Nighttime enforcement of seat belt laws : an evaluation of three community programs

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-08-01

Programs to enforce seat belt laws at night were conducted in Asheville and Greenville, North Carolina and Charleston, West Virginia. It was concluded that night belt use publicity and enforcement efforts can be effective both for increasing belt use...

States upgrade to primary enforcement seat belt laws : traffic tech.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-09-01

States with primary seat belt enforcement laws consistently : have higher observed daytime seat belt use rates than secondary : law States. Secondary belt law States, on the other : hand, consistently have more motor vehicle fatalities who : were not...

Nighttime enforcement of seat belt laws: an evaluation of three community programs : traffic tech.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-04-01

Enforcement of seat belt laws has been conducted largely : during daylight hours. Daytime enforcement programs : have worked well to improve observed belt use rates during : the day, but have been shown less often to affect nighttime : use. Fatality ...

Evaluation of Maine's seat belt law change from secondary to primary enforcement.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-04-01

Maine upgraded its seat belt law to primary enforcement on September 20, 2007. Both daytime and nighttime observed belt use increased in the months following implementation of the law (daytime 77% to 84%; night 69% to 81%). Although daytime belt use ...

Year 1 of the Washington nighttime seat belt enforcement program : traffic tech.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-09-01

The first year of the Washington nighttime belt program : ran from May 2007 through May 2008. During this period, WTSC ran three, two-week nighttime seat belt enforcement : campaigns. The primary message of the ad was that extra : seat-belt-focuse...

Primary Enforcement of Mandatory Seat Belt Laws and Motor Vehicle Crash Deaths.

PubMed

Harper, Sam; Strumpf, Erin C

2017-08-01

Policies that allow directly citing motorists for seat belt non-use (primary enforcement) have been shown to reduce motor vehicle crash deaths relative to secondary enforcement, but the evidence base is dated and does not account for recent improvements in vehicle designs and road safety. The purpose of this study was to test whether recent upgrades to primary enforcement still reduce motor vehicle crash deaths. In 2016, researchers used motor vehicle crash death data from the Fatal Analysis Reporting System for 2000-2014 and calculated rates using both person- and exposure-based denominators. Researchers used a difference-in-differences design to estimate the effect of primary enforcement on death rates, and estimated negative binomial regression models, controlling for age, substance use involvement, fixed state characteristics, secular trends, state median household income, and other state-level traffic safety policies. Models adjusted only for crash characteristics and state-level covariates models showed a protective effect of primary enforcement (rate ratio, 0.88, 95% CI=0.77, 0.98; rate difference, -1.47 deaths per 100,000 population, 95% CI= -2.75, -0.19). After adjustment for fixed state characteristics and secular trends, there was no evidence of an effect of upgrading from secondary to primary enforcement in the whole population (rate ratio, 0.98, 95% CI=0.92, 1.04; rate difference, -0.22, 95% CI= -0.90, 0.46) or for any age group. Upgrading to primary enforcement no longer appears protective for motor vehicle crash death rates. Copyright © 2017 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Economic costs of low safety belt usage in motor vehicle crashes in Kentucky.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2005-10-01

By passing legislation in 2006 to mandate primary enforcement of the Kentucky state law requiring safety belt use for motor vehicle occupants, the state could expect to realize an overall savings of at least $118 million in direct medical costs over ...

Safety Belt Use: Traffic Safety Tips

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1996-01-01

This fact sheet, NHTSA Facts: Summer 1996, discusses traffic safety tips for wearing seat belts. It describes the correct way to wear a seat belt, how to sit, and differentiates between lap belts and shoulder belts. It points out that air bags provid...

Estimated safety belt use rates under primary and secondary enforcement statutes : final report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1991-01-01

The Virginia Transportation Research Council was requested by the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles to estimate the changes in statewide safety belt use that would occur if the state were to modify its current mandatory use law (HUL) to permit pr...

Evaluation of Maryland, Oklahoma and the District of Columbia's seat belt law change to primary enforcement

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2001-03-01

Some states allow an officer to stop a motorist for an observed belt law violation alone (primary enforcement). Most require that the initial stop be made for some other violation before a belt citation can be issued (secondary enforcement). In 1997,...

[Roadside observation on the use of safety belt in Guangzhou and Nanning cites of China].

PubMed

Li, Li-ping; Stevenson, Mark; Ivers, Rebecca; Zhou, Ying

2006-08-01

To determine the rates of correct use of safety belt (CUSB) among drivers and front seat passengers in Guangzhou and Nanning through roadside observation and to provide scientific evidence for the development of intervention plan and to strengthen road safety law enforcement. Observational sites were randomly selected from three road types (Highway, Main Street and Subordinate Street). Targeted automobiles were observed at each site at four different times and uniformed checklists were used to record safety belt use during observations. Within each vehicle, belt use by drivers of different sex, road type, workday/weekend, day/night and seating position were calculated. Data was analyzed, using Chi-square tests to compare the statistic significance. (1)The rate of CUSB and non-use rate among drivers were higher in Nanning than in Guangzhou (P= 0.00) but the rate of incorrect use was on the contrarary. (2) The rate of CUSB by front seat passengers in Guangzhou was higher than that in Nanning (P = 0.04); as well as the rate of (P = 0.00) incorrect use while the non-use rate was on the contrarary. (3)In general, the rate of CUSB was higher on highways than on local streets (P = 0.00). (4) The CUSB rate of drivers and front seat passengers was higher at daytime than at night (P = 0.00), and the rate of incorrect use was higher at working days than weekends (P = 0.00). (5) The CUSB rate was higher for female drivers than for males in Guangzhou (P = 0.00), but there no statistical significance was found in Nanning (P = 0.21). Results suggested that intervention actions should be undertaken to raise the awareness of the importance of safety belt use. Effective public information and education programs, law enforcement and mandatory safety belt use, prioritizing programs on people neglegent to the importance are necessary to increase the safety belt use and to decrease the mortality and injuries caused by traffic accidents.

14 CFR 27.1413 - Safety belts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Safety belts. 27.1413 Section 27.1413 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Equipment Safety Equipment § 27.1413 Safety belts. Each safety belt...

14 CFR 27.1413 - Safety belts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Safety belts. 27.1413 Section 27.1413 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Equipment Safety Equipment § 27.1413 Safety belts. Each safety belt...

36 CFR 4.15 - Safety belts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Safety belts. 4.15 Section 4... TRAFFIC SAFETY § 4.15 Safety belts. (a) Each operator and passenger occupying any seating position of a motor vehicle in a park area will have the safety belt or child restraint system properly fastened at...

36 CFR 4.15 - Safety belts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Safety belts. 4.15 Section 4... TRAFFIC SAFETY § 4.15 Safety belts. (a) Each operator and passenger occupying any seating position of a motor vehicle in a park area will have the safety belt or child restraint system properly fastened at...

14 CFR 31.63 - Safety belts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Safety belts. 31.63 Section 31.63 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: MANNED FREE BALLOONS Design Construction § 31.63 Safety belts. (a) There must be a safety belt...

14 CFR 31.63 - Safety belts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Safety belts. 31.63 Section 31.63 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: MANNED FREE BALLOONS Design Construction § 31.63 Safety belts. (a) There must be a safety belt...

May 2004 Click It or Ticket seat belt mobilization evaluation

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2007-05-01

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Air : Bag & Seat Belt Safety Campaign of the National Safety Council, : in conjunction with thousands of State and local law enforcement : agencies, conduct annual national seat belt mobiliza...

46 CFR 169.723 - Safety belts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Safety belts. 169.723 Section 169.723 Shipping COAST... Control, Miscellaneous Systems, and Equipment § 169.723 Safety belts. Each vessel must carry a harness type safety belt conforming to Offshore Racing Council (ORC) standards for each person on watch or...

46 CFR 169.723 - Safety belts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Safety belts. 169.723 Section 169.723 Shipping COAST... Control, Miscellaneous Systems, and Equipment § 169.723 Safety belts. Each vessel must carry a harness type safety belt conforming to Offshore Racing Council (ORC) standards for each person on watch or...

2003 safety belt usage survey in Kentucky.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2003-08-01

The objective of this study was to establish 2003 safety belt and child safety seat usage rates in Kentucky. The 2003 survey continues to document the results after enactment of a statewide mandatory safety belt law in 1994 and safety belt enforcemen...

2004 safety belt usage survey in Kentucky.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2004-08-01

The objective of this study was to establish 2004 safety belt and child safety seat usage rates in Kentucky. The 2004 survey continues to document the results after enactment of a statewide mandatory safety belt law in 1994 and safety belt enforcemen...

Safety belt promotion: theory and practice.

PubMed

Nelson, G D; Moffit, P B

1988-02-01

The purpose of this paper is to provide practitioners a rationale and description of selected theoretically based approaches to safety belt promotion. Theory failure is a threat to the integrity and effectiveness of safety belt promotion. The absence of theory driven programs designed to promote safety belt use is a concern of this paper. Six theoretical models from the social and behavioral sciences are reviewed with suggestions for application to promoting safety belt use and include Theory of Reasoned Action, the Health Belief Model, Fear Arousal, Operant Learning, Social Learning Theory, and Diffusion of Innovations. Guidelines for the selection and utilization of theory are discussed.

Evaluation of a high-visibility seat belt enforcement program on the Blue Ridge Parkway.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-11-01

The National Park Service (NPS) conducted a high-visibility enforcement (HVE) seat belt program on a 24-mile section of the Blue Ridge Parkway (BRP) known as the Roanoke Corridor, that carries both park and commuter traffic. Seat belts are required b...

Occupant protection special traffic enforcement program evaluation

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1999-04-01

Occupant Protection Special Traffic Enforcement Programs (OP sTEP) are periods of highly visible seat belt law enforcement combined with extensive media support. The objective of the present study was to describe National Highway Traffic Safety Admin...

36 CFR 1004.15 - Safety belts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Safety belts. 1004.15 Section 1004.15 Parks, Forests, and Public Property PRESIDIO TRUST VEHICLES AND TRAFFIC SAFETY § 1004.15 Safety... administered by the Presidio Trust will have the safety belt or child restraint system properly fastened at all...

36 CFR 1004.15 - Safety belts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Safety belts. 1004.15 Section 1004.15 Parks, Forests, and Public Property PRESIDIO TRUST VEHICLES AND TRAFFIC SAFETY § 1004.15 Safety... administered by the Presidio Trust will have the safety belt or child restraint system properly fastened at all...

Synaptic ribbon. Conveyor belt or safety belt?

PubMed

Parsons, T D; Sterling, P

2003-02-06

The synaptic ribbon in neurons that release transmitter via graded potentials has been considered as a conveyor belt that actively moves vesicles toward their release sites. But evidence has accumulated to the contrary, and it now seems plausible that the ribbon serves instead as a safety belt to tether vesicles stably in mutual contact and thus facilitate multivesicular release by compound exocytosis.

Evaluation of California's safety belt law change to primary enforcement

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1994-12-01

Some states allow an officer to stop a vehicle for an observed belt law violation alone (primary). Most require that the initial stop be made for some other violation before a belt law citation can be issued (secondary). On January 1, 1993, Californi...

A cost benefit analysis of an enhanced seat belt enforcement program in South Africa.

PubMed

Harris, G T; Olukoga, I A

2005-04-01

To examine whether a program to increase the wearing of seat belts in a South African urban area would be worthwhile in societal terms. A cost benefit analysis of a one year enhanced seat belt enforcement program in eThekwini (Durban) Municipality. Data were drawn from two main sources--a 1998 study of the cost of road crashes in South Africa and, given the absence of other data, a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of various types of interventions to reduce road crash casualties in the United States--and were analyzed using cost benefit analysis. A program designed to enforce greater wearing of seat belts, estimated to cost 2 million rand in one year, could be reasonably expected to increase seat belt usage rates by 16 percentage points and reduce fatalities and injuries by 9.5%. This would result in saved social costs of 13.6 million rand in the following year or a net present value of 11.6 million rand. There would also be favorable consequences for municipal finances. Investment in a program to increase seat belt wearing rates is highly profitable in societal terms.

2017 safety belt usage survey in Kentucky.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2017-08-01

The use of safety belts and child safety seats is a proven means of reducing injuries to motor vehicle occupants involved in traffic crashes. There have been various methods used in efforts to increase safety belt and safety seat usage. Past efforts ...

2016 safety belt usage survey in Kentucky.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2016-08-01

The use of safety belts and child safety seats is a proven means of reducing injuries to motor vehicle occupants involved in traffic crashes. There have been various methods used in efforts to increase safety belt and safety seat usage. Past efforts ...

2015 safety belt usage survey in Kentucky.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2015-08-01

The use of safety belts and child safety seats has been shown to be an effective means of : reducing injuries to motor-vehicle occupants involved in traffic crashes. There have been various : methods used in efforts to increase safety belt and safety...

2001 Safety belt usage survey in Kentucky

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2001-08-01

The objective of this study was to establish 2001 safety belt and child safety seat usage rates in Kentucky. The 2001 survey continues to document the results after enactment of a statewide mandatory safety belt law in 1994. It also documented the lo...

2002 safety belt usage survey in Kentucky

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2002-07-01

The objective of this study was to establish 2002 safety belt and child safety seat usage rates in Kentucky. The 2002 survey continues to document the results after enactment of a statewide mandatory safety belt law in 1994. Data were collected at 20...

2000 Safety belt usage survey in Kentucky

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2000-08-01

The objective of this study was to establish 2000 safety belt and child safety seat usage rates in Kentucky. The 2000 survey continues to document the results after enactment of a statewide mandatory safety belt law in 1994. Data were collected at 20...

14 CFR 125.211 - Seat and safety belts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Seat and safety belts. 125.211 Section 125... Requirements § 125.211 Seat and safety belts. (a) No person may operate an airplane unless there are available... the airplane who is at least 2 years old; and (2) An approved safety belt for separate use by each...

Local police enforcement, public information and education strategies to foster more and proper use of child safety seats by toddlers : evaluation of a demonstration project

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1994-03-01

This project evaluated the effects of enforcing safety belt (SB)/child safety seat (CSS) laws and providing public information and education (PI&E) about the laws and use and proper use of CSSs--without external funding. Project goals focused on incr...

Effectiveness of high school safety belt instruction

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1982-12-01

The Effectiveness of High School Safety Belt Instruction was developed during a two-phased project. In Phase I, Focus Group Activities were conducted to determine whether audiovisual safety belt instructional materials assembled by the National Highw...

Evaluation of Nighttime Seat Belt Enforcement Demonstration Program and Identification of Characteristics of Unbelted High-Risk Drivers

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2018-04-01

The present study evaluated the effectiveness of a high-visibility nighttime seat belt enforcement program conducted in Maryland by measuring changes in day and night self-reported and observed seat belt use and crash outcomes. To better understand t...

Influence of an Enforcement Campaign on Seat-Belt and Helmet Wearing, Karachi-Hala Highway, Pakistan

PubMed Central

Bhatti, Junaid A.; Ejaz, Kiran; Razzak, Junaid A.; Tunio, Israr Ali; Sodhar, Irshad

2011-01-01

This study assessed to what extent an enforcement campaign influenced seat-belt and helmet wearing on a Pakistani highway. The study setting was the Karachi-Hala highway where a traffic enforcement campaign was conducted from Dec 2009 to Feb 2010. Seat-belt and helmet wearing were observed in Nov 2009 and Apr 2010 at Karachi toll plaza. Differences in wearing rates as a function of occupants’ age, sex, and vehicle type were compared between the two periods. On average, 9 119 (Standard deviation=1 896) traffic citations were issued per month from Aug 2009 to Feb 2010; 4.2% of which were for not wearing helmet. A 22.5% increase in citations was observed for Dec 2009 to Feb 2010 periods compared with Aug 2009 to Oct 2009 periods. Nearly six thousand four-wheeled and four hundred two-wheeled motorized vehicle occupants were observed in Nov 2009 and Apr 2010. Overall, two of the five drivers and one of the five front seat occupants wore seat belts. This proportion was significantly higher in drivers and front-seat occupants of cars than those of heavier vehicles. Similarly, one of two motorcyclists used a helmet but this proportion was 5.8% for pillion riders in Nov 2009. The increased enforcement had a limited influence on belt wearing in drivers (+4.0%; 95% Confidence Interval [95%CI]=1.8–6.1) and occupants (+6.2%; 95%CI=4.2–8.2). A higher increase was observed for motorcyclists (+9.8%; 95%CI=2.6–16.8) and pillion riders (+12.8%; 95%CI=5.4, 20.5). These results suggested that serious efforts are required to increase seat-belt and helmet use on Pakistani highways. Improving enforcement resources, increased fines, not allowing such vehicles on roads, and awareness campaigns targeting drivers of heavy vehicles might increase wearing rates in Pakistan. PMID:22105384

Factors related to increasing safety belt use in states with safety belt use laws : second annual report to Congress

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1989-01-01

This report is the second in a series of four annual reports to the Congress on provisions of state safety belt use laws and other programmatic factors related to increasing safety belt use levels. The first Congressional Report reviewed what was kno...

Effects of safety belt laws on safety belt use by American High School Seniors, 1986-2000.

PubMed

O'Malley, Patrick M; Wagenaar, Alexander C

2004-01-01

This manuscript evaluates the effects of enactment of state laws that required safety belt use in various U.S. states between 1986 and 2000. Safety belt use was assessed using nationally representative cross-sectional samples of high school seniors; evaluation of the effects of laws used data from over 2,000 high school seniors before and about 3,300 after the laws took effect in 20 states. Belt use was found to increase significantly between 1986 and 2000, and the laws contributed significantly to that increase. Increases were similar for students differing by gender, race/ethnicity, parent education, grades, truancy, evenings out per week, miles driven per week, and an index of illicit drug use. The data show that although the laws have increased belt use, use is not universal and continued efforts are needed. This study shows that many teenagers fail to use belts when there is a secondary use law; an implication is that primary laws would be more efficacious in increasing use among this vulnerable population.

Factors related to increasing safety belt use in states with safety belt use laws : second annual report to Congress, 1988.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1989-01-01

This report. is the second in a series of four annual reports to the : Congress on provisions of state safety belt use laws and other : programmatic factors related to increasing safety belt use levels. : The first Congressional Report reviewed what ...

Evaluation of safety belt education program for employees

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1980-06-01

This research was designed to determine the effectiveness of a nine-month safety belt educational program, utilizing various informational materials developed by NHTSA, in increasing safety belt usage among corporate employees. The materials used inc...

CDC Vital Signs: Adult Seat Belt Use in the US

MedlinePlus

... Healthy Living HIV / AIDS Injury, Violence & Safety Motor Vehicle Safety Obesity Prescription Drug Overdoses Teen Pregnancy Tobacco ... enforcement seat belt laws achieved 88% use.* Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for ...

International survey of seat belt use exemptions.

PubMed

Weiss, H; Sirin, H; Levine, J A; Sauber, E

2006-08-01

Substantial evidence of seatbelt efficacy has been shown by several studies, and it is widely recommended that motor vehicle occupants use properly fitted seat belts. However, some (but a heretofore unknown number of) countries with national seat belt laws permit various exemptions which may lower use rates. The aim of this study was to survey the variety of exemptions to national seat belt laws. This investigation relied on identifying respondents from national traffic safety agencies, other governmental and non-governmental organizations, Internet searches, personal contacts, and other sources. Questionnaires were deployed through a web based survey supplemented by email and postal versions. Responses were received from 30 countries of which 28 (93.7%) had a national seat belt law. About two thirds (63.7%) of the 28 national laws applied to both front and back seat passengers. The leading exemption types included vehicles made before a certain year (n = 13), antique vehicles (n = 12), military vehicles (n = 11), buses (n = 9), and emergency vehicles (n = 8). Most responding countries reported one or more specific categories of individuals as exempt including those with medical exemptions (n = 20), taxi drivers (n = 11), police (n = 9), emergency medical personnel (n = 8), physically disabled people (n = 6), and pregnant women (n = 6). Out of 26 responses to the question regarding current level of enforcement, 42.3% felt enforcement was "very good or good" and 57.7% characterized it as "fair or poor". This study represents one of the largest international traffic law surveys reported. Most national seatbelt laws offer perilous exemptions to a broad array of vehicle types and road user groups. These findings, coupled with concern over the level of enforcement in the majority of countries surveyed, suggest that international road safety efforts have a long way to go to improve coverage and enforcement of national seat belt laws.

Driver hand-held mobile phone use and safety belt use.

PubMed

Eby, David W; Vivoda, Jonathon M

2003-11-01

The purposes of the study were to identify hand-held mobile phone use trends for Michigan and to compare safety belt use between users and nonusers. Mobile phone and safety belt use was investigated by a direct observation survey of drivers at intersections in Michigan. Data were weighted to calculate mobile phone use and safety belt use rates statewide. The study showed 2.7% of Michigan drivers were using a mobile phone at any given daylight time. Safety belt use of current mobile phone users was significantly lower than those not using mobile phones.

Prioritizing Safety with Seat Belts: The Unanswered Question.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Farrell, Elaine

1987-01-01

Reviews conflicting federal and state developments (including liability lawsuits) involving seat belt installation on school buses. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the National Transportation Safety Board differ on this issue, and several states are considering seat belt legislation or crashworthiness studies. Hints are…

46 CFR 169.825 - Wearing of safety belts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Wearing of safety belts. 169.825 Section 169.825 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) NAUTICAL SCHOOLS SAILING SCHOOL VESSELS Operations § 169.825 Wearing of safety belts. The master of each vessel shall ensure that each person wears...

46 CFR 169.825 - Wearing of safety belts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Wearing of safety belts. 169.825 Section 169.825 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) NAUTICAL SCHOOLS SAILING SCHOOL VESSELS Operations § 169.825 Wearing of safety belts. The master of each vessel shall ensure that each person wears...

Promoting Automobile Safety Belt Use by Young Children.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sowers-Hoag, Karen M.; And Others

1987-01-01

A program of behavioral practice, assertiveness training, and social and contrived reinforcers was successful in establishing and maintaining automobile safety belt use by 16 children (ages 4-7) who never used them during a five-day preobservation period. Safety belt use occurred during 76%-90% of follow-up observations after two-three months.…

14 CFR 121.311 - Seats, safety belts, and shoulder harnesses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Seats, safety belts, and shoulder harnesses... § 121.311 Seats, safety belts, and shoulder harnesses. (a) No person may operate an airplane unless... belt and shoulder harness that meets the applicable requirements specified in § 25.785 of this chapter...

14 CFR 121.311 - Seats, safety belts, and shoulder harnesses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Seats, safety belts, and shoulder harnesses... § 121.311 Seats, safety belts, and shoulder harnesses. (a) No person may operate an airplane unless... belt and shoulder harness that meets the applicable requirements specified in § 25.785 of this chapter...

14 CFR 121.311 - Seats, safety belts, and shoulder harnesses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Seats, safety belts, and shoulder harnesses... § 121.311 Seats, safety belts, and shoulder harnesses. (a) No person may operate an airplane unless... belt and shoulder harness that meets the applicable requirements specified in § 25.785 of this chapter...

14 CFR 121.311 - Seats, safety belts, and shoulder harnesses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Seats, safety belts, and shoulder harnesses... § 121.311 Seats, safety belts, and shoulder harnesses. (a) No person may operate an airplane unless... belt and shoulder harness that meets the applicable requirements specified in § 25.785 of this chapter...

14 CFR 121.311 - Seats, safety belts, and shoulder harnesses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Seats, safety belts, and shoulder harnesses... § 121.311 Seats, safety belts, and shoulder harnesses. (a) No person may operate an airplane unless... belt and shoulder harness that meets the applicable requirements specified in § 25.785 of this chapter...

Enforcing Job Safety: A Managerial View

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barnako, Frank R.

1975-01-01

The views of management or of employees regarding enforcement of the job safety law range from general satisfaction to calls for repeal of the act. The complexity of standards, statistics and recordkeeping, and enforcement procedures are major areas of concern. (MW)

International survey of seat belt use exemptions

PubMed Central

Weiss, H; Sirin, H; Levine, J A; Sauber, E

2006-01-01

Background Substantial evidence of seatbelt efficacy has been shown by several studies, and it is widely recommended that motor vehicle occupants use properly fitted seat belts. However, some (but a heretofore unknown number of) countries with national seat belt laws permit various exemptions which may lower use rates. The aim of this study was to survey the variety of exemptions to national seat belt laws. Methods This investigation relied on identifying respondents from national traffic safety agencies, other governmental and non‐governmental organizations, Internet searches, personal contacts, and other sources. Questionnaires were deployed through a web based survey supplemented by email and postal versions. Results Responses were received from 30 countries of which 28 (93.7%) had a national seat belt law. About two thirds (63.7%) of the 28 national laws applied to both front and back seat passengers. The leading exemption types included vehicles made before a certain year (n = 13), antique vehicles (n = 12), military vehicles (n = 11), buses (n = 9), and emergency vehicles (n = 8). Most responding countries reported one or more specific categories of individuals as exempt including those with medical exemptions (n = 20), taxi drivers (n = 11), police (n = 9), emergency medical personnel (n = 8), physically disabled people (n = 6), and pregnant women (n = 6). Out of 26 responses to the question regarding current level of enforcement, 42.3% felt enforcement was “very good or good” and 57.7% characterized it as “fair or poor”. Conclusions This study represents one of the largest international traffic law surveys reported. Most national seatbelt laws offer perilous exemptions to a broad array of vehicle types and road user groups. These findings, coupled with concern over the level of enforcement in the majority of countries surveyed, suggest that international road safety efforts have a long way to go to

Evaluation of a county enforcement program with a primary seat belt ordinance : St. Louis County, Missouri.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-05-01

In March 2007, St. Louis County implemented a seat belt ordinance that allowed for traditional : enforcement procedures. In order to increase usage on St. Louis County roads, particularly on roadways : with fatal or disabling injury crashes, the St. ...

14 CFR 29.1413 - Safety belts: passenger warning device.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Safety belts: passenger warning device. 29.1413 Section 29.1413 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF....1413 Safety belts: passenger warning device. (a) If there are means to indicate to the passengers when...

14 CFR 29.1413 - Safety belts: passenger warning device.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Safety belts: passenger warning device. 29.1413 Section 29.1413 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF....1413 Safety belts: passenger warning device. (a) If there are means to indicate to the passengers when...

14 CFR 29.1413 - Safety belts: passenger warning device.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Safety belts: passenger warning device. 29.1413 Section 29.1413 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF....1413 Safety belts: passenger warning device. (a) If there are means to indicate to the passengers when...

14 CFR 29.1413 - Safety belts: passenger warning device.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Safety belts: passenger warning device. 29.1413 Section 29.1413 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF....1413 Safety belts: passenger warning device. (a) If there are means to indicate to the passengers when...

14 CFR 29.1413 - Safety belts: passenger warning device.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Safety belts: passenger warning device. 29.1413 Section 29.1413 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF....1413 Safety belts: passenger warning device. (a) If there are means to indicate to the passengers when...

Fall Protection Characteristics of Safety Belts and Human Impact Tolerance.

PubMed

Hino, Yasumichi; Ohdo, Katsutoshi; Takahashi, Hiroki

2014-08-23

Many fatal accidents due to falls from heights have occurred at construction sites not only in Japan but also in other countries. This study aims to determine the fall prevention performance of two types of safety belts: a body belt 1) , which has been used for more than 40 yr in the Japanese construction industry as a general type of safety equipment for fall accident prevention, and a full harness 2, 3) , which has been used in many other countries. To determine human tolerance for impact trauma, this study discusses features of safety belts with reference 4-9) to relevant studies in the medical science, automobile crash safety, and aircrew safety. For this purpose, simple drop tests were carried out in a virtual workplace to measure impact load, head acceleration, and posture in the experiments, the Hybrid-III pedestrian model 10) was used as a human dummy. Hybrid-III is typically employed in official automobile crash tests (New Car Assessment Program: NCAP) and is currently recognized as a model that faithfully reproduces dynamic responses. Experimental results shows that safety performance strongly depends on both the variety of safety belts used and the shock absorbers attached onto lanyards. These findings indicate that fall prevention equipment, such as safety belts, lanyards, and shock absorbers, must be improved to reduce impact injuries to the human head and body during falls.

Fall protection characteristics of safety belts and human impact tolerance.

PubMed

Hino, Yasumichi; Ohdo, Katsutoshi; Takahashi, Hiroki

2014-01-01

Many fatal accidents due to falls from heights have occurred at construction sites not only in Japan but also in other countries. This study aims to determine the fall prevention performance of two types of safety belts: a body belt, which has been used for more than 40 yr in the Japanese construction industry as a general type of safety equipment for fall accident prevention, and a full harness, which has been used in many other countries. To determine human tolerance for impact trauma, this study discusses features of safety belts with reference to relevant studies in the medical science, automobile crash safety, and aircrew safety. For this purpose, simple drop tests were carried out in a virtual workplace to measure impact load, head acceleration, and posture in the experiments, the Hybrid-III pedestrian model was used as a human dummy. Hybrid-III is typically employed in official automobile crash tests (New Car Assessment Program: NCAP) and is currently recognized as a model that faithfully reproduces dynamic responses. Experimental results shows that safety performance strongly depends on both the variety of safety belts used and the shock absorbers attached onto lanyards. These findings indicate that fall prevention equipment, such as safety belts, lanyards, and shock absorbers, must be improved to reduce impact injuries to the human head and body during falls.

Safety belt usage attitude study

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1979-02-01

Despite increasing evidence that occupant restraint laws are effective in getting people to wear safety belts and an extremely cost-effective measure for reducing highway deaths and injuries, strong opposition at the state-level has prevented passage...

Automated enforcement and highway safety : [tech summary].

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2013-11-01

The Louisiana Transportation Research Center (LTRC) funded the Automated Enforcement and Highway Safety project to evaluate : the advantages and disadvantages of automated enforcement at intersections, identify strategies to enhance public opinion re...

14 CFR 137.42 - Fastening of safety belts and shoulder harnesses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Fastening of safety belts and shoulder... AGRICULTURAL AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS Operating Rules § 137.42 Fastening of safety belts and shoulder harnesses. No... belt and shoulder harness properly secured about that person except that the shoulder harness need not...

14 CFR 137.42 - Fastening of safety belts and shoulder harnesses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Fastening of safety belts and shoulder... AGRICULTURAL AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS Operating Rules § 137.42 Fastening of safety belts and shoulder harnesses. No... belt and shoulder harness properly secured about that person except that the shoulder harness need not...

14 CFR 137.42 - Fastening of safety belts and shoulder harnesses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Fastening of safety belts and shoulder... AGRICULTURAL AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS Operating Rules § 137.42 Fastening of safety belts and shoulder harnesses. No... belt and shoulder harness properly secured about that person except that the shoulder harness need not...

14 CFR 137.42 - Fastening of safety belts and shoulder harnesses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Fastening of safety belts and shoulder... AGRICULTURAL AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS Operating Rules § 137.42 Fastening of safety belts and shoulder harnesses. No... belt and shoulder harness properly secured about that person except that the shoulder harness need not...

14 CFR 137.42 - Fastening of safety belts and shoulder harnesses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Fastening of safety belts and shoulder... AGRICULTURAL AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS Operating Rules § 137.42 Fastening of safety belts and shoulder harnesses. No... belt and shoulder harness properly secured about that person except that the shoulder harness need not...

Fall Protection Characteristics of Safety Belts and Human Impact Tolerance

PubMed Central

HINO, Yasumichi; OHDO, Katsutoshi; TAKAHASHI, Hiroki

2014-01-01

Abstract: Many fatal accidents due to falls from heights have occurred at construction sites not only in Japan but also in other countries. This study aims to determine the fall prevention performance of two types of safety belts: a body belt1), which has been used for more than 40 yr in the Japanese construction industry as a general type of safety equipment for fall accident prevention, and a full harness2, 3), which has been used in many other countries. To determine human tolerance for impact trauma, this study discusses features of safety belts with reference4,5,6,7,8,9) to relevant studies in the medical science, automobile crash safety, and aircrew safety. For this purpose, simple drop tests were carried out in a virtual workplace to measure impact load, head acceleration, and posture in the experiments, the Hybrid-III pedestrian model10) was used as a human dummy. Hybrid-III is typically employed in official automobile crash tests (New Car Assessment Program: NCAP) and is currently recognized as a model that faithfully reproduces dynamic responses. Experimental results shows that safety performance strongly depends on both the variety of safety belts used and the shock absorbers attached onto lanyards. These findings indicate that fall prevention equipment, such as safety belts, lanyards, and shock absorbers, must be improved to reduce impact injuries to the human head and body during falls. PMID:25345426

Cost-benefit analysis of safety belts in Texas school buses.

PubMed

Begley, C E; Biddle, A K

1988-01-01

Although safety belts have been shown to reduce the risk of serious injury or death in automobile crashes, evidence of their effectiveness in school buses is uncertain. In this paper, the potential costs and benefits of mandatory safety belts in Texas school buses are estimated, based on the assumption that their effectiveness is less than or equal to rear seatbelt effectiveness in autos. Costs are based on both retrofitting old buses with belts and installing them in new buses. Benefits include the direct and indirect (forgone earnings) cost-savings from preventable injuries and fatalities. Results indicate that a law mandating safety belts in Texas school buses would not be cost-beneficial. Annual benefits would exceed the annual costs of installing belts in new school buses. However, the benefits would not be large enough to compensate for the five-year costs associated with retrofitting old buses.

Cost-benefit analysis of safety belts in Texas school buses.

PubMed Central

Begley, C E; Biddle, A K

1988-01-01

Although safety belts have been shown to reduce the risk of serious injury or death in automobile crashes, evidence of their effectiveness in school buses is uncertain. In this paper, the potential costs and benefits of mandatory safety belts in Texas school buses are estimated, based on the assumption that their effectiveness is less than or equal to rear seatbelt effectiveness in autos. Costs are based on both retrofitting old buses with belts and installing them in new buses. Benefits include the direct and indirect (forgone earnings) cost-savings from preventable injuries and fatalities. Results indicate that a law mandating safety belts in Texas school buses would not be cost-beneficial. Annual benefits would exceed the annual costs of installing belts in new school buses. However, the benefits would not be large enough to compensate for the five-year costs associated with retrofitting old buses. PMID:3140273

Participative education for children: an effective approach to increase safety belt use.

PubMed Central

Lehman, G R; Geller, E S

1990-01-01

Vehicle license plate numbers and the shoulder belt use of front-seat occupants were recorded unobtrusively when parents delivered and picked up their children at a Montessori school during 5-day baseline, intervention, and follow-up phases. Practicing and presenting a 15-min safety belt skit increased the safety belt use of those 6 kindergarten children who were not consistent belt users 82% above their preintervention baseline belt use mean of 47%. The belt use of these children's parents (who watched the skit) increased to 56% above their baseline mean of 36%. Also, mean safety belt use of 11 primary school children who watched the skit increased to 70% above their baseline of 28%. Mean safety belt use of the older children's parents (who didn't watch the skit) remained at approximately 31% for each phase, regardless of whether children were vehicle occupants. The follow-up observations, taken 3 months after the intervention, revealed 60% belt use for the kindergartners, 48% for the primary school children, and 71% for the kindergartners' parents when the children were vehicle occupants but only 30% when the parents were driving alone. PMID:2373658

Evaluation of child safety seat enforcement strategies

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1989-09-01

Nine community programs designed to increase child safety seat (CSS) use through public information and education (PI&E) and enforcement were evaluated. An administrative evaluation documented each site's PI&E and enforcement activties. A total of 5,...

Motor vehicle safety : comprehensive state programs offer best opportunity for increasing use of safety belts

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1996-01-01

This report describes the nation's progress in achieving goals for the use of safety belts in motor vehicles, assesses the strategies used most successfully by some states to increase the use of safety belts, and identifies federal strategies that co...

Characteristics and conditions of teenage safety belt use

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1997-07-01

Safety belt use was observed for 7,384 vehicle occupants estimated as 15-19 years old in four states - Texas, Virginia, Idaho, and Mississippi. Age and other pertinent information was obtained from 2,330 teen occupants. Belt use ranged from 19.5% in ...

Increasing safety belt use by high risk drivers

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1991-04-01

The objectives of this study were to: 1) identify groups of non-belt users who are most likely to become involved in highway crashes and 2) develop and test communication programs designed to increase safety belt use by one or more of these groups. T...

Motivating signage prompts safety belt use among drivers exiting senior communities.

PubMed

Cox, B S; Cox, A B; Cox, D J

2000-01-01

Senior drivers are vulnerable to automobile crashes and subsequent injury and death. Safety belts reduce health risks associated with auto crashes. Therefore, it is important to encourage senior drivers to wear safety belts while driving. Using an AB design, replicated five times, we evaluated the short- and long-term effects of a sign with the message "BUCKLE UP, STAY SAFE" attached to a stop sign at the exits of five different senior communities. Safety belt use was stable during two pretreatment assessments averaged across the five sites and 250 drivers (72% and 68% usage), but significantly increased following installation of these signs (94% usage). Six months after installation of the signs, the effect persisted (88% usage). Use of such signs may be a cost-effective way of promoting safety belt use.

Loss Prevention through Safety Belt Use: A Handbook for Managers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (DOT), Washington, DC.

This handbook is designed to help managers address safety belt usage issues through a cost-effective and direct approach--establishing an employee safety belt program. The handbook offers a hands-on guide for conducting the program and provides for implementation at all levels. The handbook contains cost information, a program overview, policy and…

The behavioral impact of an advertising campaign to promote safety belt use.

PubMed Central

Cope, J G; Moy, S S; Grossnickle, W F

1988-01-01

Safety belt use was observed at one restaurant during McDonald's "Make It Click" promotional campaign. Following baseline, the program was monitored without intervention. During the final 2 weeks of the campaign an incentive strategy was added providing a large soft drink contingent on safety belt use. Safety belt use did not change from baseline levels before the incentive phase. The rate of belt use increased under contingent reward and declined during follow-up. The effects of a verbal prompt could not be assessed because of the almost nonexistent use of the "Make It Click" stickers throughout the study. PMID:3198548

The behavioral impact of an advertising campaign to promote safety belt use.

PubMed

Cope, J G; Moy, S S; Grossnickle, W F

1988-01-01

Safety belt use was observed at one restaurant during McDonald's "Make It Click" promotional campaign. Following baseline, the program was monitored without intervention. During the final 2 weeks of the campaign an incentive strategy was added providing a large soft drink contingent on safety belt use. Safety belt use did not change from baseline levels before the incentive phase. The rate of belt use increased under contingent reward and declined during follow-up. The effects of a verbal prompt could not be assessed because of the almost nonexistent use of the "Make It Click" stickers throughout the study.

49 CFR 385.119 - Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement... REGULATIONS SAFETY FITNESS PROCEDURES Safety Monitoring System for Mexico-Domiciled Carriers § 385.119 Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement procedures. At all times during which a Mexico-domiciled motor...

49 CFR 385.717 - Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement... REGULATIONS SAFETY FITNESS PROCEDURES Safety Monitoring System for Non-North American Carriers § 385.717 Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement procedures. At all times during which a non-North America...

49 CFR 385.119 - Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement... REGULATIONS SAFETY FITNESS PROCEDURES Safety Monitoring System for Mexico-Domiciled Carriers § 385.119 Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement procedures. At all times during which a Mexico-domiciled motor...

49 CFR 385.717 - Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement... REGULATIONS SAFETY FITNESS PROCEDURES Safety Monitoring System for Non-North American Carriers § 385.717 Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement procedures. At all times during which a non-North America...

49 CFR 385.119 - Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement... REGULATIONS SAFETY FITNESS PROCEDURES Safety Monitoring System for Mexico-Domiciled Carriers § 385.119 Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement procedures. At all times during which a Mexico-domiciled motor...

49 CFR 385.119 - Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement... REGULATIONS SAFETY FITNESS PROCEDURES Safety Monitoring System for Mexico-Domiciled Carriers § 385.119 Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement procedures. At all times during which a Mexico-domiciled motor...

49 CFR 385.717 - Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement... REGULATIONS SAFETY FITNESS PROCEDURES Safety Monitoring System for Non-North American Carriers § 385.717 Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement procedures. At all times during which a non-North America...

49 CFR 385.717 - Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement... REGULATIONS SAFETY FITNESS PROCEDURES Safety Monitoring System for Non-North American Carriers § 385.717 Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement procedures. At all times during which a non-North America...

49 CFR 385.119 - Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement... REGULATIONS SAFETY FITNESS PROCEDURES Safety Monitoring System for Mexico-Domiciled Carriers § 385.119 Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement procedures. At all times during which a Mexico-domiciled motor...

49 CFR 385.717 - Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement... REGULATIONS SAFETY FITNESS PROCEDURES Safety Monitoring System for Non-North American Carriers § 385.717 Applicability of safety fitness and enforcement procedures. At all times during which a non-North America...

Safety belt interlock system : usage survey

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1975-05-01

This research is intended to measure the effectiveness of the interlocksystem in increasing safety belt usage. Three separate studies wereconducted:(a) among rental car customers at U.S. airports (to obtaina large body of data early in the 1974 model...

Willingness to use safety belt and levels of injury in car accidents.

PubMed

de Lapparent, Matthieu

2008-05-01

In this article, we develop a bivariate ordered Probit model to analyze the decision to fasten the safety belt in a car and the resulting severity of accidents if it happens. The approach takes into account the fact that the decision to fasten the safety belt has a direct causal effect on the category of injury if an accident happens. Our application to a sample drawn from the database of French accident reports in 2003 for three populations of car users (drivers, front passengers, rear passengers) shows that fastening the safety belt is significantly related to a decrease in severe injuries but it shows also that these car users compensate partly for this safety benefit. Furthermore, it is observed that demographic characteristics of car users, as well as transport facilities, play important roles in decisions to fasten safety belts and in the eventual resulting accident injuries.

Long-Term Benefits of Prompts to Use Safety Belts among Drivers Exiting Senior Communities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cox, Cory D.; Cox, Brian S.; Cox, Daniel J.

2005-01-01

Senior drivers are vulnerable to automobile crashes and subsequent injury and death. Safety belts reduce health risks associated with auto crashes. Therefore, it is important to encourage senior drivers to wear safety belts while driving. Using a repeated baseline design (AAB), we previously reported that motivating signs boosted safety belt usage…

Safety belt and motorcycle helmet use in Virginia : the Summer 2003 update.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2004-01-01

The Virginia Transportation Research Council has been collecting safety belt use data in Virginia since 1974. In 1992, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) published the final guidelines for conducting surveys of belt and helmet...

Safety belt and motorcycle helmet use in Virginia : the Summer 2005 update.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2005-01-01

The Virginia Transportation Research Council has been collecting safety belt use data in Virginia since 1974. In 1992, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA) published the final guidelines for conducting surveys of belt and helme...

Safety belt and motorcycle helmet use in Virginia : the Summer 2007 update.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2007-01-01

The Virginia Transportation Research Council has been collecting safety belt use data in Virginia since 1974. In 1992, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) published the final guidelines for conducting surveys of belt and helmet...

Safety belt and motorcycle helmet use in Virginia : the Summer 2004 update.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2004-01-01

The Virginia Transportation Research Council has been collecting safety belt use data in Virginia since 1974. In 1992, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) published the final guidelines for conducting surveys of belt and helmet...

Safety belt and motorcycle helmet use in Virginia : the Summer 2006 update.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2006-01-01

The Virginia Transportation Research Council has been collecting safety belt use data in Virginia since 1974. In 1992, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) published the final guidelines for conducting surveys of belt and helmet...

14 CFR 91.107 - Use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, and child restraint systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses... OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES Flight Rules General § 91.107 Use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, and child... board is briefed on how to fasten and unfasten that person's safety belt and, if installed, shoulder...

14 CFR 91.107 - Use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, and child restraint systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses... OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES Flight Rules General § 91.107 Use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, and child... board is briefed on how to fasten and unfasten that person's safety belt and, if installed, shoulder...

14 CFR 91.107 - Use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, and child restraint systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses... OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES Flight Rules General § 91.107 Use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, and child... fasten and unfasten that person's safety belt and, if installed, shoulder harness. (2) No pilot may cause...

14 CFR 91.107 - Use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, and child restraint systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses... OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES Flight Rules General § 91.107 Use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, and child... board is briefed on how to fasten and unfasten that person's safety belt and, if installed, shoulder...

14 CFR 91.107 - Use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, and child restraint systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses... OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES Flight Rules General § 91.107 Use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, and child... board is briefed on how to fasten and unfasten that person's safety belt and, if installed, shoulder...

Safety belt use estimate for Native American tribal reservations

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2005-10-01

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), Indian Highway Safety Program, sponsored a project to (a) establish the first baseline tribal reservation safety belt use rate, and (b) develop a metho...

Safety belt interlock system usage survey

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1976-08-01

This research is intended to measure the effectiveness of various use-inducing systems in increasing safety belt usage. Specifically, the objectives are: (1) to determine if the 1975 warning system issued in response to P.L. 93-492 is effective in in...

Disentangling the roles of safety climate and safety culture: Multi-level effects on the relationship between supervisor enforcement and safety compliance.

PubMed

Petitta, Laura; Probst, Tahira M; Barbaranelli, Claudio; Ghezzi, Valerio

2017-02-01

Despite increasing attention to contextual effects on the relationship between supervisor enforcement and employee safety compliance, no study has yet explored the conjoint influence exerted simultaneously by organizational safety climate and safety culture. The present study seeks to address this literature shortcoming. We first begin by briefly discussing the theoretical distinctions between safety climate and culture and the rationale for examining these together. Next, using survey data collected from 1342 employees in 32 Italian organizations, we found that employee-level supervisor enforcement, organizational-level safety climate, and autocratic, bureaucratic, and technocratic safety culture dimensions all predicted individual-level safety compliance behaviors. However, the cross-level moderating effect of safety climate was bounded by certain safety culture dimensions, such that safety climate moderated the supervisor enforcement-compliance relationship only under the clan-patronage culture dimension. Additionally, the autocratic and bureaucratic culture dimensions attenuated the relationship between supervisor enforcement and compliance. Finally, when testing the effects of technocratic safety culture and cooperative safety culture, neither safety culture nor climate moderated the relationship between supervisor enforcement and safety compliance. The results suggest a complex relationship between organizational safety culture and safety climate, indicating that organizations with particular safety cultures may be more likely to develop more (or less) positive safety climates. Moreover, employee safety compliance is a function of supervisor safety leadership, as well as the safety climate and safety culture dimensions prevalent within the organization. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A comparison of safety belt use between commercial and noncommercial light-vehicle occupants.

PubMed

Eby, David W; Fordyce, Tiffani A; Vivoda, Jonathon M

2002-05-01

The purpose of this study was to conduct an observational survey of safety belt use to determine the use rate of commercial versus noncommercial light-vehicle occupants. Observations were conducted on front-outboard vehicle occupants in eligible commercial and noncommercial vehicles in Michigan (i.e.. passenger cars, vans/minivans, sport-utility vehicles, and pickup trucks). Commercial vehicles that did not fit into one of the four vehicle type categories, such as tractor-trailers, buses, or heavy trucks, were not included in the survey. The study found that the restraint use rate for commercial light-vehicle occupants was 55.8% statewide. The statewide safety belt use rate for commercial light-vehicles was significantly lower than the rate of 71.2% for noncommercial light-vehicles. The safety belt use rate for commercial vehicles was also significantly different as a function of region, vehicle type, seating position, age group, and road type. The results provide important preliminary data about safety belt use in commercial versus noncommercial light-vehicles and indicate that further effort is needed to promote safety belt use in the commercial light-vehicle occupant population. The study also suggests that additional research is required in order to develop effective programs that address low safety belt use in the commercial light-vehicle occupant population.

The 2007 click it or ticket high-visibility seat belt mobilization : traffic tech.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-09-01

In May 2007 the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration : sponsored the fifth national Click It or Ticket (CIOT) : high-visibility seat belt enforcement mobilization, which followed : the CIOT program model of earned and paid media : publicizi...

Safety belt and motorcycle helmet use in Virginia : the Summer 2008 update.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2008-01-01

This survey was conducted at the request of the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles to track the effectiveness of programmatic efforts carried out to increase safety belt usage in Virginia. The official Virginia safety belt use survey is conducted ...

Wisconsin large truck safety and enforcement study.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-07-01

The Wisconsin Large Truck Safety and Enforcement Study (LTS&E) focused on a system-wide evaluation of large truck safety in the : state of Wisconsin. This study analyzes crash data related to large trucks that are close to the following criteria: gre...

An examination of the comfort and convenience of 1979 safety belt systems

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1979-01-01

The study examines the comfort and convenience aspects of safety belt systems in 1979 model cars and the user and system characteristics which affect safety belt comfort and convenience. The test design required that each of 114 test participants sit...

33 CFR 142.42 - Safety belts and lifelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Safety belts and lifelines. 142.42 Section 142.42 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF ACTIVITIES WORKPLACE SAFETY AND HEALTH Personal Protective Equipment...

33 CFR 142.42 - Safety belts and lifelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Safety belts and lifelines. 142.42 Section 142.42 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF ACTIVITIES WORKPLACE SAFETY AND HEALTH Personal Protective Equipment...

Recommended child safety seat enforcement guidelines

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1989-10-01

The document presents suggestions and examples for planning, developing, implementing and evaluating a local enforcement and public information and education program to increase the use and correct use of child safety seats. The guidelines represent ...

Cross-sectional study of road accidents and related law enforcement efficiency for 10 countries: A gap coherence analysis.

PubMed

Urie, Yohan; Velaga, Nagendra R; Maji, Avijit

2016-10-02

Road crashes are considered as the eighth leading causes of death. There is a wide disparity in crash severity and law enforcement efficiency among low-, medium-, and high-income countries. It would be helpful to review the crash severity trends in these countries, identify the vulnerable road users, and understand the law enforcement effectiveness in devising efficient road safety improvement strategies. The crash severity, fatality rate among various age groups, and law enforcement strategies of 10 countries representing low-income (i.e., India and Morocco), medium-income (i.e. Argentina, South Korea, and Greece), and high-income (i.e., Australia, Canada, France, the UK, and the United States) are studied and compared for a period of 5 years (i.e., 2008 to 2012). The critical parameters affecting road safety are identified and correlated with education, culture, and basic compliance with traffic safety laws. In the process, possible road safety improvement strategies are identified for low-income countries. The number of registered vehicles shows an increasing trend for low-income countries as do the crash rate and crash severity. Compliance related to seat belt and helmet laws is high in high-income countries. In addition, recent seat belt- and helmet-related safety programs in middle-income countries helped to curb fatalities. Noncompliance with safety laws in low-income countries is attributed to education, culture, and inefficient law enforcement. Efficient law enforcement and effective safety education taking into account cultural diversity are the key aspects to reduce traffic-related injuries and fatalities in low-income countries like India.

78 FR 71546 - Safety Zone; Belt Parkway Bridge Construction, Gerritsen Inlet, Brooklyn, NY

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-29

... 1625-AA00 Safety Zone; Belt Parkway Bridge Construction, Gerritsen Inlet, Brooklyn, NY AGENCY: Coast... safety zone on the navigable waters of Gerritsen Inlet surrounding the Belt Parkway Bridge. This proposed rule would allow the Coast Guard to prohibit all vessel traffic through the safety zone during bridge...

Safety belts : the uncollected dividends : a manual for use by state legislators and state officials on techniques to increase safety belt usage.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1977-09-01

Recognizing that increased safety belt usage is by far the most cost-effective I highway safety measure that can be undertaken by any State, this project describes how. States can initiate action to collect major dividends in cost and human welfare.

Health risk appraisal and safety belt use

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1987-05-01

The primary objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of health risk appraisal (HRA) programs for increasing claimed and observed safety belt use. HRA programs were field tested with and without supplemental educational materials on ...

Non-Use of Motor Vehicle Safety Belts as an Issue in Civil Litigation

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1983-08-01

The current and potential role of the "safety belt defense" in civil litigation is studied. The paper presents an overview of the safety belt defense, including an evaluation of current precedent. Based on interviews with leading motor vehicle civil ...

Motivation of employers to encourage their employees to use safety belts (Phase 1)

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1982-05-01

For the purpose of motivating employers to encourage their employees to use safety belts, a manual for employers, "The Profit in Safety Belts: A View for Employers", is developed. The manual brings to the attention of employers the various cost eleme...

Effects of North Carolina's mandatory safety belt law on children.

PubMed Central

Margolis, L. H.; Bracken, J.; Stewart, J. R.

1996-01-01

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of the North Carolina law mandating that all front seat passengers use a safety belt on children 4 through 15 years of age. METHODS: North Carolina collision reports, completed by local police or the state highway patrol for crashes with greater than $500 worth of damage, were analyzed using time series analysis on the monthly percentage of deaths and serious injuries between January of 1980 and February of 1994. RESULTS: Following the 1985 implementation of the law, children 4 to 15 years of age experienced a 42% decline in deaths and serious injuries. CONCLUSIONS: The mandatory safety belt law in North Carolina has been associated with a decline in deaths and serious injuries. Additional research in needed to assess the seat belt behaviors of this age group as well as the specific effects of seat belt use using outcome measures more precise than those available in police crash reports. PMID:9346051

Exploration of impact measures of safety belt use laws. Volume 1

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1990-02-01

Author's abstract: This project identified, evaluated, and recommended indicators of safety belt use law (SBUL) impact (other than fatality reduction and observed belt usage), as well as institutional sources that collect them. The project involved a...

2014 safety belt usage survey in Kentucky.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-08-01

The objective of the survey summarized in this report was to establish a statewide safety belt usage rate in Kentucky for 2014. This rate can be compared to those determined from previous surveys. The 2014 statewide survey continues to document the i...

Disparities in safety belt use by sexual orientation identity among US high school students.

PubMed

Reisner, Sari L; Van Wagenen, Aimee; Gordon, Allegra; Calzo, Jerel P

2014-02-01

We examined associations between adolescents' safety belt use and sexual orientation identity. We pooled data from the 2005 and 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (n = 26,468 weighted; mean age = 15.9 years; 35.4% White, 24.7% Black, 23.5% Latino, 16.4% other). We compared lesbian and gay (1.2%), bisexual (3.5%), and unsure (2.6%) youths with heterosexuals (92.7%) on a binary indicator of passenger safety belt use. We stratified weighted multivariable logistic regression models by sex and adjusted for survey wave and sampling design. Overall, 12.6% of high school students reported "rarely" or "never" wearing safety belts. Sexual minority youths had increased odds of reporting nonuse relative to heterosexuals (48% higher for male bisexuals, 85% for lesbians, 46% for female bisexuals, and 51% for female unsure youths; P < .05), after adjustment for demographic (age, race/ethnicity), individual (body mass index, depression, bullying, binge drinking, riding with a drunk driver, academic achievement), and contextual (living in jurisdictions with secondary or primary safety belt laws, percentage below poverty, percentage same-sex households) risk factors. Public health interventions should address sexual orientation identity disparities in safety belt use.

Legislative history of recent primary safety belt laws

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1999-01-01

This document summarizes the strategies that supported or opposed new legislative provisions and the barriers encountered in modifying safety belt laws prior to December 1997. This study developed legislative analyses of six jurisdictions that upgrad...

Strategies to increase the use of safety belts by youngsters

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1989-03-01

By using a literature review, consultation with traffic safety and child development experts, and focus group discussions, this project investigated strategies to increase use of safety belts among youngsters. Sixteen groups were held with children i...

29 CFR 1926.959 - Lineman's body belts, safety straps, and lanyards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION Power Transmission and Distribution § 1926.959 Lineman's body belts, safety straps, and lanyards. (a) General...

29 CFR 1926.959 - Lineman's body belts, safety straps, and lanyards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION Power Transmission and Distribution § 1926.959 Lineman's body belts, safety straps, and lanyards. (a) General...

29 CFR 1926.959 - Lineman's body belts, safety straps, and lanyards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION Power Transmission and Distribution § 1926.959 Lineman's body belts, safety straps, and lanyards. (a) General...

29 CFR 1926.959 - Lineman's body belts, safety straps, and lanyards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION Power Transmission and Distribution § 1926.959 Lineman's body belts, safety straps, and lanyards. (a) General...

Program activities associated with safety belt use. Volume 2, Research report

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1987-11-13

By the end of 1986, 26 states and the District of Columbia had active safety belt use laws, each supported by a variety of state and community activities. They were not equally successful, as belt-use rates ranged from 23 to 74%. To investigate these...

Program activities associated with safety belt use. Volume 1, User's summary

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1987-11-13

By the end of 1986, 26 states and the District of Columbia had active safety belt use laws, each supported by a variety of state and community activities. They were not equally successful, as belt-use rates ranged from 23 to 74%. To investigate these...

Survival in fatal road crashes: body mass index, gender, and safety belt use.

PubMed

Sivak, Michael; Schoettle, Brandon; Rupp, Jonathan

2010-02-01

This study evaluated the associations of body mass index (BMI), gender, and use of safety belts with the survival of drivers involved in fatal road crashes. The census data of all U.S. fatal crashes that did not involve pedestrians, bicyclists, or motorcyclists were examined for an 11-year period. If involved in a crash with one or more fatalities, the odds of female drivers being among the fatalities are 1.28 times higher than those of male drivers, and the odds of unbelted drivers being among the fatalities are 5.43 times higher than those of belted drivers. The relationship of survivability to BMI depends on the gender and safety belt use of the driver. For male drivers, increased BMI appears beneficial when safety belts are used but detrimental when not used. For belted female drivers, normal BMI is associated with the lowest odds of being killed, and both increased and decreased BMIs increase the odds. For unbelted female drivers, no reliable trends were present among the BMI categories.

Automated enforcement and highway safety : final report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2013-11-01

The objectives of the Automated Enforcement and Highway Safety Research study were to conduct a : literature review of national research related to the effectiveness of Red Light Camera (RLC) programs : in changing crash frequency, crash severity, cr...

Assessment of insurance incentives for safety belt usage

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1983-05-12

This study assesses the feasibility of insurance companies to offer incentives, in the form of premium reductions or additional benefits, which would be effective in increasing safety belt usage. The insurance types considered in this report are auto...

Safety belt and mobile phone usage in vehicles in Barcelona (Spain).

PubMed

Martínez-Sánchez, Jose M; Curto, Ariadna; Fu, Marcela; Martínez, Cristina; Sureda, Xisca; Ballbè, Montse; Fernández, Esteve

2014-01-01

To describe the prevalence and correlates of safety belt and mobile phone usage in vehicles in the city of Barcelona (Spain). We performed a study using direct observation with a cross-sectional design. We selected 2,442 private cars, commercial vehicles, and taxis from all districts of Barcelona. The prevalence of people not wearing safety belt was 10.5% among drivers, 4.6% among front seat passengers, and 32.2% among some of the rear passengers. It was higher among the passengers than among the drivers, regardless of the type of the vehicle. The prevalence of mobile phone usage while driving during a moment of the trip was 3.8%. Our study shows noticeably high prevalence of people not wearing safety belt in the rear seats. Moreover, four out of one hundred drivers still use the mobile phone while driving during a moment of the trip. Copyright © 2013 SESPAS. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.

An observational survey of safety belt and child safety seat use in Virginia : the 1989 update.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1991-01-01

The report has been prepared in response to a request from the Transportation Safety Administration of the Department of Motor Vehicles for data concerning the use of safety belts and child safety seats by the occupants of vehicles bearing Virginia l...

Need and Possibilities for Seat Belt Use Promotion in Bashkortostan, Russia

PubMed Central

Akhmadeeva, Leila; Andreeva, Valentina A.; Sussman, Steve; Khusnutdinova, Zolya; Simons-Morton, Bruce G.

2009-01-01

Bashkortostan is a republic in the Russian Federation with a population of 4.1 million. As with other health behaviors, the prevalence of seat belt use is low, which may account in part for the very high rate of motor-vehicle-related mortality in this republic. The authors discuss the need and potential for translating seat belt promotion programming from other Russian regions and other countries to Bashkortostan. The authors conclude that current policies developed in other countries could work well in the republic, if they are enforced. Meanwhile, initiatives such as the Sakhalin Road Safety Partnership offer great potential for translation in Bashkortostan as well as in other regions with similarly low seat belt use prevalence. PMID:18559882

Disparities in Safety Belt Use by Sexual Orientation Identity Among US High School Students

PubMed Central

Van Wagenen, Aimee; Gordon, Allegra; Calzo, Jerel P.

2014-01-01

Objectives. We examined associations between adolescents’ safety belt use and sexual orientation identity. Methods. We pooled data from the 2005 and 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (n = 26 468 weighted; mean age = 15.9 years; 35.4% White, 24.7% Black, 23.5% Latino, 16.4% other). We compared lesbian and gay (1.2%), bisexual (3.5%), and unsure (2.6%) youths with heterosexuals (92.7%) on a binary indicator of passenger safety belt use. We stratified weighted multivariable logistic regression models by sex and adjusted for survey wave and sampling design. Results. Overall, 12.6% of high school students reported “rarely” or “never” wearing safety belts. Sexual minority youths had increased odds of reporting nonuse relative to heterosexuals (48% higher for male bisexuals, 85% for lesbians, 46% for female bisexuals, and 51% for female unsure youths; P < .05), after adjustment for demographic (age, race/ethnicity), individual (body mass index, depression, bullying, binge drinking, riding with a drunk driver, academic achievement), and contextual (living in jurisdictions with secondary or primary safety belt laws, percentage below poverty, percentage same-sex households) risk factors. Conclusions. Public health interventions should address sexual orientation identity disparities in safety belt use. PMID:24328643

The Impact of Verbal Prompts on Child Safety-Belt Use in Shopping Carts

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barker, Mae R.; Bailey, Jon S.; Lee, Natalie

2004-01-01

Each year thousands of children are injured by falling from shopping carts. Buckling children into the seats of shopping carts could prevent many of these injuries. A combined reversal and multiple baseline across settings design was used to evaluate the impact of verbal prompts on shopping cart safety-belt use in two stores. Safety-belt use…

Factors associated with the enactment of safety belt and motorcycle helmet laws.

PubMed

Law, Teik Hua; Noland, Robert B; Evans, Andrew W

2013-07-01

It has been shown that road safety laws, such as motorcycle helmet and safety belt laws, have a significant effect in reducing road fatalities. Although an expanding body of literature has documented the effects of these laws on road safety, it remains unclear which factors influence the likelihood that these laws are enacted. This study attempts to identify the factors that influence the decision to enact safety belt and motorcycle helmet laws. Using panel data from 31 countries between 1963 and 2002, our results reveal that increased democracy, education level, per capita income, political stability, and more equitable income distribution within a country are associated with the enactment of road safety laws. © 2012 Society for Risk Analysis.

Impaired Driving Enforcement: A Program Guide for Law Enforcement and Highway Safety Administrators

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1996-06-01

Law enforcement and highway safety administrators are an integral part of the solution to reduce injury and death on our roadways caused by impaired drivers. The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) and the National Highway Traffic Sa...

Beating the Odds. An Educational Program Relating Safety Belt Use to Health Lifestyles for High School Students.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. National Highway Safety Bureau.

This program module is designed to encourage the use of safety measures in driving, emphasizing the use of seat belts. The learning activities focus upon: (1) the importance of the use of safety belts as the most effective preventive measure in a safe and healthy lifestyle; (2) the reasons people cite for not wearing safety belts and the accuracy…

Safety belt usage : survey of the traffic population

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1978-01-01

The objectives of this study were to assess safety belt usage in cars manufactured between 1964 and 1977 and to examine usage as a function of type of car, driver characteristics, and driving environment. A survey of passenger cars in 16 cities was c...

Organizational safety climate and supervisor safety enforcement: Multilevel explorations of the causes of accident underreporting.

PubMed

Probst, Tahira M

2015-11-01

According to national surveillance statistics, over 3 million employees are injured each year; yet, research indicates that these may be substantial underestimates of the true prevalence. The purpose of the current project was to empirically test the hypothesis that organizational safety climate and transactional supervisor safety leadership would predict the extent to which accidents go unreported by employees. Using hierarchical linear modeling and survey data collected from 1,238 employees in 33 organizations, employee-level supervisor safety enforcement behaviors (and to a less consistent extent, organizational-level safety climate) predicted employee accident underreporting. There was also a significant cross-level interaction, such that the effect of supervisor enforcement on underreporting was attenuated in organizations with a positive safety climate. These results may benefit human resources and safety professionals by pinpointing methods of increasing the accuracy of accident reporting, reducing actual safety incidents, and reducing the costs to individuals and organizations that result from underreporting. (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).

Truck safety regulation, inspection, and enforcement in Virginia : a report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1979-01-01

In response to a request from the Director of the Virginia Department of Transportation Safety an evaluation of the state and federal regulations, inspection programs and enforcement activities regarding truck safety was carried out. The purpose of t...

Teens and seat belt use: What makes them click?

PubMed

Shults, Ruth A; Haegerich, Tamara M; Bhat, Geeta; Zhang, Xinjian

2016-06-01

Motor vehicle crashes kill more adolescents in the United States than any other cause, and often the teen is not wearing a seat belt. Using data from the 2011 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys from 38 states, we examined teens' self-reported seat belt use while riding as a passenger and identified individual characteristics and environmental factors associated with always wearing a seat belt. Only 51% of high school students living in 38 states reported always wearing a seat belt when riding as a passenger; prevalence varied from 32% in South Dakota to 65% in Delaware. Seat belt use was 11 percentage points lower in states with secondary enforcement seat belt laws compared to states with primary enforcement laws. Racial/ethnic minorities, teens living in states with secondary enforcement seat belt laws, and those engaged in substance use were least likely to always wear their seat belts. The likelihood of always being belted declined steadily as the number of substance use behaviors increased. Seat belt use among teens in the United States remains unacceptably low. Results suggest that environmental influences can compound individual risk factors, contributing to even lower seat belt use among some subgroups. This study provides the most comprehensive state-level estimates to date of seat belt use among U.S. teens. This information can be useful when considering policy options to increase seat belt use and for targeting injury prevention interventions to high-risk teens. States can best increase teen seat belt use by making evidence-informed decisions about state policy options and prevention strategies. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

The Behavioral Impact of an Advertising Campaign to Promote Safety Belt Use.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cope, John G.; And Others

1988-01-01

Safety belt use with and without addition of an incentive strategy was observed among 8,635 drivers at a drive-through restaurant. During the promotional campaign, average rate of belt use tripled compared to baseline following the introduction of a contingent reward (a large soft drink), and declined during followup. (JW)

An observational survey of safety belt and child safety seat use in Virginia : final report : the 1990 update.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1992-01-01

This report was prepared in response to a request from the Transportation Safety Administration of the Virginia Department ofMotor Vehicles for data concerning the use of safety belts and child safety seats by the occupants of vehicles bearing Virgin...

76 FR 31843 - Safety Zone; Temporary Change to Enforcement Location of Recurring Fireworks Display Event...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-02

...-AA00 Safety Zone; Temporary Change to Enforcement Location of Recurring Fireworks Display Event... Guard is temporarily changing the enforcement location of a safety zone for one specific recurring... originated from a barge but will this year originate from a location on land. The safety zone is necessary to...

Determining the Relationship of Primary Seat Belt Laws to Minority Ticketing

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-09-01

Racial profiling is often raised as an issue when States change their seat belt law from secondary enforcement (i.e., stop only for some other violation) to primary enforcement (i.e., stop for an observed belt law violation alone). Thirteen States ma...

Increasing teen safety belt use: a program and literature review.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2005-09-01

A comprehensive review of the scientific literature, State and Federal Government reports, and other sources of information : was conducted to determine the magnitude of the problem of teen safety belt use and to identify and summarize programs, : in...

Car Club Teacher's Guide. An Educational Program on Safety Belt Use for Junior High School Students.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (DOT), Washington, DC.

This information packet describes the teacher's role in Car Club, a program designed to convince junior high school students to use motor vehicle safety belts. Students are approached as both passengers and future drivers to help them examine their roles and responsibilities relating to safety belts and occupant protection systems, including air…

Motivating safety belt use at a community hospital: an effective integration of incentive and commitment strategies.

PubMed

Nimmer, J G; Geller, E S

1988-06-01

An effective hospital-based safety-belt program incorporated several advantages over prior attempts to increase safety belt use, including (a) the use of indigenous staff as program sponsors, coordinators, and delivery agents; (b) a yearlong program evaluation; and (c) a combination of extrinsic incentives and intrinsic commitment. To be eligible for a weekly $5, employees met the following contingencies: (a) signed a pledge card; (b) displayed the signed pledge card in their vehicle; and (c) wore a safety belt. Overall, belt use increased from a 2-week baseline mean of 15.6% to 34.7% during the 6-month intervention, and decreased to 25.6% at withdrawal. For the pledge card signers (n = 188) and the nonsigners (n = 533), belt use increased from baseline means of 29.4% and 11.8% to intervention use rates of 75.1 and 17.7%, respectively. Withdrawal and 4-month follow-up use rates were 56.0% and 44.9% for the Pledge group, and 17.2% and 22.1% for the Nonpledge group.

Increasing seat belt use in New York City : evaluation of a demonstration project.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-11-01

A high-visibility seat belt enforcement program was implemented along Northern Boulevard and surrounding neighborhoods in northern Queens, New York City. The goal was to determine if high-visibility enforcement could increase belt use in a localized ...

Direct observation of safety belt use in Michigan : Fall 1997

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1997-10-01

The present survey reports the results of a direct observation survey of safety belt use conducted in the fall of 1997. In this study, 10,307 occupants traveling in four vehicle types (oassenger cars, sport-utility vehicles, vans, and pickup trucks) ...

Direct observation of safety belt use in Michigan : Fall 2000

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2000-11-01

Reported here are the results of a direct observation survey of safety belt use conducted in the fall of 2000. In this study, 14,366 occupants traveling in four vehicle types (passenger cars, sport-utility vehicles, vans/minivans, and pickup trucks) ...

Seat-belt use still low in Kuwait: self-reported driving behaviours among adult drivers.

PubMed

Raman, Sudha R; Ottensmeyer, C Andrea; Landry, Michel D; Alfadhli, Jarrah; Procter, Steven; Jacob, Susan; Hamdan, Elham; Bouhaimed, Manal

2014-01-01

Kuwait mandated seat-belt use by drivers in 1976 and by front seat passengers in 1994. The study objectives were to identify and estimate current factors associated with seat-belt use and levels of potentially unsafe driving behaviours in Kuwait. In 2010, 741 adults were surveyed regarding driving habits and history. Only 41.6% of drivers reported always using a seat belt. Front seat passenger belt use was more common (30.5%) than rear seat belt use (6.5%). Distracted driving behaviours were common, including mobile phone use ('always' or 'almost always': 51.1%) and texting/SMS (32.4%). Logistic regression indicated that drivers who were young (18-19 years), male, Kuwaiti nationals or non-Kuwaiti Arabs, drove over the speed limit, had traffic violation tickets or >1 car crashes in the last year, were less likely to use seat belts. Targeted initiatives to increase public awareness and to enforce car-safety legislation, including use of seat belts, are necessary to decrease the health burden of car crashes in Kuwait.

Using haptic feedback to increase seat belt use : traffic tech.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-07-01

The legacy of research on increasing seat belt use has : focused on enactment of seat belt legislation, public education, : high-visibility police enforcement, and seat belt : reminder systems. Several behavioral programs have : produced large, susta...

Direct observation of safety belt use in Michigan : Fall 1998

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1998-10-01

Reported here are the results of a direct observation survey of safety belt use conducted in the fall of 1998. In this study, 11,413 occupants traveling in four vehicle types (passenger cars, sport utility vehicles, vans/minvans, and pickup trucks) w...

Direct observation of safety belt use in Michigan : Fall 1999

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1999-01-01

Reported here are the results of a direct observation survey of safety belt use conducted in the fall of 1999. In this study, 9,414 occupants traveling in four vehicle types (passenger cars, sport-utility vehicles, vans/minivans, and pickup trucks) w...

Documenting How States Recently Upgraded to Primary Seat Belt Laws

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-09-01

States with primary seat belt enforcement laws consistently have higher observed daytime belt use rates than : secondary law States. Secondary belt law States, on the other hand, consistently have more occupant fatalities who : were not restrained th...

29 CFR 1926.104 - Safety belts, lifelines, and lanyards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... be subjected to cutting or abrasion, shall be a minimum of 7/8-inch wire core manila rope. For all other lifeline applications, a minimum of 3/4-inch manila or equivalent, with a minimum breaking... nominal breaking strength of 5,400 pounds. (e) All safety belt and lanyard hardware shall be drop forged...

29 CFR 1926.104 - Safety belts, lifelines, and lanyards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... be subjected to cutting or abrasion, shall be a minimum of 7/8-inch wire core manila rope. For all other lifeline applications, a minimum of 3/4-inch manila or equivalent, with a minimum breaking... nominal breaking strength of 5,400 pounds. (e) All safety belt and lanyard hardware shall be drop forged...

29 CFR 1926.104 - Safety belts, lifelines, and lanyards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... be subjected to cutting or abrasion, shall be a minimum of 7/8-inch wire core manila rope. For all other lifeline applications, a minimum of 3/4-inch manila or equivalent, with a minimum breaking... nominal breaking strength of 5,400 pounds. (e) All safety belt and lanyard hardware shall be drop forged...

Key Problems of Fire Safety Enforcement in Traffic and Communication Centers (TCC)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Medyanik, M.; Zosimova, O.

2017-10-01

A Traffic and Communication Center (TCC) means facilities designed and used to distribute and redirect flows of humans and motor vehicles while they get serviced and operate. This paper sets forth the basic problems of fire safety enforcement on the TCC, and the causes that slow down human and vehicle traffic speeds. It proposes ways to solve the problems of fire safety enforcement on the TCC, in the Russian Federation and elsewhere. Engineering solutions are proposed for TCC design, with key outlooks of TCC future development as an alternative way to organize access in transportation.

Mandatory safety belt use legislation : alternatives for Virginia lawmakers : final report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1986-01-01

This report discusses the current environment which would influence the consideration of a mandatory safety belt use law in Virginia. First, the regulatory context fostered by the U. S. Department of Transportation's issuance of federal motor vehicle...

Safety belt and motorcycle helmet use in Virginia : the 1996 update.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1996-01-01

This series of surveys to determine the safety belt and motorcycle helmet use rates in Virginia was initiated to qualify the Commonwealth for incentive funds in accordance with the requirements of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act,...

Corporate incentives for promoting safety belt use : rationale, guidelines, and examples

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1982-10-01

This manual was designed to teach the corporate executive successful strategies for implementing and evaluating a successful industry-based program to motivate employee safety belt use. A rationale is given for the general approach; and specific guid...

Safety belt and motorcycle helmet use in Virginia : the 2000 update.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2000-01-01

This series of surveys to determine the safety belt and motorcycle helmet use rates in Virginia was initiated to qualify the Commonwealth for incentive funds in accordance with the requirements of Section 153 of the Intermodal Surface Transportation ...

Safety belt and motorcycle helmet use in Virginia : the 1998 update.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1998-11-01

This series of surveys to determine the safety belt and motorcycle helmet use rates in Virginia was initiated to qualify the Commonwealth for incentive funds in accordance with the requirements of Section 153 of the Intermodal Surface Transportation ...

Safety belt and motorcycle helmet use in Virginia : the 1999 update

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1999-09-01

This series of surveys to determine the safety belt and motorcycle helmet use rates in Virginia was initiated to qualify the Commonwealth for incentive funds in accordance with the requirements of Section 153 of the Intermodal Surface Transportation ...

Safety belt and motorcycle helmet use in Virginia : the 1997 update.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1997-10-01

This series of surveys to determine the safety belt and motorcycle helmet use rates in Virginia was initiated to qualify the Commonwealth for incentive funds in accordance with the requirements of Section 153 of the Intermodal Surface Transportation ...

The application of a piezo-resistive cardiorespiratory sensor system in an automobile safety belt.

PubMed

Hamdani, Syed Talha Ali; Fernando, Anura

2015-03-30

Respiratory and heart failure are conditions that can occur with little warning and may also be difficult to predict. Therefore continuous monitoring of these bio-signals is advantageous for ensuring human health. The car safety belt is mainly designed to secure the occupants of the vehicle in the event of an accident. In the current research a prototype safety belt is developed, which is used to acquire respiratory and heart signals, under laboratory conditions. The current safety belt is constructed using a copper ink based nonwoven material, which works based on the piezo-resistive effect due to the pressure exerted on the sensor as a result of expansion of the thorax/abdomen area of the body for respiration and due to the principle of ballistocardiography (BCG) in heart signal sensing. In this research, the development of a theoretical model to qualitatively describe the piezo-resistive material is also presented in order to predict the relative change in the resistance of the piezo-resistive material due to the pressure applied.

The Application of a Piezo-Resistive Cardiorespiratory Sensor System in an Automobile Safety Belt

PubMed Central

Hamdani, Syed Talha Ali; Fernando, Anura

2015-01-01

Respiratory and heart failure are conditions that can occur with little warning and may also be difficult to predict. Therefore continuous monitoring of these bio-signals is advantageous for ensuring human health. The car safety belt is mainly designed to secure the occupants of the vehicle in the event of an accident. In the current research a prototype safety belt is developed, which is used to acquire respiratory and heart signals, under laboratory conditions. The current safety belt is constructed using a copper ink based nonwoven material, which works based on the piezo-resistive effect due to the pressure exerted on the sensor as a result of expansion of the thorax/abdomen area of the body for respiration and due to the principle of ballistocardiography (BCG) in heart signal sensing. In this research, the development of a theoretical model to qualitatively describe the piezo-resistive material is also presented in order to predict the relative change in the resistance of the piezo-resistive material due to the pressure applied. PMID:25831088

Safety belt and motorcycle helmet use in Virginia : the 2002 update.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2002-01-01

Safety belt use data were first collected in Virginia in 1974. Early data (1974-77 and 1983-86) were collected from only the four metropolitan areas (Northern Virginia, Tidewater, Richmond, and Roanoke) of the state. Between 1987 and 1992, data were ...

An observational survey of safety belt and child safety seat use in Virginia : the 1988 update.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1989-01-01

Observational surveys of safety belt use in Virginia have been conducted in two series. The first covered 1974 through 1977, and the second 1983 through 1988. This report is concerned only with the latter series and encompasses use rates that are the...

14 CFR 25.785 - Seats, berths, safety belts, and harnesses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... must be protected from head injury by a safety belt and an energy absorbing rest that will support the... energy absorbing rest that will support the arms, shoulders, head, and spine. (e) Each berth must be... § 25.561. Berths must be free from corners and protuberances likely to cause injury to a person...

14 CFR 25.785 - Seats, berths, safety belts, and harnesses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... must be protected from head injury by a safety belt and an energy absorbing rest that will support the... energy absorbing rest that will support the arms, shoulders, head, and spine. (e) Each berth must be... § 25.561. Berths must be free from corners and protuberances likely to cause injury to a person...

14 CFR 25.785 - Seats, berths, safety belts, and harnesses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... must be protected from head injury by a safety belt and an energy absorbing rest that will support the... energy absorbing rest that will support the arms, shoulders, head, and spine. (e) Each berth must be... § 25.561. Berths must be free from corners and protuberances likely to cause injury to a person...

14 CFR 25.785 - Seats, berths, safety belts, and harnesses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... must be protected from head injury by a safety belt and an energy absorbing rest that will support the... energy absorbing rest that will support the arms, shoulders, head, and spine. (e) Each berth must be... § 25.561. Berths must be free from corners and protuberances likely to cause injury to a person...

14 CFR 25.785 - Seats, berths, safety belts, and harnesses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... must be protected from head injury by a safety belt and an energy absorbing rest that will support the... energy absorbing rest that will support the arms, shoulders, head, and spine. (e) Each berth must be... § 25.561. Berths must be free from corners and protuberances likely to cause injury to a person...

Perceived risk and other predictors and correlates of teenagers' safety belt use during the first year of licensure.

PubMed

Ouimet, Marie Claude; Morton, Bruce G Simons; Noelcke, Elizabeth A; Williams, Allan F; Leaf, William A; Preusser, David F; Hartos, Jessica L

2008-03-01

Teenagers have the lowest rate of safety belt use and the highest crash rate compared to other age groups. Past studies on teenagers' belt use have mostly been cross-sectional. The first goals of this study were to examine, at licensure, teenagers' and parents' perceptions of risk of crash/injury for newly licensed teenagers when driving unbelted and teenagers' perceived and parents' intended consequences for safety belt rule violations. In addition, the comparability of these variables to other risky driving behaviors was explored. The second goal was to evaluate the importance of these variables in the prediction of teenagers' belt use during the first year of licensure, relative to other factors related to belt use, including demographics and substance use. More than 2,000 parent-teenager dyads were interviewed by telephone, parents at permit and licensure and teenagers at permit, licensure, and 3, 6, and 12 months after licensure. Approximately a third of the teenagers reported at least once at 3, 6, or 12 months post-licensure not always using their safety belt in the past week. At licensure, participants' perceived risk of safety belt non-use was high and ranked among the behaviors most related to crash/injury for newly licensed teenagers, behind driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Parent-imposed consequences for safety belt rule violations were not as highly rated as parent-imposed consequences for driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Sequential logistic regression modeled the relationship between safety belt use and perceived risk and consequences of non-use, as well as other prospective predictors assessed at permit and licensure, and driving correlates measured after licensure. Teenagers' extreme perceived risk and parents' intended sure consequences for non-use were significant prospective predictors of regular use during the first year of licensure. Other significant predictors and correlates were race (White), high school grade

Safety Belt Programs at the Workplace. WBGH Worksite Wellness Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sleet, David A.

Cited as the largest single cause of lost work time and on-the-job fatalities for U.S. workers, motor vehicle crashes cause major nonrecoverable losses for U.S. businesses. Workplace programs to encourage employees to wear safety belts can thus help employers reduce traffic accident-related losses of work time and can substantially reduce the…

Safety belt and motorcycle helmet use in Virginia : the December 2003 update.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2004-01-01

The Virginia Transportation Research Council has been collecting safety belt use data in Virginia since 1974. Beginning in 1992, the data gathering methodology was changed to a statistically valid probability-based sampling plan in accordance with fe...

Association of rear seat safety belt use with death in a traffic crash: a matched cohort study.

PubMed

Zhu, Motao; Cummings, Peter; Chu, Haitao; Cook, Lawrence J

2007-06-01

To estimate the association of rear seat safety belt use with death in a traffic crash. Matched cohort study. The US during 2000 through 2004. Drivers (10,427) and rear seat passengers (15,922) in passenger vehicles that crashed and had at least one driver or rear passenger death. Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System. The adjusted relative risk (aRR) of death for a belted rear seat passenger compared with an otherwise similar unbelted rear passenger. Safety belt use was associated with a reduced risk of death for rear car occupants: outboard rear seat aRR 0.42 (95% CI 0.38 to 0.46), and center rear seat aRR 0.30 (95% CI 0.20 to 0.44). For rear occupants of light trucks, vans, and utility vehicles, the estimates were: outboard aRR 0.25 (95% CI 0.21 to 0.29), center aRR 0.34 (95% CI 0.24 to 0.48). If the authors' estimates are causal, traffic crash mortality can be reduced for rear occupants by approximately 55-75% if they use safety belts.

Seat Belt Sign and Its Significance

PubMed Central

Agrawal, Amit; Inamadar, Praveenkumar Ishwarappa; Subrahmanyam, Bhattara Vishweswar

2013-01-01

Safety belts are the most important safety system in motor vehicles and when worn intend to prevent serious injuries. However, in unusual circumstances (high velocity motor vehicle collisions) these safety measures (seat belts) can be the source and cause of serious injuries. The seat belt syndrome was first described as early by Garrett and Braunste in but the term “seat belt sign” was discussed by Doersch and Dozier. Medical personnel's involved in emergency care of trauma patients should be aware of seat belt sign and there should a higher index of suspicion to rule out underlying organ injuries. PMID:24479100

May 2006 Click It or Ticket seat belt mobilization evaluation

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2008-06-01

Click It or Ticket (CIOT) mobilizations are intense, short-duration, seat belt publicity and enforcement programs. The 2006 national mobilization involved approximately $27 million of purchased media. Law enforcement agencies across the nation report...

76 FR 64431 - Reorganization of Title 30: Bureaus of Safety and Environmental Enforcement and Ocean Energy...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-18

...This rule contains regulations that will be under the authority of two newly formed Bureaus, the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) and the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), both within the Department of the Interior. On May 19, 2010, the Secretary of the Interior announced the separation of the responsibilities performed by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE) (formerly the Minerals Management Service) into three new separate organizations: Office of Natural Resources Revenue (ONRR), Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), and Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE). Those regulations that will apply to the authority of BSEE organization will remain in 30 CFR chapter II, but be retitled ``Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement.'' This rule removes from chapter II those regulations that will apply to the authority of BOEM and recodifies them into a new 30 CFR chapter V entitled ``Bureau of Ocean Energy Management.''

The premature graduation of children from child restraints to vehicle safety belts

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2000-10-01

Belt-positioning booster seats are recommended for children between 40 and 80 pounds, however, usage is estimated at only 5% nationally. The goal of this project was to determine reasons for the premature graduation of children from child safety seat...

Safety belt and motorcycle helmet use in Virginia : the December 2002 update.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2003-01-01

Safety belt use data were first collected in Virginia in 1974. Early data (1974-77 and 1983-86) were collected from only the four metropolitan areas (Northern Virginia, Tidewater, Richmond, and Roanoke) of the state. Between 1987 and 1992, data were ...

Compliance with Seat Belt Use in Makurdi, Nigeria: An Observational Study

PubMed Central

Popoola, SO; Oluwadiya, KS; Kortor, JN; Denen-Akaa, P; Onyemaechi, NOC

2013-01-01

Background: Seat belts are designed to reduce injuries due to road crash among vehicle occupants. Aims: This study aims to determine the availability of seat belt in vehicles and compliance with seat belt use among vehicle occupants. Materials and methods: This was a 24-h direct observational study of seat belt usage among vehicle occupants in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. By direct surveillance and using a datasheet, we observed 500 vehicles and their occupants for seat belt availability and compliance with its use. Chi-square test was used for test of significance between variables. Results: Twenty-five (5.0%) of the observed 500 vehicles had no seat belt at all. Overall, compliance was 277/486 (57.0%). Use of seat belt was highest in the afternoon with 124/194 (64.4%), followed by 111/188 (59.0%) in the morning and 42/95 (44.2%) at night. Compliance was highest among car occupants [209/308 (67.9%)] and private vehicles, and lowest among commercial vehicle occupants. Compliance among female drivers was 77.1% compared with 51.4% among male drivers. Among drivers, the mean age of seat belt users was 38.4 (7.7) years, which was significantly younger than the 41.3 (8.7) years mean age of non-users. Similar figures were obtained among other vehicle occupants. Conclusions: Compared with previous studies, seat belt usage has improved among Nigerian road users, but there is still room for improvement, especially early in the mornings and at nights. Since these were times when law enforcement agencies were not likely to be on the roads, we advocate for improved coverage by enforcement agents to enforce better compliance. PMID:24116327

Practices, attitudes and perceptions toward road safety in yerevan, republic of armenia.

PubMed

Chekijian, Sharon Anoush; Truzyan, Nune

2012-01-01

: To determine knowledge and attitudes regarding traffic safety devices, measures, and legislation in the general population in Yerevan, Republic of Armenia. : We conducted a baseline random digit dial fixed line telephone verbal survey of Yerevan households in April 2009 with a follow-up survey in May 2010. Survey domains included restraint use, motor vehicle crash experiences, and attitudes regarding traffic safety. : In the initial survey, of 2137 numbers dialed, 436 persons were reached and 390 (90%) agreed to participate. Of survey respondents, 90% percent of household cars had seatbelts, while 47% had airbags. Twenty-four percent always or usually wore a seatbelt when driving, 21% wore a belt as a passenger. 39% were unaware of child restraints. Of the 61% who were aware of child restraints, only 32% had ever used one. A follow-up survey was conducted one year later after enforcement efforts were increased. In the follow-up survey, 81% percent always or usually wore a seatbelt when driving, and 69% wore a belt as a passenger. There was no significant increase of awareness or use of child restraints in the follow-up survey. : Although cars in Yerevan have seat belts, the majority of drivers and passengers prior to the intervention did not use them. Knowledge and use of child restraints was poor. The follow-up survey conducted after an enforcement campaign was underway in Yerevan showed that improved enforcement greatly increased awareness and compliance with current legislation. This study provides vital baseline information for the formulation of future policy. It also highlights the need for a multi-dimensional road traffic safety initiative through public educational campaigns, enforcement of current laws, and development of novel prevention policies and regulations.

14 CFR 27.785 - Seats, berths, litters, safety belts, and harnesses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

....561(b) and dynamic conditions specified in § 27.562. (b) Each occupant must be protected from serious... combination with the safety belt, constitutes a torso restraint system as described in TSO-C114. (c) Each... weight of at least 170 pounds, considering the dimensional characteristics of the restraint system...

14 CFR 29.785 - Seats, berths, litters, safety belts, and harnesses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... dynamic conditions specified in § 29.562. (b) Each occupant must be protected from serious head injury by... combination with the safety belt, constitutes a torso restraint system as described in TSO-C114. (c) Each... weight of at least 170 pounds, considering the dimensional characteristics of the restraint system...

Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System (CODES) Project Safety Belt and Helmet Analyses

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1996-02-15

Analyses of the benefits of safety belt and helmet use were undertaken for a : Report that was sent to Congress February, 1996. NHTSA awarded grants to link : crash and injury state data and perform the analyses upon which the report was : based. The...

76 FR 6765 - Consumer Product Safety Act: Notice of Commission Action on the Stay of Enforcement of Testing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-08

... Stay of Enforcement of Testing and Certification Requirements AGENCY: Consumer Product Safety... enforcement of certain testing and certification provisions of section 14 of the Consumer Product Safety Act..., standard, or regulation. For nonchildren's products, the certification must be based on a test of each...

Long-term effects of employer-based programs to motivate safety belt use

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1987-02-01

This report reviews the procedures and results of 28 different programs that increased employees' use of vehicle safety belts at ten work settings (with 141 to 6,727 employees) ranging from a minimum long-term gain of 12% over baseline to a maximum g...

14 CFR 29.785 - Seats, berths, litters, safety belts, and harnesses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... serious injury in an emergency landing as a result of the inertial factors specified in § 29.561(b) and dynamic conditions specified in § 29.562. (b) Each occupant must be protected from serious head injury by a safety belt plus a shoulder harness that will prevent the head from contacting any injurious...

14 CFR 29.785 - Seats, berths, litters, safety belts, and harnesses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... serious injury in an emergency landing as a result of the inertial factors specified in § 29.561(b) and dynamic conditions specified in § 29.562. (b) Each occupant must be protected from serious head injury by a safety belt plus a shoulder harness that will prevent the head from contacting any injurious...

14 CFR 29.785 - Seats, berths, litters, safety belts, and harnesses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... serious injury in an emergency landing as a result of the inertial factors specified in § 29.561(b) and dynamic conditions specified in § 29.562. (b) Each occupant must be protected from serious head injury by a safety belt plus a shoulder harness that will prevent the head from contacting any injurious...

14 CFR 29.785 - Seats, berths, litters, safety belts, and harnesses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... serious injury in an emergency landing as a result of the inertial factors specified in § 29.561(b) and dynamic conditions specified in § 29.562. (b) Each occupant must be protected from serious head injury by a safety belt plus a shoulder harness that will prevent the head from contacting any injurious...

Comfort and convenience specifications for safety belts : shoulder belt fit, pressure and pullout forces

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1980-04-30

A three-part study was conducted to further define comfort requirements for seat belt systems with respect to shoulder belt fit, shoulder belt contact pressure, and 3-point restraint system pullout forces. Objective of the belt-fit portion of the stu...

30 CFR 77.1107 - Belt conveyors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Belt conveyors. 77.1107 Section 77.1107 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR COAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH MANDATORY... § 77.1107 Belt conveyors. Belt conveyors in locations where fire would create a hazard to personnel...

14 CFR 27.785 - Seats, berths, litters, safety belts, and harnesses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... head injury by a safety belt plus a shoulder harness that will prevent the head from contacting any injurious object except as provided for in § 27.562(c)(5). A shoulder harness (upper torso restraint), in... serious injury in an emergency landing as a result of the static inertial load factors specified in § 27...

14 CFR 27.785 - Seats, berths, litters, safety belts, and harnesses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... head injury by a safety belt plus a shoulder harness that will prevent the head from contacting any injurious object except as provided for in § 27.562(c)(5). A shoulder harness (upper torso restraint), in... serious injury in an emergency landing as a result of the static inertial load factors specified in § 27...

14 CFR 27.785 - Seats, berths, litters, safety belts, and harnesses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... head injury by a safety belt plus a shoulder harness that will prevent the head from contacting any injurious object except as provided for in § 27.562(c)(5). A shoulder harness (upper torso restraint), in... serious injury in an emergency landing as a result of the static inertial load factors specified in § 27...

14 CFR 27.785 - Seats, berths, litters, safety belts, and harnesses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... head injury by a safety belt plus a shoulder harness that will prevent the head from contacting any injurious object except as provided for in § 27.562(c)(5). A shoulder harness (upper torso restraint), in... serious injury in an emergency landing as a result of the static inertial load factors specified in § 27...

Patterns of safety belt use among drivers killed in fatal crashes in Virginia.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1976-01-01

Safety belt usage or non-usage was noted for drivers fatally injured in motor vehicle accidents in Virginia during fiscal year 1974. Data were obtained from FR300 accident report forms and available corresponding medical examiner's reports, and only ...

A commitment/incentive program to increase safety belt use on a university campus

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1987-03-01

Author's abstract: Safety belt use on a university campus was substantially increased by offering faculty/staff and students who signed and returned "buckle up" pledge cards the opportunity to win prizes donated by community merchants. The 28,000 ple...

A comparison of the comfort and convenience of automatic safety belt systems among selected 1988-1989 model year automobiles

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1989-06-01

Author's abstract: A nonrandom sample of 120 disproportionately short, tall, and overweight drivers compared the comfort and convenience of the automatic safety belt systems used in seventeen automobiles. Nine vehicles had motorized shoulder belts wi...

Seat belt use increases in Maine following change to primary enforcement : traffic tech.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-04-01

Primary seat belt laws are associated with higher selfreported : seat belt use rates and fewer traffic fatalities following : enactment. Primary laws allow police to issue a citation : solely upon observation of a seat belt violation. In contrast, : ...

Effectiveness of increased law enforcement surveillance on work zone safety in Mississippi.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2007-07-01

Increased law enforcement surveillance program is one of the methods currently been implemented by departments of transportation in the United States in an effort to increase safety for both drivers and workers in highway construction zones. Unfortun...

Seat belt and child seat use in Lipetskaya Oblast, Russia: frequencies, attitudes, and perceptions.

PubMed

Ma, Sai; Tran, Nhan; Klyavin, Vladimir E; Zambon, Francesco; Hatcher, Kristin W; Hyder, Adnan A

2012-01-01

Despite the importance of understanding seat belt use patterns among drivers and passengers for the purpose of direct interventions or monitoring improvements, no study has described wearing rates for all seat positions in Russia. This study describes observed seat belt use and knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of seat belt use in Lipetskaya Oblast, Russia. An observational study on the use of seat belts and child restraints in the Lipetskaya region conducted during October 2010 collected data in 6 districts and on 3 different road types. A roadside survey gathered information on knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions toward the use of seat belts from randomly selected drivers. Frequencies of seat belt use by seat position, gender, and road type were calculated. A multivariable logit model disclosed the associations between seat belt use and sociodemographic factors. The study design permitted comparison of observed seat belt use to self-reported seat belt use. A total of 25,795 vehicles and 39,833 drivers and passengers contributed observations. Overall, 55 percent of drivers were observed to be using seat belts. More than half (58%) of front seat passengers wore seat belts and only 9 percent of back seat passengers were observed to be wearing seat belts; 11 percent of cars with children had any type of child safety measure. Drivers on urban roads were less likely to wear seat belts compared to those on main highways and rural roads. Nearly 60 percent of survey respondents mentioned "seat belts save lives," and more than half mentioned law requirements and fines. Although the observed seat belt use in Lipetskaya Oblast is much higher than previous estimates in Russia, overall wearing rates remain far from universal. Rear seat passengers and children are particularly at risk. Because combined education and enforcement has proven to be effective elsewhere, such interventions are needed to improve seat belt use.

Coast Guard : update on Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement System

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2001-10-01

The Coast Guard is developing a web-based information system to replace an aging computer system that it uses to track safety and law-enforcement actions involving commercial and recreational vessels. In 1995 the Coast Guard awarded a contract to dev...

Environmental and psychosocial factors affecting seat belt use among Turkish front-seat occupants in Ankara: two observation studies.

PubMed

Simşekoğlu, Ozlem; Lajunen, Timo

2008-01-01

Low seat belt use rate among car occupants is one of the main problems contributing to low driver and passenger safety in Turkey, where injury and fatality rates of car occupants are very high in traffic crashes. The present article consists of two observation studies, which were conducted in Ankara. The first study aimed at investigating environmental factors and occupant characteristics affecting seat belt use among front-seat occupants, and the objective of the second study was to investigate the relationship between driver and front-seat passenger seat belt use. In the first study, 4, 227 front-seat occupants (drivers or front seat passengers) were observed on four different road sides and, in the second study 1, 398 front seat occupants were observed in car parks of five different shopping centers in Ankara. In both observations, front-seat occupants' seat bet use (yes, no), sex (male, female), and age (< 30 years, 30-50 years, > 50 years) were recorded. The data were analyzed using chi-square statistics and binary logistic regression techniques. Results of the first study showed that seat belt use proportion among observed front seat occupants was very low (25%). Being female and traveling on intercity roads were two main factors positively related to use a seat belt among front-seat occupants. High correlations between seat belt use of the drivers and front-seat passengers were found in the second study. Overall, low seat belt use rate (25%) among the front-seat occupants should be increased urgently for an improved driver and passenger safety in Turkey. Seat belt campaigns especially tailored for male front-seat occupants and for the front-seat occupants traveling on city roads are needed to increase seat belt use rates among them. Also, both drivers and passengers may have an important role in enforcing seat belt use among themselves.

10 CFR 830.5 - Enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Enforcement. 830.5 Section 830.5 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY NUCLEAR SAFETY MANAGEMENT § 830.5 Enforcement. The requirements in this part are DOE Nuclear Safety Requirements and are subject to enforcement by all appropriate means, including the imposition of...

10 CFR 830.5 - Enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Enforcement. 830.5 Section 830.5 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY NUCLEAR SAFETY MANAGEMENT § 830.5 Enforcement. The requirements in this part are DOE Nuclear Safety Requirements and are subject to enforcement by all appropriate means, including the imposition of...

10 CFR 830.5 - Enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Enforcement. 830.5 Section 830.5 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY NUCLEAR SAFETY MANAGEMENT § 830.5 Enforcement. The requirements in this part are DOE Nuclear Safety Requirements and are subject to enforcement by all appropriate means, including the imposition of...

10 CFR 830.5 - Enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Enforcement. 830.5 Section 830.5 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY NUCLEAR SAFETY MANAGEMENT § 830.5 Enforcement. The requirements in this part are DOE Nuclear Safety Requirements and are subject to enforcement by all appropriate means, including the imposition of...

May 2004 Click It or Ticket seat belt mobilization evaluation : final report

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2007-05-01

"Click It or Ticket" (CIOT) is an intense, short duration, seat belt high visibility publicity and enforcement program. The CIOT May 2004 Mobilization involved approximately $32 million dollars of purchased media. Law enforcement agencies in 50 State...

A university-based incentive program to increase safety belt use: Toward cost-effective institutionalization

PubMed Central

Rudd, James R.; Geller, E. Scott

1985-01-01

A cost-effective incentive program to increase safety belt use was implemented by the campus police of a large university. For each of the 3-week intervention periods during three consecutive academic quarters, the 22 campus police officers recorded the license plate numbers of vehicles with drivers wearing a shoulder belt. From these numbers, 10 raffle winners were drawn who received gift certificates donated by community merchants. Faculty and staff increased their belt usage markedly as a result of the “Seatbelt Sweepstakes,” whereas students increased their belt use only slightly. A cost-effectiveness analysis indicated that the sweepstakes cost an average of $0.98 per each newly buckled driver. During each sweepstakes intervention, officers' belt usage increased significantly, but diminished to initial baseline levels after the final withdrawal of the program. Surveys of officers' opinions indicated that the police would accept the program demands as a regular task requirement. This result and the fact that program promotion and coordination were eventually taken over by two student organizations suggest that institutionalization of the “Seatbelt Sweepstakes” is feasible. ImagesFigure 1 PMID:16795689

Seat belt use, especially among low-use drivers, increases as Florida upgrades to primary seat belt enforcement : traffic tech.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2012-08-01

As a secondary seat belt law State, Florida had worked : for many years to encourage more drivers to wear : their seat belts by participating in annual Click It or : Ticket (CIOT) mobilizations, and by conducting special : programs in rural areas of ...

Effectiveness of safety belt warning and interlock systems

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1973-04-01

Rental cars in Fayetteville, N.C., were equipped with four seat belt and warning systems: (Phase I) detachable shoulder and lap belt, no warning system; (Phase II) detachable shoulder and lap belt, warning system (January 1, 1972 standard); (Phase II...

Evaluation of a rural seat belt demonstration program in Florida, Georgia, and Tennessee.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2016-09-01

Three southeastern States initiated high-visibility enforcement campaigns to address lower seat belt use in their rural areas than in non-rural areas. Florida, Georgia, and Tennessee conducted four waves of intensified enforcement and media from Nove...

Exploration of impact measures of safety belt use laws. Volume 2, Literature reviewed, expert team comments on indicators, and indicator catalog

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1990-02-01

This project identified, evaluated, and recommended indicators of safety belt use law (SBUL) impact (other than fatality reduction and observed belt usage) as well as institutional sources that collect them. The project involved an extensive literatu...

Safety belt and motorcycle helmet use in Virginia : results of the 1992 through 1995 surveys.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1995-01-01

This series of surveys to determine the safety belt and motorcycle helmet use rates in Virginia was initiated to qualify the Commonwealth for incentive funds in accordance with the requirements of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act,...

Pattern of seat belt use by drivers in Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Background In Trinidad and Tobago, the law on the mandatory use of seat belts was passed in 1995, but this law is hardly enforced. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and predictors of seat belt use by motor vehicle drivers in the country. Findings A cross-sectional study of 959 motor vehicle drivers using a self-administered questionnaire. Data analysis included Pearson Chi square test and multinomial logistic regression analysis in order to determine the possible predictors of seat belt use by the drivers in Trinidad and Tobago. A majority of the drivers sometimes (51.8%) or always (31.6%) use a seat belt. About 16.7%, 29% and 54.2% of the drivers perceived that the other drivers use their seat belts more frequently, with the same frequency and less frequently respectively compared to themselves. The main reason for not using seat belt by the drivers was given as frequent stops (40.7%) and the main motivation to use seat belt by the drivers was given as stiffer penalties for non-compliance with the seat belt law (44.5%). The predictors of seat belt use were male driver, no formal or lower level of education, driving for less than 10 years, and the perception that the other drivers use seat belts with the same or higher frequency compared to the respondents. Conclusion Only a small proportion of the drivers in Trinidad and Tobago always use a seat belt when driving. There is the need to enforce the seat belt legislation in the country. PMID:21679410

Strategies to increase seat belt use : an analysis of levels of fines and the type of law.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-11-01

The main objectives of this study were to determine the relationships between seat belt use in the States and (1) the : type of seat belt law enforcement (primary versus secondary), and (2) seat belt fine levels. : The study examined law type and lev...

Comparison of self-reported and observed prevalence of safety belt and helmet use in Florence.

PubMed

Lorini, C; Pieralli, F; Mersi, A; Cecconi, R; Garofalo, G; Santini, M G; Bonaccorsi, G

2014-01-01

Safety belt and helmet use was estimated from PASSI data and measured through Ulisse observations. Between 2008 and 2012 a total of 2,081 cars and motorcycle users were interviewed in the LHU of Florence and a total of 59,787 drivers (11,870 front passengers, 1,129 rear passengers and 16,816 motorcyclists) were observed. The comparison between self-reported and observed prevalences was performed by calculating the over-reporting factor (ORF), defined as the ratio of the self-reported to the observed prevalence of seat belt or helmet use. The time trend of the prevalence (both from self-reported and observed data) and of the ORF was assessed by using linear regression and Poisson's regression, respectively. The correlation between self-reported and observed prevalence is high, with a Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.95 (p <0.05). Regarding front seat belt use rates, the difference between self-reported and observed data increases over time and the ORF range varies from 1.12 to 1.32. Rear seat belt data show a great variability, and the ORF varies from 0.67 to 1.37. In 2011 and 2012, the observed prevalence was higher than the self-reported one (ORF <1). Helmet use rates are very high, close to 100% with both methods; ORF has very small oscillations and ranges from 0.98 to 1, showing a good correlation between self-reported and observational data. There are no significant temporal variations both for the prevalences of use and for the ORF. The reasonable accuracy of self-reported data makes this method fit in the routinary assessment of safety belts and helmet usage, in order to limit the observations of the Ulisse system at predetermined time intervals. However, self-reported estimates need to be adjusted using an appropriate over-reporting factor.

Investigation into qualitative discourses of the occupational safety and health inspectors in order to promote enforcement.

PubMed

Niskanen, Toivo

2015-01-01

The aim of this study is to conduct an ex-post evaluation of the OSH Enforcement Act. The focus of the study was to collate the views of occupational safety and health (OSH) inspectors on how the OSH Enforcement Act and the practices of the governmental OSH inspectorate operate from an effectiveness perspective. The questionnaire included open questions addressed to OSH inspectors. The results indicated that there is a tension between the quantitative performance targets, e.g., the number of inspections and the effectiveness of the practical enforcement work. Harmonizing the enforcement practices should be implemented at two levels: OSH local agencies and individual inspectors. OSH inspectors believe that developing the professional skills of OSH inspectors and the monitoring of OSH management systems are important ways of promoting the effectiveness of OSH enforcement.

Reducing death on the road: the effects of minimum safety standards, publicized crash tests, seat belts, and alcohol.

PubMed Central

Robertson, L S

1996-01-01

OBJECTIVES. Two phases of attempts to improve passenger car crash worthiness have occurred: minimum safety standards and publicized crash tests. This study evaluated these attempts, as well as changes in seat belt and alcohol use, in terms of their effect on occupant death and fatal crash rates. METHODS. Data on passenger car occupant fatalities and total involvement in fatal crashes, for 1975 through 1991, were obtained from the Fatal Accident Reporting System. Rates per mile were calculated through published sources on vehicle use by vehicle age. Regression estimates of effects of regulation, publicized crash tests, seat belt use and alcohol involvement were obtained. RESULTS. Substantial reductions in fatalities occurred in the vehicle model years from the late 1960s through most of the 1970s, when federal standards were applied. Some additional increments in reduced death rates, attributable to additional improved vehicle crashworthiness, occurred during the period of publicized crash tests. Increased seat belt use and reduced alcohol use also contributed significantly to reduced deaths. CONCLUSIONS. Minimum safety standards, crashworthiness improvements, seat belt use laws, and reduced alcohol use each contributed to a large reduction in passenger car occupant deaths. PMID:8561238

Traffic enforcement : funding of automatic red-light and speed enforcement technologies

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2003-02-21

The U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO) reviewed photo enforcement by 73 jurisdictions that had been identified by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety as having photo enforcement programs. The GAO developed the data on these programs through ...

Seat Belts: 1949-1956

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1979-04-01

The study assesses the impact of the consumer misconceptions, the lack of a seat belt standard, corporate attitudes towards safety, and the role of safety advocates. In addition, the study assesses the validity of the oft-stated hypothesis "safety do...

The impact of safety belt use on liver injuries in motor vehicle crashes: the importance of motor vehicle safety systems.

PubMed

Holbrook, Troy Lisa; Hoyt, David B; Eastman, A Brent; Sise, Michael J; Kennedy, Frank; Velky, Tom; Conroy, Carol; Pacyna, Sharon; Erwin, Steve

2007-08-01

Liver injuries (LIs) are one of the most serious and common consequences of motor vehicle crashes (MVCs). In the unstable patient, early detection of LI based on clinical suspicion will improve acute trauma care and outcomes. The specific objectives of this analysis are to identify crash scene and occupant risk factors for LI from MVC. Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network data were used to identify risk factors for LI; age, sex, safety belt use, air bag deployment, DeltaV (change in velocity), principal direction of force, vehicle crush, and intrusion. Occupants with LI were compared with four control groups without LI; (1) no abdominal (ABD) injury (NO_ABD), (2) any ABD (ANY_ABD), (3) ABD Abbreviated Injury Scale score of 1 to 2 (ABD_1-2), and (4) ABD Abbreviated Injury Scale score of 3 or more (ABD_3+). LI occupants were compared with each control group and odds ratios (OR) for risk of LI were computed. There were 311 Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network subjects aged 5 or more years with LI. The total mean Injury Severity Score was 37.6. LI was strongly and significantly associated with safety belt restraint use without air bag deployment, compared with each control group: Liver injury - restrained + air bag not deployed versus (1) NO_ABD, N = 1,519; OR = 4.4, (2) ANY_ABD, N = 317; OR = 2.6, (3) ABD_1 to 2, N = 155; OR = 3.1, (4) ABD_3+, N = 217; OR = 2.4 (p < 0.001). This association was independent of driver or passenger status and principal direction of force. LIs were also strongly and significantly associated with greater vehicle interior intrusion. LIs were strongly associated with a safety belt restraint in use in the absence of air bag deployment during MVC. This data may have profound importance to the trauma surgeon as an early indicator for LI during resuscitation. These findings also have important implications for future research efforts to improve safety systems in motor vehicles and reduce morbidity and mortality from MVCs in the

Evaluation of the May 2005 Click It or Ticket mobilization to increase seat belt use

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2007-05-01

Click It or Ticket (CIOT) is an intense, short-duration, seat belt publicity and enforcement program. The CIOT May 2005 Mobilization involved approximately $33 million of purchased media. Law enforcement agencies across the Nation reported issuing mo...

Evaluation of the comfort and convenience of safety belt systems in 1980 and 1981 model vehicles

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1981-03-01

An analysis was conducted of both user and vehicle characteristics that influence the user perceptions of safety belt system comfort and convenience. A research design was developed involving various passenger cars, vans, and pickups, and a set of dr...

Prevalence and issues in non-use of safety belts and child restraints in a high-income developing country: lessons for the future.

PubMed

Barss, Peter; Al-Obthani, Murad; Al-Hammadi, Abdulla; Al-Shamsi, Hamad; El-Sadig, Mohammed; Grivna, Michal

2008-01-01

In United Arab Emirates (UAE), a high-income developing country, safety belt (SB) legislation was implemented in 1998, covering only front-seated adults on highways outside cities. We assessed wearing of SBs after 5 years, together with use of safety restraints by rear passengers and children, perceptions about SBs, and use of tinted glass. A cross-sectional survey in 2003-2004 in Al Ain, population 400,000 and the main desert city of UAE, used random sampling of petrol stations; about 80% of UAE's population is non-citizens. Five of 30 stations were selected, including 3 different speed zones; vehicles with children were over-sampled. Drivers were interviewed by questionnaire. Use of safety restraints and presence of tinted glass were verified by observation. Confounding and correlation were assessed by stratification and logistic regression. The sample included 500 vehicles, containing 959 adults and 876 children; 382 vehicles had children. SBs were used by 29% of drivers, 14% of front-seat and 2% of rear-seat adult passengers. 23% of children were in front; only 4% in front and 1% in the rear were restrained. SBs were worn by only 11% of UAE-citizen drivers and 10% of off-duty police and military. Odds ratio for non-use by citizens was 3.55 (95% CI 1.96-6.42). Use was greater among older drivers (p < 0.0005, X(2) trend). Reasons for non-use of SBs included discomfort 42%, forgetfulness 25%, uselessness 17%, carelessness 13%, and dangerous 3%. Among citizens, 15% believed SBs are dangerous. Tinted glass was present in 68% of vehicles. SB legislation failed to protect the population, with low use of restraints by citizens, military, and police, and virtually none among children and rear passengers. Lessons include the necessity of drafting laws that provide comprehensive and effective protection, study of cultural constraints to compliance with injury prevention measures, and locally effective interventions to prepare citizens and enforcers for the expected new

Impaired driving enforcement practices among state and local law enforcement agencies in the United States.

PubMed

Eichelberger, Angela H; McCartt, Anne T

2016-09-01

Alcohol-impaired driving (DUI) persists as a substantial problem, yet detailed data on DUI enforcement practices are rarely collected. The present study surveyed state and local law enforcement agencies about their DUI enforcement activities. Telephone interviews were conducted with law enforcement liaisons in state highway safety offices. Officers from a nationally representative sample of municipal, county, and state law enforcement agencies were also interviewed about their agency's DUI enforcement activities, including the types of enforcement, frequency of use, and whether activities were publicized. Response rates were 100% among law enforcement liaisons, 86% among county agencies, 93% among municipal agencies, and 98% among state agencies. Based on the highway safety office survey, 38 states conducted sobriety checkpoints in 2011. Nationally, 58% of law enforcement agencies reported that they conducted or helped conduct sobriety checkpoints during 2011-12, with 14% of all agencies conducting them monthly or more frequently. The vast majority (87%) of agencies reported conducting dedicated DUI patrols. However, dedicated DUI patrols were less likely to be publicized than checkpoints. Less than a quarter of agencies reported using passive alcohol sensors to improve detection of alcohol-impaired drivers. Results show that 38 states conducted sobriety checkpoints in 2011, little changed from a previous survey in 2000. Despite evidence of effectiveness, many agencies do not conduct frequent, publicized DUI enforcement or use passive alcohol sensors. The survey suggests that there are several areas in which impaired driving enforcement could be improved: increasing the frequency of special enforcement, such as sobriety checkpoints and/or dedicated patrols; publicizing these efforts to maximize deterrent effects; and using passive alcohol sensors to improve detection of alcohol-impaired drivers. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd and National Safety Council. All rights

Safety belt usage before and after enactment of a mandatory usage ordinance (Lexington-Fayette County, Kentucky)

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1990-10-01

In the absence of a statewide law, a local ordinance was passed by the Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government mandating use of safety belts. The objective of this study was to conduct surveys before the ordinance was passed, during the implementat...

Police accident report forms: safety device coding and enacted laws.

PubMed

Brock, K; Lapidus, G

2008-12-01

Safety device coding on state police accident report (PAR) forms was compared with provisions in state traffic safety laws. PAR forms were obtained from all 50 states and the District of Columbia (states/DC). For seat belts, 22 states/DC had a primary seat belt enforcement law vs 50 with a PAR code. For car seats, all 51 states/DC had a law and a PAR code. For booster seats, 39 states/DC had a law vs nine with a PAR code. For motorcycle helmets, 21 states/DC had an all-age rider helmet law and another 26 a partial-age law vs 50 with a PAR code. For bicycle helmets, 21 states/DC had a partial-age rider helmet law vs 48 with a PAR code. Therefore gaps in the ability of states to fully record accident data reflective of existing state traffic safety laws are revealed. Revising the PAR forms in all states to include complete variables for safety devices should be an important priority, independent of the laws.

30 CFR 75.1108 - Approved conveyor belts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Approved conveyor belts. 75.1108 Section 75.1108 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR COAL MINE SAFETY AND... December 31, 2018 all conveyor belts used in underground coal mines shall be approved under Part 14. [73 FR...

An investigation of safety belt usage and effectiveness

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1975-03-01

This interim report contains primarily a theoretical discussion of problems of inference in studies on seat belt utilization and effectiveness. Seat belt effectiveness in accidents is initially discussed from a population paramenter point of, view. T...

Regulation of occupational health and safety in the semiconductor industry: enforcement problems and solutions.

PubMed

Watterson, Andrew

2006-01-01

Reports of high incidences of occupational illnesses in the semiconductor industry should have triggered global investigations and rigorous inspection of the industry. Yet semiconductor plants remain essentially unregulated. Health and safety standards are inadequate and enforcement is lax. Roles for stakeholders in laying down good practice, monitoring, and regulating are proposed, and obstacles are described. Effective regulation has advantages for the industry as well as workers. Conditions for best practice include education at all levels, protection and support for labor inspectors, government commitment to enforcing laws, recognition of the right of workers to organize, and recognition of their rights.

30 CFR 77.406 - Drive belts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... SAFETY STANDARDS, SURFACE COAL MINES AND SURFACE WORK AREAS OF UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Safeguards for Mechanical Equipment § 77.406 Drive belts. (a) Drive belts shall not be shifted while in motion unless the...

29 CFR 1952.365 - Level of Federal enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION... Mexico occupational health and safety plan, discretionary Federal enforcement authority under section 18... authority fully or effectively; (7) Enforcement of occupational safety and health standards at all Federal...

Impact of Implementing a Primary Enforcement Seat Belt Law in Florida : A Case Study

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2012-08-01

On June 30, 2009, Florida implemented a primary seat belt law. The State was already engaged in a Rural : Demonstration Program (RDP) to increase belt usage in rural areas in the northern part of the State and participated : regularly in annual Click...

Achieving a high seat belt use rate : a guide for selective traffic enforcement programs

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2001-04-01

When used properly, lap/shoulder belts reduce the risk of fatal injury to front-seat passenger car occupants by 45% and the risk of moderate-to-critical injury by 50%. Even greater risk reduction results when seat belts are used properly in light tru...

An evaluation of Winnipeg's photo enforcement safety program: results of time series analyses and an intersection camera experiment.

PubMed

Vanlaar, Ward; Robertson, Robyn; Marcoux, Kyla

2014-01-01

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of Winnipeg's photo enforcement safety program on speeding, i.e., "speed on green", and red-light running behavior at intersections as well as on crashes resulting from these behaviors. ARIMA time series analyses regarding crashes related to red-light running (right-angle crashes and rear-end crashes) and crashes related to speeding (injury crashes and property damage only crashes) occurring at intersections were conducted using monthly crash counts from 1994 to 2008. A quasi-experimental intersection camera experiment was also conducted using roadside data on speeding and red-light running behavior at intersections. These data were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. The time series analyses showed that for crashes related to red-light running, there had been a 46% decrease in right-angle crashes at camera intersections, but that there had also been an initial 42% increase in rear-end crashes. For crashes related to speeding, analyses revealed that the installation of cameras was not associated with increases or decreases in crashes. Results of the intersection camera experiment show that there were significantly fewer red light running violations at intersections after installation of cameras and that photo enforcement had a protective effect on speeding behavior at intersections. However, the data also suggest photo enforcement may be less effective in preventing serious speeding violations at intersections. Overall, Winnipeg's photo enforcement safety program had a positive net effect on traffic safety. Results from both the ARIMA time series and the quasi-experimental design corroborate one another. However, the protective effect of photo enforcement is not equally pronounced across different conditions so further monitoring is required to improve the delivery of this measure. Results from this study as well as limitations are discussed. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of Teen Seat Belt Demonstration Projects in Colorado and Nevada

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-09-01

Colorado and Nevada initiated multiwave Teen Seat Belt Demonstration Projects in October 2007. Four : waves of paid media and law enforcement activity were conducted over the next year. Three of these waves : were conducted independently of statewide...

30 CFR 57.15020 - Life jackets and belts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Life jackets and belts. 57.15020 Section 57.15020 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL... Protection Surface Only § 57.15020 Life jackets and belts. Life jackets or belts shall be worn where there is...

30 CFR 56.15020 - Life jackets and belts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Life jackets and belts. 56.15020 Section 56.15020 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL... § 56.15020 Life jackets and belts. Life jackets or belts shall be worn where there is danger from...

30 CFR 57.15020 - Life jackets and belts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Life jackets and belts. 57.15020 Section 57.15020 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL... Protection Surface Only § 57.15020 Life jackets and belts. Life jackets or belts shall be worn where there is...

30 CFR 56.15020 - Life jackets and belts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Life jackets and belts. 56.15020 Section 56.15020 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL... § 56.15020 Life jackets and belts. Life jackets or belts shall be worn where there is danger from...

30 CFR 57.15020 - Life jackets and belts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Life jackets and belts. 57.15020 Section 57.15020 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL... Protection Surface Only § 57.15020 Life jackets and belts. Life jackets or belts shall be worn where there is...

30 CFR 56.15020 - Life jackets and belts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Life jackets and belts. 56.15020 Section 56.15020 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL... § 56.15020 Life jackets and belts. Life jackets or belts shall be worn where there is danger from...

30 CFR 57.15020 - Life jackets and belts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Life jackets and belts. 57.15020 Section 57.15020 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL... Protection Surface Only § 57.15020 Life jackets and belts. Life jackets or belts shall be worn where there is...

30 CFR 56.15020 - Life jackets and belts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Life jackets and belts. 56.15020 Section 56.15020 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL... § 56.15020 Life jackets and belts. Life jackets or belts shall be worn where there is danger from...

30 CFR 57.15020 - Life jackets and belts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Life jackets and belts. 57.15020 Section 57.15020 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL... Protection Surface Only § 57.15020 Life jackets and belts. Life jackets or belts shall be worn where there is...

30 CFR 56.15020 - Life jackets and belts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Life jackets and belts. 56.15020 Section 56.15020 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL... § 56.15020 Life jackets and belts. Life jackets or belts shall be worn where there is danger from...

30 CFR 75.350 - Belt air course ventilation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Belt air course ventilation. 75.350 Section 75... HEALTH MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Ventilation § 75.350 Belt air course ventilation. (a) The belt air course must not be used as a return air course; and except as provided in paragraph...

30 CFR 75.350 - Belt air course ventilation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Belt air course ventilation. 75.350 Section 75... HEALTH MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Ventilation § 75.350 Belt air course ventilation. (a) The belt air course must not be used as a return air course; and except as provided in paragraph...

30 CFR 75.350 - Belt air course ventilation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Belt air course ventilation. 75.350 Section 75... HEALTH MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Ventilation § 75.350 Belt air course ventilation. (a) The belt air course must not be used as a return air course; and except as provided in paragraph...

30 CFR 75.350 - Belt air course ventilation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Belt air course ventilation. 75.350 Section 75... HEALTH MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Ventilation § 75.350 Belt air course ventilation. (a) The belt air course must not be used as a return air course; and except as provided in paragraph...

Workplace health and safety regulations: Impact of enforcement and consultation on workers' compensation claims rates in Washington State.

PubMed

Baggs, James; Silverstein, Barbara; Foley, Michael

2003-05-01

There has been considerable debate in the public policy arena about the appropriate mix of regulatory enforcement and consultation in achieving desired health and safety behavior across industries. Recently there has been a shift in federal policy toward voluntary approaches and constraining the scope of enforcement programs, although there is little evidence that this might improve health and safety outcomes. To address this, we examined changes in lost time workers compensation claims rates for Washington State employers who had (1) no OSHA State Plan (WISHA) activity, (2) enforcement, (3) consultation, and (4) both types of visits. Compensable claims rates, hours, and WISHA activity were determined for each employer account with a single business location that had payroll hours reported for every quarter from 1997-2000 and more than 10 employees. We used a generalized estimating equations (GEE) approach to Poisson regression to model the association between WISHA activity and claims rate controlling for other external factors. Controlling for previous claims rate and average size, claims rates for employers with WISHA enforcement activity declined 22.5% in fixed site industry SIC codes compared to 7% among employers with no WISHA activity (P < 0.05), and in non-fixed site SICs (e.g., construction) claims rates declined 12.8% for employers with enforcement activity compared to a 7.4% decline for those with no WISHA activity (P > 0.10). WISHA consultation activity was not associated with a greater decline in compensable claims rates (-2.3% for fixed sites and +3.5% for non-fixed sites). WISHA activity did not adversely affect worksite survivability through the study period. Enforcement inspections are significantly associated with decreasing compensable workers compensation claims rates especially for fixed site employers. We were unable to identify an association between consultation activities and decreasing claims rates. Copyright 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Pattern of seat belt wearing in Nanjing, China

PubMed Central

Routley, V; Ozanne‐Smith, J; Li, D; Hu, X; Wang, P; Qin, Y

2007-01-01

Objective To describe the patterns of seat belt wearing in Nanjing, China for drivers, front seat passengers, and rear occupants of motor vehicles. Design Roadside observational study. Setting Four sites in central and northern Nanjing during daylight hours over 1 week in April 2005. Subjects Drivers and passengers of 17 147 cars, taxis, goods vans, and pickups, which traveled in the inside traffic lane. Main outcome measures Percentage seat belt wearing for each of seating position, age/sex, time of day, vehicle type, day of week. Results The rate of seat belt wearing was significantly higher in drivers (67.3%, 95% CI 66.6 to 68.0) than front seat passengers (18.9%, 95% CI, 18.0 to 19.8). It was negligible for second front seat passengers (2.6%, 95% CI 0.3 to 4.9) and rear seat passengers (0.5%, 95% CI 0.3 to 0.7). Belt tampering, such that protection would be reduced in the event of a crash, was observed for 18.5% of taxi drivers. Drivers were most likely to wear seat belts in cars and vans and at a city roundabout; front seat passengers were most likely to wear seat belts in non‐taxi vehicles, during the evening rush hour, if the driver was wearing a belt, and on the local north road. Drivers were least likely to wear a belt in the early morning, in pickups and taxis, on Tuesday (or the following week), and on the local north road; front seat passengers were least likely to wear a belt in taxis and if the driver was not wearing a belt. Conclusions Rates of seat belt wearing by passengers were low despite national legislation and provincial regulations coming into effect several months before the survey. Combined education and enforcement are necessary accompaniments to legislation. PMID:18056315

31 CFR 1010.810 - Enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY GENERAL PROVISIONS Enforcement; Penalties; and Forfeiture... national bank examiners; (2) To the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System with respect to those... examined for safety and soundness by FDIC bank examiners; (4) To the Federal Home Loan Bank Board with...

31 CFR 1010.810 - Enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY GENERAL PROVISIONS Enforcement; Penalties; and Forfeiture... national bank examiners; (2) To the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System with respect to those... examined for safety and soundness by FDIC bank examiners; (4) To the Federal Home Loan Bank Board with...

31 CFR 1010.810 - Enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY GENERAL PROVISIONS Enforcement; Penalties; and Forfeiture... national bank examiners; (2) To the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System with respect to those... examined for safety and soundness by FDIC bank examiners; (4) To the Federal Home Loan Bank Board with...

31 CFR 1010.810 - Enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... ENFORCEMENT NETWORK, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY GENERAL PROVISIONS Enforcement; Penalties; and Forfeiture... national bank examiners; (2) To the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System with respect to those... examined for safety and soundness by FDIC bank examiners; (4) To the Federal Home Loan Bank Board with...

Does unbelted safety requirement affect protection for belted occupants?

PubMed

Hu, Jingwen; Klinich, Kathleen D; Manary, Miriam A; Flannagan, Carol A C; Narayanaswamy, Prabha; Reed, Matthew P; Andreen, Margaret; Neal, Mark; Lin, Chin-Hsu

2017-05-29

Federal regulations in the United States require vehicles to meet occupant performance requirements with unbelted test dummies. Removing the test requirements with unbelted occupants might encourage the deployment of seat belt interlocks and allow restraint optimization to focus on belted occupants. The objective of this study is to compare the performance of restraint systems optimized for belted-only occupants with those optimized for both belted and unbelted occupants using computer simulations and field crash data analyses. In this study, 2 validated finite element (FE) vehicle/occupant models (a midsize sedan and a midsize SUV) were selected. Restraint design optimizations under standardized crash conditions (U.S.-NCAP and FMVSS 208) with and without unbelted requirements were conducted using Hybrid III (HIII) small female and midsize male anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) in both vehicles on both driver and right front passenger positions. A total of 10 to 12 design parameters were varied in each optimization using a combination of response surface method (RSM) and genetic algorithm. To evaluate the field performance of restraints optimized with and without unbelted requirements, 55 frontal crash conditions covering a greater variety of crash types than those in the standardized crashes were selected. A total of 1,760 FE simulations were conducted for the field performance evaluation. Frontal crashes in the NASS-CDS database from 2002 to 2012 were used to develop injury risk curves and to provide the baseline performance of current restraint system and estimate the injury risk change by removing the unbelted requirement. Unbelted requirements do not affect the optimal seat belt and airbag design parameters in 3 out of 4 vehicle/occupant position conditions, except for the SUV passenger side. Overall, compared to the optimal designs with unbelted requirements, optimal designs without unbelted requirements generated the same or lower total injury risks for

Fatality reduction by safety belts for front-seat occupants of cars and light trucks : updated and expanded estimates based on 1986-99 FARS data

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2000-12-01

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimated in 1984 that manual 3-point safety belts : reduce the fatality risk of front-seat occupants of passenger cars by 45 percent relative to the unrestrained : occupant. The agency still relies ...

78 FR 14188 - Safety Zone, Change to Enforcement Period, Patapsco River, Northwest and Inner Harbors; Baltimore...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-05

... enforcement period of a safety zone regulation for the annual movement of the historic sloop-of-war USS... sloop-of-war USS CONSTELLATION in Baltimore, Maryland on the Thursday before Memorial Day (observed... McHenry National Monument and Historic Site. Beginning at 3 p.m., the historic Sloop-of-War USS...

30 CFR 57.4263 - Underground belt conveyors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....4263 Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Fire Prevention and Control Firefighting Equipment § 57.4263 Underground belt conveyors. Fire protection shall be...

Data mining mining data: MSHA enforcement efforts, underground coal mine safety, and new health policy implications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kniesner, T.J.; Leeth, J.D.

2004-09-15

Using recently assembled data from the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) we shed new light on the regulatory approach to workplace safety. Because all underground coal mines are inspected quarterly, MSHA regulations will not be ineffective because of infrequent inspections. From over 200 different specifications of dynamic mine safety regressions we select the specification producing the largest MSHA impact. Even using results most favorable to the agency, MSHA is not currently cost effective. Almost 700,000 life years could be gained for typical miners if a quarter of MSHA's enforcement budget were reallocated to other programs (more heart disease screeningmore » or defibrillators at worksites).« less

30 CFR 57.4503 - Conveyor belt slippage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Fire Prevention and... within confined areas where evacuation would be restricted in the event of a fire resulting from belt...

30 CFR 56.4503 - Conveyor belt slippage.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Mineral Resources MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR METAL AND NONMETAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS-SURFACE METAL AND NONMETAL MINES Fire Prevention and... confined areas where evacuation would be restricted in the event of a fire resulting from belt-slippage...

10 CFR 851.5 - Enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Enforcement. 851.5 Section 851.5 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY WORKER SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM General Provisions § 851.5 Enforcement. Link to an amendment published at 74 FR 66033, Dec. 14, 2009. (a) A contractor that is indemnified under section 170d. of the AEA...

Automatic safety belt usage in 1981 Toyotas

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1982-02-01

The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effectiveness of automatic restraint systems provided in Toyota Cressidas in increasing use of seat belts, and to evaluate attitude of owners toward those systems. Data were collected through telephone...

49 CFR 571.210 - Standard No. 210; Seat belt assembly anchorages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 6 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Standard No. 210; Seat belt assembly anchorages... STANDARDS Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards § 571.210 Standard No. 210; Seat belt assembly anchorages. S1. Purpose and scope. This standard establishes requirements for seat belt assembly anchorages to...

49 CFR 571.210 - Standard No. 210; Seat belt assembly anchorages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 6 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Standard No. 210; Seat belt assembly anchorages... STANDARDS Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards § 571.210 Standard No. 210; Seat belt assembly anchorages. S1. Purpose and scope. This standard establishes requirements for seat belt assembly anchorages to...

49 CFR 571.210 - Standard No. 210; Seat belt assembly anchorages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 6 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Standard No. 210; Seat belt assembly anchorages... STANDARDS Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards § 571.210 Standard No. 210; Seat belt assembly anchorages. S1. Purpose and scope. This standard establishes requirements for seat belt assembly anchorages to...

49 CFR 571.210 - Standard No. 210; Seat belt assembly anchorages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 6 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Standard No. 210; Seat belt assembly anchorages... STANDARDS Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards § 571.210 Standard No. 210; Seat belt assembly anchorages. S1. Purpose and scope. This standard establishes requirements for seat belt assembly anchorages to...

49 CFR 244.21 - Compliance and Enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION REGULATIONS ON SAFETY INTEGRATION PLANS GOVERNING RAILROAD CONSOLIDATIONS, MERGERS, AND ACQUISITIONS OF CONTROL Safety Integration Plans § 244.21 Compliance and Enforcement. (a...

School Bus Safety. An AS&U Roundtable.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American School and University, 1985

1985-01-01

A roundtable discussion of the issue of seat belts in school buses features United States Representative Peter H. Kostmayer, who has introduced a bill providing incentive grants to states to adopt and enforce laws requiring the use of seat belts in new school buses; three bus manufacturing executives; and two educators. (MLF)

Effectiveness of Safety Belt Use Laws: A Multinational Examination. Proceedings of a Workshop (Washington, DC, November 12-14, 1985).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (DOT), Washington, DC.

In September 1984, a questionnaire on safety belt use laws was sent to approximately 25 nations, more than 20 of which responded. Various members of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD) Road Research Program used data from the completed questionnaires in conjunction with existing literature to write a series of…

Primary laws and fine levels are associated with increases in seat belt use, 1997-2008

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-11-01

Increasing fine levels is a strategy that has potential to further raise seat belt use, in addition to primary law upgrades and high-visibility enforcement. Although the regression analyses did not find a statistically significant effect associated w...

Safety belt and motorcycle helmet use in Virginia : results of the 1993 survey to qualify for incentive funds under ISTEA, Section 153.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1993-01-01

Section 153 of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) established an incentive grant program to support states in adopting and implementing laws requiring the use of safety belts and motorcycle helmets. Having such laws ...

Safety belt and motorcycle helmet use in Virginia : results of the 1992 survey to qualify for incentive funds under ISTEA, section 153.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1993-01-01

Section 153 of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) established an incentive grant program to support states in adopting and implementing laws requiring the use of safety belts and motorcycle helmets. Having such laws ...

Use of automated enforcement for red light violations

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1997-08-01

The use of automated enforcement systems offers the potential to decrease the number of red light violations and improve the safety of intersections. Included in this report are an evaluation of the operating conditions where automated enforcement wa...

Mission impossible? Regulatory and enforcement issues to ensure safety of dietary supplements.

PubMed

Petroczi, A; Taylor, G; Naughton, D P

2011-02-01

Dietary supplements are widely used across all ages and user groups and constitute a considerable business sector in most developed countries. Hazards relating to concentration, composition, individual contaminants and supplement interactions present an increasing public health concern. The aim of this paper is to review the literature for reported supplement contaminations (occurs in ca 25% of supplements, with anabolic steroids being the most common) and complement these findings with notifications logged in the EU's Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) through imports or market surveillance, typically logged for poor quality control issues. Notifications in the RASFF have steadily increased by sixfold for supplements in the past 7 years with the USA and China being the major transgressors. Finland and Italy lead in detections, mainly notifying unpermitted substances and contaminants in sexual-enhancing or weight-loss supplements. This paper highlights the paucity of enforcement. Regulating supplements as a foodstuff and not a medicine, coupled with the fact that a significant proportion of the supplement market is distributed via the Internet (hence absent from routine border control and surveillance), make ensuring and enforcing safety a very challenging task. The need for better quality control, compliance and public awareness is evident. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Compliance with seat belt use in Benin City, Nigeria.

PubMed

Iribhogbe, Pius Ehiawaguan; Osime, Clement Odigie

2008-01-01

Trauma is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. A quarter of all fatalities due to injury occur due to road traffic crashes with 90% of the fatalities occurring in low- and medium-income countries. Poor compliance with the use of seat belts is a problem in many developing countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of seatbelt compliance in motor vehicles in Benin City, Nigeria. A five-day, observational study was conducted in strategic locations in Benin City. The compliance rates of drivers, front seat passengers, and rear seat passengers in the various categories of vehicles were evaluated, and the data were subjected to statistical processing using the Program for Epidemiology. A total of 369 vehicles were observed. This consisted of 172 private cars, 64 taxis, 114 buses, 15 trucks, and four other vehicles. The seat belt compliance rate for drivers was 52.3%, front seat passengers 18.4%, and rear seat passengers 6.1%. Drivers of all categories of vehicles were more likely to use the seat belt compared to front seat passengers (p = 0.000) and rear seat passengers (p = 0.000). Drivers of private cars were more likely to use seat belts compared to taxi drivers (p = 0.000) and bus drivers (p = 0.000). Front seat passengers in private cars were more likely to use the seat belt compared to front seat passengers in taxis (p = 0.000) and buses (p = 0.000). Rear seat passengers in private cars also were more likely to use seat belts compared to rear seat passengers in taxis (p = 0.000) and buses (p = 0.000). Compliance with seat belt use in Benin City is low. Legislation, educational campaigns, and enforcement of seat belt use are needed.

1980 survey of public perceptions on highway safety.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1980-09-01

The 1980 survey again found a wide discrepancy between public attitudes : and perceptions about safety belts and the public's usage of safety : belts. While it is widely believed that safety belts may help to : prevent serious injury in an automobile...

Seat-belt message and the law?

PubMed

Sengupta, S K; Patil, N G; Law, G

1989-09-01

This paper attempts to draw together available information on the use of seat belts, one of the most important safety devices for a person in a car. Considering the high rate of mortality and morbidity due to road traffic accidents in Papua New Guinea the authors strongly feel that seat-belt usage should be made compulsory. When one looks at the history of the implementation of such a successful countermeasure in other countries it seems that legislation is the only answer.

33 CFR 88.11 - Law enforcement vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... display a flashing blue light when engaged in direct law enforcement or public safety activities. This light must be located so that it does not interfere with the visibility of the vessel's navigation lights. (b) The blue light described in this section may be displayed by law enforcement vessels of the...

33 CFR 88.11 - Law enforcement vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... display a flashing blue light when engaged in direct law enforcement or public safety activities. This light must be located so that it does not interfere with the visibility of the vessel's navigation lights. (b) The blue light described in this section may be displayed by law enforcement vessels of the...

33 CFR 88.11 - Law enforcement vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... display a flashing blue light when engaged in direct law enforcement or public safety activities. This light must be located so that it does not interfere with the visibility of the vessel's navigation lights. (b) The blue light described in this section may be displayed by law enforcement vessels of the...

33 CFR 88.11 - Law enforcement vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... display a flashing blue light when engaged in direct law enforcement or public safety activities. This light must be located so that it does not interfere with the visibility of the vessel's navigation lights. (b) The blue light described in this section may be displayed by law enforcement vessels of the...

33 CFR 88.11 - Law enforcement vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... display a flashing blue light when engaged in direct law enforcement or public safety activities. This light must be located so that it does not interfere with the visibility of the vessel's navigation lights. (b) The blue light described in this section may be displayed by law enforcement vessels of the...

Automated enforcement : a compendium of worldwide evaluations of results

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2007-03-14

Powerpoint presentation of the report "Automated enforcement : a compendium of worldwide evaluations of results". This compendium details automated enforcement systems (AES) implemented around the world and characterizes the safety impacts of such de...

29 CFR 1987.113 - Judicial enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Judicial enforcement. 1987.113 Section 1987.113 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) PROCEDURES FOR HANDLING RETALIATION COMPLAINTS UNDER SECTION 402 OF THE FDA FOOD SAFETY...

Driver's views and behaviors about safety in China--what do they NOT know about driving?

PubMed

Zhang, Wei; Huang, Yueng-Hsiang; Roetting, Matthias; Wang, Ying; Wei, Hua

2006-01-01

Driving safety has become an extremely severe problem in China due to rapid motorization. Unless more effective measures are taken, the fatality risk and the total fatalities due to road traffic accidents are expected to continue to increase. Therefore, focus group discussions were conducted to explore driver attitudes and safe driver characteristics. The results were then compared with a similar study conducted with US drivers. Although similarities were found, differences were of more importance. The Chinese drivers concentrate more on driving skills and capabilities, whereas the US drivers concentrate more on practical safe driving guidelines. Then direct field observations were conducted for the Chinese drivers to empirically investigate the issues discovered. The use of safety belts, running lights, headlights, and turn signals were observed to investigate the drivers' behaviors. Results show that the safety belt use ratio is about 64%, running light use is nearly zero during rainy and snowy weather, headlights use after sunset is substantially delayed, and only about 40% of drivers use turn signals to indicate their intention to change lanes. These findings indicate that the authorities need to take appropriate countermeasures to change the views of the Chinese drivers regarding driving safety and their unsafe driving behaviors. Improvement of training content and methods as well as police enforcement would be recommended.

More cops more stops: evaluation of a combined HVE program in Oklahoma and Tennessee.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2016-10-01

The More Cops More Stops (MCMS) high-visibility enforcement program was designed to address multiple traffic safety : issues with one message and program effort. Impaired driving, seat belt, and speeding enforcement were conducted and : advertised us...

49 CFR 392.16 - Use of seat belts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) FEDERAL MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY REGULATIONS DRIVING OF COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLES Driving of Commercial Motor Vehicles § 392.16 Use of seat belts. A commercial motor vehicle which...

Restraint use law enforcement intervention in Latino communities.

PubMed

Schaechter, Judy; Uhlhorn, Susan B

2011-11-01

Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for U.S. Latinos aged 1 to 35 years. Restraint use is an effective means of prevention of motor vehicle crash injury. Effective interventions to raise restraint use include the following: legislation, law enforcement, education, and equipment distribution. The effects of law enforcement interventions in Latino immigrant communities are understudied. We measured the community-level effect of a combined intervention that included warnings and citations phase enforcement in Latino communities. We designed and implemented in two of three Latino-majority communities a multicomponent intervention consisting of a community awareness campaign, restraint use education with equipment distribution, and a two-staged law enforcement intervention. Restraint use observations were conducted in all three communities at baseline, after the warnings phase and again after the citations phase of the intervention were completed. The combined intervention of community awareness, education, child passenger restraint distribution, and law enforcement focused on educational traffic stops with incentives and warnings was associated with a significant increase in both driver and child passenger restraint use in one intervention community, but only driver restraint increased to a level of significance in the other intervention community; significant increase was also noted among nonintervention drivers. The citations phase of the intervention did not result in a significant increase in restraint use and was complicated by interruptions due to unlicensed drivers. The combined effort of community awareness, education, equipment distribution and law enforcement intervention that included incentives and warnings may be effective at increasing seat belt use in Latino communities without the need for citations.

Evaluation of 1983 selective speed enforcement projects in Virginia.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1985-01-01

This report describes and evaluates Virginia's 1983 selective speed enforcement projects. These projects are one of the various types of highway safety programs, classified as selective traffic enforcement projects (STEPs) partially funded by the fed...

29 CFR 1926.959 - Lineman's body belts, safety straps, and lanyards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... tool pockets. On shifting D belts, this measurement for pocket tabs shall be taken when the D ring section is centered. (3) A maximum of four (4) tool loops shall be so situated on the body belt that four... of tool loops, and any other attachments. (4) Suitable copper, steel, or equivalent liners shall be...

29 CFR 1952.375 - Level of Federal Enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Level of Federal Enforcement. 1952.375 Section 1952.375 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION... Level of Federal Enforcement. (a) As a result of the Assistant Secretary's determination granting final...

29 CFR 1952.225 - Level of Federal enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Level of Federal enforcement. 1952.225 Section 1952.225 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION... Level of Federal enforcement. (a) As a result of the Assistant Secretary's determination granting final...

29 CFR 1952.355 - Level of Federal enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Level of Federal enforcement. 1952.355 Section 1952.355 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION... Level of Federal enforcement. (a) As a result of the Assistant Secretary's determination granting final...

29 CFR 1952.215 - Level of Federal enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Level of Federal enforcement. 1952.215 Section 1952.215 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION... Level of Federal enforcement. (a) As a result of the Assistant Secretary's determination granting final...

29 CFR 1952.314 - Level of Federal enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Level of Federal enforcement. 1952.314 Section 1952.314 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION... Level of Federal enforcement. (a) As a result of the Assistant Secretary's determination granting final...

29 CFR 1952.345 - Level of Federal enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Level of Federal enforcement. 1952.345 Section 1952.345 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION... Level of Federal enforcement. (a) As a result of the Assistant Secretary's determination granting final...

29 CFR 1952.325 - Level of Federal enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Level of Federal enforcement. 1952.325 Section 1952.325 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION... Level of Federal enforcement. (a) As a result of the Assistant Secretary's determination granting final...

29 CFR 1952.244 - Level of Federal enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Level of Federal enforcement. 1952.244 Section 1952.244 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION... Level of Federal enforcement. (a) As a result of the Assistant Secretary's determination granting final...

29 CFR 1952.205 - Level of Federal enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Level of Federal enforcement. 1952.205 Section 1952.205 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION... Level of Federal enforcement. (a) As a result of the Assistant Secretary's determination granting final...

29 CFR 1952.235 - Level of Federal enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Level of Federal enforcement. 1952.235 Section 1952.235 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION... Level of Federal enforcement. (a) As a result of the Assistant Secretary's determination granting final...

29 CFR 1952.105 - Level of Federal enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Level of Federal enforcement. 1952.105 Section 1952.105 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION... Level of Federal enforcement. (a) As a result of the Assistant Secretary's determination granting final...

Biomechanical considerations for abdominal loading by seat belt pretensioners.

PubMed

Rouhana, Stephen W; El-Jawahri, Raed E; Laituri, Tony R

2010-11-01

While seat belts are the most effective safety technology in vehicles today, there are continual efforts in the industry to improve their ability to reduce the risk of injury. In this paper, seat belt pretensioners and current trends towards more powerful systems were reviewed and analyzed. These more powerful systems may be, among other things, systems that develop higher belt forces, systems that remove slack from belt webbing at higher retraction speeds, or both. The analysis started with validation of the Ford Human Body Finite Element Model for use in evaluation of abdominal belt loading by pretensioners. The model was then used to show that those studies, done with lap-only belts, can be used to establish injury metrics for tests done with lap-shoulder belts. Then, previously-performed PMHS studies were used to develop AIS 2+ and AIS 3+ injury risk curves for abdominal interaction with seat belts via logistic regression and reliability analysis with interval censoring. Finally, some considerations were developed for a possible laboratory test to evaluate higher-powered pretensioners.

Active transportation: do current traffic safety policies protect non-motorists?

PubMed

Mader, Emily M; Zick, Cathleen D

2014-06-01

This study investigated the impact that state traffic safety regulations have on non-motorist fatality rates. Data obtained from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) were analyzed through a pooled time series cross-sectional model using fixed effects regression for all 50 states from 1999 to 2009. Two dependent variables were used in separate models measuring annual state non-motorist fatalities per million population, and the natural log of state non-motorist fatalities. Independent variables measuring traffic policies included state expenditures for highway law enforcement and safety per capita; driver cell phone use regulations; graduated driver license regulations; driver blood alcohol concentration regulations; bike helmet regulations; and seat belt regulations. Other control variables included percent of all vehicle miles driven that are urban and mean per capita alcohol consumption per year. Non-motorist traffic safety was positively impacted by state highway law enforcement and safety expenditures per capita, with a decrease in non-motorist fatalities occurring with increased spending. Per capita consumption of alcohol also influenced non-motorist fatalities, with higher non-motorist fatalities occurring with higher per capita consumption of alcohol. Other traffic safety covariates did not appear to have a significant impact on non-motorist fatality rates in the models. Our research suggests that increased expenditures on state highway and traffic safety and the initiation/expansion of programs targeted at curbing both driver and non-motorist intoxication are a starting point for the implementation of traffic safety policies that reduce risks for non-motorists. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

29 CFR 1952.115 - Level of Federal enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Level of Federal enforcement. 1952.115 Section 1952.115 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) APPROVED STATE PLANS FOR ENFORCEMENT OF STATE STANDARDS Utah § 1952.115 Level...

Review of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations for Automated Commercial Vehicles: Preliminary Assessment of Interpretation and Enforcement Challenges, Questions, and Gaps

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2018-03-01

The Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe) reviewed the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs) to identify compliance and enforcement challenges related to the operation of automated commercial vehicles (CMVs) in interstate c...

Effectiveness of child safety seats vs seat belts in reducing risk for death in children in passenger vehicle crashes.

PubMed

Elliott, Michael R; Kallan, Michael J; Durbin, Dennis R; Winston, Flaura K

2006-06-01

To provide an estimate of benefit, if any, of child restraint systems over seat belts alone for children aged from 2 through 6 years. Cohort study. A sample of children in US passenger vehicle crashes was obtained from the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration by combining cases involving a fatality from the US Department of Transportation Fatality Analysis Reporting System with a probability sample of cases without a fatality from the National Automotive Sampling System. Children in tow-away [corrected] crashes occurring between 1998 and 2003. Use of child restraint systems (rear-facing and forward-facing car seats, and shield and belt-positioning booster seats) vs seat belts. Potentially confounding variables included seating position, vehicle type, model year, driver and passenger ages, and driver survival status. Death of child passengers from injuries incurred during the crash. Compared with seat belts, child restraints, when not seriously misused (eg, unattached restraint, child restraint system harness not used, 2 children restrained with 1 seat belt) were associated with a 28% reduction in risk for death (relative risk, 0.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.54-0.97) in children aged 2 through 6 years after adjusting for seating position, vehicle type, model year, driver and passenger ages, and driver survival status. When including cases of serious misuse, the effectiveness estimate was slightly lower (21%) (relative risk, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.59-1.05). Based on these findings as well as previous epidemiological and biomechanical evidence for child restraint system effectiveness in reducing nonfatal injury risk, efforts should continue to promote use of child restraint systems through improved laws and with education and disbursement programs.

Usage and effectiveness of seat and shoulder belts in rural Pennsylvania accidents

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1974-12-01

This report presents an analysis of lap-belt and shoulder- belt usage and effectiveness in rural Pennsylvania accidents. The data were collected by the Pennsylvania State Police under an agreement with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administrati...

Rural and Urban Differences in Passenger-Vehicle-Occupant Deaths and Seat Belt Use Among Adults - United States, 2014.

PubMed

Beck, Laurie F; Downs, Jonathan; Stevens, Mark R; Sauber-Schatz, Erin K

2017-09-22

Motor-vehicle crashes are a leading cause of death in the United States. Compared with urban residents, rural residents are at an increased risk for death from crashes and are less likely to wear seat belts. These differences have not been well described by levels of rurality. 2014. Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were used to identify passenger-vehicle-occupant deaths from motor-vehicle crashes and estimate the prevalence of seat belt use. FARS, a census of U.S. motor-vehicle crashes involving one or more deaths, was used to identify passenger-vehicle-occupant deaths among adults aged ≥18 years. Passenger-vehicle occupants were defined as persons driving or riding in passenger cars, light trucks, vans, or sport utility vehicles. Death rates per 100,000 population, age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population and the proportion of occupants who were unrestrained at the time of the fatal crash, were calculated. BRFSS, an annual, state-based, random-digit-dialed telephone survey of the noninstitutionalized U.S. civilian population aged ≥18 years, was used to estimate prevalence of seat belt use. FARS and BRFSS data were analyzed by a six-level rural-urban designation, based on the U.S. Department of Agriculture 2013 rural-urban continuum codes, and stratified by census region and type of state seat belt enforcement law (primary or secondary). Within each census region, age-adjusted passenger-vehicle-occupant death rates per 100,000 population increased with increasing rurality, from the most urban to the most rural counties: South, 6.8 to 29.2; Midwest, 5.3 to 25.8; West, 3.9 to 40.0; and Northeast, 3.5 to 10.8. (For the Northeast, data for the most rural counties were not reported because of suppression criteria; comparison is for the most urban to the second-most rural counties.) Similarly, the proportion of occupants who were unrestrained at the time of the fatal crash

Expanding the seat belt program strategies toolbox: a starter kit for trying new program ideas : traffic tech.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2016-10-01

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has just : released a new resource for developing seat belt programs in : the traffic safety communityExpanding the Seat Belt Program : Toolbox: A Starter Kit for Trying New Program Ideas. : Resea...

29 CFR 1952.382 - Level of Federal enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Level of Federal enforcement. 1952.382 Section 1952.382 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION....382 Level of Federal enforcement. Pursuant to § 1902.20(b)(1)(iii) and § 1954.3 of this chapter under...

29 CFR 1952.272 - Level of Federal enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Level of Federal enforcement. 1952.272 Section 1952.272 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION... Level of Federal enforcement. Pursuant to §§ 1902.20(b)(1)(iii) and 1954.3 of this chapter under which...

29 CFR 1952.265 - Level of Federal enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Level of Federal enforcement. 1952.265 Section 1952.265 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION... Level of Federal enforcement. Pursuant to §§ 1902.20(b)(1)(iii) and 1954.3 of this chapter under which...

29 CFR 1952.95 - Level of Federal enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Level of Federal enforcement. 1952.95 Section 1952.95 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) APPROVED STATE PLANS FOR ENFORCEMENT OF STATE STANDARDS South Carolina § 1952.95 Level of Federal...

29 CFR 1952.122 - Level of Federal enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Level of Federal enforcement. 1952.122 Section 1952.122 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION... Level of Federal enforcement. (a) Pursuant to §§ 1902.20(b)(1)(iii) and 1954.3 of this chapter under...

Safety halls--an evaluation.

PubMed

Nyberg, Anders; Gregersen, Nils Petter; Nolén, Sixten; Engström, Inger

2005-01-01

In most countries, drivers licensing systems usually include teaching some aspects of using safety equipment (e.g., airbags and seat belts). However, there is now evidence worldwide that such education is inadequate, as indicated by, for example, the overrepresentation of young drivers who do not use seat belts. A randomized controlled study was conducted in Sweden to evaluate the effects of visiting a facility known as a "safety hall" in combination with the mandatory skid training. The results were assessed to determine the effects of the knowledge and attitudes of learner drivers in the following subjects: airbags, securing loads, seat belts, sitting posture, speed, and tires. An experimental group and a control group comprising 658 and 668 learners, respectively, answered identical questionnaires on three different occasions (pretest, posttest 1, and posttest 2). The results show that, for most of the topics considered, knowledge and attitudes in both groups were better at posttest 2 than at the pretest, and in general, the best knowledge and attitudes were found in the experimental group. The combined safety/skid training seems to have had the greatest effect on seat belts and loads. The findings also indicate that the safety halls can be further improved to achieve an even better effect. The use of safety halls has improved the knowledge and attitudes of learner drivers concerning several important areas related to traffic safety. Since knowledge and attitudes are important predictors of behavior, implementing safety halls can be expected to lead to improvements, especially regarding the use of safety belts and securing loads.

Seat Belts in School Buses: A Technical Analysis of the Literature.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Splaine, Pam; Frankel, Steven M.

This report, prepared for the Montgomery County (Maryland) Public Schools superintendent and board members, identifies the questions concerning seat belt use in school buses, examines relevant literature, and draws some conclusions. According to the literature, seat belts are one of many alternative and interdependent safety devices built into…

Rural and Urban Differences in Passenger-Vehicle–Occupant Deaths and Seat Belt Use Among Adults — United States, 2014

PubMed Central

Downs, Jonathan; Stevens, Mark R.; Sauber-Schatz, Erin K.

2017-01-01

Problem/Condition Motor-vehicle crashes are a leading cause of death in the United States. Compared with urban residents, rural residents are at an increased risk for death from crashes and are less likely to wear seat belts. These differences have not been well described by levels of rurality. Reporting Period 2014. Description of Systems Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were used to identify passenger-vehicle–occupant deaths from motor-vehicle crashes and estimate the prevalence of seat belt use. FARS, a census of U.S. motor-vehicle crashes involving one or more deaths, was used to identify passenger-vehicle–occupant deaths among adults aged ≥18 years. Passenger-vehicle occupants were defined as persons driving or riding in passenger cars, light trucks, vans, or sport utility vehicles. Death rates per 100,000 population, age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population and the proportion of occupants who were unrestrained at the time of the fatal crash, were calculated. BRFSS, an annual, state-based, random-digit–dialed telephone survey of the noninstitutionalized U.S. civilian population aged ≥18 years, was used to estimate prevalence of seat belt use. FARS and BRFSS data were analyzed by a six-level rural-urban designation, based on the U.S. Department of Agriculture 2013 rural-urban continuum codes, and stratified by census region and type of state seat belt enforcement law (primary or secondary). Results Within each census region, age-adjusted passenger-vehicle–occupant death rates per 100,000 population increased with increasing rurality, from the most urban to the most rural counties: South, 6.8 to 29.2; Midwest, 5.3 to 25.8; West, 3.9 to 40.0; and Northeast, 3.5 to 10.8. (For the Northeast, data for the most rural counties were not reported because of suppression criteria; comparison is for the most urban to the second-most rural counties.) Similarly, the

Marine safety manual, volume 5 : investigations and enforcement

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2008-04-01

This Manual established policies and procedures for the activities associated with the investigation of marine casualties, investigation into recreational boating deaths, detecting violations of criminal and other statutes for law enforcement purpose...

CDC Vital Signs: Motor Vehicle Crash Injuries: Costly but Preventable

MedlinePlus

... and improve teen driver safety. Support traffic safety laws with media campaigns and visible police presence, such ... prevent crash injuries? Using primary enforcement seat belt laws that cover everyone in the car. A primary ...

Seat belt use among rear passengers: validity of self-reported versus observational measures

PubMed Central

Zambon, Francesco; Fedeli, Ugo; Marchesan, Maria; Schievano, Elena; Ferro, Antonio; Spolaore, Paolo

2008-01-01

Background The effects of seat belt laws and public education campaigns on seat belt use are assessed on the basis of observational or self-reported data on seat belt use. Previous studies focusing on front seat occupants have shown that self-reports indicate a greater seat belt usage than observational findings. Whether this over-reporting in self reports applies to rear seat belt usage, and to what extent, have yet to be investigated. We aimed to evaluate the over-reporting factor for rear seat passengers and whether this varies by gender and under different compulsory seat belt use conditions. Methods The study was conducted in the Veneto Region, an area in the North-East of Italy with a population of 4.7 million. The prevalence of seat belt use among rear seat passengers was determined by means of a cross-sectional self-report survey and an observational study. Both investigations were performed in two time periods: in 2003, when rear seat belt use was not enforced by primary legislation, and in 2005, after rear seat belt use had become compulsory (June 2003). Overall, 8138 observations and 7902 interviews were recorded. Gender differences in the prevalence of rear seat belt use were examined using the chi-square test. The over-reporting factor, defined as the ratio of the self-reported to the observed prevalence of rear seat belt use, was calculated by gender before and after the rear seat belt legislation came into effect. Results Among rear seat passengers, self-reported rates were always higher than the observational findings, with an overall over-reporting factor of 1.4. We registered no statistically significant changes over time in the over-reporting factor, nor any major differences between genders. Conclusion Self-reported seat belt usage by rear passengers represents an efficient alternative to observational studies for tracking changes in actual behavior, although the reported figures need to be adjusted using an appropriate over-reporting factor in

West Virginia’s impaired driving high-visibility enforcement campaign, 2003-2005

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2007-08-01

In 2002, West Virginia became a Strategic Evaluation State for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Impaired Driving High-Visibility Enforcement campaign. The State implemented NHTSA's model publicity and enforcement program in target...

2006 seat belt use estimate for Native American tribal reservations

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2008-05-01

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), Indian Highway Safety Program, sponsored a project in fall 2004 to (a) establish the first baseline tribal reservation seat belt use rate, and (b) develop a me...

Cost-effectiveness of traffic enforcement: case study from Uganda.

PubMed

Bishai, D; Asiimwe, B; Abbas, S; Hyder, A A; Bazeyo, W

2008-08-01

In October 2004, the Ugandan Police department deployed enhanced traffic safety patrols on the four major roads to the capital Kampala. To assess the costs and potential effectiveness of increasing traffic enforcement in Uganda. Record review and key informant interviews were conducted at 10 police stations along the highways that were patrolled. Monthly data on traffic citations and casualties were reviewed for January 2001 to December 2005; time series (ARIMA) regression was used to assess for a statistically significant change in traffic deaths. Costs were computed from the perspective of the police department in $US 2005. Cost offsets from savings to the health sector were not included. The annual cost of deploying the four squads of traffic patrols (20 officers, four vehicles, equipment, administration) is estimated at $72,000. Since deployment, the number of citations has increased substantially with a value of $327 311 annually. Monthly crash data pre- and post-intervention show a statistically significant 17% drop in road deaths after the intervention. The average cost-effectiveness of better road safety enforcement in Uganda is $603 per death averted or $27 per life year saved discounted at 3% (equivalent to 9% of Uganda's $300 GDP per capita). The costs of traffic safety enforcement are low in comparison to the potential number of lives saved and revenue generated. Increasing enforcement of existing traffic safety norms can prove to be an extremely cost-effective public health intervention in low-income countries, even from a government perspective.

Parental practice of child car safety in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria.

PubMed

Ndu, K I; Ekwochi, U; Osuorah, D C; Ifediora, O C; Amadi, F O; Asinobi, I N; Okenwa, O W; Orjioke, J C; Ogbuka, F N; Ulasi, T O

2016-01-01

Child safety restraints and seat belts are regarded as the most successful safety and cost-effective protective devices available to vehicle occupants, which have saved millions of lives. This cross-sectional descriptive study evaluated the practice and use of child car restraints (CCRs) among 458 purposively selected respondents resident in two local government areas in Enugu State, Nigeria. Self-administered questionnaires were sent to parents of children attending private schools who owned a car. Chi-square and multivariate analyses were used to assess the determinants of the use of car restraints in children among respondents. In all, 56% and 45% of adults and children, respectively, used car restraints regularly. The awareness of child safety laws and actual use of age-appropriate CCRs among respondents was negatively and weakly correlated ( r =-0.121, P =0.310). Only respondent's use of seat belt during driving ( P =0.001) and having being cautioned for non-use of CCRs ( P =0.005) maintained significance as determinants of the use of CCRs in cars on multivariate analysis. The most frequent reasons given for the non-use of CCRs included the child being uncomfortable, 64 (31%); restraints not being important, 53 (26%), and restraints being too expensive, 32 (15%). Similarly, for irregular users, exceptions for non-use included the child being asleep (29%), inadequate number of CCRs (22%), and the child being sick (18%). There is a need for a strategy change to enforce the use of CCRs in Nigeria.

The Determinants of Federal and State Enforcement of Workplace Safety Regulations: OSHA Inspections 1990-2010*

PubMed Central

Jung, Juergen

2013-01-01

We explore the determinants of inspection outcomes across 1.6 million Occupational Safety and Health Agency (OSHA) audits from 1990 through 2010. We find that discretion in enforcement differs in state and federally conducted inspections. State agencies are more sensitive to local economic conditions, finding fewer standard violations and fewer serious violations as unemployment increases. Larger companies receive greater lenience in multiple dimensions. Inspector issued fines and final fines, after negotiated reductions, are both smaller during Republican presidencies. Quantile regression analysis reveals that Presidential and Congressional party affiliations have their greatest impact on the largest negotiated reductions in fines. PMID:24659856

21 CFR 100.2 - State enforcement of Federal regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...-605), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch... Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy., College Park, MD... notification was received by FDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Enforcement (HFS...

21 CFR 100.2 - State enforcement of Federal regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

...-605), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch... Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy., College Park, MD... notification was received by FDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Enforcement (HFS...

21 CFR 100.2 - State enforcement of Federal regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

...-605), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch... Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy., College Park, MD... notification was received by FDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Enforcement (HFS...

21 CFR 100.2 - State enforcement of Federal regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

...-605), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch... Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy., College Park, MD... notification was received by FDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Enforcement (HFS...

21 CFR 100.2 - State enforcement of Federal regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

...-605), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch... Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy., College Park, MD... notification was received by FDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Enforcement (HFS...

Forest Service law enforcement officer report: nationwide study

Treesearch

Deborah J. Chavez; Joanne F. Tynon

2007-01-01

This study is the first in a series of studies to evaluate perceptions of USDA Forest Service law enforcement personnel of the roles, responsibilities, and issues entailed in their jobs. An email survey was administered to 404 law enforcement officers (LEOs) in national forests across the United States. In all, 294 were completed and returned. In response to the safety...

Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) Payload Safety Introduction Briefing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Loftin, Chuck; Lampert, Dianna; Herrburger, Eric; Smith, Clay; Hill, Stuart; VonMehlem, Judi

2008-01-01

Mission of the Geospace Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) is: Gain s cientific understanding (to the point of predictability) of how populations of relativistic electrons and ions in space form or change in response to changes in solar activity and the solar wind.

Burden of road traffic injuries related to delays in implementing safety belt laws in low- and lower-middle-income countries.

PubMed

Martin, Aurélie; Lagarde, Emmanuel; Salmi, L Rachid

2018-02-28

Delayed implementation of effective road safety policies must be considered when quantifying the avoidable part of the fatal and nonfatal injuries burden. We sought to assess the avoidable part of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost due to road traffic injuries related to delays in implementing road safety laws in low- and lower-middle-income countries. We chose one country for each of the regions of the World Health Organization (WHO) and World Bank (WB) country income levels. We used freely available data sets (WHO, International Traffic Safety Data and Analysis Group, the WB). Delays in implementation were calculated until 2013, from the year mandatory use of safety belts by motor vehicle front seat occupants was first introduced worldwide. We used life expectancy tables and age groups as social values in the DALY calculation model. From the estimated total burden, avoidable DALYs were calculated using estimates of the effectiveness of seat belt laws on fatal and nonfatal injuries combined, as extracted from published international reviews of evidence. From the reference year 1972, implementation delays varied from 27 years (Uzbekistan) to 41 years in Bolivia (no seat belt law as of 2013). During delays, total absolute numbers of DALYs lost due to road traffic injuries reached 8,462,099 in Nigeria, 7,203,570 in Morocco, 4,695,500 in Uzbekistan, 3,866,391 in Cambodia, 3,253,359 in Bolivia, and 3,128,721 in Sri Lanka. Using effectiveness estimates ranging from 3 to 20% reduction, the avoidable burden of road traffic injuries for car occupants was highest in Uzbekistan (avoidable part from 1.2 to 10.4%) and in Morocco (avoidable part from 1.5 to 12.3%). In countries where users of public transport and pedestrians were the most affected by the burden, the avoidable parts ranged from 0.5 to 4.4% (Nigeria) and from 0.5 to 3.4% (Bolivia). Burden of road traffic injuries mostly affected motorcyclists in Sri Lanka and Cambodia where the avoidable parts were

Vital Signs: Seat Belt Use Among Long-Haul Truck Drivers — United States, 2010

PubMed Central

Chen, Guang X.; Collins, James W.; Sieber, W. Karl; Pratt, Stephanie G.; Rodríguez-Acosta, Rosa L.; Lincoln, Jennifer E.; Birdsey, Jan; Hitchcock, Edward M.; Robinson, Cynthia F.

2015-01-01

Background Motor vehicle crashes were the leading cause of occupational fatalities in the United States in 2012, accounting for 25% of deaths. Truck drivers accounted for 46% of these deaths. This study estimates the prevalence of seat belt use and identifies factors associated with nonuse of seat belts among long-haul truck drivers (LHTDs), a group of workers at high risk for fatalities resulting from truck crashes. Methods CDC analyzed data from its 2010 national survey of LHTD health and injury. A total of 1,265 drivers completed the survey interview. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between seat belt nonuse and risk factors. Results An estimated 86.1% of LHTDs reported often using a seat belt, 7.8% used it sometimes, and 6.0% never. Reporting never using a belt was associated with often driving ≥10 mph (16 kph) over the speed limit (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.9), working for a company with no written safety program (AOR = 2.8), receiving two or more tickets for moving violations in the preceding 12 months (AOR = 2.2), living in a state without a primary belt law (AOR = 2.1); and being female (AOR = 2.3). Conclusions Approximately 14% of LHTDs are at increased risk for injury and death because they do not use a seat belt on every trip. Safety programs and other management interventions, engineering changes, and design changes might increase seat belt use among LHTDs. Implications for Public Health Primary state belt laws can help increase belt use among LHTDs. Manufacturers can use recently collected anthropometric data to design better-fitting and more comfortable seat belt systems. PMID:25742382

DWI [Driving While Intoxicated] Law Enforcement Training Project: Student Manual.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carnahan, James E.; And Others

The student manual has been prepared to serve as a workbook to assist the student officer in successfully completing the Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) Law Enforcement Training Course. It is organized under 16 subject headings (orientation, alcohol and highway safety, preparation for alcohol enforcement task, detection of the drinking…

Effects on speed and safety of point-to-point speed enforcement systems: evaluation on the urban motorway A56 Tangenziale di Napoli.

PubMed

Montella, Alfonso; Imbriani, Lella Liana; Marzano, Vittorio; Mauriello, Filomena

2015-02-01

In this paper, we evaluated the effects on speed and safety of the point-to-point (P2P) speed enforcement system activated on the urban motorway A56 in Italy. The P2P speed enforcement is a relatively new approach to traffic law enforcement that involves the calculation of the average speed over a section. To evaluate the speed effects, we performed a before-after analysis of speed data investigating also effects on non-compliance to speed limits. To evaluate the safety effects, we carried out an empirical Bayes observational before-and-after study. The P2P system led to very positive effects on both speed and safety. As far as the effects on the section average travel speeds, the system yielded to a reduction in the mean speed, the 85th percentile speed, the standard deviation of speed, and the proportion of drivers exceeding the speed limits, exceeding the speed limits more than 10km/h, and exceeding the speed limits more than 20km/h. The best results were the decrease of the speed variability and the reduction of the excessive speeding behaviour. The decrease in the standard deviation of speed was 26% while the proportion of light and heavy vehicles exceeding the speed limits more than 20km/h was reduced respectively by 84 and 77%. As far as the safety effects, the P2P system yielded to a 32% reduction in the total crashes, with a lower 95% confidence limit of the estimate equal to 22%. The greatest crash reductions were in rainy weather (57%), on wet pavement (51%), on curves (49%), for single vehicle crashes (44%), and for injury crashes (37%). It is noteworthy that the system produced a statistically significant reduction of 21% in total crashes also in the part of the motorway where it was not activated, thus generating a significant spillover effect. The investigation of the effects of the P2P system on speed and safety over time allowed to develop crash modification functions where the relationship between crash modification factors and speed parameters

School Buses & Seat Belts: A Discussion.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alaska State Dept. of Education, Juneau.

Safety belts are not installed in school buses for several reasons. School buses are constructed differently from automobiles in terms of (1) the locations of doors and instrument panels relative to passengers, (2) outer construction, (3) seat design and padding, and (4) visibility on the road. Under current regulations, bus seats are constructed…

Law enforcement officers' opinions about gun locks: anchors on life jackets?

PubMed Central

Coyne-Beasley, T; Johnson, R

2001-01-01

Objectives—One way law enforcement officers support firearm safety is by promoting the use of gun locks. This investigation examined law enforcement officers' willingness to use gun locks on their own guns, as well as their opinions regarding gun locks in general. Setting—Law enforcement officers from an urban agency in the southern region of the United States. Methods—Free keyed cable gun locks were distributed to all law enforcement officers in one agency who wanted one, and then an anonymous questionnaire survey was conducted about their subsequent use of, and attitudes toward, these devices. Results—About half of the 207 officers collected gun locks (n=103). Nearly three quarters (73%) completed and returned the questionnaire. Two thirds reported that they were not using the gun lock they collected (65%), and over half disagreed that gun lock use should be required (56%). Very few cited any actual or potential technical problems with the device. An important reason given for non-use of gun locks related to being able to access the weapon quickly in case of an emergency. Conclusions—The findings highlight the need for further investigation into law enforcement officers' attitudes toward gun locks, the degree to which their attitudes affect their firearm safety counseling, and the need to develop a gun safety device that can be disengaged quickly. PMID:11565984

Should Seat Belts Be Required on All School Buses?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mawdsley, Ralph D.

1996-01-01

Examines the limited case law involving seat belts for school buses and explores emerging legal issues surrounding use of common law causes of action to challenge school bus safety. (51 footnotes) (MLF)

Children's and Adults' Comfort Experience of Extra Seat Belts When Riding in the Rear Seat of a Passenger Car.

PubMed

Osvalder, Anna-Lisa; Hansson, Ida; Bohman, Katarina

2015-01-01

The objective of this study was to explore passengers' comfort experience of extra seat belts during on-road driving in the rear seat of a passenger car and to investigate how the use of extra belts affects children's and adults' attitudes to the product. Two different seat belt systems were tested, criss-cross (CC) and backpack (BP), consisting of the standard 3-point belt together with an additional 2-point belt. In total, 32 participants (15 children aged 6-10, 6 youths aged 11-15, and 11 adults aged 20-79, who differed considerably in size, shape, and proportions) traveled for one hour with each system, including city traffic and highway driving. Four video cameras monitored the test subject during the drive. Subjective data regarding emotions and perceived discomfort were collected in questionnaires every 20 min. A semistructured interview was held afterwards. All participant groups accepted the new products and especially the increased feeling of safety (P <.01); 56% preferred CC and 44% preferred BP but the difference was not significant. In total, 81% wanted to have extra seat belts in their family car. CC was appreciated for its symmetry, comfort, and the perceived feeling of safety. Some participants found CC unpleasant because the belts tended to slip close to the neck, described as a strangling feeling. BP was simpler to use and did not cause annoyance to the neck in the way CC did. Instead, it felt asymmetric and to some extent less safe than CC. Body size and shape affected seat belt fit to a great extent, which in turn affected the experience of comfort, both initially and over time. Perceived safety benefit and experienced comfort were the most determinant factors for the attitude toward the extra seat belts. The extra seat belts were perceived as being better than the participants had expected before the test, and they became more used to them over time. This exploratory study provided valuable knowledge from a user perspective for further

The effect of a gearshift interlock on seat belt use by drivers who do not always use a belt and its acceptance among those who do.

PubMed

Kidd, David G; Singer, Jeremiah; Huey, Richard; Kerfoot, Laura

2018-06-01

Seat belts reduce the risk of fatal injury in a crash, yet in 2015, nearly 10,000 people killed in passenger vehicles were unrestrained. Enhanced seat belt reminders increase belt use, but a gearshift interlock that prevents the vehicle from being placed into gear unless the seat belt is used may prove more effective. Thirty-two people with a recent seat belt citation and who admitted to not always using a seat belt as a driver were recruited as part-time belt users and asked to evaluate two new vehicles. Sixteen drove two vehicles with an enhanced reminder for one week each, and 16 drove a vehicle with an enhanced reminder for one week and a vehicle with a gearshift interlock the following week. Sixteen full-time belt users who reported always using a seat belt drove a vehicle with a gearshift interlock for one week to evaluate acceptance. Relative to the enhanced reminder, the gearshift interlock significantly increased the likelihood that a part-time belt user used a belt during travel time in a trip by 21%, and increased the rate of belt use by 16%; this effect approached significance. Although every full-time belt user experienced the gearshift interlock, their acceptance of the technology reported in a post-study survey was fairly positive and not significantly different from part-time belt users. Six part-time belt users circumvented the gearshift interlock by sitting on a seat belt, waiting for the system to deactivate, or unbuckling during travel. The gearshift interlock increased the likelihood that part-time belt users buckled up and the rate of belt use during travel relative to the enhanced reminder but could be more effective if it prevented circumvention. An estimated 718-942 lives could be saved annually if the belt use of unbuckled drivers and front passengers increased 16-21%. Copyright © 2018 National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Risk of injury associated with the use of seat belts and air bags in motor vehicle crashes.

PubMed

Cummins, Justin S; Koval, Kenneth J; Cantu, Robert V; Spratt, Kevin F

2008-01-01

Although air bags have been reported to reduce passenger mortality in frontal collisions, they have also been reported as a cause of injury in motor vehicle collisions(MVCs). The purpose of this study was to evaluate a large cohort of patients involved in MVCs to determine mortality and the pattern of injuries associated with seat belt use and air bag deployment. Information on patients involved in MVCs from 1988 to 2004 was obtained from the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB). The data was evaluated based on four groups of safety devices: seat belt and deployed air bag (SBAB), seat belt only (SBO), deployed air bag only (ABO), and no safety devices (None). A total of 35,333 patients met study inclusion criteria. Air bags and seat belts used in combination decreased the risk of potentially fatal injuries, but increased the risk of lower extremity injuries (odds ratio, 1.35). The use of any type of restraint led to a decrease in the risk of injury or mortality in MVCs. Only half of all individuals in this study used any type of restraint device, which indicates the need for significant improvements in public health and safety seat belt utilization programs.

Systematic review of qualitative literature on occupational health and safety legislation and regulatory enforcement planning and implementation.

PubMed

MacEachen, Ellen; Kosny, Agnieszka; Ståhl, Christian; O'Hagan, Fergal; Redgrift, Lisa; Sanford, Sarah; Carrasco, Christine; Tompa, Emile; Mahood, Quenby

2016-01-01

The ability of occupational health and safety (OHS) legislation and regulatory enforcement to prevent workplace injuries and illnesses is contingent on political, economic, and organizational conditions. This systematic review of qualitative research articles considers how OHS legislation and regulatory enforcement are planned and implemented. A comprehensive search of peer-reviewed, English-language articles published between 1990 and 2013 yielded 11 947 articles. We identified 34 qualitative articles as relevant, 18 of which passed our quality assessment and proceeded to meta-ethnographic synthesis. The synthesis yielded four main themes: OHS regulation formation, regulation challenges, inspector organization, and worker representation in OHS. It illuminates how OHS legislation can be based on normative suppositions about worker and employer behavior and shaped by economic and political resources of parties. It also shows how implementation of OHS legislation is affected by "general duty" law, agency coordination, resourcing of inspectorates, and ability of workers to participate in the system. The review identifies methodological gaps and identifies promising areas for further research in "grey" zones of legislation implementation.

North Carolina Seat Belt Law : questions commonly asked.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1999-09-21

Who is covered by the law? : All drivers and front seat passengers ages sixteen and : older are covered by the seat belt law. Children less than : age sixteen are covered under the North Carolina Child : Passenger Safety (CPS) Law. Revisions to the C...

76 FR 38297 - Safety Zone; Marine Events Requiring Safety Zones in the Captain of the Port Sault Sainte Marie Zone

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-30

...'' W [DATUM: NAD 83]. (ii) Enforcement Period. This safety zone will be enforced on July 4, 2011 from 9...'' N, 086[deg]39'08.52'' W [DATUM: NAD 83]. (ii) Enforcement Period. This safety zone will be enforced...: NAD 83], with the West Bay shoreline forming the South and West boundaries of the zone. (ii...

29 CFR 1979.113 - Judicial enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Judicial enforcement. 1979.113 Section 1979.113 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) PROCEDURES FOR THE HANDLING OF DISCRIMINATION COMPLAINTS UNDER SECTION 519 OF THE WENDELL H. FORD...

16 CFR 1501.5 - Enforcement procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Enforcement procedure. 1501.5 Section 1501.5 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION FEDERAL HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ACT REGULATIONS METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING TOYS AND OTHER ARTICLES INTENDED FOR USE BY CHILDREN UNDER 3 YEARS OF AGE WHICH...

29 CFR 1983.113 - Judicial enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Judicial enforcement. 1983.113 Section 1983.113 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) PROCEDURES FOR THE HANDLING OF RETALIATION COMPLAINTS UNDER SECTION 219 OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT...

29 CFR 1983.113 - Judicial enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Judicial enforcement. 1983.113 Section 1983.113 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) PROCEDURES FOR THE HANDLING OF RETALIATION COMPLAINTS UNDER SECTION 219 OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT...

29 CFR 1983.113 - Judicial enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 9 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Judicial enforcement. 1983.113 Section 1983.113 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) PROCEDURES FOR THE HANDLING OF RETALIATION COMPLAINTS UNDER SECTION 219 OF THE CONSUMER PRODUCT...

A survey of child safety seat and safety belt use in Virginia : the 1987 update.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1988-01-01

Observational surveys of belt use by the motoring public in Virginia have been conducted in two series: (1) 1974-1977 and (2) 1983-1987. Only the latter data are presented in this report. Each year data were collected in the Roanoke, Northern Virgini...

30 CFR 75.350 - Belt air course ventilation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... HEALTH MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Ventilation § 75.350 Belt air course ventilation... manager may approve lower velocities in the ventilation plan based on specific mine conditions. Air... or alarm signal. This training must be conducted prior to working underground in a mine that uses...

High levels of incorrect use of car seat belts and child restraints in Fife--an important and under-recognised road safety issue.

PubMed

Campbell, H; Macdonald, S; Richardson, P

1997-03-01

To pilot data collection instruments and to make a preliminary estimate of the level of incorrect use of car seat belts and child restraints in Fife, Scotland. Cross sectional survey of cars containing adults and children at a number of public sites across Fife in 1995 to assess use of car occupant restraints. Trained road safety officers assessed whether seat restraints were appropriate for the age of the passengers and whether restraints were used correctly. These assessments were based on standards published by the Child Accident Prevention Trust. The survey gathered data from 596 occupants in 180 cars: 327 adults and 269 children. Ten per cent of drivers who were approached refused to participate. Car occupant restraint was assessed in 180 drivers, 151 front seat passengers, and 265 rear seat passengers. Three hundred and sixty one occupants wore seat belts, 68 were restrained by a seat belt and booster cushion, 63 in toddler seats, 25 in two way seats, and 18 in rear facing infant carriers. Ninety seven per cent of drivers, 95% of front seat passengers, and 77% of rear seat passengers were restrained. However, in 98 (52%) vehicles at least one passenger was restrained by a device that was used incorrectly. Seven per cent of adults and 28% of children were secured incorrectly. The commonest errors were loose seat belts and restraint devices not adequately secured to the seat. Rates of incorrect use were highest in child seat restraints, reaching 60% with two way seats and 44% with rear facing infant seats. The incorrect use of car occupant restraints is an under-recognised problem, both by health professionals, and the general public. Incorrect use has been shown to reduce the effectiveness of restraints, can itself result in injury, and is likely to be an important factor in child passenger injuries. The correct use of car seat restraints merits greater attention in strategies aiming to reduce road traffic casualties. Areas of intervention that could be

High levels of incorrect use of car seat belts and child restraints in Fife--an important and under-recognised road safety issue.

PubMed Central

Campbell, H.; Macdonald, S.; Richardson, P.

1997-01-01

OBJECTIVE: To pilot data collection instruments and to make a preliminary estimate of the level of incorrect use of car seat belts and child restraints in Fife, Scotland. DESIGN: Cross sectional survey of cars containing adults and children at a number of public sites across Fife in 1995 to assess use of car occupant restraints. Trained road safety officers assessed whether seat restraints were appropriate for the age of the passengers and whether restraints were used correctly. These assessments were based on standards published by the Child Accident Prevention Trust. PARTICIPANTS: The survey gathered data from 596 occupants in 180 cars: 327 adults and 269 children. Ten per cent of drivers who were approached refused to participate. Car occupant restraint was assessed in 180 drivers, 151 front seat passengers, and 265 rear seat passengers. MAIN RESULTS: Three hundred and sixty one occupants wore seat belts, 68 were restrained by a seat belt and booster cushion, 63 in toddler seats, 25 in two way seats, and 18 in rear facing infant carriers. Ninety seven per cent of drivers, 95% of front seat passengers, and 77% of rear seat passengers were restrained. However, in 98 (52%) vehicles at least one passenger was restrained by a device that was used incorrectly. Seven per cent of adults and 28% of children were secured incorrectly. The commonest errors were loose seat belts and restraint devices not adequately secured to the seat. Rates of incorrect use were highest in child seat restraints, reaching 60% with two way seats and 44% with rear facing infant seats. CONCLUSIONS: The incorrect use of car occupant restraints is an under-recognised problem, both by health professionals, and the general public. Incorrect use has been shown to reduce the effectiveness of restraints, can itself result in injury, and is likely to be an important factor in child passenger injuries. The correct use of car seat restraints merits greater attention in strategies aiming to reduce road

Laterally bendable belt conveyor

DOEpatents

Peterson, William J.

1985-01-01

An endless, laterally flexible and bendable belt conveyor particularly adapted for coal mining applications in facilitating the transport of the extracted coal up- or downslope and around corners in a continuous manner is disclosed. The conveying means includes a flat rubber belt reinforced along the middle portion thereof along which the major portion of the belt tension is directed so as to cause rotation of the tubular shaped belt when trammed around lateral turns thus preventing excessive belt bulging distortion between adjacent belt supports which would inhibit belt transport. Pretension induced into the fabric reinforced flat rubber belt by conventional belt take-up means supports the load conveyed when the belt conveyor is making lateral turns. The carrying and return portions of the belt are supported and formed into a tubular shape by a plurality of shapers positioned along its length. Each shaper is supported from above by a monorail and includes clusters of idler rollers which support the belt. Additional cluster rollers in each shaper permit the belt supporting roller clusters to rotate in response to the belt's operating tension imposed upon the cluster rollers by induced lateral belt friction forces. The freely rotating roller clusters thus permit the belt to twist on lateral curves without damage to itself while precluding escape of the conveyed material by effectively enclosing it in the tube-shaped, inner belt transport length.

48 CFR 22.303 - Administration and enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Administration and enforcement. 22.303 Section 22.303 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS APPLICATION OF LABOR LAWS TO GOVERNMENT ACQUISITIONS Contract Work Hours and Safety...

48 CFR 22.303 - Administration and enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Administration and enforcement. 22.303 Section 22.303 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS APPLICATION OF LABOR LAWS TO GOVERNMENT ACQUISITIONS Contract Work Hours and Safety...

Effects of enforcement intensity on alcohol impaired driving crashes.

PubMed

Fell, James C; Waehrer, Geetha; Voas, Robert B; Auld-Owens, Amy; Carr, Katie; Pell, Karen

2014-12-01

Research measuring levels of enforcement has investigated whether increases in police activities (e.g., checkpoints, driving-while-intoxicated [DWI] special patrols) above some baseline level are associated with reduced crashes and fatalities. Little research, however, has attempted to quantitatively measure enforcement efforts and relate different enforcement levels to specific levels of the prevalence of alcohol-impaired driving. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of law-enforcement intensity in a sample of communities on the rate of crashes involving a drinking driver. We analyzed the influence of different enforcement strategies and measures: (1) specific deterrence - annual number of driving-under-the-influence (DUI) arrests per capita; (2) general deterrence - frequency of sobriety checkpoint operations; (3) highly visible traffic enforcement - annual number of traffic stops per capita; (4) enforcement presence - number of sworn officers per capita; and (5) overall traffic enforcement - the number of other traffic enforcement citations per capita (i.e., seat belt citations, speeding tickets, and other moving violations and warnings) in each community. We took advantage of nationwide data on the local prevalence of impaired driving from the 2007 National Roadside Survey (NRS), measures of DUI enforcement activity provided by the police departments that participated in the 2007 NRS, and crashes from the General Estimates System (GES) in the same locations as the 2007 NRS. We analyzed the relationship between the intensity of enforcement and the prevalence of impaired driving crashes in 22-26 communities with complete data. Log-linear regressions were used throughout the study. A higher number of DUI arrests per 10,000 driving-aged population was associated with a lower ratio of drinking-driver crashes to non-drinking-driver crashes (p=0.035) when controlling for the percentage of legally intoxicated drivers on the roads surveyed in the

Do seat belts and air bags reduce mortality and injury severity after car accidents?

PubMed

Cummins, Justin S; Koval, Kenneth J; Cantu, Robert V; Spratt, Kevin F

2011-03-01

We studied National Trauma Data Bank data to determine the effectiveness of car safety devices in reducing mortality and injury severity in 184,992 patients between 1988 and 2004. Safety device variables were seat belt used plus air bag deployed; only seat belt used; only air bag deployed; and, as explicitly coded, no device used. Overall mortality was 4.17%. Compared with the no-device group, the seat-belt-plus-air-bag group had a 67% reduction in mortality (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.33; 99% confidence interval [CI], 0.28-0.39), the seatbelt- only group had a 51% mortality reduction (AOR, 0.49; 99% CI, 0.45-0.52), and the air-bag-only group had a 32% mortality reduction (AOR, 0.68, 99% CI, 0.57-0.80). Injury Severity Scores showed a similar pattern.

Analysing of critical force effects of aircraft seat belt using truss elements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klemenc, Marek; Markopoulos, Alexandros; Maršálek, Pavel

2017-07-01

This paper deals with the mathematical modelling of an aircraft seat belt crash test. The main goal is determination of a time course of the reactions in a lap belt anchoring points and their maximum values. This work was created on the basis of practical requirements from industry. Results are going to be reflected in developing a new type of aircraft seats. We mainly focus on the mathematical modelling of dynamic problems using the finite element method (FEM). Derived procedures are implemented in the Python programming language and are verified by several examples. A final calculation algorithm is applied on the analysis of the safety belt. We consider that a seat belt bending stiffness is very small compared to a tensile stiffness, therefore we used a 2D plane truss element.

30 CFR 75.1731 - Maintenance of belt conveyors and belt conveyor entries.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Maintenance of belt conveyors and belt conveyor....1731 Maintenance of belt conveyors and belt conveyor entries. (a) Damaged rollers, or other damaged belt conveyor components, which pose a fire hazard must be immediately repaired or replaced. All other...

Development of industry-based strategies for motivating seat-belt usage

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1983-03-01

A variety of incentive-based programs to motivate safety belt use were tested during the 18-month grant period in order to define optimal incentive strategies for particular corporate settings. Initial programs provoked important research questions w...

23 CFR Appendix D to Part 1240 - Determination of National Average Seat Belt Use Rate

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 23 Highways 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Determination of National Average Seat Belt Use Rate D Appendix D to Part 1240 Highways NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION AND FEDERAL HIGHWAY... BASED ON SEAT BELT USE RATES Pt. 1240, App. D Appendix D to Part 1240—Determination of National Average...

Effectiveness of Ford's belt reminder system in increasing seat belt use

PubMed Central

Williams, A; Wells, J; Farmer, C

2002-01-01

Objectives: The study investigated the effectiveness in increasing seat belt use of Ford's belt reminder system, a supplementary system that provides intermittent flashing lights and chimes for five minutes if drivers are not belted. Methods: Seat belt use of drivers in relatively new cars with and without the reminder system was unobtrusively observed as vehicles were brought to dealerships for service. Results: Overall use rates were estimated at 71% for drivers in vehicles without the reminder system and 76% for drivers in vehicles with belt reminders (p<0.01). Conclusions: Seat belt use is relatively low in the United States. The present study showed that vehicle based reminder systems can be at least modestly effective in increasing belt use, which may encourage further development of such systems. PMID:12460965

Understanding international road safety disparities: Why is Australia so much safer than the United States?

PubMed

Marshall, Wesley E

2018-02-01

Despite similarities to the US in terms of transportation, land use, and culture, Australia kills 5.3 people per 100,000 population on the roads each year, as compared to the US rate of 12.4. Similar trends hold when accounting for distance driven and the number of registered cars. This paper seeks to understand what is behind the road safety disparities between these two countries. The results suggest that a number of inter-related factors seem to play a role in the better road safety outcomes of Australia as compared to the US. This includes Australia's strategies related to seat belt usage and impaired driving as well as their efforts to help curb vehicle speeds and reduce exposure. Design-related differences include a much greater reliance on roundabouts and narrower street cross-sections as well as guidelines that encourage self-enforcing roads. Policy-related differences include stronger and more extensive enforcement programs, restrictive licensing programs, and higher driving costs. Combined with a more urban population and multimodal infrastructure, Australia tends to discourage driving mileage and exposure while encouraging safer modes of transportation such as transit, at least more so than in most of the US. Australia also enacted their version of Vision Zero - called the Safe System Approach - more than a decade before similar policies began cropping up in US cities. While it is difficult to attribute recent road safety successes to any specific policy, Australia continues to expand their lead on the US in terms of safety outcomes and is a road safety example worthy of consideration. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Observed safety belt use : Fall 2000 national occupant protection use survey

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2001-02-01

Overall front seat outboard passenger shoulder belt use in the United States was estimated at 71% in the Fall of 2000, according to results obtained from the National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS) conducted by the National Highway Traffic Sa...

Condition-Based Conveyor Belt Replacement Strategy in Lignite Mines with Random Belt Deterioration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Blazej, Ryszard; Jurdziak, Leszek

2017-12-01

In Polish lignite surface mines, condition-based belt replacement strategies are applied in order to assure profitable refurbishment of worn out belts performed by external firms specializing in belt maintenance. In two of three lignite mines, staff asses belt condition subjectively during visual inspections. Only one mine applies specialized diagnostic device (HRDS) allowing objective magnetic evaluation of belt core condition in order to choose the most profitable moment for the dismantling of worn out belt segments from conveyors and sending them to the maintenance firm which provides their refurbishment. This article describes the advantages of a new diagnostic device called DiagBelt. It was developed at the Faculty of Geoengineering, Mining and Geology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology. Economic gains from its application are calculated for the lignite mine and for the belt maintenance firm, taking into account random life (durability) of new and reconditioned belts (after the 1st and the 2nd refurbishment). Recursive calculations for following years allow the estimation of the length and costs of replaced, reconditioned and purchased belts on an annual basis, while the use of the Monte Carlo method allows the estimation of their variability caused by random deterioration of belts. Savings are obtained due to better selection of moments (times) for the replacement of belt segments and die to the possibility to qualify worn out belts for refurbishment without the need to remove their covers. In effect, increased belt durability and lowered share of waste belts (which were not qualified for reconditioning) create savings which can quickly cover expenditures on new diagnostic tools and regular belt inspections in the mine.

Automated enforcement : a compendium of worldwide evaluations of results.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2007-07-01

This compendium details automated enforcement systems (AES) implemented around the world and characterizes the safety impacts of such deployments, based on available scientific evaluations of the outcome measures. A systematic literature search was c...

Alcohol Highway-Traffic Safety Workshop for Law Enforcement Officers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Walker, William; And Others

The manual, designed for one- and-one-half-day workshops with 20 to 40 law enforcement professionals who handle driving while intoxicated (DWI) cases, is directed toward recognizing the special role of the police officer as decision-maker in cases involving drunk or impaired driving. It is one of five workshop manuals developed to assist State and…

Conceptual design of a Moving Belt Radiator (MBR) shuttle-attached experiment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Aguilar, Jerry L.

1990-01-01

The conceptual design of a shuttle-attached Moving Belt Radiator (MBR) experiment is presented. The MBR is an advanced radiator concept in which a rotating belt is used to radiate thermal energy to space. The experiment is developed with the primary focus being the verification of the dynamic characteristics of a rotating belt with a secondary objective of proving the thermal and sealing aspects in a reduced gravity, vacuum environment. The mechanical design, selection of the belt material and working fluid, a preliminary test plan, and program plan are presented. The strategy used for selecting the basic sizes and materials of the components are discussed. Shuttle and crew member requirements are presented with some options for increasing or decreasing the demands on the STS. An STS carrier and the criteria used in the selection process are presented. The proposed carrier for the Moving Belt Radiator experiment is the Hitchhiker-M. Safety issues are also listed with possible results. This experiment is designed so that a belt can be deployed, run at steady state conditions, run with dynamic perturbations imposed, verify the operation of the interface heat exchanger and seals, and finally be retracted into a stowed position for transport back to earth.

76 FR 21677 - Safety Zones; Annual Events Requiring Safety Zones in the Captain of the Port Sault Sainte Marie...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-18

..., 087[deg]23'07.60'' W [DATUM: NAD 83]. (ii) Enforcement Period This safety zone will be enforced each...]24'50.08'' N, 086[deg]39'08.52'' W [DATUM: NAD 83]. (ii) Enforcement Period This safety zone will be...[deg]57'46.14'' W, and 46[deg]40'19.68'' N, 085[deg]57'43.08'' W [DATUM: NAD 83], with the West Bay...

Lowering thresholds for speed limit enforcement impairs peripheral object detection and increases driver subjective workload.

PubMed

Bowden, Vanessa K; Loft, Shayne; Tatasciore, Monica; Visser, Troy A W

2017-01-01

Speed enforcement reduces incidences of speeding, thus reducing traffic accidents. Accordingly, it has been argued that stricter speed enforcement thresholds could further improve road safety. Effective speed monitoring however requires driver attention and effort, and human information-processing capacity is limited. Emphasizing speed monitoring may therefore reduce resource availability for other aspects of safe vehicle operation. We investigated whether lowering enforcement thresholds in a simulator setting would introduce further competition for limited cognitive and visual resources. Eighty-four young adult participants drove under conditions where they could be fined for travelling 1, 6, or 11km/h over a 50km/h speed-limit. Stricter speed enforcement led to greater subjective workload and significant decrements in peripheral object detection. These data indicate that the benefits of reduced speeding with stricter enforcement may be at least partially offset by greater mental demands on drivers, reducing their responses to safety-critical stimuli on the road. It is likely these results under-estimate the impact of stricter speed enforcement on real-world drivers who experience significantly greater pressures to drive at or above the speed limit. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

System analysis of automated speed enforcement implementation : traffic tech.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2016-04-01

Speeding is a major factor in a large proportion of traffic crashes, injuries, and fatalities in the United States. Automated speed enforcement (ASE) is one effective countermeasure for reducing speeding and crashes. National Highway Traffic Safety A...

Storm-time radiation belt electron dynamics: Repeatability in the outer radiation belt

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Murphy, K. R.; Mann, I. R.; Rae, J.; Watt, C.; Boyd, A. J.; Turner, D. L.; Claudepierre, S. G.; Baker, D. N.; Spence, H. E.; Reeves, G. D.; Blake, J. B.; Fennell, J. F.

2017-12-01

During intervals of enhanced solar wind driving the outer radiation belt becomes extremely dynamic leading to geomagnetic storms. During these storms the flux of energetic electrons can vary by over 4 orders of magnitude. Despite recent advances in understanding the nature of competing storm-time electron loss and acceleration processes the dynamic behavior of the outer radiation belt remains poorly understood; the outer radiation belt can exhibit either no change, an enhancement, or depletion in radiation belt electrons. Using a new analysis of the total radiation belt electron content, calculated from the Van Allen probes phase space density (PSD), we statistically analyze the time-dependent and global response of the outer radiation belt during storms. We demonstrate that by removing adiabatic effects there is a clear and repeatable sequence of events in storm-time radiation belt electron dynamics. Namely, the relativistic (μ=1000 MeV/G) and ultra-relativistic (μ=4000 MeV/G) electron populations can be separated into two phases; an initial phase dominated by loss followed by a second phase dominated by acceleration. At lower energies, the radiation belt seed population of electrons (μ=150 MeV/G) shows no evidence of loss but rather a net enhancement during storms. Further, we investigate the dependence of electron dynamics as a function of the second adiabatic invariant, K. These results demonstrate a global coherency in the dynamics of the source, relativistic and ultra-relativistic electron populations as function of the second adiabatic invariant K. This analysis demonstrates two key aspects of storm-time radiation belt electron dynamics. First, the radiation belt responds repeatably to solar wind driving during geomagnetic storms. Second, the response of the radiation belt is energy dependent, relativistic electrons behaving differently than lower energy seed electrons. These results have important implications in radiation belt research. In particular

Belt attachment and system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schneider, Abraham D.; Davidson, Erick M.

Disclosed herein is a belt assembly including a flexible belt with an improved belt attachment. The belt attachment includes two crossbars spaced along the length of the belt. The crossbars retain bearings that allow predetermined movement in six degrees of freedom. The crossbars are connected by a rigid body that attaches to the bearings. Implements that are attached to the rigid body are simply supported but restrained in pitching rotation.

Belt attachment and system

DOEpatents

Schneider, Abraham D.; Davidson, Erick M.

2016-02-02

Disclosed herein is a belt assembly including a flexible belt with an improved belt attachment. The belt attachment includes two crossbars spaced along the length of the belt. The crossbars retain bearings that allow predetermined movement in six degrees of freedom. The crossbars are connected by a rigid body that attaches to the bearings. Implements that are attached to the rigid body are simply supported but restrained in pitching rotation.

Enforcing Alcohol Policies on College Campuses: Reports from College Enforcement Officials

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Toomey, Traci L.; Miazga, Mark J.; Lenk, Kathleen M.; Erickson, Darin J.; Winters, Ken C.; Nelson, Toben F.

2011-01-01

We assessed alcohol enforcement practices at 343 U.S. colleges via surveys of directors of campus law enforcement. We measured types and frequency of enforcement and barriers to enforcement. We found that 61% of colleges indicated nearly always proactively enforcing alcohol policies, with most frequent enforcement at intercollegiate sporting…

29 CFR 1952.205 - Level of Federal enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) APPROVED STATE PLANS FOR ENFORCEMENT OF STATE STANDARDS Minnesota § 1952.205... approval to the Minnesota plan under section 18(e) of the Act, effective July 30, 1985, occupational safety... to issues covered under the Minnesota plan. This determination also relinquishes concurrent Federal...

29 CFR 1952.205 - Level of Federal enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) APPROVED STATE PLANS FOR ENFORCEMENT OF STATE STANDARDS Minnesota § 1952.205... approval to the Minnesota plan under section 18(e) of the Act, effective July 30, 1985, occupational safety... to issues covered under the Minnesota plan. This determination also relinquishes concurrent Federal...

29 CFR 1952.205 - Level of Federal enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) APPROVED STATE PLANS FOR ENFORCEMENT OF STATE STANDARDS Minnesota § 1952.205... approval to the Minnesota plan under section 18(e) of the Act, effective July 30, 1985, occupational safety... to issues covered under the Minnesota plan. This determination also relinquishes concurrent Federal...

78 FR 64538 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request; Safety...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-29

... for OMB Review; Comment Request; Safety Standards for Underground Coal Mine Ventilation--Belt Entry... the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) sponsored information collection request (ICR) titled, ``Safety Standards for Underground Coal Mine Ventilation--Belt Entry Used as an Intake Air Course to...

Law enforcement suicide: a national analysis.

PubMed

Violanti, John M; Robinson, Cynthia F; Shen, Rui

2013-01-01

Previous research suggests that there is an elevated risk of suicide among workers within law enforcement occupations. The present study examined the proportionate mortality for suicide in law enforcement in comparison to the US working population during 1999, 2003-2004, and 2007, based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health National Occupational Mortality Surveillance data. We analyzed data for all law enforcement occupations and focused on two specific law enforcement occupational categories-detectives/criminal investigators/ police and corrections officers. Suicides were also explored by race, gender and ethnicity. The results of the study showed proportionate mortality ratios (PMRs) for suicide were significantly high for all races and sexes combined (all law enforcement--PMR = 169, 95% CI = 150-191, p < 0.01, 264 deaths; detectives/criminal investigators/police--PMR = 182, 95% CI = 150-218, p < 0.01, 115 deaths; and corrections officers-PMR = 141, 95% CI = 111-178, p < 0.01, 73 deaths). Detectives/criminal investigators/police had the higher suicide risk (an 82% increase) compared to corrections officers (a 41% increase). When analyzed by race and sex, suicide PMRs for Caucasian males were significantly high for both occupations-detectives/ criminal investigators/police (PMR = 133; 95% CI = 108-162, p < 0.01; corrections officers--PMR = 134, 95% CI = 102-173, p < 0.01). A significantly high (PMR = 244, p < 0.01, 95% CI = 147-380) ratio was found among Hispanic males in the law enforcement combined category, and a similarly high PMR was found among Hispanic detectives/criminal investigators/police (PMR = 388, p < 0.01, 95% CI = 168-765). There were small numbers of deaths among female and African American officers. The results included significantly increased risk for suicide among detectives/criminal investigators/police and corrections officers, which suggests that additional study could provide

Law enforcement attitudes toward overdose prevention and response.

PubMed

Green, Traci C; Zaller, Nickolas; Palacios, Wilson R; Bowman, Sarah E; Ray, Madeline; Heimer, Robert; Case, Patricia

2013-12-01

Law enforcement is often the first to respond to medical emergencies in the community, including overdose. Due to the nature of their job, officers have also witnessed first-hand the changing demographic of drug users and devastating effects on their community associated with the epidemic of nonmedical prescription opioid use in the United States. Despite this seminal role, little data exist on law enforcement attitudes toward overdose prevention and response. We conducted key informant interviews as part of a 12-week Rapid Assessment and Response (RAR) process that aimed to better understand and prevent nonmedical prescription opioid use and overdose deaths in locations in Connecticut and Rhode Island experiencing overdose "outbreaks." Interviews with 13 law enforcement officials across three study sites were analyzed to uncover themes on overdose prevention and naloxone. Findings indicated support for law enforcement involvement in overdose prevention. Hesitancy around naloxone administration by laypersons was evident. Interview themes highlighted officers' feelings of futility and frustration with their current overdose response options, the lack of accessible local drug treatment, the cycle of addiction, and the pervasiveness of easily accessible prescription opioid medications in their communities. Overdose prevention and response, which for some officers included law enforcement-administered naloxone, were viewed as components of community policing and good police-community relations. Emerging trends, such as existing law enforcement medical interventions and Good Samaritan Laws, suggest the need for broader law enforcement engagement around this pressing public health crisis, even in suburban and small town locations, to promote public safety. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Law enforcement attitudes toward overdose prevention and response

PubMed Central

Green, Traci C.; Zaller, Nickolas; Palacios, Wilson R.; Bowman, Sarah E.; Ray, Madeline; Heimer, Robert; Case, Patricia

2014-01-01

Background Law enforcement is often the first to respond to medical emergencies in the community, including overdose. Due to the nature of their job, officers have also witnessed first-hand the changing demographic of drug users and devastating effects on their community associated with the epidemic of nonmedical prescription opioid use in the United States. Despite this seminal role, little data exist on law enforcement attitudes toward overdose prevention and response. Methods We conducted key informant interviews as part of a 12-week Rapid Assessment and Response (RAR) process that aimed to better understand and prevent nonmedical prescription opioid use and overdose deaths in locations in Connecticut and Rhode Island experiencing overdose “outbreaks.” Interviews with 13 law enforcement officials across three study sites were analyzed to uncover themes on overdose prevention and naloxone. Results Findings indicated support for law enforcement involvement in overdose prevention. Hesitancy around naloxone administration by laypersons was evident. Interview themes highlighted officers’ feelings of futility and frustration with their current overdose response options, the lack of accessible local drug treatment, the cycle of addiction, and the pervasiveness of easily accessible prescription opioid medications in their communities. Overdose prevention and response, which for some officers included law enforcement-administered naloxone, were viewed as components of community policing and good police-community relations. Conclusion Emerging trends, such as existing law enforcement medical interventions and Good Samaritan Laws, suggest the need for broader law enforcement engagement around this pressing public health crisis, even in suburban and small town locations, to promote public safety. PMID:24051061

NHTSA Region IV Click It or Ticket campaign, May 2001

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2002-01-01

During May 2001, all eight southeastern states in National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Region IV conducted "Click It or Ticket", an intensive belt use enforcement program. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the results of th...

30 CFR 75.1101-10 - Water sprinkler systems; fire warning devices at belt drives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Water sprinkler systems; fire warning devices..., DEPARTMENT OF LABOR COAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Fire Protection § 75.1101-10 Water sprinkler systems; fire warning devices at belt drives. Each water sprinkler...

30 CFR 75.1101-10 - Water sprinkler systems; fire warning devices at belt drives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Water sprinkler systems; fire warning devices..., DEPARTMENT OF LABOR COAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Fire Protection § 75.1101-10 Water sprinkler systems; fire warning devices at belt drives. Each water sprinkler...

30 CFR 75.1101-10 - Water sprinkler systems; fire warning devices at belt drives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Water sprinkler systems; fire warning devices..., DEPARTMENT OF LABOR COAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Fire Protection § 75.1101-10 Water sprinkler systems; fire warning devices at belt drives. Each water sprinkler...

30 CFR 75.1101-10 - Water sprinkler systems; fire warning devices at belt drives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Water sprinkler systems; fire warning devices..., DEPARTMENT OF LABOR COAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Fire Protection § 75.1101-10 Water sprinkler systems; fire warning devices at belt drives. Each water sprinkler...

30 CFR 75.1101-10 - Water sprinkler systems; fire warning devices at belt drives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Water sprinkler systems; fire warning devices..., DEPARTMENT OF LABOR COAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS-UNDERGROUND COAL MINES Fire Protection § 75.1101-10 Water sprinkler systems; fire warning devices at belt drives. Each water sprinkler...

Process overview of the high-visibility enforcement programs targeting handheld device users in California and Delaware.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2015-01-01

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the California Office of Traffic Safety, and the Delaware Highway Safety Office demonstrated State high-visibility enforcement (HVE) programs to reduce handheld phone use while driving. HVE was cond...

Compliance with the law on car seat-belt use in four cities of Thailand.

PubMed

Aekplakorn, W; Podhipak, A; Khumdee, M; Sritamanoj, W; Youngkao, K; Suriyawongpaisal, P; Punyaratabundhu, P; Narksawat, K; Sujirarat, D; Phodaeng, C

2000-04-01

Surveys to determine the scope of compliance with the law requiring seat-belt use in Thailand were conducted by observation and interviews with drivers in four cities: namely, Bangkok Metropolis, Chiang Mai, Phuket and Nakhon Ratchasima. The work was carried out in two separate sessions: during the first month following enactment of the law, and six months after its enactment. The sample comprised 46,949 vehicles in the first session (January 1996) and 76,188 vehicles in the second session (July 1996). The results showed that 42.7 per cent of drivers used seat-belts in January and 30.7 per cent in July. When the data were disaggregated according to cities, it was found that more Bangkok drivers complied with the seat-belt law than in Phuket, 24.6 per cent; Chiang Mai, 22.1 per cent; and Nakhon Ratchasima, 18.3 per cent relatively low compliance rate was encountered among drivers of pick-up trucks (including those with modified roofs) and vans, particularly farmers and the self-employed. Women drivers tended to abide by the law more often than men (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.12, 1.23). Inter-city travelers wore seat-belts more than those traveling in the city (OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.68, 1.80). About one-fifth of non-users or those who rarely used seat-belts were unsure of the effectiveness of seat-belts in preventing serious injury or death in the case of an accident. Discomfort associated with using seat-belts and the perception that they were rendered unnecessary because of slow traffic in cities were other reasons for non-compliance in 50.6 per cent and 43.9 per cent of cases, respectively. The decline in compliance with the law six months after its enactment indicates that there may be a problem with uniform and consistent enforcement of the law.

49 CFR 393.93 - Seats, seat belt assemblies, and seat belt assembly anchorages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Seats, seat belt assemblies, and seat belt assembly anchorages. 393.93 Section 393.93 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation... § 393.93 Seats, seat belt assemblies, and seat belt assembly anchorages. (a) Buses—(1) Buses...

49 CFR 393.93 - Seats, seat belt assemblies, and seat belt assembly anchorages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Seats, seat belt assemblies, and seat belt assembly anchorages. 393.93 Section 393.93 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation... § 393.93 Seats, seat belt assemblies, and seat belt assembly anchorages. (a) Buses—(1) Buses...

49 CFR 393.93 - Seats, seat belt assemblies, and seat belt assembly anchorages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Seats, seat belt assemblies, and seat belt assembly anchorages. 393.93 Section 393.93 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation... § 393.93 Seats, seat belt assemblies, and seat belt assembly anchorages. (a) Buses—(1) Buses...

49 CFR 393.93 - Seats, seat belt assemblies, and seat belt assembly anchorages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Seats, seat belt assemblies, and seat belt assembly anchorages. 393.93 Section 393.93 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation... § 393.93 Seats, seat belt assemblies, and seat belt assembly anchorages. (a) Buses—(1) Buses...

49 CFR 393.93 - Seats, seat belt assemblies, and seat belt assembly anchorages.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Seats, seat belt assemblies, and seat belt assembly anchorages. 393.93 Section 393.93 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation... § 393.93 Seats, seat belt assemblies, and seat belt assembly anchorages. (a) Buses—(1) Buses...

Guidelines for developing a high-visibility enforcement campaign to reduce unsafe driving behaviors among drivers of passenger and commercial motor vehicles : a Selective Traffic Enforcement Program (STEP) based on the Ticketing Aggressive Cars and Trucks (TACT) pilot project

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2007-10-01

The goal of Selective Traffic Enforcement Programs (STEPs) is to induce motorists to drive safely. To achieve this goal, the STEP model combines intensive enforcement of a specific traffic safety law with extensive communication, education, and outre...

Drinking Water Enforcement Response Policy and Enforcement Targeting Tool

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document contains a letter from Cynthia Giles to Regional Administrators about drinking water enforcement response policy with an attached document on Proposed Revision to Enforcement Response Policy for the PWSS Program and Enforcement Tool

29 CFR 1952.382 - Level of Federal enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) APPROVED STATE PLANS FOR ENFORCEMENT OF STATE STANDARDS Puerto Rico § 1952... which an agreement has been entered into with Puerto Rico, effective December 8, 1981, and based on a determination that Puerto Rico is operational in the issues covered by the Puerto Rico occupational safety and...

29 CFR 1952.382 - Level of Federal enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (CONTINUED) APPROVED STATE PLANS FOR ENFORCEMENT OF STATE STANDARDS Puerto Rico § 1952... which an agreement has been entered into with Puerto Rico, effective December 8, 1981, and based on a determination that Puerto Rico is operational in the issues covered by the Puerto Rico occupational safety and...

Nonconformities in real-world fatal crashes--electronic stability control and seat belt reminders.

PubMed

Lie, Anders

2012-01-01

Many new safety systems are entering the market. Vision Zero is a safety strategy aiming at the elimination of fatalities and impairing injuries by the use of a holistic model for safe traffic to develop a safe system. The aim of this article is to analyze fatalities in modern cars with respect to the Vision Zero model with special respect to electronic stability control (ESC) systems and modern seat belt reminders (SBRs). The model is used to identify and understand cases where cars with ESC systems lost control and where occupants were unbelted in a seat with seat belt reminders under normal driving conditions. The model for safe traffic was used to analyze in-depth studies of fatal crashes with respect to seat belt use and loss of control. Vehicles from 2003 and later in crashes from January 2004 to mid-2010 were analyzed. The data were analyzed case by case. Cars that were equipped with ESC systems and lost control and occupants not using the seat belt in a seat with a seat belt reminder were considered as nonconformities. A total of 138 fatal crashes involving 152 fatally injured occupants were analyzed. Cars with ESC systems had fewer loss-of-control-relevant cases than cars without ESC systems. Thirteen percent of the ESC-equipped vehicles had loss-of-control-relevant crashes and 36 percent of the cars without ESC systems had loss-of-control-relevant crashes. The analysis indicates that only one car of the 9 equipped with ESC that lost control did it on a road surface with relevant friction when driving within the speed restriction of the road. In seats with seat belt reminders that are in accordance with the European New Car Assessment Programme's (Euro NCAP) protocol, 93 percent of the occupants were using a seat belt. In seats without reminders this number was 74 percent. This study shows that ESC systems result in a very significant reduction in fatal crashes, especially under normal driving conditions. Under extreme driving conditions such as speeding

A method for automated control of belt velocity changes with an instrumented treadmill.

PubMed

Hinkel-Lipsker, Jacob W; Hahn, Michael E

2016-01-04

Increased practice difficulty during asymmetrical split-belt treadmill rehabilitation has been shown to improve gait outcomes during retention and transfer tests. However, research in this area has been limited by manual treadmill operation. In the case of variable practice, which requires stride-by-stride changes to treadmill belt velocities, the treadmill control must be automated. This paper presents a method for automation of asymmetrical split-belt treadmill walking, and evaluates how well this method performs with regards to timing of gait events. One participant walked asymmetrically for 100 strides, where the non-dominant limb was driven at their self-selected walking speed, while the other limb was driven randomly on a stride-by-stride basis. In the control loop, the key factors to insure that the treadmill belt had accelerated to its new velocity safely during the swing phase were the sampling rate of the A/D converter, processing time within the controller software, and acceleration of the treadmill belt. The combination of these three factors resulted in a total control loop time during each swing phase that satisfied these requirements with a factor of safety that was greater than 4. Further, a polynomial fit indicated that belt acceleration was the largest contributor to changes in this total time. This approach appears to be safe and reliable for stride-by-stride adjustment of treadmill belt speed, making it suitable for future asymmetrical split-belt walking studies. Further, it can be incorporated into virtual reality rehabilitation paradigms that utilize split-belt treadmill walking. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Possible causes of socioeconomic and ethnic differences in seat belt use among high school students.

PubMed

Shin, D; Hong, L; Waldron, I

1999-09-01

This study has assessed seat belt use and factors which may influence seat belt use among high school students from three types of schools. The inner city schools had high proportions of African American and Hispanic American students from low income families, whereas the middle class school and private schools had high proportions of non-Hispanic white students from middle class families with college educated parents. Students from the inner city schools reported less seat belt use than students from the middle class school or private schools. Our analyses evaluated several hypotheses concerning possible reasons why inner city youth had lower rates of seat belt use. In accord with the social influences hypothesis, inner city youth reported lower rates of parental seat belt use and less often being told by parents to use their seat belts, and our regression results indicate that less parental modeling and encouragement of seat belt use was an important cause of inner city youth's lower rates of seat belt use. Our other hypotheses received weaker support, but we did find evidence for two hypothesized differences in attitudes which influence seat belt use. Specifically, inner city youth were more likely to agree with the statement, 'there is no point in wearing seat belts since you have no control over your fate or destiny', and inner city youth attributed less importance to safety concerns as a motivation for seat belt use. These attitudes appeared to contribute to lower rates of seat belt use by inner city youth.

Encouraging full time use of safety belts among current part-time users

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1991-01-01

A large percentage of drivers report using their seat belts only some of the time. Most part-time users report they buckle up only for highway driving because they believe that driving around their community does not expose them to a significant risk...

Availability, functionality, and use of seat belts in Beijing taxis prior to the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.

PubMed

Fleiter, Judy J; Gao, Liping; Qiu, Chen; Shi, Kan

2009-03-01

Use of driver seat belts and availability and functionality of passenger seat belts in a convenience sample of 231 Beijing taxis were examined in the months prior to the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. Driver and front passenger seat belt use was mandated in China from 2004 to help address the growing public health crisis of road trauma. Results from observations made by in-vehicle passengers revealed that 21.2% of drivers were correctly wearing a belt, approximately half were not, and one third were using the belt in a non-functional way. Over 3/4 of this sample of taxi drivers were unrestrained while working. The percentage of functionally available belts was higher for front than rear passengers (88.3% and 22.9%, respectively). This low rate of belt availability in rear seats calls into question the preparedness of the fleet to cater for the safety needs of foreign visitors to China, particularly those from countries with high levels of restraint use. Factors influencing the use/misuse of seat belts in China remain largely unexplored. Results of this pilot study support further investigations of barriers to using injury prevention mechanisms such as seat belts in less motorised countries.

The empty primordial asteroid belt.

PubMed

Raymond, Sean N; Izidoro, Andre

2017-09-01

The asteroid belt contains less than a thousandth of Earth's mass and is radially segregated, with S-types dominating the inner belt and C-types the outer belt. It is generally assumed that the belt formed with far more mass and was later strongly depleted. We show that the present-day asteroid belt is consistent with having formed empty, without any planetesimals between Mars and Jupiter's present-day orbits. This is consistent with models in which drifting dust is concentrated into an isolated annulus of terrestrial planetesimals. Gravitational scattering during terrestrial planet formation causes radial spreading, transporting planetesimals from inside 1 to 1.5 astronomical units out to the belt. Several times the total current mass in S-types is implanted, with a preference for the inner main belt. C-types are implanted from the outside, as the giant planets' gas accretion destabilizes nearby planetesimals and injects a fraction into the asteroid belt, preferentially in the outer main belt. These implantation mechanisms are simple by-products of terrestrial and giant planet formation. The asteroid belt may thus represent a repository for planetary leftovers that accreted across the solar system but not in the belt itself.

The empty primordial asteroid belt

PubMed Central

Raymond, Sean N.; Izidoro, Andre

2017-01-01

The asteroid belt contains less than a thousandth of Earth’s mass and is radially segregated, with S-types dominating the inner belt and C-types the outer belt. It is generally assumed that the belt formed with far more mass and was later strongly depleted. We show that the present-day asteroid belt is consistent with having formed empty, without any planetesimals between Mars and Jupiter’s present-day orbits. This is consistent with models in which drifting dust is concentrated into an isolated annulus of terrestrial planetesimals. Gravitational scattering during terrestrial planet formation causes radial spreading, transporting planetesimals from inside 1 to 1.5 astronomical units out to the belt. Several times the total current mass in S-types is implanted, with a preference for the inner main belt. C-types are implanted from the outside, as the giant planets’ gas accretion destabilizes nearby planetesimals and injects a fraction into the asteroid belt, preferentially in the outer main belt. These implantation mechanisms are simple by-products of terrestrial and giant planet formation. The asteroid belt may thus represent a repository for planetary leftovers that accreted across the solar system but not in the belt itself. PMID:28924609

How to make selective enforcement work : lessons from completed evaluations.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1986-01-01

Selective enforcement, the practice of targeting specific traffic offenses which figure prominently in the crash problems experienced by a community, is an integral part of practically every traffic safety program. The purpose of this report was to s...

Correct use of safety belts and child restraint devices in cars among children in Goiânia.

PubMed

de Sousa, Roberto Medeiros; Felisbino Júnior, Pedro; Braga, Felipe de Moura; da Costa Neto, Sílvio Dias; Belo, Felipe Marques; Reginaldo, Sandro da Silva; de Moraes, Frederico Barra

2014-01-01

to conduct an observational study, by means of campaigns, regarding the use of child restraint devices in cars in Goiânia. this was a cross-sectional study using a convenience sample built up as cases arose. The data were gathered into an Excel spreadsheet and were analyzed descriptively and statistically (SPSS 16.0), using chi-square and taking p < 0.05 as significant. in 2006, 410 cars were evaluated, and in 2010, 544 cars were evaluated. Around 85% of the occupants were using seat belts correctly at both times (p = 0.650). In 2006, it was observed that a total of 273 passengers were occupying the rear seats, while in 2010 there were 226. Among these, 178 and 170 were using seat belts, respectively, i.e. 65.2% and 75.22% (p = 0.001). In 2006, five children were occupying the front seat without using the seat belt, while in 2010, this number was 42 (p < 0.001). In 2010, it was observed that 458 vehicles were transporting children on the rear seats, and this was being done correctly in 214 vehicles, i.e. 46.72%. In 2006, of the 410 vehicles analyzed, only 90 of them (21.95%) were transporting children correctly (p < 0.001). In addition, there was a difference in the variables within the year evaluated, in which transportation done correctly in the front seat was much more frequent than transportation done correctly in the rear seats, in both years (p < 0.001). Cars transported one to four children, while vans transported one to nine children. In 2006, one van transporting children irregularly was observed, while in 2010 it was done correctly in all cases. comparing these two years (2006 and 2010) in which data were gathered, we can conclude that changes in behavior among drivers in Goiânia have begun, with regard to safety when transporting children in vehicles, with an improvement of 25% (p < 0.001). A large part of this has come through changes in knowledge among this segment of the population, through campaigns that have been carried out

Biomechanical considerations for assessing interactions of children and small occupants with inflatable seat belts.

PubMed

Rouhana, Stephen W; Sundararajan, Srinivasan; Board, Derek; Prasad, Priya; Rupp, Jonathan D; Miller, Carl S; Jeffreys, Thomas A; Schneider, Lawrence W

2013-11-01

NHTSA estimates that more than half of the lives saved (168,524) in car crashes between 1960 and 2002 were due to the use of seat belts. Nevertheless, while seat belts are vital to occupant crash protection, safety researchers continue efforts to further enhance the capability of seat belts in reducing injury and fatality risk in automotive crashes. Examples of seat belt design concepts that have been investigated by researchers include inflatable, 4-point, and reverse geometry seat belts. In 2011, Ford Motor Company introduced the first rear seat inflatable seat belts into production vehicles. A series of tests with child and small female-sized Anthropomorphic Test Devices (ATD) and small, elderly female Post Mortem Human Subjects (PMHS) was performed to evaluate interactions of prototype inflatable seat belts with the chest, upper torso, head and neck of children and small occupants, from infants to young adolescents. Tests simulating a 6-year-old child asleep in a booster seat, with its head lying directly on its shoulder on top of the inflatable seat belt, were considered by engineering judgment, to represent a worst case scenario for interaction of an inflating seat belt with the head and neck of a child and/or small occupant. All evaluations resulted in ATD responses below Injury Assessment Reference Values reported by Mertz et al. (2003). In addition, the tests of the PMHS subjects resulted in no injuries from interaction of the inflating seat belt with the heads, necks, and chests of the subjects. Given the results from the ATD and PMHS tests, it was concluded that the injury risk to children and small occupants from deployment of inflatable seat belt systems is low.

Prehospital chemical restraint of a noncommunicative autistic minor by law enforcement.

PubMed

Ho, Jeffrey D; Nystrom, Paul C; Calvo, Darryl V; Berris, Marc S; Norlin, Jeffrey F; Clinton, Joseph E

2012-01-01

When responders are dealing with an agitated patient in the field, safety for all involved may sometimes only be accomplished with physical or chemical restraints. While experiences using chemical restraint in the prehospital setting are found in the medical literature, the use of this by law enforcement as a first-response restraint has not previously been described. We report a case of successful law enforcement-administered sedation of a noncommunicative, autistic, and violent minor using intramuscular droperidol and diphenhydramine. Although this case has some unique characteristics that allowed chemical restraint to be given by the law enforcement agency, it calls attention to some specific prehospital issues that need to be addressed when dealing with autistic patients with extreme agitation.

Stated response to increased enforcement density and penalty size for speeding and driving unbelted.

PubMed

Hössinger, Reinhard; Berger, Wolfgang J

2012-11-01

To what extent can traffic offences be reduced through stronger enforcement, higher penalties, and the provision of information to road users? This question was addressed with respect to the offences of "speeding" and "driving unbelted." Data were collected by a telephone survey of admitted speeders, followed by 438 face-to-face stated response interviews. Based on the data collected, separate statistical models were developed for the two offences. The models predict the behavioral effect of increasing enforcement density and/or penalty size as well as the additional effect of providing information to car drivers. All three factors are predicted to be effective in reducing speeding. According to the model, one additional enforcement event per year will cause a driver to reduce his current frequency of speeding by 5%. A penalty increase of 10 Euros is predicted to have the same effect. An announcement of stronger enforcement or higher fines is predicted to have an additional effect on behavior, independent of the actual magnitudes of increase in enforcement or fines. With respect to the use of a seat belt, however, neither an increase in enforcement density nor its announcement is predicted to have a significant effect on driver behavior. An increase in the penalty size is predicted to raise the stated wearing rate, which is already 90% in Austria. It seems that both the fear of punishment and the motivation for driving unbelted are limited, so that there is only a weak tradeoff between the two. This may apply to most traffic offences, with the exception of speeding, which accounts for over 80% of tickets alone, whereas all other offences account for less than 3% each. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A systematic literature review of the effectiveness of occupational health and safety regulatory enforcement.

PubMed

Tompa, Emile; Kalcevich, Christina; Foley, Michael; McLeod, Chris; Hogg-Johnson, Sheilah; Cullen, Kim; MacEachen, Ellen; Mahood, Quenby; Irvin, Emma

2016-11-01

We aimed to determine the strength of evidence on the effectiveness of legislative and regulatory policy levers in creating incentives for organizations to improve occupational health and safety processes and outcomes. A systematic review was undertaken to assess the strength of evidence on the effectiveness of specific policy levers using a "best-evidence" synthesis approach. A structured literature search identified 11,947 citations from 13 peer-reviewed literature databases. Forty-three studies were retained for synthesis. Strong evidence was identified for three out of nine clusters. There is strong evidence that several OHS policy levers are effective in terms of reducing injuries and/or increasing compliance with legislation. This study adds to the evidence on OHS regulatory effectiveness from an earlier review. In addition to new evidence supporting previous study findings, it included new categories of evidence-compliance as an outcome, nature of enforcement, awareness campaigns, and smoke-free workplace legislation. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:919-933, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

33 CFR 96.380 - How will the Coast Guard handle compliance and enforcement of these regulations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... safety management system while operating the vessel or transferring cargoes. (b) A foreign vessel that... GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY VESSEL OPERATING REGULATIONS RULES FOR THE SAFE OPERATION OF VESSELS AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS How Will Safety Management Systems Be Certificated and Enforced...