Influence of brick air scrubber by-product on growth and development of corn and hybrid poplar.

PubMed

Thomas, Carla N; Bauerle, William L; Owino, Tom O; Chastain, John P; Klaine, Stephen J

2007-03-01

Studies were conducted to determine the effects of spent reagent from air pollution control scrubbers used at a brick manufacturing facility on emergence, growth, and physiological responses of corn and hybrid poplar plants. Scrubber by-product was obtained from General Shale Brick, Louisville, KY. Potting substrate was weighed and quantities of scrubber by-product were added to the substrate to obtain treatments of 0%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% scrubber by-product (w:w) for the corn study. Each treatment mix was potted into nine replicate polyethylene pots and four corn seeds were sown per pot. The pots were randomized in a greenhouse at Clemson University and the number of seedlings emerging from each treatment, dark-adapted leaf chlorophyll a fluorescence, and shoot heights were measured at the end of a 21-day growth period. Then, dry shoot biomass was determined for plants from each treatment and plant tissues were analyzed for selected constituents. For the poplar study, nine-inch cuttings of hybrid poplar clone 15-29 (Populus trichocarpa x P. deltoides) and clone OP367 (P. deltoides x P. nigra) were planted in treatments of scrubber by-product-potting soil mixes of 0% , 5% , 10% , and 25% w:w. Leaf chlorophyll a fluorescence was measured over six weeks and cumulative leaf area, dry biomass, and nutrient content of tissues were determined upon harvest. Results of these studies indicate that percent seedling emergence for corn plants decreased with increasing scrubber by-product application rates. Application rates up to 12.5% scrubber by-product w:w had no adverse effect on corn seedling emergence. Shoot elongation, biomass production, and the status of the photosynthetic apparatus of the seedlings were also not severely impaired at applications below this level. A critical value of 58.2% w:w scrubber by-product was estimated to cause 25% inhibition of seedling emergence. Biomass production, cumulative leaf area, and chlorophyll a fluorescence of hybrid poplar plants were not affected by scrubber by-product applications of up to 5% w:w.

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Ec of... - Operating Parameters To Be Monitored and Minimum Measurement and Recording Frequencies

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... scrubber followed by fabric filter Wet scrubber Dry scrubber followed by fabric filter and wet scrubber... flow rate Hourly 1×hour ✔ ✔ Minimum pressure drop across the wet scrubber or minimum horsepower or amperage to wet scrubber Continuous 1×minute ✔ ✔ Minimum scrubber liquor flow rate Continuous 1×minute...

Hypergolic oxidizer and fuel scrubber emissions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Parrish, Clyde F.; Barile, Ronald G.; Curran, Dan; Hodge, Tim; Lueck, Dale E.; Young, Rebecca C.

1995-01-01

Hypergolic fuels and oxidizer are emitted to the environment during fueling and deservicing shuttle and other spacecraft. Such emissions are difficult to measure due to the intermittent purge flow and to the presence of suspended scrubber liquor. A new method for emissions monitoring was introduced in a previous paper. This paper is a summary of the results of a one-year study of shuttle launch pads and orbiter processing facilities (OPF's) which proved that emissions can be determined from field scrubbers without direct measurement of vent flow rate and hypergol concentration. This new approach is based on the scrubber efficiency, which was measured during normal operations, and on the accumulated weight of hypergol captured in the scrubber liquor, which is part of the routine monitoring data of scrubber liquors. To validate this concept, three qualification tests were performed, logs were prepared for each of 16 hypergol scrubbers at KSC, the efficiencies of KSC scrubbers were measured during normal operations, and an estimate of the annual emissions was made based on the efficiencies and the propellant buildup data. The results have confirmed that the emissions from the KSC scrubbers can be monitored by measuring the buildup of hypergol propellant in the liquor, and then using the appropriate efficiency to calculate the emissions. There was good agreement between the calculated emissions based on outlet concentration and flow rate, and the emissions calculated from the propellant buildup and efficiency. The efficiencies of 12 KSC scrubbers, measured under actual servicing operations and special test conditions, were assumed to be valid for all subsequent operations until a significant change in hardware occurred. An estimate of the total emissions from 16 scrubbers for three years showed that 0.3 kg/yr of fuel and 234 kg/yr of oxidizer were emitted.

Modeling of venturi scrubber efficiency

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Crowder, Jerry W.; Noll, Kenneth E.; Davis, Wayne T.

The parameters affecting venturi scrubber performance have been rationally examined and modifications to the current modeling theory have been developed. The modified model has been validated with available experimental data for a range of throat gas velocities, liquid-to-gas ratios and particle diameters and is used to study the effect of some design parameters on collection efficiency. Most striking among the observations is the prediction of a new design parameter termed the minimum contactor length. Also noted is the prediction of little effect on collection efficiency with increasing liquid-to-gas ratio above about 2ℓ m-3. Indeed, for some cases a decrease in collection efficiency is predicted for liquid rates above this value.

A new process and equipment for waste minimization: Conversion of NO(x) scrubber liquor to fertilizer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Parrish, Clyde F.; Barile, Ronald G.; Gamble, Paul H.; Lueck, Dale E.; Young, Rebecca C.

1995-01-01

A new emissions control system for the oxidizer scrubbers that eliminates the current oxidizer liquor waste and lowers the NO(x) emissions is described. Since fueling and deservicing spacecraft constitute the primary operations in which environmental emissions occur, this will eliminate the second largest waste stream at KSC. This effort is in accord with Executive Order No. 12856 (Federal Compliance with Right-to-Know Laws and Pollution Prevention Requirements, data 6 Aug. 1993) and Executive Order No. 12873 (Federal Acquisition, Recycling, and Waste Prevention, dated 20 Oct. 1993). A recent study found that the efficiencies of the oxidizer scrubbers during normal operations ranged from 70 percent to 99 percent. The new scrubber liquor starts with 1% hydrogen peroxide at a pH of 7 and the process control system adds hydrogen peroxide and potassium hydroxide to the scrubber liquor to maintain those initial conditions. The result is the formation of a solution of potassium nitrate, which is sold as a fertilizer. This report describes the equipment and procedures used to monitor and control the conversion of the scrubber liquor to fertilizer, while reducing the scrubber emissions.

Effects of land-applied ammonia scrubber solutions on yield, nitrogen uptake, soil test phosphorus and phosphorus runoff

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Ammonia (NH3) scrubbers reduce amounts of NH3 and dust released from animal rearing facilities, while generating nitrogen (N) rich solutions, which may be used as fertilizer. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various NH3 scrubber solutions on yields, N uptake by forage, so...

An Environmental Evaluation of Acid Scrubbers; Building 628, McClellan AFB CA

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-08-01

found collection efficiencies ranging from 42 to 80% for 1 pm particles in low energy scrubbers . High energy scrubbers , venturi and wet dynamic, had...collection elliciency ctyi be obtained but not with low energy wet scrubbers . High energy wet scrubbers ( venturi , wet dynamic, wet fabric nitrations, etc...ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION OF ACID SCRUBBERS Building 628. McClellan AFB CA Jerry W. Jackson. Capt, USAF, BSC William £. Normington. Capt, USAF August 1975

Energy Conservation Alternatives Study (ECAS): Conceptual Design and Implementation Assessment of a Utility Steam Plant with Conventional Furnace and Wet Lime Stack Gas Scrubbers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brown, Dale H.

1976-01-01

A study was performed to estimate the technical/economic characteristics of a steam power plant (3500 pounds per square inch gauge, 1000 degrees Fahrenheit / 1000 degrees Fahrenheit) with a coal-burning radiant furnace and a wet lime stack gas scrubber to control sulfur emissions. Particulate emissions were controlled by an electrostatic precipitator operating at 300 degrees Fahrenheit. The stack gas from the scrubber was reheated from 125 degrees Fahrenheit to 250 degrees Fahrenheit as a base case, and from 125 degrees Fahrenheit to 175 degrees Fahrenheit as an alternate case. The study was performed on a basis consistent with the General Electric ECAS Phase II evaluation of advanced energy conversion systems for electric utility baseload applications using coal or coal-derived fuels. A conceptual design of the power plant was developed, including the on-site calcination of limestone to lime and the provision of sludge ponds to store the products of flue gas scrubbing. From this design, estimates were derived for power plant efficiency, capital cost, environmental intrusion characteristics, natural resource requirements, and cost of electricity at an assumed capacity factor of 65 percent. An implementation assessment was performed where factors affecting applicability of the conceptual design power plant in electric utility generation systems were appraised. At 250 degrees Fahrenheit and 175 degrees Fahrenheit stack gas temperatures respectively, the plants showed a cost of electricity of 39.8 and 37.0 mills per kilowatt-hours and overall plant efficiencies of 32 percent and 34 percent.

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart III of... - Operating Limits for Wet Scrubbers

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 8 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Operating Limits for Wet Scrubbers 2... Part 62—Operating Limits for Wet Scrubbers For these operating parameters You must establish these... and intermittent units) a Pressure drop across the wet scrubber or amperage to wet scrubber Minimum...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart III of... - Operating Limits for Wet Scrubbers

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 8 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Operating Limits for Wet Scrubbers 2... Part 62—Operating Limits for Wet Scrubbers For these operating parameters You must establish these... and intermittent units) a Pressure drop across the wet scrubber or amperage to wet scrubber Minimum...

Flue gas desulfurization method and apparatus

DOEpatents

Madden, Deborah A.; Farthing, George A.

1998-08-18

A combined furnace limestone injection and dry scrubber flue gas desulfurization (FGD) system collects solids from the flue gas stream in first particulate collection device located downstream of an outlet of a convection pass of the furnace and upstream of the dry scrubber. The collected solids are diverted to the dry scrubber feed slurry preparation system to increase sulfur oxide species removal efficiency and sorbent utilization. The level of lime in the feed slurry provided to the dry scrubber is thus increased, which enhances removal of sulfur oxide species in the dry scrubber. The decreased particulate loading to the dry scrubber helps maintain a desired degree of free moisture in the flue gas stream entering the dry scrubber, which enhances sulfur oxide species removal both in the dry scrubber and downstream particulate collector, normally a baghouse.

Flue gas desulfurization method and apparatus

DOEpatents

Madden, Deborah A.; Farthing, George A.

1998-09-29

A combined furnace limestone injection and dry scrubber flue gas desulfurization (FGD) system collects solids from the flue gas stream in first particulate collection device located downstream of an outlet of a convection pass of the furnace and upstream of the dry scrubber. The collected solids are diverted to the dry scrubber feed slurry preparation system to increase sulfur oxide species removal efficiency and sorbent utilization. The level of lime in the feed slurry provided to the dry scrubber is thus increased, which enhances removal of sulfur oxide species in the dry scrubber. The decreased particulate loading to the dry scrubber helps maintain a desired degree of free moisture in the flue gas stream entering the dry scrubber, which enhances sulfur oxide species removal both in the dry scrubber and downstream particulate collector, normally a baghouse.

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Dddd of... - Model Rule-Operating Limits for Wet Scrubbers

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Scrubbers 3 Table 3 to Subpart DDDD of Part 60 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY...—Model Rule—Operating Limits for Wet Scrubbers For these operating parameters You must establish these... intermittent units) a Pressure drop across the wet scrubber or amperage to wet scrubber Minimum pressure drop...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Dddd of... - Model Rule-Operating Limits for Wet Scrubbers

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Scrubbers 3 Table 3 to Subpart DDDD of Part 60 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY...—Model Rule—Operating Limits for Wet Scrubbers For these operating parameters You must establish these... intermittent units) a Pressure drop across the wet scrubber or amperage to wet scrubber Minimum pressure drop...

Supporting Calculations For Submerged Bed Scrubber Condensate Disposal Preconceptual Study

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pajunen, A. J.; Tedeschi, A. R.

This document provides supporting calculations for the preparation of the Submerged Bed Scrubber Condensate Disposal Preconceptual Study report The supporting calculations include equipment sizing, Hazard Category determination, and LAW Melter Decontamination Factor Adjustments.

Incorporation of alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid as a Fixed Bed Scrubber Media for the Neutralization of Hydrazine Family Hypergolic Fuels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

DeVor, R. W.; Santiago-Maldonado, E.; Parkerson, J. K.

2010-01-01

A candidate scrubber media, alpha-ketoglutaric acid (aKGA) adsorbed onto a silica-based substrate was examined as a potential alternative to the hydrazine-family hypergolic fuel neutralization techniques currently utilized at NASA/Kennedy Space Center (KSC). Helvenson et. al. has indicated that aKGA will react with hydrazines to produce non-hazardous, possibly biodegradable products. Furthermore, the authors have previously tested and demonstrated the use of aKGA aqueous solutions as a replacement neutralizing agent for citric acid, which is currently used as a scrubbing agent in liquid scrubbers at KSC. Specific properties examined include reaction efficiency, the loading capacity of aKGA onto various silica substrates, and the comparison of aKGA media performance to that of the citric acid vapor scrubber systems at KSC and a commercial vapor scrubber media. Preliminary investigations showed hydrophobic aerogel particles to be an ideal substrate for the deposition of the aKGA. Current studies have shown that the laboratory produced aKGA-Aerogel absorbent media are more efficient and cost effective than a commercially available fixed bed scrubber media, although much less cost effective than liquid-based citric acid scrubbers (although possibly safer and less labor intensive). A comparison of all three alternative scrubber technologies (liquid aKGA, solid-phase aKGA, and commercially available sorbent materials) is given considering both hypergolic neutralization capabilities and relative costs (as compared to the current citric acid scrubbing technology in use at NASA/KSC).

Flue gas desulfurization method and apparatus

DOEpatents

Madden, D.A.; Farthing, G.A.

1998-08-18

A combined furnace limestone injection and dry scrubber flue gas desulfurization (FGD) system collects solids from the flue gas stream in first particulate collection device located downstream of an outlet of a convection pass of the furnace and upstream of the dry scrubber. The collected solids are diverted to the dry scrubber feed slurry preparation system to increase sulfur oxide species removal efficiency and sorbent utilization. The level of lime in the feed slurry provided to the dry scrubber is thus increased, which enhances removal of sulfur oxide species in the dry scrubber. The decreased particulate loading to the dry scrubber helps maintain a desired degree of free moisture in the flue gas stream entering the dry scrubber, which enhances sulfur oxide species removal both in the dry scrubber and downstream particulate collector, normally a baghouse. 5 figs.

Flue gas desulfurization method and apparatus

DOEpatents

Madden, D.A.; Farthing, G.A.

1998-09-29

A combined furnace limestone injection and dry scrubber flue gas desulfurization (FGD) system collects solids from the flue gas stream in first particulate collection device located downstream of an outlet of a convection pass of the furnace and upstream of the dry scrubber. The collected solids are diverted to the dry scrubber feed slurry preparation system to increase sulfur oxide species removal efficiency and sorbent utilization. The level of lime in the feed slurry provided to the dry scrubber is thus increased, which enhances removal of sulfur oxide species in the dry scrubber. The decreased particulate loading to the dry scrubber helps maintain a desired degree of free moisture in the flue gas stream entering the dry scrubber, which enhances sulfur oxide species removal both in the dry scrubber and downstream particulate collector, normally a baghouse. 5 figs.

Particle collection by a pilot plant venturi scrubber downstream from a pilot plant electrostatic precipitator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sparks, L. E.; Ramsey, G. H.; Daniel, B. E.

The results of pilot plant experiments of particulate collection by a venturi scrubber downstream from an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) are presented. The data, which cover a range of scrubber operating conditions and ESP efficiencies, show that particle collection by the venturi scrubber is not affected by the upstream ESP; i.e., for a given scrubber pressure drop, particle collection efficiency as a function of particle diameter is the same for both ESP on and ESP off. The experimental results are in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. Order of magnitude cost estimates indicate that particle collection by ESP scrubber systems may be economically attractive when scrubbers must be used for SO x control.

1980 scrubber highlights: dry-process startups, dual-alkali progress highlight scrubber advances

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1981-06-01

A survey of electric utilities reports scrubbers on 13% of existing capacity and estimates 29% by 1990, but compliance with the New Source Performance Standards may raise the total even higher. Dry scrubbers at two Northern States Power installations show test performances that indicate sound design and report modest manpower requirements. Other utilities are ordering demonstration dry-scrubber units, although orders for wet scrubbers continue to do well. A new dual-alkali scrubber is performing well at three installations in terms of availability and sulfur-dioxide-removal efficiency. A full-scale utility dump site test will identify any hazardous materials in pollution control ash andmore » sludge wastes. (DCK)« less

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Ffff of... - Model Rule-Operating Limits for Incinerators and Wet Scrubbers

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Incinerators and Wet Scrubbers 3 Table 3 to Subpart FFFF of Part 60 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...—Model Rule—Operating Limits for Incinerators and Wet Scrubbers As stated in § 60.3023, you must comply... units. a 2. Pressure drop across the wet scrubber or amperage to wet scrubber Minimum pressure drop or...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Ffff of... - Model Rule-Operating Limits for Incinerators and Wet Scrubbers

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Incinerators and Wet Scrubbers 3 Table 3 to Subpart FFFF of Part 60 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL...—Model Rule—Operating Limits for Incinerators and Wet Scrubbers As stated in § 60.3023, you must comply... units. a 2. Pressure drop across the wet scrubber or amperage to wet scrubber Minimum pressure drop or...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Hhh of... - Operating Parameters To Be Monitored and Minimum Measurement and Recording Frequencies

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... rural HMIWI HMIWI a with dry scrubber followed by fabric filter HMIWI a with wet scrubber HMIWI a with dry scrubber followed by fabric filter and wet scrubber Maximum operating parameters: Maximum charge... mercury (Hg) sorbent flow rate Hourly Once per hour ✔ ✔ Minimum pressure drop across the wet scrubber or...

LONG-TERM DEMONSTRATION OF SORBENT ENHANCEMENT ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR MERCURY CONTROL

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jason D. Laumb; Dennis L. Laudal; Grant E. Dunham

2011-05-27

Long-term demonstration tests of advanced sorbent enhancement additive (SEA) technologies have been completed at five coal-fired power plants. The targeted removal rate was 90% from baseline conditions at all five stations. The plants included Hawthorn Unit 5, Mill Creek Unit 4, San Miguel Unit 1, Centralia Unit 2, and Hoot Lake Unit 2. The materials tested included powdered activated carbon, treated carbon, scrubber additives, and SEAs. In only one case (San Miguel) was >90% removal not attainable. The reemission of mercury from the scrubber at this facility prevented >90% capture.

Use of a heated graphite scrubber as a means of reducing interferences in UV-absorbance measurements of atmospheric ozone

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Turnipseed, Andrew A.; Andersen, Peter C.; Williford, Craig J.; Ennis, Christine A.; Birks, John W.

2017-06-01

A new solid-phase scrubber for use in conventional ozone (O3) photometers was investigated as a means of reducing interferences from other UV-absorbing species and water vapor. It was found that when heated to 100-130 °C, a tubular graphite scrubber efficiently removed up to 500 ppb ozone and ozone monitors using the heated graphite scrubber were found to be less susceptible to interferences from water vapor, mercury vapor, and aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) compared to conventional metal oxide scrubbers. Ambient measurements from a graphite scrubber-equipped photometer and a co-located Federal equivalent method (FEM) ozone analyzer showed excellent agreement over 38 days of measurements and indicated no loss in the scrubber's ability to remove ozone when operated at 130 °C. The use of a heated graphite scrubber was found to reduce the interference from mercury vapor to ≤ 3 % of that obtained using a packed-bed Hopcalite scrubber. For a series of substituted aromatic compounds (ranging in volatility and absorption cross section at 253.7 nm), the graphite scrubber was observed to consistently exhibit reduced levels of interference, typically by factors of 2.5 to 20 less than with Hopcalite. Conventional solid-phase scrubbers also exhibited complex VOC adsorption and desorption characteristics that were dependent upon the relative humidity (RH), volatility of the VOC, and the available surface area of the scrubber. This complex behavior involving humidity is avoided by use of a heated graphite scrubber. These results suggest that heated graphite scrubbers could be substituted in most ozone photometers as a means of reducing interferences from other UV-absorbing species found in the atmosphere. This could be particularly important in ozone monitoring for compliance with the United States (U.S.) Clean Air Act or for use in VOC-rich environments such as in smog chambers and monitoring indoor air quality.

Nitrogen tetroxide vapor scrubber using a recirculating liquid

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reisert, T. D.

1978-01-01

Scrubbers required to reduce N2O4 contamination of nitrogen vent gas streams to a safe level to preclude health hazard to personnel and to preclude adverse environmental effects were developed. The scrubber principle involved is to absorb and neutralize the N2O4 component in a closed circuit circulating water/chemical solution in a vertical counter-flow, packed-tower configuration. The operational and performance test requirements for the scrubbers consist of demonstrating that the exit gas contamination level from the scrubbers does not exceed 150 ppm oxidizer under any flow conditions up to 400 scfm with inlet concentrations of up to 100,000 ppm oxidizer. Several problems were encountered during the performance testing that led to a series of investigations and supplementary testing. It was finally necessary to change the scrubber liquors in oxidizer scrubber to successfully achieve performance requirements. The scrubbers, the test configuration, and the various tests performed are described.

40 CFR 62.14495 - What authorities will be retained by the EPA Administrator?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... when using controls other than a dry scrubber followed by a fabric filter, a wet scrubber, or a dry scrubber followed by a fabric filter and a wet scrubber. (b) Alternative methods of demonstrating...

40 CFR 62.14495 - What authorities will be retained by the EPA Administrator?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... when using controls other than a dry scrubber followed by a fabric filter, a wet scrubber, or a dry scrubber followed by a fabric filter and a wet scrubber. (b) Alternative methods of demonstrating...

40 CFR 62.14495 - What authorities will be retained by the EPA Administrator?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... when using controls other than a dry scrubber followed by a fabric filter, a wet scrubber, or a dry scrubber followed by a fabric filter and a wet scrubber. (b) Alternative methods of demonstrating...

40 CFR 62.14838 - What authorities are withheld by the EPA Administrator?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... parameters when using controls other than a dry scrubber followed by a fabric filter, a wet scrubber, or a dry scrubber followed by a fabric filter and a wet scrubber. (c) Approval of major alternatives to...

Continuous measurements of ammonia, nitrous oxide and methane from air scrubbers at pig housing facilities.

PubMed

Van der Heyden, C; Brusselman, E; Volcke, E I P; Demeyer, P

2016-10-01

Ammonia, largely emitted by agriculture, involves a great risk for eutrophication and acidification leading to biodiversity loss. Air scrubbers are widely applied to reduce ammonia emission from pig and poultry housing facilities, but it is not always clear whether their performance meets the requirements. Besides, there is a growing international concern for the livestock related greenhouse gases methane and nitrous oxide but hardly any data concerning their fate in air scrubbers are available. This contribution presents the results from measurement campaigns conducted at a chemical, a biological and a two-stage biological air scrubber installed at pig housing facilities in Flanders. Ammonia, nitrous oxide and methane at the inlet and outlet of the air scrubbers were monitored on-line during one week using a photoacoustic gas monitor, which allowed to investigate diurnal fluctuations in the removal performance of air scrubbers. Additionally, the homogeneity of the air scrubbers, normally checked by gas detection tubes, was investigated in more detail using the continuous data. The biological air scrubber with extra nitrification tank performed well in terms of ammonia removal (86 ± 6%), while the two-stage air scrubber suffered from nitrifying bacteria inhibition. In the chemical air scrubber the pH was not kept constant, lowering the ammonia removal efficiency. A lower ammonia removal efficiency was found during the day, when the ventilation rate was the highest. Nitrous oxide was produced inside the biological and two-stage scrubber, resulting in an increased outlet concentration of more than 200%. Methane could not be removed in the different air scrubbers because of its low water solubility. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

40 CFR 63.361 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... glycol concentration means any concentration of ethylene glycol in the scrubber liquor of an acid-water scrubber control device established during a performance test when the scrubber achieves at least 99-percent control of ethylene oxide emissions. Maximum liquor tank level means any level of scrubber liquor...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Nnnnn of... - Operating Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... vented to a control device. For each . . . You must . . . 1. Caustic scrubber or water scrubber/absorber a. Maintain the daily average scrubber inlet liquid or recirculating liquid flow rate, as appropriate, above the operating limit; andb. Maintain the daily average scrubber effluent pH within the...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Nnnnn of... - Operating Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... vented to a control device. For each . . . You must . . . 1. Caustic scrubber or water scrubber/absorber a. Maintain the daily average scrubber inlet liquid or recirculating liquid flow rate, as appropriate, above the operating limit; andb. Maintain the daily average scrubber effluent pH within the...

Performance estimation of a Venturi scrubber using a computational model for capturing dust particles with liquid spray.

PubMed

Pak, S I; Chang, K S

2006-12-01

A Venturi scrubber has dispersed three-phase flow of gas, dust, and liquid. Atomization of a liquid jet and interaction between the phases has a large effect on the performance of Venturi scrubbers. In this study, a computational model for the interactive three-phase flow in a Venturi scrubber has been developed to estimate pressure drop and collection efficiency. The Eulerian-Lagrangian method is used to solve the model numerically. Gas flow is solved using the Eulerian approach by using the Navier-Stokes equations, and the motion of dust and liquid droplets, described by the Basset-Boussinesq-Oseen (B-B-O) equation, is solved using the Lagrangian approach. This model includes interaction between gas and droplets, atomization of a liquid jet, droplet deformation, breakup and collision of droplets, and capture of dust by droplets. A circular Pease-Anthony Venturi scrubber was simulated numerically with this new model. The numerical results were compared with earlier experimental data for pressure drop and collection efficiency, and gave good agreements.

Mesoscale behavior study of collector aggregations in a wet dust scrubber.

PubMed

Li, Xiaochuan; Wu, Xiang; Hu, Haibin; Jiang, Shuguang; Wei, Tao; Wang, Dongxue

2018-01-01

In order to address the bottleneck problem of low fine-particle removal efficiency of self-excited dust scrubbers, this paper is focused on the influence of the intermittent gas-liquid two-phase flow on the mesoscale behavior of collector aggregations. The latter is investigated by the application of high-speed dynamic image technology to the self-excited dust scrubber experimental setup. The real-time-scale monitoring of the dust removal process is provided to clarify its operating mechanism at the mesoscale level. The results obtained show that particulate capturing in self-excited dust scrubber is provided by liquid droplets, liquid films/curtains, bubbles, and their aggregations. Complex spatial and temporal structures are intrinsic to each kind of collector morphology, and these are considered as the major factors controlling the dust removal mechanism of self-excited dust scrubbers. For the specific parameters of gas-liquid two-phase flow under study, the evolution patterns of particular collectors reflect the intrinsic, intermittent, and complex characteristics of the temporal structure. The intermittent initiation of the collector and the air hole formation-collapse cyclic processes provide time and space for the fine dust to escape from being trapped by the collectors. The above mesoscale experimental data provide more insight into the factors reducing the dust removal efficiency of self-excited dust scrubbers. This paper focuses on the reconsideration of the capturer aggregations of self-excited dust scrubbers from the mesoscale. Complex structures in time and space scales exist in each kind of capturer morphology. With changes of operating parameters, the morphology and spatial distributions of capturers diversely change. The change of the capturer over time presents remarkable, intermittent, and complex characteristics of the temporal structure.

Pilot-scale field study for ammonia removal from lagoon biogas using an acid wet scrubber.

PubMed

Lin, Hongjian; Wu, Xiao; Miller, Curtis; Zhu, Jun; Hadlocon, Lara Jane; Manuzon, Roderick; Zhao, Lingying

2014-01-01

The anaerobic activities in swine slurry storage and treatment generate biogas containing gaseous ammonia component which is a chemical agent that can cause adverse environmental impacts when released to the atmosphere. The aim of this pilot plant study was to remove ammonia from biogas generated in a covered lagoon, using a sulfuric acid wet scrubber. The data showed that, on average, the biogas contained 43.7 ppm of ammonia and its concentration was found to be exponentially related to the air temperature inside the lagoon. When the air temperature rose to 35°C and the biogas ammonia concentration reached 90 ppm, the mass transfer of ammonia/ammonium from the deeper liquid body to the interface between the air and liquid became a limiting factor. The biogas velocity was critical in affecting ammonia removal efficiency of the wet scrubber. A biogas flow velocity of 8 to 12 mm s(-1) was recommended to achieve a removal efficiency of greater than 60%. Stepwise regression revealed that the biogas velocity and air temperature, not the inlet ammonia concentration in biogas, affected the ammonia removal efficiency. Overall, when 73 g L(-1) (or 0.75 M) sulfuric acid solution was used as the scrubber solution, removal efficiencies varied from 0% to 100% with an average of 55% over a 40-d measurement period. Mass balance calculation based on ammonium-nitrogen concentration in final scrubber liquid showed that about 21.3 g of ammonia was collected from a total volume of 1169 m(3) of biogas, while the scrubber solution should still maintain its ammonia absorbing ability until its concentration reaches up to 1 M. These results showed promising use of sulfuric acid wet scrubber for ammonia removal in the digester biogas.

A Feasibility Study for the Laboratory Reduction of Low Level Radioactive Wastes

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-04-01

the Los Alamos National Laboratory), pass the off-gases through a quench column, venturi scrubber , packed column. cordenser, de-mi ste-, re-heater...treatment of the off-gas. In addition to HEPA filters, all of the fully developed systems used sore type of scrubber in the exhaust system to remove...considerations shown in the table and the desired use of a muffle furnace with just a HEPA filter for the off-gas (no scrubbers ), only the slow burn ashing

40 CFR 62.14700 - What records must I keep?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... charge rates. (2) Liquor flow rate to the wet scrubber inlet every 15 minutes of operation, as applicable. (3) Pressure drop across the wet scrubber system every 15 minutes of operation or amperage to the wet scrubber every 15 minutes of operation, as applicable. (4) Liquor pH as introduced to the wet scrubber...

40 CFR 65.154 - Halogen scrubbers and other halogen reduction devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 15 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Halogen scrubbers and other halogen... Routing to a Fuel Gas System or a Process § 65.154 Halogen scrubbers and other halogen reduction devices. (a) Halogen scrubber and other halogen reduction device equipment and operating requirements. (1) An...

40 CFR 62.14700 - What records must I keep?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... charge rates. (2) Liquor flow rate to the wet scrubber inlet every 15 minutes of operation, as applicable. (3) Pressure drop across the wet scrubber system every 15 minutes of operation or amperage to the wet scrubber every 15 minutes of operation, as applicable. (4) Liquor pH as introduced to the wet scrubber...

Cost-effective particulate control options at Potomac Electric Power Company's Dickerson Station: An integrated approach to current and future particulate limits

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Christoffersen, S.W.; Rouse, G.T.; Krasnopoler, M.J.

1998-07-01

The Dickerson Generating Station evaluated several particulate control options to identify the most cost-effective option. The study's goals were to: eliminate the particulate scrubber and its high maintenance costs, and incorporate flexibility for low-sulfur coal and possible stricter emission limits. Each of the three Dickerson 190 MW units has a small 37-year-old electrostatic precipitator and a wet particulate scrubber. The study evaluated alternatives to replace the scrubber and enhance ESP performance: Existing ESP alternatives--Extend height of existing ESP; Flue gas conditioning. Scrubber stream alternatives--Partial-flow ESP or pulse jet baghouse. Full-flow alternatives--Supplemental ESP; COHPAC baghouse; replacement ESP or baghouse. A technicalmore » and economic prescreening eliminated some of the options. Capital, operating, and life cycle costs were estimated for the remaining options to determine the most cost-effective alternative. This paper will present the technical and economic evaluations done for this study, including performance and costs.« less

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Mmmmm of... - Operating Limits for New or Reconstructed Flame Lamination Affected Sources

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... scrubber, maintain the daily average pressure drop across the venturi within the operating range value... . . . You must . . . 1. Scrubber a. Maintain the daily average scrubber inlet liquid flow rate above the minimum value established during the performance test. b. Maintain the daily average scrubber effluent pH...

77 FR 51915 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; State of New York; Regional Haze...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-28

... dry scrubber. Earthjustice also commented that the proposed emission limit is not associated with any...'') options with Lime Based Spray Dryer; Circulating Dry Scrubber and Wet Limestone; options for Dry Sorbent... requirements are an improper basis for rejecting wet scrubber or circulating dry scrubber control or Selective...

40 CFR 60.4855 - How do I establish operating limits if I do not use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, electrostatic...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... I do not use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, electrostatic precipitator, or activated carbon... I establish operating limits if I do not use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, electrostatic... emission limits? If you use an air pollution control device other than a wet scrubber, fabric filter...

40 CFR 60.4855 - How do I establish operating limits if I do not use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, electrostatic...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... I do not use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, electrostatic precipitator, or activated carbon... I establish operating limits if I do not use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, electrostatic... emission limits? If you use an air pollution control device other than a wet scrubber, fabric filter...

40 CFR 60.4855 - How do I establish operating limits if I do not use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, electrostatic...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... I do not use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, electrostatic precipitator, or activated carbon... I establish operating limits if I do not use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, electrostatic... emission limits? If you use an air pollution control device other than a wet scrubber, fabric filter...

40 CFR 60.4855 - How do I establish operating limits if I do not use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, electrostatic...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... I do not use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, electrostatic precipitator, or activated carbon... I establish operating limits if I do not use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, electrostatic... emission limits? If you use an air pollution control device other than a wet scrubber, fabric filter...

40 CFR 62.14838 - What authorities are withheld by the EPA Administrator?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Commenced Construction On or Before November 30, 1999 Delegation of Authority § 62.14838 What authorities... parameters when using controls other than a dry scrubber followed by a fabric filter, a wet scrubber, or a dry scrubber followed by a fabric filter and a wet scrubber. (c) Approval of major alternatives to...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Cccc of... - Operating Limits for Wet Scrubbers

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Operating Limits for Wet Scrubbers 2..., Subpt. CCCC, Table 2 Table 2 to Subpart CCCC of Part 60—Operating Limits for Wet Scrubbers For these... units) 3-hour rolling (continuous and intermittent units) a Pressure drop across the wet scrubber or...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Cccc of... - Operating Limits for Wet Scrubbers

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Operating Limits for Wet Scrubbers 2..., Subpt. CCCC, Table 2 Table 2 to Subpart CCCC of Part 60—Operating Limits for Wet Scrubbers For these... units) 3-hour rolling (continuous and intermittent units) a Pressure drop across the wet scrubber or...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Eeee of... - Operating Limits for Incinerators and Wet Scrubbers

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Wet Scrubbers 2 Table 2 to Subpart EEEE of Part 60 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... Scrubbers As stated in § 60.2916, you must comply with the following: For these operatingparameters You must...-hour rolling for continuous and intermittent units a. 2. Pressure drop across the wet scrubber or...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Jjjjj of... - Operating Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... Kiln equipped with a WS a. Maintain the average scrubber pressure drop for each 3-hour block period at... average scrubber liquid pH for each 3-hour block period at or above the average scrubber liquid pH established during the performance test; and c. Maintain the average scrubber liquid flow rate for each 3-hour...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Jjjjj of... - Operating Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.... Kiln equipped with a WS a. Maintain the average scrubber pressure drop for each 3-hour block period at... average scrubber liquid pH for each 3-hour block period at or above the average scrubber liquid pH established during the performance test; and c. Maintain the average scrubber liquid flow rate for each 3-hour...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Eeee of... - Operating Limits for Incinerators and Wet Scrubbers

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Wet Scrubbers 2 Table 2 to Subpart EEEE of Part 60 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... Scrubbers As stated in § 60.2916, you must comply with the following: For these operatingparameters You must...-hour rolling for continuous and intermittent units a. 2. Pressure drop across the wet scrubber or...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Mmmmm of... - Operating Limits for New or Reconstructed Flame Lamination Affected Sources

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... . . . You must . . . 1. Scrubber a. Maintain the daily average scrubber inlet liquid flow rate above the minimum value established during the performance test. b. Maintain the daily average scrubber effluent pH... scrubber, maintain the daily average pressure drop across the venturi within the operating range value...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Hhh of... - Operating Parameters To Be Monitored and Minimum Measurement and Recording Frequencies

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... rural HMIWI HMIWI a with dry scrubber followed by fabric filter HMIWI a with wet scrubber HMIWI a with dry scrubber followed by fabric filter and wet scrubber Maximum operating parameters: Maximum charge rate Once per charge Once per charge ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Maximum fabric filter inlet temperature Continuous Once...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Ec of... - Operating Parameters To Be Monitored and Minimum Measurement and Recording Frequencies

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Which Construction is Commenced After June 20, 1996 Pt. 60, Subpt. Ec, Table 3 Table 3 to Subpart Ec of... Operating parameters to be monitored Minimum frequency Data measurement Data recording Control system Dry scrubber followed by fabric filter Wet scrubber Dry scrubber followed by fabric filter and wet scrubber...

A study of interferences in ozone UV and chemiluminescence monitors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hudgens, E.E.; Kleindienst, T.E.; McElroy, F.F.

A study was conducted to examine interferences and other measurement anomalies in chemiluminescence and ultraviolet ozone monitors. Previous results had show that there was a positive deviation in the chemiluminescence monitors and no direct interference with ultraviolet monitors due to the presence of water at non-condensing concentrations. The present study continues this effort, examining both potential positive and negative effects of moisture and other interferences on these monitors. Aromatic compounds and their oxidation products could potentially show a positive interference with ultraviolet monitors, and test measurements were made with aromatics such as toluene, benzaldehyde, and nitrotoluene to determine their possiblemore » retention in the ozone scrubber and their absorption in the cell as a function of the humidity. A detailed examination of the scrubbers used in ultraviolet ozone monitors has also been undertaken. Ozone scrubbers that have shown anomalous behavior in the field have been studied in various reduced-efficacy modes under controlled laboratory conditions. Longer term tests of unused scrubbers for possible ozone breakthrough under exposure to various simulated field conditions were initiated.« less

40 CFR 60.2115 - What if I do not use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What if I do not use a wet scrubber to... scrubber to comply with the emission limitations? If you use an air pollution control device other than a wet scrubber, or limit emissions in some other manner, to comply with the emission limitations under...

Vegetation of waste disposal areas at a coal-fired power plant in Kansas. [Agropyron elongatum, Festuca arundinacea, Melilotus officinalis, Echinochloa crusgalli, Populus deltoides, Juniperus virginiana

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mulhern, D.W.; Robel, R.J.; Furness, J.C.

Disposal of scrubber sludge and fly ash waste from coal-fired power plants is a costly problem for utilities. Current regulations call for the retired waste areas to be covered with topsoil, then seeded to produce a protective vegetative cap. We conducted field tests over a 3-yr period to determine if a vegetative cover could be established without first adding topsoil to waste sites. Seven herbaceous and six tree species were planted on scrubber sludge and bottom ash sites. These substrates were first amended with fertilizer, and then hay, woodchips, or cow (Bos taurus) manure. The bottom ash was not capablemore » of supporting vegetative growth, even with amendment. Tall wheatgrass (Agropyron elongatum, (Host) Beauv.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis Lam.), and Japanese millet (Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.) grew well on scrubber sludge, as did eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Marsh.) and eastern red cedar trees (Juniperus virginiana L.). Generally, herbaceous plants grew best on scrubber sludge to which manure and fertilizer were added, the trees survived and grew best on scrubber sludge amended with woodchips and fertilizer. This study demonstrates that a good vegetative cover can be produced on scrubber sludge waste areas without first covering them with topsoil.« less

Resource Recovery Technology Application Document.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-06-01

B-6 Electrostatic Precipitator (APC-C) ......................B-1O Venturi Scrubber (APC D) B-15 C Combustion Equipment (CE) C-1 Modular... Scrubber APC-D P. 1 of 4 CONTROLIII COMPONENT DESCRIPTION Types Available - Competing Components Type a. Venturi e. Moving bed Venturi b. Flooded disc f...Clean Gas to Demister (Used Separate Liquid from Gas Stream) / F C Scrubber Wall Liquid Inlet D Scrubber Liquid at Venturi Throat Inlet B E Venturi

40 CFR 60.2917 - What if I do not use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false What if I do not use a wet scrubber to... use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations? If you use an air pollution control device other than a wet scrubber or limit emissions in some other manner to comply with the emission...

40 CFR 60.3024 - What if I do not use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false What if I do not use a wet scrubber to... if I do not use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations? If you use an air pollution control device other than a wet scrubber or limit emissions in some other manner to comply with the...

40 CFR 60.2917 - What if I do not use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What if I do not use a wet scrubber to... use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations? If you use an air pollution control device other than a wet scrubber or limit emissions in some other manner to comply with the emission...

40 CFR 60.3024 - What if I do not use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What if I do not use a wet scrubber to... if I do not use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations? If you use an air pollution control device other than a wet scrubber or limit emissions in some other manner to comply with the...

An efficient venturi scrubber system to remove submicron particles in exhaust gas.

PubMed

Tsai, Chuen-Jinn; Lin, Chia-Hung; Wang, Yu-Min; Hunag, Cheng-Hsiung; Li, Shou-Nan; Wu, Zong-Xue; Wang, Feng-Cai

2005-03-01

An efficient venturi scrubber system making use of heterogeneous nucleation and condensational growth of particles was designed and tested to remove fine particles from the exhaust of a local scrubber where residual SiH4 gas was abated and lots of fine SiO2 particles were generated. In front of the venturi scrubber, normal-temperature fine-water mist mixes with high-temperature exhaust gas to cool it to the saturation temperature, allowing submicron particles to grow into micron sizes. The grown particles are then scrubbed efficiently in the venturi scrubber. Test results show that the present venturi scrubber system is effective for removing submicron particles. For SiO2 particles greater than 0.1microm, the removal efficiency is greater than 80-90%, depending on particle concentration. The corresponding pressure drop is relatively low. For example, the pressure drop of the venturi scrubber is approximately 15.4 +/- 2.4 cm H2O when the liquid-to-gas ratio is 1.50 L/m3. A theoretical calculation has been conducted to simulate particle growth process and the removal efficiency of the venturi scrubber. The theoretical results agree with the experimental data reasonably well when SiO2 particle diameter is greater than 0.1 microm.

Effective Disposal of Fuel Cell Polyurethane Foam

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-01-01

devices. There are several types of Air Pollution Control Devices (APCD). Venturi scrubbers , wet scrubbers , packed towers, and cyclonic flow units all...emission gases to be subjected to high temperatures for a longer period of time or by scrubbing the gases with venturi or wet scrubbers . Packed towers...could be lowered if a chamber equipped with a water spray to cool the gases were used. Venturi or wet scrubbers could accomplish this effecti vely. Acid

An Apparatus for Coating Ceramic Monofilaments Via Chemical Vapor Deposition

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-05-01

scrubber consists of sodium hydroxide suspended on diatomaceous earth particle and must be moistened before use. There is a water reservoir inside through...which an inert gas can be directed to moisturize the adsorbent . This will also help purge residual air from the scrubber. Both columns in the scrubber...The exhaust scrubber also should be serviced at regular intervals. The adsorbent canisters must be monitored to ensure that they are not completely

40 CFR 62.14640 - What if I do not use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 8 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What if I do not use a wet scrubber to... Operating Limits § 62.14640 What if I do not use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations? If you use an air pollution control device other than a wet scrubber, or limit emissions in some other...

40 CFR 60.2680 - What if I do not use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What if I do not use a wet scrubber to... § 60.2680 What if I do not use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations? If you use an air pollution control device other than a wet scrubber, or limit emissions in some other manner, to...

40 CFR 62.14640 - What if I do not use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 8 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false What if I do not use a wet scrubber to... Operating Limits § 62.14640 What if I do not use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations? If you use an air pollution control device other than a wet scrubber, or limit emissions in some other...

40 CFR 63.1575 - What reports must I submit and when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... cracking units that are served by a single wet scrubber emission control device (e.g., a Venturi scrubber... requirements applicable to the unit that is operating and the wet scrubber emission control device do not apply...

Processing device with self-scrubbing logic

DOEpatents

Wojahn, Christopher K.

2016-03-01

An apparatus includes a processing unit including a configuration memory and self-scrubber logic coupled to read the configuration memory to detect compromised data stored in the configuration memory. The apparatus also includes a watchdog unit external to the processing unit and coupled to the self-scrubber logic to detect a failure in the self-scrubber logic. The watchdog unit is coupled to the processing unit to selectively reset the processing unit in response to detecting the failure in the self-scrubber logic. The apparatus also includes an external memory external to the processing unit and coupled to send configuration data to the configuration memory in response to a data feed signal outputted by the self-scrubber logic.

Maximizing the performance of a multiple-stage variable-throat venturi scrubber for particle collection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Muir, D. M.; Akeredolu, F.

The high collection efficiencies that are required nowadays to meet the stricter pollution control standards necessitate the use of high-energy scrubbers, such as the venturi scrubber, for the arrestment of fine particulate matter from exhaust gas streams. To achieve more energy-efficient particle collection, several venturi stages may be used in series. This paper is principally a theoretical investigation of the performance of a multiple-stage venturi scrubber, the main objective of the study being to establish the best venturi design configuration for any given set of operating conditions. A mathematical model is used to predict collection efficiency vs pressure drop relationships for particle sizes in the range 0.2-5.0 μm for one-, two-, three- and four-stage scrubbers. The theoretical predictions are borne out qualitatively by experimental work. The paper shows that the three-stage venturi produces the highest collection efficiencies over the normal operating range except for the collection of very fine particles at low pressure drops, when the single-stage venturi is best. The significant improvement in performance achieved by the three-stage venturi when compared with conventional single-stage operation increases as both the particle size and system pressure drop increase.

Continuous Manufacturing of Nitrocellulose by Magnesium Nitrate Method. Volume 1

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-06-01

enters a scrubber . The scrubber removes entrained acid, water, and NC fines from the air before it enters a Roots water sealed (lobe type) vacuum pump...and is exhausted to the atmosphere. The air enters the bottom of the scrubber and is forced (by vacuum) sequentially through two weir arrangements...the panel from left to right, the Eimco dewatering filter drive, vacuum pressure, receiver, vacuum scrubber , and pump controls may be seen along with

Processing device with self-scrubbing logic

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wojahn, Christopher K.

An apparatus includes a processing unit including a configuration memory and self-scrubber logic coupled to read the configuration memory to detect compromised data stored in the configuration memory. The apparatus also includes a watchdog unit external to the processing unit and coupled to the self-scrubber logic to detect a failure in the self-scrubber logic. The watchdog unit is coupled to the processing unit to selectively reset the processing unit in response to detecting the failure in the self-scrubber logic. The apparatus also includes an external memory external to the processing unit and coupled to send configuration data to the configurationmore » memory in response to a data feed signal outputted by the self-scrubber logic.« less

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Ec of... - Operating Parameters To Be Monitored and Minimum Measurement and Recording Frequencies

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... filter Wet scrubber Dry scrubber followed by fabric filter and wet scrubber Maximum operating parameters: Maximum charge rate Continuous 1×hour ✔ ✔ ✔ Maximum fabric filter inlet temperature Continuous 1×minute...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Ec of... - Operating Parameters To Be Monitored and Minimum Measurement and Recording Frequencies

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... filter Wet scrubber Dry scrubber followed by fabric filter and wet scrubber Maximum operating parameters: Maximum charge rate Continuous 1×hour ✔ ✔ ✔ Maximum fabric filter inlet temperature Continuous 1×minute...

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WET SCRUBBERS UTILIZING ION CHROMATOGRAPHY

EPA Science Inventory

The report describes the key elements required to develop a sampling and analysis program for a wet scrubber using ion chromatography as the main analytical technique. The first part of the report describes a sampling program for two different types of wet scrubbers: the venturi/...

PILOT PLANT TESTING OF ELEMENTAL MERCURY RE-EMISSION FROM WET SCRUBBERS

EPA Science Inventory

A pilot-scale wet lime/limestone flue gas desulfurization scrubber system was designed to conduct mercury emission control research. The first tests focused on investigating the phenomenon of Hgo re-emission from wet scrubbers with a specific objective of developing a Hgo re-emis...

WHY DOES FLUE GAS ELEMENTAL MERCURY CONCENTRATION INCREASE ACROSS A WET SCRUBBER?

EPA Science Inventory

The paper describes the results of research investigating the potential reduction of oxidized mercury (Hg2+) to elemental mercury (Hg0) and subsequent emission of Hg0 from wet scrubbers. Experiments were performed in a bench-scale, wet scrubber simulator containing solutions used...

40 CFR 63.1659 - Reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... followed and the corrective actions taken. (2) Venturi scrubbers. In addition to the information required... identify the periods when the average hourly pressure drop of venturi scrubbers used to control particulate... of the scrubber pressure drop limit per paragraph (b)(2) of this section. These reports are to be...

Investigation Of A Mercury Speciation Technique For Flue Gas Desulfurization Materials

EPA Science Inventory

Most of the synthetic gypsum generated from wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubbers is currently being used for wallboard production. Because oxidized mercury is readily captured by the wet FGD scrubber, and coal-fired power plants equipped with wet scrubbers desire to bene...

Tracking Legionella in air generated from a biological treatment plant: a case study of the outbreak of legionellosis in Norway

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Blatny, Janet M.; Olsen, Jaran S.; Andreassen, Øyvind; Waagen, Viggo; Reif, Bjørn Anders P.

2011-05-01

Two outbreaks of legionellosis occurred in the Sarpsborg/Fredrikstad region southeast of Norway in 2005 and 2008 where more than 60 exposed individuals were infected and 10 case patients died. The air scrubber at Borregaard, a wood-based chemical factory, was identified as the outbreak source. High concentration levels of Legionella species, including the etiological agent L. pneumophila SG1 was found in the aeration ponds, which belongs to Borregaard's biological treatment plant. Results showed that these ponds were able to generate Legionella-containing aerosols that were transported by the wind as such aerosols were measured up to 200 meters downwind of the pond. Our studies did not detect L. pneumophila SG1 isolates, only L. pneumophila SG4 during the air sampling measurement campaign. Furthermore, the operational conditions of the air scrubber proved to be harsh for Legionella growth as the outbreak L. pneumophila strains were not able to grow at 45ºC and pH8 (conditions during the outbreaks). These results, together, lead us to suggest that the aeration pond should be regarded as the primary amplifier and disseminator of Legionella and L. pneumophila and thereby most likely being the outbreak source.

40 CFR 63.7790 - What emission limitations must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) For each venturi scrubber applied to meet any particulate emission limit in Table 1 to this subpart, you must maintain the hourly average pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate at or above the... other than a baghouse, venturi scrubber, or electrostatic precipitator must submit a description of the...

40 CFR 60.2680 - What if I do not use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, activated carbon injection, selective...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., fabric filter, activated carbon injection, selective noncatalytic reduction, an electrostatic... use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, activated carbon injection, selective noncatalytic reduction, an... reduction, fabric filter, an electrostatic precipitator, or a dry scrubber or limit emissions in some other...

40 CFR 60.2680 - What if I do not use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, activated carbon injection, selective...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., fabric filter, activated carbon injection, selective noncatalytic reduction, an electrostatic... use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, activated carbon injection, selective noncatalytic reduction, an... reduction, fabric filter, an electrostatic precipitator, or a dry scrubber or limit emissions in some other...

40 CFR 63.7790 - What emission limitations must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) For each venturi scrubber applied to meet any particulate emission limit in Table 1 to this subpart, you must maintain the hourly average pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate at or above the... other than a baghouse, venturi scrubber, or electrostatic precipitator must submit a description of the...

40 CFR 62.14460 - What records must I maintain?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... recorded during each minute of operation; (8) Liquor flow rate to the wet scrubber inlet during each minute of operation, as applicable, (9) Horsepower or amperage to the wet scrubber during each minute of operation, as applicable; (10) Pressure drop across the wet scrubber system during each minute of operation...

40 CFR 62.14460 - What records must I maintain?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... recorded during each minute of operation; (8) Liquor flow rate to the wet scrubber inlet during each minute of operation, as applicable, (9) Horsepower or amperage to the wet scrubber during each minute of operation, as applicable; (10) Pressure drop across the wet scrubber system during each minute of operation...

40 CFR 761.366 - Cleanup equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... scrubbers and absorbent pads that are not dissolved by the solvents or cleaners used, and that do not shred, crumble, or leave visible fragments on the surface. Scrubbers and absorbent pads used to wash contaminated surfaces must not be reused. Scrubbers and absorbent pads for rinsing must not contain ≥2 ppm PCBs...

Proceedings: Demilitarization and Disposal Technology Conference (2nd) Held at Salt Lake City, Utah on April 24, 25, 26, 1979,

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-04-01

AAP contains a wet scrubber system. The scrubber is a combination spray chamber/ venturi / marble bed unit capable of attaining a 21" WG pressure drop...requirements until the feed rates are reduced considerably. Water quality data from the scrubber show that the heavy metals and low pH to be the major water...demilitarized using this method. The process water, scrubber water, and all clean-up water are treated by a water treatment system. This treatment

Compliance Testing of Grissom AFB Central Heating Plant Coal-Fired Boilers 3 and 5, Grissom AFB, Indiana

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-06-01

common breeching and can be routed to the wet-scrubber or to a bypass stack. The scrubber is a double-alkali flue - gas desulfurization system using soda...Illustrations Figure Title Page 1 View of Scrubber and Bypass Stacks 3 2 Scrubber Stacks 4 3 Bypass Stack 5 4 Flue Gas Flow Diagram 6 5 ORSAT Sampling...of gases and to provide a positive static pressure at flue gas exhaust discharge points. The ash system pneumatically removes ash from bottom-ash

Semi-mechanistic modelling of ammonia absorption in an acid spray wet scrubber based on mass balance

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

A model to describe reactive absorption of ammonia (NH3) in an acid spray scrubber was developed as a function of the combined overall mass transfer coefficient K. An experimental study of NH3 absorption using 1% dilute sulphuric acid was carried out under different operating conditions. An empiric...

Cocurrent scrubber evaluation: TVA's Colbert lime-limestone wet-scrubbing pilot plant

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hollinden, G.A.; Robards, R.F.; Moore, N.D.

1979-01-01

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is actively engaged in a pilot plant program to develop and/or evaluate wet-scrubbing processes for removing sulfur dioxide (SO/sub 2/) from boiler flue gas. The physical size and general arrangement of flue gas scrubbing systems have a major impact on capital investment and operating cost, as do potential operating and maintenance advantages inherent to some systems. The equipment configuration for a cocurrent scrubber reflects some of these advantages. EPRI funded TVA to perform preliminary screening tests at TVA's 1 MW pilot plant (Colbert Steam Plant) to develop operating data on the cocurrent design for usemore » in designing and operating a 10 MW prototype cocurrent scrubber at TVA's Shawnee Scrubber Test Facility. Results of Colbert tests showed excellent sulfur dioxide removal efficiencies, generally greater than 85%, low pressure drop, and high particulate removal efficiencies. This report covers these screening tests. The results indicate that commercial application of the cocurrent scrubber concept may save substantial capital investment by reducing the number of scrubber modules and auxiliary equipment. These evaluation tests provided the basis for the design and construction of the 10 MW cocurrent scrubber at the Shawnee Facility. Operation of this scrubber began in August 1978 to develop the scale-up similarities and differences between the Colbert test program (1 MW) and the Shawnee test program (10 MW). It also demonstrated the practicality and reliability of the 10 MW prototype. Detailed results of the prototype test series will be available in late 1979.« less

Hyperbaric Chamber Equipment: A Consolidated Equipment List from Selected Multiplace Hyperbaric Facilities.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-12-01

carbon dioxide scrubbers , air conditioning, communications, lighting, and fire detecting and fire extinguishing systems. Medical support equipment was...10 14 Humidity...............................11 5. Hydrocarb on...........................11 B. Carbon Dioxide Scrubbers .....................11 C...and ancillary equipment included gas/vapor monitoring equipment, carbon dioxide scrubbers , air conditioning, communications, lighting, and fire

40 CFR Table 5 to Subpart Mmmmm of... - Continuous Compliance With Emission Limits and Operating Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... performance test. v. If you use a venturi scrubber, maintaining the daily average pressure drop across the.... Each new or reconstructed flame lamination affected source using a scrubber a. Maintain the daily average scrubber inlet liquid flow rate above the minimum value established during the performanceb...

40 CFR 60.2680 - What if I do not use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... not use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, activated carbon injection, selective noncatalytic reduction... pollution control device other than a wet scrubber, activated carbon injection, selective noncatalytic..., including mass balances, to comply with the emission limitations under § 60.2670, you must petition the EPA...

40 CFR 63.9590 - What emission limitations must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, for each wet scrubber applied to meet any... drop and daily average scrubber water flow rate at or above the minimum levels established during the initial performance test. (2) For each dynamic wet scrubber applied to meet any particulate matter...

40 CFR 63.9590 - What emission limitations must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, for each wet scrubber applied to meet any... drop and daily average scrubber water flow rate at or above the minimum levels established during the initial performance test. (2) For each dynamic wet scrubber applied to meet any particulate matter...

40 CFR 63.9590 - What emission limitations must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, for each wet scrubber applied to meet any... drop and daily average scrubber water flow rate at or above the minimum levels established during the initial performance test. (2) For each dynamic wet scrubber applied to meet any particulate matter...

40 CFR 60.5175 - How do I establish operating limits if I do not use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, electrostatic...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... I do not use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, electrostatic precipitator, activated carbon injection..., fabric filter, electrostatic precipitator, activated carbon injection, or afterburner, or if I limit... device other than a wet scrubber, fabric filter, electrostatic precipitator, activated carbon injection...

40 CFR 60.5175 - How do I establish operating limits if I do not use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, electrostatic...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... I do not use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, electrostatic precipitator, activated carbon injection..., fabric filter, electrostatic precipitator, activated carbon injection, or afterburner, or if I limit... device other than a wet scrubber, fabric filter, electrostatic precipitator, activated carbon injection...

40 CFR 60.5175 - How do I establish operating limits if I do not use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, electrostatic...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... I do not use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, electrostatic precipitator, activated carbon injection..., fabric filter, electrostatic precipitator, activated carbon injection, or afterburner, or if I limit... device other than a wet scrubber, fabric filter, electrostatic precipitator, activated carbon injection...

40 CFR 60.5175 - How do I establish operating limits if I do not use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, electrostatic...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... I do not use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, electrostatic precipitator, activated carbon injection..., fabric filter, electrostatic precipitator, activated carbon injection, or afterburner, or if I limit... device other than a wet scrubber, fabric filter, electrostatic precipitator, activated carbon injection...

40 CFR 420.94 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

....0 to 9.0. (5) Fume scrubbers. Subpart I Pollutant or pollutant property New source performance... Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0. The above limitations shall be applicable to each fume scrubber....0 to 9.0. (4) Fume scrubbers. Subpart I Pollutant or pollutant property New source performance...

40 CFR 420.94 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....0 to 9.0. (5) Fume scrubbers. Subpart I Pollutant or pollutant property New source performance... Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0. The above limitations shall be applicable to each fume scrubber....0 to 9.0. (4) Fume scrubbers. Subpart I Pollutant or pollutant property New source performance...

40 CFR 420.95 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...,000 lb) of product Chromium 0.00322 0.00129 Nickel 0.00289 0.000964 (6) Fume scrubber. Subpart I... 0.000939 0.000313 Zinc 0.00125 0.000417 (5) Fume scrubber. Subpart I Pollutant or pollutant property... to each fume scrubber associated with sulfuric acid pickling operations. (b) Hydrochloric acid...

40 CFR 420.95 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...,000 lb) of product Chromium 0.00322 0.00129 Nickel 0.00289 0.000964 (6) Fume scrubber. Subpart I... 0.000939 0.000313 Zinc 0.00125 0.000417 (5) Fume scrubber. Subpart I Pollutant or pollutant property... to each fume scrubber associated with sulfuric acid pickling operations. (b) Hydrochloric acid...

40 CFR 420.95 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...,000 lb) of product Chromium 0.00322 0.00129 Nickel 0.00289 0.000964 (6) Fume scrubber. Subpart I... 0.000939 0.000313 Zinc 0.00125 0.000417 (5) Fume scrubber. Subpart I Pollutant or pollutant property... to each fume scrubber associated with sulfuric acid pickling operations. (b) Hydrochloric acid...

40 CFR 420.94 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

....0 to 9.0. (5) Fume scrubbers. Subpart I Pollutant or pollutant property New source performance... Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0. The above limitations shall be applicable to each fume scrubber....0 to 9.0. (4) Fume scrubbers. Subpart I Pollutant or pollutant property New source performance...

40 CFR 420.94 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

....0 to 9.0. (5) Fume scrubbers. Subpart I Pollutant or pollutant property New source performance... Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0. The above limitations shall be applicable to each fume scrubber....0 to 9.0. (4) Fume scrubbers. Subpart I Pollutant or pollutant property New source performance...

40 CFR 420.95 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...,000 lb) of product Chromium 0.00322 0.00129 Nickel 0.00289 0.000964 (6) Fume scrubber. Subpart I... 0.000939 0.000313 Zinc 0.00125 0.000417 (5) Fume scrubber. Subpart I Pollutant or pollutant property... to each fume scrubber associated with sulfuric acid pickling operations. (b) Hydrochloric acid...

40 CFR 420.94 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....0 to 9.0. (5) Fume scrubbers. Subpart I Pollutant or pollutant property New source performance... Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0. The above limitations shall be applicable to each fume scrubber....0 to 9.0. (4) Fume scrubbers. Subpart I Pollutant or pollutant property New source performance...

40 CFR Table 5 to Subpart Mmmmm of... - Continuous Compliance With Emission Limits and Operating Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.... Each new or reconstructed flame lamination affected source using a scrubber a. Maintain the daily average scrubber inlet liquid flow rate above the minimum value established during the performanceb. Maintain the daily average scrubber effluent pH within the operating range established during the...

40 CFR 60.385 - Recordkeeping and reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... performance test of a wet scrubber, and at least weekly thereafter, the owner or operator shall record the measurements of both the change in pressure of the gas stream across the scrubber and the scrubbing liquid flow rate. (c) After the initial performance test of a wet scrubber, the owner or operator shall submit...

40 CFR 60.736 - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... performance test of a wet scrubber, the owner or operator shall use the monitoring devices of § 60.734(d) to determine the average change in pressure of the gas stream across the scrubber and the average flowrate of the scrubber liquid during each of the particulate matter runs. The arithmetic averages of the three...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Kkkkk of... - Operating Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.... Maintain the average scrubber pressure drop for each 3-hour block period at or above the average pressure drop established during the performance test; andb. Maintain the average scrubber liquid pH for each 3-hour block period at or above the average scrubber liquid pH established during the performance test...

40 CFR 60.736 - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... performance test of a wet scrubber, the owner or operator shall use the monitoring devices of § 60.734(d) to determine the average change in pressure of the gas stream across the scrubber and the average flowrate of the scrubber liquid during each of the particulate matter runs. The arithmetic averages of the three...

40 CFR 60.385 - Recordkeeping and reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... performance test of a wet scrubber, and at least weekly thereafter, the owner or operator shall record the measurements of both the change in pressure of the gas stream across the scrubber and the scrubbing liquid flow rate. (c) After the initial performance test of a wet scrubber, the owner or operator shall submit...

40 CFR 60.54 - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... sample CO2 concentrations at all traverse points. (ii) If sampling is conducted after a wet scrubber, an... volumetric flow rates at the inlet and outlet of the wet scrubber and the inlet CO2 concentration may be used... concentration measured before the scrubber, percent dry basis. Qdi=volumetric flow rate of effluent gas before...

A study of hydrocarbons associated with brines from DOE geopressured wells. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Keeley, D.F.

1993-07-01

Accomplishments are summarized on the following tasks: distribution coefficients and solubilities, DOE design well sampling, analysis of well samples, review of theoretical models of geopressured reservoir hydrocarbons, monitor for aliphatic hydrocarbons, development of a ph meter probe, DOE design well scrubber analysis, removal and disposition of gas scrubber equipment at Pleasant Bayou Well, and disposition of archived brines.

A study of hydrocarbons associated with brines from DOE geopressured wells

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Keeley, D.F.

1993-01-01

Accomplishments are summarized on the following tasks: distribution coefficients and solubilities, DOE design well sampling, analysis of well samples, review of theoretical models of geopressured reservoir hydrocarbons, monitor for aliphatic hydrocarbons, development of a ph meter probe, DOE design well scrubber analysis, removal and disposition of gas scrubber equipment at Pleasant Bayou Well, and disposition of archived brines.

40 CFR Table 24 to Subpart Uuu of... - Continuous Monitoring Systems for Inorganic HAP Emissions From Catalytic Reforming Units

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... entering the scrubber during coke burn-off and catalyst rejuvenation; and continuous parameter monitoring system to measure and record gas flow rate entering or exiting the scrubber during coke burn-off and... alkalinity of the water (or scrubbing liquid) exiting the scrubber during coke burn-off and catalyst...

40 CFR 420.96 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

.../kkg (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Lead 0.000131 0.0000438 Zinc 0.000175 0.0000584 (5) Fume scrubber... Note: The above limitations are applicable to each fume scrubber associated with sulfuric acid pickling... product Lead 0.000206 0.0000688 Zinc 0.000275 0.0000918 (4) Fume scrubber. Subpart I Pollutant or...

40 CFR 420.96 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

.../kkg (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Lead 0.000131 0.0000438 Zinc 0.000175 0.0000584 (5) Fume scrubber... Note: The above limitations are applicable to each fume scrubber associated with sulfuric acid pickling... product Lead 0.000206 0.0000688 Zinc 0.000275 0.0000918 (4) Fume scrubber. Subpart I Pollutant or...

40 CFR 420.96 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.../kkg (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Lead 0.000131 0.0000438 Zinc 0.000175 0.0000584 (5) Fume scrubber... Note: The above limitations are applicable to each fume scrubber associated with sulfuric acid pickling... product Lead 0.000206 0.0000688 Zinc 0.000275 0.0000918 (4) Fume scrubber. Subpart I Pollutant or...

40 CFR 420.96 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

.../kkg (pounds per 1,000 lb) of product Lead 0.000131 0.0000438 Zinc 0.000175 0.0000584 (5) Fume scrubber... Note: The above limitations are applicable to each fume scrubber associated with sulfuric acid pickling... product Lead 0.000206 0.0000688 Zinc 0.000275 0.0000918 (4) Fume scrubber. Subpart I Pollutant or...

40 CFR 60.735 - Recordkeeping and reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... owner or operator who uses a wet scrubber to comply with § 60.732 shall determine and record once each... period of both the change in pressure of the gas stream across the scrubber and the flowrate of the... the wet scrubber pressure drop determined as described in § 60.735(b) that is less than 90 percent of...

40 CFR 60.735 - Recordkeeping and reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... owner or operator who uses a wet scrubber to comply with § 60.732 shall determine and record once each... period of both the change in pressure of the gas stream across the scrubber and the flowrate of the... the wet scrubber pressure drop determined as described in § 60.735(b) that is less than 90 percent of...

Navy Paint Booth Conversion Feasibility Study

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-01-01

wastewater, particulate 4 filters, wet scrubbers 20 ABSTRACT (C---I,-H - -,,o , , de If ... n &,d1 * d fvII 1, bI-,k -m This study is an evaluation of...scrubber (water-wall) configuration, are responsible for the production of large amounts of noxious wastewater and gelatinous paint sludge, both forming...their replacement can be quite low, and they may be used in either light, moderate, or high production rate booths. Accordion pleated paper sheet

Scrubbers with a level head

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pedersen, G.C.; Bhattachararjee, P.K.

1997-11-01

The available methods for removing pollutants from a gas stream are numerous, to say the least. A popular method, scrubbers allow users to separate gases and solids by allowing the gas to come into contact with a liquid stream. In the end, the pollutants are washed away in the effluent, and the gas exits the system to be used in later processes or to be released into the atmosphere. For many years, counter-flow scrubber methods have been used for the lion`s share of the work in industries such as phosphate fertilizer and semiconductor chemicals manufacturing. Now these industries are exploringmore » the use of cross-flow scrubber design, which offers consistently high efficiency and low operating costs. In addition, the unit`s horizontal orientation makes maintenance easier than typical tower scrubbers. For certain classes of unit operations, cross-flow is now being recognized as a strong alternative to conventional counterflow technology.« less

Examination of redirected continuous miner scrubber discharge configurations for exhaust face ventilation systems

PubMed Central

Organiscak, J.A.; Beck, T.W.

2015-01-01

The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Office of Mine Safety and Health Research (OMSHR) has recently studied several redirected scrubber discharge configurations in its full-scale continuous miner gallery for both dust and gas control when using an exhaust face ventilation system. Dust and gas measurements around the continuous mining machine in the laboratory showed that the conventional scrubber discharge directed outby the face with a 12.2-m (40-ft) exhaust curtain setback appeared to be one of the better configurations for controlling dust and gas. Redirecting all the air toward the face equally up both sides of the machine increased the dust and gas concentrations around the machine. When all of the air was redirected toward the face on the off-curtain side of the machine, gas accumulations tended to be reduced at the face, at the expense of increased dust levels in the return and on the curtain side of the mining machine. A 6.1-m (20-ft) exhaust curtain setback without the scrubber operating resulted in the lowest dust levels around the continuous mining machine, but this configuration resulted in some of the highest levels of dust in the return and gas on the off-curtain side of the mining face. Two field studies showed some similarities to the laboratory findings, with elevated dust levels at the rear corners of the continuous miner when all of the scrubber exhaust was redirected toward the face either up the off-tubing side or equally up both sides of the mining machine. PMID:26251566

40 CFR 63.9917 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limitations and work practice standards...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... subpart; and (2) For each wet scrubber subject to the operating limits for pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate in § 63.9890(b), you have established appropriate site-specific operating limits and have a record of the pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate measured during the performance test in...

40 CFR 63.9923 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations and work practice...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... to this subpart. (b) For each wet scrubber subject to the operating limits for pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate in § 63.9890(b), you must demonstrate continuous compliance according to the... according to § 63.9921(b); and (2) Maintaining the hourly average pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate...

40 CFR 63.9917 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limitations and work practice standards...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... subpart; and (2) For each wet scrubber subject to the operating limits for pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate in § 63.9890(b), you have established appropriate site-specific operating limits and have a record of the pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate measured during the performance test in...

40 CFR 63.9923 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations and work practice...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... to this subpart. (b) For each wet scrubber subject to the operating limits for pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate in § 63.9890(b), you must demonstrate continuous compliance according to the... according to § 63.9921(b); and (2) Maintaining the hourly average pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate...

40 CFR 63.9917 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limitations and work practice standards...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... subpart; and (2) For each wet scrubber subject to the operating limits for pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate in § 63.9890(b), you have established appropriate site-specific operating limits and have a record of the pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate measured during the performance test in...

40 CFR 63.9923 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations and work practice...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... to this subpart. (b) For each wet scrubber subject to the operating limits for pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate in § 63.9890(b), you must demonstrate continuous compliance according to the... according to § 63.9921(b); and (2) Maintaining the hourly average pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate...

40 CFR 63.9917 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limitations and work practice standards...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... subpart; and (2) For each wet scrubber subject to the operating limits for pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate in § 63.9890(b), you have established appropriate site-specific operating limits and have a record of the pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate measured during the performance test in...

40 CFR 63.9923 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations and work practice...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... to this subpart. (b) For each wet scrubber subject to the operating limits for pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate in § 63.9890(b), you must demonstrate continuous compliance according to the... according to § 63.9921(b); and (2) Maintaining the hourly average pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate...

40 CFR 63.9917 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limitations and work practice standards...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... subpart; and (2) For each wet scrubber subject to the operating limits for pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate in § 63.9890(b), you have established appropriate site-specific operating limits and have a record of the pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate measured during the performance test in...

40 CFR 63.9923 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations and work practice...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... to this subpart. (b) For each wet scrubber subject to the operating limits for pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate in § 63.9890(b), you must demonstrate continuous compliance according to the... according to § 63.9921(b); and (2) Maintaining the hourly average pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate...

40 CFR Table 8 to Subpart Sssss of... - Continuous Compliance with Operating Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... subpart; andii. Reducing the scrubber pressure drop data to 1-hour and 3-hour block averages; and iii.... Reducing the scrubber liquid pH data to 1-hour and 3-hour block averages; and iii. Maintaining the 3-hour... subpart; andii. Reducing the scrubber liquid flow rate data to 1-hour and 3-hour block averages; and iii...

40 CFR Table 5 to Subpart Jjjjj of... - Continuous Compliance With Emission Limits and Operating Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... kilns equipped with WS i. Collecting the scrubber pressure drop data according to § 63.8450(a); reducing the scrubber pressure drop data to 3-hour block averages according to § 63.8450(a); maintaining the average scrubber pressure drop for each 3-hour block period at or above the average pressure drop...

Ecological effects of scrubber water discharge on coastal plankton: Potential synergistic effects of contaminants reduce survival and feeding of the copepod Acartia tonsa.

PubMed

Koski, Marja; Stedmon, Colin; Trapp, Stefan

2017-08-01

To meet the oncoming requirements for lower sulphur emissions, shipping companies can install scrubbers where the exhaust is sprayed with seawater and subsequently discharged to the sea. The discharge water has a pH around 3 and contains elevated concentrations of vanadium, nickel, lead and hydrocarbons. We investigated 1) the threshold concentrations of scrubber discharge water for survival, feeding and reproduction of the copepod Acartia tonsa, 2) whether the effects depend on the exposure route and 3) whether exposure to discharge water can be detected in field-collected organisms. A direct exposure to discharge water increased adult copepod mortality and reduced feeding at metal concentrations which were orders of magnitude lower than the lethal concentrations in previous single-metal studies. In contrast, reproduction was not influenced by dietary uptake of contaminants. Scrubber water constituents could have synergistic effects on plankton productivity and bioaccumulation of metals, although the effects will depend on their dilution in the marine environment. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ship emissions and the use of current air cleaning technology: contributions to air pollution and acidification in the Baltic Sea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Claremar, Björn; Haglund, Karin; Rutgersson, Anna

2017-10-01

The shipping sector is a significant contributor to emissions of air pollutants in marine and coastal regions. In order to achieve sustainable shipping, primarily through new regulations and techniques, greater knowledge of dispersion and deposition of air pollutants is required. Regional model calculations of the dispersion and concentration of sulfur, nitrogen, and particulate matter, as well as deposition of oxidized sulfur and nitrogen from the international maritime sector in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, have been made for the years 2011 to 2013. The contribution from shipping is highest along shipping lanes and near large ports for concentration and dry deposition. Sulfur is the most important pollutant coupled to shipping. The contribution of both SO2 concentration and dry deposition of sulfur represented up to 80 % of the total in some regions. WHO guidelines for annual concentrations were not trespassed for any analysed pollutant, other than PM2.5 in the Netherlands, Belgium, and central Poland. However, due to the resolution of the numerical model, 50 km × 50 km, there may be higher concentrations locally close to intense shipping lanes. Wet deposition is more spread and less sensitive to model resolution. The contribution of wet deposition of sulfur and nitrogen from shipping was up to 30 % of the total wet deposition. Comparison of simulated to measured concentration at two coastal stations close to shipping lanes showed some underestimations and missed maximums, probably due to resolution of the model and underestimated ship emissions. A change in regulation for maximum sulfur content in maritime fuel, in 2015 from 1 to 0.1 %, decreases the atmospheric sulfur concentration and deposition significantly. However, due to costs related to refining, the cleaning of exhausts through scrubbers has become a possible economic solution. Open-loop scrubbers meet the air quality criteria but their consequences for the marine environment are largely unknown. The resulting potential of future acidification in the Baltic Sea, both from atmospheric deposition and from scrubber water along the shipping lanes, based on different assumptions about sulfur content in fuel, scrubber usage, and increased shipping density has been assessed. The increase in deposition for different shipping and scrubber scenarios differs for the basins in the Baltic Sea, with highest potential of acidification in the southern basins with high traffic. The proportion of ocean-acidifying sulfur from ships increases when taking scrubber water into account and the major reason for increasing acidifying nitrogen from ships is increasing ship traffic. Also, with the implementation of emission control for nitrogen, the effect of scrubbers on acidification is evident. This study also generates a database of shipping and scrubber scenarios for atmospheric deposition and scrubber exhaust from the period 2011 to 2050.

40 CFR 63.7825 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limitations that apply to me?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... accordance with § 63.7824(a)(1); and (3) For each venturi scrubber subject to the operating limits for pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate in § 63.7790(b)(2), you have established appropriate site-specific operating limits and have a record of the pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate measured...

40 CFR Table 5 to Subpart Jjjjj of... - Continuous Compliance With Emission Limits and Operating Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... system, or other system; recording all monitor or sensor output, and if lime is found not to be free... chemicals are added to the scrubber water, collecting the scrubber chemical feed rate data according to § 63.8450(a); reducing the scrubber chemical feed rate data to 3-hour block averages according to § 63.8450...

40 CFR Table 5 to Subpart Jjjjj of... - Continuous Compliance With Emission Limits and Operating Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... system, or other system; recording all monitor or sensor output, and if lime is found not to be free... chemicals are added to the scrubber water, collecting the scrubber chemical feed rate data according to § 63.8450(a); reducing the scrubber chemical feed rate data to 3-hour block averages according to § 63.8450...

40 CFR Table 5 to Subpart Jjjjj of... - Continuous Compliance With Emission Limits and Operating Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... system, or other system; recording all monitor or sensor output, and if lime is found not to be free... chemicals are added to the scrubber water, collecting the scrubber chemical feed rate data according to § 63.8450(a); reducing the scrubber chemical feed rate data to 3-hour block averages according to § 63.8450...

40 CFR 63.9916 - What test methods and other procedures must I use to establish and demonstrate initial compliance...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... compliance with the operating limits? For a wet scrubber subject to operating limits for pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate in § 63.9890(b), you must establish site-specific operating limits according to... monitoring system (CPMS) required in § 63.9920, measure and record the pressure drop and scrubber water flow...

40 CFR 63.9916 - What test methods and other procedures must I use to establish and demonstrate initial compliance...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... compliance with the operating limits? For a wet scrubber subject to operating limits for pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate in § 63.9890(b), you must establish site-specific operating limits according to... monitoring system (CPMS) required in § 63.9920, measure and record the pressure drop and scrubber water flow...

40 CFR 63.9916 - What test methods and other procedures must I use to establish and demonstrate initial compliance...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... compliance with the operating limits? For a wet scrubber subject to operating limits for pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate in § 63.9890(b), you must establish site-specific operating limits according to... monitoring system (CPMS) required in § 63.9920, measure and record the pressure drop and scrubber water flow...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Zzzzz of... - Procedures for Establishing Operating Limits for New Affected Sources Classified as Large Foundries

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... using the procedures in the following table: For . . . You must . . . 1. Each wet scrubber subject to the operating limits in § 63.10895(d)(1) for pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate. Using the CPMS required in § 63.10897(b), measure and record the pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate in...

40 CFR 63.9916 - What test methods and other procedures must I use to establish and demonstrate initial compliance...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... compliance with the operating limits? For a wet scrubber subject to operating limits for pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate in § 63.9890(b), you must establish site-specific operating limits according to... monitoring system (CPMS) required in § 63.9920, measure and record the pressure drop and scrubber water flow...

40 CFR 63.9916 - What test methods and other procedures must I use to establish and demonstrate initial compliance...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... compliance with the operating limits? For a wet scrubber subject to operating limits for pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate in § 63.9890(b), you must establish site-specific operating limits according to... monitoring system (CPMS) required in § 63.9920, measure and record the pressure drop and scrubber water flow...

40 CFR 63.7825 - How do I demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limitations that apply to me?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... accordance with § 63.7824(a)(1); and (3) For each venturi scrubber subject to the operating limits for pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate in § 63.7790(b)(2), you have established appropriate site-specific operating limits and have a record of the pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate measured...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Zzzzz of... - Procedures for Establishing Operating Limits for New Affected Sources Classified as Large Foundries

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... using the procedures in the following table: For . . . You must . . . 1. Each wet scrubber subject to the operating limits in § 63.10895(d)(1) for pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate. Using the CPMS required in § 63.10897(b), measure and record the pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate in...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Zzzzz of... - Procedures for Establishing Operating Limits for New Affected Sources Classified as Large Foundries

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... using the procedures in the following table: For . . . You must . . . 1. Each wet scrubber subject to the operating limits in § 63.10895(d)(1) for pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate. Using the CPMS required in § 63.10897(b), measure and record the pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate in...

Gas pollutants removal in a single- and two-stage ejector-venturi scrubber.

PubMed

Gamisans, Xavier; Sarrà, Montserrrat; Lafuente, F Javier

2002-03-29

The absorption of SO(2) and NH(3) from the flue gas into NaOH and H(2)SO(4) solutions, respectively has been studied using an industrial scale ejector-venturi scrubber. A statistical methodology is presented to characterise the performance of the scrubber by varying several factors such as gas pollutant concentration, air flowrate and absorbing solution flowrate. Some types of venturi tube constructions were assessed, including the use of a two-stage venturi tube. The results showed a strong influence of the liquid scrubbing flowrate on pollutant removal efficiency. The initial pollutant concentration and the gas flowrate had a slight influence. The use of a two-stage venturi tube considerably improved the absorption efficiency, although it increased energy consumption. The results of this study will be applicable to the optimal design of venturi-based absorbers for gaseous pollution control or chemical reactors.

Predictive Model for Jet Engine Test Cell Opacity

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-09-30

precipitators or venturi scrubbers to treat the exhaust emissions. These predictions indicate that control devices larger than the test cells would have...made to see under what conditions electrostatic precipitators or venturi scrubbers might satisfy opacity regu- lations. 3 SECTION I I SMOKE NUMBER j...high energy venturi scrubber . As with the ESP model, this also required an empirical factor (f) to make the model agree approximately with actual data

Unmanned Evaluation of Six Closed-Circuit Oxygen Rebreathers.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-07-01

and the exhaled gas flows through the exhalation hose (8) to the CO2 scrubber (9); it is then drawn through the CO2 scrubber (9) with the next...and full inhalation cycles). 2. Canister Duration Tests: CO2 level out of scrubber expressed as percentage of SEV. D. Coinputed Parameters 1...comprehensive evaluation of commercial SCUBA regulators (reference 4) performed by NKDU in June 1979. *i Inadequate second stage venturi assist and

Waste Minimization Program. Air Force Plant 4.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-02-01

incinerator equipped with a secondary combustion chamber and venturi scrubber could serve AFP 4’s needs. As the wastes listed in Table 3-6 contain negligible... scrubber water treatment in the AFP 4eatment. waste treatment system. 2.3 ECONOMICS -Table 2-3 summarizes the projected economics of the recommendations for...control devices. These paint booths are equipped with water curtain air scrubbers which remove solids from the booth exhaust by providing - intimate

An Analytical and Experimental Analysis of Factors Affecting Exhaust System Performance in Sea Level Static Jet Engine Test Facilities.

DTIC Science & Technology

1972-12-01

include filtering devices, venturi scrubbers , and electrostatic precipitators. These have been evaluated as unsatisfactory from considerations of...Early studies of pollution abatement systems have resulted in the selection and development of a nucleation scrubber [Ref. 47]. Other devices analyzed...the venturi system is its inability to operate efficiently over greater than a 10 percent interval away from its design point, which is an

Examination of a newly developed mobile dry scrubber (DS) for coal mine dust control applications

PubMed Central

Organiscak, J.; Noll, J.; Yantek, D.; Kendall, B.

2017-01-01

The Office of Mine Safety and Health Research of the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH OMSHR) conducted laboratory testing of a self-tramming, remotely controlled mobile Dry Scrubber (DS) that J.H. Fletcher and Co. developed under a contract with NIOSH OMSHR to reduce the exposure of miners to airborne dust. The scrubber was found to average greater than 95 percent dust removal efficiency with disposable filters, and 88 and 90 percent, respectively, with optional washable filters in their prewash and post-wash test conditions. Although the washable filters can be reused, washing them generated personal and downstream respirable dust concentrations of 1.2 and 8.3 mg/m3, respectively, for a 10-min washing period. The scrubber’s velocity-pressure-regulated variable-frequency-drive fan maintained relatively consistent airflow near the targeted 1.42 and 4.25 m3/s (3,000 and 9,000 ft3/min) airflow rates during most of the laboratory dust testing until reaching its maximum 60-Hz fan motor frequency or horsepower rating at 2,610 Pa (10.5 in. w.g.) of filter differential pressure and 3.97 m3/s (8,420 ft3/min) of scrubber airflow quantity. Laboratory sound level measurements of the scrubber showed that the outlet side of the scrubber was noisier, and the loaded filters increased sound levels compared with clean filters at the same airflow quantities. With loaded filters, the scrubber reached a 90 dB(A) sound level at 2.83 m3/s (6,000 ft3/min) of scrubber airflow, indicating that miners should not be overexposed in relation to MSHA’s permissible exposure level — under Title 30 Code of Federal Regulations Part 62.101— of 90 dB(A) at or below this airflow quantity. The scrubber’s washable filters were not used during field-testing because of their lower respirable dust removal efficiency and the airborne dust generated by filter washing. Field-testing the scrubber with disposable filters at two underground coal mine sections showed that it could clean a portion of the section return air and provide dust reduction of about 50 percent at the face area downstream of the continuous-miner operation. PMID:28596699

Vandenberg Air Force Base Emission Survey.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-01-01

1,020 gals) b. SLC-3 Hydrazine Scrubber c. SLC-4 1) West Pad - Two Aerozine-50 Tanks (11,000 gals each) (one emission point) - Unsymmetrical Dimethyl...Launch Complex (SLC)-2 1) Aerozine-50 Tank (880 gal) 2) Nitrogen Tetroxide Tank (1,020 gal) b. SLC-3 Hydrazine Scrubber c. SLC-4 1) West Pad - Two...vapors are put through a scrubber to reduce the amount of fuel vapor entering the atmosphere. Likewise, specific Oxidizer vapors are disposed of by a

Application of local exhaust ventilation system and integrated collectors for control of air pollutants in mining company.

PubMed

Ghorbani Shahna, Farshid; Bahrami, Abdulrahman; Farasati, Farhad

2012-01-01

Local exhaust ventilation (LEV) systems and integrated collectors were designed and implemented in a mining company in order to control emitted air pollutant from furnaces. The LEV was designed for capture and transition of air pollutants emitted from furnaces to the integrated collectors. The integrated collectors including four high efficiency Stairmand model cyclones for control of particulate matter, a venturi scrubber for control of the fine particles, SO(2) and a part of H(2)S to follow them, and a packed scrubber for treatment of the residual H(2)S and SO(2) were designed. Pollutants concentration were measured to determine system effectiveness. The results showed that the effectiveness of LEV for reducing workplace pollution is 91.83%, 96.32% and 83.67% for dust, SO(2) and H(2)S, respectively. Average removal efficiency of particles by combination of cyclone and venturi scrubber was 98.72%. Average removal efficiency of SO(2) and H(2)S were 95.85% and 47.13% for the venturi scrubber and 68.45% and 92.7% for the packed bed scrubber. The average removal efficiency of SO(2) and H(2)S were increased to 99.1% and 95.95% by the combination of venturi and packed bed scrubbers. According to the results, integrated collectors are a good air pollution control option for industries with economic constraints and ancient technologies.

Economic Analysis of Coal-Fired Cogeneration Plants for Air Force Bases

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-10-01

control . However, the existing stoker boilers at Griffiss AFB use lime scrubbers for flue gas desulfurization . The following input parameters were used to...boiler plant was newly installed in 1985 and is in excellent condition. Spray dryer scrubbers are used for flue gas desulfurization . 32 5.3.2 Heating Fuel...for stoker boilers in the previous heating plant studies, 1 ,3 and for sites that require flue gas desulfurization , an efficiency of 80% was used

Detailed Analysis of Alternatives Report. Version 2.0. Technology Descriptions. Volume 7.

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-07-01

capacity is 25 to 50 tons/hour. Off-gas treatment consists of a partial quench, baghouse, and venturi scrubber . The quench blowdown stream is treated...particulate removal, and a caustic quench step to remove acid gases with a venturi scrubber for additional particulate removal (Figure 7.1-1). The sequence can...quench step to remove acid gases with a venturi scrubber for additional particulate removal. The sequence can be modified to include off gas to stack gas

Full-Scale Incineration System Trial Burns at the Naval Construction Battalion Center, Gulfport, Mississippi. Volume 2, Part 2

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-07-01

The prime mover for the MWP-2000 is a single steam powered jet venturi scrubber that was manufactured by Hydrosonics, Inc. to develop a negative...orime mover for the MWP-2000 is a single steam powered jet venturi scrubber that was manufactured by Hydrosonics, inc. to develop a negative pressure...packed tower and the scrubber during the trial burn or opening of the TRV, you should include these AWISOs since these shut offs would normally be

Halon Replacement Program for Aviation, Aircraft Engine Nacelle Application Phase II - Operational Comparison of Selected Extinguishants

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-05-01

Control Butterfly Hi-Pressure High Flow Control Butterfly Ejector Primary Clycol Control Valve Scrubber Fan Pressure Control Butterfly 8" Venturi ...the scrubber . 20 ■ SCRUBBER FAN BLOWER INLET VALVE VP-2 VP-3 VP-4 VP-5 VP-6 VP-7 VP-8 VP-9 VP-10 SV-1 SV-2 DESCRIPTION Atmospheric...Blower Bypass Butterfly 24" Venturi Control Butterfly 24" Test Section Exit Butterfly Ejector 10’ Secondary Inlet-Butterfly Hi-pressure Low Flow

Design of artificial neural networks using a genetic algorithm to predict collection efficiency in venturi scrubbers.

PubMed

Taheri, Mahboobeh; Mohebbi, Ali

2008-08-30

In this study, a new approach for the auto-design of neural networks, based on a genetic algorithm (GA), has been used to predict collection efficiency in venturi scrubbers. The experimental input data, including particle diameter, throat gas velocity, liquid to gas flow rate ratio, throat hydraulic diameter, pressure drop across the venturi scrubber and collection efficiency as an output, have been used to create a GA-artificial neural network (ANN) model. The testing results from the model are in good agreement with the experimental data. Comparison of the results of the GA optimized ANN model with the results from the trial-and-error calibrated ANN model indicates that the GA-ANN model is more efficient. Finally, the effects of operating parameters such as liquid to gas flow rate ratio, throat gas velocity, and particle diameter on collection efficiency were determined.

Diffusion scrubber-ion chromatography for the measurement of trace levels of atmospheric HCl

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lindgren, Per F.

A diffusion scrubber-ion chromatographic (DS-IC) instrument has been characterized and employed for the measurement of trace levels of gaseous HCl in the atmosphere. The instrument operates with a temporal resolution of 5 min and the detection limit is estimated to be 5 pptv. Collection efficiencies for HCl with two identical diffusion scrubbers were 28±2% and 20±2%, respectively, at a sampling flow rate of 2 SLPM. Instrument response decreases with increased relative humidity. An equation, correction factor=2.45 × 10 -7 × %r.h 3 + 1.00, is used to correct for the relative humidity dependency. The instrument was tested in ambient air studies by measuring background mixing ratios between 0.02 and 0.5 ppbv at a suburban sampling site. Calibration of the instrument was carried out with a novel source of gaseous HCl based on sublimation of ammonium chloride.

Intercomparison of formaldehyde measurements in the tropical atmosphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Trapp, Dorothea; De Serves, Claes

An intercomparison of formaldehyde measurements at low concentrations ( < 2.0 ppbv) was performed during the ASTROS '93 field campaign in Venezuela (Atmospheric Studies in the TROpical Savannah, September 1993). Formaldehyde was collected and measured by two different techniques: a porous membrane diffusion scrubber with fluorescent detection of the Hantzsch reaction product, and DNPH-traps (2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine) followed by high performance liquid chromatography with a UV/VIS absorption detector. The time resolution for the diffusion scrubber instrument was 5 min while the DNPH-tr;ap samples were integrated over 30-60 min. The measured concentrations range from the detection limits (0.045 ppbv for the diffusion scrubber, 0.1 ppbv for the DNPH-traps) up to 2 ppbv. The correlation coefficient between the two techniques is r2 = 0.80 (n = 48) and the slope equals unity (1.02 ± 0.03). Both methods are found to be suitable for field experiments in the low ppbv range of formaldehyde.

13. Building 202 exhaust scrubber water detention tank, looking southeast ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

13. Building 202 exhaust scrubber water detention tank, looking southeast from bed of Abram Creek. - Rocket Engine Testing Facility, GRC Building No. 202, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH

Looking Southwest to Dry and Wet Exterior Scrubbers at Rear ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Looking Southwest to Dry and Wet Exterior Scrubbers at Rear of Oxide Building - Hematite Fuel Fabrication Facility, Oxide Building & Oxide Loading Dock, 3300 State Road P, Festus, Jefferson County, MO

Looking South at south End of Green Room Including Scrubber ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Looking South at south End of Green Room Including Scrubber for Incinerator within Recycle Recovery Building - Hematite Fuel Fabrication Facility, Recycle Recovery Building, 3300 State Road P, Festus, Jefferson County, MO

Integration of advanced oxidation processes at mild conditions in wet scrubbers for odourous sulphur compounds treatment.

PubMed

Vega, Esther; Martin, Maria J; Gonzalez-Olmos, Rafael

2014-08-01

The effectiveness of different advanced oxidation processes on the treatment of a multicomponent aqueous solution containing ethyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulphide and dimethyl disulphide (0.5 mg L(-1) of each sulphur compound) was investigated with the objective to assess which one is the most suitable treatment to be coupled in wet scrubbers used in odour treatment facilities. UV/H2O2, Fenton, photo-Fenton and ozone treatments were tested at mild conditions and the oxidation efficiency obtained was compared. The oxidation tests were carried out in magnetically stirred cylindrical quartz reactors using the same molar concentration of oxidants (hydrogen peroxide or ozone). The results show that ozone and photo-Fenton are the most efficient treatments, achieving up to 95% of sulphur compounds oxidation and a mineralisation degree around 70% in 10 min. Furthermore, the total costs of the treatments taking into account the capital and operational costs were also estimated for a comparative purpose. The economic analysis revealed that the Fenton treatment is the most economical option to be integrated in a wet scrubber to remove volatile organic sulphur compounds, as long as there are no space constraints to install the required reactor volume. In the case of reactor volume limitation or retrofitting complexities, the ozone and photo-Fenton treatments should be considered as viable alternatives. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Experimental investigation on the effect of liquid injection by multiple orifices in the formation of droplets in a Venturi scrubber.

PubMed

Guerra, V G; Gonçalves, J A S; Coury, J R

2009-01-15

Venturi scrubbers are widely utilized in gas cleaning. The cleansing elements in these scrubbers are droplets formed from the atomization of a liquid into a dust-laden gas. In industrial scrubbers, this liquid is injected through several orifices so that the cloud of droplets can be evenly distributed throughout the duct. The interaction between droplets when injected through many orifices, where opposite clouds of atomized liquid can reach each other, is to be expected. This work presents experimental measurements of droplet size measured in situ and the evidence of cloud interaction within a Venturi scrubber operating with multi-orifice jet injection. The influence of gas velocity, liquid flow rate and droplet size variation in the axial position after the point of the injection of the liquid were also evaluated for the different injection configurations. The experimental results showed that an increase in the liquid flow rate generated greater interaction between jets. The number of orifices had a significant influence on droplet size. In general, the increase in the velocity of the liquid jet and in the gas velocity favored the atomization process by reducing the size of the droplets.

Modeling and measurement of electrostatic spray behavior in a rectangular throat of Pease-Anthony venturi scrubber.

PubMed

Yang, H T; Viswanathan, S; Balachandran, W; Ray, M B

2003-06-01

This paper presents the simulation and experimental results of the distribution of droplets produced by electrostatic nozzles inside a venturi scrubber. The simulation model takes into account initial liquid momentum, hydrodynamic, gravitational and electric forces, and eddy diffusion. The velocity and concentration profile of charged droplets injected from an electrostatic nozzle in the scrubber under the combined influence of hydrodynamic and electric fields were simulated. The effects of operating parameters, such as gas velocity, diameter of the scrubbing droplets, charge-to-mass ratio, and liquid-to-gas ratio on the distribution of the water droplets within the scrubber, were also investigated. The flux distribution of scrubbing liquid in the presence of electric field is improved considerably over a conventional venturi scrubber, and the effect increases with the increase in charge-to-mass ratio. Improved flux distribution using charged droplets increases the calculated overall collection efficiency of the submicron particles. However, the effect of an electric field on the droplet distribution pattern for small drop sizes in strong hydrodynamic field conditions is negligible. Simulated results are in good agreement with the experimental data obtained in the laboratory.

40 CFR 63.994 - Halogen scrubbers and other halogen reduction devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... halogen scrubber or other halogen reduction technique used to reduce the vent stream halogen atom mass... subpart shall determine the halogen atom mass emission rate prior to the combustion device according to...

40 CFR 63.994 - Halogen scrubbers and other halogen reduction devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... halogen scrubber or other halogen reduction technique used to reduce the vent stream halogen atom mass... subpart shall determine the halogen atom mass emission rate prior to the combustion device according to...

40 CFR 63.994 - Halogen scrubbers and other halogen reduction devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... halogen scrubber or other halogen reduction technique used to reduce the vent stream halogen atom mass... subpart shall determine the halogen atom mass emission rate prior to the combustion device according to...

40 CFR 63.994 - Halogen scrubbers and other halogen reduction devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... halogen scrubber or other halogen reduction technique used to reduce the vent stream halogen atom mass... subpart shall determine the halogen atom mass emission rate prior to the combustion device according to...

40 CFR 63.994 - Halogen scrubbers and other halogen reduction devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... halogen scrubber or other halogen reduction technique used to reduce the vent stream halogen atom mass... subpart shall determine the halogen atom mass emission rate prior to the combustion device according to...

Engineering and Development Support of General Decon Technology for the DARCOM Installation Restoration Program. Task 2. Treatment of Explosives Contaminated Lagoon Sediment. Phase I. Literature Review and Evaluation

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-11-01

hr incineration rate are presented in Table 15. These costs include dredging equipment, flat bed trailer and afterburners and venturi scrubbers where...require further treatment before they can be released into the environment, i.e. biological degradation for the liquid and specific scrubbers for the...The wet-air units are equipped with wet scrubbers to remove air emissions. Air emissions are expected to contain at a minimum CO, C0 2 ,N2 , 0, and

Atomization of liquids in a Pease-Anthony Venturi scrubber. Part I. Jet dynamics.

PubMed

Gonçalves, J A S; Costa, M A M; Henrique, P R; Coury, J R

2003-02-28

Jet dynamics, in particular jet penetration, is an important design parameter affecting the collection efficiency of Venturi scrubbers. A mathematical description of the trajectory, break-up and penetration of liquid jets initially transversal to a subsonic gas stream is presented. Experimental data obtained from a laboratory scale Venturi scrubber, operated with liquid injected into the throat through a single orifice, jet velocities between 6.07 and 15.9 m/s, and throat gas velocities between 58.3 and 74.9 m/s, is presented and used to validate the model.

Compliance Testing of Grissom AFB Central Heating Plant Coal-Fired Boilers 3, 4, and 5, Grissom AFB, Indiana

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-06-01

to a common breeching and can be routed to the wet -scrubber or to a bypass stack. The scrubber is a double-alkali flue - gas desulfurization system...the ambient air Bw. = proportion by volume of water vapor in F, = a factor representing a ratio of the vol. the stack gas . ume of wet flue gases...Scrubbers and Bypass Stacks 4 3 Flue Gas Flow Diagram 5 4 ORSAT Sampling Train 8 5 ORSAT Apparatus 8 6 Particulate Sampling Train 9 Table 1 Emission

Compliance Testing of Grissom AFB, Central Heating Plant Coal-Fired Boilers 3, 4 and 5 Grissom AFB, Indiana.

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-03-01

common breeching and can be routed to the wet -scrubber or to a bypass stack. The scrubber is a double-alkali flue - gas desulfurization system using...air. B,,., = proportion by volume of water vapor in F, = a factor representing a ratio of the vol- the stack gas . ume of wet flue gases generated to...1 s- .- - Dtstr’, . iii i Illustrations Figure Title Page 1 View of Scrubbers and Bypass Stack 3 2 Flue Gas Flow Diagram 4 3 ORSAT Sampling Train

Monitoring by Control Technique - Wet Scrubber For Particulate Matter

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Stationary source emissions monitoring is required to demonstrate that a source is meeting the requirements in Federal or state rules. This page is about Wet Scrubber For Particulate Matter controls used to reduce pollutant emissions.

40 CFR 65.154 - Halogen scrubbers and other halogen reduction devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... which it is part, as specified in 40 CFR 63.100(k) (if the referencing subpart is 40 CFR part 63... anticipated in the scrubber during representative operating conditions other than startups, shutdowns, or...

Spacelab scrubber analysis and test support

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1979-01-01

Contaminants to be used in qualification and development tests of the add-on charcoal bed scrubber were established, along with rates and methods for their introduction. The contaminant levels to be achieved were predicted and test results were analyzed.

40 CFR 63.9920 - What are my continuous monitoring requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Continuous Compliance Requirements § 63.9920 What are my continuous monitoring requirements? For each wet scrubber subject to the operating limits for pressure drop and scrubber water flow rates in § 63.9890(b...

40 CFR 63.9920 - What are my continuous monitoring requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Continuous Compliance Requirements § 63.9920 What are my continuous monitoring requirements? For each wet scrubber subject to the operating limits for pressure drop and scrubber water flow rates in § 63.9890(b...

Low cost disposal of MMH

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thomas, J. J.; French, T.

1980-01-01

Concentration of gaseous toxic monomethylhydrazine (MMH) can be removed at 99.9% efficiency using scrubbers containing acetylacetone solutions as scrubbing liquors. Resulting product is easily disposable and expensive liners for protecting scrubber from strong oxidizing agents are not needed.

133. NORTH PLANT SCRUBBER SYSTEM FOR GB MANUFACTURING PLANT. VIEW ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

133. NORTH PLANT SCRUBBER SYSTEM FOR GB MANUFACTURING PLANT. VIEW TO WEST. - Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Bounded by Ninety-sixth Avenue & Fifty-sixth Avenue, Buckley Road, Quebec Street & Colorado Highway 2, Commerce City, Adams County, CO

Reducing float coal dust

PubMed Central

Patts, J.R.; Colinet, J.F.; Janisko, S.J.; Barone, T.L.; Patts, L.D.

2016-01-01

Controlling float coal dust in underground coal mines before dispersal into the general airstream can reduce the risk of mine explosions while potentially achieving a more effective and efficient use of rock dust. A prototype flooded-bed scrubber was evaluated for float coal dust control in the return of a continuous miner section. The scrubber was installed inline between the face ventilation tubing and an exhausting auxiliary fan. Airborne and deposited dust mass measurements were collected over three days at set distances from the fan exhaust to assess changes in float coal dust levels in the return due to operation of the scrubber. Mass-based measurements were collected on a per-cut basis and normalized on the basis of per ton mined by the continuous miner. The results show that average float coal dust levels measured under baseline conditions were reduced by more than 90 percent when operating the scrubber. PMID:28018004

Cocurrent scrubber evaluation TVA's Colbert Lime--Limestone Wet-Scrubbing Pilot Plant. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Robards, R.F.; Moore, N.D.; Kelso, T.M.

1979-01-01

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is actively engaged in a pilot plant program to develop and/or evaluate wet-scrubbing processes for removing sulfur dioxide (SO/sub 2/) from boiler flue gas. The physical size and general arrangement of flue gas scrubbing systems have a major impact on capital investment and operating cost, as do potential operating and maintenance advantages inherent to some systems. The equipment configuration for a cocurrent scrubber reflects some of these advantages. EPRI funded TVA to perform preliminary screening tests of TVA's 1 MW pilot plant (Colbert Steam Plant) to develop operating data on the cocurrent design for usemore » in designing and operating a 10 MW prototype cocurrent scrubber at TVA's Shawnee Scrubber Test Facility. Results of the Colbert tests showed excellent sulfur dioxide removal efficiencies, generally greater than 85%, low pressure drop, and high particulate removal efficiencies. This report covers these screening tests.« less

Using Wet-FGD systems for mercury removal.

PubMed

Díaz-Somoano, Mercedes; Unterberger, Sven; Hein, Klaus R G

2005-09-01

A plan to control mercury emissions to the atmosphere and to establish mercury emission limits has recently been elaborated by the European Commission, making it necessary to devise an efficient and cost effective mercury removal technology. Towards this end wet flue gas desulfurization units appear as a promising option for multi-pollutant control. However, more investigation on mercury removal and a greater mercury removal efficiency are required to achieve this objective. In the present work scrubber chemistry and the application of various solid additives to enhance mercury removal in wet scrubbers is evaluated. The results obtained show a significant correlation between mercury removal efficiency and the pH of the scrubber slurry and SO2 concentration. A weaker correlation was observed between oxygen or slurry concentration and removal efficiency. Finally several solid oxides were found to be effective additives for enhancing mercury capture in wet scrubbers.

The importance of the location of sodium chlorite application in a multipollutant flue gas cleaning system.

PubMed

Krzyzynska, Renata; Hutson, Nick D

2012-06-01

In this study, removing sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NO(x)), and mercury (Hg) from simulated flue gas was investigated in two laboratory-sized bubbling reactors that simulated an oxidizing reactor (where the NO and Hg(0) oxidation reactions are expected to occur) and a wet limestone scrubber, respectively. A sodium chlorite solution was used as the oxidizing agent. The sodium chlorite solution was an effective additive that enhanced the NO(x), Hg, and SO2 capture from the flue gas. Furthermore, it was discovered that the location of the sodium chlorite application (before, in, or after the wet scrubber) greatly influences which pollutants are removed and the amount removed. This effect is related to the chemical conditions (pH, absence/presence of particular gases) that are present at different positions throughout the flue gas cleaning system profile. The research results indicated that there is a potential to achieve nearly zero SO2, NO(x), and Hg emissions (complete SO2, NO, and Hg removals and -90% of NO(x) absorption from initial values of 1500 ppmv of SO2, 200 ppmv of NO(x), and 206 microg/m3 of Hg(0)) from the flue gas when sodium chlorite was applied before the wet limestone scrubber. However applying the oxidizer after the wet limestone scrubber was the most effective configuration for Hg and NO(x) control for extremely low chlorite concentrations (below 0.002 M) and therefore appears to be the best configuration for Hg control or as an additional step in NO(x) recleaning (after other NO(x) control facilities). The multipollutant scrubber, into which the chlorite was injected simultaneously with the calcium carbonate slurry, appeared to be the least expensive solution (when consider only capital cost), but exhibited the lowest NO(x) absorption at -50%. The bench-scale test results presented can be used to develop performance predictions for a full- or pilot-scale multipollutant flue gas cleaning system equipped with wet flue gas desulfurization scrubber.

40 CFR 63.9920 - What are my continuous monitoring requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... scrubber subject to the operating limits for pressure drop and scrubber water flow rates in § 63.9890(b), you must at all times monitor the hourly average pressure drop and liquid flow rate using a CPMS...

40 CFR 63.9920 - What are my continuous monitoring requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... scrubber subject to the operating limits for pressure drop and scrubber water flow rates in § 63.9890(b), you must at all times monitor the hourly average pressure drop and liquid flow rate using a CPMS...

40 CFR 63.9920 - What are my continuous monitoring requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... scrubber subject to the operating limits for pressure drop and scrubber water flow rates in § 63.9890(b), you must at all times monitor the hourly average pressure drop and liquid flow rate using a CPMS...

EVALUATION OF FOUR NOVEL FINE PARTICULATE COLLECTION DEVICES

EPA Science Inventory

The report gives results of an experimental performance evaluation of four novel fine particulate control devices: the Johns-Manville Cleanable High-Efficiency Air Filtration (CHEAF) System, the APS Electrostatic Scrubber, the APS Electrotube, and the TRW Charged Droplet Scrubber...

40 CFR 63.9890 - What emission limitations must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... each emission limit in Table 1 to this subpart that applies to you. (b) For each wet scrubber applied... average pressure drop and scrubber liquid flow rate at or above the minimum level established during the...

Fine Particle Scrubbing: A Proceedings

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 1974

1974-01-01

These articles deal with the proceedings of a 1974 symposium on the use of wet scrubbers for the control of fine particle air pollutants. Various wet scrubbers, their engineering, performance, efficiency, and future are discussed. Tables, formulas, and models are included. (TK)

40 CFR 63.9890 - What emission limitations must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... each emission limit in Table 1 to this subpart that applies to you. (b) For each wet scrubber applied... average pressure drop and scrubber liquid flow rate at or above the minimum level established during the...

Modification of the ECAS reference steam power generating plant to comply with the EPA 1979 new source performance standards

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fogelson, S. A.; Chait, I. L.; Bradley, W. J.; Benson, W.

1980-01-01

Detailed capital cost estimates for the ECAS and modified reference plants in mid-1978 dollars for both 250 and 175 F (394 and 353 K) stack gas reheat temperatures based on the cost estimates developed for the ECAS study are presented. The scope of the work included technical assessment of sulfur dioxide scrubber system design, on site calcination versus purchased lime, reheat of stack gas, effect of sulfur dioxide scrubber on particulate emission, and control of nitrogen oxides.

40 CFR 63.9035 - How do I monitor and collect data to demonstrate continuous compliance?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... caustic scrubber or a water scrubber/absorber to meet the emission limits in Table 1 to this subpart, you... (including, as applicable, calibration checks and required zero and span adjustments), you must monitor...

40 CFR 63.9035 - How do I monitor and collect data to demonstrate continuous compliance?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... caustic scrubber or a water scrubber/absorber to meet the emission limits in Table 1 to this subpart, you... (including, as applicable, calibration checks and required zero and span adjustments), you must monitor...

40 CFR 63.9035 - How do I monitor and collect data to demonstrate continuous compliance?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... caustic scrubber or a water scrubber/absorber to meet the emission limits in Table 1 to this subpart, you... (including, as applicable, calibration checks and required zero and span adjustments), you must monitor...

SR-52 PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATOR PROGRAMS FOR VENTURI SCRUBBERS AND ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS

EPA Science Inventory

The report provides useful tools for estimating particulate removal by venturi scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators. Detailed descriptions are given for programs to predict the penetration (one minus efficiency) for each device. These programs are written specifically for th...

STATUS OF SO2 SCRUBBING TECHNOLOGIES

EPA Science Inventory

The paper presents the extent of current sulfur dioxide (SO2) scrubber applications on electricity generating units in the U.S. and abroad. The technical performance of recent SO2 scrubber installations is discussed. Recently reported technical innovations to SO2 scrubbing tech...

Use of sulfide-containing liquors for removing mercury from flue gases

DOEpatents

Nolan, Paul S.; Downs, William; Bailey, Ralph T.; Vecci, Stanley J.

2006-05-02

A method and apparatus for reducing and removing mercury in industrial gases, such as a flue gas, produced by the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, adds sulfide ions to the flue gas as it passes through a scrubber. Ideally, the source of these sulfide ions may include at least one of: sulfidic waste water, kraft caustic liquor, kraft carbonate liquor, potassium sulfide, sodium sulfide, and thioacetamide. The sulfide ion source is introduced into the scrubbing liquor as an aqueous sulfide species. The scrubber may be either a wet or dry scrubber for flue gas desulfurization systems.

Apparatus for control of mercury

DOEpatents

Downs, William; Bailey, Ralph T.

2001-01-01

A method and apparatus for reducing mercury in industrial gases such as the flue gas produced by the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal adds hydrogen sulfide to the flue gas in or just before a scrubber of the industrial process which contains the wet scrubber. The method and apparatus of the present invention is applicable to installations employing either wet or dry scrubber flue gas desulfurization systems. The present invention uses kraft green liquor as a source for hydrogen sulfide and/or the injection of mineral acids into the green liquor to release vaporous hydrogen sulfide in order to form mercury sulfide solids.

Use of sulfide-containing liquors for removing mercury from flue gases

DOEpatents

Nolan, Paul S.; Downs, William; Bailey, Ralph T.; Vecci, Stanley J.

2003-01-01

A method and apparatus for reducing and removing mercury in industrial gases, such as a flue gas, produced by the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, adds sulfide ions to the flue gas as it passes through a scrubber. Ideally, the source of these sulfide ions may include at least one of: sulfidic waste water, kraft caustic liquor, kraft carbonate liquor, potassium sulfide, sodium sulfide, and thioacetamide. The sulfide ion source is introduced into the scrubbing liquor as an aqueous sulfide species. The scrubber may be either a wet or dry scrubber for flue gas desulfurization systems.

Biotreatment of ammonia- and butanal-containing waste gases.

PubMed

Weckhuysen, B; Vriens, L; Verachtert, H

1994-10-01

The biological removal of ammonia and butanal in contaminated air was investigated by using, respectively, a laboratory-scale filter and a scrubber-filter combination. It was shown that ammonia can be removed with an elimination efficiency of 83% at a volumetric load of 100 m3.m-2.h-1 with 4-16 ppm of ammonia. During the experiment percolates were analysed for nitrate, nitrite, ammonium and pH. It was found that the nitrification in the biofilter could deteriorate due to an inhibition of Nitrobacter species, when the free ammonia concentration was rising in the percolate. It should be easy to control such inhibition through periodic analysis of the liquid phase by using a filter-scrubber combination. Such a combination was studied for butanal removal. Butanal was removed with an elimination efficiency of 80% by a scrubber-filter combination at a volumetric load of 100 m3.m-2.h-1 and a high butanal input concentration. Mixing the filter material with CaCO3 and pH control of the liquid in the scrubber resulted in an increase of the elimination efficiency. These results, combined with previous results on the biofiltration of butanal and butyric acid, allow us to discuss the influence of odour compounds on the removal efficiency of such systems and methods for control. The results were used to construct a full-size system, which is described.

GAS-ATOMIZED SPRAY SCRUBBER EVALUATION

EPA Science Inventory

The report gives results of fine particle collection efficiency measurements of a gas-atomized spray scrubber, cleaning effluent gas from a No. 7 gray iron cupola. Tests were made at several levels of pressure drop and liquid/gas ratio. Particle size measurements on inlet and out...

60. Historic plan of Building 202 exhaust scrubber, June 18, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

60. Historic plan of Building 202 exhaust scrubber, June 18, 1955. NASA GRC drawing no. CD-101261. (On file at NASA Glenn Research Center). - Rocket Engine Testing Facility, GRC Building No. 202, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH

40 CFR 265.347 - Monitoring and inspections.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... minutes. Appropriate corrections to maintain steady state combustion conditions must be made immediately... would normally include those measuring waste feed, auxiliary fuel feed, air flow, in-ciner-a-tor temperature, scrubber flow, scrubber pH, and relevant level -controls. (b) The complete incinerator and...

Atomization of liquids in a Pease-Anthony Venturi scrubber. Part II. Droplet dispersion.

PubMed

Gonçalves, J A S; Costa, M A M; Aguiar, M L; Coury, J R

2004-12-10

Droplet distribution is of fundamental importance to the performance of a Venturi scrubber. Ensuring good liquid distribution can increase performance at minimal liquid usage. In this study, droplet dispersion in a rectangular Pease-Anthony Venturi scrubber, operating horizontally, was examined both theoretically and experimentally. The Venturi throat cross-section was 24 mm x 35 mm, and the throat length varied from 63 to 140 mm. Liquid was injected through a single orifice (1.0 mm diameter) on the throat wall. This arrangement allowed the study of the influence of jet penetration on droplet distribution. Gas velocity at the throat was 58.3 and 74.6 m/s, and the liquid flow rate was 286, 559 and 853 ml/min. A probe with a 2.7 mm internal diameter was used to isokinetically remove liquid from several positions inside the equipment. It was possible to study liquid distribution close to the injection point. A new model for droplet dispersion, which incorporates the new description of the jet atomization process developed by the present authors in the first article of this series, is proposed and evaluated. The model predicted well the experimental data.

COMPUTERIZED SHAWNEE LIME/LIMESTONE SCRUBBING MODEL USERS MANUAL

EPA Science Inventory

The manual gives a general description of a computerized model for estimating design and cost of lime or limestone scrubber systems for flue gas desulfurization (FGD). It supplements PB80-123037 by extending the number of scrubber options which can be evaluated. It includes spray...

40 CFR Table 5 to Subpart Jjjjj of... - Continuous Compliance With Emission Limits and Operating Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... system, or other system; recording all monitor or sensor output, and if lime is found not to be free... chemicals are added to the scrubber water, collecting the scrubber chemical feed rate data according to § 63...

24. Historic view of Building 202 scrubber stack, August 1957. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

24. Historic view of Building 202 scrubber stack, August 1957. On file at NASA Plumbrook Research Center, Sandusky, Ohio. NASA GRC photo number C-952D-1956. - Rocket Engine Testing Facility, GRC Building No. 202, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH

27. Historic view of Building 202 exhaust scrubber stack, July ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

27. Historic view of Building 202 exhaust scrubber stack, July 31, 1957. On file at NASA Plumbrook Research Center, Sandusky, Ohio. NASA GRC photo number C-45650. - Rocket Engine Testing Facility, GRC Building No. 202, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH

SO2 SCRUBBING TECHNOLOGIES: A REVIEW

EPA Science Inventory

Electricity generating units may use sulfur dioxide (SO2) scrubbers to meet the requirements of Phase II of the Acid Rain S02 Reduction Program. Additionally, the use of scrubbers can result in reduction of mercury emissions. It is timely, therefore, to review the commercially av...

Hypergolic Propellant Destruction Evaluation Cost Benefit Analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kessel, Kurt

2010-01-01

At space vehicle launch sites such as Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB), Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) and Kennedy Space Center (KSC), toxic vapors and hazardous liquid wastes result from the handling of commodities (hypergolic fuels and oxidizers), most notably from transfer operations where fuel and oxidizer are transferred from bulk storage tanks or transfer tankers to space launch vehicles. During commodity transfer at CCAFS and KSC, wet chemical scrubbers (typically containing four scrubbing towers) are used to neutralize fuel saturated vapors from vent systems on tanks and tanker trailers. For fuel vapors, a citric acid solution is used to scrub out most of the hydrazine. Operation of both the hypergolic fuel and oxidizer vapor scrubbers generates waste scrubber liquor. Currently, scrubber liquor from the fuel vapor scrubber is considered non-hazardous. The scrubber liquor is defined as spent citric acid scrubber solution; the solution contains complexed hydrazine I methylhydrazine and is used to neutralize nonspecification hypergolic fuel generated by CCAFS and KSC. This project is a collaborative effort between Air Force Space Command (AFSPC), Space and Missile Center (SMC), the CCAFS, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to evaluate microwave destruction technology for the treatment of non-specification hypergolic fuel generated at CCAFS and KSC. The project will capitalize on knowledge gained from microwave treatment work being accomplished by AFSPC and SMC at V AFB. This report focuses on the costs associated with the current non-specification hypergolic fuel neutralization process (Section 2.0) as well as the estimated costs of operating a mobile microwave unit to treat non-specification hypergolic fuel (Section 3.0), and compares the costs for each (Section 4.0).The purpose of this document is to assess the costs associated with waste hypergolic fuel. This document will report the costs associated with the current fuel neutralization process and also examine the costs of an alternative technology, microwave destruction of waste hypergolic fuel. The microwave destruction system is being designed as a mobile unit to treat non-specification hypergolic fuel at CCAFS and KSC.

KSC00pp0511

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-04-07

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- Clyde Parrish, a NASA/KSC engineer, explains how the fertilizer scrubber control panel (center) works to turn nitrogen tetroxide vapor into fertilizer, potassium hydroxide. Parrish developed the system, which uses a "scrubber," to capture nitrogen tetroxide vapor that develops as a by-product when it is transferred from ground storage tanks into the Shuttle storage tanks. Nitrogen tetroxide is used as the oxidizer for the hypergolic propellant in the Shuttle's on-orbit reaction control system. The scrubber then uses hydrogen peroxide to produce nitric acid, which, after adding potassium hydroxide, converts to potassium nitrate. The resulting fertilizer will be used on the orange groves that KSC leases to outside companies

KSC-00pp0511

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-04-07

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- Clyde Parrish, a NASA/KSC engineer, explains how the fertilizer scrubber control panel (center) works to turn nitrogen tetroxide vapor into fertilizer, potassium hydroxide. Parrish developed the system, which uses a "scrubber," to capture nitrogen tetroxide vapor that develops as a by-product when it is transferred from ground storage tanks into the Shuttle storage tanks. Nitrogen tetroxide is used as the oxidizer for the hypergolic propellant in the Shuttle's on-orbit reaction control system. The scrubber then uses hydrogen peroxide to produce nitric acid, which, after adding potassium hydroxide, converts to potassium nitrate. The resulting fertilizer will be used on the orange groves that KSC leases to outside companies

40 CFR Appendix A to Part 72 - Methodology for Annualization of Emissions Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... expressed in pounds of SO2 per million British Thermal Unit of heat input (lb/mmBtu) and expressed on an...) than annually. Because of the variability of sulfur in coal and, in some cases, scrubber performance... Not specified 0.93 0.89 At all times 0.93 0.89 Coal unit: No Federal limit or limit unknown 1.00 1.00 ...

40 CFR 63.9020 - What performance tests and other procedures must I use?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Hydrochloric Acid Production...) If you use a caustic scrubber control device or a water scrubber control device, the design...

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON ELECTROSTATIC SCRUBBER TESTS AT A COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT

EPA Science Inventory

The report gives results of tests of a 1700 cu m/hr University of Washington Electrostatic Spray Scrubber pilot plant on a coal-fired boiler to demonstrate its effectiveness for controlling fine particle emissions. The multiple-pass, portable pilot plant combines oppositely charg...

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON ELECTROSTATIC SCRUBBER TESTS AT A STEEL PLANT

EPA Science Inventory

The report gives results of a demonstration of the effectiveness of a 1700 cu m/hr (1000 acfm) University of Washington (UW) Electrostatic Spray Scrubber in controlling fine particle emissions from an electric-arc steel furnace. The two-stage portable pilot plant operates by comb...

40 CFR 60.2115 - What if I do not use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, activated carbon injection, selective...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., fabric filter, activated carbon injection, selective noncatalytic reduction, an electrostatic... filter, activated carbon injection, selective noncatalytic reduction, an electrostatic precipitator, or a... than a wet scrubber, activated carbon injection, selective noncatalytic reduction, fabric filter, an...

28. Historic view of Building 202 exhaust scrubber stack, detail, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

28. Historic view of Building 202 exhaust scrubber stack, detail, July 31, 1957. On file at NASA Plumbrook Research Center, Sandusky, Ohio. NASA GRC photo number C-45648. - Rocket Engine Testing Facility, GRC Building No. 202, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH

40 CFR 467.02 - General definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... includes air pollution control scrubbers which are sometimes used to control fumes from chemical solution... cool. (s) Wet scrubbers are air pollution control devices used to remove particulates and fumes from... every plant in a subcategory, but when present is an integral part of the aluminum forming process. (c...

40 CFR 467.02 - General definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... includes air pollution control scrubbers which are sometimes used to control fumes from chemical solution... cool. (s) Wet scrubbers are air pollution control devices used to remove particulates and fumes from... every plant in a subcategory, but when present is an integral part of the aluminum forming process. (c...

40 CFR 467.02 - General definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... includes air pollution control scrubbers which are sometimes used to control fumes from chemical solution... cool. (s) Wet scrubbers are air pollution control devices used to remove particulates and fumes from... every plant in a subcategory, but when present is an integral part of the aluminum forming process. (c...

The Stabilization Game

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Environmental Science and Technology, 1975

1975-01-01

Discussed in this article are the various processes (Poz-O-Tec, Calcilox, R-C, Chemfix) now in use by several companies to process scrubber sludge so that it can go to making aggregate, to landfills, or to other uses, depending upon economic conditions in the vicinity of an SOx scrubber. (BT)

Velocity profile development for a poultry facility acid scrubber

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Determination of the air velocity profile for 12 experimental configurations (ECs) of an acid scrubber was carried out using an equal area traverse method with a vane axial anemometer. Four velocity profile plots were created for each configuration to determine the four optimal ECs. ECs were selecte...

40 CFR 63.365 - Test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... intervals throughout the test cycle, taking the first reading within 15 seconds after time zero. Time zero... device. (e) Determination of baseline parameters for acid-water scrubbers. The procedures in this... acid-water scrubbers and to monitor the parameters as established in § 63.364(b). (1) Ethylene glycol...

40 CFR 60.258 - Reporting and recordkeeping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... thereafter, the owner or operator shall record the measurements of the scrubber pressure loss, water supply... occurrences when the measurements of the scrubber pressure loss, water supply flow rate, or pH of the wet... stabilizer or water purchased for use in the coal preparation and processing plant. (5) Monthly certification...

TI-59 PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATOR PROGRAMS FOR IN-STACK OPACITY, VENTURI SCRUBBERS, AND ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS

EPA Science Inventory

The report explains the basic concepts of in-stack opacity as measured by in-stack opacity monitors. Also included are calculator programs that model the performance of venturi scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators. The effect of particulate control devices on in-stack opacit...

PREVENTION OF ELEMENTAL MERCURY REEMISSIONS FROM ILLINOIS COAL WET SCRUBBERS

EPA Science Inventory

This research conducted pilot plant tests to investigate techniques for controlling and reducing Hg⁰ re-emissions. A pilot-scale (0.01MW) wet scrubber was designed to simulate the wet limestone flue gas desulfurization system. Hg⁰ re-emissions, manifested by...

FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION: THE STATE OF THE ART

EPA Science Inventory

Coal-fired electricity-generating plants may use SO2 scrubbers to meet the requirements of Phase II of the Acid Rain SO2 Reduction Program. Additionally, the use of scrubbers can result in reduction of Hg and other emissions from combustion sources. It is timely, therefore, to ex...

High diversity within the periphyton community of an algal turf scrubber on the Susquehanna River

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Algal turf scrubber systems have been evaluated for their ability to remove dissolved nutrients from a variety of natural waters and agricultural wastewaters. Although these systems have been well characterized with respect to productivity and nutrient removal, very little is known about the commun...

A hybrid plasma-chemical system for high-NOx flue gas treatment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chmielewski, Andrzej G.; Zwolińska, Ewa; Licki, Janusz; Sun, Yongxia; Zimek, Zbigniew; Bułka, Sylwester

2018-03-01

The reduction of high concentrations of NOx and SO2 from simulated flue gas has been studied. Our aim was to optimise energy consumption for NOx and SO2 removal from off-gases from a diesel generator using heavy fuel oil. A hybrid process: electron beam (EB) plasma and wet scrubber has been applied. A much higher efficiency of NOx and SO2 removal was achieved in comparison to dry, ammonia free, electron beam flue gas treatment (EBFGT). A recorded removal from a concentration of 1500 ppm NOx reached 49% at a low dose of 6.5 kGy, while only 2% NOx was removed at the same dose if EB only was applied. For SO2, removal efficiency at a dose of 6.5 kGy increased from 15% (EB only) to 84% when sea water was used as a wet scrubber agent for 700 ppm SO2. The results of this study indicate that EB combined with wet scrubber is a very promising technology to be applied for removal of high concentrations of NOx and SO2 emitted from diesel engines operated e.g. on cargo ships, which are the main sources of SO2 and NOx pollution along their navigation routes.

A KSC engineer describes the new fertilizer-producing facility near Launch Pad 39A

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

Clyde Parrish, a NASA/KSC engineer, explains how the fertilizer scrubber control panel (center) works to turn nitrogen tetroxide vapor into fertilizer, potassium hydroxide. Parrish developed the system, which uses a 'scrubber,' to capture nitrogen tetroxide vapor that develops as a by-product when it is transferred from ground storage tanks into the Shuttle storage tanks. Nitrogen tetroxide is used as the oxidizer for the hypergolic propellant in the Shuttle's on-orbit reaction control system. The scrubber then uses hydrogen peroxide to produce nitric acid, which, after adding potassium hydroxide, converts to potassium nitrate. The resulting fertilizer will be used on the orange groves that KSC leases to outside companies.

Detection and treatment of chemical weapons and/or biological pathogens

DOEpatents

Mariella Jr., Raymond P.

2004-09-07

A system for detection and treatment of chemical weapons and/or biological pathogens uses a detector system, an electrostatic precipitator or scrubber, a circulation system, and a control. The precipitator or scrubber is activated in response to a signal from the detector upon the detection of chemical weapons and/or biological pathogens.

IDENTIFICATION AND RESPONSES TO POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF SCR AND WET SCRUBBERS ON SUBMICRON PARTICULATE EMISSIONS AND PLUME CHARACTERISTICS

EPA Science Inventory

Applications of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems and wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubbers on coal-fired boilers have led to substantial reductions in emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOX) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). However, observations of pilot- and full-scale tes...

40 CFR 60.258 - Reporting and recordkeeping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... occurrences when the measurements of the scrubber pressure loss, water supply flow rate, or pH of the wet... stabilizer or water purchased for use in the coal preparation and processing plant. (5) Monthly certification... plan, if any, shall be noted. (9) During a performance test of a wet scrubber, and each operating day...

40 CFR 60.258 - Reporting and recordkeeping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... occurrences when the measurements of the scrubber pressure loss, water supply flow rate, or pH of the wet... stabilizer or water purchased for use in the coal preparation and processing plant. (5) Monthly certification... plan, if any, shall be noted. (9) During a performance test of a wet scrubber, and each operating day...

40 CFR 60.258 - Reporting and recordkeeping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... occurrences when the measurements of the scrubber pressure loss, water supply flow rate, or pH of the wet... stabilizer or water purchased for use in the coal preparation and processing plant. (5) Monthly certification... plan, if any, shall be noted. (9) During a performance test of a wet scrubber, and each operating day...

40 CFR 60.258 - Reporting and recordkeeping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... occurrences when the measurements of the scrubber pressure loss, water supply flow rate, or pH of the wet... stabilizer or water purchased for use in the coal preparation and processing plant. (5) Monthly certification... plan, if any, shall be noted. (9) During a performance test of a wet scrubber, and each operating day...

Laboratory evaluation of electrostatic spray wet scrubber to control particulate matter emissions from poultry facilities

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Particulate matter (PM) is a major air pollutant emitted from animal production and has significant impacts on health and the environment. Abatement of PM emissions is imperative and effective PM control technologies are strongly needed. In this work, an electrostatic spray wet scrubber (ESWS) techn...

40 CFR 60.2115 - What if I do not use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, activated carbon injection, selective...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., fabric filter, activated carbon injection, selective noncatalytic reduction, or an electrostatic... Limitations and Operating Limits § 60.2115 What if I do not use a wet scrubber, fabric filter, activated... carbon injection, selective noncatalytic reduction, fabric filter, or an electrostatic precipitator or...

Exhaust Gas Scrubber Washwater Effluent

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-11-01

the washwater discharge and what are their concentrations or values?  How are these pollutants dissipated into the environment when the ship is...40  Exhaust Gas Scrubber Washwater Effluent Contents ii LIST OF TABLES Page 1 PAH Discharge Concentration Limit by...Flow Rate ..........................................................11  2 Concentrations of Metals in the Washwater Discharge from the Zaandam

75 FR 18757 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Indiana; Alternate Monitoring...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-13

... Station Unit 7. The scrubber adds moisture to the exhaust gas, which condenses as the gas stream cools. According to Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM), the condensation causes unreliable... impairment caused by particulate and light impairment caused by moisture. The scrubber also removes some PM...

AMERICAN AIR FILTER KINPACTOR 10 X 56 VENTURI SCRUBBER EVALUATION

EPA Science Inventory

The report gives results of an evaluation of an American Air Filter Kinpactor 10 x 56 venturi scrubber, operating on emissions from a large borax fusing furnace. Average total efficiency was 97.5% during the test period. The venturi was operated at a pressure drop of 110 cm W. C....

76 FR 9449 - National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Gold Mine Ore Processing and Production...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-17

... chemistry, scrubber pressure drop, and scrubber inlet gas temperature hourly. The final rule does not... pressure) and inlet gas temperature to be based on the minimum flow rate (or line pressure) or maximum inlet gas temperature established during the initial performance test. It also includes two additional...

40 CFR Table 7 to Subpart Jjjjjj... - Demonstrating Continuous Compliance

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... § 63.11211. 4. Dry Scrubber Sorbent or Activated Carbon Injection Rate a. Collecting the sorbent or activated carbon injection rate monitoring system data for the dry scrubber according to §§ 63.11224 and 63... average sorbent or activated carbon injection rate at or above the minimum sorbent or activated carbon...

40 CFR Table 7 to Subpart Jjjjjj... - Demonstrating Continuous Compliance

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... § 63.11211. 4. Dry Scrubber Sorbent or Activated Carbon Injection Rate a. Collecting the sorbent or activated carbon injection rate monitoring system data for the dry scrubber according to §§ 63.11224 and 63... average sorbent or activated carbon injection rate at or above the minimum sorbent or activated carbon...

Physical-mathematical model of condensation process of the sub-micron dust capture in sprayer scrubber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shilyaev, M. I.; Khromova, E. M.; Grigoriev, A. V.; Tumashova, A. V.

2011-09-01

A physical-mathematical model of the heat and mass exchange process and condensation capture of sub-micron dust particles on the droplets of dispersed liquid in a sprayer scrubber is proposed and analysed. A satisfactory agreement of computed results and experimental data on soot capturing from the cracking gases is obtained.

THE FATE OF TRACE METALS IN A ROTARY KILN INCINERATOR WITH A VENTURI/PACKED COLUMN SCRUBBER - VOLUME II: APPENDICES

EPA Science Inventory

A 5-week series of pilot-scale incineration tests, employing a synthetic waste feed, was performed at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Incineration Research Facility to evaluate the fate of trace metals fed to a rotary kiln incinerator equipped with a venturi scrubber/p...

FATE OF TRACE METALS IN A ROTARY KILN INCINERATOR WITH A SINGLE-STAGE IONIZING WET SCRUBBER. VOLUME 1. TECHNICAL RESULTS.

EPA Science Inventory

A series of pilot-scale incineration tests was performed at EPA's Incineration Research Facility (IRF) in Jefferson, Arkansas, to evaluate the fate of trace metals fed to a rotary kiln incinerator equipped with an ionizing wet scrubber (IWS) for particulate and acid gas control. ...

40 CFR Table 24 to Subpart Uuu of... - Continuous Monitoring Systems for Inorganic HAP Emissions From Catalytic Reforming Units

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... scrubbing liquid) flow rate entering the scrubber during coke burn-off and catalyst rejuvenation; and... during coke burn-off and catalyst rejuvenation 1; and continuous parameter monitoring system to measure and record the pH or alkalinity of the water (or scrubbing liquid) exiting the scrubber during coke...

40 CFR Table 24 to Subpart Uuu of... - Continuous Monitoring Systems for Inorganic HAP Emissions From Catalytic Reforming Units

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... scrubbing liquid) flow rate entering the scrubber during coke burn-off and catalyst rejuvenation; and... during coke burn-off and catalyst rejuvenation 1; and continuous parameter monitoring system to measure and record the pH or alkalinity of the water (or scrubbing liquid) exiting the scrubber during coke...

40 CFR Table 24 to Subpart Uuu of... - Continuous Monitoring Systems for Inorganic HAP Emissions From Catalytic Reforming Units

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... scrubbing liquid) flow rate entering the scrubber during coke burn-off and catalyst rejuvenation; and... during coke burn-off and catalyst rejuvenation 1; and continuous parameter monitoring system to measure and record the pH or alkalinity of the water (or scrubbing liquid) exiting the scrubber during coke...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Kkkkk of... - Operating Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... stack. 2. Kiln equipped with a DIFF or DLS/FF a. If you use a bag leak detection system, initiate corrective action within 1 hour of a bag leak detection system alarm and complete corrective actions in... to the scrubber water, maintain the average scrubber chemical feed rate for each 3-hour block period...

40 CFR Table 7 to Subpart Jjjjjj... - Demonstrating Continuous Compliance

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... § 63.1140. 4. Dry scrubber sorbent or carbon injection rate a. Collecting the sorbent or carbon injection rate monitoring system data for the dry scrubber according to §§ 63.11224 and 63.11220; and b... injection rate at or above the minimum sorbent or carbon injection rate as defined in § 63.11237. 5...

40 CFR Table 7 to Subpart Jjjjjj... - Demonstrating Continuous Compliance

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... § 63.1140. 4. Dry scrubber sorbent or carbon injection rate a. Collecting the sorbent or carbon injection rate monitoring system data for the dry scrubber according to §§ 63.11224 and 63.11220; and b... injection rate at or above the minimum sorbent or carbon injection rate as defined in § 63.11237. 5...

THE FATE OF TRACE METALS IN A ROTARY KILN INCINERATOR WITH A SINGLE-STAGE IONIZING WET SCRUBBER - VOLUME II: APPENDICES

EPA Science Inventory

A series of pilot-scale incineration tests was performed at EPA's Incineration Research Facility (IRF) in Jefferson, Arkansas, to evaluate the fate of trace metals fed to a rotary kiln incinerator equipped with an ionizing wet scrubber (IWS) for particulate and acid gas control. ...

Evaluation of a Zirconium Recycle Scrubber System

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Spencer, Barry B.; Bruffey, Stephanie H.

2017-04-01

A hot-cell demonstration of the zirconium recycle process is planned as part of the Materials Recovery and Waste Forms Development (MRWFD) campaign. The process treats Zircaloy® cladding recovered from used nuclear fuel with chlorine gas to recover the zirconium as volatile ZrCl4. This releases radioactive tritium trapped in the alloy, converting it to volatile tritium chloride (TCl). To meet regulatory requirements governing radioactive emissions from nuclear fuel treatment operations, the capture and retention of a portion of this TCl may be required prior to discharge of the off-gas stream to the environment. In addition to demonstrating tritium removal from amore » synthetic zirconium recycle off-gas stream, the recovery and quantification of tritium may refine estimates of the amount of tritium present in the Zircaloy cladding of used nuclear fuel. To support these objectives, a bubbler-type scrubber was fabricated to remove the TCl from the zirconium recycle off-gas stream. The scrubber was fabricated from glass and polymer components that are resistant to chlorine and hydrochloric acid solutions. Because of concerns that the scrubber efficiency is not quantitative, tests were performed using DCl as a stand-in to experimentally measure the scrubbing efficiency of this unit. Scrubbing efficiency was ~108% ± 3% with water as the scrubber solution. Variations were noted when 1 M NaOH scrub solution was used, values ranged from 64% to 130%. The reason for the variations is not known. It is recommended that the equipment be operated with water as the scrubbing solution. Scrubbing efficiency is estimated at 100%.« less

Emission control system for nitrogen oxides using enhanced oxidation, scrubbing, and biofiltration

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Martinez, A.; Cabezas, J.

2009-05-15

Nitric oxide (NO) constitutes about 90% of the nitrogen oxide (NOx) species in the flue gases emitted from combustion processes, but NO is difficult to remove in existing scrubbers due to its low solubility. NO may be oxidized with hydrogen peroxide (H{sub 2}O{sub 2}) into soluble species that can be partially removed in wet scrubbers simultaneously with sulfur dioxide (SO{sub 2}) and biofilters located downstream of the scrubber can increase the removal efficiency. This article presents the results of a bench-scale evaluation of such an integrated system combining enhanced oxidation, scrubbing, and biofiltration. Main components of the bench-scale system consistedmore » of a quartz tube in a furnace to simulate the NO oxidation stage and two vertical packed bed cylinders constituting the scrubber and the biofilter. Inlet synthetic gas had a concentration of 50 mu L/L of NO. Overall removal efficiency by the integrated system was in the range of 53% to 93% with an average of 79%, absorption accounted for 43% and biofiltration for 36% of the total removal. Key parameters in the operation of the system are the H{sub 2}O{sub 2}:NO mole ratio, the reaction temperature, the liquid to gas flow ratio, and the biofilter residence time. Experimental results suggest a path for optimization of the technology focusing simultaneously in minimizing H{sub 2}O{sub 2} use in the enhanced oxidation stage, reducing water consumption in the scrubber stage and balancing the residence times in the three stages of the integrated system.« less

Strategies for emission reduction of air pollutants produced from a chemical plant.

PubMed

Lee, Byeong-Kyu; Cho, Sung-Woong

2003-01-01

Various air pollution control (APC) techniques were employed in order to reduce emissions of air pollutants produced from chemical plants, which have many different chemical production facilities. For an emission reduction of acid gases, this study employed a method to improve solubility of pollutants by decreasing the operating temperature of the scrubbers, increasing the surface area for effective contact of gas and liquid, and modifying processes in the acid scrubbers. To reduce emission of both amines and acid gases, pollutant gas components were first separated, then condensation and/or acid scrubbing, depending on the chemical and physical properties of pollutant components, were used. To reduce emission of solvents, condensation and activated carbon adsorption were employed. To reduce emission of a mixture gases containing acid gases and solvents, the mixed gases were passed into the first condenser, the acid scrubber, the second condenser, and the activated carbon adsorption tower in sequence. As a strategy to reduce emission of pollutants at the source, this study also employed the simple pollution prevention concept of modification of the previously operating APC control device. Finally, air emissions of pollutants produced from the chemical plants were much more reduced by applying proper APC methods, depending upon the types (physical or chemical properties) and the specific emission situations of pollutants.

40 CFR 63.1446 - What alternative emission limitation may I meet for my combined gas streams?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... than a baghouse or venturi wet scrubber applied to meet any total particulate matter emission limit in... than 5 percent of the total operating time in any semiannual reporting period. (d) For each venturi wet scrubber applied to meet any total particulate matter emission limit in paragraph (b) of this section, you...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Aaaaa of... - Emission Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... emission limit 1. Existing lime kilns and their associated lime coolers that did not have a wet scrubber... feed (lb/tsf). 2. Existing lime kilns and their associated lime coolers that have a wet scrubber, where... 0.60 lb/tsf. If at any time after January 5, 2004 the kiln changes to a dry control system, then the...

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Aaaaa of... - Emission Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... emission limit 1. Existing lime kilns and their associated lime coolers that did not have a wet scrubber... feed (lb/tsf). 2. Existing lime kilns and their associated lime coolers that have a wet scrubber, where... 0.60 lb/tsf. If at any time after January 5, 2004 the kiln changes to a dry control system, then the...

40 CFR 420.92 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... wastewaters. 2 Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0. (5) Fume scrubbers. Subpart I Pollutant or pollutant property... fume scrubber associated with a sulfuric acid pickling operation. (b) Hydrochloric acid pickling (spent... pickling wastewaters are treated with cold rolling wastewaters. 2 Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0. (4) Fume...

40 CFR 420.92 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... wastewaters. 2 Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0. (5) Fume scrubbers. Subpart I Pollutant or pollutant property... fume scrubber associated with a sulfuric acid pickling operation. (b) Hydrochloric acid pickling (spent... pickling wastewaters are treated with cold rolling wastewaters. 2 Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0. (4) Fume...

40 CFR 420.92 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... wastewaters. 2 Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0. (5) Fume scrubbers. Subpart I Pollutant or pollutant property... fume scrubber associated with a sulfuric acid pickling operation. (b) Hydrochloric acid pickling (spent... pickling wastewaters are treated with cold rolling wastewaters. 2 Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0. (4) Fume...

40 CFR 420.92 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... wastewaters. 2 Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0. (5) Fume scrubbers. Subpart I Pollutant or pollutant property... fume scrubber associated with a sulfuric acid pickling operation. (b) Hydrochloric acid pickling (spent... pickling wastewaters are treated with cold rolling wastewaters. 2 Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0. (4) Fume...

40 CFR 420.92 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... wastewaters. 2 Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0. (5) Fume scrubbers. Subpart I Pollutant or pollutant property... fume scrubber associated with a sulfuric acid pickling operation. (b) Hydrochloric acid pickling (spent... pickling wastewaters are treated with cold rolling wastewaters. 2 Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0. (4) Fume...

40 CFR 60.2944 - What operating parameter monitoring equipment must I install, and what operating parameters must...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... using a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations under § 60.2915, you must install... must include the date, time, and duration of the use of the bypass stack. (c) If you are using a method or air pollution control device other than a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations...

Mercury removal in utility wet scrubber using a chelating agent

DOEpatents

Amrhein, Gerald T.

2001-01-01

A method for capturing and reducing the mercury content of an industrial flue gas such as that produced in the combustion of a fossil fuel or solid waste adds a chelating agent, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or other similar compounds like HEDTA, DTPA and/or NTA, to the flue gas being scrubbed in a wet scrubber used in the industrial process. The chelating agent prevents the reduction of oxidized mercury to elemental mercury, thereby increasing the mercury removal efficiency of the wet scrubber. Exemplary tests on inlet and outlet mercury concentration in an industrial flue gas were performed without and with EDTA addition. Without EDTA, mercury removal totaled 42%. With EDTA, mercury removal increased to 71%. The invention may be readily adapted to known wet scrubber systems and it specifically provides for the removal of unwanted mercury both by supplying S.sup.2- ions to convert Hg.sup.2+ ions into mercuric sulfide (HgS) and by supplying a chelating agent to sequester other ions, including but not limited to Fe.sup.2+ ions, which could otherwise induce the unwanted reduction of Hg.sup.2+ to the form, Hg.sup.0.

Removal of fly-ash and dust particulate matters from syngas produced by gasification of coal by using a multi-stage dual-flow sieve plate wet scrubber.

PubMed

Kurella, Swamy; Meikap, Bhim Charan

2016-08-23

In this work, fly-ash water scrubbing experiments were conducted in a three-stage lab-scale dual-flow sieve plate scrubber to observe the performance of scrubber in fly-ash removal at different operating conditions by varying the liquid rate, gas rate and inlet fly-ash loading. The percentage of fly-ash removal efficiency increases with increase in inlet fly-ash loading, gas flow rate and liquid flow rate, and height of the scrubber; 98.55% maximum percentage of fly-ash removal efficiency (ηFA) is achieved at 19.36 × 10(-4) Nm(3)/s gas flow rate (QG) and 48.183 × 10(-6) m(3)/s liquid flow rate (QL) at 25 × 10(-3) kg/Nm(3) inlet fly-ash loading (CFA,i). A model has also been developed for the prediction of fly-ash removal efficiency of the column using the experimental results. The predicted values calculated using the correlation matched well with the experimental results. Deviations observed between the experimental and the predicted values were less than 20%.

Characterization of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofuran emissions from joss paper burned in a furnace with air pollution control devices.

PubMed

Hu, Ming-Tsan; Chen, Shui-Jen; Huang, Kuo-Lin; Lin, Yuan-Chung; Chang-Chien, Guo-Ping; Tsai, Jen-Hsiung

2009-05-01

Burning joss paper, a common practice in temples in some Asian countries, can release toxic pollutants. This study investigated polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) emissions and profiles from burning joss paper in a temple furnace connected to two wet scrubbers. The mean total PCDD/F content and corresponding toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) in joss paper were 193 ng kg(-1) and 0.645 ng I-TEQ kg(-1), respectively, whereas those in bottom ash from burned joss paper were 18.5 ng kg(-1) and 1.92 ng I-TEQ kg(-1), respectively. The wet scrubbers decreased individual PCDD/F emissions by 26.7-71.0% and those of total PCDD/Fs and I-TEQ by 47.2% and 66.0%, respectively. The total PCDD/F TEQ emission factors before and after the wet scrubbers were 8.14 and 3.42 microg I-TEQ ton-feedstock(-1), respectively. The estimated total PCDD/F and corresponding TEQ emissions were 5.29 g year(-1) and 0.462 g I-TEQ year(-1), respectively, in Taiwan. Burning joss paper in temple furnaces is a significant source of PCDD/F emissions.

Waste Treatment And Immobilization Plant U. S. Department Of Energy Office Of River Protection Submerged Bed Scrubber Condensate Disposition Project - Abstract # 13460

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yanochko, Ronald M; Corcoran, Connie

The Hanford Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) will generate an off-gas treatment system secondary liquid waste stream [submerged bed scrubber (SBS) condensate], which is currently planned for recycle back to the WTP Low Activity Waste (LAW) melter. This SBS condensate waste stream is high in Tc-99, which is not efficiently captured in the vitrified glass matrix. A pre-conceptual engineering study was prepared in fiscal year 2012 to evaluate alternate flow paths for melter off-gas secondary liquid waste generated by the WTP LAW facility. This study evaluated alternatives for direct off-site disposal of this SBS without pre-treatment, which mitigates potentialmore » issues associated with recycling.« less

77 FR 49307 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; States of Minnesota and Michigan; Regional...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-15

... that Essar will be using is the most difficult design for NO X control. Based on the range of cost... Lines 6 and 7. The lines are controlled by wet scrubbers designed to remove PM. Since collateral SO 2... scrubbers, piping, pumps, and water tanks were not designed to operate at a higher pH so corrosion of the...

Catalytic Destruction of Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compounds

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-08-01

Figure 1. The glass reactor passed through two furnaces. Both the furnaces were Lindberg 55035 hinged tube type. The top furnace served the purpose...10. HC1 Scrubber 10 11 12 11 13 11. Thermocouples 12. Manometer Tap 13. Glass Wool Figure 1. Schematic of the Reactor were used to check the...In the case of catalyst pellets, a thin layer of glass wool was used to hold the bed in place. The chlorinated hydrocarbon feed was introduced into

Continuously Regenerable Freeze-Out CO2 Control Technology

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fricker, John; Dyer, Chris; Myers, Jeff; Patten, Rich; Paul, Heather

2007-01-01

Carbon dioxide (CO2) removal technology development for portable life support systems (PLSS) has traditionally concentrated in the areas of solid and liquid chemical sorbents and semi-permeable membranes. Most of these systems are too heavy in gravity environments, require prohibitive amounts of consumables for operation on long term planetary missions, or are inoperable on the surface of Mars due to the presence of a CO2 atmosphere. This paper describes the effort performed to mature an innovative CO2 removal technology that meets NASA s planetary mission needs while adhering to the important guiding principles of simplicity, reliability, and operability. A breadboard cryogenic carbon dioxide scrubber (Cryo Scrubber) for a closed loop cryogenic PLSS was developed, designed, and tested, and a conceptual design suitable for a PLSS was developed based on the results of the breadboard testing. The Cryo Scrubber freezes CO2 and other trace contaminants out of expired vent loop gas using cooling available from a liquid oxygen (LOX) based PLSS. The device is continuously regenerable, with solid CO2 being removed from the cold freeze-out surfaces, sublimated, and vented overboard. Duration is limited only by the supply of LOX stored in the PLSS. Simplicity, reliability, and operability are universally important criteria for critical hardware on long duration Lunar or Mars missions. The Cryo Scrubber has no moving parts, requires no additional consumables, and uses no electrical power, contributing to its simplicity and reliability. It is easy to use; no operator action is required to prepare, use, or shut down the Cryo Scrubber, and it does not require charging or regeneration. The versatility of the concept allows for operation on earth, the moon, and Mars, and in microgravity.

Municipal sludge composting facility emissions -- comparison of wet scrubber and biofiltration control performance

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Holzman, M.I.; Gammie, L.A.; Gilbert, P.E.

1997-12-31

The Metropolitan District (MDC) Water Pollution Control Plant located in Hartford, Connecticut operates a state-of-the-art composting facility to process municipal sewage sludge. An air emissions test program was performed to determine emission rates of criteria and non-criteria pollutants and to evaluate the performance of two types of emissions/odor control systems (biofiltration and wet scrubbing). The purpose of this report is to further the limited available emissions and control performance data on a municipal sewage sludge composting facility operation. The MDC`s sludge composting facility consists of a Biocell train and a Cure Cell train, each of which can currently receive approximatelymore » 20 wet tons per hour of sludge at 60% of full capacity. The minimum retention time in each train is 10.5 days. Air emissions from the Biocell train are treated by both a biofiltration system and a three-stage wet scrubber system. The biofilter and wet scrubber system operate in parallel, so as to allow direct comparison of performance. Emissions from the Cure Cell train are treated by a single biofiltration system. The wet scrubber system consists of a first stage reducing absorber (ammonia solution), followed by a second stage oxidation absorber (sodium hypochlorite and sulfuric acid), and a final residual scrubber (sodium hydroxide solution). The two biofiltration systems are identically sized at 10,000 square feet surface area and three feet depth. The emissions testing program was designed to obtain simultaneous inlet and outlet data across each control device. The measured pollutants included organo-sulfides, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, pinenes, terpenes, total reduced sulfur compounds, chlorinated hydrocarbons, sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, ammonia, carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds.« less

Intercomparison of six ambient [CH2O] measurement techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gilpin, Tim; Apel, Eric; Fried, Alan; Wert, Bryan; Calvert, Jack; Genfa, Zhang; Dasgupta, Purnendu; Harder, Jerry W.; Heikes, Brian; Hopkins, Brian; Westberg, Hal; Kleindienst, Tad; Lee, Yin-Nan; Zhou, Xianliang; Lonneman, William; Sewell, Scott

1997-09-01

From May 29 to June 3, 1995 a blind intercomparison of six ambient formaldehyde measurement techniques took place at a field site near the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado. The continuous measurement methods intercompared were tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, (TDLAS); coil/2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, (CDNPH); 1,3-cyclohexanedione-diffusion scrubber (CHDDS); and the coil enzyme method (CENZ). In addition, two different cartridge methods were compared: silica gel-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DPNH) systems and a C-18-DNPH system. The intercomparison was conducted with spiked zero air (part 1) and ambient air (part 2). The CH2O standards for part 1 were calibrated by several independent methods and delivered to participants via a common glass manifold with potential trace gas interférants common to ambient air (O3, SO2, NO2, isoprene, H2O). The TDLAS system was used to confirm the absolute accuracy of the standards and served as a mission reference for part 1. The ambient phase lasted 44 hours with all participants sampling from a common glass tower. Differences between the ambient [CH2O] observed by the TDLAS and the other continuous methods were significant in some cases. For matched ambient measurement times the average ratios (±1σ) [CH2O]measured/[CH2O]TDLAS were: 0.89±0.12 (CDNPH); 1.30±0.02 (CHDDS); 0.63±0.03 (CENZ). The methods showed similar variations but different absolute values and the divergences appeared to result largely from calibration differences (no gas phase standards were used by groups other than NCAR). When the regressions of the participant [CH2O] values versus the TDLAS values, (measured in part 1), were used to normalize all of the results to the common gas phase standards of the NCAR group, the average ratios (±1σ), [CH2O]corrected/[CH2O]TDLAS for the first measurement period were much closer to unity: 1.04±0.14 (CDNPH), 1.00±0.11 (CHDDS), and 0.82±0.08 (CENZ). With the continuous methods used here, no unequivocal interferences were seen when SO2, NO2, O3, and isoprene impurities were added to prepared mixtures or when these were present in ambient air. The measurements with the C-18 DNPH (no O3 scrubber) and silica gel DNPH cartridges (with O3 scrubber) showed a reasonable correlation with the TDLAS measurements, although the results from the silica cartridges were about a factor of two below the standards in the spike experiments and about 35% below in the ambient measurements. Using the NCAR gas-phase spike data to calibrate the response of the silica gel cartridges in the ambient studies, the results are the same within statistical uncertainty. When the same gas phase calibration was used with the C-18 cartridges, the results showed a positive bias of about 35%, presumably reflecting a positive ozone interference in this case (no ozone scrubber used). The silica DNPH cartridge results from the second participant were highly scattered and showed no significant correlation with the TDLAS measurements.

Miniature open channel scrubbers for gas collection.

PubMed

Toda, Kei; Koga, Tomoko; Tanaka, Toshinori; Ohira, Shin-Ichi; Berg, Jordan M; Dasgupta, Purnendu K

2010-10-15

An open channel scrubber is proposed as a miniature fieldable gas collector. The device is 100mm in length, 26 mm in width and 22 mm in thickness. The channel bottom is rendered hydrophilic and liquid flows as a thin layer on the bottom. Air sample flows atop the appropriately chosen flowing liquid film and analyte molecules are absorbed into the liquid. There is no membrane at the air-liquid interface: they contact directly each other. Analyte species collected over a 10 min interval are determined by fluorometric flow analysis or ion chromatography. A calculation algorithm was developed to estimate the collection efficiency a priori; experimental and simulated results agreed well. The characteristics of the open channel scrubber are discussed in this paper from both theoretical and experimental points of view. In addition to superior collection efficiencies at relatively high sample air flow rates, this geometry is particularly attractive that there is no change in collection performance due to membrane fouling. We demonstrate field use for analysis of ambient SO(2) near an active volcano. This is basic investigation of membraneless miniature scrubber and is expected to lead development of an excellent micro-gas analysis system integrated with a detector for continuous measurements. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Investigation of new hypergol scrubber technology

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Glasscock, Barbara H.

1994-01-01

The ultimate goal of this work is to minimize the liquid waste generated from the scrubbing of hypergolic vent gases. In particular, nitrogen tetroxide, a strong oxidizer used in hypergolic propellant systems, is currently scrubbed with a sodium hydroxide solution resulting in a hazardous liquid waste. This study investigated the use of a solution of potassium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide for the nitrogen textroxide vent scrubber system. The potassium nitrate formed would be potentially usable as a fertilizer. The hydrogen peroxide is added to convert the potassium nitrite that is formed into more potassium nitrate. Smallscale laboratory tests were conducted to establish the stability of hydrogen peroxide in the proposed scrubbing solution and to evaluate the effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide in converting nitrite to nitrate.

Summary Report on the Navy Emergency Escape Breathing Device

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-08-08

recirculated cas. The device produces pure oxygen (02) and uses a venturi to recirculate unused and expired gases through the purifier. A rubber...passing the recirculated air through a lithium hydroxide (LiOH) scrubber . The scrubber reduces the CO. level by forming either lithium bicarbonate (LiSCO...transparent visor and an elastromeric neck seal; a chlorate candle-based 02 generator; an air purification filter or scrubberl and a venturi arrangement to

Flue gas desulfurization/denitrification using metal-chelate additives

DOEpatents

Harkness, John B. L.; Doctor, Richard D.; Wingender, Ronald J.

1986-01-01

A method of simultaneously removing SO.sub.2 and NO from oxygen-containing flue gases resulting from the combustion of carbonaceous material by contacting the flue gas with an aqueous scrubber solution containing an aqueous sulfur dioxide sorbent and an active metal chelating agent which promotes a reaction between dissolved SO.sub.2 and dissolved NO to form hydroxylamine N-sulfonates. The hydroxylamine sulfonates are then separated from the scrubber solution which is recycled.

Sorption of cadmium and lead by clays from municipal incinerator ash- water suspensions

USGS Publications Warehouse

Roy, W.R.; Krapac, I.G.; Steele, J.D.

1993-01-01

The effect of Cl complexation in extracts of a flue gas-scrubber incinerator fly ash sample on the sorption of Cd and Pb by kaolinite and illite was investigated using batch-sorption methods. In the pH range of 5 to 9, Cl complexation may reduce sorption and thus increase the mobility of these metals. When an ash-water suspension was acidified to pH 6.85, the dissolution of Cl and Ca essentially eliminated Cd sorption because of complexation and cationic competition. Cadmium would be considered as either mobile or very mobile under these conditions. Lead was not soluble in the pH- 6.85 suspension. At pH 12, the approximate pH of water in contact with flue gas-scrubber fly ash, Cd was essentially insoluble and Pb occurred as anionic Pb hydroxide. Anionic Pb was sorbed by the two clays, and the extent of sorption was not influenced by Cl or carbonate complexation. Sorption constants, derived from isotherms, suggested that Pb would be relatively immobile in saturated soil-water systems. The recent concern that highly alkaline, flue gas-scrubber fly ash may release environmentally significant concentrations of mobile Pb when placed in an ash-disposal site with a soil liner should be reevaluated in light of this study.

Investigation of a mercury speciation technique for flue gas desulfurization materials.

PubMed

Lee, Joo-Youp; Cho, Kyungmin; Cheng, Lei; Keener, Tim C; Jegadeesan, Gautham; Al-Abed, Souhail R

2009-08-01

Most of the synthetic gypsum generated from wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubbers is currently being used for wallboard production. Because oxidized mercury is readily captured by the wet FGD scrubber, and coal-fired power plants equipped with wet scrubbers desire to benefit from the partial mercury control that these systems provide, some mercury is likely to be bound in with the FGD gypsum and wallboard. In this study, the feasibility of identifying mercury species in the FGD gypsum and wallboard samples was investigated using a large sample size thermal desorption method. Potential candidates of pure mercury standards including mercuric chloride (HgCl2), mercurous chloride (Hg2Cl2), mercury oxide (HgO), mercury sulfide (HgS), and mercuric sulfate (HgSO4) were analyzed to compare their results with those obtained from FGD gypsum and dry wallboard samples. Although any of the thermal evolutionary curves obtained from these pure mercury standards did not exactly match with those of the FGD gypsum and wallboard samples, it was identified that Hg2Cl2 and HgCl2 could be candidates. An additional chlorine analysis from the gypsum and wallboard samples indicated that the chlorine concentrations were approximately 2 orders of magnitude higher than the mercury concentrations, suggesting possible chlorine association with mercury.

Investigation of a mercury speciation technique for flue gas desulfurization materials

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lee, J.Y.; Cho K.; Cheng L.

2009-08-15

Most of the synthetic gypsum generated from wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubbers is currently being used for wallboard production. Because oxidized mercury is readily captured by the wet FGD scrubber, and coal-fired power plants equipped with wet scrubbers desire to benefit from the partial mercury control that these systems provide, some mercury is likely to be bound in with the FGD gypsum and wallboard. In this study, the feasibility of identifying mercury species in the FGD gypsum and wallboard samples was investigated using a large sample size thermal desorption method and samples from power plants in Pennsylvania. Potential candidatesmore » of pure mercury standards including mercuric chloride, mercurous chloride, mercury oxide, mercury sulfide, and mercuric sulfate were analyzed to compare their results with those obtained from FGD gypsum and dry wallboard samples. Although any of the thermal evolutionary curves obtained from these pure mercury standards did not exactly match with those of the FGD gypsum and wallboard samples, it was identified that Hg{sub 2}Cl{sub 2} and HgCl{sub 2} could be candidates. An additional chlorine analysis from the gypsum and wallboard samples indicated that the chlorine concentrations were approximately 2 orders of magnitude higher than the mercury concentrations, suggesting possible chlorine association with mercury. 21 refs., 5 figs., 3 tabs.« less

Flue gas desulfurization/denitrification using metal-chelate additives

DOEpatents

Harkness, J.B.L.; Doctor, R.D.; Wingender, R.J.

1985-08-05

A method of simultaneously removing SO/sub 2/ and NO from oxygen-containing flue gases resulting from the combustion of carbonaceous material by contacting the flue gas with an aqueous scrubber solution containing an aqueous sulfur dioxide sorbent and an active metal chelating agent which promotes a reaction between dissolved SO/sub 2/ and dissolved NO to form hydroxylamine N-sulfonates. The hydroxylamine sulfonates are then separated from the scrubber solution which is recycled. 3 figs.

Comparison of Portable Crewmember Protective Breathing Equipment (CPBE) Designs

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-04-01

lower posterior portion of the Equipment: The ground level tests were conducted in hood, as is the lithium hydroxide CO2 scrubber . the Civil Aeromedical...equipped with a medical monitoring venturi nozzle. The venturi effect causes the atmo- system was used to effect the required subject workload. sphere...inside the hood to be drawn across the CO2 Two Perkin-Elmer medical gas analyzers were used to scrubber , which emits its effluent back into the

Technical Requirements for On-Site Thermal Desorption of Solid Media Contaminated with Hazardous Chlorinated Organics

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-09-18

scrubbers , detectable dioxin/furans may occur, since dioxin/furans are much more soluble in organics than in water. Carbon adsorption is frequently...air pollution control device is required. Acid gases may be controlled by using a wet or dry scrubber or by using a coated baghouse. Operating...unit: 1. exit treated waste temperature; 2. baghouse pressure drop, venturi pressure drop, or drop in liquid/gas ratio; 3. waste feed rate; 4

Determination of Fluorine in Fluoro-Organic Compounds in Low Concentrations in Air

DTIC Science & Technology

1944-06-27

Analysis of 2-Fluoroethanol in Air ..... SUMMARY BIBLIOGRAPHY 15 APPENDIX , 16 FIGURE 1 Apparatus PLATE 1 CDS Scrubber SECRET ) SECRET...liter, and 68$ at 1 - 2 mg. per liter. By using two scrubbers in series, 90$ of di-isopropyl fluorophosphate was recovered at a concentration of 1 to 2...chromic acid and detection of HP by etching of the glass container ; (5) scrub- bing the gas with ammonia and decomposing the fluoro-organic compound4

Evaluation of toxic and genotoxic potential of a wet gas scrubber effluent obtained from wooden-based biomass furnaces: A case study in the red ceramic industry in southern Brazil.

PubMed

Bortolotto, Tiago; da Silva, Jaqueline; Sant'Ana, Alex Célio; Tomazi, Kamila Osowski; Geremias, Reginaldo; Angioletto, Elídio; Pich, Claus Tröger

2017-09-01

Red ceramic industry in southern Brazil commonly uses wood biomass as furnace fuel generating great amounts of gas emissions and ash. To avoid their impact on atmospheric environment, wet scrubbing is currently being applied in several plants. However, the water leachate formed could be potentially toxic and not managed as a common water-based effluent, since the resulting wastewater could carry many toxic compounds derived from wood pyrolysis. There is a lack of studies regarding this kind of effluent obtained specifically and strictly from wooden-based biomass furnaces. Therefore, we conducted an evaluation of toxic and genotoxic potentials of this particular type of wet gas scrubber effluent. Physical-chemical analysis showed high contents of several contaminants, including phenols, sulphates and ammoniacal nitrogen, as well as the total and suspended solids. The effluent cause significant toxicity towards microcrustacean Artemia sp. (LC 50 = 34.4%) and Daphnia magna (Toxicity Factor = 6 on average) and to higher plants (Lactuca sativa L. and Allium cepa L.) with acute and sub-acute effects in several parameters. Besides, using plasmid DNA, significant damage was observed in concentrations 12.5% and higher. In cellular DNA, concentrations starting from 12.5% and 6.25% showed significant increase in Damage Index (DI) and Damage Frequency (DF), respectively. The results altogether suggest that the effluent components, such phenols, produced by wood combustion can be volatilized, water scrubbed, resulting in a toxic and genotoxic effluent which could contaminate the environment. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Field testing of particulate matter continuous emission monitors at the DOE Oak Ridge TSCA incinerator. Toxic Substances Control Act.

PubMed

Dunn, James E; Davis, Wayne T; Calcagno, James A; Allen, Marshall W

2002-01-01

A field study to evaluate the performance of three commercially available particulate matter (PM) continuous emission monitors (CEMs) was conducted in 1999-2000 at the US Department of Energy (DOE) Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Incinerator. This study offers unique features that are believed to enhance the collective US experience with PM CEMs. The TSCA Incinerator is permitted to treat PCB-contaminated RCRA hazardous low-level radioactive wastes. The air pollution control system utilizes MACT control technology and is comprised of a rapid quench, venturi scrubber, packed bed scrubber, and two ionizing wet scrubbers in series, which create a saturated flue gas that must be conditioned by the CEMs prior to measurement. The incinerator routinely treats a wide variety of wastes including high and low BTU organic liquids, aqueous, and solid wastes. The various possible combinations for treating liquid and solid wastes may present a challenge in establishing a single, acceptable correlation relationship for individual CEMs. The effect of low-level radioactive material present in the waste is a unique site-specific factor not evaluated in previous tests. The three systems chosen for evaluation were two beta gauge devices and a light scattering device. The performance of the CEMs was evaluated using the requirements in draft Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Performance Specification 11 (PS11) and Procedure 2. The results of Reference Method 5i stack tests for establishing statistical correlations between the reference method data and the CEMs responses are discussed.

Compliance Testing of the Eglin AFB Asphalt Concrete Batch Plant, Eglin AFB, Florida

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-06-01

the fan, contactor and separator. A schematic of the scrubber showing these components is presented in Figure 4. Particulate-laden air is blown into...the contactor at high speed by the scrubber fan. In the contactor , the gas stream passes through a fine water mist where particulates are wetted and...and wetted particulates are separated from the gas stream by centrifugal action and drain to the bottom of the separator. Water and sludge are drained

A 1/10 Scale Pilot Plant for the Ecological Demilitarization of Mk 25 Marine Location Markers/Red Phosphorus Composition

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-11-11

zinc, chromium and nickel) in the phosphoric acid, there is no published specification on the maximum allowable concentrations of these metals for...became dark green after burning two batches of the composition. Extraction of chromium and nickel from the scrubber construction material (stainless...steel 316) by the acid at high temperatures (usually greater than 800°F at the inlet of the scrubber) was suspected. The chromium and nickel

Industrial hazardous waste treatment featuring a rotary kiln and grate furnace incinerator: a case study in China.

PubMed

Ma, Pan; Ma, Zengyi; Yan, Jianhua; Chi, Yong; Ni, Mingjiang; Cen, Kefa

2011-10-01

As one of the fastest developing countries, China is facing severe problems concerning hazardous waste treatment and disposal. This paper presents a new incineration technology and demonstration project in eastern China. The incineration system includes a rotary kiln, a grate furnace for burning out the kiln residue and a flue gas post-combustion chamber. Flue gas treatment and emission control is based on: a quench tower, followed by dry hydrated lime and activated carbon injection, a dual bag filter system, and a wet scrubber. It demonstrated that this incineration technology can effectively dispose of industrial hazardous waste with variable and complex characteristics. Gas emissions meet the demands of the Chinese Environmental Protection Association standard.

Assessment of removal efficiency of perfluorocompounds (PFCs) in a semiconductor fabrication plant by gas chromatography.

PubMed

Ou Yang, Chang-Feng; Kam, Seak-Hong; Liu, Chia-Hung; Tzou, Jiren; Wang, Jia-Lin

2009-08-01

This study investigated a gas chromatographic (GC) method to assess the destruction or removal efficiency (DRE) of local scrubbers on five perfluorocompounds (PFCs), i.e., SF(6), NF(3), CF(4), C(2)F(6), and C(3)F(8), which are very potent greenhouse gases used in a semiconductor fabrication plant. Air samples taken at inlets and outlets of local scrubbers were analyzed by a self-constructed multi-column GC system equipped with thermal conductivity detection. Three packed columns were integrated into the heart-cut GC system to allow simultaneous analysis of the five target PFCs. The Porapak Q pre-column performs rough separation and cuts eluent groups to two analytical columns for optimal separation. The Molecular Sieve - 5A column separated NF(3), CF(4), and C(3)F(8) and the second Porapak Q separated SF(6) and C(2)F(6). Linearity was greater than 0.995 (R(2)) for the five PFCs, and the reproducibility was about 4% (relative standard deviation) for NF(3), and better than 0.5% for the other four PFCs. DRE for the combustion (CB) and electric-thermal types of local scrubbers was evaluated by taking into account the in-line dilution from air and fuel gases. Both flow and tracer methods were employed to deduce the dilution factors (DFs). For the tracer method, helium was employed as the tracer and injected upstream of the scrubbers and thus mixed with the exhaust gas. With this method, the DFs were determined to be in the range from 4.8 to 5.9 for the CB unit, significantly higher than the value of 3.3 based on the flow method. The DREs for the CB unit for C(3)F(8) were greater than 90% and between 40% and 50% for CF(4).

Performance evaluation of poly-urethane foam packed-bed chemical scrubber for the oxidative absorption of NH3 and H2S gases.

PubMed

Nisola, Grace M; Valdehuesa, Kris Niño G; Anonas, Alex V; Ramos, Kristine Rose M; Lee, Won-Keun; Chung, Wook-Jin

2018-01-02

The feasibility of open-pore polyurethane (PU) foam as packing material for wet chemical scrubber was tested for NH 3 and H 2 S removals. The foam is inexpensive, light-weight, highly porous (low pressure drop) and provides large surface area per unit volume, which are desirable properties for enhanced gas/liquid mass transfer. Conventional HCl/HOCl (for NH 3 ) and NaOH/NaOCl (for H 2 S) scrubbing solutions were used to absorb and oxidize the gases. Assessment of the wet chemical scrubbers reveals that pH and ORP levels are important to maintain the gas removal efficiencies >95%. A higher re-circulation rate of scrubbing solutions also proved to enhance the performance of the NH 3 and H 2 S columns. Accumulation of salts was confirmed by the gradual increase in total dissolved solids and conductivity values of scrubbing solutions. The critical elimination capacities at >95% gas removals were found to be 5.24 g NH 3 -N/m 3 -h and 17.2 g H 2 S-S/m 3 -h at an empty bed gas residence time of 23.6 s. Negligible pressure drops (< 4 mm H 2 O) after continuous operation demonstrate the suitability of PU as a practical packing material in wet chemical scrubbers for NH 3 and H 2 S removals from high-volume dilute emissions.

Coal-Fired Boilers at Navy Bases, Navy Energy Guidance Study, Phase II and III.

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-05-01

several sizes were performed. Central plants containing four equal-sized boilers and central flue gas desulfurization facilities were shown to be less...Conceptual design and parametric cost studies of steam and power generation systems using coal-fired stoker boilers and stack gas scrubbers in

Removal of H2S pollutant from gasifier syngas by a multistage dual-flow sieve plate column wet scrubber.

PubMed

Kurella, Swamy; Bhukya, Pawan Kishan; Meikap, B C

2017-05-12

The objective of this study was to observe the performance of a lab-scale three-stage dual-flow sieve plate column scrubber for hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) gas removal from a gas stream, in which the H 2 S concentration was similar to that of gasifier syngas. The tap water was used as scrubbing liquid. The gas and liquid were operated at flow rates in the range of 16.59 × 10 -4 -27.65 × 10 -4 Nm 3 /s and 20.649 × 10 -6 -48.183 × 10 -6 m 3 /s, respectively. The effects of gas and liquid flow rates on the percentage removal of H 2 S were studied at 50-300 ppm inlet concentrations of H 2 S. The increase in liquid flow rate, gas flow rate and inlet H 2 S concentration increased the percentage removal of H 2 S. The maximum of 78.88% removal of H 2 S was observed at 27.65 × 10 -4 Nm 3 /s gas flow rate and 48.183 × 10 -6 m 3 /s liquid flow rate for 300 ppm inlet concentration of H 2 S. A model has also been developed to predict the H 2 S gas removal by using the results from the experiments and adding the parameters that affect the scrubber's performance. The deviations between experimental and predicted H 2 S percentage removal values were observed as less than 16%.

Selenium Speciation and Management in Wet FGD Systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Searcy, K; Richardson, M; Blythe, G

2012-02-29

This report discusses results from bench- and pilot-scale simulation tests conducted to determine the factors that impact selenium speciation and phase partitioning in wet FGD systems. The selenium chemistry in wet FGD systems is highly complex and not completely understood, thus extrapolation and scale-up of these results may be uncertain. Control of operating parameters and application of scrubber additives have successfully demonstrated the avoidance or decrease of selenite oxidation at the bench and pilot scale. Ongoing efforts to improve sample handling methods for selenium speciation measurements are also discussed. Bench-scale scrubber tests explored the impacts of oxidation air rate, tracemore » metals, scrubber additives, and natural limestone on selenium speciation in synthetic and field-generated full-scale FGD liquors. The presence and concentration of redox-active chemical species as well as the oxidation air rate contribute to the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) conditions in FGD scrubbers. Selenite oxidation to the undesirable selenate form increases with increasing ORP conditions, and decreases with decreasing ORP conditions. Solid-phase manganese [Mn(IV)] appeared to be the significant metal impacting the oxidation of selenite to selenate. Scrubber additives were tested for their ability to inhibit selenite oxidation. Although dibasic acid and other scrubber additives showed promise in early clear liquor (sodium based and without calcium solids) bench-scale tests, these additives did not show strong inhibition of selenite oxidation in tests with higher manganese concentrations and with slurries from full-scale wet FGD systems. In bench-tests with field liquors, addition of ferric chloride at a 250:1 iron-to-selenium mass ratio sorbed all incoming selenite to the solid phase, although addition of ferric salts had no impact on native selenate that already existed in the field slurry liquor sample. As ORP increases, selenite may oxidize to selenate more rapidly than it sorbs to ferric solids. Though it was not possible to demonstrate a decrease in selenium concentrations to levels below the project'ale testing were evident at the pilot scale. Specifically, reducing oxidation air rate and ORP tends to either retain selenium as selenite in the liquor or shift selenium phase partitioning to the solid phase. Oxidation air flow rate control may be one option for managing selenium behavior in FGD scrubbers. Units that cycle load widely may find it more difficult to impact ORP conditions with oxidation air flow rate control alone. Because decreasing oxidation air rates to the reaction tank showed that all new selenium reported to the solids, the addition of ferric chloride to the pilot scrubber could not show further improvements in selenium behavior. Ferric chloride addition did shift mercury to the slurry solids, specifically to the fine particles. Several competing pathways may govern the reporting of selenium to the slurry solids: co-precipitation with gypsum into the bulk solids and sorption or co-precipitation with iron into the fine particles. Simultaneous measurement of selenium and mercury behavior suggests a holistic management strategy is best to optimize the fate of both of these elements in FGD waters. Work conducted under this project evaluated sample handling and analytical methods for selenium speciation in FGD waters. Three analytical techniques and several preservation methods were employed. Measurements of selenium speciation over time indicated that for accurate selenium speciation, it is best to conduct measurements on unpreserved, filtered samples as soon after sampling as possible. The capital and operating costs for two selenium management strategies were considered: ferric chloride addition and oxidation air flow rate control. For ferric chloride addition, as might be expected the reagent makeup costs dominate the overall costs, and range from 0.22 to 0.29 mills/kWh. For oxidation air flow rate control, a cursory comparison of capital costs and turndown capabilities for multi-stage and single-stage centrifugal blowers and several flow control methods was completed. For greenfield systems, changing the selection of blower type and flow control method may have payback periods of 4 to 5 years or more if based on energy savings alone. However, the benefits to managing redox chemistry in the scrubber could far outweigh the savings in electricity costs under some circumstances.« less

Technological and life cycle assessment of organics processing odour control technologies.

PubMed

Bindra, Navin; Dubey, Brajesh; Dutta, Animesh

2015-09-15

As more municipalities and communities across developed world look towards implementing organic waste management programmes or upgrading existing ones, composting facilities are emerging as a popular choice. However, odour from these facilities continues to be one of the most important concerns in terms of cost & effective mitigation. This paper provides a technological and life cycle assessment of some of the different odour control technologies and treatment methods that can be implemented in organics processing facilities. The technological assessment compared biofilters, packed tower wet scrubbers, fine mist wet scrubbers, activated carbon adsorption, thermal oxidization, oxidization chemicals and masking agents. The technologies/treatment methods were evaluated and compared based on a variety of operational, usage and cost parameters. Based on the technological assessment it was found that, biofilters and packed bed wet scrubbers are the most applicable odour control technologies for use in organics processing faculties. A life cycle assessment was then done to compare the environmental impacts of the packed-bed wet scrubber system, organic (wood-chip media) bio-filter and inorganic (synthetic media) bio-filter systems. Twelve impact categories were assessed; cumulative energy demand (CED), climate change, human toxicity, photochemical oxidant formation, metal depletion, fossil depletion, terrestrial acidification, freshwater eutrophication, marine eutrophication, terrestrial eco-toxicity, freshwater eco-toxicity and marine eco-toxicity. The results showed that for all impact categories the synthetic media biofilter had the highest environmental impact, followed by the wood chip media bio-filter system. The packed-bed system had the lowest environmental impact for all categories. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

SUMMERTIME AMBIENT FORMALDEHYDE IN FIVE U.S. METROPOLITAN AREAS: NASHVILLE, ATLANTA, HOUSTON, PHILADELPHIA, TAMPA

EPA Science Inventory

In this paper, we briefly review the atmospheric chemistry and previous intercomparison measurements for HCHO, with special reference to the diffusion scrubber-Hantzsch reaction based fluorescence instrument used in the field studies reported herein. Then we discuss summertime HC...

KSC00pp0449

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-03-20

A recently installed fertilizer-producing system sits near Launch Pad 39A. Using a "scrubber," the system captures nitrogen tetroxide vapor that develops as a by-product when it is transferred from ground storage tanks into the Shuttle storage tanks. Nitrogen tetroxide is used as the oxidizer for the hypergolic propellant in the Shuttle's on-orbit reaction control system. The scrubber then uses hydrogen peroxide to produce nitric acid, which, after adding potassium hydroxide, converts to potassium nitrate, a commercial fertilizer. Plans call for the resulting fertilizer to be used on the orange groves that KSC leases to outside companies

KSC-00pp0449

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-03-20

A recently installed fertilizer-producing system sits near Launch Pad 39A. Using a "scrubber," the system captures nitrogen tetroxide vapor that develops as a by-product when it is transferred from ground storage tanks into the Shuttle storage tanks. Nitrogen tetroxide is used as the oxidizer for the hypergolic propellant in the Shuttle's on-orbit reaction control system. The scrubber then uses hydrogen peroxide to produce nitric acid, which, after adding potassium hydroxide, converts to potassium nitrate, a commercial fertilizer. Plans call for the resulting fertilizer to be used on the orange groves that KSC leases to outside companies

Liquid film target impingement scrubber

DOEpatents

McDowell, William J.; Coleman, Charles F.

1977-03-15

An improved liquid film impingement scrubber is provided wherein particulates suspended in a gas are removed by jetting the particle-containing gas onto a relatively small thin liquid layer impingement target surface. The impingement target is in the form of a porous material which allows a suitable contacting liquid from a pressurized chamber to exude therethrough to form a thin liquid film target surface. The gas-supported particles collected by impingement of the gas on the target are continuously removed and flushed from the system by the liquid flow through each of a number of pores in the target.

New fertilizer-producing system installed at Pad 39A

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

A recently installed fertilizer-producing system sits near Launch Pad 39A. Using a 'scrubber,' the system captures nitrogen tetroxide vapor that develops as a by-product when it is transferred from ground storage tanks into the Shuttle storage tanks. Nitrogen tetroxide is used as the oxidizer for the hypergolic propellant in the Shuttle's on-orbit reaction control system. The scrubber then uses hydrogen peroxide to produce nitric acid, which, after adding potassium hydroxide, converts to potassium nitrate, a commercial fertilizer. Plans call for the resulting fertilizer to be used on the orange groves that KSC leases to outside companies.

Technology diffusion and environmental regulation: Evidence from electric power plants under the Clean Air Act

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Frey, Elaine F.

Even though environmental policy can greatly affect the path of technology diffusion, the economics literature contains limited empirical evidence of this relationship. My research will contribute to the available evidence by providing insight into the technology adoption decisions of electric generating firms. Since policies are often evaluated based on the incentives they provide to promote adoption of new technologies, it is important that policy makers understand the relationship between technological diffusion and regulation structure to make informed decisions. Lessons learned from this study can be used to guide future policies such as those directed to mitigate climate change. I first explore the diffusion of scrubbers, a sulfur dioxide (SO 2) abatement technology, in response to federal market-based regulations and state command-and-control regulations. I develop a simple theoretical model to describe the adoption decisions of scrubbers and use a survival model to empirically test the theoretical model. I find that power plants with strict command-and-control regulations have a high probability of installing a scrubber. These findings suggest that although market-based regulations have encouraged diffusion, many scrubbers have been installed because of state regulatory pressure. Although tradable permit systems are thought to give firms more flexibility in choosing abatement technologies, I show that interactions between a permit system and pre-existing command-and-control regulations can limit that flexibility. In a separate analysis, I explore the diffusion of combined cycle (CC) generating units, which are natural gas-fired generating units that are cleaner and more efficient than alternative generating units. I model the decision to consider adoption of a CC generating unit and the extent to which the technology is adopted in response to environmental regulations imposed on new sources of pollutants. To accomplish this, I use a zero-inflated Poisson model and focus on both the decision to adopt a CC unit at an existing power plant as well as the firm-level decision to adopt a CC unit in either a new or an existing power plant. Evidence from this empirical investigation shows that environmental regulation has a significant effect on both the decision to consider adoption as well as the extent of adoption.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bundy, R.D.; Alderfer, R.B.

Bench-scale tests of the direct calcination process for Portsmouth were conducted using batch pot calcination of simulated and actual raffinate wastes. These studies included investigation of the evaporation step needed to concentrate the raffinate before calcination. Tests were conducted at calcination temperatures of 600, 700, 1000, and 1200/sup 0/F with two levels of evaporative concentration before calcination at 1000/sup 0/F. Evaporation only tests were also made. Performance of the bench-scale system was excellent. A calcination temperature of 715/sup 0/F indicated that 80 to 100% of the Tc was retained in the calcined solids, while all of the nitrates were decomposedmore » to oxides. With calcination temperatures of greater than or equal to 1000/sup 0/F, part of the Tc escaped from the calcination pot to the scrubber. Below 700/sup 0/F, not all of the nitrates were decomposed to oxides. Most of the U remained in the calcined solids for calcination temperatures of less than or equal to 1000/sup 0/F. The mass of solids remaining after calcination was 4 to 5% of the original raffinate for calcination temperatures from 700 to 1000/sup 0/F. Flow rate through the off-gas treatment system was variable. The water scrubber had a good removal efficiency for nitrate and most metals, but not for uranium. The trapping efficiency of the limestone trap for nitrate was low. Flowsheet studies indicate that enough U would pass through the scrubber and chemical traps to cause an unacceptably high release of radioactivity if the assay of the uranium exceeded 33%. A small HEPA filter after the limestone chemical traps is recommended to reduce U emissions. A flowsheet was developed for a full-scale process for the direct calcination of raffinate waste.« less

KSC00pp0510

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-04-07

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- A recently installed fertilizer-producing system sits near Launch Pad 39A (upper left background). Using a "scrubber," the system captures nitrogen tetroxide vapor that develops as a by-product when it is transferred from ground storage tanks into the Shuttle storage tanks. Nitrogen tetroxide is used as the oxidizer for the hypergolic propellant in the Shuttle's on-orbit reaction control system. The scrubber then uses hydrogen peroxide to produce nitric acid, which, after adding potassium hydroxide, converts to potassium nitrate, a commercial fertilizer. The black tanker at left is collecting the potassium nitrate, which will be used on the orange groves that KSC leases to outside companies

KSC-00pp0510

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-04-07

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- A recently installed fertilizer-producing system sits near Launch Pad 39A (upper left background). Using a "scrubber," the system captures nitrogen tetroxide vapor that develops as a by-product when it is transferred from ground storage tanks into the Shuttle storage tanks. Nitrogen tetroxide is used as the oxidizer for the hypergolic propellant in the Shuttle's on-orbit reaction control system. The scrubber then uses hydrogen peroxide to produce nitric acid, which, after adding potassium hydroxide, converts to potassium nitrate, a commercial fertilizer. The black tanker at left is collecting the potassium nitrate, which will be used on the orange groves that KSC leases to outside companies

The new fertilizer-producing facility near Launch Pad 39A

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

A recently installed fertilizer-producing system sits near Launch Pad 39A (upper left background). Using a 'scrubber,' the system captures nitrogen tetroxide vapor that develops as a by-product when it is transferred from ground storage tanks into the Shuttle storage tanks. Nitrogen tetroxide is used as the oxidizer for the hypergolic propellant in the Shuttle's on-orbit reaction control system. The scrubber then uses hydrogen peroxide to produce nitric acid, which, after adding potassium hydroxide, converts to potassium nitrate, a commercial fertilizer. The black tanker at left is collecting the potassium nitrate, which will be used on the orange groves that KSC leases to outside companies.

Steam thermolysis of tire shreds: modernization in afterburning of accompanying gas with waste steam

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kalitko, V. A.

2010-03-01

On the basis of experience in the commercial operation of tire-shred steam thermolysis in EnresTec Inc. (Taiwan) producing high-grade commercial carbon, liquid pyrolysis fuel, and accompanying fuel gas by this method, we have proposed a number of engineering solutions and calculated-analytical substantiations for modernization and intensification of the process by afterburning the accompanying gas with waste steam condensable in the scrubber of water gas cleaning of afterburning products. The condensate is completely freed of the organic pyrolysis impurities and the necessity of separating it from the liquid fuel, as is the case with the active process, is excluded.

Modeling of surface tension effects in venturi scrubbing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ott, Robert M.; Wu, Tatsu K. L.; Crowder, Jerry W.

A modified model of venturi scrubber performance has been developed that addresses two effects of liquid surface tension: its effect on droplet size and its effect on particle penetration into the droplet. The predictions of the model indicate that, in general, collection efficiency increases with a decrease in liquid surface tension, but the range over which this increase is significant depends on the particle size and on the scrubber operating parameters. The predictions further indicate that the increases in collection efficiency are almost totally due to the effect of liquid surface tension on the mean droplet size, and that the collection efficiency is not significantly affected by the ability of the particle to penetrate the droplet.

Efficient control system for low-concentration inorganic gases from a process vent stream: application of surfactants in spray and packed columns.

PubMed

Chein, Hungmin; Aggarwal, Shankar G; Wu, Hsin-Hsien

2004-11-01

Control of low-concentration pollutants from a semiconductor process vent stream using a wet-scrubbing technique is a challenging task to meet Taiwan environmental emission standards. An efficient wet-scrubber is designed on a pilot scale and tested to control low concentration acid and base waste-gas emission. The scrubber system consisted of two columns, i.e., a fine spray column [cutoff diameter (based on volume), Dv(50) = 15.63 microm; Sauter mean diameter (SMD) = 7.62 microm], which is especially efficient for NH3 removal as the pH of the spraying liquid is approximately 7 followed by a packed column with a scrubbing liquid pH approximately 9.0 mainly for acids removal. It is observed that use of the surfactants in low concentration about 10(-4) M and 10(-7) M in the spray liquid and in the scrubbing liquid, respectively, remarkably enhances the removal efficiency of the system. A traditional packed column (without the spray column and the surfactant) showed that the removal efficiencies of NH3, HF, and HCl for the inlet concentration range 0.2 to 3 ppm were (n = 5) 22.6+/-3.4%, 43.4+/-5.5%, and 40.4+/-7.4%, respectively. The overall efficiencies of the proposed system (the spray column and the packed column) in the presence of the surfactant in the spray liquid and in the scrubbing liquid forthese three species were found to increase significantly (n = 5) from 60.3+/-3.6 to 82.8+/-6.8%, 59.1+/-2.7 to 83.4+/-4.2%, and 56.2+/-7.3 to 81.0+/-6.7%, respectively. In this work, development of charge on the gas-liquid interface due to the surfactants has been measured and discussed. It is concluded that the presence of charge on the gas-liquid interface is the responsible factor for enhancement of the removal efficiency (mass-transfer in liquid phase). The effects of the type of surfactants, their chain length, concentration in liquid, etc. on the removal efficiency are discussed. Since the pilot tests were performed under the operating conditions similar to most of the wet-scrubbers operated in semiconductors manufacturing facilities for inorganic pollutants, this study can be applied to modify the existing wet-scrubbers to enhance the removal efficiencies, especially for low-concentration pollutants.

Fertilizer value of nitrogen captured using ammonia scrubbers attached to animal production facilities

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Over half of the nitrogen (N) excreted from broiler chickens is lost to the atmosphere before the manure is removed from the barns, resulting in air and water pollution and the loss of a valuable fertilizer resource. The objective of this study was to determine the fertilizer efficiency of N, which...

THE FATE OF TRACE METALS IN A ROTARY KILN INCINERATOR WITH A VENTURI/PACKED COLUMN SCRUBBER - VOLUME I: TECHNICAL RESULTS

EPA Science Inventory

A five week series of pilot-scale incineration tests, using a synthetic waste feed, was performed at the Environmental Protection Agency's Incineration Research Facility to evaluate the fate of trace metals fed to a rotary kiln incinerator. Eight tests studied the fate of five ha...

Influence of limestone characteristics on mercury re-emission in WFGD systems.

PubMed

Ochoa-González, Raquel; Díaz-Somoano, Mercedes; Martínez-Tarazona, M Rosa

2013-03-19

This work evaluates the influence of the effect of the properties of limestones on their reactivity and the re-emission of mercury under typical wet scrubber conditions. The influence of the composition, particle size, and porosity of limestones on their reactivity and the effect of sorbent concentration, pH, redox potential, and the sulphite and iron content of the slurry on Hg(0) re-emission was assessed. A small particle size, a high porosity and a low magnesium content increased the high reactivity of the limestones. Moreover, it was found that the higher the reactivity of the sample the greater the amount of mercury captured in the scrubber. Although sulphite ions did not cause the re-emission of mercury from the suspensions of the gypsums, the limestones enriched in iron increased Hg(0) re-emission under low oxygen conditions. It was observed that the low pH values of the gypsum suspensions favored the cocapture of mercury because Fe(2+) formation was avoided. The partitioning of the mercury in the byproducts of the scrubber depended on the impurities of the limestones rather than on their particle size. No leaching of mercury from the gypsum samples occurred suggesting that mercury was either tightly bound to the impurities of the limestone or was transformed into insoluble mercury species.

Integration of a nonmetallic electrostatic precipitator and a wet scrubber for improved removal of particles and corrosive gas cleaning in semiconductor manufacturing industries.

PubMed

Kim, Hak-Joon; Han, Bangwoo; Kim, Yong-Jin; Yoa, Seok-Jun; Oda, Tetsuji

2012-08-01

To remove particles in corrosive gases generated by semiconductor industries, we have developed a novel non-metallic, two-stage electrostatic precipitator (ESP). Carbon brush electrodes and grounded carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) form the ionization stage, and polyvinyl chloride collection plates are used in the collection stage of the ESP The collection performance of the ESP downstream of a wet scrubber was evaluated with KC1, silica, and mist particles (0.01-10 pm), changing design and operation parameters such as the ESP length, voltage, and flow rate. A long-term and regeneration performance (12-hr) test was conducted at the maximum operation conditions of the scrubber and ESP and the performance was then demonstrated for 1 month with exhaust gases from wet scrubbers at the rooftop of a semiconductor manufacturing plant in Korea. The results showed that the electrical and collection performance of the ESP (16 channels, 400x400 mm2) was maintained with different grounded plate materials (stainless steel and CFRP) and different lengths of the ionization stage. The collection efficiency of the ESP at high air velocity was enhanced with increases in applied voltages and collection plate lengths. The ESP (16 channels with 100 mm length, 400x400 mm2x540 mm with a 10-mm gap) removed more than 90% of silica and mistparticles with 10 and 12 kV applied to the ESPat the air velocity of 2 m/s and liquid-to-gas ratio of 3.6 L/m3. Decreased performance after 13 hours ofcontinuous operation was recovered to the initial performance level by 5 min of water washing. Moreover during the 1-month operation at the demonstration site, the ESP showed average collection efficiencies of 97% based on particle number and 92% based on total particle mass, which were achieved with a much smaller specific corona power of 0.28 W/m3/hr compared with conventional ESPs.

Design and fabrication of advanced materials from Illinois coal wastes. Quarterly report, 1 December 1994--28 February 1995

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Malhotra, V.M.; Wright, M.A.

1995-12-31

The main goal of this project is to develop a bench-scale procedure to design and fabricate advanced brake and structural composite materials from Illinois coal combustion residues. During the first two quarters of the project, the thrust of the work directed towards characterizing the various coal combustion residues and FGD residue, i.e., scrubber sludge. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and transmission-Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) were conducted on PCC fly ash (Baldwin), FBC fly ash (ADK unit l-6), FBC fly ash (S.I. coal), FBC spent bed ash (ADM, unit l-6), bottom ash, and scrubbermore » sludge (CWLP) residues to characterize their geometrical shapes, mineral phases, and thermal stability. Our spectroscopic results indicate that the scrubber sludge is mainly composed of a gypsum-like phase whose lattice structure is different from the lattice structure of conventional gypsum, and sludge does not contain hannebachite (CaSO{sub 3}.0.5H{sub 2}O) phase. Our attempts to fabricate brake frictional shoes, in the form of 1.25 inch disks, from PCC fly ash, FBC spent bed ash, scrubber sludge, coal char, iron particles, and coal tar were successful. Based on the experience gained and microscopic analyses, we have now upscaled our procedures to fabricate 2.5 inch diameter disk,- from coal combustion residues. This has been achieved. The SEM and Young`s modulus analyses of brake composites fabricated at 400 psi < Pressure < 2200 psi suggest pressure has a strong influence on the particle packing and the filling of interstices in our composites. Also, these results along with mechanical behavior of the fabricated disks lead us to believe that the combination of surface altered PCC fly ash and scrubber sludge particles, together ed ash particles are ideal for our composite materials.« less

Formaldehyde methods comparison in the remote lower troposphere during the Mauna Loa Photochemistry Experiment 2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heikes, B.; McCully, B.; Zhou, X.; Lee, Y.-N.; Mopper, K.; Chen, X.; Mackay, G.; Karecki, D.; Schiff, H.; Campos, T.; Atlas, E.

1996-06-01

Five methods for the measurement of CH2O vapor were compared under remote tropospheric conditions. The techniques included an aqueous-scrubber enzyme fluorescence method (URIcoil), TDLAS (UNI), 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) impregnated-cartridges (BNL/WSUcart), an aqueous-scrubber DNPH method (BNL/WSUcoil), and an unpublished aqueous-scrubber immobilized-enzyme fluorescence method (NCARbound). This was part of the Mauna Loa Observatory Photochemistry Experiment 2 (MLOPEX 2) which was performed in four ˜30-day intensives. In MLOPEX 2a (fall 1991), the URIcoil technique indicated higher concentrations relative to the BNL/WSUcoil which were higher than UNI. The limited number of NCARbound measurements for MLOPEX 2a were greater than the other measurements and least reliable. During MLOPEX 2b (winter 1992), URIcoil, UNI, BNL/WSUcoil, and NCAR-bound gave comparable measurements of CH2O with the latter again being consistently higher than the first three methods and its performance and reliability was improved over MLOPEX 2a. URIcoil and BNL/WSUcoil were comparable in MLOPEX 2c (spring 1992) and 2d (summer 1992), whereas BNL/WSUcart was consistently higher than both for these intensives. The major source of difference between techniques was ascribed to variations in the analytical-procedural field blanks. Calibration differences were the most likely cause of URIcoil being higher than BNL/WSUcoil and BNL/WSUcoil being higher than UNI during MLOPEX 2a. Lower free troposphere median concentrations were between 100 and 150 ppt for all seasons and without a seasonal trend. These values were a factor of 2 to 3 lower than model estimates for this study site and were in keeping with earlier work.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bhattacharyya, D.; Turton, R.; Zitney, S.

In this presentation, development of a plant-wide dynamic model of an advanced Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) plant with CO2 capture will be discussed. The IGCC reference plant generates 640 MWe of net power using Illinois No.6 coal as the feed. The plant includes an entrained, downflow, General Electric Energy (GEE) gasifier with a radiant syngas cooler (RSC), a two-stage water gas shift (WGS) conversion process, and two advanced 'F' class combustion turbines partially integrated with an elevated-pressure air separation unit (ASU). A subcritical steam cycle is considered for heat recovery steam generation. Syngas is selectively cleaned by a SELEXOLmore » acid gas removal (AGR) process. Sulfur is recovered using a two-train Claus unit with tail gas recycle to the AGR. A multistage intercooled compressor is used for compressing CO2 to the pressure required for sequestration. Using Illinois No.6 coal, the reference plant generates 640 MWe of net power. The plant-wide steady-state and dynamic IGCC simulations have been generated using the Aspen Plus{reg_sign} and Aspen Plus Dynamics{reg_sign} process simulators, respectively. The model is generated based on the Case 2 IGCC configuration detailed in the study available in the NETL website1. The GEE gasifier is represented with a restricted equilibrium reactor model where the temperature approach to equilibrium for individual reactions can be modified based on the experimental data. In this radiant-only configuration, the syngas from the Radiant Syngas Cooler (RSC) is quenched in a scrubber. The blackwater from the scrubber bottom is further cleaned in the blackwater treatment plant. The cleaned water is returned back to the scrubber and also used for slurry preparation. The acid gas from the sour water stripper (SWS) is sent to the Claus plant. The syngas from the scrubber passes through a sour shift process. The WGS reactors are modeled as adiabatic plug flow reactors with rigorous kinetics based on the mid-life activity of the shift-catalyst. The SELEXOL unit consists of the H2S and CO2 absorbers that are designed to meet the stringent environmental limits and requirements of other associated units. The model also considers the stripper for recovering H2S that is sent as a feed to a split-flow Claus unit. The tail gas from the Claus unit is recycled to the SELEXOL unit. The cleaned syngas is sent to the GE 7FB gas turbine. This turbine is modeled as per published data in the literature. Diluent N2 is used from the elevated-pressure ASU for reducing the NOx formation. The heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) is modeled by considering generation of high-pressure, intermediate-pressure, and low-pressure steam. All of the vessels, reactors, heat exchangers, and the columns have been sized. The basic IGCC process control structure has been synthesized by standard guidelines and existing practices. The steady-state simulation is solved in sequential-modular mode in Aspen Plus{reg_sign} and consists of more than 300 unit operations, 33 design specs, and 16 calculator blocks. The equation-oriented dynamic simulation consists of more than 100,000 equations solved using a multi-step Gear's integrator in Aspen Plus Dynamics{reg_sign}. The challenges faced in solving the dynamic model and key transient results from this dynamic model will also be discussed.« less

Closed cycle high-repetition-rate pulsed HF laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harris, Michael R.; Morris, A. V.; Gorton, Eric K.

1997-04-01

The design and performance of a closed cycle high repetition rate HF laser is described. A short pulse, glow discharge is formed in a 10 SF6:1 H2 gas mixture at a total pressure of approximately 110 torr within a 15 by 0.5 by 0.5 cm3 volume. Transverse, recirculated gas flow adequate to enable repetitive operation up to 3 kHz is imposed by a centrifugal fan. The fan also forces the gas through a scrubber cell to eliminate ground state HF from the gas stream. An automated gas make-up system replenishes spent gas removed by the scrubber. Typical mean laser output powers up to 3 W can be maintained for extended periods of operation.

Ultimate disposal of scrubber wastes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cohenour, B. C.

1978-01-01

Part of the initial concern with using the wet scrubbers on the hypergolic propellants was the subsequential disposal of the liquid wastes. To do this, consideration was given to all possible methods to reduce the volume of the wastes and stay within the guidelines established by the state and federal environmental protection agencies. One method that was proposed was the use of water hyacinths in disposal ponds to reduce the waste concentration in the effluent to less than EPA tolerable levels. This method was under consideration and even in use by private industry, municipal governments, and NASA for upgrading existing wastewater treatment facilities to a tertiary system. The use of water hyacinths in disposal ponds appears to be a very cost-effective method for reduction and disposal of hypergolic propellants.

Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant U. S. Department of Energy Office of River Protection Submerged Bed Scrubber Condensate Disposition Project - 13460

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yanochko, Ronald M.; Corcoran, Connie

The Hanford Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) will generate an off-gas treatment system secondary liquid waste stream [submerged bed scrubber (SBS) condensate], which is currently planned for recycle back to the WTP Low Activity Waste (LAW) melter. This SBS condensate waste stream is high in Tc-99, which is not efficiently captured in the vitrified glass matrix [1]. A pre-conceptual engineering study was prepared in fiscal year 2012 to evaluate alternate flow paths for melter off-gas secondary liquid waste generated by the WTP LAW facility [2]. This study evaluated alternatives for direct off-site disposal of this SBS without pre-treatment, whichmore » mitigates potential issues associated with recycling. This study [2] concluded that SBS direct disposal is a viable option to the WTP baseline. The results show: - Off-site transportation and disposal of the SBS condensate is achievable and cost effective. - Reduction of approximately 4,325 vitrified WTP Low Activity Waste canisters could be realized. - Positive WTP operational impacts; minimal WTP construction impacts are realized. - Reduction of mass flow from the LAW Facility to the Pretreatment Facility by 66%. - Improved Double Shell Tank (DST) space management is a benefit. (authors)« less

Antipollution system to remove nitrogen dioxide gas

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Metzler, A. J.; Slough, J. W.

1971-01-01

Gas phase reaction system using anhydrous ammonia removes nitrogen dioxide. System consists of ammonia injection and mixing section, reaction section /reactor/, and scrubber section. All sections are contained in system ducting.

Anatomy of an upgraded pulverized coal facility: Combustion modification through flue gas scrubbing

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Watts, J.U.; Savichky, W.J.; O`Dea, D.T.

1997-12-31

Regeneration is a biological term for formation or creating anew. In the case of Milliken station, a species of steam generation (Tangentus coali) regeneration refers to refitting critical systems with the latest technological advances to reduce emissions while maintaining or improving performance. The plant has undergone a series of operations which provided anatomical changes as well as a face lift. Each of the two units were place in suspended animation (outage) to allow these changes to be made. The paper describes the project which includes retrofitting combustion systems, pulverizers, boiler liners, scrubbers, and control room. This retrofit is meant tomore » increase thermal efficiency while reducing the formation of nitrogen oxides.« less

Disposal of hypergolic propellants, phase 6 task 4. Disposal pond products

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cohenour, B. C.; Wiederhold, C. N.

1977-01-01

Waste monomethyl hydrazine scrubber liquor, consisting of aqueous solutions containing small amounts of CH4, Cl2, CH3Cl, CH2Cl2, and CHCl3 as well as large amounts of CH3OH is scheduled to be dumped in stabilization ponds along with nitrate and nitrite salt solutions obtained as waste liquors from the N2O4 scrubbers. The wastes are investigated as to the hazardous materials generated by such combinations of items as described as well as the finite lifetime of such materials in the stabilization ponds. The gas liquid chromatograph was used in the investigation. A series of experiments designed to convert nitrate and nitrite salts to the environmentally innocuous N2O and N2 using solar energy is reported. Results indicate that this solar conversion is feasible.

Simultaneous measurement of volatile sulfur compounds using ascorbic acid for oxidant removal and gas chromatography-flame photometric detection.

PubMed

Inomata, Y; Matsunaga, K; Murai, Y; Osada, K; Iwasaka, Y

1999-12-09

A method for the simultaneous measurement of volatile sulfur compounds (COS, H2S, CS2, CH3SH, DMS) is established with preconcentration and GC-flame photometric detection (FPD). Prior to preconcentration of ambient air, it was necessary to remove SO2, water vapor and atmospheric oxidant. SO2 and water vapor were removed using a glass fiber filter and a cooled PTFE water trap loop, respectively. In order to remove atmospheric oxidant, the efficiency of an ascorbic acid scrubber was examined. It was found that an ascorbic acid scrubber enabled measurement of volatile sulfur compounds without adsorption and reaction loss. The detection limits for COS, H2S, CS2, CH3SH and DMS were 20, 34, 35, 263 and 44 pg of S, respectively.

Experimental treatment of a refinery waste air stream, for BTEX removal, by water scrubbing and biotrickling on a bed of Mitilus edulis shells.

PubMed

Torretta, Vincenzo; Collivignarelli, Maria Cristina; Raboni, Massimo; Viotti, Paolo

2015-01-01

The paper presents the results of a two-stage pilot plant for the removal of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) from a waste air stream of a refinery wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The pilot plant consisted of a water scrubber followed by a biotrickling filter (BTF). The exhausted air was drawn from the main works of the WWTP in order to prevent the free migration to the atmosphere of these volatile hazardous contaminants. Concentrations were detected at average values of 12.4 mg Nm(-3) for benzene, 11.1 mg Nm(-3) for toluene, 2.7 mg Nm(-3) for ethylbenzene and 9.5 mg Nm(-3) for xylene, with considerable fluctuation mainly for benzene and toluene (peak concentrations of 56.8 and 55.0 mg Nm(-3), respectively). The two treatment stages proved to play an effective complementary task: the water scrubber demonstrated the ability to remove the concentration peaks, whereas the BTF was effective as a polishing stage. The overall average removal efficiency achieved was 94.8% while the scrubber and BTF elimination capacity were 37.8 and 15.6 g BTEX d(-1) m(-3), respectively. This result has led to outlet average concentrations of 1.02, 0.25, 0.32 and 0.26 mg Nm(-3) for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene, respectively. The paper also compares these final concentrations with toxic and odour threshold concentrations.

Development of iron phosphate ceramic waste form to immobilize radioactive waste solution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choi, Jongkwon; Um, Wooyong; Choung, Sungwook

2014-09-01

The objective of this research was to develop an iron phosphate ceramic (IPC) waste form using converter slag obtained as a by-product of the steel industry as a source of iron instead of conventional iron oxide. Both synthetic off-gas scrubber solution containing technetium-99 (or Re as a surrogate) and LiCl-KCl eutectic salt, a final waste solution from pyrochemical processing of spent nuclear fuel, were used as radioactive waste streams. The IPC waste form was characterized for compressive strength, reduction capacity, chemical durability, and contaminant leachability. Compressive strengths of the IPC waste form prepared with different types of waste solutions were 16 MPa and 19 MPa for LiCl-KCl eutectic salt and the off-gas scrubber simulant, respectively, which meet the minimum compressive strength of 3.45 MPa (500 psi) for waste forms to be accepted into the radioactive waste repository. The reduction capacity of converter slag, a main dry ingredient used to prepare the IPC waste form, was 4136 meq/kg by the Ce(IV) method, which is much higher than those of the conventional Fe oxides used for the IPC waste form and the blast furnace slag materials. Average leachability indexes of Tc, Li, and K for the IPC waste form were higher than 6.0, and the IPC waste form demonstrated stable durability even after 63-day leaching. In addition, the Toxicity Characteristic Leach Procedure measurements of converter slag and the IPC waste form with LiCl-KCl eutectic salt met the universal treatment standard of the leachability limit for metals regulated by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. This study confirms the possibility of development of the IPC waste form using converter slag, showing its immobilization capability for radionuclides in both LiCl-KCl eutectic salt and off-gas scrubber solutions with significant cost savings.

Development of iron phosphate ceramic waste form to immobilize radioactive waste solution

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Choi, Jongkwon; Um, Wooyong; Choung, Sungwook

The objective of this research was to develop an iron phosphate ceramic (IPC) waste form using converter slag obtained as a by-product of the steel industry as a source of iron instead of conventional iron oxide. Both synthetic off-gas scrubber solution containing technetium-99 (or Re as a surrogate) and LiCl-KCl eutectic salt, a final waste solution from pyrochemical processing of spent nuclear fuel, were used as radioactive waste streams. The IPC waste form was characterized for compressive strength, reduction capacity, chemical durability, and contaminant leachability. Compressive strengths of the IPC waste form prepared with different types of waste solutions weremore » 16 MPa and 19 MPa for LiCl-KCl eutectic salt and the off-gas scrubber simulant, respectively, which meet the minimum compressive strength of 3.45 MPa (500 psi) for waste forms to be accepted into the radioactive waste repository. The reduction capacity of converter slag, a main dry ingredient used to prepare the IPC waste form, was 4,136 meq/kg by the Ce(IV) method, which is much higher than those of the conventional Fe oxides used for the IPC waste form and the blast furnace slag materials. Average leachability indexes of Tc, Li, and K for the IPC waste form were higher than 6.0, and the IPC waste form demonstrated stable durability even after 63-day leaching. In addition, the Toxicity Characteristic Leach Procedure measurements of converter slag and the IPC waste form with LiCl-KCl eutectic salt met the universal treatment standard of the leachability limit for metals regulated by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. This study confirms the possibility of development of the IPC waste form using converter slag, showing its immobilization capability for radionuclides in both LiCl-KCl eutectic salt and off-gas scrubber solutions with significant cost savings.« less

The pattern of name tokens in narrative clinical text and a comparison of five systems for redacting them

PubMed Central

Kayaalp, Mehmet; Browne, Allen C; Callaghan, Fiona M; Dodd, Zeyno A; Divita, Guy; Ozturk, Selcuk; McDonald, Clement J

2014-01-01

Objective To understand the factors that influence success in scrubbing personal names from narrative text. Materials and methods We developed a scrubber, the NLM Name Scrubber (NLM-NS), to redact personal names from narrative clinical reports, hand tagged words in a set of gold standard narrative reports as personal names or not, and measured the scrubbing success of NLM-NS and that of four other scrubbing/name recognition tools (MIST, MITdeid, LingPipe, and ANNIE/GATE) against the gold standard reports. We ran three comparisons which used increasingly larger name lists. Results The test reports contained more than 1 million words, of which 2388 were patient and 20 160 were provider name tokens. NLM-NS failed to scrub only 2 of the 2388 instances of patient name tokens. Its sensitivity was 0.999 on both patient and provider name tokens and missed fewer instances of patient name tokens in all comparisons with other scrubbers. MIST produced the best all token specificity and F-measure for name instances in our most relevant study (study 2), with values of 0.997 and 0.938, respectively. In that same comparison, NLM-NS was second best, with values of 0.986 and 0.748, respectively, and MITdeid was a close third, with values of 0.985 and 0.796 respectively. With the addition of the Clinical Center name list to their native name lists, Ling Pipe, MITdeid, MIST, and ANNIE/GATE all improved substantially. MITdeid and Ling Pipe gained the most—reaching patient name sensitivity of 0.995 (F-measure=0.705) and 0.989 (F-measure=0.386), respectively. Discussion The privacy risk due to two name tokens missed by NLM-NS was statistically negligible, since neither individual could be distinguished among more than 150 000 people listed in the US Social Security Registry. Conclusions The nature and size of name lists have substantial influences on scrubbing success. The use of very large name lists with frequency statistics accounts for much of NLM-NS scrubbing success. PMID:24026308

Impact of solid discharges from coal usage in the Southwest.

PubMed

Jones, D G; Straughan, I R

1978-12-01

The Southwestern region of the United States is extremely wealthy in low sulfur coal resources which must be eventually utilized in response to national energy balance priorities. Fly ash and scrubber sludge can be safely disposed of using properly managed techniques to ensure that any potential impact from elements such as boron, molybdenum, or selenium is rendered insignificant. Alternative methods of solids utilization are presently being developed. Fly ash is presently being marketed commercially as an additive for concrete manufacture. Successful experiments have been completed to demonstrate the manufacture of commercial-grade wallboard from scrubber sludge. Also, greenhouse studies and field experiments have been conducted to demonstrate increased yields of selected crops grown on typical soils amended with fly ash in amounts ranging from 2% to 8%, by weight. These studies also indicate that barium and strontium may be good monitoring indices for determining atmospheric deposition of fly ash, due to their concentration ratios in soil and vegetation samples. Further studies are being conducted to confirm encouraging irrigation and crop-yield data obtained with fly ash amended soils. Finally, the composition of many fly ashes and soils are similar in the Southwest, and there are no anticipated solid discharges from coal usage which cannot be rendered insignificant with proper management of existing and emerging methods of treatment. Compared with the water availability impact of coal usage in the Southwest, the impact of solid waste discharges are insignificant.

40 CFR 471.34 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 156 69.2 (q) Annealing and solution heat treatment contact cooling water—Subpart C—PSES. There shall be no allowance for the discharge of wastewater pollutants. (r) Wet air pollution control scrubber...

40 CFR 63.1209 - What are the monitoring requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... efficiency during the test: (1) Scrubber blowdown must be minimized during a pretest conditioning period and... select a set of operating parameters appropriate for the control device design that you determine to be a...

40 CFR 63.1209 - What are the monitoring requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... efficiency during the test: (1) Scrubber blowdown must be minimized during a pretest conditioning period and... select a set of operating parameters appropriate for the control device design that you determine to be a...

40 CFR 63.1209 - What are the monitoring requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... efficiency during the test: (1) Scrubber blowdown must be minimized during a pretest conditioning period and... select a set of operating parameters appropriate for the control device design that you determine to be a...

40 CFR 63.1209 - What are the monitoring requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... efficiency during the test: (1) Scrubber blowdown must be minimized during a pretest conditioning period and... select a set of operating parameters appropriate for the control device design that you determine to be a...

40 CFR 63.1209 - What are the monitoring requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... efficiency during the test: (1) Scrubber blowdown must be minimized during a pretest conditioning period and... select a set of operating parameters appropriate for the control device design that you determine to be a...

How reliable are odour assessments?

PubMed

Bokowa, A; Beukes, J A

2012-01-01

This paper will demonstrate the differences found in odour test results, when odour sampling is performed at the same sources by two different consultants. By examining two case studies, this paper will highlight that the difference between the results can be significant. Both studies are based on odour sampling programs determining the odour removal efficiency of odour control units installed at two different facilities: a pet food facility and an oil/grease recycling facility. The first study is based on odour measurements at the inlet and outlet of the unit installed by Applied Plasma Physics AS at the pet food facility. Odour assessments were performed by two separate consultants at the same time. The second study is based on testing of the odour removal effectiveness of two units: a scrubber and a biofilter at an oil/grease recycling facility. During this study two odour sampling programs were performed by two consultants at different times, but under the same process conditions. This paper will show how varying results can play a role in choosing the adequate odour control technologies. The final results suggest that although, an odour control unit may appear to be insufficient, it actually is successful at removing the odours.

Installation Restoration Program. Phase I. Records Search, Reese, AFB, Texas.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-06-01

engineering in flue - gas desulfurization plants, and corrosion asaessinnto of hazardous waste handling systems. Mr. Ellis is or has been an active participant...provean to evaluate lime- stones as wet scrubbers in flue gas desulfurisatios (VS) system. She vas task leader for the chemical ad physical analysis...11109163A-15 Debra L. lichmann PUBLIC&TIOUSIlEPOITS: lichmann, D.L., K.V. Luke, end J.C. Terry, " Flue Gas Desulfurization Chemistry Studies

40 CFR 63.1657 - Monitoring requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... practices that minimizes emissions per § 63.6(e)(1)(i) of subpart A. (b) Venturi scrubbers. (1) The owner or operator must monitor the pressure drop across the venturi at least every 5 minutes and record the average...

40 CFR 471.35 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... metal powder atomized Chromium 0.970 0.393 Nickel 1.44 0.970 Fluoride 156 69.2 (q) Annealing and... of process wastewater pollutant. (r) Wet Air Pollution Control Scrubber Blowdown. Subpart C—PSNS...

40 CFR 63.128 - Transfer operations provisions-test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... using a scrubber or other halogen reduction device to reduce the vent stream halogen atom mass emission...)(2) shall determine the halogen atom mass emission rate prior to the combustor according to the...

40 CFR 63.128 - Transfer operations provisions-test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... using a scrubber or other halogen reduction device to reduce the vent stream halogen atom mass emission...)(2) shall determine the halogen atom mass emission rate prior to the combustor according to the...

40 CFR 63.128 - Transfer operations provisions-test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... using a scrubber or other halogen reduction device to reduce the vent stream halogen atom mass emission...)(2) shall determine the halogen atom mass emission rate prior to the combustor according to the...

40 CFR 63.128 - Transfer operations provisions-test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... using a scrubber or other halogen reduction device to reduce the vent stream halogen atom mass emission...)(2) shall determine the halogen atom mass emission rate prior to the combustor according to the...

40 CFR 63.128 - Transfer operations provisions-test methods and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... using a scrubber or other halogen reduction device to reduce the vent stream halogen atom mass emission...)(2) shall determine the halogen atom mass emission rate prior to the combustor according to the...

40 CFR 63.7550 - What reports must I submit and when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., carbon monoxide, and operating parameters for wet scrubbers and other control devices. (9) A brief... there was a deviation. (11) The date of the latest CMS certification or audit for the system for which...

40 CFR 63.9942 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... metal alloys from natural sources of magnesium chloride such as sea water or water from the Great Salt... gases exhausted from gas turbines. Wet scrubber means a device that contacts an exhaust gas with a...

40 CFR 63.9942 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... metal alloys from natural sources of magnesium chloride such as sea water or water from the Great Salt... gases exhausted from gas turbines. Wet scrubber means a device that contacts an exhaust gas with a...

40 CFR 63.9942 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... metal alloys from natural sources of magnesium chloride such as sea water or water from the Great Salt... gases exhausted from gas turbines. Wet scrubber means a device that contacts an exhaust gas with a...

40 CFR 63.9942 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... metal alloys from natural sources of magnesium chloride such as sea water or water from the Great Salt... gases exhausted from gas turbines. Wet scrubber means a device that contacts an exhaust gas with a...

40 CFR 63.9942 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... metal alloys from natural sources of magnesium chloride such as sea water or water from the Great Salt... gases exhausted from gas turbines. Wet scrubber means a device that contacts an exhaust gas with a...

Environmental policy constraints for acidic exhaust gas scrubber discharges from ships.

PubMed

Ülpre, H; Eames, I

2014-11-15

Increasingly stringent environmental legislation on sulphur oxide emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels onboard ships (International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation 14) can be met by either refining the fuel to reduce sulphur content or by scrubbing the exhaust gases. Commonly used open loop marine scrubbers discharge warm acidic exhaust gas wash water into the sea, depressing its pH. The focus on this paper is on the physics and chemistry behind the disposal of acidic discharges in seawater. The IMO Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC 59/24/Add.1 Annex 9) requires the wash water to reach a pH greater than 6.5 at a distance of 4m from the point of discharge. We examine the engineering constraints, specifically size and number of ports, to identify the challenges of meeting regulatory compliance. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

A dual purpose packed-bed reactor for biogas scrubbing and methane-dependent water quality improvement applying to a wastewater treatment system consisting of UASB reactor and trickling filter.

PubMed

Tanaka, Yasuo

2002-08-01

A wastewater treatment system employing a UASB reactor in temperate regions requires biogas as a heat source for the UASB reactor during low temperature seasons. In this case, removal of H2S in the biogas by means of a scrubber before burning is necessary in order to prevent the boilers from corroding. Heating of the UASB reactor is, however, unnecessary in a warm season, and the scrubber and biogas become useless. Methane-dependent water quality improvement using the scrubber and biogas would be one way to use them efficiently during the warm season. The possible dual-purpose use of a packed-bed reactor was examined, with one of its uses being the scrubbing of biogas during the cold season and the other being the methane-dependent improvement of effluent water quality during the warm season. A bench scale packed-bed filled with plastic latticed-ring media was installed in a livestock wastewater treatment plant consisting of a UASB reactor and a trickling filter for post-treatment. The packed-bed was operated with biogas flowing at a superficial velocity of 0.14-0.39 m h(-1) and the hydraulic loading of trickling filter effluent sprayed onto the media 9.4-26.1 m3 m2 day(-1). H2S in the biogas from the UASB reactor was reduced from 1,200-2,500 ppm to less than 2 ppm by the reactor. Methane-dependent water quality improvement was examined using a laboratory scale reactor to which methane and/or air was supplied from the bottom, while plant effluent was spread from the top of the reactor. When the mixture gas of methane and air (volume ratio 1:3) was added to the reactor, biofilm grew on the surface of the media. Accompanying this growth, ammonium and phosphate in the spread water decreased, probably due to assimilation by the methane-oxidizing bacteria. Though assimilation activity dropped after the accumulation of biomass, it could be reactivated by washing out the excess biomass. Periodical backwash at a rate of more than once a week seemed to efficiently maintain the removal activity. The dark brown color of the wastewater could be also reduced in concert with methane oxidation. It seemed that methane-oxidizing bacteria degraded color-causing compounds. These results suggest that the packed-bed reactor is useful for both H2S purification of biogas and methane-dependent effluent water quality improvement.

A protein coated piezoelectric crystal detector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Suleiman, Ahmad; Pender, Marie; Ngeh-Ngwainbi, Jerome; Lubrano, Glenn; Guilbault, George

1990-05-01

The purpose of this project was to develop a protein coated, portable piezoelectric crystal detector for organophosphorus compounds. The performance of acetylcholinesterase, GD-1 anti-soman, anti-DMMP antibody, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) coatings was evaluated. Different immobilization methods were also tested. The responses obtained with the protein coatings immobilized via cross-linking with glutaraldehyde were acceptable, provided that the reference crystal was coated with dextran. The proposed coatings showed good stability and reasonable lifetimes that ranged from approximately three weeks in the case of the antibody coatings to several months in the case of BSA. Although moisture, gasoline, and sulfur are potential interferents, their effects on the sensor were eliminated by using a sodium sulfate scrubber which did not affect the performance of the detector towards organophosphates. A small, battery operated portable instrument capable of real time measurements with alarm function was produced. The instrument can be used in a wide range of applications, depending on the coatings applied to the crystals.

Design and fabrication of advanced materials from Illinois coal wastes. Quarterly report, 1 March 1995--31 May 1995

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Malhotra, V.M.; Wright, M.A.

1995-12-31

The main goal of this project is to develop a bench-scale procedure to design and fabricate advanced brake and structural composite materials from Illinois coal combustion residues. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and transmission-Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) were conducted on PCC fly ash (Baldwin), FBC fly ash (ADM unit1-6), FBC fly ash (S.I. coal), FBC spent bed ash (ADM unit1-6), bottom ash, and scrubber sludge (CWLP) residues to characterize their geometrical shapes, mineral phases, and thermal stability. Our spectroscopic results indicate that the scrubber sludge is mainly composed of a gypsum-like phase whosemore » lattice structure is different from the lattice structure of conventional gypsum, and sludge does not contain hannebachite (CaSO{sub 3}0.5H{sub 2}O) phase. In the second and third quarters the focus of research has been on developing protocols for the formation of advanced brake composites and structural composites. Our attempts to fabricate brake frictional shoes, in the form of 1.25 inch disks, from PCC fly ash, FBC spent bed ash, scrubber sludge, coal char, iron particles, and coal tar were successful. Based on the experience gained and microscopic analyses, we have now upscaled our procedures to fabricate 2.5 inch diameter disks from coal combustion residues. The SEM and Young`s modulus analyses of brake composites fabricated at 400 psi < Pressure < 2200 psi suggest pressure has a strong influence on the particle packing and the filling of interstices in our composites.« less

40 CFR 464.41 - Specialized definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... tetrachloroethylene 86. toluene 87. trichloroethylene (3) Melting Furnace Scrubber (§ 464.45(c) and § 464.46(c)): 31.... tetrachloroethylene 86. toluene 87. trichloroethylene (4) Mold Cooling (§ 464.45(d) and § 464.46(d)): 21. 2,4,6...

40 CFR Table 4 to Subpart Mmmmm of... - Initial Compliance With Emission Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... existing loop slitter adhesive use affected source Eliminate use of HAP-based adhesives You do not use HAP-based adhesives. 2. Each new or reconstructed flame lamination affected source using a scrubber Reduce...

40 CFR 62.14640 - What if I do not use a wet scrubber to comply with the emission limitations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... DESIGNATED FACILITIES AND POLLUTANTS Federal Plan Requirements for Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration Units That Commenced Construction On or Before November 30, 1999 Emission Limitations and...

Compliance Assurance Monitoring Technical Guidance Document Appendix A: Scrubbers for Particulate Matter Control Devices

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Compliance assurance monitoring is intended to provide a reasonable assurance of compliance with applicable requirements under the Clean Air Act for large emission units that rely on pollution control device equipment to achieve compliance.

Evaporation of iodine-containing off-gas scrubber solution

DOEpatents

Partridge, J.A.; Bosuego, G.P.

1980-07-14

Mercuric nitrate-nitric acid scrub solutions containing radioiodine may be reduced in volume without excessive loss of volatile iodine. The use of concentrated nitric acid during an evaporation process oxidizes the mercury-iodide complex to a less volatile mercuric iodate precipitate.

Compliance Assurance Monitoring Technical Guidance Document Appendix A: Scrubbers for Gaseous Pollutants Control Devices

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Compliance assurance monitoring is intended to provide a reasonable assurance of compliance with applicable requirements under the Clean Air Act for large emission units that rely on pollution control device equipment to achieve compliance.

Removing CO2 and moisture from air

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tepper, E. H.

1977-01-01

Foamed-aluminum blocks act as passive heat exchanger to improve efficiency. Improved closed-cycle atmospheric scrubber, level of carbon dioxide, and water vapor are reduced without affecting temperature of airstream. Exchangers draw impurities from air without additional heaters of auxillary equipment.

Impact of solid discharges from coal usage in the southwest

PubMed Central

Jones, D. G.; Straughan, I. R.

1978-01-01

The Southwestern region of the United States is extremely wealthy in low sulfur coal resources which must be eventually utilized in response to national energy balance priorities. Fly ash and scrubber sludge can be safely disposed of using properly managed techniques to ensure that any potential impact from elements such as boron, molybdenum, or selenium is rendered insignificant. Alternative methods of solids utilization are presently being developed. Fly ash is presently being marketed commercially as an additive for concrete manufacture. Successful experiments have been completed to demonstrate the manufacture of commercial-grade wallboard from scrubber sludge. Also, greenhouse studies and field experiments have been conducted to demonstrate increased yields of selected crops grown on typical soils amended with fly ash in amounts ranging from 2% to 8%, by weight. These studies also indicate that barium and strontium may be good monitoring indices for determining atmospheric deposition of fly ash, due to their concentration ratios in soil and vegetation samples. Further studies are being conducted to confirm encouraging irrigation and crop-yield data obtained with fly ash amended soils. Finally, the composition of many fly ashes and soils are similar in the Southwest, and there are no anticipated solid discharges from coal usage which cannot be rendered insignificant with proper management of existing and emerging methods of treatment. Compared with the water availability impact of coal usage in the Southwest, the impact of solid waste discharges are insignificant. PMID:738243

Sulfur oxide adsorbents and emissions control

DOEpatents

Li, Liyu [Richland, WA; King, David L [Richland, WA

2006-12-26

High capacity sulfur oxide absorbents utilizing manganese-based octahedral molecular sieve (Mn--OMS) materials are disclosed. An emissions reduction system for a combustion exhaust includes a scrubber 24 containing these high capacity sulfur oxide absorbents located upstream from a NOX filter 26 or particulate trap.

40 CFR 471.32 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... powder atomized Chromium 0.970 0.393 Nickel 1.44 .970 Fluoride 156 69.2 (q) Annealing and solution heat... pollutants. (r) Wet air pollution control scrubber blowdown. Subpart C—BAT Pollutant or pollutant property...

Alternative Fuels Tests on a C-17 Aircraft: Emissions Characteristics

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-12-01

Chamber DMA Differential Mobility Analyzer DNPH Dinitrophenylhydrazine EC Elemental Carbon EIn Particle Number Emission Index EIm...flows at 2 SLPM for five minutes through an ozone scrubber and then through a silica gel cartridge treated with 2,4- dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). The

40 CFR 63.8540 - What parts of my plant does this subpart cover?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... retrofitting with a dry lime injection fabric filter (DIFF), dry lime scrubber/fabric filter (DLS/FF), or wet... fired product to meet the relevant standards by retrofitting with a DIFF, DLS/FF, or WS. (g) An affected...

DEMONSTRATION BULLETIN: GAS-PHASE CHEMICAL REDUCTION - ECO LOGIC INTERNATIONAL, INC.

EPA Science Inventory

The patented Eco Logic Process employs a gas-phase reduction reaction of hydrogen with organic and chlorinated organic compounds at elevated temperatures to convert aqueous and oily hazardous contaminants into a hydrocarbon-rich gas product. After passing through a scrubber, the ...

FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION: THE STATE OF THE ART

EPA Science Inventory

The paper gives results of a review of commercially available flue gas desulfurization (FGD) technologies that have an established record of full-scale performance. (NOTE: Sulfur dioxide (SO2) scrubbers may be used by coal-fired electrcity generating units to meet the requiremen...

Autonomous benthic algal cultivator under feedback control of ecosystem metabolism

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

An autonomous and internally-controlled techno-ecological hybrid was developed that controls primary production of algae in a laboratory-scale cultivator. The technoecosystem is based on an algal turf scrubber (ATS) system that combines engineered feedback control programming with internal feedback...

Mercuric iodate precipitation from radioiodine-containing off-gas scrubber solution

DOEpatents

Partridge, Jerry A.; Bosuego, Gail P.

1982-01-01

Mercuric nitrate-nitric acid scrub solutions containing radioiodine may be reduced in volume without excessive loss of volatile iodine. The use of concentrated nitric acid during an evaporation process oxidizes the mercury-iodide complex to a less volatile mercuric iodate precipitate.

40 CFR 63.364 - Monitoring requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES Ethylene Oxide Emissions.... (2) Each owner or operator of an ethylene oxide sterilization facility subject to these emissions...: (1) Sample the scrubber liquor and analyze and record once per week the ethylene glycol concentration...

Stack Gas Scrubber Makes the Grade

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chemical and Engineering News, 1975

1975-01-01

Describes a year long test of successful sulfur dioxide removal from stack gas with a calcium oxide slurry. Sludge disposal problems are discussed. Cost is estimated at 0.6 mill per kwh not including sludge removal. A flow diagram and equations are included. (GH)

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Ffff of... - Model Rule-Operating Limits for Incinerators and Wet Scrubbers

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Emission Guidelines and Compliance Times for Other Solid Waste Incineration Units That Commenced Construction On or Before December 9, 2004 Pt. 60, Subpt. FFFF, Table 3 Table 3 to Subpart FFFF of Part 60...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Ffff of... - Model Rule-Operating Limits for Incinerators and Wet Scrubbers

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Emission Guidelines and Compliance Times for Other Solid Waste Incineration Units That Commenced Construction On or Before December 9, 2004 Pt. 60, Subpt. FFFF, Table 3 Table 3 to Subpart FFFF of Part 60...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Ffff of... - Model Rule-Operating Limits for Incinerators and Wet Scrubbers

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Emission Guidelines and Compliance Times for Other Solid Waste Incineration Units That Commenced Construction On or Before December 9, 2004 Pt. 60, Subpt. FFFF, Table 3 Table 3 to Subpart FFFF of Part 60...

PETC Review, Issue 5, Spring 1992

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Blaustein, B D; Reiss, J; Tarquinio, M A

1992-04-01

This issue of PETC Review contains short discussion on the following topics: advanced coal preparation processes, new scrubbers for flue gas desulfurization, PETC's Coal Preparation Process Research Facility, and PETC's Science Outreach Program. Supplemental sections on publications, highlights, calendars, etc. are also included. (VC)

Differential partitioning and speciation of Hg in wet FGD facilities of two Spanish PCC power plants.

PubMed

Ochoa-González, R; Córdoba, P; Díaz-Somoano, M; Font, O; López-Antón, M A; Leiva, C; Martínez-Tarazona, M R; Querol, X; Pereira, C Fernández; Tomás, A; Gómez, P; Mesado, P

2011-10-01

This paper evaluates the speciation and partitioning of mercury in two Spanish pulverised coal combustion power plants (PP1 and PP2), equipped with wet limestone-based flue gas desulphurisation facilities (FGD) operating with forced oxidation and re-circulation of FGD water streams. These plants are fed with coal (PP1) and coal/pet-coke blends (PP2) with different mercury contents. The behaviour, partitioning and speciation of Hg were found to be similar during the combustion processes but different in the FGD systems of the two power plants. A high proportion (86-88%) of Hg escaped the electrostatic precipitator in gaseous form, Hg2+ being the predominant mercury species (68-86%) to enter the FGD. At this point, a relatively high total Hg retention (72% and 65%) was achieved in the PP1 and PP2 (2007) FGD facilities respectively. However, during the second sampling campaign for PP2 (2008), the mercury removal achieved by the FGD was much lower (26%). Lab-scale tests point to liquid/gas ratio as the main parameter affecting oxidised mercury capture in the scrubber. The partitioning of the gaseous mercury reaching the FGD system in the wastes and by-products differed. In the low mercury input power plant (PP1) most of the mercury (67%) was associated with the FGD gypsum. Moreover in PP2 a significant proportion of the gaseous mercury reaching the FGD system remained in the aqueous phase (45%) in the 2007 sampling campaign while most of it escaped in 2008 (74%). This may be attributed to the scrubber operating conditions and the different composition and chemistry of the scrubber solution probably due to the use of an additive. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Current use of carbonate rocks and lime for controlling emissions from coal-fired plants in Kentucky

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dever, G.R. Jr.

1993-03-01

Seven coal-fired power plants in Kentucky currently are operating wet-scrubbing systems for flue-gas desulfurization. Atmospheric fluidized-bed combustion (AFBC) units are being used for SO[sub 2] emission control at a petroleum refinery, and a 160-MW utility-scale AFBC demonstration plant is being operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority. A lime-based spray-dryer reactor system has been installed on an industrial boiler, and a spray-dryer system is being tested at a utility pilot-plant facility. Four of the seven power plants operate limestone-based wet-scrubbing systems and require about 885,000 tons of stone per year. Stone is obtained from Mississippian limestones, principally the Ste. Genevieve Limestone,more » produced at four quarries in Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois. Scrubber limestone specifications include CaCO[sub 3] content (minimum 88--90%), MgCO[sub 3] content (maximum 4--6%), and grindability (maximum Bond Work Index of 11--12). Three power plants operate lime-based scrubbers, requiring about 250,000 tons of lime per year. The scrubbers currently use (1) lime manufactured from an Ordovician dolomitic limestone, mined in north-central Kentucky, and (2) carbide lime, a chemical-industry byproduct. Fluidized-bed units at the petroleum refinery require about 100,000 tons of sorbent stone per year. The sorbent consists of about equal amounts of Silurian dolomite from Ohio and Ordovician dolomitic limestone from Kentucky. The utility-scale AFBC demonstration plant uses a limestone sorbent and currently requires about 200,000 tons of stone per year. Limestone is obtained from the Ste. Genevieve in western Kentucky.« less

Assessment of emissions and removal of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) at start-up periods in a hazardous waste incinerator.

PubMed

Karademir, Aykan; Korucu, M Kemal

2013-07-01

A study was conducted to observe the changes in polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) levels and congener profiles in the flue gas of a hazardous waste incinerator during two start-up periods. Flue gas samplings were performed simultaneously through Air Pollution Control Devices (APCDs) (including boiler outlet, electrostatic precipitator (ESP) outlet, wet scrubbers (WS) outlet, and activated carbon (AC) filter outlet) in different combustion temperatures during a planned cold (long) start-up and an unplanned warm (short) start-up. The results showed that PCDD/F concentrations could be elevated during the start-up periods up to levels 3-4 times higher than those observed in the normal operation. Especially lower combustion temperatures in the short start-ups may cause high PCDD/F concentrations in the raw flue gas. Assessment of combustion temperatures and Furans/Dioxins values indicated that surface-catalyzed de novo synthesis was the dominant pathway in the formation of PCDD/Fs in the combustion units. PCDD/F removal efficiencies of Air Pollution Control Devices suggested that formation by de novo synthesis existed in ESP also when in operation, leading to increase of gaseous phase PCDD/Fs in ESP Particle-bound PCDD/Fs were removed mainly by ESP and WS, while gaseous phase PCDD/Fs were removed by WS, and more efficiently by AC filter. This paper evaluates PCDD/F emissions and removal performances of APCDs (ESP, wet scrubbers, and activated carbon) during two start-up periods in an incinerator. The main implications are the following: (1) start-up periods increase PCDD/F emissions up to 2-3 times in the incinerator; (2) low combustion temperatures in start-ups cause high PCDD/F emissions in raw gas; (3) formation of PCDD/Fs by de novo synthesis occurs in ESP; (4) AC is efficient in removing gaseous PCDD/Fs, but may increase particle-bound ones; and (5) scrubbers remove both gaseous and particle-bound PCDD/Fs efficiently.

Why is Coal Ash of Concern and How to Assess Potential Impacts?

EPA Science Inventory

EPA's new test methods - the leaching environmental assessment framework (LEAF) are discussed including how they have been used to evaluate fly ash and scrubber residues. Work to evaluate high-volume encapsulated use of fly ash in cementitious material is also described.

Effectiveness of Internal vs. External SEU Scrubbing Mitigation Strategies in a Xilinx FPGA: Design, Test, and Analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Berg, Melanie; Poivey C.; Petrick, D.; Espinosa, D.; Lesea, Austin; LaBel, K. A.; Friendlich, M; Kim, H; Phan, A.

2008-01-01

We compare two scrubbing mitigation schemes for Xilinx FPGA devices. The design of the scrubbers is briefly discussed along with an examination of mitigation limitations. Proton and Heavy Ion data are then presented and analyzed.

40 CFR 421.296 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Secondary Tin Subcategory... wastewater pollutants in secondary tin process wastewater introduced into a POTW shall not exceed the following values: (a) Tin smelter SO2 scrubber. PSNS for the Secondary Tin Subcategory Pollutant or...

40 CFR 421.296 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Secondary Tin Subcategory... wastewater pollutants in secondary tin process wastewater introduced into a POTW shall not exceed the following values: (a) Tin smelter SO2 scrubber. PSNS for the Secondary Tin Subcategory Pollutant or...

40 CFR 421.296 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Secondary Tin Subcategory... wastewater pollutants in secondary tin process wastewater introduced into a POTW shall not exceed the following values: (a) Tin smelter SO2 scrubber. PSNS for the Secondary Tin Subcategory Pollutant or...

40 CFR 421.296 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Secondary Tin Subcategory... wastewater pollutants in secondary tin process wastewater introduced into a POTW shall not exceed the following values: (a) Tin smelter SO2 scrubber. PSNS for the Secondary Tin Subcategory Pollutant or...

40 CFR 421.296 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Secondary Tin Subcategory... wastewater pollutants in secondary tin process wastewater introduced into a POTW shall not exceed the following values: (a) Tin smelter SO2 scrubber. PSNS for the Secondary Tin Subcategory Pollutant or...

21. Building 202, underside of test stand A, detail of ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

21. Building 202, underside of test stand A, detail of junction of scrubber structure and test stand with water pipes and valves visible. View looking southeast. - Rocket Engine Testing Facility, GRC Building No. 202, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH

Corona-discharge air-purification system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wydeven, T. J.; Flamm, D. L.

1979-01-01

Plasma reaction chamber removes trace contaminants from spacecraft, submarines, and other closed environments by oxidizing contaminants to produce carbon dioxide and water. Contaminants are alcohols, esters, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia. Others are lubricant solvents such as Freons, aromatics, and Ketones. Contaminants are removed from chamber by scrubber.

Nutrient removal of agricultural drainage water using algal turf scrubbers and solar power

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Restoration of the Chesapeake Bay poses significant challenges because of increasing population pressure, conversion of farmland to urban/suburban development, and the expense of infrastructure needed to achieve significant and sustained nutrient reductions from agricultural and urban sources. One ...

61. Historic elevation and section drawing of Building 202 exhaust ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

61. Historic elevation and section drawing of Building 202 exhaust scrubber, July 18, 1955. NASA GRC drawing no. CD-101263. (On file at NASA Glenn Research Center). - Rocket Engine Testing Facility, GRC Building No. 202, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH

40 CFR 63.864 - Monitoring requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... that uses an air pollution control system other than an ESP, wet scrubber, RTO, or fabric filter must... unit equipped with an alternative air pollution control system and monitoring operating parameters... affected source or process unit equipped with an alternative air pollution control system and monitoring...

40 CFR 63.864 - Monitoring requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... that uses an air pollution control system other than an ESP, wet scrubber, RTO, or fabric filter must... unit equipped with an alternative air pollution control system and monitoring operating parameters... affected source or process unit equipped with an alternative air pollution control system and monitoring...

40 CFR 63.864 - Monitoring requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... that uses an air pollution control system other than an ESP, wet scrubber, RTO, or fabric filter must... unit equipped with an alternative air pollution control system and monitoring operating parameters... affected source or process unit equipped with an alternative air pollution control system and monitoring...

40 CFR 464.31 - Specialized definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (dichloromethane) 55. naphthalene 64. pentachlorophenol 65. phenol 66. bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 67. butyl benzyl phthalate 68. di-n-butyl phthalate 70. diethyl phthalate 71. dimethyl phthalate 72. benzo (a)anthracene (1,2... (dichloromethane) 66. bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 77. acenaphthylene 84. pyrene (4) Melting Furnace Scrubber...

40 CFR 464.31 - Specialized definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (dichloromethane) 55. naphthalene 64. pentachlorophenol 65. phenol 66. bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 67. butyl benzyl phthalate 68. di-n-butyl phthalate 70. diethyl phthalate 71. dimethyl phthalate 72. benzo (a)anthracene (1,2... (dichloromethane) 66. bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 77. acenaphthylene 84. pyrene (4) Melting Furnace Scrubber...

40 CFR 467.46 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... 467.46 Section 467.46 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ALUMINUM FORMING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Forging Subcategory § 467.46 Pretreatment... (alternate monitoring parameter) 13.91 13.91 Subpart D Cleaning or Etching Scrubber Liquor Pollutant or...

MERCURY(II) ADSORPTION FROM WASTEWATERS USING A THIOL FUNCTIONAL ADSORBENT

EPA Science Inventory

The removal of mercury(II) from wastewaters (coal-fired utility plant scrubber solutions) using a thiol functional organoceramic composite (SOL-AD-IV) is investigated. A simulant is employed as a surrogate to demonstrate the removal of mercury from real waste solutions. Equilibri...

PETC Review, Issue 5, Spring 1992

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Blaustein, B.D.; Reiss, J.; Tarquinio, M.A.

1992-07-01

This issue of PETC Review contains short discussion on the following topics: advanced coal preparation processes, new scrubbers for flue gas desulfurization, PETC`s Coal Preparation Process Research Facility, and PETC`s Science Outreach Program. Supplemental sections on publications, highlights, calendars, etc. are also included. (VC)

40 CFR 60.2110 - What operating limits must I meet and by when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... during the most recent performance test demonstrating compliance with all applicable emission limitations... most recent performance test demonstrating compliance with all applicable emission limitations. (2... drop across the wet scrubber measured during the most recent performance test demonstrating compliance...

40 CFR 60.2110 - What operating limits must I meet and by when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... during the most recent performance test demonstrating compliance with all applicable emission limitations... most recent performance test demonstrating compliance with all applicable emission limitations. (2... drop across the wet scrubber measured during the most recent performance test demonstrating compliance...

40 CFR 60.2110 - What operating limits must I meet and by when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... during the most recent performance test demonstrating compliance with all applicable emission limitations... most recent performance test demonstrating compliance with all applicable emission limitations. (2... drop across the wet scrubber measured during the most recent performance test demonstrating compliance...

Hard Facts.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shaw, Richard

1998-01-01

Discusses the selection of floor-care equipment so that the equipment's features and performance attributes can match their intended purposes. Offers tips such as buying only composite-material buckets and wringers, choosing cleaning machines with good maintenance track records, and buying automatic scrubbers that can operate in both large and…

SOXAL{trademark} pilot plant demonstration at Niagara Mohawk`s Dunkirk Station

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Strangway, P.K.

The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 made it necessary to accelerate the development of scrubber systems for use by some utilities burning sulfur-containing fuels, primarily coal. While many types of Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) systems operate based on lime and limestone scrubbing, these systems have drawbacks when considered for incorporation into long-term emissions control plans. Although the costs associated with disposal of large amounts of scrubber sludge may be manageable today, the trend is toward increased disposal costs. Many new SO{sub 2} control technologies are being pursued in the hope of developing an economical regenerable FGD system did recoversmore » the SO{sub 2} as a saleable commercial product, thus minimizing the formation of disposal waste. Some new technologies include the use of exotic chemical absorbents which are alien to the utility industry and utilities` waste treatment facilities. These systems present utilities with new environmental issues. The SOXAL{trademark} process has been developed so as to eliminate such issues.« less

Factors influencing gypsum crystal morphology within a flue gas desulfurization vessel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lewis, Kinsey M.

Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) is utilized by the coal--powered generating industry to safely eliminate sulfur dioxide. A FGD vessel (scrubber) synthetically creates gypsum crystals by combining limestone (CaCO3), SO2 flue gas, water and oxygen resulting in crystalline gypsum (CaSO4 · 2H2O), which can be sold for an economic return. Flat disk--like crystals, opposed to rod--like crystals, are hard to dewater, lowering economic return. The objectives were to investigate the cause of varying morphologies, understand the environment of precipitation, as well as identify correlations between operating conditions and resulting unfavorable gypsum crystal growth. Results show evidence supporting airborne impurities due to the onsite coal pile, the abundance and size of CaCO 3 and high Ca:SO4 ratios within the scrubber as possible factors controlling gypsum crystal morphology. In conclusion, regularly purging the system and incorporating a filter on the air intake valve will provide an economic byproduct avoiding costly landfill deposits.

Method for sequestering CO.sub.2 and SO.sub.2 utilizing a plurality of waste streams

DOEpatents

Soong, Yee [Monroeville, PA; Allen, Douglas E [Salem, MA; Zhu, Chen [Monroe County, IN

2011-04-12

A neutralization/sequestration process is provided for concomitantly addressing capture and sequestration of both CO.sub.2 and SO.sub.2 from industrial gas byproduct streams. The invented process concomitantly treats and minimizes bauxite residues from aluminum production processes and brine wastewater from oil/gas production processes. The benefits of this integrated approach to coincidental treatment of multiple industrial waste byproduct streams include neutralization of caustic byproduct such as bauxite residue, thereby decreasing the risk associated with the long-term storage and potential environmental of storing caustic materials, decreasing or obviating the need for costly treatment of byproduct brines, thereby eliminating the need to purchase CaO or similar scrubber reagents typically required for SO.sub.2 treatment of such gasses, and directly using CO.sub.2 from flue gas to neutralize bauxite residue/brine mixtures, without the need for costly separation of CO.sub.2 from the industrial byproduct gas stream by processes such as liquid amine-based scrubbers.

Potassium permanganate for mercury vapor environmental control

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kuivinen, D. E.

1972-01-01

Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) was evaluated for application in removing mercury vapor from exhaust air systems. The KMnO4 may be used in water solution with a liquid spray scrubber system or as a solid adsorber bed material when impregnated onto a zeolite. Air samples contaminated with as much as 112 mg/cu m of mercury were scrubbed to 0.06mg/cum with the KMnO4-impregnated zeolite (molecular sieve material). The water spray solution of permanganate was also found to be as effective as the impregnated zeolite. The KMnO4-impregnated zeolite was applied as a solid adsorber material to (1) a hardware decontamination system, (2) a model incinerator, and (3) a high vacuum chamber for ion engine testing with mercury as the propellant. A liquid scrubber system was also applied in an incinerator system. Based on the results of these experiments, it is concluded that the use of KMnO4 can be an effective method for controlling noxious mercury vapor.

Kinetic Re-Evaluation of Fuel Neutralization by AKGA

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Oropeza Cristina; Kosiba, Mike; Davis, Chuck

2010-01-01

Baseline characterization testing previously identified alpha-ketoglutaric acid (AKGA) cis a potential alternative to the current standard hydrazine (HZ) family fuel neutralization techniques in use at Kennedy Space Center (KSC). Thus far, the reagent shows promise for use in hardware decontamination operations and as a drop-in replacement for the scrubber liquor currently used in KSC four tower vapor scrubbers. Implementation of AKGA could improve process safety and reduce or eliminate generation of hydrazine-Iaden waste streams. This paper focuses on evaluation of the kinetics of these decontamination reactions in solution. Pseudo first order reaction rate constants with respect to the pyridazine products (6-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyridazine-3-carboxylic acid, (PCA) and 1-methyl-6-oxo-4,5-dihydro-pyridazine-3-carboxylic acid (mPCA)) in the presence of excess AKGA were determined by monitoring product formation using a ultra-violet visible absorption spectroscopy method. The results are presented here in comparison to previous data obtained by monitoring reactant depletion by gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorus detector (GC-NPD).

Actinide and lanthanide separation process (ALSEP)

DOEpatents

Guelis, Artem V.

2013-01-15

The process of the invention is the separation of minor actinides from lanthanides in a fluid mixture comprising, fission products, lanthanides, minor actinides, rare earth elements, nitric acid and water by addition of an organic chelating aid to the fluid; extracting the fluid with a solvent comprising a first extractant, a second extractant and an organic diluent to form an organic extractant stream and an aqueous raffinate. Scrubbing the organic stream with a dicarboxylic acid and a chelating agent to form a scrubber discharge. The scrubber discharge is stripped with a simple buffering agent and a second chelating agent in the pH range of 2.5 to 6.1 to produce actinide and lanthanide streams and spent organic diluents. The first extractant is selected from bis(2-ethylhexyl)hydrogen phosphate (HDEHP) and mono(2-ethylhexyl)2-ethylhexyl phosphonate (HEH(EHP)) and the second extractant is selected from N,N,N,N-tetra-2-ethylhexyl diglycol amide (TEHDGA) and N,N,N',N'-tetraoctyl-3-oxapentanediamide (TODGA).

Carbon Dioxide Blast/Vacuum Demilitarization

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-08-01

through a venturi at the opening of the nozzle. The nozzle accelerates the pellets up to supersonic speeds. CONCEPT ORIGINATION: The concept for a...sent td the treatment plant. The kettle also requires a hood to capture the vapor rising from it, which uses a sophisticated air scrubber to remove

40 CFR 63.1413 - Compliance demonstration procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... liquids, other than fuels, received by the control device. (i) For a scrubber, the design evaluation shall... scrubbing liquid. The design evaluation shall establish the design exhaust vent stream organic compound... process vent and the overall percent reduction for the collection of non-reactor batch process vents...

40 CFR 63.1258 - Monitoring Requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... new operating scenario is implemented based on process knowledge and representative operating data... specified for control scenarios in Table 4 of this subpart and in paragraphs (b)(1)(ii) through (xi) of this.... The minimum scrubber flowrate or pressure drop shall be based on the conditions anticipated under...

75 FR 33270 - Procurement List; Proposed Additions and Deletions

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-11

.... Contracting Activity: Federal Acquisition Service, GSA/FSS OFC SUP CTR--Paper Products, New York, NY. Coverage... Support Center--Paper Products. Microfiber and Metallic Scrubber Sponges (3-Pack) NSN: MR 999. NPA: New York City Industries for the Blind, Inc., Brooklyn, NY. Contracting Activity: Defense Commissary Agency...

40 CFR 421.294 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Secondary Tin... achieve the following new source performance standards: (a) Tin smelter SO2 scrubber. NSPS for the Secondary Tin Subcategory Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average...

40 CFR 421.295 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Secondary Tin... existing sources. The mass of wastewater pollutants in secondary tin process wastewater introduced into a POTW must not exceed the following values: (a) Tin smelter SO2 scrubber. PSES for the Secondary Tin...

40 CFR 421.295 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Secondary Tin... existing sources. The mass of wastewater pollutants in secondary tin process wastewater introduced into a POTW must not exceed the following values: (a) Tin smelter SO2 scrubber. PSES for the Secondary Tin...

40 CFR 421.295 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Secondary Tin... existing sources. The mass of wastewater pollutants in secondary tin process wastewater introduced into a POTW must not exceed the following values: (a) Tin smelter SO2 scrubber. PSES for the Secondary Tin...

40 CFR 421.294 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Secondary Tin... achieve the following new source performance standards: (a) Tin smelter SO2 scrubber. NSPS for the Secondary Tin Subcategory Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average...

40 CFR 421.294 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Secondary Tin... achieve the following new source performance standards: (a) Tin smelter SO2 scrubber. NSPS for the Secondary Tin Subcategory Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average...

40 CFR 421.294 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Secondary Tin... achieve the following new source performance standards: (a) Tin smelter SO2 scrubber. NSPS for the Secondary Tin Subcategory Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average...

40 CFR 421.294 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Secondary Tin... achieve the following new source performance standards: (a) Tin smelter SO2 scrubber. NSPS for the Secondary Tin Subcategory Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average...

40 CFR 421.295 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Secondary Tin... existing sources. The mass of wastewater pollutants in secondary tin process wastewater introduced into a POTW must not exceed the following values: (a) Tin smelter SO2 scrubber. PSES for the Secondary Tin...

40 CFR 421.295 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Secondary Tin... existing sources. The mass of wastewater pollutants in secondary tin process wastewater introduced into a POTW must not exceed the following values: (a) Tin smelter SO2 scrubber. PSES for the Secondary Tin...

40 CFR 63.9882 - What parts of my plant does this subpart cover?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Magnesium... affected sources are each new and existing primary magnesium refining facility. (b) This subpart covers emissions from each spray dryer stack, magnesium chloride storage bins scrubber stack, melt/reactor system...

40 CFR 63.9882 - What parts of my plant does this subpart cover?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Magnesium... affected sources are each new and existing primary magnesium refining facility. (b) This subpart covers emissions from each spray dryer stack, magnesium chloride storage bins scrubber stack, melt/reactor system...

40 CFR 63.9882 - What parts of my plant does this subpart cover?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Magnesium... affected sources are each new and existing primary magnesium refining facility. (b) This subpart covers emissions from each spray dryer stack, magnesium chloride storage bins scrubber stack, melt/reactor system...

40 CFR 63.9882 - What parts of my plant does this subpart cover?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Magnesium... affected sources are each new and existing primary magnesium refining facility. (b) This subpart covers emissions from each spray dryer stack, magnesium chloride storage bins scrubber stack, melt/reactor system...

40 CFR 63.9882 - What parts of my plant does this subpart cover?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Magnesium... affected sources are each new and existing primary magnesium refining facility. (b) This subpart covers emissions from each spray dryer stack, magnesium chloride storage bins scrubber stack, melt/reactor system...

DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHEMATICAL BASIS FOR RELATING SLUDGE PROPERTIES TO FGD-SCRUBBER OPERATING VARIABLES

EPA Science Inventory

The report gives results of research to investigate prospects for increasing the size of calcium sulfite sludge particles in flue gas desulfurization systems. The approach included four work packages: a literature survey and development of a mathematical basis for predicting calc...

40 CFR 464.21 - Specialized definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

.... pentachlorophenol 66. bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 71. dimethyl phthalate (2) Dust Collection Scrubbers (§ 464.25(c...-dimethylphenol 55. naphthalene 58. 4-nitrophenol 64. pentachlorophenol 65. phenol 66. bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 67. butyl benzyl phthalate 68. di-n-butyl phthalate 70. diethyl phthalate 71. dimethyl phthalate 72...

40 CFR 464.21 - Specialized definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

.... pentachlorophenol 66. bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 71. dimethyl phthalate (2) Dust Collection Scrubbers (§ 464.25(c...-dimethylphenol 55. naphthalene 58. 4-nitrophenol 64. pentachlorophenol 65. phenol 66. bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 67. butyl benzyl phthalate 68. di-n-butyl phthalate 70. diethyl phthalate 71. dimethyl phthalate 72...

40 CFR 467.16 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... 467.16 Section 467.16 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ALUMINUM FORMING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Rolling With Neat Oils Subcategory § 467.16... Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 13.91 13.91 Subpart A Cleaning or Etching Scrubber...

40 CFR 467.56 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... 467.56 Section 467.56 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ALUMINUM FORMING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Drawing With Neat Oils Subcategory § 467.56... parameter) 13.91 13.91 Subpart E Cleaning or Etching Scrubber Liquor Pollutant or pollutant property PSNS...

40 CFR 421.276 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Primary Rare Earth Metals... wastewater pollutants in primary rare earth metals process wastewater introduced into a POTW shall not exceed the following values: (a) Dryer vent water quench and scrubber. PSNS for the Primary Rare Earth Metals...

40 CFR 421.276 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Primary Rare Earth Metals... wastewater pollutants in primary rare earth metals process wastewater introduced into a POTW shall not exceed the following values: (a) Dryer vent water quench and scrubber. PSNS for the Primary Rare Earth Metals...

40 CFR 421.276 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Primary Rare Earth Metals... wastewater pollutants in primary rare earth metals process wastewater introduced into a POTW shall not exceed the following values: (a) Dryer vent water quench and scrubber. PSNS for the Primary Rare Earth Metals...

40 CFR 421.276 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Primary Rare Earth Metals... wastewater pollutants in primary rare earth metals process wastewater introduced into a POTW shall not exceed the following values: (a) Dryer vent water quench and scrubber. PSNS for the Primary Rare Earth Metals...

40 CFR 421.276 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Primary Rare Earth Metals... wastewater pollutants in primary rare earth metals process wastewater introduced into a POTW shall not exceed the following values: (a) Dryer vent water quench and scrubber. PSNS for the Primary Rare Earth Metals...

Modification of pure oxygen absorption equipment for concurrent stripping of carbon dioxide

USGS Publications Warehouse

Watten, B.J.; Sibrell, P.L.; Montgomery, G.A.; Tsukuda, S.M.

2004-01-01

The high solubility of carbon dioxide precludes significant desorption within commercial oxygen absorption equipment. This operating characteristic of the equipment limits its application in recirculating water culture systems despite its ability to significantly increase allowable fish loading rates (kg/(L min)). Carbon dioxide (DC) is typically removed by air stripping. This process requires a significant energy input for forced air movement, air heating in cold climates and water pumping. We developed a modification for a spray tower that provides for carbon dioxide desorption as well as oxygen absorption. Elimination of the air-stripping step reduces pumping costs while allowing dissolved nitrogen to drop below saturation concentrations. This latter response provides for an improvement in oxygen absorption efficiency within the spray tower. DC desorption is achieved by directing head-space gases from the spray tower (O2, N2, CO2) through a sealed packed tower scrubber receiving a 2 N NaOH solution. Carbon dioxide is selectively removed from the gas stream, by chemical reaction, forming the product Na 2CO3. Scrubber off-gas, lean with regard to carbon dioxide but still rich with oxygen, is redirected through the spray tower for further stripping of DC and absorption of oxygen. Make-up NaOH is metered into the scrubbing solution sump on an as needed basis as directed by a feedback control loop programmed to maintain a scrubbing solution pH of 11.4-11.8. The spent NaOH solution is collected, then regenerated for reuse, in a batch process that requires relatively inexpensive hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2). A by-product of the regeneration step is an alkaline filter cake, which may have use in bio-solids stabilization. Given the enhanced gas transfer rates possible with chemical reaction, the required NaOH solution flow rate through the scrubber represents a fraction of the spray tower water flow rate. Further, isolation of the water being treated from the atmosphere (1), allows for an improvement in oxygen absorption efficiency by maintaining DN well below local saturation concentrations (2), minimizes building energy requirements related to heating and ventilation and (3), reduces the potential for pathogen transmittance. We report on the performance of a test scrubber evaluated over a range of NaOH solution temperatures, pH, packing irrigation rates, and gas stream compositions. We also describe our experience with the process in a pilot scale recirculating water (trout) production system.

Tar Management and Recycling in Biomass Gasification and Syngas Purification

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McCaffrey, Zach

Removal of tars is critical to the design and operation of biomass gasification systems as most syngas utilization processing equipment (e.g. internal combustion engines, gas turbines, fuel cells, and liquid fuel synthesis reactors) have a low tolerance for tar. Capturing and disposal of tar is expensive due to equipment costs, high hazardous waste disposal costs where direct uses cannot be found, and system energy losses incurred. Water scrubbing is an existing technique commonly used in gasification plants to remove contaminants and tar; however using water as the absorbent is non-ideal as tar compounds have low or no water solubility. Hydrophobic solvents can improve scrubber performance and this study evaluated tar solubility in selected solvents using slip-streams of untreated syngas from a laboratory fluidized bed reactor operated on almond composite feedstock using both air and steam gasification. Tar solubility was compared with Hansen's solubility theory to examine the extent to which the tar removal can be predicted. As collection of tar without utilization leads to a hazardous waste problem, the study investigated the effects of recycling tars back into the gasifier for destruction. Prior to experiments conducted on tar capture and recycle, characterizations of the air and steam gasification of the almond composite mix were made. This work aims to provide a better understanding of tar collection and solvent selection for wet scrubbers, and to provide information for designing improved tar management systems for biomass gasification.

Speciation, Characterization, And Mobility Of As, Se and Hg In Flue Gas Desulphurization Residues

EPA Science Inventory

Flue gas from coal combustion contains significant amounts of volatile toxic trace elements such as arsenic (As), selenium (Se) and mercury (Hg). The capture of these elements in the flue gas desulphurization (FGD) scrubber unit has resulted in generation of a metal-laden residue...

Speciation, Characterization, And Mobility Of As, Se, and Hg In Flue Gas Desulphurization Residues

EPA Science Inventory

Flue gas from coal combustion contains significant amounts of volatile elements, such as arsenic (As), selenium (Se) and mercury (Hg), which could lead to serious environmental health risks. The capture of these toxic elements in the scrubber with a flue gas desulphurization (FGD...

40 CFR 65.162 - Nonflare control and recovery device monitoring records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...). For catalytic incinerators, record the daily average of the temperature upstream of the catalyst bed and the daily average of the temperature differential across the bed. For halogen scrubbers, record... regeneration stream flow and carbon bed regeneration temperature are monitored, the following records shall be...

40 CFR Table 7 to Subpart Ddddd of... - Establishing Operating Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... Particulate matter, mercury, or total selected metals a. Wet scrubber operating parameters i. Establish a site... drop and liquid flow rate monitors and the particulate matter, mercury, or total selected metals... from the pressure drop and liquid flow rate monitors and the particulate matter, mercury, or total...

Innovative Technology Reduces Power Plant Emissions - Commercialization Success

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Parrish, Clyde

2004-01-01

Emission control system development includes: (1) Development of new oxidizer scrubber system to eliminate NOx waste and produce fertilizer (2) Technology licensed and a 1 to 3 MWatt-scale prototype installed on. power plant (3) Development of method to oxidize NO. to N02 (4) Experience gained from licensing NASA technology

40 CFR 63.3094 - What work practice standards must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., mixing, and conveying of coatings, thinners, and cleaning materials used in, and waste materials... approved alternative. (A) Use of masking materials (contact paper, plastic sheet, or other similar type of... (paper, foil, plastic, or similar type of material). (B) Use of manual and/or mechanical scrubbers, rags...

40 CFR 60.343 - Monitoring of emissions and operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... device for the continuous measurement of the pressure loss of the gas stream through the scrubber. The monitoring device must be accurate within ±250 pascals (one inch of water). (2) A monitoring device for continuous measurement of the scrubbing liquid supply pressure to the control device. The monitoring device...

40 CFR 420.123 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... achievable (BAT). 420.123 Section 420.123 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... application of the best available technology economically achievable (BAT). Except as provided in 40 CFR 125...) Strip, sheet, and miscellaneous products scrubbers. Subpart L Pollutant or pollutant property BAT...

40 CFR 420.123 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... achievable (BAT). 420.123 Section 420.123 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... application of the best available technology economically achievable (BAT). Except as provided in 40 CFR 125...) Strip, sheet, and miscellaneous products scrubbers. Subpart L Pollutant or pollutant property BAT...

40 CFR 420.123 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... achievable (BAT). 420.123 Section 420.123 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... application of the best available technology economically achievable (BAT). Except as provided in 40 CFR 125...) Strip, sheet, and miscellaneous products scrubbers. Subpart L Pollutant or pollutant property BAT...

40 CFR 420.123 - Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... achievable (BAT). 420.123 Section 420.123 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... application of the best available technology economically achievable (BAT). Except as provided in 40 CFR 125...) Strip, sheet, and miscellaneous products scrubbers. Subpart L Pollutant or pollutant property BAT...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Ttttt of... - Initial Compliance With Emission Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Magnesium...), did not exceed 200 lbs/hr. 2. Each magnesium chloride storage bin scrubber stack a. The average mass flow of hydrochloric acid from the control system applied to the magnesium chloride storage bins...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Ttttt of... - Initial Compliance With Emission Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Magnesium...), did not exceed 200 lbs/hr. 2. Each magnesium chloride storage bin scrubber stack a. The average mass flow of hydrochloric acid from the control system applied to the magnesium chloride storage bins...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Ttttt of... - Initial Compliance With Emission Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Magnesium...), did not exceed 200 lbs/hr. 2. Each magnesium chloride storage bin scrubber stack a. The average mass flow of hydrochloric acid from the control system applied to the magnesium chloride storage bins...

40 CFR Table 3 to Subpart Ttttt of... - Initial Compliance With Emission Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Magnesium...), did not exceed 200 lbs/hr. 2. Each magnesium chloride storage bin scrubber stack a. The average mass flow of hydrochloric acid from the control system applied to the magnesium chloride storage bins...

40 CFR 467.16 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 20.37 20.37 Subpart A Cleaning or Etching Bath....124 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 1.79 1.79 Subpart A Cleaning or Etching Rinse... Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 13.91 13.91 Subpart A Cleaning or Etching Scrubber...

40 CFR 467.55 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 1.41 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 110 53 Subpart E Cleaning or Etching Bath....124 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 9.3 4.7 Subpart E Cleaning or Etching Rinse... Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 73 36 Subpart E Cleaning or Etching Scrubber Liquor...

40 CFR 467.16 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 20.37 20.37 Subpart A Cleaning or Etching Bath....124 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 1.79 1.79 Subpart A Cleaning or Etching Rinse... Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 13.91 13.91 Subpart A Cleaning or Etching Scrubber...

40 CFR 467.16 - Pretreatment standards for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 20.37 20.37 Subpart A Cleaning or Etching Bath....124 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 1.79 1.79 Subpart A Cleaning or Etching Rinse... Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 13.91 13.91 Subpart A Cleaning or Etching Scrubber...

40 CFR 467.55 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 1.41 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 110 53 Subpart E Cleaning or Etching Bath....124 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 9.3 4.7 Subpart E Cleaning or Etching Rinse... Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 73 36 Subpart E Cleaning or Etching Scrubber Liquor...

40 CFR 467.55 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 1.41 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 110 53 Subpart E Cleaning or Etching Bath....124 Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 9.3 4.7 Subpart E Cleaning or Etching Rinse... Oil and grease (alternate monitoring parameter) 73 36 Subpart E Cleaning or Etching Scrubber Liquor...