Sample records for salpingitis
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Gonococcal salpingitis in gynaecology--myth or missed?
Sparks, R A; Davies, A J
1976-01-01
A series of 25 cases of gonococcal salpingitis were seen in a teaching hospital between October, 1972, and March, 1975. These cases formed 29 per cent of all cases of salpingitis excluding post-abortal cases. The majority were investigated at the bedside by taking films and cultures from the cervix and urethra. The films were stained by Gram's method and specimens for culture were streaked on to prewarmed Gonococcal Selective Medium (Oxoid) and the plates were incubated at once in a CO2-enriched atmosphere at 37 degrees C. A group of cases was identified with minimal symptoms and minimal, or absent, signs; in such cases the diagnosis may be unsuspected. Reasons are advanced for the failure of other gynaecological units to recognize gonococcal salpingitis. PMID:819091
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Yener, Nese; Ilter, Erdin; Midi, Ahmet
2011-01-01
Xanthogranulomatous salpingitis (XGS) is a rare form of chronic inflammation of the fallopian tubes. A 41-year old woman with a history of secondary infertility for 2 years is presented. The patient underwent bilateral salpingooopherectomy with presumptive diagnosis of adnexal mass with cystic component. Intraoperative pathology consultation was done. The diagnosis of bilateral XGS associated with chronic active follicular salpingitis was made. XGS is reported to be caused by an unsuccesfully treated pelvic inflammatory disease. Its association with chronic active follicular salpingitis has not been previously reported. Chronic active follicular salpingitis with xanthogranulomatous inflammation might give the impression of a cystic adnexal mass with septations on preoperative pelvic computed tomography. Frozen sections are necessary to rule out malignancy as done in our case.
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Streptococcus pyogenes: an unusual cause of salpingitis. Case report and review of the literature.
Blot, Mathieu; de Curraize, Claire; Salmon-Rousseau, Arnaud; Gehin, Sophie; Bador, Julien; Chavanet, Pascal; Neuwirth, Catherine; Piroth, Lionel; Amoureux, Lucie
2017-10-01
Streptococcus pyogenes can colonize genitourinary tract, but it is a rare cause of salpingitis. We report a case of bilateral salpingitis due to Streptococcus pyogenes in a 34-year-old woman using an intra-uterine device and which occurred following a family history of recurrent S. pyogenes infections. We review 12 other cases reported in the literature, and discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms of this potentially life-threatening disease. It is important to take into account consider Streptococcus pyogenes as a cause of acute salpingitis in the context of recent intra-familial Streptococcus pyogenes infections.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Houston, J. Graeme; Machan, Lindsay S.
1998-01-15
Purpose: To evaluate the technical success and outcome of fallopian tube recanalization (FTR) in salpingitis isthmica nodosa (SIN). Methods: SIN is a well-recognized pathological condition affecting the proximal fallopian tube and is associated with infertility and ectopic pregnancy. We reviewed the presentations, films, and case records of all patients attending for FTR for infertility from 1990 to 1994. Technical success and total, intrauterine, and ectopic pregnancy rates at follow-up were determined. Results: SIN was observed in 22 of 349 (6%) patients. FTR was attempted in 34 tubes in these 22 patients. Technical success was achieved in 23 of 34 (68%)more » tubes affected by SIN. In 5 of the 11 failed recanalizations, failure was due to distal obstruction. At least one tube was patent on selective postprocedural salpingography in 17 of 22 (77%) patients. There were no recorded perforations or complications. At follow-up (mean 14 months), total, intrauterine, and ectopic pregnancy rates were 23%, 18%, and 4.5%, respectively. Conclusion: FTR in SIN is technically successful and, compared with previously reported results in unselected infertility patients, is associated with only a slightly less favorable intrauterine pregnancy rate and a comparable ectopic pregnancy rate. The findings of SIN at FTR should not discourage attempted fluoroscopic transcervical recanalization.« less
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Roxithromycin treatment of mouse chlamydial salpingitis and protective effect on fertility.
Zana, J; Muffat-Joly, M; Thomas, D; Orfila, J; Salat-Baroux, J; Pocidalo, J J
1991-01-01
We used a mouse model of acute chlamydial salpingitis to evaluate the efficacy of roxithromycin in preventing irreversible inflammatory damage leading to tubal infertility. Female C3H/He mice were genitally inoculated with a human strain of Chlamydia trachomatis and then treated with roxithromycin glutamate subcutaneously. Treatment was initiated either 7 or 10 days postinfection (p.i.) and continued for 7 days at a dosage of 50 or 100 mg/kg of body weight per 24 h. The course of the disease was monitored serologically, bacteriologically, and histologically. At the end of the treatment, the mice were encaged with males and their reproductive capacity was recorded over a 19-week period. The protective effect of roxithromycin was assessed in terms of fertility parameters in comparison with values for noninfected control mice. When treatment was initiated on day 7 p.i. and given in twice-daily 25-mg/kg doses, all the mice remained fertile and the total number of offspring was similar to that of sham-infected mice (17.3 +/- 3.3 versus 17.2 +/- 2.3). When treatment was initiated on day 10 p.i. and given in a single daily dose of 50 or 100 mg/kg, 90 and 70% of the mice, respectively, remained fertile; however, in terms of total offspring, fertility was lower in the group treated with the lower dose (5.6 +/- 1.4 versus 13.0 +/- 3.8). Roxithromycin was found to be effective against C. trachomatis in the mouse genital tract, but fertility was only partially preserved when the time between infection and treatment was prolonged. Images PMID:2039193
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Sharma's Python Sign: A New Tubal Sign in Female Genital Tuberculosis.
Sharma, Jai Bhagwan
2016-01-01
Female genital tuberculosis (FGTB) is an important cause of infertility in developing countries. Various type of TB salpingitis can be endosalpingitis, exosalpingitis, interstitial TB salpingitis, and salpingitis isthmica nodosa. The fallopian tubes are thickened enlarged and tortuous. Unilateral or bilateral hydrosalpinx or pyosalpinx may be formed. A new sign python sign is presented in which fallopian tube looks like a blue python on dye testing in FGTB.
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Sharma's Python Sign: A New Tubal Sign in Female Genital Tuberculosis
Sharma, Jai Bhagwan
2016-01-01
Female genital tuberculosis (FGTB) is an important cause of infertility in developing countries. Various type of TB salpingitis can be endosalpingitis, exosalpingitis, interstitial TB salpingitis, and salpingitis isthmica nodosa. The fallopian tubes are thickened enlarged and tortuous. Unilateral or bilateral hydrosalpinx or pyosalpinx may be formed. A new sign python sign is presented in which fallopian tube looks like a blue python on dye testing in FGTB. PMID:27365923
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Salpingitis due to Entamoeba histolytica.
Calore, E E; Calore, N M P; Cavaliere, M J
2002-04-01
We describe the pathology of a unique case of Fallopian tube amebiasis, associated with hydrosalpinx, in a 21-year-old woman. She complained of lower abdominal pain, had a foul-smelling green vaginal discharge and fever during one week. There was a discrete increase in body temperature and a painful abdominal palpation at the lower right side, with signs of local peritoneal irritation. Pathological examination showed a marked dilatation of the fallopian tube and hydrosalpinx. Microscopic examination showed a poorly formed granuloma composed of large macrophages with many Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites inside the fallopian tube. Even though it is a rare disease the correct diagnosis of female genital tract amebiasis is of great importance for the indication of proper therapy.
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Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
... Names PID; Oophoritis; Salpingitis; Salpingo - oophoritis; Salpingo - peritonitis Images Pelvic laparoscopy Female reproductive anatomy Endometritis Uterus References McKinzie J. Sexually transmitted diseases. In: Walls RM, Hockberger RS, ...
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Experimental Infection of Pig-Tailed Macaques (Macaca nemestrina) with Mycoplasma genitalium.
Wood, Gwendolyn E; Patton, Dorothy L; Cummings, Peter K; Iverson-Cabral, Stefanie L; Totten, Patricia A
2017-02-01
Mycoplasma genitalium is an underappreciated cause of human reproductive tract disease, characterized by persistent, often asymptomatic, infection. Building on our previous experiments using a single female pig-tailed macaque as a model for M. genitalium infection (G. E. Wood, S. L. Iverson-Cabral, D. L. Patton, P. K. Cummings, Y. T. Cosgrove Sweeney, and P. A. Totten, Infect Immun 81:2938-2951, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01322-12), we cervically inoculated eight additional animals, two of which were simultaneously inoculated in salpingeal tissue autotransplanted into abdominal pockets. Viable M. genitalium persisted in the lower genital tract for 8 weeks in three animals, 4 weeks in two, and 1 week in one; two primates resisted infection. In both animals inoculated in salpingeal pockets, viable M. genitalium was recovered for 2 weeks. Recovery of viable M. genitalium from lower genital tract specimens was improved by diluting the specimen in broth and by Vero cell coculture. Ascension to upper reproductive tract tissues was not detected, even among three persistently infected animals. M. genitalium-specific serum antibodies targeting the immunodominant MgpB and MgpC proteins appeared within 1 week in three animals inoculated both cervically and in salpingeal pockets and in one of three persistently infected animals inoculated only in the cervix. M. genitalium-specific IgG, but not IgA, was detected in cervical secretions of serum antibody-positive animals, predominantly against MgpB and MgpC, but was insufficient to clear M. genitalium lower tract infection. Our findings further support female pig-tailed macaques as a model of M. genitalium infection, persistence, and immune evasion. Copyright © 2017 American Society for Microbiology.
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Current trends in the diagnosis and treatment of tuboovarian abscess
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Landers, D.V.; Sweet, R.L.
Tuboovarian abscess is a well-recognized complication of acute salpingitis and has been reported in as many as one third of hospital admissions for acute salpingitis. The incidence of tuboovarian abscess is expected to increase as a result of the current epidemic of sexually transmitted diseases and their sequelae. Patients with tuboovarian abscess most commonly present with lower abdominal pain and an adnexal mass(es). Fever and leukocytosis may be absent. Ultrasound, computed tomographic scans, laparoscopy, or laparotomy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Tuboovarian abscess may be unilateral or bilateral regardless of intrauterine contraceptive device usage. Tuboovarian abscess is polymicrobialmore » with a preponderance of anaerobic organisms. An initial conservative antimicrobial approach to the management of the unruptured tuboovarian abscess is appropriate if the antimicrobial agents used can penetrate abscesses, remain active within the abscess environment, and are active against the major pathogens in tuboovarian abscess, including the resistant gram-negative anaerobes such as Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides bivius. However, if the patient does not begin to show a response within a reasonable amount of time, about 48 to 72 hours, surgical intervention should be undertaken. Suspicion of rupture should remain an indication for immediate operation. Once operation is undertaken, a conservative approach with unilateral adnexectomy for one-side tuboovarian abscess is appropriate if future fertility or hormone production is desired.« less
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Kinde, Hailu; Read, Deryck H; Daft, Barbara M; Hammarlund, Marion; Moore, Janet; Uzal, Francisco; Mukai, Jenee; Woolcock, Peter
2003-01-01
Between February 2000 and February 2002, the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System diagnosed 26 cases of low-pathogenic H6N2 avian influenza from 12 commercial egg-laying farms. The most common gross and histologic lesions observed in infected chickens were fibrinous yolk peritonitis, salpingitis, oophoritis, and nephritis. Edema of the mesentery of the oviduct and pale, swollen kidneys were also observed. Mortality in infected flocks ranged from 0.25% to 3%, and egg production dropped 7% to 40%.
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The Acute, Delayed Neurotoxicity Evaluation of Two Jet Engine Oil Formulations
1990-04-01
humans after chronic exposure to these compounds. Similar neurotoxic effects have been demonstrated in adult chickens and cats after exposure to TOCP...salpingitis 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Skin 2 3 3 2 4 3 1 2 2 3 1 5 Fibrosarcoma 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 *The number of animals in which the organ was examined...REFERENCES Beresford, W.A. and P. Glees. 1963. Degeneration in the Long Tracts of the Cords of the Chicken and Cat After Triorthocresyl phosphate
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Schippert, Cordula; Soergel, Philipp; Staboulidou, Ismini; Bassler, Christina; Gagalick, Susanne; Hillemanns, Peter; Buehler, Klaus; Garcia-Rocha, Guillermo-José
2012-03-01
The incidence of ectopic pregnancy (EP) in the general population is 2%, whereas the EP rate following assisted reproductive technologies (ART) is between 2.1 and 11%. EP is also an adverse effect of tubal surgery with incidences up to 40% depending on the type, location, and severity of tubal disease and the surgical procedure. This paper looks at the incidence of EP following tubal reconstructive microsurgery, analyzes risk factors for EP following own 1,295 ART cycles and looks on the incidence of EP in 128,314 pregnancies following ART according to the presence or absence of tubal infertility using data from the German IVF Registry (DIR). In our clinic, the EP rate following resterilization was 6.7%. In the presence of acquired tubal disease, the EP rate following adhesiolysis, salpingostomy, salpingoneostomy, fimbrioplasty, and anastomosis was 7.9%. The EP rate following ART in our clinic was 5.6%. Previous abdominal surgeries, microsurgical procedures, hydro-/sactosalpinges, salpingitis, salpingitis isthmica nodosa, and periadnexal adhesions showed a significant positive correlation with EP as outcome. Data of DIR demonstrate a significantly increased incidence of EP in the presence of tubal pathology. The highest EP rate related to all clinical pregnancies was 4.5% (95% CI 3.0-6.0) in smoking women <30 years with tubal pathology following IVF. In the presence of tubal infertility, the incidence of EP following ART and tubal microsurgery are approximately comparable with each other and higher than in women without tubal infertility. The success of infertility surgery depends on a careful selection of appropriate patients.
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Enterobius Vermicularis as a Cause of Intestinal Occlusion: How To Avoid Unnecessary Surgery.
Adorisio, Ottavio; De Peppo, Francesco; Rivosecchi, Massimo; Silveri, Massimiliano
2016-04-01
Enterobius vermicularis may cause infections of the gastrointestinal tract and occurs approximately in 4% to 28% of children worldwide. It is most common in children aged 5 to 14 years.The most commonly reported symptoms are pruritus in the perianal region, abdominal pain, urinary tract infection, insomnia, irritability, salpingitis, and appendicitis, whereas intestinal obstruction is a very rare but would be considered to perform the right instrumental examination avoiding unnecessary surgical exploration.We report a case of an 8-year-old boy with an intestinal occlusion due to a colonic intussusception by Enterobius vermicularis managed conservatively.
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Pors, Susanne Elisabeth; Olsen, Rikke Heidemann; Christensen, Jens Peter
2014-06-04
Salpingitis and peritonitis are common pathological manifestations observed in egg-laying hens. To improve methods to study these conditions, a surgical model was developed. Initially, eighteen white layers underwent laparotomy with subsequent inoculation of ink, bacteria or sterile broth directly into the oviduct. Eight birds inoculated with 0.1 ml blue ink were euthanized immediately after inoculation and the specific site of inoculation was assessed. In all birds, ink was injected into the oviduct between five and seven cm cranial to the isthmus. To demonstrate the use of this approach to cause infection of the oviduct, five birds were inoculated with 8.6 × 10(6)CFU of a clinical Escherichia coli isolate. Five control birds received broth with no bacteria. Both infected and control birds were euthanized after 48 h followed by a post mortem examination. Infected birds showed diffuse fibrino-purulent peritonitis, E. coli was found in pure culture from one or more positions in the oviduct and the liver. Birds receiving sterile broth did not culture positive and demonstrated no gross lesions. Subsequently, 19 birds were inoculated with an isolate of E. coli ST95 and 20 birds with an isolate of E. coli ST141. Major variation in virulence was observed between the two isolates used in relation to clinical signs, gross lesions and histopathology. In contrast to E. coli ST141, E. coli ST95 caused severe clinical signs, epithelial necrosis of the oviduct and purulent salpingitis. The results of the study show the potential of the model in studies of the pathogenesis of infections and virulence of bacteria of the oviduct. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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[Morbidity from bilateral tubal ligation, via laparoscopy].
Gorozpe Calvillo, J; García Luna, A; Manterola, D; Téllez Martínez, J; Vázquez Cuellar, G
1991-08-01
From January 1, 1987 January 30, 1990, 374 laparoscopic sterilizations using silastic rings (Falope), were carried out. Morbidity and main risk factors, were analyzed. More frequent surgical complications were: mesosalpinx rupture, and fallopian tube rupture in 22 cases (5.8%); abdominal wall emphysema, three cases (0.8%), uterine perforation, two cases (0.5%); other pelvic structures lesions, three cases (0.8%). Morbidity risk factors were: previous abdominal surgery, obesity, salpingitis, use of an uterine mobilizer in a puerperal uterus, and practice of tubal occlusion during the luteal phase of cycle, due to possibility of luteal phase pregnancy; therefore, if a risk factor is present, it is advisable to use other contraceptive technique.
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Enterobius Vermicularis-Associated Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in a Child.
Mentessidou, Anastasia; Theocharides, Constantine; Patoulias, Ioannis; Panteli, Christina
2016-04-01
Enterobius vermicularis is the most highly prevalent intestinal worm in childhood and is generally considered of low pathogenicity. Little is known about the inflammatory complications of the female genital tract induced by E. vermicularis in childhood. A case of E. vermicularis-associated pelvic inflammatory disease with right salpingitis mimicking acute abdomen due to appendicitis in an 11-year-old girl is presented. E. vermicularis-related pelvic inflammatory disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of abdominal pain in children. Increased awareness is necessary to avoid an unnecessary surgery and to choose the correct antibiotic treatment. Copyright © 2016 North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Cysticercosis of the fallopian tube: histology and microanalysis
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Abraham, J.L.; Spore, W.W.; Benirschke, K.
1982-07-01
The authors identified a degenerated, focally calcified cestode larva (cysticercus) in the fallopian tube of a 50-year-old woman with endometriosis. The physiologic reaction to the larva was minimal, with some focal granulomatous salpingitis. No other focus of infection was detected. The differential diagnosis included trophoblastic tissue, foreign material, and parasites. Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis of the organism revealed concentration of iodine in the subcuticular connective tissue of the larva and confirmed the calcium phosphate composition of the calcareous corpuscles. The presumed source of the iodine was the continued exposure of the larva to an environment rich in iodidemore » secreted by the epithelium of the fallopian tube.« less
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Enterobius vermicularis salpingitis seen in the setting of ectopic pregnancy in a Malaysian patient.
Ngui, Romano; Ravindran, Sarala; Ong, Diana Bee Lan; Chow, Tak Kuan; Low, Kah Pin; Nureena, Zaidi Syeda; Rajoo, Yamuna; Chin, Yuee Teng; Amir, Amirah; Ahmad, Arine Fadzlun; Lim, Yvonne Ai Lian; Mahmud, Rohela
2014-09-01
We report a rare and unusual case of invasive Enterobius vermicularis infection in a fallopian tube. The patient was a 23-year-old Malaysian woman who presented with suprapubic pain and vaginal bleeding. A clinical diagnosis of ruptured right ovarian ectopic pregnancy was made. She underwent a laparotomy with a right salpingo-oophorectomy. Histopathological examination of the right fallopian tube showed eggs and adult remnants of E. vermicularis, and the results were confirmed using PCR and DNA sequencing. Copyright © 2014, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
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Enterobius vermicularis Salpingitis Seen in the Setting of Ectopic Pregnancy in a Malaysian Patient
Ravindran, Sarala; Ong, Diana Bee Lan; Chow, Tak Kuan; Low, Kah Pin; Nureena, Zaidi Syeda; Rajoo, Yamuna; Chin, Yuee Teng; Amir, Amirah; Ahmad, Arine Fadzlun; Lim, Yvonne Ai Lian
2014-01-01
We report a rare and unusual case of invasive Enterobius vermicularis infection in a fallopian tube. The patient was a 23-year-old Malaysian woman who presented with suprapubic pain and vaginal bleeding. A clinical diagnosis of ruptured right ovarian ectopic pregnancy was made. She underwent a laparotomy with a right salpingo-oophorectomy. Histopathological examination of the right fallopian tube showed eggs and adult remnants of E. vermicularis, and the results were confirmed using PCR and DNA sequencing. PMID:24989613
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[Genital mycoplasma infections].
Werni, R; Mårdh, P A
1985-09-15
Clinical and experimental investigations on the significance of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum have revealed different and contradictory results. Both germs are frequently discovered in young, sexually active persons. Ureaplasma urealyticum might be the cause of some cases of non-gonococcal urethritis. M. hominis seems to be one causative agent of endometritis, salpingitis, parametritis and septicaemia after birth; we do not know yet, however, how often this may be the case. M. hominis may also infect the newborn, e.g., it may cause meningitis and encephalitis. The diagnosis of an infection with mycoplasmas is mainly based on the isolation of the organism, the lack of other pathogens in the lesions, and the demonstration of a significant change of titer of homologous antibodies. Tetracycline is the drug of choice; alternatives are clindamycin for M. hominis and erythromycin for U. urealyticum.
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CUP: contraceptive users pamphlet.
1986-02-01
frequency of PID than women not employing any protection. It is well established that copper IUDs cause different types and different degrees of PID. Women using copper IUDs are more at risk for pelvic infection. There is a higher frequency of salpingitis and PID when copper IUDs are employed especially when the population is nulligravidas under the age of 25. The pamphlet lists criteria for the diagnosis of salpingo-oophoritis and actue salpingitis.
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Tubal telocytes: factor infertility reason?
Aleksandrovych, Veronika; Sajewicz, Marek; Walocha, Jerzy A; Gil, Krzysztof
Infertility is actually widespread pathological condition, which affected one in every four couples in developing countries. Approximately one third of all cases are connected with tubal factor infertility, o en accompanies by endometriosis, acute salpingitis, urogenital infections etc. The newly identified telocytes (TCs) have multiple potential bio-functions and might participate in the fertility problems. They influence on structural and functional integrity of oviduct tissue. Despite recent discovery, TCs involvement in the majority of physiological and pathological processes is still unclear and require significant increasing of deep observations and data analysis. Focusing on female reproductive system help better understands the main reasons of infertility, while evaluation of TCs impact on Fallopian tube and uterus contractility might be a key point of its correction. The article summarizes the main features of telocytes in Fallopian tubes, emphasizing their involvement in pathophysiological processes and tubal factor infertility.
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Scrum kidney: epidemic pyoderma caused by a nephritogenic Streptococcus pyogenes in a rugby team.
Ludlam, H; Cookson, B
1986-08-09
In December, 1984, an outbreak of pyoderma affected five scrum players in the St Thomas' Hospital rugby team. The causative organism, Streptococcus pyogenes, was acquired during a match against a team experiencing an outbreak of impetigo, and was transmitted to two front row players of another team a week later, and to two girlfriends of affected St Thomas' players a month later. The strain was M-type 49, tetracycline-resistant, and virulent. It caused salpingitis in a girlfriend and acute glomerulonephritis in one rugby player. No case of subclinical glomerulonephritis was detected in eight patients with pyoderma. Screening of the St Thomas' Hospital team revealed four further cases of non-streptococcal skin infection, with evidence for contemporaneous spread of Staphylococcus aureus. Teams should not field players with sepsis, and it may be advisable to apply a skin antiseptic to traumatised skin after the match.
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The Use of Hysterosalpingography in the Diagnosis of Infertility and Other Gynecological Conditions
Dutton, W. A. W.; Stapleton, J. G.
1963-01-01
Hysterosalpingography was performed on 175 patients who had gynecological symptoms but negative pelvic findings, in order to test a new method of introducing the contrast medium into the uterus and tubes and to record the incidence of pathology revealed. In 132 patients, an attempt was made to secure a No. 14 Foley catheter in the uterus for introducing the contrast medium. This method was successful in 124 patients and can be recommended as being simple, less painful and more efficient than older methods. Of 156 patients with the complaints of infertility (68), dysmenorrhea (31), pelvic pain (29) or menstrual disorder (28), hysterosalpingography revealed significant abnormality in 58; most of these (47) had chronic salpingitis. One flare-up of pelvic inflammation occurred but no other complications were observed. It was concluded that hysterosalpingography is now sufficiently safe and reliable to merit wider utilization in gynecological diagnosis. ImagesFig. 1Fig. 2Fig. 3Fig. 4Fig. 5Fig. 6Fig. 7 PMID:14088822
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Mans, C; Sladky, K K
2012-04-01
Three mature, female, red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) were individually, and separately, diagnosed with different forms of oviductal disease. Case 1 presented with acute cloacal bleeding and was diagnosed with acute oviductal rupture and ectopic eggs in the coelom. Case 2 presented for repeated scratching in the direction of the cloaca and was diagnosed with chronic oviductal impaction and coelomitis. Both cases were treated successfully by endoscopy-assisted complete ovariosalpingectomy via a bilateral prefemoral approach. Case 3 presented with a reduced appetite and signs of nesting behaviour and was diagnosed with obstructive dystocia associated with bacterial salpingitis. Successful treatment consisted of transcloacal egg removal and systemic antibiotics. Complete recovery was achieved in all three turtles, which remained disease-free 23 to 33 months later. Oviductal disease can present with a variety of clinical signs, and an accurate diagnosis can be made based on a thorough history, physical examination and appropriate diagnostic techniques. © 2012 British Small Animal Veterinary Association.
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Lee, Nam Kyung; Choi, Kyung Un; Han, Ga Jin; Kwon, Byung Su; Song, Yong Jung; Suh, Dong Soo; Kim, Ki Hyung
2016-11-14
Pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia of the fallopian tube is a rare, benign disease characterized by florid epithelial hyperplasia. The authors present the history and details of a 22-year-old woman with bilateral pelvic masses and a highly elevated serum CA-125 level (1,056 U/ml). Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvis showed bilateral adnexal complex cystic masses with a fusiform or sausage-like shape. Contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed T1-weighted images showed enhancement of papillary projections of the right adnexal mass and enhancement of an irregular thick wall on the left adnexal mass, suggestive of tubal cancer. Based on MRI and laboratory findings, laparotomy was performed under a putative preoperative diagnosis of tubal cancer. The final pathologic diagnosis was pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia of tubal epithelium associated with acute and chronic salpingitis in both tubes. The authors report a rare case of pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia of the fallopian tubes mimicking tubal cancer.
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Allen, W R; Wilsher, S; Morris, L; Crowhurst, J S; Hillyer, M H; Neal, H N
2006-09-01
Mares are occasionally encountered that consistently fail to conceive when inseminated, naturally or artificially, with fertile stallion semen in the absence of any identifiable pathology of either the structure or function of their reproductive tract. Temporary blockage of the oviducts by accumulations of naturally occurring oviducal masses may be preventing oviducal transport of the embryo to the uterus. Mares, with known reproductive histories, that had exhibited inexplicable failure of conception were treated by laparoscopically guided administration of PGE2-laced triacetin gel directly onto the surface of their oviducts. Fifteen mares age 10-21 years that had exhibited inexplicable failure of conception during 1-4 years were treated, of which 14 (93%) conceived within the same or subsequent breeding season. The high success rate of this treatment supports the tentative diagnosis of oviducal obstruction in these mares and indicates that blockage of the mare's oviducts may occur in the form of a moveable accumulation of debris rather than from permanent fibrous adhesions resulting from salpingitis. This laparoscopic application of PGE2 to the oviducts constitutes a sound and practical method of restoring fertility in mares suffering oviducal obstruction and further studies involving the procedure are warranted.
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Genital Chlamydia trachomatis: An update
Malhotra, Meenakshi; Sood, Seema; Mukherjee, Anjan; Muralidhar, Sumathi; Bala, Manju
2013-01-01
Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common cause of curable bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. It manifests primarily as urethritis in males and endocervicitis in females. Untreated chlamydial infection in man can cause epididymitis and proctitis. Though most women with Chlamydia infection are asymptomatic or have minimal symptoms, some develop salpingitis, endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy and tubal factor infertility. It is associated with an increased risk for the transmission or acquisition of HIV and is also attributed to be a risk factor for the development of cervical carcinoma. Early diagnosis and treatment of infected individuals is required to prevent the spread of the disease and severe sequelae. Traditionally, tissue culture was considered the gold standard for the diagnosis. However, with the availability of newer diagnostic techniques particularly molecular methods which are not only highly sensitive and specific but are cost-effective also, the diagnosis has became fast and easy. The purpose of this review is to study the various aspects of genital C. trachomatis infection. Also the advances related to the clinical picture, various diagnostic modalities, prevention, treatment, drug resistance and control measures will be dealt with. PMID:24135174
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Turner, E B; Morton, R S
1976-06-01
Prostitution in Sheffield, a city with over half a million population, has been reviewed in its legal, social work, and medical aspects. The years studied were 1960-73. The medical studies were confined to the years 1968-72. Prosecutions for soliciting increased steadily during the study period. The trend was more marked locally than nationally and was associated both with increased police activity and, more recently, with the pursuit of a socially-aware sentencing, probationary, and social work policy. During the 5-year medical study, sixty prostitutes were seen. Using gonorrhoea as an index they were found to hazard the health of both themselves and others. Recurrent infection was the rule amongst them and 40 per cent. suffered salpingitis. In epidemiological terms our findings show that the vector role of prostitutes continues undiminished. The alleged decline in their role is relative only and not real. They accounted for one in six of locally acquired gonococcal infections in heterosexual men. The study indicates the need for the regular monitoring of the social phenomenon or prostitution and for the detailed study of all its aspects on a national basis.
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Gogate, A; Brabin, L; Nicholas, S; Gogate, S; Gaonkar, T; Naidu, A; Divekar, A; Karande, A; Hart, C A
1998-12-01
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are an important cause of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) but have often not been detected in microbiological studies of Indian women admitted to hospital gynaecology wards or private clinics. In this cross sectional study, women living in the inner city of Mumbai (Bombay) were investigated for socioeconomic, clinical, and microbiological risk factors for PID. Microbiological tests and laparoscopic examination were carried out on 2736 women aged < or = 35 years who came to a health facility with suspected acute salpingitis or infertility or for laparoscopic sterilisation. 86 women with a clinical diagnosis of PID were not referred for laparoscopy although their characteristics are described. Associations between various risk factors and PID status were investigated and logistic regression performed on all factors that remained significant. Of women with a laparoscopically confirmed evaluation, 26 women had acute and 48 chronic pelvic infection. Independent risk factors for PID were later age at menarche (> or = 14 years), a history of stillbirth and no previous pregnancy, history of tuberculosis, STD, dilatation and curettage or previous laparoscopy, and presence of Gardnerella vaginalis. It is concluded that STD related risk factors applied to only a small proportion of PID cases and that other determinants of PID are important, including obstetric complications, invasive surgical procedures such as laparoscopy, and tuberculosis.
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Juica, Natalia E; Rodas, Paula I; Solar, Paula; Borda, Paula; Vargas, Renato; Muñoz, Cristobal; Paredes, Rodolfo; Christodoulides, Myron; Velasquez, Luis A
2017-01-01
Background: Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ngo) is the etiological agent of gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection that initially infects the female lower genital tract. In untreated women, the bacteria can ascend to the upper genital reproductive tract and infect the fallopian tube (FTs), which is associated with salpingitis and can lead to impaired FT function and infertility. The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in cell migration and differentiation in the female genital tract, and some pathogens modify the ECM to establish successful infections. The ECM is regulated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), their endogenous inhibitors; MMP deregulation causes pathological conditions in a variety of tissues. Results: The aim of this work was to analyze the expression and localization of MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 in FT explants during Ngo infection using real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, zymography and ELISA. No significant variations in MMP-3, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 transcript levels were observed. In contrast, a significant increase ( p < 0.05) was observed for MMP-8 expression and was accompanied by stromal immunoreactivity in infected explants. ELISA results supported these findings and showed that MMP-8 release increased upon gonococcal infection. Conclusions: Our results indicate that gonococcal infection induces increased MMP-8 expression, which might contribute to FT damage during infection.
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Price, Malcolm J; Ades, A E; Soldan, Kate; Welton, Nicky J; Macleod, John; Simms, Ian; DeAngelis, Daniela; Turner, Katherine Me; Horner, Paddy J
2016-03-01
The evidence base supporting the National Chlamydia Screening Programme, initiated in 2003, has been questioned repeatedly, with little consensus on modelling assumptions, parameter values or evidence sources to be used in cost-effectiveness analyses. The purpose of this project was to assemble all available evidence on the prevalence and incidence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) in the UK and its sequelae, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy (EP) and tubal factor infertility (TFI) to review the evidence base in its entirety, assess its consistency and, if possible, arrive at a coherent set of estimates consistent with all the evidence. Evidence was identified using 'high-yield' strategies. Bayesian Multi-Parameter Evidence Synthesis models were constructed for separate subparts of the clinical and population epidemiology of CT. Where possible, different types of data sources were statistically combined to derive coherent estimates. Where evidence was inconsistent, evidence sources were re-interpreted and new estimates derived on a post-hoc basis. An internally coherent set of estimates was generated, consistent with a multifaceted evidence base, fertility surveys and routine UK statistics on PID and EP. Among the key findings were that the risk of PID (symptomatic or asymptomatic) following an untreated CT infection is 17.1% [95% credible interval (CrI) 6% to 29%] and the risk of salpingitis is 7.3% (95% CrI 2.2% to 14.0%). In women aged 16-24 years, screened at annual intervals, at best, 61% (95% CrI 55% to 67%) of CT-related PID and 22% (95% CrI 7% to 43%) of all PID could be directly prevented. For women aged 16-44 years, the proportions of PID, EP and TFI that are attributable to CT are estimated to be 20% (95% CrI 6% to 38%), 4.9% (95% CrI 1.2% to 12%) and 29% (95% CrI 9% to 56%), respectively. The prevalence of TFI in the UK in women at the end of their reproductive lives is 1.1%: this is consistent with all PID carrying a relatively high risk
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Azevedo, Jaqueline B; Silva, Gustavo S; Rocha, Priscylla S; Pitchenin, Letícia C; Dutra, Valéria; Nakazato, Luciano; de Oliveira, Anderson Castro Soares; Pescador, Caroline A
2017-02-01
Ureaplasma diversum infection in bovine females may result in various reproductive problems, including granular vulvovaginitis, abortion, weak calves, salpingitis, and spontaneous abortion. The presence of U. diversum in a dairy bovine population from midwestern Brazil has not been established. The aim of this study was to determine whether U. diversum was present in dairy cattle from midwestern Brazil using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Vulvovaginal mucus was analyzed from 203 cows located in six municipalities in the north region of Mato Grosso State, Brazil. A total of 25% of dairy cows with vulvovaginitis were positive for U. diversum. The factors evaluated were included in a multivariable logistic regression model with the presence of at least one positive cow in the herd serving as the dependent variable. Three variables were significantly associated with a U. diversum-positive PCR and were included in the final multivariable model: number of parities, vulvar lesions, and reproductive problems. For each new parity, the chance of U. diversum infection decreased 0.03-fold, indicating that cows with the highest number of parities were more protected. The presence of vulvar lesions was increased 17.6-fold in females positive for U. diversum, suggesting that this bacterium could be related to the red granular lesions in the vulvar mucosa, whereas reproductive problems were increased 7.6-fold. However, further investigations should be conducted to ascertain the effects of U. diversum in association with other mycoplasma species in the herds studied.
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The fallopian tube-peritoneal junction: a potential site of carcinogenesis.
Seidman, Jeffrey D; Yemelyanova, Anna; Zaino, Richard J; Kurman, Robert J
2011-01-01
Junctions between different types of epithelia are hot spots for carcinogenesis, but the junction of the peritoneal mesothelium with the fallopian tubal epithelium, the tubal-peritoneal junction, has not been characterized earlier. A total of 613 junctional foci in 228 fallopian tube specimens from 182 patients who underwent surgery for a variety of indications, including 27 risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy specimens, were studied. Edema, congestion, and dilated lymphatic channels were commonly present. Transitional metaplasia was found at the junction in 20% of patients and mesothelial hyperplasia in 17%. Inflammation at the junction was seen predominantly in patients with salpingitis, torsion, or tubal pregnancy. Ovarian-type stroma was found at the junction in 5% of patients, and was found elsewhere in the tubal lamina propria in an additional 27% of patients. Findings in risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy specimens in women with BRCA mutations, a personal history of breast cancer, and/or a family history of breast/ovarian cancer were similar to those in controls. Transitional metaplasia specifically localizes to this junction, and is the probable source of Walthard cell nests. The recently highlighted significance of fimbrial tubal epithelium in the origin of serous ovarian carcinomas and a study suggesting that mucinous and Brenner tumors may arise from transitional-type epithelium in this location suggest that the tubal-peritoneal junction may play a role in the development of these tumors. This is the first comprehensive description of a hitherto unrecognized transitional zone in the adnexa.
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Shafer, M A; Sweet, R L; Ohm-Smith, M J; Shalwitz, J; Beck, A; Schachter, J
1985-12-01
The prevalence of selected microorganisms in the lower genital tract in postmenarchal adolescent girls was assessed, including vaginal Gardnerella vaginalis, group B streptococcus, lactobacillus, Mycoplasma species, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Staphylococcus aureus, and yeast, and endocervical Mycoplasma species, U. urealyticum, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis. Specific attention was focused on important sexually transmitted disease organisms, and differences in isolations by age, sexual activity, ethnicity, contraception, and the diagnosis of nonspecific vaginitis were measured. Sexually active subjects had a mean of 6.05 organisms (SD = 3.16), compared with 3.12 organisms (SD = 3.92) in non-sexually active subjects (P = 0.001). Sexually active subjects had significantly more vaginal G. vaginalis, lactobacilli, Mycoplasma species, and U. urealyticum, as well as endocervical Mycoplasma species and U. urealyticum, compared with non-sexually active subjects; C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoea, and T. vaginalis were isolated exclusively from the sexually active group. Significant differences in isolation rates by ethnicity were found in vaginal Mycoplasma species and U. urealyticum, and endocervical Mycoplasma species, U. urealyticum, C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, and T. vaginalis. In general, organisms were isolated from blacks most frequently; N. gonorrhoea was isolated from blacks exclusively. Differences were found in microbiologic isolations by the presence or absence of nonspecific vaginitis. Vaginal G. vaginalis and Mycoplasma species and endocervical Mycoplasma species and U. urealyticum were found significantly more often in isolates from the group with nonspecific vaginitis. It is important to define the microbial flora of the lower genital tract in adolescent girls in order to understand its role in the pathogenesis of acute salpingitis.
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Ovarian Cancer Stroma: Pathophysiology and the Roles in Cancer Development
Furuya, Mitsuko
2012-01-01
Ovarian cancer represents one of the cancers with the worst prognostic in adult women. More than half of the patients who present with clinical signs such as abdominal bloating and a feeling of fullness already show advanced stages. The majority of ovarian cancers grow as cystic masses, and cancer cells easily spread into the pelvic cavity once the cysts rupture or leak. When the ovarian cancer cells disseminate into the peritoneal cavity, metastatic nests may grow in the cul-de-sac, and in more advanced stages, the peritoneal surfaces of the upper abdomen become the next largest soil for cancer progression. Ascites is also produced frequently in ovarian cancers, which facilitates distant metastasis. Clinicopathologic, epidemiologic and molecular studies on ovarian cancers have improved our understanding and therapeutic approaches, but still further efforts are required to reduce the risks in the patients who are predisposed to this lethal disease and the mortality of the patients in advanced stages. Among various molecules involved in ovarian carcinogenesis, special genes such as TP53, BRCA1 and BRCA2 have been well investigated. These genes are widely accepted as the predisposing factors that trigger malignant transformation of the epithelial cells of the ovary. In addition, adnexal inflammatory conditions such as chronic salpingitis and ovarian endometriosis have been great research interests in the context of carcinogenic background of ovarian cancers. In this review, I discuss the roles of stromal cells and inflammatory factors in the carcinogenesis and progression of ovarian cancers. PMID:24213462
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Lang, Erich K.; Dunaway, Herbert E.
2000-11-15
Purpose: The efficacy of selective salpingography (SS) and transcervical recanalization (TCR) in diagnosis, categorization, and determination of optimal treatment modality for fallopian tube obstruction was investigated.Methods: SS and, in some patients, TCR was performed in 430 patients with a diagnosis of obstruction of one or both fallopian tubes, as determined by hysterosalpingograms (HSG). All patients (age 21-46 years) had an infertility problem for at least 18 months.Results: In 196 patients, 325 tubes were patent on SS. TCR recanalized 243 tubes in 176 patients. Disease of the distal tube was demonstrated in 66 patients. There were 39 live babies in amore » group of 176 patients with successful TCR. Best live birth rate was in 7 of 12 (58%) patients with underlying endometriosis, followed by postsurgical strictures in inflammatory disease, 6 of 31 (19%), and salpingitis isthmica nodosa in 25 of 168 (15%). There were no pregnancies in patients with cobblestone pattern of the distal tubes.Conclusions: SS and TCR were capable of correcting obstruction of the proximal tubes in 243 of 465 tubes in 176 of 234 patients (75%). With patency of the proximal tube restored, the distal tube could be assessed for changes indicative of damage to the ciliated epithelium which was likely to reduce the ability to become pregnant. This allowed for the triage of patients into groups benefiting from the relatively inexpensive and low complication TCR or patients in need of in vitro fertilization or similar assisted reproductive technologies.« less
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Eschenbach, D A; Wager, G P
1980-12-01
This comprehensive review on puerperal infections covers risk factors, causative bacteria, pathophysiology, diagnosis, therapy of specific entities, and prevention. Puerperal infection is problematic to define especially with antibiotics that change the course of fever. I may present as endometritis (most common), myometritis, parametritis, pelvic abscess, salpingitis, septic pelvic thrombophlebitis or septicemia, and also includes infections of the urinary tract, episiotomy, surgical wounds, lacerations or breast. Each of these is discussed in terms of contributing factors, microbiology, clinical findings, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and complications. Risk factors in general are cesarean section, premature rupture of the membranes, internal fetal monitoring, general anesthesia, pelvic examinations. The most common bacterial involved are group B and other streptococci, E. coli, Gardnerella vaginalis, Gram positive anaerobic cocci, Mycoplasma and pre-existing Chlamydial infections. Diagnosis of the causative organism is difficult because of polyinfection and difficulty of getting a sterile endometrial swab. Diagnosis of the infection is equally difficult because of the wide variety of symptoms: fever, abnormal lochia, tachycardia, tenderness, mass and abnormal bowel sounds are common. Therapy depends of the responsible microorganism, although 3 empirical tactics are suggested while awaiting results of culture: 1) choose an antibiotic for the most common aerobic bacteria; 2) an antibiotic effective against B. fragilis and one for aerobic bacteria, e.g. clindamycin and an aminoglycoside; 3) a nontoxic antibiotic active against most aerobic and anaerobic organisms, e.g. doxycycline or cefoxitin. An example of an infection recently described is pudendal-paracervical block infection, often signaled by severe hip pain. It is associated with vaginal bacteria, is usually complicated by abscess even with antibiotic coverage, and may end in paraplegia or fatal sepsis
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Detection of virulence-associated genes in pathogenic and commensal avian Escherichia coli isolates.
Paixão, A C; Ferreira, A C; Fontes, M; Themudo, P; Albuquerque, T; Soares, M C; Fevereiro, M; Martins, L; Corrêa de Sá, M I
2016-07-01
Poultry colibacillosis due to Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is responsible for several extra-intestinal pathological conditions, leading to serious economic damage in poultry production. The most commonly associated pathologies are airsacculitis, colisepticemia, and cellulitis in broiler chickens, and salpingitis and peritonitis in broiler breeders. In this work a total of 66 strains isolated from dead broiler breeders affected with colibacillosis and 61 strains from healthy broilers were studied. Strains from broiler breeders were typified with serogroups O2, O18, and O78, which are mainly associated with disease. The serogroup O78 was the most prevalent (58%). All the strains were checked for the presence of 11 virulence genes: 1) arginine succinyltransferase A (astA); ii) E.coli hemeutilization protein A (chuA); iii) colicin V A/B (cvaA/B); iv) fimbriae mannose-binding type 1 (fimC); v) ferric yersiniabactin uptake A (fyuA); vi) iron-repressible high-molecular-weight proteins 2 (irp2); vii) increased serum survival (iss); viii) iron-uptake systems of E.coli D (iucD); ix) pielonefritis associated to pili C (papC); x) temperature sensitive haemaglutinin (tsh), and xi) vacuolating autotransporter toxin (vat), by Multiplex-PCR. The results showed that all genes are present in both commensal and pathogenic E. coli strains. The iron uptake-related genes and the serum survival gene were more prevalent among APEC. The adhesin genes, except tsh, and the toxin genes, except astA, were also more prevalent among APEC isolates. Except for astA and tsh, APEC strains harbored the majority of the virulence-associated genes studied and fimC was the most prevalent gene, detected in 96.97 and 88.52% of APEC and AFEC strains, respectively. Possession of more than one iron transport system seems to play an important role on APEC survival. © 2016 Poultry Science Association Inc.
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[The etiological aspects of acute abdominal pain in children].
Dinu, C A; Moraru, D
2011-01-01
The study of the etiological aspects of acute abdominal pain in children, in order to perceive the clinical-etiological correlations and the disorders distribution related to age, gender and the origin of the patients. The criteria for including patients were age (between 0 and 18 years) and the presence of acute abdominal pain before or during the consultation with the physician. The research on acute abdominal pain in children was performed on the level of the Surgery and Pediatrics II clinical departments of the "Sf. Ioan" Children's Emergency Clinical Hospital in Galati, between 01.01.2009 - 01.01.2011. The clinical study performed on the patients registered in the studied groups focused on the identification, the evaluation of the symptoms of acute abdominal pain in children, diagnosing and treating it. The criteria for excluding patients were an age older than 18 years or the absence of acute abdominal pain as a symptom before or during the examination. The statistical analysis used the descriptive and analytical methods. The data was centralized and statistically processed in M.S.EXCEL and S.P.S.S. databases. The patients with acute abdominal pain represent a percentage of 92.9% (2358 cases) of the total number of patients who suffer from abdominal pain (N=2537). The highest frequency of cases is represented by acute appendicitis (1056 cases - 44.8%). In the 5-18 years age group, acute appendicitis, mesenteric lymphadenitis, ovarian follicular cysts, acute pyelenophritis and salpingitis are predominant. In the 0-4 years age group gastroenteritis, acute pharyngitis, reactive hepatitis and lower digestive bleeding are predominant. In females, acute appendicitis, gastroenteritis, gastroduodenitis and cystitis are predominant, whereas in males, peritonitis, sepsis through E. coli, the contusion of the abdominal wall and acute pharyngitis are predominant.
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Epidemiological treatment and tests of cure in gonococcal infection: evidence for value.
Carne, C A
1997-01-01
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the evidence for value of using epidemiological treatment and of using tests of cure in the management of gonococcal infections. METHODS: Medline was used to search the literature for well-conducted studies that had a bearing on the evaluation of these issues. CONCLUSIONS: Epidemiological treatment is treatment given to named contacts of patients after a history of exposure to disease but without or in advance of confirmatory pathological findings. It may be given when the clinician considers that the risk to the patient of unnecessary treatment is outweighed by the risk of complications of the infection or the probability of transmission of the infection to other contacts. It may be appropriate where detection by microscopy is relatively unreliable such as when infection of the cervix, rectum, or pharynx is suspected. If epidemiological treatment is given, then it does not obviate the need for confirmatory tests to be sent, tests of cure to be done, or for contact tracing. At least one test of cure is mandatory following treatment of gonorrhoea. The test of cure in women should include a blind rectal swab. For infection of the pharynx and rectum the chances of a false negative test of cure are higher and, therefore, more than one test of cure is required. An additional test of cure is also necessary in patients with salpingitis or disseminated gonococcal infection. This paper is a discussion of two interrelated issues in the management of gonorrhoea. It is based on two presentations by the author at a workshop organised by Dr Mark Fitzgerald entitled Development of audit measures and guidelines for good practice in the management of gonorrhoea and held at the Royal College of Physicians, London, in May 1995. The conclusions reached are based on the consensus view of the participants. For simplicity the two issues are dealt with consecutively. PMID:9155548
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Human parasitic protozoan infection to infertility: a systematic review.
Shiadeh, Malihe Nourollahpour; Niyyati, Maryam; Fallahi, Shirzad; Rostami, Ali
2016-02-01
Protozoan parasitic diseases are endemic in many countries worldwide, especially in developing countries, where infertility is a major burden. It has been reported that such infections may cause infertility through impairment in male and female reproductive systems. We searched Medline, PubMed, and Scopus databases and Google scholar to identify the potentially relevant studies on protozoan parasitic infections and their implications in human and animal model infertility. Literature described that some of the protozoan parasites such as Trichomonas vaginalis may cause deformities of the genital tract, cervical neoplasia, and tubal and atypical pelvic inflammations in women and also non-gonoccocal urethritis, asthenozoospermia, and teratozoospermia in men. Toxopalasma gondii could cause endometritis, impaired folliculogenesis, ovarian and uterine atrophy, adrenal hypertrophy, vasculitis, and cessation of estrus cycling in female and also decrease in semen quality, concentration, and motility in male. Trypanosoma cruzi inhibits cell division in embryos and impairs normal implantation and development of placenta. Decrease in gestation rate, infection of hormone-producing glands, parasite invasion of the placenta, and overproduction of inflammatory cytokines in the oviducts and uterine horns are other possible mechanisms induced by Trypanosoma cruzi to infertility. Plasmodium spp. and Trypanosoma brucei spp. cause damage in pituitary gland, hormonal disorders, and decreased semen quality. Entamoeba histolytica infection leads to pelvic pain, salpingitis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and genital ulcers. Cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis can induce genital lesion, testicular amyloidosis, inflammation of epididymis, prostatitis, and sperm abnormality in human and animals. In addition, some epidemiological studies have reported that rates of protozoan infections in infertile patients are higher than healthy controls. The current review indicates that protozoan parasitic
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Imai, Denise M.; Kumar, Ramesh; Sandusky, George E.; Yang, X. Frank
2018-01-01
Chlamydia trachomatis urogenital serovars primarily replicate in epithelial cells lining the reproductive tract. Epithelial cells recognize Chlamydia through cell surface and cytosolic receptors, and/or endosomal innate receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Activation of these receptors triggers both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms that are required for chlamydial clearance, but are also responsible for the immunopathology in the reproductive tract. We previously demonstrated that Chlamydia muridarum (Cm) induces IFN-β in oviduct epithelial cells (OE) in a TLR3-dependent manner, and that the synthesis of several cytokines and chemokines are diminished in Cm-challenged OE derived from TLR3-/- 129S1 mice. Furthermore, our in vitro studies showed that Cm replication in TLR3-/- OE is more efficient than in wild-type OE. Because TLR3 modulates the release inflammatory mediators involved in host defense during Cm infection, we hypothesized that TLR3 plays a protective role against Cm-induced genital tract pathology in congenic C57BL/6N mice. Using the Cm mouse model for human Chlamydia genital tract infections, we demonstrated that TLR3-/- mice had increased Cm shedding during early and mid-stage genital infection. In early stage infection, TLR3-/- mice showed a diminished synthesis of IFN-β, IL-1β, and IL-6, but enhanced production of IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. In mid-stage infection, TLR3-/- mice exhibited significantly enhanced lymphocytic endometritis and salpingitis than wild-type mice. These lymphocytes were predominantly scattered along the endometrial stroma and the associated smooth muscle, and the lamina propria supporting the oviducts. Surprisingly, our data show that CD4+ T-cells are significantly enhanced in the genital tract TLR3-/- mice during mid-stage Chlamydial infection. In late-stage infections, both mouse strains developed hydrosalpinx; however, the extent of hydrosalpinx was more severe in TLR3-/- mice. Together, these data suggest
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An experimental infection model for Escherichia coli egg peritonitis in layer chickens.
Chaudhari, Atul A; Kariyawasam, Subhashinie
2014-03-01
The present study describes an experimental infection model for avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC)-induced egg peritonitis in layer chickens. First, a pilot study which consisted of two separate experiments was carried out to compare two routes of inoculations of APEC to induce peritonitis and to examine if the presence of egg yolk in the peritoneum would facilitate APEC-induced peritonitis. This study showed that the presence of egg yolk in the peritoneum facilitated the development of egg peritonitis when the APEC was inoculated via the intra-uterine (IU) route. Based on the results of the pilot study, 56-wk-old white leghorn hens were divided into two groups of five chickens, Group G (inoculated with E. coli APECO78 strain) and Group H (control). Both groups were inoculated with 2-3 ml of egg yolk via the intraperitoneal route (IP). Subsequently, hens in Group H were inoculated with only egg yolk whereas the hens in Group G were inoculated with 1 x 10(9) colony-forming units of APECO78 bacteria via the IU route. Parameters such as mortality, clinical signs (anorexia, depression, and egg production efficiency), gross lesion scores, bacterial loads in internal organs, and histopathology of ovary and oviduct were assessed to evaluate the success of the infection model. Group G showed 40% acute mortality, severe depression, and anorexia with markedly reduced egg production and developed peritonitis-associated lesions such as accumulation of yellowish caseous fluid in the peritoneum, salpingitis, and oophoritis. Histopathologically, ovarian and oviduct tissues from group G exhibited severe inflammatory changes such as infiltration of mononuclear cells and edema. Group G also showed significant bacterial loads in the peritoneum, ovary, and oviduct. Interestingly, deceased birds from group G had also developed mild perihepatitis and pericarditis with heavy bacterial loads in the internal organs. On the other hand, group H birds did not exhibit any of the clinical
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Braga, Juliana Fortes Vilarinho; Chanteloup, Nathalie Katy; Trotereau, Angélina; Baucheron, Sylvie; Guabiraba, Rodrigo; Ecco, Roselene; Schouler, Catherine
2016-07-14
Locomotor disorders and infections by Escherichia coli represent major concerns to the poultry industry worldwide. Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) is associated with extraintestinal infections leading to respiratory or systemic disease known as colibacillosis. The most common lesions seen in cases of colibacillosis are perihepatitis, airsacculitis, pericarditis, peritonitis/salpingitis and arthritis. These diseases are responsible for significant economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. E. coli has been recently isolated from vertebral osteomyelitis cases in Brazil and there are no data on molecular and phenotypic characteristics of E. coli strains isolated from lesions in the locomotor system of broilers. This raised the question whether specific E. coli strains could be responsible for bone lesions in broilers. The aim of this study was to assess these characteristics of E. coli strains isolated from broilers presenting vertebral osteomyelitis and arthritis in Brazil. Fifteen E. coli strains from bone lesions were submitted to APEC diagnosis and setting of ECOR phylogenic group, O serogroup, flagella type, virulence genes content, genetic patterns by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST). In addition, bacterial isolates were further characterized through a lethality test, serum resistance test and antibiotic resistance profile. E. coli strains harbored different genetic pattern as assessed by PFGE, regardless of flock origin and lesion site. The strains belonged to seven sequence types (STs) previously described (ST117, ST101, ST131, ST 371 and ST3107) or newly described in this study (ST5766 and ST5856). ECOR group D (66.7 %) was the most frequently detected. The strains belonged to diverse serogroups (O88, O25, O12, and O45), some of worldwide importance. The antibiotic resistance profile confirmed strains' diversity and revealed a high proportion of multidrug-resistant strains (73 %), mainly to quinolones and
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Baranov, A A; Namazova-Baranova, L S; Il'in, A G
2014-01-01
The article presents submitted data of population dynamics of adolescent (10-17 years old) in Russian Federation over the period of 1995-2012 In the presence of reduction by 8.2 million of adolescent population the top-priority task of adolescent health and life maintenance was declared. The article deals with physical growth and development statistics of schoolchildren of 15-19 years old: as opposed to peers of 80-es increase of length, body weight and circumference of chest as well as reduction of muscle strength is observed. On the ground of the data analysis of authoritative statistical reporting the increase of morbidity rate by factor of 1.4 was detected over the last 10 years. It has been established that the true morbidity level is above the authoritative by the factor of 1.5. The number of adolescent at the age of 10-15 referred to 1st and 2nd health groups decreased almost on 20%, at the same time pathological processes become chronic. The reproductive and mental health of adolescent at the age of 15-17 years was analyzed over the last 10 years. The rate of mental health disorders in adolescent living in country is more than in the peers living in cities by the factor of 1.2-1.4. The rate of period disorders, salpingitis and oothecitis increased in girls under 10 years and ones at the age of 15-17. The rate and structure of child disability was analyzed. It was fixed that leading causes of adolescent disability are mental disorders, diseases of nervous system, congenital anomalies. The most commonly encountered seed of physical dysfunction is capacity to study. It is demonstrated that there is misreporting on both child disability in totally and adolescent disability in Russian Federation. After the analysis of particular provisions of legislation concerning medical and social issues of child disability the week points were detected. The morbidity rate of adolescent was studied: primary cause of death in adolescent is extrinsic factor (more than 70%), the
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[Ultrasonography in acute pelvic pain].
Kupesić, Sanja; Aksamija, Alenka; Vucić, Niksa; Tripalo, Ana; Kurjak, Asim
2002-01-01
Acute pelvic pain may be the manifestation of various gynecologic and non-gynecologic disorders from less alarming rupture of the follicular cyst to life threatening conditions such as rupture of ectopic pregnancy or perforation of inflamed appendix. In order to construct an algorithm for differential diagnosis we divide acute pelvic pain into gynecologic and non-gynecologic etiology, which is than subdivided into gastrointestinal and urinary causes. Appendicitis is the most common surgical emergency and should always be considered in differential diagnosis if appendix has not been removed. Apart of clinical examination and laboratory tests, an ultrasound examination is sensitive up to 90% and specific up to 95% if graded compression technique is used. Still it is user-depended and requires considerable experience in order to perform it reliably. Meckel's diverticulitis, acute terminal ileitis, mesenteric lymphadenitis and functional bowel disease are conditions that should be differentiated from other causes of low abdominal pain by clinical presentation, laboratory and imaging tests. Dilatation of renal pelvis and ureter are typical signs of obstructive uropathy and may be efficiently detected by ultrasound. Additional thinning of renal parenchyma suggests long-term obstructive uropathy. Ruptured ectopic pregnancy, salpingitis and hemorrhagic ovarian cysts are three most commonly diagnosed gynecologic conditions presenting as an acute abdomen. Degenerating leiomyomas and adnexal torsion occur less frequently. For better systematization, gynecologic causes of acute pelvic pain could be divided into conditions with negative pregnancy test and conditions with positive pregnancy test. Pelvic inflammatory disease may be ultrasonically presented with numerous signs such as thickening of the tubal wall, incomplete septa within the dilated tube, demonstration of hyperechoic mural nodules, free fluid in the "cul-de-sac" etc. Color Doppler ultrasound contributes to more