human cystic echinococcosis (CE). A total of 64 patients with CE and 30 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Percentages of CCR7(lo)PD-1(hi) cells within CXCR5(+) CD4(+) T cells (circulating Tfh cells) were detected by flow cytometry. Levels of IL-21 and IL-4 in peripheral blood were detected by cytometric bead array. The mRNA expression of IL-21, IL-4, Bcl-6, and Blimp-1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were measured by real-time PCR. Levels of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 in the patients' sera were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Percentages of circulating Tfh cells were significantly increased in the CE1, CE2, and CE3 groups (p < 0.05). The concentrations of IL-21 and IL-4 in the serum were significantly increased in CE1, CE2, and CE3 groups (p < 0.05). IL-21 was positively correlated with circulating Tfh cells in CE3 group (r = 0.779, p < 0.05). The mRNA levels of IL-21, IL-4, and Bcl-6 were increased in CE1, CE2, and CE3 groups. Levels of IgG1 and IgG4 in patients' sera were increased in CE1, CE2, and CE3 groups. Levels of IgG2 and IgG3 were increased in CE4-5 group. Additionally, after stimulation with hydatid fluid in vitro, the levels of circulating Tfh cells, IL-21 and IL-4 in PBMCs isolated from CE patients were significantly increased (p < 0.05). The levels of circulating Tfh and related cytokines were significantly increased in CE patients, suggesting that they are involved in human CE.

Universal heat conduction in Ce 1-xYb xCoIn 5: Evidence for robust nodal d-wave superconducting gap

DOE PAGES

Xu, Y.; Petrovic, C.; Dong, J. K.; ...

2016-02-01

In the heavy-fermion superconductor Ce 1-xYb xCoIn 5, Yb doping was reported to cause a possible change from nodal d-wave superconductivity to a fully gapped d-wave molecular superfluid of composite pairs near x ≈ 0.07 (nominal value x nom = 0.2). Here we present systematic thermal conductivity measurements on Ce 1-xYb xCoIn 5 (x = 0.013, 0.084, and 0.163) single crystals. The observed finite residual linear term κ 0/T is insensitive to Yb doping, verifying the universal heat conduction of the nodal d-wave superconducting gap in Ce 1-xYb xCoIn 5. Similar universal heat conduction is also observed in the CeCo(Inmore » 1–yCd y) 5 system. Furthermore, these results reveal a robust nodal d-wave gap in CeCoIn 5 upon Yb or Cd doping.« less

Green roof systems: a study of public attitudes and preferences in southern Spain.

PubMed

Fernandez-Cañero, Rafael; Emilsson, Tobias; Fernandez-Barba, Carolina; Herrera Machuca, Miguel Ángel

2013-10-15

This study investigates people's preconceptions of green roofs and their visual preference for different green roof design alternatives in relation to behavioral, social and demographical variables. The investigation was performed as a visual preference study using digital images created to represent eight different alternatives: gravel roof, extensive green roof with Sedums not in flower, extensive green roof with sedums in bloom, semi-intensive green roof with sedums and ornamental grasses, semi-intensive green roof with shrubs, intensive green roof planted with a lawn, intensive green roof with succulent and trees and intensive green roof with shrubs and trees. Using a Likert-type scale, 450 respondents were asked to indicate their preference for each digital image. Results indicated that respondents' sociodemographic characteristics and childhood environmental background influenced their preferences toward different green roof types. Results also showed that green roofs with a more careful design, greater variety of vegetation structure, and more variety of colors were preferred over alternatives. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Cerocene Revisited: The Electronic Structure of and Interconversion Between Ce2(C8H8)3 and Ce(C8H8)2

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Walter, Marc D.; Booth, Corwin H.; Lukens, Wayne W.

2009-02-02

New synthetic procedures for the preparation of Ce(cot)2, cerocene, from [Li(thf)4][Ce(cot)2], and Ce2(cot)3 in high yield and purity are reported. Heating solid Ce(cot)2 yields Ce2(cot)3 and COT while heating Ce2(cot)3 with an excess of COT in C6D6 to 65oC over four months yields Ce(cot)2. The solid state magnetic susceptibility of these three organocerium compounds shows that Ce(cot)2 behaves as a TIP (temperature independent paramagnet) over the temperature range of 5-300 K, while that of Ce2(cot)3 shows that the spin carriers are antiferromagnetically coupled below 10 K; above 10 K, the individual spins are uncorrelated, and [Ce(cot)2]- behaves as an isolatedmore » f1 paramagnet. The EPR at 1.5K for Ce2(cot)3 and [Ce(cot)2]- have ground state of MJ= +- 1/2. The LIII edge XANES of Ce(cot)2 (Booth, C.H.; Walter, M.D.; Daniel, M.; Lukens, W.W., Andersen, R.A., Phys. Rev. Lett. 2005, 95, 267202) and 2Ce2(cot)3 over 30-500 K are reported; the Ce(cot)2 XANES spectra show Ce(III) and Ce(IV) signatures up to a temperature of approximately 500 K, whereupon the Ce(IV) signature disappears, consistent with the thermal behavior observed in the melting experiment. The EXAFS of Ce(cot)2 and Ce2(cot)3 are reported at 30 K; the agreement between the molecular parameters for Ce(cot)2 derived from EXAFS and single crystal X-ray diffraction data are excellent. In the case of Ce2(cot)3 no X-ray diffraction data are known to exist, but the EXAFS are consistent with a"triple-decker" sandwich structure. A molecular rationalization is presented for the electronic structure of cerocene having a multiconfiguration ground state that is an admixture of the two configurations Ce(III, 4f1)(cot1.5-)2 and Ce(IV, 4f0)(cot2-)2; the multiconfigurational ground state has profound effects on the magnetic properties and on the nature of the chemical bond in cerocene and, perhaps, other molecules.« less

Technical - Economic Research for Passive Buildings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miniotaite, Ruta

2017-10-01

A newly constructed passive house must save 80 % of heat resources; otherwise it is not a passive house. The heating energy demand of a passive building is less than 15 kWh/m2 per year. However, a passive house is something more than just an energy-saving house. This concept involves sustainable, high-quality, valuable, healthy and durable construction. Features of a passive house: high insulation of envelope components, high-quality windows, good tightness of the building, regenerative ventilation system and elimination of thermal bridges. The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) 61 requires all new public buildings to become near-zero energy buildings by 2019 and will be extended to all new buildings by 2021. This concept involves sustainable, high-quality, valuable, healthy and durable construction. Foundation, walls and roofs are the most essential elements of a house. The type of foundation for a private house is selected considering many factors. The article examines technological and structural solutions for passive buildings foundation, walls and roofs. The technical-economic comparison of the main structures of a passive house revealed that it is cheaper to install an adequately designed concrete slab foundation than to build strip or pile foundation and the floor separately. Timber stud walls are the cheapest wall option for a passive house and 45-51% cheaper compared to other options. The comparison of roofs and ceilings showed that insulation of the ceiling is 25% more efficient than insulation of the roof. The comparison of the main envelope elements efficiency by multiple-criteria evaluation methods showed that it is economically feasible to install concrete slab on ground foundation, stud walls with sheet cladding and a pitched roof with insulated ceiling.

Roofing Materials Assessment: Investigation of Five Metals in Runoff from Roofing Materials.

PubMed

Winters, Nancy; Granuke, Kyle; McCall, Melissa

2015-09-01

To assess the contribution of five toxic metals from new roofing materials to stormwater, runoff was collected from 14 types of roofing materials and controls during 20 rain events and analyzed for metals. Many of the new roofing materials evaluated did not show elevated metals concentrations in the runoff. Runoff from several other roofing materials was significantly higher than the controls for arsenic, copper, and zinc. Notably, treated wood shakes released arsenic and copper, copper roofing released copper, PVC roofing released arsenic, and Zincalume® and EPDM roofing released zinc. For the runoff from some of the roofing materials, metals concentrations decreased significantly over an approximately one-year period of aging. Metals concentrations in runoff were demonstrated to depend on a number of factors, such as roofing materials, age of the materials, and climatic conditions. Thus, application of runoff concentrations from roofing materials to estimate basin-wide releases should be undertaken cautiously.

Energy performance and savings potentials with skylights

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Arasteh, D.; Johnson, R.; Selkowitz, S.

1984-12-01

This study systematically explores the energy effects of skylight systems in a prototypical office building module and examines the savings from daylighting. For specific climates, roof/skylight characteristics are identified that minimize total energy or peak electrical demand. Simplified techniques for energy performance calculation are also presented based on a multiple regression analysis of our data base so that one may easily evaluate daylighting's effects on total and component energy loads and electrical peaks. This provides additional insights into the influence of skylight parameters on energy consumption and electrical peaks. We use the DOE-2.1B energy analysis program with newly incorporated daylightingmore » algorithms to determine hourly, monthly, and annual impacts of daylighting strategies on electrical lighting consumption, cooling, heating, fan power, peak electrical demands, and total energy use. A data base of more than 2000 parametric simulations for 14 US climates has been generated. Parameters varied include skylight-to-roof ratio, shading coefficient, visible transmittance, skylight well light loss, electric lighting power density, roof heat transfer coefficient, and electric lighting control type. 14 references, 13 figures, 4 tables.« less

Oviductal protease and trypsin treatment enhance sperm-envelope interaction in Bufo arenarum coelomic eggs.

PubMed

Llanos, Ricardo J; Barrera, Daniel; Valz-Gianinet, Jorge N; Miceli, Dora C

2006-10-01

We describe the morphological and biochemical changes in Bufo arenarum coelomic egg envelopes (CE) following passage through the oviduct. In this species, the transformation of the CE into the vitelline envelope (VE) leads to the acquisition of fertilizability and involves the cleavage of a glycoprotein component. Electrophoretic patterns indicate that a pars recta oviductal protease selectively hydrolyzes in vitro the 84 and the 55 kDa glycoproteins of the CE. During the CE to VE transformation, the relative concentrations of gp48, 42 and 39 kDa also change. In in vitro tests, sperm binding to envelope glycoprotein occurs when they are exposed to VE but not when treated with CE, and VE labeled glycoproteins bind to the head and mid piece of the sperm. The gp39 VE component has 100% identity with internal domains of the sequence deduced from ovarian cDNA for the homologous zona pellucida glycoprotein type C (ZPC) protein precursor in B. arenarum. The effects of trypsin as a substitute for oviductal protease were also examined. Trypsin selectively attacks the 84 and the 55 kDa glycoproteins without hydrolyzing other components and renders coelomic eggs fertilizable in a jelly water preparation. Therefore, trypsin can mimic in vitro the biological action of the oviductal protease. However, it does not wholly mimic the biological action of the oviduct which, in B. arenarum at least, exceeds a mere proteolytic effect. This fact was verified by the lower fertility rates and the abnormal embryo development found when trypsin-treated coelomic eggs were fertilized in vitro. 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chen, R. Y.; Zhang, S. J.; Bauer, E. D.

We report optical spectroscopy and ultrafast pump-probe measurements on the antiferromagnetic heavy-fermion compound CePt 2 In 7 , a member showing stronger two dimensionality than other compounds in the CeIn 3 -derived heavy-fermion family. Here, we identify clear and typical hybridization spectral structures at low temperature from the two different spectroscopy probes. But, the strength and related energy scale of the hybridization are much weaker and smaller than that in the superconducting compounds CeCoIn 5 and CeIrIn 5 . The features are more similar to observations on the antiferromagnetic compounds CeIn 3 and CeRhIn 5 in the same family. Ourmore » results clearly indicate that the Kondo interaction and hybridizations exist in the antiferromagnetic compounds but with weaker strength.« less

Water footprint and life cycle assessment of concrete roof tile and brick products at PT. XYZ

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Octavia, Caesara; Laurence; Hartono, Natalia

2017-12-01

PT. XYZ is an Indonesian company engaged in manufacturing concrete roof tile and paving block. The company has not paid attention to the environmental and human health aspects of their production activity, where there is so much water used and discarded during the production process and no water treatment for the wastewater produced. Therefore this topic proposed in order to determine the resulting impacts from the production processes of concrete roof tile and brick at PT. XYZ on the environment and human health. The impact on the environment and human health were identified through water footprint assessment (WFA) and life cycle assessment (LCA). Through the WFA accounting, it is known that the amount of water needed to produce a concrete roof tile is 21.384 L which consists of 16.433 L blue water and 4.951 L grey water, whereas for a brick is 10.496 L which consists of 10.48 L blue water and 0.016 L grey water. With ReCiPe midpoint (H) method, it is known that the dominant impact categories generated in one batch production processes of concrete roof tile and brick are natural land transformation, marine eco-toxicity, freshwater eutrophication, and freshwater eco-toxicity, where those impact categories represent the average of 75.5% from overall impact category for concrete roof tile and brick products.

Getting Down to Business: Fertilizer and Pesticide Service, Module 5. Teacher Guide. Entrepreneurship Training Components.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McBain, Susan L.

This is the fifth in a set of 36 teacher guides for the Entrepreneurship Training modules and accompanies CE 031 038. Its purpose is to give students some idea of what it is like to own and operate a fertilizer and pesticide service. Following an overview are general notes on use of the module. Suggested steps for module use contain suggestions on…

Validation of Aurora Solar Inc.'s Envision Software Capabilities

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

As part of the Department of Energy's SunShot Incubator program, Aurora has worked to develop a web-based application that quickly and precisely calculates the solar potential of a building's roof. The Aurora Envision platform utilizes Google StreetView photos as a basis for measuring roof slope and linear measurements of determining the proper inputs into an eventual shade model. The stated accuracy by Aurora Solar to be tested is lengths within 1.5 feet and slope measurements within 5 degrees. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), in partnership with Aurora and supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) SunShot Technology tomore » Market Incubator program, independently verified the accuracy of Aurora's Envision measurements on 15 unique roofs throughout the Denver, Colorado region. NREL measured 60 measurements: 27 of 28 slope measurements were within the stated accuracy, 32 of 32 distance measurements were within the stated accuracy.« less

Coexistence of superconductivity and ferromagnetism in Sr0.5Ce0.5FBiS2-xSex (x = 0.5 and 1.0), a non-U material with Tc < TFM

PubMed Central

Thakur, Gohil S.; Fuchs, G.; Nenkov, K.; Haque, Zeba; Gupta, L. C.; Ganguli, A. K.

2016-01-01

We have carried out detailed magnetic and transport studies of the new Sr0.5Ce0.5FBiS2-xSex (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) superconductors derived by doping Se in Sr0.5Ce0.5FBiS2. Se–doping produces several effects: it suppresses semiconducting–like behavior observed in the undoped Sr0.5Ce0.5FBiS2, the ferromagnetic ordering temperature, TFM, decreases considerably from 7.5 K (in Sr0.5Ce0.5FBiS2) to 3.5 K and the superconducting transition temperature, Tc, gets enhanced slightly to 2.9–3.3 K. Thus in these Se–doped materials, TFM is marginally higher than Tc. Magnetization studies provide evidence of bulk superconductivity in Sr0.5Ce0.5FBiS2-xSex at x ≥ 0.5 in contrast to the undoped Sr0.5Ce0.5FBiS2 (x = 0) where magnetization measurements indicate a small superconducting volume fraction. Quite remarkably, as compared with the effective paramagnetic Ce–moment (~2.2 μB), the ferromagnetically ordered Ce–moment in the superconducting state is rather small (~0.1 μB) suggesting itinerant ferromagnetism. To the best of our knowledge, Sr0.5Ce0.5FBiS2-x Sex (x = 0.5 and 1.0) are distinctive Ce–based bulk superconducting itinerant ferromagnetic materials with Tc < TFM. Furthermore, a novel feature of these materials is that they exhibit a dual and quite unusual hysteresis loop corresponding to both the ferromagnetism and the coexisting bulk superconductivity. PMID:27892482

Capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry determination of inorganic ions using an ion spray-sheath flow interface.

PubMed

Huggins, T G; Henion, J D

1993-01-01

The determination of inorganic cations and anions by capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry (CE/MS) is reported using an ion spray-sheath flow interface coupling. A twelve-component synthetic mixture of cations which included the positive ions of K, Ba, Ca, Mn, Cd, Co, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn, Ag, and Cu was loaded into the capillary column at levels ranging from 30 to 300 pg, separated by CE, and detected by indirect UV and in the full-scan (m/z 35-450) positive ion CE/MS mode using an aqueous buffer containing 30 mM creatinine and 8 mM alpha-hydroxyisobutyric acid, pH 4.8. Creatinine forms adducts with the cations which are observed in the gas phase and requires rather high (120 electron volts) declustering energy to dissociate. This produces a reduction in charge state to form the free, singly charged, inorganic cations which are observed in the mass spectra. CE/MS analysis of an aqueous acidic extract of used aircraft engine oil revealed high levels of lead as well as lower levels of chromium and nickel. CE-indirect UV analysis of a synthetic mixture containing 300 pg each of 11 inorganic ions, which included the anions of Br, Cl, NO2, NO3, S2O3, N3, SCN, SO4, SeO4, oxalate, and MoO4, is shown. The running buffer which affected this separation contained 5 mM ammonium dichromate, 10 mM ammonium acetate, and 20 mM diethylenetriamine at pH 9.3. Although indirect UV detection revealed good separation of these anions, CE/MS analysis of this mixture was complicated by interfering ion current signals from the cluster ions formed by the interaction between the additives and the analytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Energy efficient microwave synthesis of mesoporous Ce 0.5M 0.5O 2 (Ti, Zr, Hf) nanoparticles for low temperature CO oxidation in an ionic liquid – a comparative study

DOE PAGES

Alammar, Tarek; Chow, Ying -Kit; Mudring, Anja -Verena

2014-11-19

Ce 0.5M 0.5O 2 (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by microwave irradiation in the ionic liquid [C 4mim][Tf 2N] (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide). The morphology, crystallinity, and chemical composition of the obtained materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Raman spectroscopy, and N 2–adsorption measurements. XRD and Raman spectroscopy analyses confirmed the formation of solid solutions with cubic fluorite structure. The catalytic activities of the Ce 0.5M 0.5O 2 (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) nanoparticles were investigated in the low-temperature oxidation of CO. Ce 0.5Zr 0.5O 2 nanospheresmore » exhibit the best performance (100% conversion at 350 °C), followed by Ce 0.5Hf 0.5O 2 (55% conversion at 360 °C) and Ce 0.5Ti 0.5O 2 (11% conversion at 350 °C). Heating the as-prepared Ce 0.5Zr 0.5O 2 to 600 °C for extended time leads to a decrease in surface area and, as expected decreased catalytic activity. Depending on the ionic liquid the obtained Ce 0.5Zr 0.5O 2 exhibits different morphologies, varying from nano-spheres in [C 4mim][Tf 2N] and [P 66614][Tf 2N] (P 66614 = trishexyltetradecylphosphonium) to sheet-like assemblies in [C 3mimOH][Tf 2N] (C 3mimOH = 1-(3-hydroxypropyl)-3-methylimidazolium). As a result, the microwave synthesis superiority to other heating methods like sonochemical synthesis and conventional heating was proven by comparative experiments where the catalytic activity of Ce 0.5Zr 0.5O 2 obtained by alternate methods such as conventional heating was found to be poorer than that of the microwave-synthesised material.« less

Separation of sardine oil without heating from surimi waste and its effect on lipid metabolism in rats.

PubMed

Toyoshima, Kotoe; Noguchi, Ryoko; Hosokawa, Masashi; Fukunaga, Kenji; Nishiyama, Toshimasa; Takahashi, Riki; Miyashita, Kazuo

2004-04-21

Sardine oil was obtained by centrifugation of surimi wastewater without heating or chemical refining. This oil (CE) showed light yellow color and the peroxide value was less than 1.0 meq/kg. The main lipid class of CE was triacylglycerol (TG) (>99%). These features indicate that CE can be directly used as food materials without further purification. Commercial sardine oil (CO) is usually prepared via some kind of refining process with high temperature (250 degrees C) and chemical treatment. The comparative study on the physiological effects of these sardine oils (CE and CO) revealed that the dietary sardine oils were more effective in reducing abdominal fat pads, plasma total cholesterol, and TG levels of rats than was a soybean oil diet (control). Furthermore, these effects were greater in CE than CO, although there was little difference in the fatty acid composition of both oils. Although the main lipid class of CE was TG (>99%), CE was prepared by centrifugation from surimi waste and directly used as dietary fat without further purification. Therefore, CE may contain some kinds of minor components, which could be attributed to the higher physiological activity of CE. To reveal the involvement of the minor compounds in CE, we prepared TG from CE by column chromatography and measured its effect on lipid metabolism of rats. TG from CE also showed the reducing effects on abdominal fad pads and plasma lipid levels. The effect of TG from CE was almost the same as that of original CE, suggesting that the higher nutritional activity of CE than CO may not be due to the minor compounds in CE.

Roofing Source File.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American School & University, 1994

1994-01-01

Presents a resource guide for identifying, selecting, and specifying educational roofing systems. Explores the various types of roofing systems considered for most schools and describes how to select a roofing contractor and consultant. A roofing retrofit check list and roofing specification chart are provided. (GR)

Effect of age and rainfall pH on contaminant yields from metal roofs.

PubMed

Wicke, Daniel; Cochrane, Thomas A; O'Sullivan, Aisling D; Cave, Simon; Derksen, Mark

2014-01-01

Metal roofs are recognized for conveying significant metal loads to urban streams through stormwater runoff. Metal concentrations in urban runoff depend on roof types and prevailing weather conditions but the combined effects of roof age and rainfall pH on metal mobilization are not well understood. To investigate these effects on roof runoff, water quality was analysed from galvanized iron and copper roofs following rainfall events and also from simulating runoff using a rainfall simulator on specially constructed roof modules. Zinc and copper yields under different pH regimes were investigated for two roof materials and two different ages. Metal mobilization from older roofs was greater than new roofs with 55-year-old galvanized roof surfaces yielding more Zn, on average increasing by 45% and 30% under a rainfall pH of 4 and 8, respectively. Predominantly dissolved (85-95%) Zn and Cu concentrations in runoff exponentially increased as the rainfall pH decreased. Results also confirmed that copper guttering and downpipes associated with galvanized steel roof systems can substantially increase copper levels in roof runoff. Understanding the dynamics of roof surfaces as a function of weathering and rainfall pH regimes can help developers with making better choices about roof types and materials for stormwater improvement.

Y 3-xMg 2AlSi 2O 12: Cex3+ phosphors - prospective for warm-white light emitting diodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Katelnikovas, Arturas; Bareika, Tomas; Vitta, Pranciškus; Jüstel, Thomas; Winkler, Holger; Kareiva, Aivaras; Žukauskas, Artūras; Tamulaitis, Gintautas

2010-07-01

Y 3-xMg 2AlSi 2O 12: Cex3+ (YMASG:Ce) phosphors were synthesized by sol-gel combustion technique at different temperatures from 1400 to 1550 °C. Samples with x = 0.015, 0.03, 0.045, and 0.06 were fabricated and characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence spectroscopy, and fluorescence lifetime measurements in frequency domain. XRD patterns confirmed single-phase garnet crystal structure for all the samples independently of their substitutional level and annealing temperature. In respect to Y 3Al 5O 12:Ce 3+ (YAG:Ce) phosphor, which was synthesized for comparison by a different sol-gel procedure, the photoluminescence band of these garnets is red shifted, indicating a prospective for application of this novel phosphor in warm-white light emitting diodes (LEDs). The luminescence decays bi-exponentially. The main component has a characteristic decay time decreasing from 72 to of 50 ns with increasing sintering temperature and cerium content, while ˜2% of the excitation decays with a characteristic decay time of ˜8 ns.

Gamma-radiolytic preparation of multi-component oxides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Procházková, Lenka; Bárta, Jan; Čuba, Václav; Ekberg, Christian; Tietze, Sabrina; Jakubec, Ivo

2016-07-01

The preparation of solid precursors to Zn1-xCdxO and (Lu,Y)3Al5O12:Ce induced by 60Co gamma-ray irradiation of aqueous solutions containing soluble metal salts and ammonium formate is presented. Due to the irradiation, crystalline zinc carbonate hydroxide Zn4(CO3)(OH)6·H2O or amorphous carbonates of Lu, Y and Al were formed in the solutions. After calcination at 500 °C, the agglomerated phase-pure Zn1-xCdxO with crystallite size about 50 nm was obtained if the Cd concentration in solutions remained below 16 M% (with respect to Zn) with x being up to 0.035. The solid precursors to garnets contained the intended concentration of all elements, according to X-ray fluorescence analysis. After calcination at 1200 °C in mild vacuum, the respective phase-pure garnets with crystallite size 100 nm or their solid solution were produced when the Ce dopation was kept below 2 M% (with respect to rare-earth metals). The Ce solubility in the garnet lattice was estimated as 1-2 M% at the calcination conditions used.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A SUSTAINABLE AND ENERGY EFFICIENT RE-ROOFING TECHNOLOGY USING FIELD-TEST DATA

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Biswas, Kaushik; Miller, William A; Childs, Phillip W

2011-01-01

Three test attics were constructed to evaluate a new sustainable method of re-roofing utilizing photo-voltaic (PV) laminates, metal roofing panels, and PCM heat sink in the Envelope Systems Research Apparatus (ESRA) facility in the ORNL campus. Figure 1 is a picture of the three attic roofs located adjacent to each other. The leftmost roof is the conventional shingle roof, followed by the metal panel roof incorporating the cool-roof coating, and third from left is the roof with the PCM. On the PCM roof, the PV panels are seen as well; they're labelled from left-to-right as panels 5, 6 and 7.more » The metal panel roof consists of three metal panels with the cool-roof coating; in further discussion this is referred to as the infrared reflective (IRR) metal roof. The IRR metal panels reflect the incoming solar radiation and then quickly re-emit the remaining absorbed portion, thereby reducing the solar heat gain of the attic. Surface reflectance of the panels were measured using a Solar Spectrum Reflectometer. In the 0.35-2.0 {mu}m wavelength interval, which accounts for more than 94% of the solar energy, the IRR panels have an average reflectance of 0.303. In the infrared portion of the spectrum, the IRR panel reflectance is 0.633. The PCM roof consists of a layer of macro-encapsulated bio-based PCM at the bottom, followed by a 2-cm thick layer of dense fiberglass insulation with a reflective surface on top, and metal panels with pre-installed PV laminates on top. The PCM has a melting point of 29 C (84.2 F) and total enthalpy between 180 and 190 J/g. The PCM was macro-packaged in between two layers of heavy-duty plastic foil forming arrays of PCM cells. Two air cavities, between PCM cells and above the fiberglass insulation, helped the over-the-deck natural air ventilation. It is anticipated that during summer, this extra ventilation will help in reducing the attic-generated cooling loads. The extra ventilation, in conjunction with the PCM heat sink, are used to minimize thermal stresses due to the PV laminates on sunny days. In PV laminates sunlight is converted into electricity and heat simultaneous. In case of building integrated applications, a relatively high solar absorption of amorphous silicon laminates can be utilized during the winter for solar heating purposes with PCM providing necessary heat storage capacity. However, PV laminates may also generate increased building cooling loads during the summer months. Therefore, in this project, the PCM heat sink was to minimize summer heat gains as well. The PCM-fibreglass-PV assembly and the IRR metal panels are capable of being installed directly on top of existing shingle roofs during re-roofing, precluding the need for recycling or disposal of waste materials. The PV laminates installed on the PCM attic are PVL-144 models from Uni-Solar. Each laminate contains 22 triple junction amorphous silicon solar cells connected in series. The silicon cells are of dimensions 356 mm x 239 mm (14-in. x 9.4-in.). The PVL-144 laminate is encapsulated in durable ETFE (poly-ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) high light-transmissive polymer. Table 1 lists the power, voltage and current ratings of the PVL-144 panel.« less

Use Hardwoods for Building Components

Treesearch

Glenn A. Cooper; William W. Rice

1968-01-01

Describes a system for prefabricating structural units from hardwoods for use in floors, roofs, and walls of a-frame or post-and-beam type construction. The interior face of the unit is decorative paneling; the exterior face is sheathing. Use of the system could reduce prefabricated house construction costs compared to conventional construction costs.

Suppression of ferromagnetic order by Ag-doping: A neutron scattering investigation on Ce₂(Pd_1-xAg_x)₂In (x = 0.20, 0.50).

PubMed

Martinelli, Alberto; Giovannini, Mauro; Sereni, Julian G; Ritter, Clemens

2018-05-24

The ground state magnetic behaviour of Ce2(Pd0.8Ag0.2)2In and Ce2(Pd0.5Ag0.5)2In, found in the ferromagnetic branch of Ce2Pd2In, has been investigated by neutron powder diffraction at low temperature. Ce2(Pd0.8Ag0.2)2In is characterized by a ferromagnetic structure with the Ce moments aligned along the c-axis and values of 0.96(2) μB. The compound retains the P4/mbm throughout the magnetic transition, although the magnetic ordering is accompanied by a significant decrease of the lattice strain along [00l], suggesting a magnetostructural contribution. The magnetic behaviour of Ce2(Pd0.5Ag0.5)2In is very different; this compound exhibits an extremely reduced magnetic scattering contribution in the diffraction pattern, that can be ascribed to a different kind of ferromagnetic ordering, with extremely reduced magnetic moments (~ 0.1 μB) aligned along [0l0]. These results point to a competition between different types of magnetic correlations induced by Ag-substitution, giving rise to a magnetically frustrated scenario in Ce2(Pd0.5Ag0.5)2In. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Crystal structure, electronic structure, temperature-dependent optical and scintillation properties of CsCe 2Br 7

DOE PAGES

Wu, Yuntao; Shi, Hongliang; Chakoumakos, Bryan C.; ...

2015-10-05

CsCe 2Br 7 is a self-activated inorganic scintillator that shows promising performance, but the understanding of the important structure-property relationships is lacking. In this work, we conduct a comprehensive study on CCsCe 2Br 7. The crystal structure of CsCe 2Br 7 is refined using single crystal X-ray study for the first time. It crystallizes into the orthorhombic crystal system with Pmnb space group. Its electronic structure is revealed by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. Two cerium emission centers are identified and the energy barriers related to the thermal quenching to 4f ground states of Ce 3+ for these two Cemore » centers are evaluated. CsCe 2Br 7 single crystal has better light yield and energy resolution than CsCe 2Cl 7, but with an additional slow decay component of 1.7 s. The existence of a deep trap with a depth of 0.9 eV in CsCe 2Cl 7 contributes to its higher afterglow level in comparison to that of CsCe 2Br 7. The most possible point defects in CsCe 2Cl 7 and CsCe 2Br 7 are proposed by considering the vapour pressure in the growth atmosphere upon melting point.« less

Tropomyosin inhibits ADF/cofilin-dependent actin filament dynamics.

PubMed

Ono, Shoichiro; Ono, Kanako

2002-03-18

Tropomyosin binds to actin filaments and is implicated in stabilization of actin cytoskeleton. We examined biochemical and cell biological properties of Caenorhabditis elegans tropomyosin (CeTM) and obtained evidence that CeTM is antagonistic to ADF/cofilin-dependent actin filament dynamics. We purified CeTM, actin, and UNC-60B (a muscle-specific ADF/cofilin isoform), all of which are derived from C. elegans, and showed that CeTM and UNC-60B bound to F-actin in a mutually exclusive manner. CeTM inhibited UNC-60B-induced actin depolymerization and enhancement of actin polymerization. Within isolated native thin filaments, actin and CeTM were detected as major components, whereas UNC-60B was present at a trace amount. Purified UNC-60B was unable to interact with the native thin filaments unless CeTM and other associated proteins were removed by high-salt extraction. Purified CeTM was sufficient to restore the resistance of the salt-extracted filaments from UNC-60B. In muscle cells, CeTM and UNC-60B were localized in different patterns. Suppression of CeTM by RNA interference resulted in disorganized actin filaments and paralyzed worms in wild-type background. However, in an ADF/cofilin mutant background, suppression of CeTM did not worsen actin organization and worm motility. These results suggest that tropomyosin is a physiological inhibitor of ADF/cofilin-dependent actin dynamics.

Household scale of greenhouse design in Merauke

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alahudin, Muchlis; Widarnati, Indah; Luh Sri Suryaningsih, Ni

2018-05-01

Merauke is one of the areas that still use conventional methods in agriculture, The agricultural business does not run the maximum during the year because agricultural products quite difficult to obtain in the market. In the rainy season, the intensity of rain is very high, the water condition is abundant and hard to be channeled due to topography/soil contour conditions average, otherwise in the dry season the water is quite difficult to obtain. The purpose of this research is to compare the thermal conditions between greenhouse with auvplastic and plastic bottle roof.This research is experimental, measurement of thermal conditions in Greenhouse using measuring weather station.Greenhouse design with Quonset type with area of 24 m2The result of this research are greenhouse with paranet + UV plastic roof has an average temperature of 28.7 °C, 70.4% humidity and 0.5 m/s wind speed, while the greenhouse with paranet + plastic bottle roof has an average temperature of 26, 2 °C, humidity 66.4% and wind speed 0.9 m/s. Conclusion is Greenhouse with paranet + plastic bottle roof more thermally comfortable than greenhouse with paranet + UV plastic roof.

Understanding how the complex molecular architecture of mannan-degrading hydrolases contributes to plant cell wall degradation.

PubMed

Zhang, Xiaoyang; Rogowski, Artur; Zhao, Lei; Hahn, Michael G; Avci, Utku; Knox, J Paul; Gilbert, Harry J

2014-01-24

Microbial degradation of plant cell walls is a central component of the carbon cycle and is of increasing importance in environmentally significant industries. Plant cell wall-degrading enzymes have a complex molecular architecture consisting of catalytic modules and, frequently, multiple non-catalytic carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs). It is currently unclear whether the specificities of the CBMs or the topology of the catalytic modules are the primary drivers for the specificity of these enzymes against plant cell walls. Here, we have evaluated the relationship between CBM specificity and their capacity to enhance the activity of GH5 and GH26 mannanases and CE2 esterases against intact plant cell walls. The data show that cellulose and mannan binding CBMs have the greatest impact on the removal of mannan from tobacco and Physcomitrella cell walls, respectively. Although the action of the GH5 mannanase was independent of the context of mannan in tobacco cell walls, a significant proportion of the polysaccharide was inaccessible to the GH26 enzyme. The recalcitrant mannan, however, was fully accessible to the GH26 mannanase appended to a cellulose binding CBM. Although CE2 esterases display similar specificities against acetylated substrates in vitro, only CjCE2C was active against acetylated mannan in Physcomitrella. Appending a mannan binding CBM27 to CjCE2C potentiated its activity against Physcomitrella walls, whereas a xylan binding CBM reduced the capacity of esterases to deacetylate xylan in tobacco walls. This work provides insight into the biological significance for the complex array of hydrolytic enzymes expressed by plant cell wall-degrading microorganisms.

Volume collapse phase transitions in cerium-praseodymium alloys under high pressure

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Perreault, Christopher S.; Velisavljevic, Nenad; Samudrala, Gopi K.

Cerium-12at%Praseodymium(Ce 0.88Pr 0.12) and Ce-50at%Praseodymium(Ce 0.50Pr 0.50) alloy samples that contain a random solid-solution of Ce (4f1 (J=5/2)) and Pr (4f2 (J=4)) localized f-states have been studied by angle dispersive x-ray diffraction in a diamond anvil cell to a pressure of 65 GPa and 150 GPa respectively using a synchrotron source. Ce 0.88Pr 0.12 alloy crystallizes in a face-centered cubic (γ-phase) structure at ambient conditions, while Ce 0.50Pr 0.50 alloy crystallizes in the double hexagonal close packed (dhcp) structure at ambient conditions. Two distinct volume collapse transitions are observed in Ce 0.88Pr 0.12 alloy at 1.5 GPa and 18 GPamore » with volume change of 8.5% and 3% respectively. In contrast, Ce 0.50Pr 0.50 alloy shows only a single volume collapse of 5.6% at 20 GPa on phase transformation to α-Uranium structure under high pressure. Electrical transport measurements under high pressure show anomalies in electrical resistance at phase transitions for both compositions of this alloy.« less

Volume collapse phase transitions in cerium-praseodymium alloys under high pressure

DOE PAGES

Perreault, Christopher S.; Velisavljevic, Nenad; Samudrala, Gopi K.; ...

2018-06-08

Cerium-12at%Praseodymium(Ce 0.88Pr 0.12) and Ce-50at%Praseodymium(Ce 0.50Pr 0.50) alloy samples that contain a random solid-solution of Ce (4f1 (J=5/2)) and Pr (4f2 (J=4)) localized f-states have been studied by angle dispersive x-ray diffraction in a diamond anvil cell to a pressure of 65 GPa and 150 GPa respectively using a synchrotron source. Ce 0.88Pr 0.12 alloy crystallizes in a face-centered cubic (γ-phase) structure at ambient conditions, while Ce 0.50Pr 0.50 alloy crystallizes in the double hexagonal close packed (dhcp) structure at ambient conditions. Two distinct volume collapse transitions are observed in Ce 0.88Pr 0.12 alloy at 1.5 GPa and 18 GPamore » with volume change of 8.5% and 3% respectively. In contrast, Ce 0.50Pr 0.50 alloy shows only a single volume collapse of 5.6% at 20 GPa on phase transformation to α-Uranium structure under high pressure. Electrical transport measurements under high pressure show anomalies in electrical resistance at phase transitions for both compositions of this alloy.« less

Understanding Roofing Systems.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Michelsen, Ted

2001-01-01

Reviews the various types of multi- and single-ply roofing commonly used today in educational facilities. Roofing types described involve built-up systems, modified bitumen systems; ethylene propylene diene terpolymer roofs; and roofs of thermoplastic, metal, and foam. A description of the Roofing Industry Educational Institute is included. (GR)

UV-vis spectroscopic studies of CaF2 photo-thermo-refractive glass

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stoica, Martina; Herrmann, Andreas; Hein, Joachim; Rüssel, Christian

2016-12-01

A photo-thermo-refractive glass based on the system Na2O/K2O/CaO/CaF2/Al2O3/ZnO/SiO2 doped with Ag2O, CeO2, SnO2, Sb2O3 and KBr was investigated. This glass undergoes a permanent refractive index change after UV irradiation and subsequent two step heat treatment at temperatures above Tg. This is due to the formation of Ag metal clusters which act as nucleation centers for CaF2 crystallization. Oxidation of Ce3+ by UV light is the initial reaction and acts as photosensitizer in the glass. The UV-vis absorption spectra during this photo-induced crystallization process were measured. The spectral components that form the absorption spectra of cerium were studied in detail by a band separation with Gaussian functions. Deconvolution of the cerium absorption bands shows an envelope of five spectral components for the trivalent cerium due to the 4f-5d transitions and two spectral components for the tetravalent cerium caused by charge transfer transitions. The effect of different dopants and melting conditions on the photo-thermal process were studied to investigate the influence of glass technology on the photoprocess.

Recent Developments in Instrumentation for Capillary Electrophoresis and Microchip-Capillary Electrophoresis

PubMed Central

Felhofer, Jessica L.; Blanes, Lucas; Garcia, Carlos D.

2010-01-01

Over the last years there has been an explosion in the number of developments and applications of capillary electrophoresis (CE) and microchip-CE. In part, this growth has been the direct consequence of recent developments in instrumentation associated with CE. This review, which is focused on contributions published in the last five years, is intended to complement the papers presented in this special issue dedicated to Instrumentation and to provide an overview on the general trend and some of the most remarkable developments published in the areas of high voltage power supplies, detectors, auxiliary components, and compact systems. It also includes few examples of alternative uses of and modifications to traditional CE instruments. PMID:20665910

Investigation on the Influence of Abutment Pressure on the Stability of Rock Bolt Reinforced Roof Strata Through Physical and Numerical Modeling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kang, Hongpu; Li, Jianzhong; Yang, Jinghe; Gao, Fuqiang

2017-02-01

In underground coal mining, high abutment loads caused by the extraction of coal can be a major contributor to many rock mechanic issues. In this paper, a large-scale physical modeling of a 2.6 × 2.0 × 1.0 m entry roof has been conducted to investigate the fundamentals of the fracture mechanics of entry roof strata subjected to high abutment loads. Two different types of roof, massive roof and laminated roof, are considered. Rock bolt system has been taken into consideration. A distinct element analyses based on the physical modeling conditions have been performed, and the results are compared with the physical results. The physical and numerical models suggest that under the condition of high abutment loads, the massive roof and the laminated roof fail in a similar pattern which is characterized as vertical tensile fracturing in the middle of the roof and inclined shear fracturing initiated at the roof and rib intersections and propagated deeper into the roof. Both the massive roof and the laminated roof collapse in a shear sliding mode shortly after shear fractures are observed from the roof surface. It is found that shear sliding is a combination of tensile cracking of intact rock and sliding on bedding planes and cross joints. Shear sliding occurs when the abutment load is much less than the compressive strength of roof.

New Insight into SO2 Poisoning and Regeneration of CeO2-WO3/TiO2 and V2O5-WO3/TiO2 Catalysts for Low-Temperature NH3-SCR.

PubMed

Xu, Liwen; Wang, Chizhong; Chang, Huazhen; Wu, Qingru; Zhang, Tao; Li, Junhua

2018-06-19

In this study, the poisoning effects of SO 2 on the V 2 O 5 -WO 3 /TiO 2 (1%VWTi) and CeO 2 -WO 3 /TiO 2 (5%CeWTi) selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts were investigated in the presence of steam, and also the regeneration of deactivated catalysts was studied. After pretreating the catalysts in a flow of NH 3 + SO 2 + H 2 O + O 2 at 200 °C for 24 h, it was observed that the low-temperature SCR (LT-SCR) activity decreased significantly over the 1%VWTi and 5%CeWTi catalysts. For 1%VWTi, NH 4 HSO 4 (ABS) was the main product detected after the poisoning process. Both of NH 4 HSO 4 and cerium sulfate species were formed on the poisoned 5%CeWTi catalyst, indicating that SO 2 reacted with Ce 3+ /Ce 4+ , even in the presence of high concentration of NH 3 . The decrease of BET specific surface area, NO x adsorption capacity, the ratio of chemisorbed oxygen, and reducibility were responsible for the irreversible deactivation of the poisoned 5%CeWTi catalyst. Meanwhile, the LT-SCR activity could be recovered over the poisoned 1%VWTi after regeneration at 400 °C, but not for the 5%CeWTi catalyst. For industrial application, it is suggested that the regeneration process can be utilized for 1%VWTi catalysts after a period of time after NH 4 HSO 4 accumulated on the catalysts.

Fine tuning the heavy fermion ground state: A new handle on cerium cobalt indium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pham, Long D.

A Two Fluid Description of the Kondo Lattice CeCoIn5 has been extended to include additional entropy terms that were not considered in the original work by S. Nakatsuji et al. [1]. The use of a Matlab computer code was successful at iteratively solving for f, the fraction of itinerant interacting heavy quasiparticles, and showed that it converges to a temperature dependent function invariant under successive iterations. The linear specific heat coefficient, gamma, was extracted from transport consideration in conjunction with f(T) and the Kadowacki-Woods ratio to be 204mJ/mole-K2, in good agreement from heat capacity measurements of 290mJ/mole-K2 for CeCoIn 5 [32]. Antiferromagnetism has been induced in CeCoIn5 as well as its two isostructural, isovalent sister compounds CeRhIn5 and CeIrIn 5. Cadmium-doping the heavy-fermion superconductor CeCoIn5 at the percent level acts as an electronic tuning agent, sensitively shifting the balance between superconductivity and antiferromagnetism and opening new ambient-pressure phase space in the study of heavy-fermion ground states. At nominal concentrations of x>0.070, CeCo(In1-xCd x)5 displays a two phase region of antiferromagnetism coexisting with superconductivity up to x<0.15, above which no trace of superconductivity persists in specific heat. Similar results was seen in CeIr(In1-xCd x)5 where a quantum critical point (QCP) was observed, separating superconductivity from antiferromagnetism at a nominal critical concentration of x≈0.0475, while CeRh(In1-xCdx)5 goes through an incommensurate to commensurate antiferromagnetic transition nominally at x≈0.10. Amazingly, pressure completely recovers Tc in CeCo(In1-x Cdx)5 measured at nominal concentrations of x=0.10, and 0.15. Phase diagrams were constructed from specific heat and confirmed with resistivity and magnetization. An introduction to strongly correlated physics, relevant to the 115 family, will be worked out followed by a description of general techniques of synthesis and physical properties measurements central to this dissertation and in the study of material science in general.

Catalytic wet air oxidation of aniline with nanocasted Mn-Ce-oxide catalyst.

PubMed

Levi, R; Milman, M; Landau, M V; Brenner, A; Herskowitz, M

2008-07-15

The catalytic wet air oxidation of aqueous solution containing 1000 ppm aniline was conducted in a trickle-bed reactor packed with a novel nanocasted Mn-Ce-oxide catalyst (surface area of 300 m2/g) prepared using SBA-15 silica as a hard template. A range of liquid hourly space velocities (5-20 h(-1)) and temperatures (110-140 degrees C) at 10 bar of oxygen were tested. The experiments were conducted to provide the intrinsic performance of the catalysts. Complete aniline conversion, 90% TOC conversion, and 80% nitrogen mineralization were achieved at 140 degrees C and 5 h(-1). Blank experiments yielded relatively low homogeneous aniline (<35%) and negligible TOC conversions. Fast deactivation of the catalysts was experienced due to leaching caused by complexation with aniline. Acidification of the solution with HCI (molar HCI to aniline ratio of 1.2) was necessary to avoid colloidization and leaching of the nanoparticulate catalyst components. The catalyst displayed stable performance for over 200 h on stream.

Fast neutron measurements using Cs2LiYCl6:Ce (CLYC) scintillator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smith, M. B.; Achtzehn, T.; Andrews, H. R.; Clifford, E. T. H.; Forget, P.; Glodo, J.; Hawrami, R.; Ing, H.; O'Dougherty, P.; Shah, K. S.; Shirwadkar, U.; Soundara-Pandian, L.; Tower, J.

2015-06-01

Samples of Cs2LiYCl6:Ce (CLYC) scintillator have been characterized using monoenergetic neutron beams in the energy range 4.1-5.5 MeV. Four crystals with dimensions (thickness×diameter) of 1″×1″, 1″×2″, and 2″×2″ were evaluated, including one crystal with natural concentrations of Li isotopes and three that were enriched in 6Li. The intrinsic efficiency of CLYC for fast-neutron detection has been determined for the natural-Li crystal. These measurements were translated into reaction cross-sections, and show good agreement with available cross-section data for neutron interactions with the 35Cl component of CLYC. Furthermore, it is shown that the charged-particle energy released in the fast-neutron reactions on 35Cl varies linearly with the energy of the incoming neutron. These results verify the efficacy of CLYC for fast-neutron spectroscopy in a range of applications.

Ce and La single- and double-substitutional defects in yttrium aluminum garnet: first-principles study.

PubMed

Muñoz-García, Ana Belén; Seijo, Luis

2011-02-10

The atomistic structure, energetics, and electronic structure of single-substitutional Ce and La defects and double-substitutional Ce-La defects in Ce,La-codoped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) Y(3)Al(5)O(12) have been studied by means of first-principles periodic boundary conditions density functional theory calculations. Single substitution of Y by Ce or by La produces atomistic expansions around the impurities, which are significantly smaller than the ionic radii mismatches and the overall lattice distortions are found to be confined within their second coordination spheres. In double-substitutional defects, the impurities tend to be as close as possible. La-codoping Ce:YAG provokes an anisotropic expansion around Ce defects. The Ce impurity introduces 4f occupied states in the 5.0 eV computed gap of YAG, peaking 0.25 eV above the top of the valence band, and empty 4f, 5d, and 6s states starting at 3.8 eV in the gap and spreading over the conduction band. La-codoping produces very small effects on the electronic structure of Ce:YAG, the most visible one being the decrease in covalent bonding with one of the oxygen atoms, which shifts 0.05 Å away from Ce and gets 0.04 Å closer to La in the most stable Ce-La double-substitutional defect.

Origin of improved scintillation efficiency in (Lu,Gd)3(Ga,Al)5O12:Ce multicomponent garnets: An X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Yuntao; Luo, Jialiang; Nikl, Martin; Ren, Guohao

2014-01-01

In the recent successful improvement of scintillation efficiency in Lu3Al5O12:Ce driven by Ga3+ and Gd3+ admixture, the "band-gap engineering" and energy level positioning have been considered the valid strategies so far. This study revealed that this improvement was also associated with the cerium valence instability along with the changes of chemical composition. By utilizing X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy technique, tuning the Ce3+/Ce4+ ratio by Ga3+ admixture was evidenced, while it was kept nearly stable with the Gd3+ admixture. Ce valence instability and Ce3+/Ce4+ ratio in multicomponent garnets can be driven by the energy separation between 4f ground state of Ce3+ and Fermi level.

Spatially dependent biotic and abiotic factors drive survivorship and physical structure of green roof vegetation.

PubMed

Aloisio, Jason M; Palmer, Matthew I; Giampieri, Mario A; Tuininga, Amy R; Lewis, James D

2017-01-01

Plant survivorship depends on biotic and abiotic factors that vary at local and regional scales. This survivorship, in turn, has cascading effects on community composition and the physical structure of vegetation. Survivorship of native plant species is variable among populations planted in environmentally stressful habitats like urban roofs, but the degree to which factors at different spatial scales affect survivorship in urban systems is not well understood. We evaluated the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on survivorship, composition, and physical structure of two native perennial species assemblages, one characterized by a mixture of C 4 grasses and forbs (Hempstead Plains, HP) and one characterized by a mixture of C 3 grasses and forbs (Rocky Summit, RS), that were initially sown at equal ratios of growth forms (5:1:4; grass, N-fixing forb and non-N-fixing forb) in replicate 2-m 2 plots planted on 10 roofs in New York City (New York, USA). Of 24 000 installed plants, 40% survived 23 months after planting. Within-roof factors explained 71% of variation in survivorship, with biotic (species identity and assemblage) factors accounting for 54% of the overall variation, and abiotic (growing medium depth and plot location) factors explaining 17% of the variation. Among-roof factors explained 29% of variation in survivorship and increased solar radiation correlated with decreased survivorship. While growing medium properties (pH, nutrients, metals) differed among roofs there was no correlation with survivorship. Percent cover and sward height increased with increasing survivorship. At low survivorship, cover of the HP assemblage was greater compared to the RS assemblage. Sward height of the HP assemblage was about two times greater compared to the RS assemblage. These results highlight the effects of local biotic and regional abiotic drivers on community composition and physical structure of green roof vegetation. As a result, initial green roof plant composition and roof microclimate may have long-term effects on community dynamics, ecosystem function, and urban biodiversity. © 2016 by the Ecological Society of America.

Study of Falling Roof Vibrations in a Production Face at Roof Support Resistance in the Form of Concentrated Force

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Buyalich, G. D.; Buyalich, K. G.; Umrikhina, V. Yu

2016-08-01

One of the main reasons of roof support failures in production faces is mismatch of their parameters and parameters of dynamic impact on the metal structure from the falling roof during its secondary convergences. To assess the parameters of vibrational interaction of roof support with the roof, it was suggested to use computational models of forces application and a partial differential equation of fourth order describing this process, its numerical solution allowed to assess frequency, amplitude and speed of roof strata movement depending on physical and mechanical properties of the roof strata as well as on load bearing and geometry parameters of the roof support. To simplify solving of the differential equation, roof support response was taken as the concentrated force.

Steep-Slope Assembly Testing of Clay and Concrete Tile With and Without Cool Pigmented Colors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Miller, William A

Cool color pigments and sub-tile venting of clay and concrete tile roofs significantly impact the heat flow crossing the roof deck of a steep-slope roof. Field measures for the tile roofs revealed a 70% drop in the peak heat flow crossing the deck as compared to a direct-nailed asphalt shingle roof. The Tile Roofing Institute (TRI) and its affiliate members are keenly interested in documenting the magnitude of the drop for obtaining solar reflectance credits with state and federal "cool roof" building efficiency standards. Tile roofs are direct-nailed or are attached to a deck with batten or batten and counter-battenmore » construction. S-Misson clay and concrete tile roofs, a medium-profile concrete tile roof, and a flat slate tile roof were installed on fully nstrumented attic test assemblies. Temperature measures of the roof, deck, attic, and ceiling, heat flows, solar reflectance, thermal emittance, and the ambient weather were recorded for each of the tile roofs and also on an adjacent attic cavity covered with a conventional pigmented and directnailed asphalt shingle roof. ORNL measured the tile's underside temperature and the bulk air temperature and heat flows just underneath the tile for batten and counter-batten tile systems and compared the results to the conventional asphalt shingle.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu, Zongyuan; Senanayake, Sanjaya D.; Rodriguez, Jose A.

Bulk metallic nickel is a poor catalyst for the reforming of oxygenates being deactivated by the deposition of coke. In contrast, Ni-ceria is an active system for the catalytic extraction of H 2 from the ethanol steam reforming reaction (ESR, C 2H 5OH + 3H 2O ↔ 2CO 2 + 6H 2). Numerous studies, with model (well-defined crystal surfaces) and technical (high surface area powders) catalysts, have been devoted to understand the fundamental role of each catalyst component, the performance of adjacent sites in the metal-oxide interface, and the complex mechanistic steps that convert two oxygenated reactants (ethanol and Hmore » 2O) into H 2. The size and low loading of Ni on ceria facilitate metal-oxide support interactions that probably enhance the reactivity of the system. To establish the precise role of both Ni and Ce is challenging. However it is clear that both Ni and Ce are associated with the dissociation of H 2O (OH + H), while ceria readily adsorbs and partially dissociates ethanol (i.e. ethoxy formation). The most difficult step of Csingle bondC bond dissociation likely occurs only on Ni or at the Ni-Ce interface. H 2O and OH remain as important agents for the prevention of excess C build up during the Csingle bondH/Csingle bondC dissociation process. Often, deactivation upon C build up, is a direct result of Ni sintering and decoupling of the Ni-Ce interactions. One strategy to maintain good activity and stability is to protect the Ni-Ce interaction, and this can be achieved through the use of solid solutions (Ce 1–xNi xO 2–y) or by employing stabilizing agents such as W (Ni xW yCe zO 2). In this paper, we present and discuss the most recent work for the ESR reaction and show the important role of ceria which participates directly in the reaction and also enhances catalytic activity through metal-support interactions.« less

NMDA receptors regulate nicotine-enhanced brain reward function and intravenous nicotine self-administration: role of the ventral tegmental area and central nucleus of the amygdala.

PubMed

Kenny, Paul J; Chartoff, Elena; Roberto, Marisa; Carlezon, William A; Markou, Athina

2009-01-01

Nicotine is considered an important component of tobacco responsible for the smoking habit in humans. Nicotine increases glutamate-mediated transmission throughout brain reward circuitries. This action of nicotine could potentially contribute to its intrinsic rewarding and reward-enhancing properties, which motivate consumption of the drug. Here we show that the competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist LY235959 (0.5-2.5 mg per kg) abolished nicotine-enhanced brain reward function, reflected in blockade of the lowering of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) thresholds usually observed after experimenter-administered (0.25 mg per kg) or intravenously self-administered (0.03 mg per kg per infusion) nicotine injections. The highest LY235959 dose (5 mg per kg) tested reversed the hedonic valence of nicotine from positive to negative, reflected in nicotine-induced elevations of ICSS thresholds. LY235959 doses that reversed nicotine-induced lowering of ICSS thresholds also markedly decreased nicotine self-administration without altering responding for food reinforcement, whereas the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor antagonist NBQX had no effects on nicotine intake. In addition, nicotine self-administration upregulated NMDA receptor subunit expression in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), suggesting important interactions between nicotine and the NMDA receptor. Furthermore, nicotine (1 microM) increased NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents in rat CeA slices, similar to its previously described effects in the VTA. Finally, infusion of LY235959 (0.1-10 ng per side) into the CeA or VTA decreased nicotine self-administration. Taken together, these data suggest that NMDA receptors, including those in the CeA and VTA, gate the magnitude and valence of the effects of nicotine on brain reward systems, thereby regulating motivation to consume the drug.

Hydrological performance of an extensive green roof: a case study from the central Europe (Bustehrad, Czech Republic)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tománková, Klára; Sněhota, Michal; Jelínková, Vladimíra

2016-04-01

Extensive green roofs with a thin growing medium require minimal maintenance, and in general no irrigation. The proper functioning of such systems rests with their structural constituents, especially with the substrate used for planting. An extensive green roof with poorly developed vegetation and with a soil layer of a maximum thickness of 5 cm mixed with local stripped topsoil with crushed bricks and green waste was studied with respect to the hydrological behavior. The substrate classified as loam comprises a significant proportion of very fine particles and thus it is prone to clogging up of soil pores and forming of fissures on the surface. The green roof studied is well equipped for measuring meteorological data including air temperature, wind speed and direction, net radiation, relative humidity, and rainfall intensity. The meteorological information on the site is completed by soil temperature measurement. The 12 m long transect is equipped with eight time domain reflectometry probes (TDR) to monitor soil water content. Soil physical properties (bulk density, porosity, grain size distribution) and soil hydraulic characteristics (soil water retention curve) were obtained. The numerical modeling of transient soil water movement in the green roof substrate was performed using a two-dimensional model based on the Richards' equation. Results were compared with the soil water content data acquired. Six alternative scenarios were formulated to discuss possible improvement of green roof functioning and four selected scenarios were simulated. The study helped us to improve our understanding of the flow processes through the green roof soil system under study. The alternative scenario simulations allowed hydrological assessment of roof construction amendments. The research was realized as a part of the University Centre for Energy Efficient Buildings supported by the EU and with financial support from the Czech Science Foundation under project number 14-10455P.

Corrosion behavior of as-cast Mg-8Li-3Al+ xCe alloy in 3.5wt% NaCl solution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Manivannan, S.; Dinesh, P.; Mahemaa, R.; MariyaPillai, Nandhakumaran; Kumaresh Babu, S. P.; Sundarrajan, Srinivasan

2016-10-01

Mg-8Li-3Al+ xCe alloys ( x = 0.5wt%, 1.0wt%, and 1.5wt%) were prepared through a casting route in an electric resistance furnace under a controlled atmosphere. The cast alloys were characterized by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The corrosion behavior of the as-cast Mg-8Li-3Al+ xCe alloys were studied under salt spray tests in 3.5wt% NaCl solution at 35°C, in accordance with standard ASTM B-117, in conjunction with potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) tests. The results show that the addition of Ce to Mg-8Li-3Al (LA83) alloy results in the formation of Al2Ce intermetallic phase, refines both the α-Mg phase and the Mg17Al12 intermetallic phase, and then increases the microhardness of the alloys. The results of PDP and salt spray tests reveal that an increase in Ce content to 1.5wt% decreases the corrosion rate. The best corrosion resistance is observed for the LA83 alloy sample with 1.0wt% Ce.

Influence of CeO2 addition on the preparation of foamed glass-ceramics from high-titanium blast furnace slag

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Hong-ling; Feng, Ke-qin; Chen, Chang-hong; Yan, Zi-di

2018-06-01

Foamed glass-ceramics doped with cerium oxide (CeO2) were successfully prepared from high-titanium blast furnace slag by one-step sintering. The influence of CeO2 addition (1.5wt%-3.5wt%) on the crystalline phases, microstructure, and properties of foamed glass-ceramics was studied. Results show that CeO2 improves the stability of the glass phase and changes the two-dimensional crystallization mechanism into three-dimensional one. XRD analysis indicates the presence of Ca(Mg, Fe)Si2O6 and Ca(Ti, Mg, Al)(Si, Al)2O6 in all sintered samples. Added with CeO2, TiCeO4 precipitates, and crystallinity increases, leading to increased thickness of pore walls and uniform pores. The comprehensive properties of foamed glass-ceramics are better than that of samples without CeO2. In particular, the sample added with a suitable amount of CeO2 (2.5wt%) exhibits bulk density that is similar to and compressive strength (14.9 MPa) that is more than twice of foamed glass-ceramics without CeO2.

Probing the magnetic ground state of single crystalline Ce3TiSb5

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Matin, M.; Kulkarni, R.; Thamizhavel, A.; Dhar, S. K.; Provino, A.; Manfrinetti, P.

2017-04-01

Motivated by the report of superconductivity in R3TiSb5 (R  =  La and Ce) and possibly Nd3TiSb5 at  ∼4 K, we grew single crystals of La3TiSb5 and Ce3TiSb5 by the high-temperature solution method using Sn as a flux. While in both compounds we observed a superconducting transition at 3.7 K for resistivity and low-field magnetization, our data conclusively show that it arose from residual Sn flux present in the single crystals. In particular, the heat capacity data do not present any of the anomalies expected from a bulk superconducting transition. The anisotropic magnetic properties of Ce3TiSb5, crystallizing in a hexagonal P63/mcm structure, were studied in detail. We find that the Ce ions in Ce3TiSb5 form a Kondo lattice and exhibited antiferromagnetic ordering at 5.5 K with a reduced moment and a moderately normalized Sommerfeld coefficient of 598 mJ/mol K2. The characteristic single-ion Kondo energy scale was found to be  ∼8 K. The magnetization data were subjected to a crystal electric field (CEF) analysis. The experimentally observed Schottky peak in the 4f-electron heat capacity of Ce3TiSb5 was reproduced fairly well by the energy levels derived from the CEF analysis.

The utility of mock oral examinations in preparation for the American Board of Surgery certifying examination.

PubMed

Higgins, Rana M; Deal, Rebecca A; Rinewalt, Daniel; Hollinger, Edward F; Janssen, Imke; Poirier, Jennifer; Austin, Delores; Rendina, Megan; Francescatti, Amanda; Myers, Jonathan A; Millikan, Keith W; Luu, Minh B

2016-02-01

Determine the utility of mock oral examinations in preparation for the American Board of Surgery certifying examination (ABS CE). Between 2002 and 2012, blinded data were collected on 63 general surgery residents: 4th and 5th-year mock oral examination scores, first-time pass rates on ABS CE, and an online survey. Fifty-seven residents took the 4th-year mock oral examination: 30 (52.6%) passed and 27 (47.4%) failed, with first-time ABS CE pass rates 93.3% and 81.5% (P = .238). Fifty-nine residents took the 5th-year mock oral examination: 28 (47.5%) passed and 31 (52.5%) failed, with first-time ABS CE pass rates 82.1% and 93.5% (P = .240). Thirty-eight responded to the online survey, 77.1% ranked mock oral examinations as very or extremely helpful with ABS CE preparation. Although mock oral examinations and ABS CE passing rates do not directly correlate, residents perceive the mock oral examinations to be helpful. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Potential benefits of plant diversity on vegetated roofs: a literature review.

PubMed

Cook-Patton, Susan C; Bauerle, Taryn L

2012-09-15

Although vegetated green roofs can be difficult to establish and maintain, they are an increasingly popular method for mitigating the negative environmental impacts of urbanization. Most green roof development has focused on maximizing green roof performance by planting one or a few drought-tolerant species. We present an alternative approach, which recognizes green roofs as dynamic ecosystems and employs a diversity of species. We draw links between the ecological and green roof literature to generate testable predictions about how increasing plant diversity could improve short- and long-term green roof functioning. Although we found few papers that experimentally manipulated diversity on green roofs, those that did revealed ecological dynamics similar to those in more natural systems. However, there are many unresolved issues. To improve overall green roof performance, we should (1) elucidate the links among plant diversity, structural complexity, and green roof performance, (2) describe feedback mechanisms between plant and animal diversity on green roofs, (3) identify species with complementary traits, and (4) determine whether diverse green roof communities are more resilient to disturbance and environmental change than less diverse green roofs. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Genetic parameters for calving ease, gestation length, and birth weight in Charolais cattle.

PubMed

Mujibi, F D N; Crews, D H

2009-09-01

In this study, a 3-trait linear model was used to obtain genetic parameters for direct and maternal components of calving ease (CE), gestation length (GEST), and birth weight (BWT). Calving ease scores were transformed into Snell scores and expressed as percent unassisted calving (SC), ranging from 0 to 100% (least to greatest ease). A total of 40,420 records (n = 14,403 for CE) were obtained from the Canadian Charolais Association field database. The animal model included fixed effects of contemporary group (herd x year of birth combinations), age of heifer, and sex of calf (only for CE), whereas random effects included direct and maternal genetic effects, residual error, and permanent environmental effects (for CE). The BWT and GEST were preadjusted for age of dam and sex of calf effects. Variance components were estimated using REML. Mean SC was 83.31% (SD = 23.30) and ranged from 3.44 to 100%. Mean BWT was 46.54 kg (SD = 4.79), whereas mean GEST was 286.48 d (SD = 4.93). Direct heritability estimates for SC, BWT, and GEST were 0.14 +/- 0.02, 0.46 +/- 0.03, and 0.62 +/- 0.04, respectively, and maternal heritability estimates were 0.06 +/- 0.02, 0.14 +/- 0.02, and 0.10 +/- 0.02, respectively. The permanent environmental effect as a proportion of SC phenotypic variance was 0.35 +/- 0.11, indicating a large influence on CE. Genetic correlations of direct SC with direct BWT and GEST were -0.93 +/- 0.04 and -0.38 +/- 0.08, respectively, whereas maternal correlations were -0.69 +/- 0.14 and -0.49 +/- 0.17, respectively, illustrating the importance of including both traits in CE evaluations. Within trait direct x maternal genetic correlations were substantial and negative. Regression of average direct and average maternal EBV on year of birth yielded significant genetic trends for the direct effects of BWT, GEST, and CE, whereas no trends were detected for maternal effects. Even though CE is routinely analyzed, no study has evaluated transformed CE scores with 2 correlated traits. In these data, the large negative genetic correlation between BWT and CE suggests that increasing SC would also decrease BWT. Genetic improvement programs, therefore, should consider both CE and growth.

40 CFR 65.45 - External floating roof converted into an internal floating roof.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... External floating roof converted into an internal floating roof. The owner or operator who elects to... 40 Protection of Environment 15 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false External floating roof converted into an internal floating roof. 65.45 Section 65.45 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION...

Roofing: Workbook and Tests. Common Roofing and Waterproofing Materials and Equipment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

California State Dept. of Education, Sacramento. Bureau of Publications.

This workbook on materials and equipment is one of a series of nine individual units of instruction for roofing apprenticeship classes in California. The workbook covers eight topics: production of bitumens and asphaltic roofing materials; built-up roofing materials and adhesives; asphaltic products and rigid roofing materials; elastomeric and…

Common Roofing and Waterproofing Materials and Equipment. Roofing Workbook and Tests.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

California State Dept. of Education, Sacramento. Bureau of Publications.

This publication on common roofing and waterproofing materials and equipment is one of a series of units of instruction for roofing apprenticeship classes. The workbook portion is divided into eight topics: production of bitumens and asphalt roofing materials, built-up materials and adhesives, asphalt products and rigid roofing materials,…

Annual Historical Summary Fiscal Year 1982

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-10-12

for a natural disaster /eaiergency situation. 3 5 Forces Command replaced the Command Evaluation (CE) of Reserve Component Nuclear Capable Units with... disasters or catastrophes occurring within its area. Illustrative of many such public "calls for aid in which Sixth ’IM AM rasponded were t.1e Columbia...34ational Forest. fire and flood disaster in the state of Washington; the damaging4 threatening blazes in the Santa Cruz Mountains and on the Hunter

Ceria-Based Anodes for Next Generation Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mirfakhraei, Behzad

Mixed ionic and electronic conducting materials (MIECs) have been suggested to represent the next generation of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anodes, primarily due to their significantly enhanced active surface area and their tolerance to fuel components. In this thesis, the main focus has been on determining and tuning the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of ceria-based MIECs in the versatile perovskite or fluorite crystal structures. In one direction, BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1 M0.1O3-delta (M = Fe, Ni, Co and Yb) (BZCY-M) perovskites were synthesized using solid-state or wet citric acid combustion methods and the effect of various transition metal dopants on the sintering behavior, crystal structure, chemical stability under CO2 and H 2S, and electrical conductivity, was investigated. BZCY-Ni, synthesized using the wet combustion method, was the best performing anode, giving a polarization resistance (RP) of 0.4 O.cm2 at 800 °C. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis showed that this was due to the exsolution of catalytic Ni nanoparticles onto the oxide surface. Evolving from this promising result, the effect of Mo-doped CeO 2 (nCMO) or Ni nanoparticle infiltration into a porous Gd-doped CeO 2 (GDC) anode (in the fluorite structure) was studied. While 3 wt. % Ni infiltration lowered RP by up to 90 %, giving 0.09 O.cm2 at 800 °C and exhibiting a ca. 5 times higher tolerance towards 10 ppm H2, nCMO infiltration enhanced the H2 stability by ca. 3 times, but had no influence on RP. In parallel work, a first-time study of the Ce3+ and Ce 4+ redox process (pseudocapacitance) within GDC anode materials was carried out using cyclic voltammetry (CV) in wet H2 at high temperatures. It was concluded that, at 500-600 °C, the Ce3+/Ce 4+ reaction is diffusion controlled, probably due to O2- transport limitations in the outer 5-10 layers of the GDC particles, giving a very high capacitance of ca. 70 F/g. Increasing the temperature ultimately diminished the observed capacitance, likely as the chemical reduction of GDC at high temperatures is irreversible.

Electrospinning preparation of one-dimensional Ce3+-doped Li4Ti5O12 sub-microbelts for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ji, Xueyang; Li, Dong; Lu, Qifang; Guo, Enyan; Yao, Linbing

2017-12-01

One-dimensional Ce3+-doped Li4Ti5O12 (Li4Ti5- x Ce x O12, x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.05) sub-microbelts with the width of approximately 500 nm and thickness of about 200 nm have been synthesized via the facile electrospinning method. The structure and morphology of the as-prepared samples are characterized by XRD, TEM, SEM, BET, HRTEM, XPS, and AFM. Importantly, one-dimensional Li4Ti5O12 sub-microbelts can be well preserved with the introduction of Ce3+ ions, while CeO2 impurity is obtained when x is greater than or equal to 0.02. The comparative experiments prove that Ce3+-doped Li4Ti5O12 electrodes exhibit the brilliant electrochemical performance than undoped counterpart. Particularly, the reversible capacity of Li4Ti4.98Ce0.02O12 electrode reaches up to 139.9 mAh g-1 and still maintains at 132.6 mAh g-1 even after 100 cycles under the current rate of 4 C. The superior lithium storage properties of Li4Ti4.98Ce0.02O12 electrode could be attributed to their intrinsic structure advantage as well as enhanced overall conductivity. [Figure not available: see fulltext.

An Analysis of Quality in the Modular Housing Industry.

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-12-01

finishing, Station 5, installs rough plumbing and applies the first coat of drywall joint compound . The unit continues to ceiling/roof setting, Station...with I joint compound and drywall or plywood plates. 3 14. Rigid waferboard, oriented strand board, or plywood is used for exterior wall sheathing to...completed and tested, the second coat of joint compound is placed, and windows and doors are set. Insulation, exterior sheathing, roof sheathing

A New Method for Sensing Soil Water Content in Green Roofs Using Plant Microbial Fuel Cells

PubMed Central

Tapia, Natalia F.; Rojas, Claudia; Bonilla, Carlos A.

2017-01-01

Green roofs have many benefits, but in countries with semiarid climates the amount of water needed for irrigation is a limiting factor for their maintenance. The use of drought-tolerant plants such as Sedum species, reduces the water requirements in the dry season, but, even so, in semiarid environments these can reach up to 60 L m−2 per day. Continuous substrate/soil water content monitoring would facilitate the efficient use of this critical resource. In this context, the use of plant microbial fuel cells (PMFCs) emerges as a suitable and more sustainable alternative for monitoring water content in green roofs in semiarid climates. In this study, bench and pilot-scale experiments using seven Sedum species showed a positive relationship between current generation and water content in the substrate. PMFC reactors with higher water content (around 27% vs. 17.5% v/v) showed larger power density (114.6 and 82.3 μW m−2 vs. 32.5 μW m−2). Moreover, a correlation coefficient of 0.95 (±0.01) between current density and water content was observed. The results of this research represent the first effort of using PMFCs as low-cost water content biosensors for green roofs. PMID:29283378

A New Method for Sensing Soil Water Content in Green Roofs Using Plant Microbial Fuel Cells.

PubMed

Tapia, Natalia F; Rojas, Claudia; Bonilla, Carlos A; Vargas, Ignacio T

2017-12-28

Green roofs have many benefits, but in countries with semiarid climates the amount of water needed for irrigation is a limiting factor for their maintenance. The use of drought-tolerant plants such as Sedum species, reduces the water requirements in the dry season, but, even so, in semiarid environments these can reach up to 60 L m -2 per day. Continuous substrate/soil water content monitoring would facilitate the efficient use of this critical resource. In this context, the use of plant microbial fuel cells (PMFCs) emerges as a suitable and more sustainable alternative for monitoring water content in green roofs in semiarid climates. In this study, bench and pilot-scale experiments using seven Sedum species showed a positive relationship between current generation and water content in the substrate. PMFC reactors with higher water content (around 27% vs. 17.5% v / v ) showed larger power density (114.6 and 82.3 μW m -2 vs. 32.5 μW m -2 ). Moreover, a correlation coefficient of 0.95 (±0.01) between current density and water content was observed. The results of this research represent the first effort of using PMFCs as low-cost water content biosensors for green roofs.

Metal and nutrient dynamics on an aged intensive green roof.

PubMed

Speak, A F; Rothwell, J J; Lindley, S J; Smith, C L

2014-01-01

Runoff and rainfall quality was compared between an aged intensive green roof and an adjacent conventional roof surface. Nutrient concentrations in the runoff were generally below Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) values and the green roof exhibited NO3(-) retention. Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations were in excess of EQS values for the protection of surface water. Green roof runoff was also significantly higher in Fe and Pb than on the bare roof and in rainfall. Input-output fluxes revealed the green roof to be a potential source of Pb. High concentrations of Pb within the green roof soil and bare roof dusts provide a potential source of Pb in runoff. The origin of the Pb is likely from historic urban atmospheric deposition. Aged green roofs may therefore act as a source of legacy metal pollution. This needs to be considered when constructing green roofs with the aim of improving pollution remediation. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Time-saving and fail-safe dissection method for vestibulocochlear organs in gross anatomy classes.

PubMed

Suzuki, Ryoji; Konno, Naoaki; Ishizawa, Akimitsu; Kanatsu, Yoshinori; Funakoshi, Kodai; Akashi, Hideo; Zhou, Ming; Abe, Hiroshi

2017-09-01

Because the vestibulocochlear organs are tiny and complex, and are covered by the petrous part of the temporal bone, they are very difficult for medical students to dissect and visualize during gross anatomy classes. Here, we report a time-saving and fail-safe procedure we have devised, using a hand-held hobby router. Nine en bloc temporal bone samples from donated human cadavers were used as trial materials for devising an appropriate procedure for dissecting the vestibulocochlear organs. A hand-held hobby router was used to cut through the temporal bone. After trials, the most time-saving and fail-safe method was selected. The performance of the selected method was assessed by a survey of 242 sides of 121 cadavers during gross anatomy classes for vestibulocochlear dissection. The assessment was based on the observation ratio. The best procedure appeared to be removal of the external acoustic meatus roof and tympanic cavity roof together with removal of the internal acoustic meatus roof. The whole procedure was completed within two dissection classes, each lasting 4.5 hr. The ratio of surveillance for the chorda tympani and three semicircular canals by students was significantly improved during 2013 through 2016. In our dissection class, "removal of the external acoustic meatus roof and tympanic cavity roof together with removal of the internal acoustic meatus roof" was the best procedure for students in the limited time available. Clin. Anat. 30:703-710, 2017. © 2017Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Portulaca grandiflora as green roof vegetation: Plant growth and phytoremediation experiments.

PubMed

Vijayaraghavan, K; Arockiaraj, Jesu; Kamala-Kannan, Seralathan

2017-06-03

Finding appropriate rooftop vegetation may improve the quality of runoff from green roofs. Portulaca grandiflora was examined as possible vegetation for green roofs. Green roof substrate was found to have low bulk density (360.7 kg/m 3 ) and high water-holding capacity (49.4%), air-filled porosity (21.1%), and hydraulic conductivity (5270 mm/hour). The optimal substrate also supported the growth of P. grandiflora with biomass multiplication of 450.3% and relative growth rate of 0.038. Phytoextraction potential of P. grandiflora was evaluated using metal-spiked green roof substrate as a function of time and spiked substrate metal concentration. It was identified that P. grandiflora accumulated all metals (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn) from metal-spiked green roof substrate. At the end of 40 days, P. grandiflora accumulated 811 ± 26.7, 87.2 ± 3.59, 416 ± 15.8, 459 ± 15.6, 746 ± 20.9, 357 ± 18.5, 565 ± 6.8, and 596 ± 24.4 mg/kg of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn, respectively. Results also indicated that spiked substrate metal concentration strongly influenced metal accumulation property of P. grandiflora with metal uptake increased and accumulation factor decreased with increase in substrate metal concentration. P. grandiflora also showed potential to translocate all the examined metals with translocation factor greater than 1 for Al, Cu, Fe, and Zn, indicating hyperaccumulation property.

Balance and exposure to an elevated sloped surface.

PubMed

Wade, Chip; Davis, Jerry; Weimar, Wendi H

2014-01-01

Fall injuries and fatalities exceed 50 billion dollars annually. One half of fatal falls are from pitched roof settings. Falls from elevation in an occupational setting have been documented to be a significant issue in today's workforce. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of exposure to inclined surfaces on flat surface balance at varying heights above the ground. Thirty participants, 10 male college students (inexperienced), 10 female college students (inexperienced) and 10 male roofers (experienced) between age 19 and 50 years participated in this study. Participants walked for 20 min on an elevated roof segment (9-14 feet above ground level) and a ground level roof segment (0-5 feet above ground level) on separate days. Results indicated a significant difference for all groups in sway velocity over time at both levels (elevated and ground) and from eyes open to eyes closed conditions at both levels (p<0.05). Statistical analysis revealed that roofers had significantly less increase in sway velocity, post exposure than that of the inexperienced group (p<0.05). These findings provide practical information to employers and employees during the construction of structures that employ a pitched roof design. The implication of these findings include the knowledge that an individual is less stable directly after performing roofing tasks on a pitched roof setting, and should be afforded ample time to recover before moving into activities that would place them at a higher risk of injury from falls. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Long annealing effect on spin Seebeck devices fabricated using Ce x Y3- x Fe5O12 deposited by metal-organic decomposition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ono, Tatsuyoshi; Hirata, Satoshi; Amemiya, Yoshiteru; Tabei, Tetsuo; Yokoyama, Shin

2018-04-01

The effects of Ce content and annealing temperature on the electromotive force produced by spin Seebeck devices fabricated using Ce x Y3- x Fe5O12 deposited by metal-organic decomposition was investigated. The Ce content was first varied (x = 0,1,2,3) for a fixed annealing condition of 3 h at 900 °C. It was found that increasing the Ce content led to a decrease in electromotive force, which meant that x = 0 was the optimum Ce content. Next, the effect of annealing temperature was investigated for a Ce1Y2Fe5O12 film for an annealing time of 14 h. The highest electromotive force of 24.0 µV/50 °C was obtained for a sample annealed for 14 h at 800 °C, although the X-ray diffraction peaks were weaker than those for a sample annealed for 14 h at 950 °C.

The prevalence of acetabular anomalies associated with pistol-grip-deformity in osteoarthritic hips.

PubMed

Ipach, I; Mittag, F; Walter, C; Syha, R; Wolf, P; Kluba, T

2013-02-01

Acetabular retroversion, excessive acetabular coverage and abnormal head-neck-junction with a so-called "pistol-grip-deformity" were added to the classical description of hip dysplasia to describe pathological hip morphology. The aim of the current study was the detection of pathological acetabular geometry in patients with an abnormal head-neck-junction. Femoroacetabular impingement and hip dysplasia features are frequent in patients with end-stage osteoarthritis before 60 years of age. We analysed our data bank retrospectively for all patients who received a Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) due to end-stage osteoarthritis before the age of 60 years. The pelvic-views and the Dunn-view of these patients were screened for an abnormal head-neck-junction by measuring the head-ratio and the alpha-angle. An orthopaedic surgeon and a radiologist did this independently. These radiographies were measured for signs of acetabular dysplasia, excessive acetabular coverage and crossing sign. A consecutive series of 135 total hip arthroplasties were performed in patients aged less or equal to 60 years because of end-stage osteoarthritis. From these, 81 patients were classified as having an abnormal head-neck-junction. The mean head-ratio in these 81 patients was 1.52±0.35, the mean alpha-angle was 62.5°±9.3°. The mean CE-angle of these 81 patients was 35.8°±10.4°, the mean CA-angle was 36.7°±5.7°, the mean depth-width ratio was 49.1±10, the mean extrusion index was 19.1±9.2 and the mean CCD-angle was 131.7°±7.3°. Of these 81hips, 14 had isolated pistol-grip-deformity, while 11 hips had associated dysplasia, 38 had excessive acetabular coverage, and 14 had crossing sign. In addition, a crossing sign was identified in four of the 11 dysplastic hips and 19 of the 38 of the hips having excessive acetabular coverage. There was no statistically significant difference in regard to the age between the four groups (P=0.087). In contrast, the hips that had excessive acetabular coverage had increased CE-angle (44.6°±7.2°) and decreased extrusion index (12.6±6.5) (P<0.001), while dysplastic hips had increased roof obliquity (17.5°±4.5°) and increased extrusion index (29.6±9.1), as well as decreased CE-angle (20.7°±3.0°) (P<0.001). There is a high coincidence of radiographic findings associated with an abnormal head-neck-junction consisting in excessive acetabular coverage and retroversion as well as hip dysplasia. These results advocate for restoring of the normal anatomy at the early stage to prevent end-stage osteoarthritis. Level IV retrospective historical study. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Crystalline Electric Field Level Scheme of the Non-Centrosymmetric CePtSi3

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ueta, Daichi; Kobuke, Tomohiro; Yoshida, Masahiro; Yoshizawa, Hideki; Ikeda, Yoichi; Itoh, Shinichi; Yokoo, Tetsuya

2018-05-01

The crystalline electric field (CEF) excitations in CePtSi3 with the non-centrosymmetric structure were investigated by inelastic neutron scattering (INS) experiment. CEF excitations were observed at 5.3 and 17.5 meV. We discuss the CEF parameters and wave function of CePtSi3 by comparing those of other CeTX3(T: transition metal, X: Si, Ge) systems.

Understanding the magnetism in noncentrosymmetric CeIrGe3: Muon spin relaxation and neutron scattering studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anand, V. K.; Hillier, A. D.; Adroja, D. T.; Khalyavin, D. D.; Manuel, P.; Andre, G.; Rols, S.; Koza, M. M.

2018-05-01

The magnetic properties of a pressure induced noncentrosymmetric heavy-fermion superconductor CeIrGe3 have been investigated by muon spin relaxation (μ SR ), powder neutron diffraction (ND), and inelastic neutron scattering (INS) techniques at ambient pressure. For completeness we have also measured the ac magnetic susceptibility χac(T ) , dc magnetic susceptibility χ (T ) , dc isothermal magnetization M (H ) , and heat capacity Cp(T ,H ) down to 2 K. CeIrGe3 is known to exhibit pressure induced superconductivity (Tc≈1.5 K) at a pressure of 20 GPa and antiferromagnetic ordering at 8.7 K, 4.7 K, and 0.7 K at ambient pressure. Our χac(T ) and χ (T ) data show an additional anomaly near 6.2 K which is also captured in Cp(T ) data. From χac(T ) , χ (T ) , and Cp(T ) measurements we infer three antiferromagnetic transitions above 2 K at TN 1=8.5 K, TN 2=6.0 K, and TN 3=4.6 K. Our μ SR study also confirms the presence of three transitions through the observation of one frequency for TN 2

Energy analysis of cool, medium, and dark roofs on residential buildings in the U.S

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dunbar, Michael A.

This study reports an energy analysis of cool, medium, and dark roofs on residential buildings in the U.S. Three analyses were undertaken in this study: energy consumption, economic analysis, and an environmental analysis. The energy consumption reports the electricity and natural gas consumption of the simulations. The economic analysis uses tools such as simple payback period (SPP) and net present value (NPV) to determine the profitability of the cool roof and the medium roof. The variable change for each simulation model was the roof color. The default color was a dark roof and the results were focused on the changes produced by the cool roof and the medium roof. The environmental analysis uses CO2 emissions to assess the environmental impact of the cool roof and the medium roof. The analysis uses the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) EnergyPlus software to produce simulations of a typical, two-story residential home in the U.S. The building details of the typical, two-story U.S. residential home and the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) building code standards used are discussed in this study. This study indicates that, when material and labor costs are. assessed, the cool roof and the medium roof do not yield a SPP less than 10 years. Furthermore, the NPV results assess that neither the cool roof nor the medium roof are a profitable investment in any climate zone in the U.S. The environmental analysis demonstrates that both the cool roof and the medium roof have a positive impact in warmer climates by reducing the CO2 emissions as much as 264 kg and 129 kg, respectively.

Urban heat mitigation by roof surface materials during the East Asian summer monsoon

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Seungjoon; Ryu, Youngryel; Jiang, Chongya

2017-04-01

Roof surface materials, such as green and white roofs, have attracted attention in their role in urban heat mitigation, and various studies have assessed the cooling performance of roof surface materials during hot and sunny summer seasons. However, summers in the East Asian monsoon climate region are characterized by significant fluctuations in weather events, such as dry periods, heatwaves, and rainy and cloudy days. This study investigated the efficacy of different roof surface materials for heat mitigation, considering the temperatures both at and beneath the surface of the roof covering materials during a summer monsoon in Seoul, Korea. We performed continuous observations of temperature at and beneath the surface of the roof covering materials, and manual observation of albedo and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for a white roof, two green roofs (grass [Poa pratensis] and sedum [Sedum sarmentosum]), and a reference surface. Overall, the surface temperature of the white roof was significantly lower than that of the grass and sedum roofs (1.1 and 1.3°C), whereas the temperature beneath the surface of the white roof did not differ significantly from that of the grass and sedum roofs during the summer. The degree of cloudiness significantly modified the surface temperature of the white roof compared with that of the grass and sedum roofs, which depended on plant metabolisms. It was difficult for the grass to maintain its cooling ability without adequate watering management. After considering the cooling performance and maintenance efforts for different environmental conditions, we concluded that white roof performed better in urban heat mitigation than grass and sedum during the East Asian summer monsoon. Our findings will be useful in urban heat mitigation in the region.

Mental health system funding of cognitive enhancement interventions for schizophrenia: summary and update of the New York Office of Mental Health expert panel and stakeholder meeting.

PubMed

McGurk, Susan R; Mueser, Kim T; Covell, Nancy H; Cicerone, Keith D; Drake, Robert E; Silverstein, Steven M; Medialia, Alice; Myers, Robert; Bellack, Alan S; Bell, Morris D; Essock, Susan M

2013-09-01

A growing research literature indicates that cognitive enhancement (CE) interventions for people with schizophrenia can improve cognitive functioning and may benefit psychosocial functioning (e.g., competitive employment, quality of social relationships). Debate continues regarding the strength of evidence for CE and related policy implications, such as the appropriateness of funding CE services. This paper summarizes and updates a meeting of experts and stakeholders convened in 2008 by the New York Office of Mental Health to review evidence on the impact of CE for people with schizophrenia and other serious mental illnesses, and addresses whether the evidence base for CE interventions is sufficient to warrant funding. Specific recommendations based on the extant literature are provided regarding the structure and components of CE programs that should be present in order to improve cognitive and psychosocial outcomes and therefore merit consideration of funding. These recommendations may serve as a starting point in developing standards for CE programs. Establishing evidence-based practice standards for implementing CE interventions for people with serious mental illnesses may facilitate dissemination of programs that have the greatest potential for improving individuals' functional outcomes while minimizing incremental costs associated with providing CE services. Important open questions include how the performance of CE programs should be monitored and which individuals might be expected to benefit from CE as evidenced by improved functioning in their everyday lives. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved).

Mine roof driller-bolter apparatus and method

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hibbard, G.A.; Lumbra, R.C.; Morrison, W.D.

1983-12-13

An apparatus for bolting the roof of an underground mine is disclosed comprising a mobile frame, a boom extending from the frame and a housing provided at the end of the frame. The housing supports an upwardly extending stinger, a drilling mechanism including a drill centralizer having a central bore therethrough and a passageway in communication with the central bore, a device for delivering a container of roof bolting anchoring media through the passageway and through the drill centralizer and into a drilled hole, a device for indexing a roof bolt into alignment with the drilled hole and a spinnermore » for driving the roof bolt into the drilled hole. The present invention also provides a method for bolting the roof of an underground mine comprising the steps of stinging a housing against the roof of the mine, moving a drill centralizer into communication with the roof and drilling a hole in the roof. Without retracting the drill centralizer from communication with the roof, a container of roof bolt anchoring media is delivered through the centralizer and into the drilled hole. The drill centralizer is thereafter retracted and the housing is moved to align a roof bolt with a drilled hole. Then the roof bolt is driven into the drilled hole and the bolt anchoring media sets around the bolt.« less

A green-yellow emitting oxyfluoride solid solution phosphor Sr[subscript 2]Ba(AlO[subscript 4]F)[subscript 1;#8722;x](SiO[subscript 5])x:Ce[superscript 3+] for thermally stable, high color rendition solid state white lighting

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Denault, Kristin A.; George, Nathan C.; Paden, Sara R.

2012-10-23

A near-UV excited, oxyfluoride phosphor solid solution Sr{sub 1.975}Ce{sub 0.025}Ba(AlO{sub 4}F){sub 1-x}(SiO{sub 5}){sub x} has been developed for solid state white lighting applications. An examination of the host lattice, and the local structure around the Ce{sup 3+} activator ions through a combination of density functional theory, synchrotron X-ray and neutron powder diffraction and total scattering, and electron paramagnetic resonance, points to how chemical substitutions play a crucial role in tuning the optical properties of the phosphor. The maximum emission wavelength can be tuned from green ({lambda}{sub em} = 523 nm) to yellow ({lambda}{sub em} = 552 nm) by tuning themore » composition, x. Photoluminescent quantum yield is determined to be 70 {+-} 5% for some of the examples in the series. Excellent thermal properties were found for the x = 0.5 sample, with the photoluminescence intensity at 160 C only decreased to 82% of its room temperature value. Phosphor-converted LED devices fabricated using an InGaN LED ({lambda}{sub max} = 400 nm) exhibit high color rendering white light with R{sub a} = 70 and a correlated color temperature near 7000 K. The value of R{sub a} could be raised to 90 by the addition of a red component, and the correlated color temperature lowered to near 4000 K.« less

On the time response of background obtained in γ-ray spectroscopy experiments using LaBr3(Ce) detectors with different shielding

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Régis, J.-M.; Dannhoff, M.; Jolie, J.; Müller-Gatermann, C.; Saed-Samii, N.

2016-03-01

Employing the γ-γ fast-timing technique with LaBr3(Ce) scintillator detectors allows the direct determination of lifetimes of nuclear excited states with a lower limit of about 5 ps. This limit is increased as soon as background is present in the coincidence spectra underneath the full-energy peaks of the γ-γ cascade. Our aim was to identify the components of the γ-ray background by systematic γ-γ fast-timing measurements using different types of γ shielding within a large γ-ray spectrometer. The energy dependent physical zero-time response was measured using background-free full-energy peak events from the 152Eu γ-ray source. This is compared with the time response of the (Compton-) background distribution as obtained using the prompt 60Co γ-ray source. The time response of the typical Compton background is about 15 ps faster than the time response of background-free full-energy peak events. Below about 500 keV, a second type of background contributes by the detection of Compton-scattered γ rays generated in the materials of the spectrometer around the detector. Due to the additional time-of-flight of the Compton-scattered γ rays, this low-energy background is largely delayed. Compared with a bare cylindrical 1.5 in . × 1.5 in . LaBr3(Ce) detector, the BGO-shielded detector in the Compton-suppression mode improves the peak-to-total ratio by a factor of 1.66(5), while the Pb-shielded detector only slightly reduces the low-energy background.

Elucidating the interaction between Ni and CeO x in ethanol steam reforming catalysts: A perspective of recent studies over model and powder systems

DOE PAGES

Liu, Zongyuan; Senanayake, Sanjaya D.; Rodriguez, Jose A.

2016-11-15

Bulk metallic nickel is a poor catalyst for the reforming of oxygenates being deactivated by the deposition of coke. In contrast, Ni-ceria is an active system for the catalytic extraction of H 2 from the ethanol steam reforming reaction (ESR, C 2H 5OH + 3H 2O ↔ 2CO 2 + 6H 2). Numerous studies, with model (well-defined crystal surfaces) and technical (high surface area powders) catalysts, have been devoted to understand the fundamental role of each catalyst component, the performance of adjacent sites in the metal-oxide interface, and the complex mechanistic steps that convert two oxygenated reactants (ethanol and Hmore » 2O) into H 2. The size and low loading of Ni on ceria facilitate metal-oxide support interactions that probably enhance the reactivity of the system. To establish the precise role of both Ni and Ce is challenging. However it is clear that both Ni and Ce are associated with the dissociation of H 2O (OH + H), while ceria readily adsorbs and partially dissociates ethanol (i.e. ethoxy formation). The most difficult step of Csingle bondC bond dissociation likely occurs only on Ni or at the Ni-Ce interface. H 2O and OH remain as important agents for the prevention of excess C build up during the Csingle bondH/Csingle bondC dissociation process. Often, deactivation upon C build up, is a direct result of Ni sintering and decoupling of the Ni-Ce interactions. One strategy to maintain good activity and stability is to protect the Ni-Ce interaction, and this can be achieved through the use of solid solutions (Ce 1–xNi xO 2–y) or by employing stabilizing agents such as W (Ni xW yCe zO 2). In this paper, we present and discuss the most recent work for the ESR reaction and show the important role of ceria which participates directly in the reaction and also enhances catalytic activity through metal-support interactions.« less

78 FR 13754 - Notice of Receipt of Petition for Decision That Nonconforming 2004 Ford F-150 Crew Cab Trucks...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-28

..., self-addressed postcard with the comments. Note that all comments received will be posted without... Components, 207 Seating Systems, 208 Occupant Crash Protection, 209 Seat Belt Assemblies, 210 Seat Belt Assembly Anchorages, 212 Windshield Mounting, 214 Side Impact Protection, 216 Roof Crush Resistance, 219...

26 CFR 1.23-2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... form of energy (such as oil or gas) other than solar, wind, or geothermal energy (or other forms of... from sunlight (solar radiation), such as fossil fuel or wood or heat in underground water, is not... components) are not included within the term “solar energy property”. For example, roof ponds that form part...

26 CFR 1.23-2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... form of energy (such as oil or gas) other than solar, wind, or geothermal energy (or other forms of... from sunlight (solar radiation), such as fossil fuel or wood or heat in underground water, is not... components) are not included within the term “solar energy property”. For example, roof ponds that form part...

26 CFR 1.23-2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... form of energy (such as oil or gas) other than solar, wind, or geothermal energy (or other forms of... from sunlight (solar radiation), such as fossil fuel or wood or heat in underground water, is not... components) are not included within the term “solar energy property”. For example, roof ponds that form part...

26 CFR 1.23-2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... form of energy (such as oil or gas) other than solar, wind, or geothermal energy (or other forms of... from sunlight (solar radiation), such as fossil fuel or wood or heat in underground water, is not... components) are not included within the term “solar energy property”. For example, roof ponds that form part...

26 CFR 1.23-2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... form of energy (such as oil or gas) other than solar, wind, or geothermal energy (or other forms of... from sunlight (solar radiation), such as fossil fuel or wood or heat in underground water, is not... components) are not included within the term “solar energy property”. For example, roof ponds that form part...

Anaerobic Digestion II. Sludge Treatment and Disposal Course #166. Instructor's Guide [and] Student Workbook.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Arasmith, E. E.

This lesson is the second of a two-part series on anaerobic digestion. Topics discussed include classification of digester by function, roof design, and temperature range, mixing systems, gas system components, operational control basics, and general safety considerations. The lesson includes an instructor's guide and student workbook. The…

Advanced Air Transportation Technologies (AATT) Project: Distributed Air-Ground Traffic Management

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mogford, Richard; Green, Steve; Ballin, Mark

2002-01-01

This viewgraph presentation provides an overview of active Distributed Air Ground Traffic Management (DAG-TM) work and reported on its overall progress to date. It does not include details on the concept elements (CEs).The DAG-TM research project is defined as a concept development and definition project and no tools will be delivered. Of the 14 CEs, three are being explored actively: CE-5, CE-6, and CE-11. Overviews of CE-5 (Free Maneuvering for User-Preferred Separation Assurance and Local TFM Conformance), CE-6 (En Route and Transition Trajectory Negotiation for User-Preferred Separation and Local TFM Conformance) and CE-11 (Self-Spacing for Merging and In-Trail Separation) are presented.

Theoretical and Numerical Analysis for Non-Linear Interface Problems

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-04-19

Report 17 . LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT SAR 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 5b...8217$94ZY.4,;X/,)@4P*<I $𔃽AC+4)@4&@C+&[CE*]\\_^ \\_`<ab#^c5J$’&+&+$’*.3%&d4&@(-421$e/’>f$𔃽gC+"% 4Ph =42097%&R*,I/,B8CE*.5J/<CE$𔃻 Ci/,)@:.42C )@41

Effect of Ga3+ and Gd3+ ions substitution on the structural and optical properties of Ce3+ -doped yttrium aluminium garnet phosphor nanopowders.

PubMed

Wako, A H; Dejene, F B; Swart, H C

2016-11-01

The structural and optical properties of commercially obtained Y 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce 3 + phosphor were investigated by replacing Al 3 + with Ga 3 + and Y 3 + with Gd 3 + in the Y 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce 3 + structure to form Y 3 (Al,Ga) 5 O 12 :Ce 3 + and (Y,Gd) 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce 3 + . X-Ray diffraction (XRD) results showed slight 2-theta peak shifts to lower angles when Ga 3 + was used and to higher angles when Gd 3 + was used, with respect to peaks from Y 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce 3 + and JCPDS card no. 73-1370. This could be attributed to induced crystal-field effects due to the different ionic sizes of Ga 3 + and Gd 3 + compared with Al 3 + and Y 3 + . The photoluminescence (PL) spectra showed broad excitation from 350 to 550 nm with a maximum at 472 nm, and broad emission bands from 500 to 650 nm, centred at 578 nm for Y 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce 3 + arising from the 5d → 4f transition of Ce 3 + . PL revealed a blue shift for Ga 3 + substitution and a red shift for Gd 3 + substitution. UV-Vis showed two absorption peaks at 357 and 457 nm for Y 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce 3 + , with peaks shifting to 432 nm for Ga 3 + and 460 nm for Gd 3 + substitutions. Changes in the trap levels or in the depth and number of traps due to Ce 3 + were analysed using thermoluminescence (TL) spectroscopy. This revealed the existence of shallow and deep traps. It was observed that Ga 3 + substitution contributes to the shallowest traps at 74 °C and fewer deep traps at 163 °C, followed by Gd 3 + with shallow traps at 87 °C and deep traps at 146 °C. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Green Roofs for Stormwater Runoff Control - Abstract

EPA Science Inventory

This project evaluated green roofs as a stormwater management tool. Specifically, runoff quantity and quality from green and flat asphalt roofs were compared. Evapotranspiration from planted green roofs and evaporation from unplanted media roofs were also compared. The influence...

Green Roofs for Stormwater Management

EPA Science Inventory

This project evaluated green roofs as a stormwater management tool. Results indicate that the green roofs are capable of removing 40% of the annual rainfall volume from a roof through retention and evapotranspiration. Rainfall not retained by green roofs is detained, effectively...

Green Roofs for Stormwater Runoff Control

EPA Science Inventory

This project evaluated green roofs as a stormwater management tool. Specifically, runoff quantity and quality from green and flat asphalt roofs were compared. Evapotranspiration from planted green roofs and evaporation from unplanted media roofs were also compared. The influence...

Impacts of shape and height of upstream roof on airflow and pollutant dispersion inside an urban street canyon.

PubMed

Huang, Yuan-Dong; He, Wen-Rong; Kim, Chang-Nyung

2015-02-01

A two-dimensional numerical model for simulating flow and pollutant dispersion in an urban street canyon is firstly developed using the FLUENT code and then validated against the wind tunnel results. After this, the flow field and pollutant dispersion inside an urban street canyon with aspect ratio W/H = 1 are examined numerically considering five different shapes (vaulted, trapezoidal, slanted, upward wedged, and downward wedged roofs) as well as three different roof height to building height ratios (Z H /H = 1/6, 1/3, and 1/2) for the upstream building roof. The results obtained reveal that the shape and height of an upstream roof have significant influences on flow pattern and pollutant distribution in an urban canyon. A large single clockwise vortex is generated in the canyon for the vaulted upstream roof at Z H /H = 1/6, 1/3, and 1/2, the trapezoidal and downward wedged roofs at Z H /H = 1/6 and 1/3, and the slanted and upward wedged roofs at Z H /H = 1/6, while a main clockwise vortex and a secondary counterclockwise vortex are established for the trapezoidal and downward wedged roofs at Z H /H = 1/2 and the slanted and upward wedged roofs at Z H /H = 1/3 and 1/2. In the one-vortex flow regime, the clockwise vortex moves upward and grows in size with increasing upstream roof height for the vaulted, trapezoidal, and downward wedged roofs. In the two-vortex flow regime, the size and rotational velocity of both upper clockwise and lower counterclockwise vortices increase with the upstream roof height for the slanted and upward wedged roofs. At Z H /H = 1/6, the pollution levels in the canyon are close among all the upstream roof shapes studied. At Z H /H = 1/3, the pollution levels in the canyon for the upward wedged roof and slanted roof are much higher than those for the vaulted, trapezoidal, and downward wedged roofs. At Z H /H = 1/2, the lowest pollution level appears in the canyon for the vaulted upstream roof, while the highest pollution level occurs in the canyon for the upward wedged roof.

Unusual Kondo-hole effect and crystal-field frustration in Nd-doped CeRhIn 5

DOE PAGES

Rosa, Priscila Ferrari Silveira; Oostra, Aaron; Thompson, Joe David; ...

2016-07-05

In this research, we investigate single crystals of Ce 1₋xNd xRhIn 5 by means of x-ray-diffraction, microprobe, magnetic susceptibility, heat capacity, and electrical resistivity measurements. Our data reveal that the antiferromagnetic transition of CeRhIn 5, at Tmore » $$Ce\\atop{N}$$=3.8 K, is linearly suppressed with x Nd. We associate this effect with the presence of a “Kondo hole” created by Nd substitution. The extrapolation of T$$Ce\\atop{N}$$ to zero temperature, however, occurs at x c~0.3, which is below the two-dimensional percolation limit found in Ce 1₋xLa xRhIn 5. This result strongly suggests the presence of a crystal-field induced magnetic frustration. Near x Nd~0.2, the Ising antiferromagnetic order from Nd 3+ ions is stabilized and T$$Nd\\atop{N}$$ increases up to 11 K in NdRhIn 5. Finally, our results shed light on the effects of magnetic doping in heavy-fermion antiferromagnets and stimulate the study of such systems under applied pressure.« less

Magnetic field-induced Fermi surface reconstruction and quantum criticality in CeRhIn 5

DOE PAGES

Jiao, Lin; Weng, Z. F.; Smidman, Michael; ...

2017-02-06

Here, we present detailed results of the field evolution of the de Haas–van Alphen (dHvA) effect in CeRhIn 5. A magnetic field-induced reconstruction of the Fermi surface is clearly shown to occur inside the antiferromagnetic state, in an applied field of around B* ≃ 30 T, which is evidenced by the appearance of several new dHvA branches. The angular dependence of the dHvA frequencies reveals that the Fermi surfaces of CeRhIn 5 at B > B* and CeCoIn5 are similar. The results suggest that the Ce-4f electrons in become itinerant at B > B* due to the Kondo effect, priormore » to the field-induced quantum critical point (QCP) at Bc0 ≃ 50 T. The electronic states at the field-induced QCP are therefore different from that of the pressure-induced QCP where a dramatic Fermi surface reconstruction occurs exactly at the critical pressure, indicating that multiple types of QCP may exist in CeRhIn 5.« less

Lignin-rich biomass of cotton by-products for biorefineries via pyrolysis.

PubMed

Chen, Jiao; Liang, Jiajin; Wu, Shubin

2016-10-01

Pyrolysis was demonstrated to investigate the thermal decomposition characteristics and potential of lignin-rich cotton by-products cotton exocarp (CE) and spent mushroom substrate consisted of cotton by-products (MSC) for biorefineries. The chemical component and structure alteration of CE and MSC was found to affect their thermochemical behaviors. The bio-oil yield from CE was 58.13wt% while the maximum yield from MSC was 45.01% at 600°C. The phenolic compounds obtained from CE and MSC were 33.9% and 39.2%, respectively. The yield of acetic acid from MSC between 400 and 600°C was about 30-38% lower than that from CE, which suggests the high quality of bio-oil was obtained. Biochar from MSC via slow pyrolysis had a high mass yield (44.38wt%) with well-developed pore structure. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A hybrid active/passive exhaust noise control system for locomotives.

PubMed

Remington, Paul J; Knight, J Scott; Hanna, Doug; Rowley, Craig

2005-01-01

A prototype hybrid system consisting of active and passive components for controlling far-field locomotive exhaust noise has been designed, assembled, and tested on a locomotive. The system consisted of a resistive passive silencer for controlling high-frequency broadband noise and a feedforward multiple-input, multiple-output active control system for suppressing low-frequency tonal noise. The active system used ten roof-mounted bandpass speaker enclosures with 2-12-in. speakers per enclosure as actuators, eight roof-mounted electret microphones as residual sensors, and an optical tachometer that sensed locomotive engine speed as a reference sensor. The system was installed on a passenger locomotive and tested in an operating rail yard. Details of the system are described and the near-field and far-field noise reductions are compared against the design goal.

29 CFR 570.67 - Occupations in roofing operations and on or about a roof (Order 16).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., including painting and coating of existing roofs; the construction of the sheathing or base of roofs (wood..., and shingles of asbestos, asphalt, wood or other materials) to roofs of buildings or other structures...

Flexible Answers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Seeley, James

1997-01-01

Describes how schools are investigating single-ply roofing systems for new and retrofit construction. Discusses some of the considerations in seaming together a single-ply roof, steps in choosing roofing material and a roofing contractor, warranty advice, and the importance of keeping records on roof maintenance. (RJM)

Luminescence and scintillation characteristics of (GdxY3-x)Al2Ga3O12:Ce (x = 1,2,3) single crystals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chewpraditkul, Warut; Pattanaboonmee, Nakarin; Sakthong, Ongsa; Chewpraditkul, Weerapong; Szczesniak, Tomasz; Moszynski, Marek; Kamada, Kei; Yoshikawa, Akira; Nikl, Martin

2018-02-01

The luminescence and scintillation characteristics of Czochralski-grown (GdxY3-x)Al2Ga3O12:Ce (x = 1,2,3) single crystals are presented. With increasing Gd content in this garnet host, the 5d2 absorption band was blue-shifted while the 5d1 absorption and 5d1 → 4f emission bands were red-shifted due to an increase in the crystal field splitting of the 5d levels. In addition, the luminescence quenching temperature of the Ce3+emission and activation energy for thermal quenching decreased with increasing Gd content. The Gd3+ → Ce3+ energy transfer was evidenced by photoluminescence excitation spectra of Ce3+ emission. At 662 keV γ - rays, the light yield (LY) of 48,600 ph/MeV and energy resolution of 6.5% was measured for a Gd3Al2Ga3O12:Ce crystal. Scintillation decay measurements were performed using the time-correlated single photon counting technique. Superior time resolution of Gd3Al2Ga3O12:Ce is due to its high LY and fast scintillation response. The total mass attenuation coefficients at 60 and 662 keV γ - rays were also determined.

Building rooftop classification using random forests for large-scale PV deployment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Assouline, Dan; Mohajeri, Nahid; Scartezzini, Jean-Louis

2017-10-01

Large scale solar Photovoltaic (PV) deployment on existing building rooftops has proven to be one of the most efficient and viable sources of renewable energy in urban areas. As it usually requires a potential analysis over the area of interest, a crucial step is to estimate the geometric characteristics of the building rooftops. In this paper, we introduce a multi-layer machine learning methodology to classify 6 roof types, 9 aspect (azimuth) classes and 5 slope (tilt) classes for all building rooftops in Switzerland, using GIS processing. We train Random Forests (RF), an ensemble learning algorithm, to build the classifiers. We use (2 × 2) [m2 ] LiDAR data (considering buildings and vegetation) to extract several rooftop features, and a generalised footprint polygon data to localize buildings. The roof classifier is trained and tested with 1252 labeled roofs from three different urban areas, namely Baden, Luzern, and Winterthur. The results for roof type classification show an average accuracy of 67%. The aspect and slope classifiers are trained and tested with 11449 labeled roofs in the Zurich periphery area. The results for aspect and slope classification show different accuracies depending on the classes: while some classes are well identified, other under-represented classes remain challenging to detect.

Preparation and Characterization of Graphite Waste/CeO2 Composites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kusrini, E.; Utami, C. S.; Nasruddin; Prasetyanto, E. A.; Bawono, Aji A.

2018-03-01

In this research, the chemical modification of graphite waste with CeO2 was developed and characterized. Graphite waste was pretreated with mechanical to obtain the size 200 mesh (75 μm), and thermal methods at 110°C oven for 6 hours. Here, we demonstrate final properties of graphite before modification (GBM), activated graphite (GA) and graphite/CeO2 composite with variation of 0.5, 1 and 2 g of CeO2 (G0.5; G1; G2). The effect of CeO2 concentration was observed. The presence of cerium in modified graphite samples (G0.5; G1; G2) were analyzed using SEM-EDX. The results show that the best surface area was found in G2 is 26.82 m2/g. The presence of CeO2 onto graphite surface does not significantly increase the surface area of composites.

Quality and seasonal variation of rainwater harvested from concrete, asphalt, ceramic tile and green roofs in Chongqing, China.

PubMed

Zhang, Qianqian; Wang, Xiaoke; Hou, Peiqiang; Wan, Wuxing; Li, Ruida; Ren, Yufen; Ouyang, Zhiyun

2014-01-01

There is an urgent requirement to examine the quality of harvested rainwater for potable and non-potable purposes, based on the type of roofing material. In this study, we examined the effect on the quality of harvested rainwater of conventional roofing materials (concrete, asphalt and ceramic tile roofs) compared with alternative roofing materials (green roof). The results showed that the ceramic tile roof was the most suitable for rainwater-harvesting applications because of the lower concentrations of leachable pollutants. However, in this study, the green roof was not suitable for rainwater harvesting applications. In addition, seasonal trends in water quality parameters showed that pollutants in roof runoff in summer and autumn were lower than those in winter and spring. This study revealed that the quality of harvested rainwater was significantly affected by the roofing material; therefore, local government and urban planners should develop stricter testing programs and produce more weathering resistant roofing materials to allow the harvesting of rainwater for domestic and public uses. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Characterising Event-Based DOM Inputs to an Urban Watershed

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Croghan, D.; Bradley, C.; Hannah, D. M.; Van Loon, A.; Sadler, J. P.

2017-12-01

Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) composition in urban streams is dominated by terrestrial inputs after rainfall events. Urban streams have particularly strong terrestrial-riverine connections due to direct input from terrestrial drainage systems. Event driven DOM inputs can have substantial adverse effects on water quality. Despite this, DOM from important catchment sources such as road drains and Combined Sewage Overflows (CSO's) remains poorly characterised within urban watersheds. We studied DOM sources within an urbanised, headwater watershed in Birmingham, UK. Samples from terrestrial sources (roads, roofs and a CSO), were collected manually after the onset of rainfall events of varying magnitude, and again within 24-hrs of the event ending. Terrestrial samples were analysed for fluorescence, absorbance and Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) concentration. Fluorescence and absorbance indices were calculated, and Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) was undertaken to aid sample characterization. Substantial differences in fluorescence, absorbance, and DOC were observed between source types. PARAFAC-derived components linked to organic pollutants were generally highest within road derived samples, whilst humic-like components tended to be highest within roof samples. Samples taken from the CSO generally contained low fluorescence, however this likely represents a dilution effect. Variation within source groups was particularly high, and local land use seemed to be the driving factor for road and roof drain DOM character and DOC quantity. Furthermore, high variation in fluorescence, absorbance and DOC was apparent between all sources depending on event type. Drier antecedent conditions in particular were linked to greater presence of terrestrially-derived components and higher DOC content. Our study indicates that high variations in DOM character occur between source types, and over small spatial scales. Road drains located on main roads appear to contain the poorest quality DOM of the sources studied due to the presence of hydrocarbons. In order to prevent storm-derived DOM degradation of water quality of urban streams, greater knowledge of links between these drainage sources, and their pathways to streams is required.

Broadening emission band of Ba2B2O5: Dy3+ by codoping Ce3+ as sensitizer and its application to white LEDs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Shuchao; Wang, Zhijun; Li, Panlai; Li, Ting; Bai, Qiongyu; Yang, Zhiping

2018-06-01

In order to achieve broad-band white emitting phosphor, Ce3+/Dy3+ codoped Ba2B2O5 were synthesized by a solid-state method, and the luminescence property and energy transfer were discussed in detail. Dy3+ doped Ba2B2O5 shows white emission, and the two narrow peaks which are assigned to the 4F9/2 → 6H15/2 and 4F9/2 → 6H13/2 transitions of Dy3+ ions, respectively. When codoped Ce3+ as sensitizer, the broad-band white emission can be obtained by the energy transfer from Ce3+ to Dy3+ ions in Ba2B2O5, and the mechanism is the dipole-dipole interaction. And the CIE coordinates can be tuned from (0.2501, 0.2323) to (0.3422, 0.3799) by increase Dy3+ content. The emission peak blue-shift of Ce3+ ions in Ba2B2O5:Ce3+, Dy3+ was observed from the thermal spectra, and the mechanism was analyzed. A white light emitting diodes (LEDs) can be fabricated Ba2B2O5:Ce3+, Dy3+ with 380 nm chip, and the results show that the phosphor may be a potential application in this field.

Facile synthesis and color-tunable properties of BaLuF5:Ce,Tb,Eu(Sm) submicrospheres via a facile ionic liquid/EG two-phase system.

PubMed

Song, Yanhua; Li, Yi; Zhao, Tianqi; Wang, Yuexin; Cui, Tingting; Sheng, Ye; Zheng, Keyan; Zhou, Xiuqing; You, Hongpeng; Zou, Haifeng

2017-02-01

BaLuF 5 :Ce,Tb,Eu(Sm) submicrospheres were synthesized via an ILs/ethylene glycol(EG) two-phase system. The crystalline phase, size, morphology, and luminescence properties were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The results show that 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Omim]PF 6 ) was used as fluoride source and capping agent to tune morphology and size of the crystals. The formation mechanism has been supposed. Under the excitation of ultraviolet, the BaLuF 5 :5%Ce 3+ ,5%Tb 3+ , BaLuF 5 :Eu 3+ , and BaLuF 5 :5%Ce 3+ ,5%Sm 3+ exhibit green and red emission, which was derived from Tb 3+ , Eu 3+ , and Sm 3+ emission. When codoping Ce 3+ , Tb 3+ , Sm 3+ or Eu 3+ together, multi-color emission can be realized. Furthermore, this synthetic route may have potential applications for fabricating other lanthanide fluorides. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of Extended Wall OSB Sheathing Connection under Combined Uplift and Shear Loading for 24-inch Heel Trusses

Treesearch

Vladimir Kochkin; Andrew DeRenzis; Xiping Wang

2014-01-01

This study was designed to evaluate the performance of the extended wall structural panel connection in resisting combined uplift and shear forces at the roof-to-wall interface with a focus on a truss heel height of 24 in. to address the expected increases in the depth of attic insulation used in Climate Zones 5 and higher. Five full-size roof-wall assemblies were...

49 CFR 571.216 - Standard No. 216; Roof crush resistance; Applicable unless a vehicle is certified to § 571.216a.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... part, by a roof that consists of glazing materials, such as those in T-tops and sunroofs, and is... the test device described in S6 is used to apply a force to either side of the forward edge of a... more than 127 millimeters. The applied force in Newtons is equal to 1.5 times the unloaded vehicle...

Fabrication and characterization of La2Zr2O7 films on different buffer architectures for YBa2Cu3O7-δ coated conductors by RF magnetron sputtering.

PubMed

Xu, Da; Liu, Linfei; Xiao, Guina; Li, Yijie

2013-02-27

La2Zr2O7 (LZO) films were grown on different buffer architectures by radio frequency magnetron sputtering for the large-scale application of YBa2Cu3O7-x (YBCO)-coated conductors. The three different buffer architectures were cerium oxide (CeO2), yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ)/CeO2, and CeO2/YSZ/CeO2. The microstructure and surface morphology of the LZO film were studied by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The LZO films prepared on the CeO2, YSZ/CeO2, and CeO2/YSZ/CeO2 buffer architectures were preferentially c-axis-oriented and highly textured. The in-plane texture of LZO film on CeO2 single-buffer architecture was ∆ φ = 5.5° and the out-of-plane texture was ∆ ω = 3.4°. All the LZO films had very smooth surfaces, but LZO films grown on YSZ/CeO2 and CeO2/YSZ/CeO2 buffer architectures had cracks. The highly textured LZO film grown on CeO2-seed buffered NiW tape was suitable for the epitaxial growth of YBCO film with high currents.

What land covers are effective in mitigating a heat island in urban building rooftop?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, S.; Ryu, Y.

2014-12-01

Since the 20th century, due to the rapid urbanization many urban environment problems have got blossomed and above all heat island has been recognized as an important issue. There are several causes of urban heat island, but land cover change occupies the largest portion of them. Owing to urban expansion, vegetation is changed into asphalt pavements and concrete buildings, which reduces latent heat flux. To mitigate the problems, people enlarge vegetation covers such as planting street trees, making rooftop gardens and constructing parks or install white roofs that feature high albedo on a building. While the white roofs reflect about 70% of solar radiation and absorb less radiation, vegetation has low albedo but cools the air through transpiration and fixes carbon dioxide through photosynthesis. There are some studies concerning which one is more effective to mitigate heat island between the green roof and white roof. This study compares the green roof and white roof and additionally considers carbon fixation that has not been treated in other studies. Furthermore, this study ascertains an efficiency of solar-cell panel that is used for building roof recently. The panel produces electric power but has low albedo which could warm the air. The experiment is conducted at the rooftop in Seoul, Korea and compares green roof (grass), white roof (painted cover), black roof (solar panel) and normal painted roof. Surface temperature and albedo are observed for the four roof types and incoming shortwave, outgoing longwave and carbon flux are measured in green roof solely. In the case of solar panels, the electricity generation is calculated from the incoming radiation. We compute global warming potentials for the four roof types and test which roof type is most effective in reducing global warming potential.

Establishing green roof infrastructure through environmental policy instruments.

PubMed

Carter, Timothy; Fowler, Laurie

2008-07-01

Traditional construction practices provide little opportunity for environmental remediation to occur in urban areas. As concerns for environmental improvement in urban areas become more prevalent, innovative practices which create ecosystem services and ecologically functional land cover in cities will be in higher demand. Green roofs are a prime example of one of these practices. The past decade has seen the North American green roof industry rapidly expand through international green roof conferences, demonstration sites, case studies, and scientific research. This study evaluates existing international and North American green roof policies at the federal, municipal, and community levels. Green roof policies fall into a number of general categories, including direct and indirect regulation, direct and indirect financial incentives, and funding of demonstration or research projects. Advantages and disadvantages of each category are discussed. Salient features and a list of prompting standards common to successfully implemented green roof strategies are then distilled from these existing policies. By combining these features with data collected from an experimental green roof site in Athens, Georgia, the planning and regulatory framework for widespread green roof infrastructure can be developed. The authors propose policy instruments be multi-faceted and spatially focused, and also propose the following recommendations: (1) Identification of green roof overlay zones with specifications for green roofs built in these zones. This spatial analysis is important for prioritizing areas of the jurisdiction where green roofs will most efficiently function; (2) Offer financial incentives in the form of density credits and stormwater utility fee credits to help overcome the barriers to entry of the new technology; (3) Construct demonstration projects and institutionalize a commitment greening roofs on publicly-owned buildings as an effective way of establishing an educated roofing industry and experienced installers for future green roof construction.

Establishing Green Roof Infrastructure Through Environmental Policy Instruments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carter, Timothy; Fowler, Laurie

2008-07-01

Traditional construction practices provide little opportunity for environmental remediation to occur in urban areas. As concerns for environmental improvement in urban areas become more prevalent, innovative practices which create ecosystem services and ecologically functional land cover in cities will be in higher demand. Green roofs are a prime example of one of these practices. The past decade has seen the North American green roof industry rapidly expand through international green roof conferences, demonstration sites, case studies, and scientific research. This study evaluates existing international and North American green roof policies at the federal, municipal, and community levels. Green roof policies fall into a number of general categories, including direct and indirect regulation, direct and indirect financial incentives, and funding of demonstration or research projects. Advantages and disadvantages of each category are discussed. Salient features and a list of prompting standards common to successfully implemented green roof strategies are then distilled from these existing policies. By combining these features with data collected from an experimental green roof site in Athens, Georgia, the planning and regulatory framework for widespread green roof infrastructure can be developed. The authors propose policy instruments be multi-faceted and spatially focused, and also propose the following recommendations: (1) Identification of green roof overlay zones with specifications for green roofs built in these zones. This spatial analysis is important for prioritizing areas of the jurisdiction where green roofs will most efficiently function; (2) Offer financial incentives in the form of density credits and stormwater utility fee credits to help overcome the barriers to entry of the new technology; (3) Construct demonstration projects and institutionalize a commitment greening roofs on publicly-owned buildings as an effective way of establishing an educated roofing industry and experienced installers for future green roof construction.

The effect of roofing material on the quality of harvested rainwater.

PubMed

Mendez, Carolina B; Klenzendorf, J Brandon; Afshar, Brigit R; Simmons, Mark T; Barrett, Michael E; Kinney, Kerry A; Kirisits, Mary Jo

2011-02-01

Due to decreases in the availability and quality of traditional water resources, harvested rainwater is increasingly used for potable and non-potable purposes. In this study, we examined the effect of conventional roofing materials (i.e., asphalt fiberglass shingle, Galvalume(®) metal, and concrete tile) and alternative roofing materials (i.e., cool and green) on the quality of harvested rainwater. Results from pilot-scale and full-scale roofs demonstrated that rainwater harvested from any of these roofing materials would require treatment if the consumer wanted to meet United States Environmental Protection Agency primary and secondary drinking water standards or non-potable water reuse guidelines; at a minimum, first-flush diversion, filtration, and disinfection are recommended. Metal roofs are commonly recommended for rainwater harvesting applications, and this study showed that rainwater harvested from metal roofs tends to have lower concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria as compared to other roofing materials. However, concrete tile and cool roofs produced harvested rainwater quality similar to that from the metal roofs, indicating that these roofing materials also are suitable for rainwater harvesting applications. Although the shingle and green roofs produced water quality comparable in many respects to that from the other roofing materials, their dissolved organic carbon concentrations were very high (approximately one order of magnitude higher than what is typical for a finished drinking water in the United States), which might lead to high concentrations of disinfection byproducts after chlorination. Furthermore the concentrations of some metals (e.g., arsenic) in rainwater harvested from the green roof suggest that the quality of commercial growing media should be carefully examined if the harvested rainwater is being considered for domestic use. Hence, roofing material is an important consideration when designing a rainwater catchment. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sustainable Energy - Without the hot air

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

MacIsaac, Dan

2009-11-01

Reader John Roeder writes about a website associated with David MacKay's book Sustainable Energy-Without the hot air. The book is a freely downloadable PDF (or purchasable) book describing an analysis detailing a low-carbon renewable energy transformation route for a large, modern first world industrial country (the United Kingdom). Written for the layman, the work uses vernacular language, e.g., energy consumption and production in a series of bar charts detailing the impacts of necessary strategies such as population reduction, lifestyle changes, and technology changes. MacKay notes that most reasonable plans have large nuclear and ``clean coal'' or other carbon capture components, lots of pumped heat, wind, and much efficiency improvement. He debunks some sacred cows (roof-mounted micro-turbines; hydrogen-powered cars) while pointing out simple effective technologies such as roof-mounted solar water heaters. Similar modest changes in the U.S. (painting roofs white in the southern half of the country) have strong impacts. MacKay claims that he ``doesn't advocate any particular plan or technology,'' but ``tells you how many bricks are in the lego box, and how big each brick is'' so readers can start making planning decisions.

Acoustic Sensing and Ultrasonic Drug Delivery in Multimodal Theranostic Capsule Endoscopy

PubMed Central

Stewart, Fraser R.; Qiu, Yongqiang; Newton, Ian P.; Cox, Benjamin F.; Al-Rawhani, Mohammed A.; Beeley, James; Liu, Yangminghao; Huang, Zhihong; Cumming, David R. S.; Näthke, Inke

2017-01-01

Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is now a clinically accepted diagnostic modality in which miniaturized technology, an on-board power supply and wireless telemetry stand as technological foundations for other capsule endoscopy (CE) devices. However, VCE does not provide therapeutic functionality, and research towards therapeutic CE (TCE) has been limited. In this paper, a route towards viable TCE is proposed, based on multiple CE devices including important acoustic sensing and drug delivery components. In this approach, an initial multimodal diagnostic device with high-frequency quantitative microultrasound that complements video imaging allows surface and subsurface visualization and computer-assisted diagnosis. Using focused ultrasound (US) to mark sites of pathology with exogenous fluorescent agents permits follow-up with another device to provide therapy. This is based on an US-mediated targeted drug delivery system with fluorescence imaging guidance. An additional device may then be utilized for treatment verification and monitoring, exploiting the minimally invasive nature of CE. While such a theranostic patient pathway for gastrointestinal treatment is presently incomplete, the description in this paper of previous research and work under way to realize further components for the proposed pathway suggests it is feasible and provides a framework around which to structure further work. PMID:28671642

Thermal Transport in Nd-doped CeCoIn5

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Duk Y.; Lin, Shi-Zeng; Weickert, Franziska; Rosa, P. F. S.; Bauer, Eric D.; Ronning, Filip; Thompson, J. D.; Movshovich, Roman

Heavy-fermion superconductor CeCoIn5 shows spin-density-wave (SDW) magnetic order in its superconducting state when a high magnetic field is applied. In this Q-phase, the antiferromagnetic order has a single ordering wave vector, and switches its orientation very sharply as magnetic field is rotated within the ab -plane around the [100] (anti-nodal) direction. This hypersensitivity induces a sharp jump of the thermal conductivity. Recently, the SDW with the same ordering wave vector was observed in Nd-doped CeCoIn5 in zero magnetic field. We have measured the thermal conductivity of 5% Nd-doped CeCoIn5 in the magnetic field rotating within the ab -plane. The anisotropy is significantly smaller in the doped material, and the switching transition is much broader. The superconducting transition near Hc 2 is first order, as for the pure CeCoIn5, which indicates the Pauli limited superconductivity. We gratefully acknowledge the support of the U.S. Department of Energy through the LANL/LDRD Program.

40 CFR 443.30 - Applicability; description of the asphalt roofing subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... asphalt roofing subcategory. 443.30 Section 443.30 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... ROOFING MATERIALS (TARS AND ASPHALT) POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Asphalt Roofing Subcategory § 443.30 Applicability; description of the asphalt roofing subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to...

40 CFR 443.30 - Applicability; description of the asphalt roofing subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... asphalt roofing subcategory. 443.30 Section 443.30 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... ROOFING MATERIALS (TARS AND ASPHALT) POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Asphalt Roofing Subcategory § 443.30 Applicability; description of the asphalt roofing subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to...

40 CFR 443.30 - Applicability; description of the asphalt roofing subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... asphalt roofing subcategory. 443.30 Section 443.30 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... ROOFING MATERIALS (TARS AND ASPHALT) POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Asphalt Roofing Subcategory § 443.30 Applicability; description of the asphalt roofing subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to...

Integrated optical isolators using magnetic surface plasmon (Presentation Recording)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shimizu, Hiromasa; Kaihara, Terunori; Umetsu, Saori; Hosoda, Masashi

2015-09-01

Optical isolators are one of the essential components to protect semiconductor laser diodes (LDs) from backward reflected light in integrated optics. In order to realize optical isolators, nonreciprocal propagation of light is necessary, which can be realized by magnetic materials. Semiconductor optical isolators have been strongly desired on Si and III/V waveguides. We have developed semiconductor optical isolators based on nonreciprocal loss owing to transverse magneto-optic Kerr effect, where the ferromagnetic metals are deposited on semiconductor optical waveguides1). Use of surface plasmon polariton at the interface of ferromagnetic metal and insulator leads to stronger optical confinement and magneto-optic effect. It is possible to modulate the optical confinement by changing the magnetic field direction, thus optical isolator operation is proposed2, 3). We have investigated surface plasmons at the interfaces between ferrimagnetic garnet/gold film, and applications to waveguide optical isolators. We assumed waveguides composed of Au/Si(38.63nm)/Ce:YIG(1700nm)/Si(220nm)/Si , and calculated the coupling lengths between Au/Si(38.63nm)/Ce:YIG plasmonic waveguide and Ce:YIG/Si(220nm)/Si waveguide for transversely magnetized Ce:YIG with forward and backward directions. The coupling length was calculated to 232.1um for backward propagating light. On the other hand, the coupling was not complete, and the length was calculated to 175.5um. The optical isolation by using the nonreciprocal coupling and propagation loss was calculated to be 43.7dB when the length of plasmonic waveguide is 700um. 1) H. Shimizu et al., J. Lightwave Technol. 24, 38 (2006). 2) V. Zayets et al., Materials, 5, 857-871 (2012). 3) J. Montoya, et al, J. Appl. Phys. 106, 023108, (2009).

Eco-Environmental Factors in Green Roof Application in Indian Cities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mukherjee, M.

2014-09-01

Green-roof is the cost-effective environmental mitigation strategy for urban areas [1]. Its application is limited in India primarily due to inadequate understanding about its cost-benefit analysis and technicalities of its maintenance. Increasing awareness about green roof can alter conservative attitude towards its application. So, this work presents a quantified study on green-roof types, cost and environmental benefits while considering different geo-urban climate scenarios for cities of Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai and New Delhi. Cost estimation for extensive and intensive green-roof with reference to commonly used roof in urban India is also worked out. Attributes considered for environmental discussion are energy savings related to thermal heat gain through roof, roof-top storm-water drainage and sound attenuation. The comparative study confirms that further focused study on individual cities would identify city-specific objectives for green-roof application; strategies like awareness, capacity building programmes, incentives, demonstration projects etc. can be worked out accordingly for wider application of green-roof in Indian cities.

Hydrazinium lanthanide oxalates: synthesis, structure and thermal reactivity of N2H5[Ln2(C2O4)4(N2H5)]·4H2O, Ln = Ce, Nd.

PubMed

De Almeida, Lucie; Grandjean, Stéphane; Rivenet, Murielle; Patisson, Fabrice; Abraham, Francis

2014-03-28

New hydrazinium lanthanide oxalates N2H5[Ln2(C2O4)4(N2H5)]·4H2O, Ln = Ce (Ce-HyOx) and Nd (Nd-HyOx), were synthesized by hydrothermal reaction at 150 °C between lanthanide nitrate, oxalic acid and hydrazine solutions. The structure of the Nd compound was determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, space group P2₁/c with a = 16.315(4), b = 12.127(3), c = 11.430(2) Å, β = 116.638(4)°, V = 2021.4(7) Å(3), Z = 4, and R1 = 0.0313 for 4231 independent reflections. Two distinct neodymium polyhedra are formed, NdO9 and NdO8N, an oxygen of one monodentate oxalate in the former being replaced by a nitrogen atom of a coordinated hydrazinium ion in the latter. The infrared absorption band at 1005 cm(-1) confirms the coordination of N2H5(+) to the metal. These polyhedra are connected through μ2 and μ3 oxalate ions to form an anionic three-dimensional neodymium-oxalate arrangement. A non-coordinated charge-compensating hydrazinium ion occupies, with water molecules, the resulting tunnels. The N-N stretching frequencies of the infrared spectra demonstrate the existence of the two types of hydrazine ions. Thermal reactivity of these hydrazinium oxalates and of the mixed isotypic Ce/Nd (CeNd-HyOx) oxalate were studied by using thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses coupled with gas analyzers, and high temperature X-ray diffraction. Under air, fine particles of CeO2 and Ce(0.5)Nd(0.5)O(1.75) are formed at low temperature from Ce-HyOx and CeNd-HyOx, respectively, thanks to a decomposition/oxidation process. Under argon flow, dioxymonocyanamides Ln2O2CN2 are formed.

A Study of the Energy-Saving Potential of Metal Roofs Incorporating Dynamic Insulation Systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Biswas, Kaushik; Miller, William A; Kriner, Scott

2013-01-01

This article presents various metal roof configurations that were tested at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee, U.S. between 2009 and 2013, and describes their potential for reducing the attic-generated space-conditioning loads. These roofs contained different combinations of phase-change material, rigid insulation, low emittance surface, and above-sheathing ventilation with standing-seam metal panels on top. These roofs were designed to be installed on existing roofs decks, or on top of asphalt shingles for retrofit construction. All the tested roofs showed the potential for substantial energy savings compared to an asphalt shingle roof, which was used as a control for comparison. Themore » roofs were constructed on a series of adjacent attics separated at the gables using thick foam insulation. The attics were built on top of a conditioned room. All attics were vented at the soffit and ridge. The test roofs and attics were instrumented with an array of thermocouples. Heat flux transducers were installed in the roof deck and attic floor (ceiling) to measure the heat flows through the roof and between the attic and conditioned space below. Temperature and heat flux data were collected during the heating, cooling and swing seasons over a three-year period. Data from previous years of testing have been published. Here, data from the latest roof configurations being tested in year three of the project are presented. All test roofs were highly effective in reducing the heat flows through the roof and ceiling, and in reducing the diurnal attic-temperature fluctuations.« less

Performance Evaluation of Advanced Retrofit Roof Technologies Using Field-Test Data Phase Three Final Report, Volume 1

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Biswas, Kaushik; Childs, Phillip W; Atchley, Jerald Allen

2014-05-01

This article presents various metal roof configurations that were tested at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee, U.S.A. between 2009 and 2013, and describes their potential for reducing the attic-generated space conditioning loads. These roofs contained different combinations of phase change material, rigid insulation, low emittance surface and above-sheathing ventilation, with standing-seam metal panels on top. These roofs were designed to be installed on existing roofs decks, or on top of asphalt shingles for retrofit construction. All the tested roofs showed the potential for substantial energy savings compared to an asphalt shingle roof, which was used as a control formore » comparison. The roofs were constructed on a series of adjacent attics separated at the gables using thick foam insulation. The attics were built on top of a conditioned room. All attics were vented at the soffit and ridge. The test roofs and attics were instrumented with an array of thermocouples. Heat flux transducers were installed in the roof deck and attic floor (ceiling) to measure the heat flows through the roof and between the attic and conditioned space below. Temperature and heat flux data were collected during the heating, cooling and swing seasons over a 3 year period. Data from previous years of testing have been published. Here, data from the latest roof configurations being tested in year 3 of the project are presented. All test roofs were highly effective in reducing the heat flows through the roof and ceiling, and in reducing the diurnal attic temperature fluctuations.« less

Field Testing of an Unvented Roof with Fibrous Insulation, Tiles and Vapor Diffusion Venting

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ueno, K.; Lstiburek, J. W.

This research is a test implementation of an unvented tile roof assembly in a hot-humid climate (Orlando, FL; Zone 2A), insulated with air permeable insulation (netted and blown fiberglass). Given the localized moisture accumulation and failures seen in previous unvented roof field work, it was theorized that a 'diffusion vent' (water vapor open, but air barrier 'closed') at the highest points in the roof assembly might allow for the wintertime release of moisture, to safe levels. The 'diffusion vent' is an open slot at the ridge and hips, covered with a water-resistant but vapor open (500+ perm) air barrier membrane.more » As a control comparison, one portion of the roof was constructed as a typical unvented roof (self-adhered membrane at ridge). The data collected to date indicate that the diffusion vent roof shows greater moisture safety than the conventional, unvented roof design. The unvented roof had extended winter periods of 95-100% RH, and wafer (wood surrogate RH sensor) measurements indicating possible condensation; high moisture levels were concentrated at the roof ridge. In contrast, the diffusion vent roofs had drier conditions, with most peak MCs (sheathing) below 20%. In the spring, as outdoor temperatures warmed, all roofs dried well into the safe range (10% MC or less). Some roof-wall interfaces showed moderately high MCs; this might be due to moisture accumulation at the highest point in the lower attic, and/or shading of the roof by the adjacent second story. Monitoring will be continued at least through spring 2016 (another winter and spring).« less

Building America Case Study: Field Testing an Unvented Roof with Fibrous Insulation and Tiles, Orlando, Florida

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

This research is a test implementation of an unvented tile roof assembly in a hot-humid climate (Orlando, FL; Zone 2A), insulated with air permeable insulation (netted and blown fiberglass). Given the localized moisture accumulation and failures seen in previous unvented roof field work, it was theorized that a 'diffusion vent' (water vapor open, but air barrier 'closed') at the highest points in the roof assembly might allow for the wintertime release of moisture, to safe levels. The 'diffusion vent' is an open slot at the ridge and hips, covered with a water-resistant but vapor open (500+ perm) air barrier membrane.more » As a control comparison, one portion of the roof was constructed as a typical unvented roof (self-adhered membrane at ridge). The data collected to date indicate that the diffusion vent roof shows greater moisture safety than the conventional, unvented roof design. The unvented roof had extended winter periods of 95-100% RH, and wafer (wood surrogate RH sensor) measurements indicating possible condensation; high moisture levels were concentrated at the roof ridge. In contrast, the diffusion vent roofs had drier conditions, with most peak MCs (sheathing) below 20%. In the spring, as outdoor temperatures warmed, all roofs dried well into the safe range (10% MC or less). Some roof-wall interfaces showed moderately high MCs; this might be due to moisture accumulation at the highest point in the lower attic, and/or shading of the roof by the adjacent second story. Monitoring will be continued at least through spring 2016 (another winter and spring).« less

Synthesis and electrochemical assessment of Ce{sub 0.5}Yb{sub 0.5}O{sub 1.75} ceramics and derived composite electrolytes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Martins, Natércia C.T.; Rajesh, Surendran; Marques, Fernando M.B.

2015-10-15

Highlights: • Ce{sub 0.5}Yb{sub 0.5}O{sub 1.75} prepared for the first time through solid state reaction. • High energy milling needed to assist the ceramic route. • Ce{sub 0.5}Yb{sub 0.5}O{sub 1.75} is oxide-ion conductor in air and n-type conductor at low pO{sub 2}. • Ce{sub 0.5}Yb{sub 0.5}O{sub 1.75} decomposes slightly when exposed to alkaline carbonates. • Composites based on Ce{sub 0.5}Yb{sub 0.5}O{sub 1.75} show standard electrical performance. - Abstract: Ce{sub 0.5}Yb{sub 0.5}O{sub 1.75} was prepared for the first time through high temperature (1600 °C for 5 h) solid state reaction, after high energy milling to enhance the mechano-chemical interaction of precursormore » oxides (CeO{sub 2} and Yb{sub 2}O{sub 3}). Single phase formation was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction. Impedance spectroscopy data obtained under wide temperature (300–800 °C) and oxygen partial pressure (0.21 to about 10{sup −25} atm) ranges indicates that this material exhibits predominant oxide-ion conductivity under oxidizing conditions while n-type electronic conductivity prevails at low oxygen partial pressure. The mixed oxide shows modest ionic conductivity (1.1 × 10{sup −3} S cm{sup −1} at 800 °C) with activation energy of 1.3 eV in the 600–800 °C temperature range. When combined with molten carbonates (Li{sub 2}CO{sub 3} + Na{sub 2}CO{sub 3}, 1:1 molar ratio) to produce composite electrolytes, Ce{sub 0.5}Yb{sub 0.5}O{sub 1.75} slightly decomposed. However, the composite electrical performance is still acceptable and closely matches the conductivity of similar materials (>0.1 S cm{sup −1} immediately above 500 °C)« less

Cervical spine injuries, mechanisms, stability and AIS scores from vertical loading applied to military environments.

PubMed

Yoganandan, Narayan; Pintar, Frank A; Humm, John R; Maiman, Dennis J; Voo, Liming; Merkle, Andrew

2016-07-01

The purpose of this study was to determine injuries to osteo-ligamentous structures of cervical column, mechanisms, forces, severities and AIS scores from vertical accelerative loading. Seven human cadaver head-neck complexes (56.9 ± 9.5 years) were aligned based on seated the posture of military soldiers. Army combat helmets were used. Specimens were attached to a vertical accelerator to apply caudo-cephalad g-forces. They were accelerated with increasing insults. Intermittent palpation and radiography were done. A roof structure mimicking military vehicle interior was introduced after a series of tests and experiments were conducted following similar protocols. Upon injury detection, CT and dissection were done. Temporal force responses were extracted, peak forces and times of occurrence were obtained, injury severities were graded, and spine stability was determined. Injuries occurred in tests only when the roof structure was included. Responses were tri-phasic: initial thrust, secondary tensile, tertiary roof contact phases. Peak forces: 1364-4382 N, initial thrust, 165-169 N, secondary tensile, 868-3368 N tertiary helmet-head roof contact phases. Times of attainments: 5.3-9.6, 31.7-42.6, 55.0-70.8 ms. Injuries included fractures and joint disruptions. Multiple injuries occurred in all but one specimen. A majority of injury severities were AIS = 2. Spines were considered unstable in a majority of cases. Spine response was tri-phasic. Injuries occurred in roof contact tests with the helmeted head-neck specimen. Multiplicity and unstable nature of AIS = 2 level injuries, albeit at lower severities, might predispose the spine to long-term accelerated degenerative changes. Clinical protocols should include a careful evaluation of sub-catastrophic injuries in military patients.

Compressive Strength and Water Absorption of Pervious Concrete that Using the Fragments of Ceramics and Roof Tiles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prahara, E.; Meilani

2014-03-01

Pervious concrete was introduced in America in 2003, popularized by Dan Brown and used as a rigid pavement in the open parking lot. Rigid pavement using pervious concrete can absorb water in the surface to go straight through the concrete to the ground below.This water flow is one of the benefit of using the pervious concrete. Using of wastes such as broken roof and ceramics tiles are not commonly used in Indonesia. Utilization these kind of wastes is predicted lower the compressive strength of pervious concrete as they are used as a substitute for coarse aggregate.In this research, pervious concrete is made using a mixture of the fragment of ceramics and roof tiles.This research using broken ceramics and roof tiles with a grain size that loose from 38 mm sieve, retained on 19 mm sieve and the coarse aggregate from crushed stone that loose 12.5 mm sieve, retained on 9.5 mm sieve. The water cement ratio is 0.3 and to assist the mixing process, the addition of addictive in pervious concrete is used.The size of coarse aggregate used in the mixture affects the strength of pervious concrete. The larger the size of aggregate, the obtained compressive strength becomes smaller. It also affects the density of pervious concrete. The using of mixture of ceramics and roof tiles only reduce 2 MPa of pervious concrete compressive strength so this mixture can be used as a substitute for coarse aggregate with a maximum portion of 30 %. The high porosity of the specimens causes the reduction of pervious concrete density that affect the compressive strength. This high level of porosity can be seen from the high level of water absorption that exceed the required limit of water infiltration.

A novel yellow-emitting SrAlSi4N7:Ce3+ phosphor for solid state lighting: Synthesis, electronic structure and photoluminescence properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ruan, Jian; Xie, Rong-Jun; Funahashi, Shiro; Tanaka, Yoshinori; Takeda, Takashi; Suehiro, Takayuki; Hirosaki, Naoto; Li, Yuan-Qiang

2013-12-01

Ce3+-doped and Ce3+/Li+-codoped SrAlSi4N7 phosphors were synthesized by gas pressure sintering of powder mixtures of Sr3N2, AlN, α-Si3N4, CeN and Li3N. The phase purity, electronic crystal structure, photoluminescence properties of SrAlSi4N7:Ce3+(Ce3+/Li+) were investigated in this work. The band structure calculated by the DMol3 code shows that SrAlSi4N7 has a direct band gap of 3.87 eV. The single crystal analysis of Ce3+-doped SrAlSi4N7 indicates a disordered Si/Al distribution and nitrogen vacnacy defects. SrAlSi4N7 was identified as a major phase of the fired powders, and Sr5Al5Si21N35O2 and AlN as minor phases. Both Ce3+ and Ce3+/Li+ doped SrAlSi4N7 phosphors can be efficiently excited by near-UV or blue light and show a broadband yellow emission peaking around 565 nm. A highest external quantum efficiency of 38.3% under the 450 nm excitation was observed for the Ce3+/Li+-doped SrAlSi4N7 (5 mol%). A white light LED lamp with color temperature of 6300 K and color rendering index of Ra=78 was achieved by combining Sr0.97Al1.03Si3.997N\\94\\maccounttest14=t0005_18193 7:Ce3+0.03 with a commercial blue InGaN chip. It indicates that SrAlSi4N7:Ce3+ is a promising yellow emitting down-conversion phosphor for white LEDs.

Preventing a Washout.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Poindexter, Dave

1996-01-01

Offers ideas for locating a roof leak. Discusses why many leaks originate in the roof's base flashings and the importance of knowing the roof's material makeup. Advocates keeping a roof-leak history and gives advice on performing inspections to check for leaks. Discusses how to find small holes in roofs. (RJM)

Monolithic carrier-envelope phase-stabilization scheme.

PubMed

Fuji, Takao; Rauschenberger, Jens; Apolonski, Alexander; Yakovlev, Vladislav S; Tempea, Gabriel; Udem, Thomas; Gohle, Christoph; Hänsch, Theodor W; Lehnert, Walter; Scherer, Michael; Krausz, Ferenc

2005-02-01

A new scheme for stabilizing the carrier-envelope (CE) phase of a few-cycle laser pulse train is demonstrated. Self-phase modulation and difference-frequency generation in a single periodically poled lithium niobate crystal that transmits the main laser beam allows CE phase locking directly in the usable output. The monolithic scheme obviates the need for splitting off a fraction of the laser output for CE phase control, coupling into microstructured fiber, and separation and recombination of spectral components. As a consequence, the output yields 6-fs, 800-nm pulses with an unprecedented degree of short- and long-term reproducibility of the electric field waveform.

Comparisons of plutonium, thorium, and cerium tellurite sulfates.

PubMed

Lin, Jian; Cross, Justin N; Diwu, Juan; Meredith, Nathan A; Albrecht-Schmitt, Thomas E

2013-04-15

The hydrothermal reaction of PuCl3 or CeCl3 with TeO2 in the presence of sulfuric acid under the comparable conditions results in the crystallization of Pu(TeO3)(SO4) or Ce2(Te2O5)(SO4)2, respectively. Pu(TeO3)(SO4) and its isotypic compound Th(TeO3)(SO4) are characterized by a neutral layer structure with no interlamellar charge-balancing ions. However, Ce2(Te2O5)(SO4)2 possesses a completely different dense three-dimensional framework. Bond valence calculation and UV-vis-NIR spectra indicate that the Ce compound is trivalent whereas the Pu and Th compounds are tetravalent leading to the formation of significantly different compounds. Pu(TeO3)(SO4), Th(TeO3)(SO4), and Ce2(Te2O5)(SO4)2 represent the first plutonium/thorium/cerium tellurite sulfate compounds. Our study strongly suggests that the chemistries of Pu and Ce are not the same, and this is another example of the failure of Ce as a surrogate.

25. Detail, roof at junction of main roof and tower ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

25. Detail, roof at junction of main roof and tower skirt roof; note condition of slates, subroof, missing gutter, lead pipe gutter outlet; view to northwest from lift-bed truck, 135mm lens. - Southern Pacific Depot, 559 El Camino Real, San Carlos, San Mateo County, CA

29 CFR 570.67 - Occupations in roofing operations and on or about a roof (Order 16).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... proximity to a roof, including carpentry and metal work, alterations, additions, maintenance and repair... or metal), including roof trusses or joists; gutter and downspout work; the installation and... work performed in connection with the installation of roofs, including related metal work such as...

24. Roof detail from liftbed truck, showing pan roof above ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

24. Roof detail from lift-bed truck, showing pan roof above breezeway, with sawn redwood trim, tube-type drains; note missing rain gutter at roof edge, deteriorated condition of slates; view to south, 90mm lens. - Southern Pacific Depot, 559 El Camino Real, San Carlos, San Mateo County, CA

CePd2Ga3 and CePd2Zn3 - Kondo lattices and magnetic behaviour

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bartha, A.; Vališka, M.; Míšek, M.; Proschek, P.; Kaštil, J.; Dušek, M.; Sechovský, V.; Prokleška, J.

2018-05-01

We report the single crystal properties of CePd2Zn3 and CePd2Ga3 compounds. The compounds were prepared by Bridgman method in high-frequency induction furnace. Both compounds adopt the hexagonal PrNi2Al3-type structure with a = 5.3914(2) Å, c = 4.3012(2) Å for CePd2Zn3 and a = 5.4106(8) Å, c = 4.2671(8) Å for CePd2Ga3, respectively. CePd2Zn3 orders antiferromagnetically below TN = 1.9 K. Magnetoresistance measurements revealed a crossover at Bc = 0.95 T. CePd2Ga3 orders ferromagnetically at TC = 6.7 K. Applied hydrostatic pressure reduces the value of the Curie-temperature (rate ∂TC / ∂ p = 0.9 K GPa -1) down to 3.9 K at 3.2 GPa. Both compounds display a strong magnetocrystalline anisotropy with easy axis of magnetization perpendicular to the c-axis in the hexagonal lattice.

Thermal performance of a Concrete Cool Roof under different climatic conditions of Mexico

DOE PAGES

Hernández-Pérez, I.; Álvarez, G.; Gilbert, H.; ...

2014-11-27

A cool roof is an ordinary roof with a reflective coating on the exterior surface which has a high solar reflectance and high thermal emittance. These properties let the roof keep a lower temperature than a standard roof under the same conditions. In this work, the thermal performance of a concrete roof with and without insulation and with two colors has been analyzed using the finite volume method. The boundary conditions of the external roof surface were taken from hourly averaged climatic data of four cities. For the internal surface, it is considered that the building is air-conditioned and themore » inside air has a constant temperature. The interior surface temperature and the heat flux rates into the roofs were obtained for two consecutive days in order to assess the benefits of a cool roofs in different climates.« less

Nutrient leaching from extensive green roofs with different substrate compositions: a laboratory study.

PubMed

Zhang, Wei; Zhong, Xing; Che, Wu

2018-02-01

To investigate nutrient leaching from extensive green roofs, green roof platforms were established to investigate the effluent quantity and quality during artificial rainfall. When the influent volume reached three times the empty bed volume, for which the cumulative rainfall was around 300 mm, the effluent TP and COD concentrations of green roof platforms filled with peat soil did not tend to stabilize. For a long-term operation, the substrate depths had little significant influence on TN, TP and COD concentrations of the green roof effluents. A normalized cumulative emission process method was proposed to discuss the difference in various pollutant leaching processes. Obvious differences in the leaching process of different contaminants for green roof platforms filled with various substrates were observed. For the green roof filled with modified substrates, the nitrogen and phosphorus pollutant leaching rates were relatively high in the initial stage of green roof operation and the phosphorus leaching rate was higher than that of nitrogen. The green roof is a sink for TN, but not for TP and COD in this study. The outcomes are critical for the selection of green roof substrates and also contribute to green roof maintenance.

Evaluation on Thermal Behavior of a Green Roof Retrofit System Installed on Experimental Building in Composite Climate of Roorkee, India

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, Ashok; Deoliya, Rajesh; Chani, P. S.

2015-12-01

Green roofs not only provide cooling by shading, but also by transpiration of water through the stomata. However, the evidence for green roofs providing significant air cooling remains limited. No literature investigates the thermal performance of prefab brick panel roofing technology with green roof. Hence, the aim of this research is to investigate the thermal behavior of an experimental room, built at CSIR-Central Building Research Institute (CBRI) campus, Roorkee, India using such roofing technology during May 2013. The study also explores the feasibility of green roof with grass carpets that require minimum irrigation, to assess the expected indoor thermal comfort improvements by doing real-time experimental studies. The results show that the proposed green roof system is suitable for reducing the energy demand for space cooling during hot summer, without worsening the winter energy performance. The cost of proposed retrofit system is about Rs. 1075 per m2. Therefore, green roofs can be used efficiently in retrofitting existing buildings in India to improve the micro-climate on building roofs and roof insulation, where the additional load carrying capacity of buildings is about 100-130 kg/m2.

Combating the Urban Heat Island Effect: Results from a Long-Term Monitoring Study on Urban Green, White, and Black Roofs in New York City

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gaffin, S. R.; Kong, A. Y.; Hartung, E.; Hsu, B.; Roditi, A.; Rosenzweig, C.

2011-12-01

Urban heat island mitigation strategies include increasing urban vegetation and increasing the albedo of impervious surfaces. Vegetated "green" roofs can provide benefits to stormwater management, water quality, energy cost efficiency, and biodiversity in cities, but the body of research on green roofs in the US is not large and cities in the US have been slow to adopt green roofs. On the other hand, "high-albedo" white roofs have been applied more widely through projects such as New York City Cool Roofs. There are several major issues (e.g., albedo decline, product differences, and long-term temperature controls) about green and white roof performance versus typical black roofs with respect to urban heat island mitigation that have yet to be fully addressed. Here, we present data from an on-going, long-term study in New York City in which pilot, urban albedo enhancement and vegetation effects have been monitored at the building-scale since 2007. Although the urban heat island effect can be detected throughout the year, our objective for this paper was to compare green roof vegetation with those of the high-albedo roofs for their ability to reduce the electricity demand for cooling in the summer. Using energy balance methodology across our sites (three), we found that green and white roof membrane temperature peaks are on average 60°F (33°C) and 30° F (17°C), respectively, cooler than black roof temperature peaks, and that these alternative surfaces significantly reduce thermal stress to roof membranes. Interestingly, we found that industrial white membranes [thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM)] stay cleaner longer, thereby, maintaining the high-albedo benefits longer than the painted roofs, which tend to lose their albedo properties rapidly. Results thus far suggest that more long-term research comparing the albedo and cooling benefits of green and white roofs to black roofs is necessary to understand temporal changes to roof performance.

Prevention of residential roof fires by use of a class "A" fire rated roof system.

PubMed

Edlich, Richard F; Winters, Kathryne L; Long, William B; Britt, L D

2004-01-01

Because residential roof fires remain a life-threatening danger to residential homeowners in the United States, we describe in detail a national fire prevention program for reducing residential roof fires by use of an Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) and National Fire Protection Association Class A fire rated roof system. This Class A system should comply with the test requirements for fire resistance of roof coverings, as outlined in UL 790 or in ASTM International (ASTM) E-108. Both the Asphalt Roofing Manufacturer's Association (ARMA) and the National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA) have set up guidelines for selecting a new roof for the homeowner. Class A, fiber-glass-based asphalt roofing shingles represent an overwhelming share of the United States residential roofing market, and, as such, the Class A rated roofing system remains an excellent alternative to wood shingles and shakes. Fortunately, the Class A fire rating is available for certain wood shingle products that incorporate a factory-applied, fire resistant treatment. However, in this circumstance, wood products labeled as Class B shakes or shingles must be installed over spaced or solid sheathing that have been covered either with one layer of 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) thick noncombustible roof board, or with one layer of minimum 72-lb. fiber-glass-based mineral surfaced cap sheet, or with another specialty roofing sheet to obtain the Class A fire rating. Clay, tile, slate, and metal have been assigned Class A fire ratings in the codes (but often without testing). These alternative roofing materials are often considerably more expensive. Proper application, ventilation, and insulation of roofing systems are required to prevent heat and moisture buildup in the attic, which can damage the roofing system, making it more susceptible to water leakage as well as ignition in the event of a fire. The NRCA has devised excellent recommendations for the homeowner to prequalify the contractor. In addition, a warranty for any new roofing material is important for the homeowner to ensure that the roofing can be repaired by the contractor or manufacturer during the specified warranty period, in case of contractor error or a manufacturing defect. In addition, the homeowner should ensure that the warranty is transferable to any future owner of the home to allow the buyer to have the same warranty benefits as the original owner. The State of California has mandated strict roofing requirements to prevent residential fires. In the absence of this legislation in other states, the homeowner must follow the guidelines outlined in this collective review to ensure that a roofing system with Class A fire protection is installed. Other fire safety precautions that should also be considered mandatory are to include smoke alarms, escape plans, and retrofit fire sprinklers.

Effects of NH₄⁺ on Ce(IV) electro-regeneration in simulated and real spent TFT-LCD Cr-etching solutions.

PubMed

Chen, Te-San; Huang, Kuo-Lin; Lai, Yu-Chan; Kuo, Yi-Ming

2012-08-15

This investigation studies the electro-regeneration of Ce(IV) from Ce(III) in 4 M HNO(3) in the presence/absence of NH(4)(+) and real spent thin-film transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT-LCD) Cr-etching solutions. On Pt, at 2 A and 70 °C for 100 min, the Ce(IV) yield and apparent rate constant of Ce(III) oxidation in 4 M HNO(3) without NH(4)(+) were 100% and 5.54 × 10(-4) s(-1), respectively (and the activation energy was 13.1 kJ mol(-1)). Cyclic voltammetric and electrolytic measurements consistently support the noticeable inhibition by NH(4)(+) of Ce(III) oxidation and lowering of the Ce(IV) yield, respectively. The apparent diffusion coefficients for 0.2 and 0.02 M Ce(III) oxidation in 4 M HNO(3) that contained 0-0.6 M NH(4)(+) were (0.38-0.25) × 10(-5) and (1.6-0.9) × 10(-5) cm(2) s(-1), respectively. Because of combined effects of NH(4)(+) and anion impurities, the 100 min Ce(IV) yield of a real spent TFT-LCD Cr-etching solution (with [NH(4)(+)]/[Ce(III)] = 0.74 M/0.39 M) was 82%, lower than that of 4 M HNO(3) without NH(4)(+), but higher than those of 4 M HNO(3) that contained anion impurities with/without 0.4 M NH(4)(+). Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Greater stroke severity predominates over all other factors for the worse outcome of cardioembolic stroke.

PubMed

Hong, Keun-Sik; Lee, Juneyoung; Bae, Hee-Joon; Lee, Ji Sung; Kang, Dong-Wha; Yu, Kyung-Ho; Han, Moon-Ku; Cho, Yong-Jin; Song, Pamela; Park, Jong-Moo; Oh, Mi-Sun; Koo, Jaseong; Lee, Byung-Chul

2013-11-01

Cardioembolic (CE) strokes are more disabling and more fatal than non-CE strokes. Multiple prognostic factors have been recognized, but the magnitude of their relative contributions has not been well explored. Using a prospective stroke outcome database, we compared the 3-month outcomes of CE and non-CE strokes. We assessed the relative contribution of each prognostic factor of initial stroke severity, poststroke complications, and baseline characteristics with multivariable analyses and model fitness improvement using -2 log-likelihood and Nagelkerke R2. This study included 1233 patients with acute ischemic stroke: 193 CE strokes and 1040 non-CE strokes. Compared with the non-CE group, CE group had less modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0-2 outcomes (47.2% versus 68.5%; odds ratio [95% confidence interval], .41 [.30-.56]), less mRS 0-1 outcomes (33.7% versus 53.5%; .44 [.32-.61]), more mRS 5-6 outcomes (32.1% versus 10.9%; 3.88 [2.71-5.56]), and higher mortality (19.2% versus 5.2%; 4.33 [2.76-6.80]) at 3 months. When adjusting either baseline characteristics or poststroke complications, the outcome differences between the 2 groups remained significant. However, adjusting initial National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score alone abolished all outcome differences except for mortality. For mRS 0-2 outcomes, the decrement of -2 log-likelihood and the Nagelkerke R2 of the model adjusting initial NIHSS score alone approached 70.2% and 76.7% of the fully adjusting model. Greater stroke severity predominates over all other factors for the worse outcome of CE stroke. Primary prevention and more efficient acute therapy for stroke victims should be given top priorities to reduce the burden of CE strokes. Copyright © 2013 National Stroke Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Trap depth and color variation of Ce3+-Cr3+ co-doped Gd3(Al,Ga)5O12 garnet persistent phosphors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Asami, Kazuki; Ueda, Jumpei; Tanabe, Setsuhisa

2016-12-01

Persistent luminescent properties in Ce3+-Cr3+ codoped Gd3Al5-xGaxO12 garnet (GAGG:Ce-Cr) solid solution have been investigated. The persistent luminescent color is shifted from orange to yellowish green with increasing Ga content because Ce3+: 5d level splitting becomes much weaker. The depth of electron trap introduced by Cr codoping was estimated from the intense thermoluminescence glow peak by the initial rise method. The trap depth decreases from 0.56 eV to 0.29 eV with increasing Ga content. The shift can be explained by downshift of bottom of conduction band. From the persistent luminescence decay curve measurement after ceasing 450 nm blue illumination, the samples with x = 2.5 exhibited the longest persistent luminescence for 405 min until the luminance becomes 2 mcd/m2 in GAGG:Ce-Cr phosphors.

Resistive oxygen sensor using ceria-zirconia sensor material and ceria-yttria temperature compensating material for lean-burn engine.

PubMed

Izu, Noriya; Nishizaki, Sayaka; Shin, Woosuck; Itoh, Toshio; Nishibori, Maiko; Matsubara, Ichiro

2009-01-01

Temperature compensating materials were investigated for a resistive oxygen sensor using Ce(0.9)Zr(0.1)O(2) as a sensor material for lean-burn engines. The temperature dependence of a temperature compensating material should be the same as the sensor material; therefore, the Y concentration in CeO(2)-Y(2)O(3) was optimized. The resistance of Ce(0.5)Y(0.5)O(2-δ) was independent of the air-to-fuel ratio (oxygen partial pressure), so that it was confirmed to function as a temperature compensating material. Sensor elements comprised of Ce(0.9)Zr(0.1)O(2) and Ce(0.5)Y(0.5)O(2-δ) were fabricated and the output was determined to be approximately independent of the temperature in the wide range from 773 to 1,073 K.

Rare earth, major and trace element composition of Leg 127 sediments

USGS Publications Warehouse

Murray, R.W.; Buchholtz ten Brink, Marilyn R.; Brumsack, Hans-Juergen; Gerlach, David C.; Russ III, G. Price

1992-01-01

The relative effects of paleoceanographic and paleogeographic variations, sediment lithology, and diagenetic processes on the final preserved chemistry of Japan Sea sediments are evaluated by investigating the rare earth element (REE), major element, and trace element concentrations in 59 squeeze-cake whole-round and 27 physical-property sample residues from Sites 794, 795, and 797, cored during ODP Leg 127. The most important variation in sedimentary chemical composition is the increase in SiO2 concentration through the Pliocene diatomaceous sequences, which dilutes most other major and trace element components by various degrees. This biogenic input is largest at Site 794 (Yamato Basin), moderately developed at Site 797 (Yamato Basin), and of only minor importance at Site 795 (Japan Basin), potentially reflecting basinal contrasts in productivity with the Yamato Basin recording greater biogenic input than the Japan Basin and with the easternmost sequence of Site 794 lying beneath the most productive waters. There are few systematic changes in solid-phase chemistry resulting from the opal-A/opal-CT or opal-CT/quartz silica phase transformations. Most major and trace element concentrations are controlled by the aluminosilicate fraction of the sediment, although the effects of diagenetic silica phases and manganese carbonates are of localized importance. REE total abundances (IREE) in the Japan Sea are strongly dependent upon the paleoceanographic position of a given site with respect to terrigenous and biogenic sources. REE concentrations at Site 794 overall correspond well to aluminosilicate chemical indices and are strongly diluted by SiO2 within the upper Miocene-Pliocene diatomaceous sequence. Eu/Eu* values at Site 794 reach a maximum through the diatomaceous interval as well, most likely suggesting an association of Eu/Eu* with the siliceous component, or reflecting slight incorporation of a detrital feldspar phase. XREE at Site 795 also is affiliated strongly with aluminosilicate phases and yet is diluted only slightly by siliceous input. At Site 797, ΣRE E is not as clearly associated with the aluminosilicate fraction, is correlated moderately to siliceous input, and may be sporadically influenced by detrital heavy minerals originating from the nearby rifted continental fragment composing the Yamato Rise. Ce/Ce* profiles at all three sites increase essentially monotonically with depth and record progressive diagenetic LREE fractionation. The observed Ce/Ce* increases are not responding to changes in the paleoceanographic oxygenation state of the overlying water, as there is no independent evidence to suggest the proper Oceanographic conditions. Ce/Ce* correlates slightly better with depth than with age at the two Yamato Basin sites. The downhole increase in Ce/Ce* at Sites 794 and 797 is a passive response to the diagenetic transfer of LREE (except Ce) from sediment to interstitial water. At Site 795, the overall lack of correlation between Ce/Ce* and La/Y^ suggests that other processes mask the diagenetic behavior of all LREEs. First-order calculations of the Ce budget in Japan Sea waters and sediment indicate that ~20% of the excess Ce adsorbed by settling particles is recycled within the water column and that an additional -38% is recycled at or near the seafloor. Thus, because the remaining excess Ce is only -10% of the total Ce, there is not a large source of Ce to the deeply buried sediment, further suggesting that the downhole increase in Ce/Ce* is a passive response to diagenetic behavior of the other LREEs. The REE chemistry of Japan Sea sediment therefore predicts successive downhole addition of LREEs to deeply buried interstitial waters.

Thermal Performance of Vegetative Roofing Systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Desjarlais, Andre Omer; Zaltash, Abdolreza; Atchley, Jerald Allen

2010-01-01

Vegetative roofing, otherwise known as green or garden roofing, has seen tremendous growth in the last decade in the United States. The numerous benefits that green roofs provide have helped to fuel their resurgence in industrial and urban settings. There are many environmental and economical benefits that can be realized by incorporating a vegetative roof into the design of a building. These include storm-water retention, energy conservation, reduction in the urban heat island effect, increased longevity of the roofing membrane, the ability of plants to create biodiversity and filter air contaminants, and beautification of the surroundings by incorporating green space.more » The vegetative roof research project at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) was initiated to quantify the thermal performance of various vegetative roofing systems relative to black and white roofs. Single Ply Roofing Institute (SPRI) continued its long-term commitment to cooperative research with ORNL in this project. Low-slope roof systems for this study were constructed and instrumented for continuous monitoring in the mixed climate of East Tennessee. This report summarizes the results of the annual cooling and heating loads per unit area of three vegetative roofing systems with side-by-side comparison to black and white roofing systems as well as a test section with just the growing media without plants. Results showed vegetative roofs reduced heat gain (reduced cooling loads) compared to the white control system due to the thermal mass, extra insulation, and evapo-transpiration associated with the vegetative roofing systems. The 4-inch and tray systems reduced the heat gain by approximately 61%, while the reduction with the 8-inch vegetative roof was found to be approximately 67%. The vegetative roofing systems were more effective in reducing heat gain than in reducing heat losses (heating loads). The reduction in heat losses for the 4-inch and tray systems were found to be approximately 40% in the mixed climate of East Tennessee. It should be noted that these values are climate dependent. Vegetative roofs also reduced the temperature (heat exposure) and temperature fluctuations (thermal stress) experienced by the membrane. In the cooling season of East Tennessee, the average peak temperature of the 4-inch and tray systems was found to be approximately 94 F cooler than the control black roofing system. The average temperature fluctuations at the membrane for the 4-inch and tray systems were found to be approximately 10 F compared to 125 F for black and 64 F for white systems. As expected, the 8-inch vegetative roof had the lowest fluctuations at approximately 2 F. Future work will include modeling of the energy performance of vegetative roof panels in the test climate of East Tennessee. The validated model then will be used to predict energy use in roofs with different insulation levels and in climates different from the test climate.« less

30. BUILDING NO.S 271K AND 271L, VIEW LOOKING SOUTH AT ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

30. BUILDING NO.S 271-K AND 271-L, VIEW LOOKING SOUTH AT BACK OF BUILDING NO. 271-L (LEFT), 271-K (MIDDLE) AND ROOF OF BUILDING NO. 271-I (VISIBLE OVER WALKWAY ON RIGHT). - Picatinny Arsenal, 200 Area, Shell Component Loading, State Route 15 near I-80, Dover, Morris County, NJ

Colorado Immersion Training in Community Engagement: Because You Can't Study What You Don't Know.

PubMed

Zittleman, Linda; Wright, Leslie; Ortiz, Barrientos Charlene; Fleming, Candace; Loudhawk-Hedgepeth, Crystal; Marshall, Julie; Ramirez, Lorenzo; Wheeler, Michele; Westfall, John M

2014-01-01

Community engagement (CE)has become a major element in medical research. In alliance with the goals of the Clinical and Translational Sciences Award program, Colorado Immersion Training in Community Engagement (CIT) is a community-campus partnership that aims to introduce an expanded pool of researchers to community-based participatory research (CBPR) and CE. To describe CIT components and preliminary results. CIT attempts to support a change in the research trajectory of academic health researchers, program developers, and graduate students toward CE. The program occurs on campus and in six community settings: Urban African American, urban Asian and refugee, urban Latino, urban American Indian/Alaska Native, rural northeast Colorado, and rural San Luis Valley. Components include a 4-week Directed Reading, a seminar on CBPR, 4-day community immersion, reflection, and 6-month support. Evaluation describes recruitment, implementation, and participants' understanding of CBPR and skills post-training. Fifty-eight people have participated. A comprehensive curriculum was developed to address (1) principals of CBPR, (2) health disparities, (3) listening to community, (4) self-reflection, and (5) engagement tools. Community immersions expose participants to a community's culture and opportunities to discuss health issues with a range of community members. Local "community guides" enhance participants' experience. Of the first two cohorts, 90% changed the way they plan to approach their research, 94% changed how they viewed community involvement in research, and 77% learned new skills to help engage communities in research. CIT applies to and positively impacts researchers from a variety of disciplines. CIT creates opportunities for long lasting partnerships between researchers and communities.

Energy transfer in M₅(PO₄)₃  F:Eu²⁺,Ce³⁺ (M = Ca and Ba) phosphors.

PubMed

Shinde, K N; Dhoble, S J

2014-08-01

M5(PO4)3F:Eu(2+) (M = Ca and Ba) co-doped with Ce(3+) phosphors were successfully prepared by the combustion synthesis method. The introduction of co-dopant (Ce(3+)) into the host enhanced the luminescent intensity of the M5(PO4)3F:Eu(2+) (M = Ca and Ba) efficiently. Previously, we have reported the synthesis and photoluminescence properties of same phosphors. The aim of this article is to report energy transfer mechanism between Ce(3+) ➔Eu(2+) ions in M5(PO4)3F:Eu(2+) (M = Ca and Ba) phosphors, where Ce(3+) ions act as sensitizers and Eu(2+) ions act as activators. The M5(PO4)3F:Eu(2+) (M = Ca and Ba) co-doped with Ce(3+) phosphor exhibits great potential for use in white ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diode applications to serve as a single-phased phosphor that can be pumped with near-UV or UV light-emitting diodes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Mn-Ce-Co complex oxide nanoparticles: hydrothermal synthesis and their catalytic subcritical oxidation of 4,4'-Dibromobiphenyl.

PubMed

Chen, Jinyang; Xu, Tianjiao; Ding, Junying; Ji, Yimei; Ni, Pei; Li, Zhilian

2012-10-15

In situ transformation of 4,4'-Dibromobiphenyl (4,4'-DBB) in water was observed with hydrothermal diamond anvil cell (HDAC) up to 633 K. It shows that 4,4'-DBB dissolves in water to form a homogenous phase at the temperature of 588 K and thus subcritical water oxidation of 4,4'-DBB higher than the temperature can be a homogenous phase. To accelerate the oxidative degradation, some Mn-Ce-Co complex oxide nanoparticles of about 100 nm were prepared by co-precipitation hydrothermal method. The nanoparticles show enough stability and catalytic activity for oxidative degradation of 4,4'-DBB in subcritical water. The catalytic activation increases with some Co doping and as for the complex oxides of Mn(1)Ce(1), Mn(0.9)Ce(1)Co(0.1), Mn(0.5)Ce(1)Co(0.5), Mn(0.1)Ce(1)Co(0.9), and Co(1)Ce(1), the Mn(0.9)Ce(1)Co(0.1) presents the best activation. The main intermediate products of degradation are benzoic acid and phenol. The apparent activation energy (E(a)) is 35.92 with 5% Mn(0.9)Ce(1)Co(0.1) as catalyst and 46.69 kJ/mol with no catalyst about the chemical oxygen demand (COD). Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Photoluminescence properties of Li2SrGeO4:RE3+ (RE = Ce/Tb/Dy) phosphors and enhanced luminescence through energy transfer between Ce3+ and Tb3+/Dy3+

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Shuai; Li, Guogang

2014-07-01

Li2SrGeO4:RE3+ (RE = Tb/Dy/Ce) phosphors were prepared by the conventional solid-state reaction. X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL) spectra, and lifetimes were utilized to characterize samples. Under the excitation of ultraviolet (231 nm for Tb3+ and 351 nm for Dy3+), the Li2SrGeO4:Tb3+ and Li2SrGeO4:Dy3+ phosphors show their respective characteristic emissions of Tb3+ (5D3,4 → 7FJ‧, J‧ = 3, 4, 5, 6) and Dy3+ (4F9/2 → 6H15/2 and 4F9/2 → 6H13/2), respectively. Ce3+ activated Li2SrGeO4 phosphors exhibit broad band blue emission due to the 5d-4f transition of Ce3+. Co-doping Ce3+ into the LSG: Ce3+/Dy3+ samples enhances the luminescence intensity of Tb3+ and Dy3+ significantly under the excitation wavelength at 340 nm through energy transfer from Ce3+ to Tb3+/Dy3+. In addition, the energy transfer mechanism between Ce3+ and Tb3+/Dy3+ has been demonstrated to be a resonant type via a dipole-quadrupole interaction.

High-Performance Energy-Efficient Cool Metal Roof Assemblies Utilizing Building Integrated Renewable Solar Energy Technologies for New and Retrofit Building Construction

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-04-01

technology described in this proposal was first commercialized in 2004. It has been installed in 35 states and 5 countries primarily on residential ...temperatures. o Rainwater harvesting systems help reduce demands on potable water systems and help crowded cities manage stormwater drainage problems...of high density polyisocyanurate rigid insulation board installed over the existing roof and between the sub-purlins with the top layer taped to

Co-doping effects on luminescence and scintillation properties of Ce doped (Lu,Gd)3(Ga,Al)5O12 scintillator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yamaguchi, Hiroaki; Kamada, Kei; Kurosawa, Shunsuke; Pejchal, Jan; Shoji, Yasuhiro; Yokota, Yuui; Ohashi, Yuji; Yoshikawa, Akira

2016-11-01

Mg co-doping effects on scintillation properties of Ce:Lu1Gd2(Ga,Al)5O12 (LGGAG) were investigated. Mg 200 ppm co-doped Ce:LGGAG single crystals were prepared by micro pulling down method. Absorption and luminescence spectra were measured together with several other scintillation characteristics, namely the scintillation decay and light yield to reveal the effect of Mg co-doping. Ce4+ charge transfer absorption was observed below 300 nm in Mg,Ce:LGGAG which is in good agreement with previous reports. The scintillation decay times were accelerated by Mg co-doping.

Roofer: An Engineered Management System (EMS) for Bituminous Built-Up Roofs

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-12-01

individual roof projects. Figure 1 shows an example of a filing sequence for a typical recordkceping system. The file should contain a Building Folder ...for each building and a Roof Section Foldcr for each roof section on the building. Building Folder The Building Folder should contain a completed...should also be kept in the building folder , or if they are kept elsewhere, their location should be stated in the folder . Roof Section Folder A Roof

Effectiveness of foam-based and traditional green roofs in reducing nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon and suspended solids in urban installations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

MacAvoy, S. E.; Mucha, S.; Williamson, G.

2017-12-01

While green roofs have well understood benefits for retaining runoff, there is less of a consensus regarding the potential for retaining and absorbing nutrients or suspended solids from roof runoff that would otherwise travel to waterways. Additionally, there are numerous designs, materials and maintenance plans associated with "green" roofs/surfaces that may greatly impact not only their hydrological benefit but also their pollution mitigation potential. Here we examine the NO3, NH4, total organic carbon (TOC), total phosphorus (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS) retention potential from planted and unplanted foam roofs and traditional soil roofs. Direct precipitation, untreated runoff and throughflow from the different roof types were collected for 3 to 11 rain events over a year (depending on roof). Unplanted and traditional roofs reduced TSS by 80% or better relative to runoff. Traditional roofs showed 50% lower TP than runoff or other roof types. TOC was higher than direct precipitation for all treatments, although there were no differences among the treatments themselves. Taken as averages over the 11 events, NO3 and NH4 concentrations were highly variable for runoff and treatments and significant differences were not detected. Preliminary analysis suggests there were no differences between performance of traditional versus foam-based roofs, although a greater sample size is required to be definitive.

The Effects of Infrared-Blocking Pigments and Deck Venting on Stone-Coated Metal Residential Roofs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Miller, William A

2006-01-01

Field data show that stone-coated metal shakes and S-mission tile, which exploit the use of infraredblocking color pigments (IrBCPs), along with underside venting reduce the heat flow penetrating the conditioned space of a residence by 70% compared with the amount of heat flow penetrating roofs with conventional asphalt shingles. Stone-coated metal roof products are typically placed on battens and counter-battens and nailed through the battens to the roof deck. The design provides venting on the underside of the metal roof that reduces the heat flow penetrating a home. The Metal Construction Association (MCA) and its affiliate members installed stone-coated metalmore » roofs with shake and S-mission tile profiles and a painted metal shake roof on a fully instrumented attic test assembly at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Measurements of roof, deck, attic, and ceiling temperatures; heat flows; solar reflectance; thermal emittance; and ambient weather were recorded for each of the test roofs and also for an adjacent attic cavity covered with a conventional pigmented and direct nailed asphalt shingle roof. All attic assemblies had ridge and soffit venting; the ridge was open to the underside of the stone-coated metal roofs. A control assembly with a conventional asphalt shingle roof was used for comparing deck and ceiling heat transfer rates.« less

SU-E-J-154: Image Quality Assessment of Contrast-Enhanced 4D-CT for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma in Radiotherapy Simulation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Choi, W; Xue, M; Patel, K

2015-06-15

Purpose: This study presents quantitative and qualitative assessment of the image qualities in contrast-enhanced (CE) 3D-CT, 4D-CT and CE 4D-CT to identify feasibility for replacing the clinical standard simulation with a single CE 4D-CT for pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDA) in radiotherapy simulation. Methods: Ten PDA patients were enrolled and underwent three CT scans: a clinical standard pair of CE 3D-CT immediately followed by a 4D-CT, and a CE 4D-CT one week later. Physicians qualitatively evaluated the general image quality and regional vessel definitions and gave a score from 1 to 5. Next, physicians delineated the contours of the tumor (T) andmore » the normal pancreatic parenchyma (P) on the three CTs (CE 3D-CT, 50% phase for 4D-CT and CE 4D-CT), then high density areas were automatically removed by thresholding at 500 HU and morphological operations. The pancreatic tumor contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) and conspicuity (C, absolute difference of mean enhancement levels in P and T) were computed to quantitatively assess image quality. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare these quantities. Results: In qualitative evaluations, CE 3D-CT and CE 4D-CT scored equivalently (4.4±0.4 and 4.3±0.4) and both were significantly better than 4D-CT (3.1±0.6). In quantitative evaluations, the C values were higher in CE 4D-CT (28±19 HU, p=0.19 and 0.17) than the clinical standard pair of CE 3D-CT and 4D-CT (17±12 and 16±17 HU, p=0.65). In CE 3D-CT and CE 4D-CT, mean CNR (1.8±1.4 and 1.8±1.7, p=0.94) and mean SNR (5.8±2.6 and 5.5±3.2, p=0.71) both were higher than 4D-CT (CNR: 1.1±1.3, p<0.3; SNR: 3.3±2.1, p<0.1). The absolute enhancement levels for T and P were higher in CE 4D-CT (87, 82 HU) than in CE 3D-CT (60, 56) and 4DCT (53, 70). Conclusions: The individually optimized CE 4D-CT is feasible and achieved comparable image qualities to the clinical standard simulation. This study was supported in part by Philips Healthcare.« less

Photodynamic inactivation of bacteria using polyethylenimine-chlorin(e6) conjugates: Effect of polymer molecular weight, substitution ratio of chlorin(e6) and pH.

PubMed

Huang, Liyi; Zhiyentayev, Timur; Xuan, Yi; Azhibek, Dulat; Kharkwal, Gitika B; Hamblin, Michael R

2011-04-01

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is a novel technique to treat local infections. Previously we reported that the attachment of chlorin(e6) to polyethylenimine (PEI) polymers to form PEI-ce6 conjugates is an effective way to improve ce6 PDT activity against bacteria. The aim of this work was to explore how the polymer molecular weight, substitution ratio (SR) of ce6 and pH value affect the PDT efficacy. We have synthesized PEI-ce6(10) (MW = 60,000, SR = 1) and PEI-ce6(11) (MW = 60,000, SR = 5) and compared these with the previous PEI-ce6(9) (MW = 10,000, SR = 1). We tested the PDT efficacy of these three conjugates against Gram-negative E. coli and Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and E. fecalis) at three different pH values (5.0, 7.4, 10.0) that may affect the charge on both the bacterial cells and on the conjugate (that has both basic and acidic groups). PEI-ce6(9) and PEI-ce6(10) were the most effective against these tested bacteria. The PDT effect of all three conjugates depended on pH values. The effective order was pH = 10.0 > pH = 7.4 > pH = 5.0 on E. coli. For S. aureus and E. fecalis the order was pH = 5.0 > pH = 10.0 > pH = 7.4. PEI-ce6(11) PDT activity was worse than PEI-ce6(10) activity which is probably connected to the fact that ce6 molecules are self-quenched within the PEI-ce6(11) molecule. Ce6 quenching within the PEI-ce6 molecules was proved by analyzing fluorescence spectra of PEI-ce6 conjugates at different pH values. There were no differences in bacterial uptake between different pH values in three PEI-ce6 conjugates. We assume high pH (rather than low pH as was hypothesized) disaggregates the conjugates, so the higher pH was more effective than the lower pH against E. coli. But for Gram-positive bacteria, low pH was more effective possibly due to more overall positive charge on the conjugate. Copyright © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Specifying, Installing and Maintaining Built-Up and Modified Bitumen Roofing Systems.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hobson, Joseph W.

2000-01-01

Examines built-up, modified bitumen, and hybrid combinations of the two roofing systems and offers advise on how to assure high- quality performance and durability when using them. Included is a glossary of commercial roofing terms and asphalt roofing resources to aid in making decisions on roofing and systems product selection. (GR)

49 CFR 571.118 - Standard No. 118; Power-operated window, partition, and roof panel systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...-operated window, partition, and roof panel systems. S1. Purpose and scope. This standard specifies requirements for power operated window, partition, and roof panel systems to minimize the likelihood of death... Figure 2. Power operated roof panel systems mean moveable panels in the vehicle roof which close by...

49 CFR 571.118 - Standard No. 118; Power-operated window, partition, and roof panel systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...-operated window, partition, and roof panel systems. S1. Purpose and scope. This standard specifies requirements for power operated window, partition, and roof panel systems to minimize the likelihood of death... Figure 2. Power operated roof panel systems mean moveable panels in the vehicle roof which close by...

49 CFR 571.118 - Standard No. 118; Power-operated window, partition, and roof panel systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...-operated window, partition, and roof panel systems. S1. Purpose and scope. This standard specifies requirements for power operated window, partition, and roof panel systems to minimize the likelihood of death... Figure 2. Power operated roof panel systems mean moveable panels in the vehicle roof which close by...

49 CFR 571.118 - Standard No. 118; Power-operated window, partition, and roof panel systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...-operated window, partition, and roof panel systems. S1. Purpose and scope. This standard specifies requirements for power operated window, partition, and roof panel systems to minimize the likelihood of death... Figure 2. Power operated roof panel systems mean moveable panels in the vehicle roof which close by...

49 CFR 571.118 - Standard No. 118; Power-operated window, partition, and roof panel systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...-operated window, partition, and roof panel systems. S1. Purpose and scope. This standard specifies requirements for power operated window, partition, and roof panel systems to minimize the likelihood of death... Figure 2. Power operated roof panel systems mean moveable panels in the vehicle roof which close by...

Nanocrystalline CeO2-δ coated β-MnO2 nanorods with enhanced oxygen transfer property

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Xiubing; Zhao, Guixia; Chang, Yueqi; Wang, Ge; Irvine, John T. S.

2018-05-01

In this research, β-MnO2 nanorods were synthesized by a hydrothermal method, followed by a facile precipitation method to obtain nanocrystalline CeO2-δ coated β-MnO2 nanorods. The as-prepared samples were characterized by XRD, HRTEM, FESEM, XPS and in-situ high-temperature XRD. The HRTEM results show that well dispersed CeO2-δ nanocrystals sized about 5 nm were coated on the surface of β-MnO2 nanorods. The oxygen storage and transfer property of as-synthesized materials were evaluated using TGA under various atmospheres (air, pure N2, and 5%H2/95%Ar). The TGA results indicate that CeO2-δ modification could favour the reduction of Mn4+ to Mn3+ and/or Mn2+ at lower temperature as compared with pure β-MnO2 nanorods and the physically mixed CeO2-δ-β-MnO2 under low oxygen partial pressure conditions (i.e., pure N2, 5%H2/95%Ar). Specifically, CeO2-δ@β-MnO2 sample can exhibit 7.5 wt% weight loss between 100 and 400 °C under flowing N2 and 11.4 wt% weight loss between 100 and 350 °C under flowing 5%H2/95%Ar. During the reduction process under pure N2 or 5%H2/95%Ar condition, the oxygen ions in β-MnO2 nanorods are expected to be released to the surroundings in the form of O2 or H2O with the coated CeO2-δ nanocrystals acting as mediator as inferred from the synergistic effect between the well-interacted CeO2-δ nanocrystals and β-MnO2 nanorods.

White Light Emission and Enhanced Color Stability in a Single-Component Host.

PubMed

Li, Junhao; Liang, Qiongyun; Hong, Jun-Yu; Yan, Jing; Dolgov, Leonid; Meng, Yuying; Xu, Yiqin; Shi, Jianxin; Wu, Mingmei

2018-05-30

Eu 3+ ion can be effectively sensitized by Ce 3+ ion through an energy-transfer chain of Ce 3+ -(Tb 3+ ) n -Eu 3+ , which has contributed to the development of white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) as it can favor more efficient red phosphors. However, simply serving for WLEDs as one of the multicomponents, the design of the Ce 3+ -(Tb 3+ ) n -Eu 3+ energy transfer is undoubtedly underused. Theoretically, white light can be achieved with extra blue and green emissions released from Ce 3+ and Tb 3+ . Herein, the design of the white light based on these three multicolor luminescence centers has been realized in GdBO 3 . It is the first time that white light is generated via accurate controls on the Ce 3+ -(Tb 3+ ) n -Eu 3+ energy transfer in such a widely studied host material. Because the thermal quenching rates of blue, green, and red emissions from Ce 3+ , Tb 3+ , and Eu 3+ , respectively, are well-matched in the host, this novel white light exhibits superior color stability and potential application prospect.

Tl2LiYCl6 (Ce3+): New Tl-based Elpasolite Scintillation Material

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, H. J.; Rooh, Gul; Park, H.; Kim, Sunghwan

2016-04-01

New single crystals of Ce-doped (1% and 10%) Tl2LiYCl6 (TLYC) were investigated under X-ray and -y-ray excitation. This material belongs to Chloro-elpasolite crystal family and was grown by the two-zone vertical Bridgman technique. X-ray-induced luminescence shows typical Ce3+ - ion emission between 350 and 530 nm peaking at 430 nm. Under 662 keV -y-rays excitation, best energy resolution of 4.8% (FWHM) was found for 1% Ce-concentration. For the same Ce-concentration, a maximum light yield of 30 500 ± 3500 ph/MeV was observed at room temperature. Under -y-ray excitation, three decay time components were observed for all Ce-doped samples. Effective Z-number and density of Tl2LiYCl6 were found to be 69 and 4.58 g/cm3, respectively. Due to highly hygroscopic nature of this compound, extra attention was devoted during handling and data taking processes. Overall, the scintillation properties confirm that this material is a promising candidate for medical imaging and radiation detection.

The use of Chinese herbal drugs in Islamic medicine.

PubMed

Heyadri, Mojtaba; Hashempur, Mohammad Hashem; Ayati, Mohammad Hosein; Quintern, Detlev; Nimrouzi, Majid; Heyadri, Mojtaba

2015-11-01

This paper investigates some of the ways that Chinese medicine has been transferred to the Western world and to Islamic territories. During the Golden Age of Islam (8th to 13th century CE), the herbal drug trade promoted significant commercial and scientific exchange between China and the Muslim world. Chinese herbal drugs have been described by medieval Muslim medical scholars such as Tabari (870 CE), Rhazes (925 CE), Haly Abbas (982 CE), Avicenna (1037 CE) and Jurjani (1137 CE). The term al-sin (the Arabic word for China) is used 46 times in Avicenna's Canon of Medicine in reference to herbal drugs imported from China. Cinnamon (dar sini; "Chinese herb"), wild ginger (asaron), rhubarb (rivand-e sini), nutmeg (basbasa), incense tree wood (ood), cubeb (kababe) and sandalwood (sandal) were the most frequently mentioned Chinese herbs in Islamic medical books. There are also multiple similarities between the clinical uses of these herbs in both medical systems. It appears that Chinese herbal drugs were a major component of the exchange of goods and knowledge between China and the Islamic and later to the Western world amid this era.

Luminescence properties and electronic structure of Ce{sup 3+}-doped gadolinium aluminum garnet

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dotsenko, V.P., E-mail: ssclab@ukr.net; Berezovskaya, I.V.; Voloshinovskii, A.S.

2015-04-15

Highlights: • The luminescence properties of Ce{sup 3+} ions in (Y, Gd){sub 3}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12} are analyzed. • The Gd{sup 3+} → Y{sup 3+} substitution leads to increasing of Ce{sup 3+} noncubic crystal field splitting parameter. • The excitation spectra for the Ce{sup 3+} emission in GdAG contain bands at 6.67, 7.75, and 9.76 eV. • These features are due to the Ce{sup 3+}-bound exciton formation and O 2p → Al 3s, 3p transitions. • Contributions from Al atoms to the conduction-band density of states are quite essential. - Abstract: Yttrium-gadolinium aluminum garnets (YGdAG) doped with Ce{sup 3+} ions havemore » been prepared by co-precipitation method. The luminescent properties of Ce{sup 3+} ions in Gd{sub 3(1−x)}Ce{sub 3x}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12} (x = 0.01) have been studied upon excitation in the 2–20 eV region. The substitution of Gd{sup 3+} for Y{sup 3+} in the garnet structure results in broadening the emission band and shifting its maximum towards the longer wavelengths. It was found that in addition to the 4f → 5d excitation bands of Ce{sup 3+} ions, the excitation spectra for the Ce{sup 3+} emission contain bands at 6.67, 7.75, and 9.76 eV. These bands are attributed to the Ce{sup 3+}-bound exciton formation and O 2p → Al 3s, 3p transitions, respectively. Although gadolinium states dominate near the bottom of the conduction band of Gd{sub 3}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12}, contributions from Al{sub tetr} and Al{sub oct} atoms to the conduction-band density of states are evaluated as quite essential.« less

Impact of aerial infrared roof moisture scans on the U.S. Army's ROOFER program

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Knehans, Al; Ledford, Jim

1993-04-01

The ROOFER program is being used by the U.S. Army to inspect and evaluate its built-up and single-ply membrane roofs. The results of the inspection effort are used to develop an overall roof condition index. The condition of the roof insulation can greatly alter the final condition index. By using an aerial infrared (IR) roof moisture scan, all the insulated roofs at most Army installations can be effectively surveyed in a very short time. The aerial scans have detected numerous areas of wet roof insulation, which has had a profound impact on the results of the ROOFER program. The scans have also provided management personnel with more accurate analysis as to the actual condition of the installation's insulated roofs.

Structural and magnetic properties of RTiNO{sub 2} (R=Ce, Pr, Nd) perovskite nitride oxides

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Porter, Spencer H.; Huang, Zhenguo, E-mail: zhenguo@uow.edu.au; Cheng, Zhenxiang

2015-03-15

Neutron powder diffraction indicates that CeTiNO{sub 2} and PrTiNO{sub 2} crystallize with orthorhombic Pnma symmetry (Ce: a=5.5580(5), b=7.8369(7), and c=5.5830(4) Å; Pr: a=5.5468(5), b=7.8142(5), and c=5.5514(5) Å) as a result of a{sup –}b{sup +}a{sup –} tilting of the titanium-centered octahedra. Careful examination of the NPD data, confirms the absence of long range anion order in both compounds, while apparent superstructure reflections seen in electron diffraction patterns provide evidence for short range anion order. Inverse magnetic susceptibility plots reveal that the RTiNO{sub 2} (R=Ce, Pr, Nd) compounds are paramagnetic with Weiss constants that vary from −28 to −42 K. Effective magneticmore » moments for RTiNO{sub 2} (R=Ce, Pr, Nd) are 2.43 μ{sub B}, 3.63 μ{sub B}, and 3.47 μ{sub B}, respectively, in line with values expected for free rare-earth ions. Deviations from Curie–Weiss behavior that occur below 150 K for CeTiNO{sub 2} and below 30 K for NdTiNO{sub 2} are driven by magnetic anisotropy, spin–orbit coupling, and crystal field effects. - Graphical abstract: The structure and magnetism of the oxide nitride perovskites RTiNO{sub 2} (R=Ce, Pr, Nd) have been explored. The average symmetry is shown to be Pnma with a random distribution of oxide and nitride ions and a{sup −}b{sup +}a{sup −} tilting of the titanium-centered octahedra, but electron diffraction shows evidence for short range anion order. All three compounds are paramagnetic but deviations from the Curie Weiss law are seen below 150 K for R=Ce and below 30 K for R=Nd. - Highlights: • The oxide nitride perovskites RTiNO{sub 2} (R=Ce, Pr) have been prepared and their structures determined. • Diffraction measurements indicate short range cis-order of O and N, but no long range order. • Compounds are paramagnetic with Weiss constants that vary from −28 to −42 K. • CeTiO{sub 2}N and NdTiO{sub 2}N deviate from Curie–Weiss behavior below 150 and 30 K, respectively.« less

Growth and luminescent properties of scintillators based on the single crystalline films of Lu{sub 3−x}Gd{sub x}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12}:Ce garnet

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zorenko, Yu, E-mail: zorenko@ukw.edu.pl; Laboratory for Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Electronics of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 79017 Lviv; Gorbenko, V.

Highlights: • Single crystalline films of Lu{sub 3−x}Gd{sub x}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12} garnets at x = 0 ÷ 3.0 were grown by LPE method onto YAG substrates. • Lattice constant of Lu{sub 3−}Gd{sub x}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12}:Ce film and the misfit m between films and YAG substrate changed linearly with increasing of Gd content. • Effective Gd{sup 3+}–Ce{sup 3+} energy transfer occurs in the Lu{sub 3−x}Gd{sub x}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12}:Ce films. • Best scintillation light yield is observed in the Lu{sub 3}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12}:Ce and Lu{sub 2.4}Gd{sub 0.6}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12}:Ce films. • Increase of the Gd content in x = 1.5–2.5 range resultsmore » in decreasing the scintillation LY of Lu{sub 3−x}Gd{sub x}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12}:Ce films. - Abstract: The work is related to the growth of scintillators based on the single crystalline films (SCF) of Ce{sup 3+} doped Lu{sub 3−}Gd{sub x}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12} mixed rare-earth garnets by Liquid Phase Epitaxy (LPE) method. We have shown, that full set of Lu{sub 3−}Gd{sub x}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12} SCFs with x values ranging from 0 to 3.0 can be successfully crystallized by the LPE method onto Y{sub 3}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12} (YAG) substrates from the melt-solutions based on PbO-B{sub 2}O{sub 3} flux. The absorption, X-ray excited luminescence, photoluminescence, thermoluminescence and light yield measurements, the latter under excitation by α-particles of {sup 239}Pu and {sup 241}Am radioisotopes, were applied for their characterization.« less

Performance evaluation on cool roofs for green remodeling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yun, Yosun; Cho, Dongwoo; Cho, Kyungjoo

2018-06-01

Cool roofs refer that maximize heat emission, and minimize the absorption of solar radiation energy, by applying high solar reflectance paints, or materials to roofs or rooftops. The application of cool roofs to existing buildings does not need to take structural issues into consideration, as rooftop greening, is an alternative that can be applied to existing buildings easily. This study installed a cool roofs on existing buildings, and evaluated the performances, using the results to propose certification standards for green remodeling, considering the cool roof-related standards.

Topographic and geologic analysis of the Pre-selection landing sitesfor Chang 'E 5(CE-5) lunar sample returning mission of China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zeng, Xingguo; Zuo, Wei; Zhang, Zhoubin; Liu, Yuxuan; Li, Chunlai

2017-04-01

China Lunar Exploration Program has successfully launched 3 missions since the year of 2007:CE-1(2007), CE-2(2009), and CE-3(2013), and it is planning to launch two lunarLanders in the upcoming years- CE-5(2017) and CE-4(2020). Few decades after the last lunar sample returning mission, CE-5 will be the first lunar sample returning mission in the 21 century. The Pre-selection landing site of CE-5 will be located at a geographic extent of:41 degrees to 45 degrees north latitude and 49 degrees to 69 west longitude, which lies in the near side of the moon, the north-east of the Oceanus Procellarum, to the west of Monte Jura and to the north of Monte Rümker. To ensure the safety of the CE-5 Lander and get lunar samples with more scientific interest, it is essential to take an investigation from the research aspects of topography and geology to select optimal precise landing sites from the Pre-selection area.From the topography aspect, the safety of the Lander is greatly involved with the rugged terrain, conditions of solar illumination and necessity of direct radio communicationwith the Earth, We present the method of preciselandingsites selection using CE-2 high resolution lunar topographic data, which is based on geographical information systems (GIS) technologies to perform analysis, utilizing the criteria of surface suitability for landing, such as slopes, waviness, craters distribution, illumination conditions and Earth visibility.Inaddition, the scientific interest is related to the complexity of the geological conditions, so that estimations of geological background based on USGS lunar geology map data were used to evaluatelanding site candidates on possible lunar volcanicmaterials. The method gave us 7possible candidates to land, which are around the location of-55°W, 43°N. In the further research, the main parameters of these possible sites will be presented with possible prioritization based on both technical requirements and scientific interest.

Cystic Echinococcosis in a Single Tertiary Care Center in Rome, Italy

PubMed Central

Cuzzi, Gilda; Ettorre, Giuseppe Maria; Busi-Rizzi, Elisa; Schininà, Vincenzo; Pucillo, Leopoldo; Pane, Stefania; Bordi, Eugenio; Pozio, Edoardo; Corpolongo, Angela; Teggi, Antonella; Brunetti, Enrico

2013-01-01

Background. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a chronic, clinically complex, and neglected disease. Its prevalence in Italy, a country of medium to high endemicity, remains poorly defined, as notification has long ceased to be mandatory. Methods. We set up a retrospective cohort study involving all CE patients followed at our institute between January 2005 and December 2012. Demographical and clinical features were recorded and analyzed. Results. CE was found in 28 patients (64.3%), mostly Italians from the central regions (50%), followed by subjects from the islands (33.3%) and Southern Italy (16.7%). Their median age was 45 years (IQR: 38.5–66.5), with Eastern Europeans being significantly younger (28 years, IQR: 19–39) than other patients (P ≤ 0.0001). A total of 149 cysts, mostly with hepatic localization (96%), were described. Based on the WHO classification, the cysts were mainly small (80.5%) and active (CE1 (73.8%); CE2 (7.4%)). Active cysts were more common in Eastern Europeans (85.7%) than Italians (66.7%). Conclusion. Our data confirm CE occurrence in Italy. We emphasize the importance to have a national CE registry, opportunely recently introduced. This is essential to assess CE prevalence in this country, implement appropriate control measures, and improve patient management. PMID:24151631

Roof instability characteristics and pre-grouting of the roof caving zone in residual coal mining

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Tong; Liu, Changyou

2017-12-01

Abandoned roadways and roof caving zones are commonly found in residual coal, and can destroy the integrity of the coal seam and roof. Resulting from mining-induced stress, continuous collapse and fracture instability in roof caving zones (RCZs) jeopardize the safety and efficiency of residual coal mining. Based on the engineering geology conditions of remining face 3101 in Shenghua Mine, the roof fracture and instability features of the RCZ were analyzed through physical simulation, theoretical analysis, and field measurements. In this case, influenced by the RCZ, the main roof across the RCZ fractured and rotated towards the goaf, greatly increasing the working resistance, and crushing the supports. The sudden instability of the coal pillars weakened its support of the main roof, thus resulting in long-key blocks across the RCZ and hinged roof structures, which significantly decreased the stability of the underlying immediate roof. This study establishes a mechanical model for the interactions between the surrounding rock and the supports in the RCZ, determines the reasonable working resistance, and examines the use of pre-grouting solidification restoration technology (PSRT) to solidify the RCZ and reinforce the coal pillars—thus increasing their bearing capacity. Field measurements revealed no roof flaking, inhomogeneous loading or support crushing, indicating that the PSRT effectively controlled the surrounding rock of the RCZ.