Bertolotti's syndrome: a case report.

PubMed

Mitra, Raj; Carlisle, Mark

2009-01-01

A case report and literature review is presented. To review relevant data for the management of Bertolotti's syndrome and to determine whether the transverse process-ilium articulation may be a pain generator. Bertolotti's syndrome is associated with axial low back pain secondary to arthritic changes; the pain generator in the disorder is unclear. We present a case report of symptomatic Bertolotti's syndrome managed with intra-articular steroid injections. A patient with Bertolotti's syndrome had significant relief of axial pain after steroid injection of the ilium-transverse process articulation. Steroid therapy may be a non-surgical alternative for the treatment of symptomatic Bertolotti's syndrome.

Marketing of Revenue-Generating ESL Programs at the University of Calgary: A Qualitative Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Eaton, Sarah Elaine

2009-01-01

This qualitative case study endeavored to understand how program managers at one post-secondary Canadian university define, understand and undertake the marketing of their revenue-generating English as a Second Language (ESL) programs. Data were collected through interviews with three managers of distinct English as a Second Language (ESL)…

Lesion Generation Through Ribs Using Histotripsy Therapy Without Aberration Correction

PubMed Central

Kim, Yohan; Wang, Tzu-Yin; Xu, Zhen; Cain, Charles A.

2012-01-01

This study investigates the feasibility of using high-intensity pulsed therapeutic ultrasound, or histotripsy, to non-invasively generate lesions through the ribs. Histotripsy therapy mechanically ablates tissue through the generation of a cavitation bubble cloud, which occurs when the focal pressure exceeds a certain threshold. We hypothesize that histotripsy can generate precise lesions through the ribs without aberration correction if the main lobe retains its shape and exceeds the cavitation initiation threshold and the secondary lobes remain below the threshold. To test this hypothesis, a 750-kHz focused transducer was used to generate lesions in tissue-mimicking phantoms with and without the presence of rib aberrators. In all cases, 8000 pulses with 16 to 18 MPa peak rarefactional pressure at a repetition frequency of 100 Hz were applied without aberration correction. Despite the high secondary lobes introduced by the aberrators, high-speed imaging showed that bubble clouds were generated exclusively at the focus, resulting in well-confined lesions with comparable dimensions. Collateral damage from secondary lobes was negligible, caused by single bubbles that failed to form a cloud. These results support our hypothesis, suggesting that histotripsy has a high tolerance for aberrated fields and can generate confined focal lesions through rib obstacles without aberration correction. PMID:22083767

Lesion generation through ribs using histotripsy therapy without aberration correction.

PubMed

Kim, Yohan; Wang, Tzu-Yin; Xu, Zhen; Cain, Charles A

2011-11-01

This study investigates the feasibility of using high-intensity pulsed therapeutic ultrasound, or histotripsy, to non-invasively generate lesions through the ribs. Histotripsy therapy mechanically ablates tissue through the generation of a cavitation bubble cloud, which occurs when the focal pressure exceeds a certain threshold. We hypothesize that histotripsy can generate precise lesions through the ribs without aberration correction if the main lobe retains its shape and exceeds the cavitation initiation threshold and the secondary lobes remain below the threshold. To test this hypothesis, a 750-kHz focused transducer was used to generate lesions in tissue-mimicking phantoms with and without the presence of rib aberrators. In all cases, 8000 pulses with 16 to 18 MPa peak rarefactional pressure at a repetition frequency of 100 Hz were applied without aberration correction. Despite the high secondary lobes introduced by the aberrators, high-speed imaging showed that bubble clouds were generated exclusively at the focus, resulting in well-confined lesions with comparable dimensions. Collateral damage from secondary lobes was negligible, caused by single bubbles that failed to form a cloud. These results support our hypothesis, suggesting that histotripsy has a high tolerance for aberrated fields and can generate confined focal lesions through rib obstacles without aberration correction.

Development and Simulation of Increased Generation on a Secondary Circuit of a Microgrid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reyes, Karina

As fossil fuels are depleted and their environmental impacts remain, other sources of energy must be considered to generate power. Renewable sources, for example, are emerging to play a major role in this regard. In parallel, electric vehicle (EV) charging is evolving as a major load demand. To meet reliability and resiliency goals demanded by the electricity market, interest in microgrids are growing as a distributed energy resource (DER). In this thesis, the effects of intermittent renewable power generation and random EV charging on secondary microgrid circuits are analyzed in the presence of a controllable battery in order to characterize and better understand the dynamics associated with intermittent power production and random load demands in the context of the microgrid paradigm. For two reasons, a secondary circuit on the University of California, Irvine (UCI) Microgrid serves as the case study. First, the secondary circuit (UC-9) is heavily loaded and an integral component of a highly characterized and metered microgrid. Second, a unique "next-generation" distributed energy resource has been deployed at the end of the circuit that integrates photovoltaic power generation, battery storage, and EV charging. In order to analyze this system and evaluate the impact of the DER on the secondary circuit, a model was developed to provide a real-time load flow analysis. The research develops a power management system applicable to similarly integrated systems. The model is verified by metered data obtained from a network of high resolution electric meters and estimated load data for the buildings that have unknown demand. An increase in voltage is observed when the amount of photovoltaic power generation is increased. To mitigate this effect, a constant power factor is set. Should the real power change dramatically, the reactive power is changed to mitigate voltage fluctuations.

Status of steam generator tubing integrity at Jaslovske Bohunice NPP

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cepcek, S.

1997-02-01

Steam generator represents one of the most important component of nuclear power plants. Especially, loss of tubing integrity of steam generators can lead to the primary coolant leak to secondary circuit and in worse cases to the unit shut down or to the PTS events occurrence. Therefore, to ensure the steam generator tubing integrity and the current knowledge about tube degradation propagation and development is of the highest importance. In this paper the present status of steam generator tubing integrity in operated NPP in Slovak Republic is presented.

Small Next-Generation Atmospheric Probe (SNAP) Concept

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sayanagi, K. M.; Dillman, R. A.; Simon, A. A.; Atkinson, D. H.; Wong, M. H.; Spilker, T. R.; Saikia, S.; Li, J.; Hope, D.

2017-01-01

We present the Small Next-Generation Atmospheric Probe (SNAP) as a secondary payload concept for future missions to giant planets. As a case study, we examine the advantages, cost and risk of adding SNAP to the future Uranus Orbiter and Probe flag-ship mission; in combination with the missions main probe, SNAP would perform atmospheric in-situ measurements at a second location.

Complementing in vitro screening assays with in silico ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

High-throughput in vitro assays offer a rapid, cost-efficient means to screen thousands of chemicals across hundreds of pathway-based toxicity endpoints. However, one main concern involved with the use of in vitro assays is the erroneous omission of chemicals that are inactive under assay conditions but that can generate active metabolites under in vivo conditions. To address this potential issue, a case study will be presented to demonstrate the use of in silico tools to identify inactive parents with the ability to generate active metabolites. This case study used the results from an orthogonal assay designed to improve confidence in the identification of active chemicals tested across eighteen estrogen receptor (ER)-related in vitro assays by accounting for technological limitations inherent within each individual assay. From the 1,812 chemicals tested within the orthogonal assay, 1,398 were considered inactive. These inactive chemicals were analyzed using Chemaxon Metabolizer software to predict the first and second generation metabolites. From the nearly 1,400 inactive chemicals, over 2,200 first-generation (i.e., primary) metabolites and over 5,500 second-generation (i.e., secondary) metabolites were predicted. Nearly 70% of primary metabolites were immediately detoxified or converted to other metabolites, while over 70% of secondary metabolites remained stable. Among these predicted metabolites, those that are most likely to be produced and remain

3D Measurements of coupled freestream turbulence and secondary flow effects on film cooling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ching, David S.; Xu, Haosen H. A.; Elkins, Christopher J.; Eaton, John K.

2018-06-01

The effect of freestream turbulence on a single round film cooling hole is examined at two turbulence levels of 5 and 8% and compared to a baseline low freestream turbulence case. The hole is inclined at 30° and has length to diameter ratio L/D=4 and unity blowing ratio. Turbulence is generated with grid upstream of the hole in the main channel. The three-dimensional, three-component mean velocity field is acquired with magnetic resonance velocimetry (MRV) and the three-dimensional temperature field is acquired with magnetic resonance thermometry (MRT). The 8% turbulence grid produces weak mean secondary flows in the mainstream (peak crossflow velocities are 7% of U_bulk) which push the jet close to the wall and significantly change the adiabatic effectiveness distribution. By contrast, the 5% grid has a simpler structure and does not produce a measurable secondary flow structure. The grid turbulence causes little change to the temperature field, indicating that the turbulence generated in the shear layers around the jet dominates the freestream turbulence. The results suggest that secondary flows induced by complex turbulence generators may have caused some of the contradictory results in previous works.

Accountability, Fiscal Management, and Student Achievement in East St. Louis, Illinois 1994-2006: Implications for Urban Educational Reform Policy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

O'Malley, Michael P.; Roseboro, Donyell L.; Hunt, John

2012-01-01

This instrumental case study reviews the 1994-2004 period of state financial oversight in East St. Louis, Illinois School District 189, with a secondary review of the initial years of NCLB implementation. Although the oversight panel's fiscal management did generate financial stability, case findings indicate that its accountability processes did…

Executive Summary: Quantifying the benefits to the national economy from secondary applications of NASA technology

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

Preliminary estimates were prepared of the economic benefits to the U.S. economy from secondary applications of NASA technology. Technology is defined as the body of knowledge concerning how society's resources can be combined to yield economic goods and services, and NASA technology represents NASA's contribution to this body of technical knowledge. Secondary applications refer to uses of NASA generated knowledge for purposes other than those primary mission-oriented ones for which the original R&D was done. Case studies in cryogenics, integrated circuits, gas turbines, and NASTRAN are presented.

Directional nonlinear guided wave mixing: Case study of counter-propagating shear horizontal waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hasanian, Mostafa; Lissenden, Cliff J.

2018-04-01

While much nonlinear ultrasonics research has been conducted on higher harmonic generation, wave mixing provides the potential for sensitive measurements of incipient damage unencumbered by instrumentation nonlinearity. Studies of nonlinear ultrasonic wave mixing, both collinear and noncollinear, for bulk waves have shown the robust capability of wave mixing for early damage detection. One merit of bulk wave mixing lies in their non-dispersive nature, but guided waves enable inspection of otherwise inaccessible material and a variety of mixing options. Co-directional guided wave mixing was studied previously, but arbitrary direction guided wave mixing has not been addressed until recently. Wave vector analysis is applied to study variable mixing angles to find wave mode triplets (two primary waves and a secondary wave) resulting in the phase matching condition. As a case study, counter-propagating Shear Horizontal (SH) guided wave mixing is analyzed. SH wave interactions generate a secondary Lamb wave mode that is readily receivable. Reception of the secondary Lamb wave mode is compared for an angle beam transducer, an air coupled transducer, and a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV). Results from the angle beam and air coupled transducers are quite consistent, while the LDV measurement is plagued by variability issues.

[Chemical peritonitis after a bladder lesion during a cesarean section. A case report and literature review].

PubMed

Castro-Cuenca, Alejandro; Ángel-Muller, Edith; González-Carrillo, Viviana Andrea

2015-02-01

This paper reviews the case of a patient who underwent a cesarean surgery and re-entered with an oral way intolerance, postprandial emesis, abdominal pain and clear-fluid exit from surgical wound. After possible bladder injury and secondary chemistry peritonitis, the patient was taken to surgery where the diagnosis was confirmed, and the correction of bladder injury as well as peritoneal lavage were performed, it antibiotic therapy for three days and the patient had satisfactory evolution. Bladder injury is a rare complication of cesarean section with an estimated incidence between 0.0016 and 0.94%; but if it is not diagnosed intraoperative it can trigger a clinical setting of secondary chemical peritonitis, due to secondary irritation of the peritoneum. Chemical peritonitis is among the classification of secondary peritonitis. Within the pathophysiology, the mechanical, chemical or bacterial stimulus generates an inflammatory reaction, with progressive generation of exudate, leukocytes and fibrin deposit, which injure mesothelial cells, disrupt the defense and maintenance of peritoneal homeostasis, triggering serious complications, which can lead to multiple organ failure and death. The chemical peritonitis should be suspected with the clinical setting and the risk factors of recent surgical history and timely management should be instituted properly with correction of the cause, antimicrobial treatment, blood volume therapy and nutritional support, which leads to a favorable outcome for the patient and improves survival with fewer complications.

Next-generation sequencing reveals a Novel NSCLC ALK F1174V mutation and confirms ALK G1202R mutation confers high-level resistance to alectinib (CH5424802/RO5424802) in ALK-rearranged NSCLC patients who progressed on crizotinib.

PubMed

Ignatius Ou, Sai-Hong; Azada, Michele; Hsiang, David J; Herman, June M; Kain, Tatiana S; Siwak-Tapp, Christina; Casey, Cameron; He, Jie; Ali, Siraj M; Klempner, Samuel J; Miller, Vincent A

2014-04-01

Acquired secondary mutations in the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene have been identified in ALK-rearranged (ALK+) non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who developed disease progression while on crizotinib treatment. Here, we identified a novel secondary acquired NSCLC ALK F1174V mutation by comprehensive next-generation sequencing in one ALK+ NSCLC patient who progressed on crizotinib after a prolonged partial response to crizotinib. In a second case, we identified a secondary acquired ALK G1202R, which also confers resistance to alectinib (CH5424802/RO5424802), a second-generation ALK inhibitor that can inhibit ALK gatekeeper L1196M mutation in vitro. ALK G1202R is located at the solvent front of the ALK kinase domain and exhibits a high level of resistance to all other ALK inhibitors currently in clinical development in vitro. Comprehensive genomic profiling of resistant tumor is increasingly important in tailoring treatment decisions after disease progression on crizotinib in ALK+ NSCLC given the promise of second-generation ALK inhibitors and other therapeutic strategies.

Post-Secondary Education and Employment: The French Case.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vincens, Jean

1981-01-01

Several factors have contributed to the worsening of the employment situation of French postsecondary graduates: aging of the first generation of employed graduates, sometimes forced back on the market by unemployment; slackened growth; and reduction in teaching and civil service opportunities. (MSE)

Generating Academic Urgency through Improved Classroom Management: A Case Study of a University and Urban Charter High School Partnership

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Morales, Erik E.

2017-01-01

This case study documents a university and secondary school partnership designed to improve classroom management and student time on task at an urban charter high school. The initiative utilized the expertise and knowledge of college of education faculty to identify and ameliorate the high school's observed barriers to students' time on task, and…

Experimental study on inter-particle acoustic forces.

PubMed

Garcia-Sabaté, Anna; Castro, Angélica; Hoyos, Mauricio; González-Cinca, Ricard

2014-03-01

A method for the experimental measurement of inter-particle forces (secondary Bjerknes force) generated by the action of an acoustic field in a resonator micro-channel is presented. The acoustic radiation force created by an ultrasonic standing wave moves suspended particles towards the pressure nodes and the acoustic pressure induces particle volume oscillations. Once particles are in the levitation plane, transverse and secondary Bjerknes forces become important. Experiments were carried out in a resonator filled with a suspension composed of water and latex particles of different size (5-15 μm) at different concentrations. Ultrasound was generated by means of a 2.5 MHz nominal frequency transducer. For the first time the acoustic force generated by oscillating particles acting on other particles has been measured, and the critical interaction distance in various cases has been determined. Inter-particle forces on the order of 10(-14) N have been measured by using this method.

Secondary Intracranial Tumors Following Radiotherapy for Pituitary Adenomas: A Systematic Review

PubMed Central

Yamanaka, Ryuya; Sato, Toshiteru; Hayano, Azusa; Takashima, Yasuo

2017-01-01

Pituitary adenomas are often treated with radiotherapy for the management of tumor progression or recurrence. Despite the improvement in cure rates, patients treated by radiotherapy are at risk of development of secondary malignancies. We conducted a comprehensive literature review of the secondary intracranial tumors that occurred following radiotherapy to pituitary adenomas to obtain clinicopathological characteristics. The analysis included 48 neuroepithelial tumors, 37 meningiomas, and 52 sarcomas which were published between 1959–2017, although data is missing regarding overall survival and type of irradiation in a significant proportion of the reports. The average onset age for the pituitary adenoma was 37.2 ± 14.4 years and the average latency period before the diagnosis of the secondary tumor was 15.2 ± 8.7 years. Radiotherapy was administered in pituitary adenomas at an average dose of 52.0 ± 19.5 Gy. The distribution of pituitary adenomas according to their function was prolactinoma in 10 (7.2%) cases, acromegaly in 37 (27.0%) cases, Cushing disease in 4 (2.9%) cases, PRL+GH in 1 (0.7%) case, non-functioning adenoma in 57 (41.6%) cases. Irradiation technique delivered was lateral opposing field in 23 (16.7%) cases, 3 or 4 field technique in 27 (19.6%) cases, rotation technique in 10 (7.2%) cases, radio surgery in 6 (4.3%) cases. Most of the glioma or sarcoma had been generated after lateral opposing field or 3/4 field technique. Fibrosarcomas were predominant before 1979 (p < 0.0001). The median overall survival time for all neuroepithelial tumors was 11 months (95% confidence intervals (CI), 3–14). Patients with gliomas treated with radiotherapy exhibited a non-significant positive trend with longer overall survival. The median overall survival time for sarcoma cases was 6 months (95% CI, 1.5–9). The median survival time in patients with radiation and/or chemotherapy for sarcomas exhibited a non-significant positive trend with longer overall survival. In patients treated with radiotherapy for pituitary adenomas, the risk of secondary tumor incidence warrants a longer follow up period. Moreover, radiation and/or chemotherapy should be considered in cases of secondary glioma or sarcoma following radiotherapy to the pituitary adenomas. PMID:28786923

Evaporation kinetics of laboratory-generated secondary organic aerosols at elevated relative humidity.

PubMed

Wilson, Jacqueline; Imre, Dan; Beránek, Josef; Shrivastava, Manish; Zelenyuk, Alla

2015-01-06

Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) dominate atmospheric organic aerosols that affect climate, air quality, and health. Recent studies indicate that, contrary to previously held assumptions, at low relative humidity (RH) these particles are semisolid and evaporate orders of magnitude slower than expected. Elevated relative humidity has the potential to affect significantly formation, properties, and atmospheric evolution of SOA particles. Here we present a study of the effect of RH on the room-temperature evaporation kinetics of SOA particles formed by ozonolysis of α-pinene and limonene. Experiments were carried out on α-pinene SOA particles generated, evaporated, and aged at <5%, 50 and 90% RH, and on limonene SOA particles at <5% and 90% RH. We find that in all cases evaporation begins with a relatively fast phase, during which 30-70% of the particle mass evaporates in 2 h, followed by a much slower evaporation rate. Evaporation kinetics at <5% and 50% RH are nearly the same, while at 90% RH a slightly larger fraction evaporates. In all cases, aging the particles prior to inducing evaporation reduces the evaporative losses; with aging at elevated RH leading to a more significant effect. In all cases, the observed SOA evaporation is nearly size-independent.

Evaluation of steam generator WWER 440 tube integrity criteria

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Splichal, K.; Otruba, J.; Burda, J.

1997-02-01

The main corrosion damage in WWER steam generators under operating conditions has been observed on the outer surface of these tubes. An essential operational requirement is to assure a low probability of radioactive primary water leakage, unstable defect development and rupture of tubes. In the case of WWER 440 steam generators the above requirements led to the development of permissible limits for data evaluation of the primary-to-secondary leak measurements and determination of acceptable values for plugging of heat exchange tubes based on eddy current test (ECT) inspections.

Relativistic protons in the Coma galaxy cluster: first gamma-ray constraints ever on turbulent reacceleration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brunetti, G.; Zimmer, S.; Zandanel, F.

2017-12-01

The Fermi-LAT (Large Area Telescope) collaboration recently published deep upper limits to the gamma-ray emission of the Coma cluster, a cluster hosting the prototype of giant radio haloes. In this paper, we extend previous studies and use a formalism that combines particle reacceleration by turbulence and the generation of secondary particles in the intracluster medium to constrain relativistic protons and their role for the origin of the radio halo. We conclude that a pure hadronic origin of the halo is clearly disfavoured as it would require excessively large magnetic fields. However, secondary particles can still generate the observed radio emission if they are reaccelerated. For the first time the deep gamma-ray limits allow us to derive meaningful constraints if the halo is generated during phases of reacceleration of relativistic protons and their secondaries by cluster-scale turbulence. In this paper, we explore a relevant range of parameter space of reacceleration models of secondaries. Within this parameter space, a fraction of model configurations is already ruled out by current gamma-ray limits, including the cases that assume weak magnetic fields in the cluster core, B ≤ 2-3 μG. Interestingly, we also find that the flux predicted by a large fraction of model configurations assuming magnetic fields consistent with Faraday rotation measures (RMs) is not far from the limits. This suggests that a detection of gamma-rays from the cluster might be possible in the near future, provided that the electrons generating the radio halo are secondaries reaccelerated and the magnetic field in the cluster is consistent with that inferred from RM.

Transmission characteristics of MERS and SARS in the healthcare setting: a comparative study.

PubMed

Chowell, Gerardo; Abdirizak, Fatima; Lee, Sunmi; Lee, Jonggul; Jung, Eunok; Nishiura, Hiroshi; Viboud, Cécile

2015-09-03

The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus has caused recurrent outbreaks in the Arabian Peninsula since 2012. Although MERS has low overall human-to-human transmission potential, there is occasional amplification in the healthcare setting, a pattern reminiscent of the dynamics of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreaks in 2003. Here we provide a head-to-head comparison of exposure patterns and transmission dynamics of large hospital clusters of MERS and SARS, including the most recent South Korean outbreak of MERS in 2015. To assess the unexpected nature of the recent South Korean nosocomial outbreak of MERS and estimate the probability of future large hospital clusters, we compared exposure and transmission patterns for previously reported hospital clusters of MERS and SARS, based on individual-level data and transmission tree information. We carried out simulations of nosocomial outbreaks of MERS and SARS using branching process models rooted in transmission tree data, and inferred the probability and characteristics of large outbreaks. A significant fraction of MERS cases were linked to the healthcare setting, ranging from 43.5 % for the nosocomial outbreak in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in 2014 to 100 % for both the outbreak in Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia, in 2013 and the outbreak in South Korea in 2015. Both MERS and SARS nosocomial outbreaks are characterized by early nosocomial super-spreading events, with the reproduction number dropping below 1 within three to five disease generations. There was a systematic difference in the exposure patterns of MERS and SARS: a majority of MERS cases occurred among patients who sought care in the same facilities as the index case, whereas there was a greater concentration of SARS cases among healthcare workers throughout the outbreak. Exposure patterns differed slightly by disease generation, however, especially for SARS. Moreover, the distributions of secondary cases per single primary case varied highly across individual hospital outbreaks (Kruskal-Wallis test; P < 0.0001), with significantly higher transmission heterogeneity in the distribution of secondary cases for MERS than SARS. Simulations indicate a 2-fold higher probability of occurrence of large outbreaks (>100 cases) for SARS than MERS (2 % versus 1 %); however, owing to higher transmission heterogeneity, the largest outbreaks of MERS are characterized by sharper incidence peaks. The probability of occurrence of MERS outbreaks larger than the South Korean cluster (n = 186) is of the order of 1 %. Our study suggests that the South Korean outbreak followed a similar progression to previously described hospital clusters involving coronaviruses, with early super-spreading events generating a disproportionately large number of secondary infections, and the transmission potential diminishing greatly in subsequent generations. Differences in relative exposure patterns and transmission heterogeneity of MERS and SARS could point to changes in hospital practices since 2003 or differences in transmission mechanisms of these coronaviruses.

Pragmatic precision oncology: the secondary uses of clinical tumor molecular profiling

PubMed Central

Thota, Ramya; Staggs, David B; Johnson, Douglas B; Warner, Jeremy L

2016-01-01

Background Precision oncology increasingly utilizes molecular profiling of tumors to determine treatment decisions with targeted therapeutics. The molecular profiling data is valuable in the treatment of individual patients as well as for multiple secondary uses. Objective To automatically parse, categorize, and aggregate clinical molecular profile data generated during cancer care as well as use this data to address multiple secondary use cases. Methods A system to parse, categorize and aggregate molecular profile data was created. A naÿve Bayesian classifier categorized results according to clinical groups. The accuracy of these systems were validated against a published expertly-curated subset of molecular profiling data. Results Following one year of operation, 819 samples have been accurately parsed and categorized to generate a data repository of 10,620 genetic variants. The database has been used for operational, clinical trial, and discovery science research. Conclusions A real-time database of molecular profiling data is a pragmatic solution to several knowledge management problems in the practice and science of precision oncology. PMID:27026612

Generation Mechanisms of Quasi-parallel and Quasi-circular Flare Ribbons in a Confined Flare

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hernandez-Perez, Aaron; Thalmann, Julia K.; Veronig, Astrid M.

We analyze a confined multiple-ribbon M2.1 flare (SOL2015-01-29T11:42) that originated from a fan-spine coronal magnetic field configuration, within active region NOAA 12268. The observed ribbons form in two steps. First, two primary ribbons form at the main flare site, followed by the formation of secondary ribbons at remote locations. We observe a number of plasma flows at extreme-ultraviolet temperatures during the early phase of the flare (as early as 15 minutes before the onset) propagating toward the formation site of the secondary ribbons. The secondary ribbon formation is co-temporal with the arrival of the pre-flare generated plasma flows. The primarymore » ribbons are co-spatial with Ramaty High Energy Spectroscopic Imager ( RHESSI ) hard X-ray sources, whereas no enhanced X-ray emission is detected at the secondary ribbon sites. The (E)UV emission, associated with the secondary ribbons, peaks ∼1 minute after the last RHESSI hard X-ray enhancement. A nonlinear force-free model of the coronal magnetic field reveals that the secondary flare ribbons are not directly connected to the primary ribbons, but to regions nearby. Detailed analysis suggests that the secondary brightenings are produced due to dissipation of kinetic energy of the plasma flows (heating due to compression), and not due to non-thermal particles accelerated by magnetic reconnection, as is the case for the primary ribbons.« less

On the Content-Dependence of Prospective Teachers' Knowledge: A Case of Exemplifying Definitions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Leikin, Roza; Zazkis, Rina

2010-01-01

In this article, we demonstrate that prospective teachers' content knowledge related to defining mathematical concepts is dependent on content area. We use the example of generation (a research tool we developed in a previous study) to investigate prospective teachers' knowledge. We asked prospective secondary mathematics teachers to provide…

A first class constraint generates not a gauge transformation, but a bad physical change: The case of electromagnetism

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pitts, J. Brian, E-mail: jbp25@cam.ac.uk

In Dirac–Bergmann constrained dynamics, a first-class constraint typically does not alone generate a gauge transformation. By direct calculation it is found that each first-class constraint in Maxwell’s theory generates a change in the electric field E{sup →} by an arbitrary gradient, spoiling Gauss’s law. The secondary first-class constraint p{sup i},{sub i}=0 still holds, but being a function of derivatives of momenta (mere auxiliary fields), it is not directly about the observable electric field (a function of derivatives of A{sub μ}), which couples to charge. Only a special combination of the two first-class constraints, the Anderson–Bergmann–Castellani gauge generator G, leaves E{supmore » →} unchanged. Likewise only that combination leaves the canonical action invariant—an argument independent of observables. If one uses a first-class constraint to generate instead a canonical transformation, one partly strips the canonical coordinates of physical meaning as electromagnetic potentials, vindicating the Anderson–Bergmann Lagrangian orientation of interesting canonical transformations. The need to keep gauge-invariant the relation q-dot −(δH)/(δp) =−E{sub i}−p{sup i}=0 supports using the gauge generator and primary Hamiltonian rather than the separate first-class constraints and the extended Hamiltonian. Partly paralleling Pons’s criticism, it is shown that Dirac’s proof that a first-class primary constraint generates a gauge transformation, by comparing evolutions from identical initial data, cancels out and hence fails to detect the alterations made to the initial state. It also neglects the arbitrary coordinates multiplying the secondary constraints inside the canonical Hamiltonian. Thus the gauge-generating property has been ascribed to the primaries alone, not the primary–secondary team G. Hence the Dirac conjecture about secondary first-class constraints as generating gauge transformations rests upon a false presupposition about primary first-class constraints. Clarity about Hamiltonian electromagnetism will be useful for an analogous treatment of GR. - Highlights: • A first-class constraint changes the electric field E, spoiling Gauss’s law. • A first-class constraint does not leave the action invariant or preserve q,0−dH/dp. • The gauge generator preserves E,q,0−dH/dp, and the canonical action. • The error in proofs that first-class primaries generating gauge is shown. • Dirac’s conjecture about secondary first-class constraints is blocked.« less

Evaporation Kinetics of Laboratory Generated Secondary Organic Aerosols at Elevated Relative Humidity

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wilson, Jacqueline M.; Imre, D.; Beranek, Josef

2015-01-06

Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) dominate atmospheric organic aerosols that affect climate, air quality, and health. Recent studies indicate that, contrary to previously held assumptions, at low relative humidity (RH) these particles are semi-solid and evaporate orders of magnitude slower than expected. Elevated relative humidity has the potential to affect significantly formation, properties, and atmospheric evolution of SOA particles. Here we present a study of the effect of RH on the room-temperature evaporation kinetics of SOA particles formed by ozonolysis of α-pinene and limonene. Experiments were carried out on SOA particles generated, evaporated, and aged at 0%, 50% and 90% RH.more » We find that in all cases evaporation begins with a relatively fast phase, during which 30% to 70% of the particle mass evaporates in 2 hours, followed by a much slower evaporation rate. Evaporation kinetics at 0% and 50% RH are nearly the same, while at 90% RH a slightly larger fraction evaporates. In all cases, aging the particles prior to inducing evaporation reduces the evaporative losses, with aging at elevated RH leading to more significant effect. In all cases, SOA evaporation is nearly size-independent, providing direct evidence that oligomers play a crucial role in determining the evaporation kinetics.« less

Recycled fiber quality from a laboratory-scale blade separator/blend

Treesearch

Bei-Hong Liang; Stephen M. Shaler; Laurence Mott; Leslie Groom

1994-01-01

A simple and inexpensive fiber separator/blender was developed to generate useful secondary fibers from hydropulped waste paper. Processing wet hydropulped fiber resulted in a furnish with no change in average fiber length in three out of four types of recycled fibers tested. In all cases, the Canadian Standard freeness increased after processing compared to...

Recycled fiber quality from a laboratory-scale blade separator/blender

Treesearch

Bei-Hong Liang; Stephen M. Shaler; Laurence Mott; Leslie Groom

1994-01-01

A simple and inexpensive fiber separator/blender was developed to generate useful secondary fibers from hydropulped waste paper. Processing wet hydropulped fiber resulted in a furnish with no change in average fiber length in three out of four types of recycled fibers tested. In all cases, the canadian standard freeness increased after processing compared to...

Patterns of measles transmission among airplane travelers.

PubMed

Edelson, Paul J

2012-09-01

With advanced air handling systems on modern aircraft and the high level of measles immunity in many countries, measles infection in air travelers may be considered a low-risk event. However, introduction of measles into countries where transmission has been controlled or eliminated can have substantial consequences both for the use of public health resources and for those still susceptible. In an effort to balance the relatively low likelihood of disease transmission among largely immune travelers and the risk to the public health of the occurrence of secondary cases resulting from importations, criteria in the United States for contact investigations for measles exposures consider contacts to be those passengers who are seated within 2 rows of the index case. However, recent work has shown that cabin air flow may not be as reliable a barrier to the spread of measles virus as previously believed. Along with these new studies, several reports have described measles developing after travel in passengers seated some distance from the index case. To understand better the potential for measles virus to spread on an airplane, reports of apparent secondary cases occurring in co-travelers of passengers with infectious cases of measles were reviewed. Medline™ was searched for articles in all languages from 1946 to week 1 of March 2012, using the search terms "measles [human] or rubeola" and ("aircraft" or "airplane" or "aeroplane" or "aviation" or "travel" or "traveler" or "traveller"); 45 citations were returned. Embase™ was searched from 1988 to week 11 2012, using the same search strategy; 95 citations were returned. Papers were included in this review if they reported secondary cases of measles occurring in persons traveling on an airplane on which a person or persons with measles also flew, and which included the seating location of both the index case(s) and the secondary case(s) on the plane. Nine reports, including 13 index cases and 23 apparent secondary cases on 10 flights, were identified in which transmission on board the aircraft appeared likely and which included seating information for both the index (primary) and secondary cases. Separation between index and secondary cases ranged from adjacent seats to 17 rows, with a median of 6 rows. Three flights had more than one index case aboard. Based on previously published data, it is not possible to say how unusual cases of measles transmission among air travelers beyond the usual zone of contact investigation (the row the index case sat in and 2 rows ahead of or behind that row) may be. The fact that several flights had more than one infectious case aboard and that all but two index cases were in the prodromal phase may be of importance in understanding the wider spread described in several of the reviewed reports. Although the pattern of cabin air flow typical of modern commercial aircraft has been considered highly effective in limiting the airborne spread of microorganisms, concerns have been raised about relying on the operation of these systems to determine exposure risk, as turbulence in the cabin air stream is generated when passengers and crew are aboard, allowing the transmission of infectious agents over many rows. Additionally, the characteristics of some index cases may reflect a greater likelihood of disease transmission. Investigators should continue to examine carefully both aircraft and index-case factors that may influence disease transmission and could serve as indicators on a case-by-case basis to include a broader group of travelers in a contact investigation. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Hand held phase-shifting diffraction moire interferometer

DOEpatents

Deason, Vance A.; Ward, Michael B.

1994-01-01

An interferometer in which a coherent beam of light is generated within a remote case and transmitted to a hand held unit tethered to said remote case, said hand held unit having optical elements for directing a pair of mutually coherent collimated laser beams at a diffraction grating. Data from the secondary or diffracted beams are then transmitted to a separate video and data acquisition system for recording and analysis for load induced deformation or for identification purposes. Means are also provided for shifting the phase of one incident beam relative to the other incident beam and being controlled from within said remote case.

Is receptor oligomerization causally linked to activation of the EGF receptor kinase?

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rintoul, D. A.; Spooner, B. S. (Principal Investigator)

1992-01-01

Transduction of a signal from an extracellular peptide hormone to produce an intracellular response is often mediated by a cell surface receptor, which is usually a glycoprotein. The secondary intracellular signal(s) generated after hormone binding to the receptor have been intensively studied. The nature of the primary signal generated by ligand binding to the receptor is understood less well in most cases. The particular case of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor is analyzed, and evidence for or against two dissimilar models of primary signal transduction is reviewed. Evidence for the most widely accepted current model is found to be unconvincing. Evidence for the other model is substantial but indirect; a direct test of this model remains to be done.

ISO New England Dual Fuel Capabilities to Limit Natural Gas and Electricity Interdependencies

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Adder, Justin M.

Since 2000, natural gas has seen tremendous growth as a fuel source for electricity generation in the United States (U.S.) with annual installations exceeding 20 GW in all but four years. It also accounts for an increasingly significant share of the nation’s electricity generation, growing from around 15 percent in the early part of the 2000s to between 26 and 29 percent in the last three years. (1) Increasing reliance on natural gas has led to concerns that an extreme weather event – which may cause curtailments in gas delivery – or a natural gas infrastructure failure could lead tomore » local or regional electric reliability issues. (2) These concerns stem from differences in delivery methods of natural gas to electric generating units (EGUs) contrasted with the fuel delivery and storage methods for traditional baseload power systems (i.e. coal and nuclear units).1 (3) Although it seems that there is an abundance of natural gas in a post-shale gas world, infrastructure limitations and differences in electric and natural gas markets persist that differentiate natural gas-fired generators from traditional baseload power generators. Such concerns can be partially mitigated by modifying natural gas EGUs for operation on secondary fuels and installing on-site fuel storage for the secondary fuel, thus ensuring continuity of operation in the case of a gas delivery problem.2 This report examines technical, regulatory, and market issues associated with operating power plants primarily fueled with natural gas, on a secondary fuel, such as fuel oil or liquefied natural gas (LNG). In addition, a regional case study was completed to identify the current and near-term potential for dual fuel operation in New England, along with a market impact analysis of potential cost savings during an extreme weather event. The New England Independent System Operator (ISO-NE) was selected as the study area based on a preponderance of natural gas-fired generators contributing to the regional generating capacity mix (nearly 50 percent natural gas), limited natural gas supply infrastructure, and the potential for natural gas delivery disruptions due to cold weather events, exacerbated by the lack of bulk natural gas storage in the region.« less

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the rhetorical construction of "bad" scientific work.

PubMed

Attenborough, Frederick Thomas

2012-02-01

How are secondary accounts of "bad" scientific practice constructed? How do they engage with the primary data produced by "bad" scientists? And what happens to those primary data as generations of secondary accounts purporting to describe them accumulate? This paper addresses such questions via a case study of Dr. Hong, a microbiologist accused of "bad" scientific practice by numerous secondary accounts of the 2003 SARS outbreak. Bringing Hong's own account of his own actions into dialogue with one of the most influential secondary accounts of his actions, the paper highlights the gross disparity between the two. Having argued that the rhetorical structuring of the secondary account is, ultimately, responsible for Hong's characterisation as a "bad" scientist, it then moves to explore how subsequent accounts developed their own characterisations. What becomes clear is that as secondary accounts began feeding off one another, references to Hong's account disappeared. Aided by the concepts of the "vanishing" and the "phantasm", the paper concludes with a consideration of how this process left Hong's work with a very peculiar form of existence.

Transmissibility of the Ice Bucket Challenge among globally influential celebrities: retrospective cohort study.

PubMed

Ni, Michael Y; Chan, Brandford H Y; Leung, Gabriel M; Lau, Eric H Y; Pang, Herbert

2014-12-16

To estimate the transmissibility of the Ice Bucket Challenge among globally influential celebrities and to identify associated risk factors. Retrospective cohort study. Social media (YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram). David Beckham, Cristiano Ronaldo, Benedict Cumberbatch, Stephen Hawking, Mark Zuckerberg, Oprah Winfrey, Homer Simpson, and Kermit the Frog were defined as index cases. We included contacts up to the fifth generation seeded from each index case and enrolled a total of 99 participants into the cohort. Basic reproduction number R0, serial interval of accepting the challenge, and odds ratios of associated risk factors based on fully observed nomination chains; R0 is a measure of transmissibility and is defined as the number of secondary cases generated by a single index in a fully susceptible population. Serial interval is the duration between onset of a primary case and onset of its secondary cases. Based on the empirical data and assuming a branching process we estimated a mean R0 of 1.43 (95% confidence interval 1.23 to 1.65) and a mean serial interval for accepting the challenge of 2.1 days (median 1 day). Higher log (base 10) net worth of the participants was positively associated with transmission (odds ratio 1.63, 95% confidence interval 1.06 to 2.50), adjusting for age and sex. The Ice Bucket Challenge was moderately transmissible among a group of globally influential celebrities, in the range of the pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza. The challenge was more likely to be spread by richer celebrities, perhaps in part reflecting greater social influence. © Ni et al 2014.

Viscous analyses for flow through subsonic and supersonic intakes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Povinelli, Louis A.; Towne, Charles E.

1986-01-01

A parabolized Navier-Stokes code was used to analyze a number of diffusers typical of a modern inlet design. The effect of curvature of the diffuser centerline and transitioning cross sections was evaluated to determine the primary cause of the flow distortion in the duct. Results are presented for S-shaped intakes with circular and transitioning cross sections. Special emphasis is placed on verification of the analysis to accurately predict distorted flow fields resulting from pressure-driven secondary flows. The effect of vortex generators on reducing the distortion of intakes is presented. Comparisons of the experimental and analytical total pressure contours at the exit of the intake exhibit good agreement. In the case of supersonic inlets, computations of the inlet flow field reveal that large secondary flow regions may be generated just inside of the intake. These strong flows may lead to separated flow regions and cause pronounced distortions upstream of the compressor.

Becoming Music-Making Music Teachers: Connecting Music Making, Identity, Wellbeing, and Teaching for Four Student Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pellegrino, Kristen

2015-01-01

The purpose of this descriptive case study was to examine the developing music teacher identity of four student music teachers by exploring the meanings of music making and the intersections of music making and teaching. Participants all had dual student teaching placements: elementary general music and secondary band. Data were generated through…

Language Shift and Maintenance in Multilingual Mauritius: The Case of Indian Ancestral Languages

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bissoonauth, Anu

2011-01-01

This paper reports on a research study conducted in Mauritius between June and July 2009. The aim of this research was to investigate the use of Indian ancestral languages in the domestic domain by the younger generations. The data were collected in the field by means of a questionnaire and interviews from a quota sample of secondary school…

Becoming a Leader along the Way: Embedding Leadership Training into a Large-Scale Peer-Learning Program in the STEM Disciplines

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Micari, Marina; Gould, Amy Knife; Lainez, Louie

2010-01-01

Although many college students enter leadership programs with the express goal of developing leadership skills, some specialized leadership programs draw students who seek to gain expertise in a disciplinary area, with leadership development as a secondary goal. In the latter case, program developers face the challenge of generating enthusiasm…

School-Context Videos in Janus-Faced Online Publicity: Learner-Generated Digital Video Production Going Online

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Palmgren-Neuvonen, Laura; Jaakkola, Maarit; Korkeamäki, Riitta-Liisa

2015-01-01

This article reports a case study on sChOOLtv, an online television for primary and secondary schools that aims to bridge the media gap between in-school and out-of-school learning environments. Contrary to its creators' expectations, the number of published videos has not increased since its establishment. Furthermore, the videos were mostly…

A True Delphi Approach: Developing a Tailored Curriculum in Response to Local Agriscience Need

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rubenstein, Eric; Thoron, Andrew; Burleson, Sarah

2012-02-07

The Delphi approach is a structured communication technique, developed as a systematic, interactive forecasting method which relies on a panel of experts. In this specific case experts from Industry, Education and Extension fields addressed needs for educational programs in a traditional agriculturally-based community, environmentally conscious practices in order to restore environmental integrity and multi-disciplinary approach to solve sustainability problems facing the agricultural industry. The experts were divided into two main groups, (A) Secondary and (B) Post-secondary, and answered questionnaires in three rounds: • 1st Round – Participants generated a list of knowledge, skills, and competencies followed • 2nd Round –more » Panelists rated each item • 3rd Round – Panelists were given the opportunity to combine and add additional items As a result, top six items from both groups were not found similar, secondary panelists centralized around employment skills and post-secondary panelists focused on content areas. Implications include a need for content-based curriculum for post-secondary graduates, utilization of true-Delphi technique for future curriculum development research and further examination of students that complete secondary and post-secondary programs in biofuels/sustainable agriculture.« less

Hand held phase-shifting diffraction Moire interferometer

DOEpatents

Deason, V.A.; Ward, M.B.

1994-09-20

An interferometer is described in which a coherent beam of light is generated within a remote case and transmitted to a hand held unit tethered to said remote case, said hand held unit having optical elements for directing a pair of mutually coherent collimated laser beams at a diffraction grating. Data from the secondary or diffracted beams are then transmitted to a separate video and data acquisition system for recording and analysis for load induced deformation or for identification purposes. Means are also provided for shifting the phase of one incident beam relative to the other incident beam and being controlled from within said remote case. 4 figs.

Method and apparatus for generating low energy nuclear particles

DOEpatents

Powell, J.R.; Reich, M.; Ludewig, H.; Todosow, M.

1999-02-09

A particle accelerator generates an input particle beam having an initial energy level above a threshold for generating secondary nuclear particles. A thin target is rotated in the path of the input beam for undergoing nuclear reactions to generate the secondary particles and correspondingly decrease energy of the input beam to about the threshold. The target produces low energy secondary particles and is effectively cooled by radiation and conduction. A neutron scatterer and a neutron filter are also used for preferentially degrading the secondary particles into a lower energy range if desired. 18 figs.

Laparoscopic evaluation of female factors in infertility.

PubMed

Aziz, Nousheen

2010-10-01

To find out different causes of female infertility with diagnostic laparoscopy and their comparative frequency in primary and secondary infertility. A case series. Department of Obstetric and Gynaecology, Liaquat University Hospital (LUH), Hyderabad, rom January 2006 to December 2007. All infertile women underwent diagnostic laparoscopy for primary and secondary infertility during the study period were included. Couples who had not lived together for at least 12 months, and those with male factor infertility were excluded. Data were collected on a proforma, and analysed on SPSS package for windows version 10. Frequencies were calculated for laparoscopic findings regarding primary and secondary infertility. Fifty infertile women underwent laparoscopy during the study period, 32 (64%) had primary infertility while 18 (36%) secondary infertility. Eight (25.0%) patients with primary and 2 (11.1%) patients with secondary infertility had no visible abnormality. The common finding was tubal blockage in 7 (21.9%) and 6 (33.3%) cases of primary and secondary infertility respectively. Five (15.6%) cases of primary infertility were detected as polycystic ovaries (PCO) which was not found in cases of secondary infertility. Endometriosis was found in 4 (12.5%) cases with primary infertility and 2 (11.1%) cases with secondary infertility. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) was found in 1 (3.1%) and 2 (16.7%) cases of primary and secondary infertility respectively. Peritubal and periovarian adhesions were detected in 2 (6.3%) cases with primary infertility and 4 (22.2%) cases with secondary infertility. Fibriod was found in 2 (6.3%) and 1 (5.6%) cases of primary and secondary infertility respectively. Ovarian cyst detected in 2 (6.3%) cases with primary infertility while none was found in cases of secondary infertility. Most common causes responsible for infertility were tubal occlusion, endometriosis, peritubal and periovarian adhesions. Ovarian causes were seen in primary infertility only.

Foundations for Success in the Teaching of O-Level Mathematics in Rural Day Secondary Schools in Masvingo District

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mupa, Paul

2015-01-01

The growing failure rate in Mathematics at O-level is cause for concern and warrants an in-depth investigation. This study focused on factors that make the foundation of success in the teaching and learning of Mathematics. The study was qualitative and employed a case study design. Semi-structured interviews were used as data generation tool. The…

Applications of primary and secondary inclusion assemblages for zircon petrogenesis and alteration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bell, E. A.

2017-12-01

Igneous zircon often contains abundant mineral inclusions which represent a mixture of primary phases captured during crystallization in magma and secondary phases formed either during late-stage deuteric alteration of a solidifying pluton, during later metamorphism, or during detrital transport and diagenesis in groundwater. Microstructural examination of zircon from both magmatic and metamorphic rocks reveals varying abundances of clearly secondary phases filling cracks and potentially secondary phases in contact with cracks or in disturbed regions of the host zircon. We used EDS and WDS X-ray spectroscopy to examine crack-isolated, crack-intersecting, and crack-filling phases in zircon from Phanerozoic magmatic rocks (USA, Victoria), several Grenville (Blue Ridge, VA) orthogneisses, and detrital zircons in metasediments from Jack Hills, Mt. Narryer (Western Australia) and the Nuvvuagittuq supracrustal belt (northern Quebec). Orthogneiss and detrital zircon appear to retain primary inclusion compositions away from contact with cracks or disturbed regions of zircon (as distinguished by U-Pb). Characteristic trace element patterns associated with chemical alteration of zircon match well with the apparently dominant secondary phases in metasedimentary detrital zircons and magmatic zircon subjected to deuteric alteration. Additionally, high spatial resolution Pb isotopic analyses of secondary phosphates using the CAMECA ims1290 ion microprobe reveal preservation of multiple generations of metamorphic phosphate, in some cases juxtaposed within a single inclusion on the 5-10 micron scale. Zircon can therefore in many cases preserve the compositions of its primary inclusion cargo through later metamorphism. Zircon can also preserve information about individual hydrothermal or metamorphic events during the grain's residence in the crust.

Pragmatic precision oncology: the secondary uses of clinical tumor molecular profiling.

PubMed

Rioth, Matthew J; Thota, Ramya; Staggs, David B; Johnson, Douglas B; Warner, Jeremy L

2016-07-01

Precision oncology increasingly utilizes molecular profiling of tumors to determine treatment decisions with targeted therapeutics. The molecular profiling data is valuable in the treatment of individual patients as well as for multiple secondary uses. To automatically parse, categorize, and aggregate clinical molecular profile data generated during cancer care as well as use this data to address multiple secondary use cases. A system to parse, categorize and aggregate molecular profile data was created. A naÿve Bayesian classifier categorized results according to clinical groups. The accuracy of these systems were validated against a published expertly-curated subset of molecular profiling data. Following one year of operation, 819 samples have been accurately parsed and categorized to generate a data repository of 10,620 genetic variants. The database has been used for operational, clinical trial, and discovery science research. A real-time database of molecular profiling data is a pragmatic solution to several knowledge management problems in the practice and science of precision oncology. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Medical Informatics Association. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Transmissibility of the Ice Bucket Challenge among globally influential celebrities: retrospective cohort study

PubMed Central

Chan, Brandford H Y; Leung, Gabriel M; Lau, Eric H Y; Pang, Herbert

2014-01-01

Objectives To estimate the transmissibility of the Ice Bucket Challenge among globally influential celebrities and to identify associated risk factors. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Social media (YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram). Participants David Beckham, Cristiano Ronaldo, Benedict Cumberbatch, Stephen Hawking, Mark Zuckerberg, Oprah Winfrey, Homer Simpson, and Kermit the Frog were defined as index cases. We included contacts up to the fifth generation seeded from each index case and enrolled a total of 99 participants into the cohort. Main outcome measures Basic reproduction number R0, serial interval of accepting the challenge, and odds ratios of associated risk factors based on fully observed nomination chains; R0 is a measure of transmissibility and is defined as the number of secondary cases generated by a single index in a fully susceptible population. Serial interval is the duration between onset of a primary case and onset of its secondary cases. Results Based on the empirical data and assuming a branching process we estimated a mean R0 of 1.43 (95% confidence interval 1.23 to 1.65) and a mean serial interval for accepting the challenge of 2.1 days (median 1 day). Higher log (base 10) net worth of the participants was positively associated with transmission (odds ratio 1.63, 95% confidence interval 1.06 to 2.50), adjusting for age and sex. Conclusions The Ice Bucket Challenge was moderately transmissible among a group of globally influential celebrities, in the range of the pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza. The challenge was more likely to be spread by richer celebrities, perhaps in part reflecting greater social influence. PMID:25514905

Study of a high power hydrogen beam diagnostic based on secondary electron emission.

PubMed

Sartori, E; Panasenkov, A; Veltri, P; Serianni, G; Pasqualotto, R

2016-11-01

In high power neutral beams for fusion, beam uniformity is an important figure of merit. Knowing the transverse power profile is essential during the initial phases of beam source operation, such as those expected for the ITER heating neutral beam (HNB) test facility. To measure it a diagnostic technique is proposed, based on the collection of secondary electrons generated by beam-surface and beam-gas interactions, by an array of positively biased collectors placed behind the calorimeter tubes. This measurement showed in the IREK test stand good proportionality to the primary beam current. To investigate the diagnostic performances in different conditions, we developed a numerical model of secondary electron emission, induced by beam particle impact on the copper tubes, and reproducing the cascade of secondary emission caused by successive electron impacts. The model is first validated against IREK measurements. It is then applied to the HNB case, to assess the locality of the measurement, the proportionality to the beam current density, and the influence of beam plasma.

Properties of resistant cells generated from lung cancer cell lines treated with EGFR inhibitors.

PubMed

Ghosh, Gargi; Lian, Xiaojun; Kron, Stephen J; Palecek, Sean P

2012-03-20

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling plays an important role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and therapeutics targeted against EGFR have been effective in treating a subset of patients bearing somatic EFGR mutations. However, the cancer eventually progresses during treatment with EGFR inhibitors, even in the patients who respond to these drugs initially. Recent studies have identified that the acquisition of resistance in approximately 50% of cases is due to generation of a secondary mutation (T790M) in the EGFR kinase domain. In about 20% of the cases, resistance is associated with the amplification of MET kinase. In the remaining 30-40% of the cases, the mechanism underpinning the therapeutic resistance is unknown. An erlotinib resistant subline (H1650-ER1) was generated upon continuous exposure of NSCLC cell line NCI-H1650 to erlotinib. Cancer stem cell like traits including expression of stem cell markers, enhanced ability to self-renew and differentiate, and increased tumorigenicity in vitro were assessed in erlotinib resistant H1650-ER1 cells. The erlotinib resistant subline contained a population of cells with properties similar to cancer stem cells. These cells were found to be less sensitive towards erlotinib treatment as measured by cell proliferation and generation of tumor spheres in the presence of erlotinib. Our findings suggest that in cases of NSCLC accompanied by mutant EGFR, treatment targeting inhibition of EGFR kinase activity in differentiated cancer cells may generate a population of cancer cells with stem cell properties.

Method and apparatus for generating low energy nuclear particles

DOEpatents

Powell, James R.; Reich, Morris; Ludewig, Hans; Todosow, Michael

1999-02-09

A particle accelerator (12) generates an input particle beam having an initial energy level above a threshold for generating secondary nuclear particles. A thin target (14) is rotated in the path of the input beam for undergoing nuclear reactions to generate the secondary particles and correspondingly decrease energy of the input beam to about the threshold. The target (14) produces low energy secondary particles and is effectively cooled by radiation and conduction. A neutron scatterer (44) and a neutron filter (42) are also used for preferentially degrading the secondary particles into a lower energy range if desired.

Estimating the number of secondary Ebola cases resulting from an unsafe burial and risk factors for transmission during the West Africa Ebola epidemic

PubMed Central

Dalziel, Benjamin D.; Kagume Njenge, Hilary; Johnson, Ginger; Nugba Ballah, Roselyn; James, Daniel; Wone, Abdoulaye; Bedford, Juliet; McClelland, Amanda

2017-01-01

Background Safely burying Ebola infected individuals is acknowledged to be important for controlling Ebola epidemics and was a major component of the 2013–2016 West Africa Ebola response. Yet, in order to understand the impact of safe burial programs it is necessary to elucidate the role of unsafe burials in sustaining chains of Ebola transmission and how the risk posed by activities surrounding unsafe burials, including care provided at home prior to death, vary with human behavior and geography. Methodology/Principal findings Interviews with next of kin and community members were carried out for unsafe burials in Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea, in six districts where the Red Cross was responsible for safe and dignified burials (SDB). Districts were randomly selected from a district-specific sampling frame comprised of villages and neighborhoods that had experienced cases of Ebola. An average of 2.58 secondary cases were potentially generated per unsafe burial and varied by district (range: 0–20). Contact before and after death was reported for 142 (46%) contacts. Caregivers of a primary case were 2.63 to 5.92 times more likely to become EVD infected compared to those with post-mortem contact only. Using these estimates, the Red Cross SDB program potentially averted between 1,411 and 10,452 secondary EVD cases, reducing the epidemic by 4.9% to 36.5%. Conclusions/Significance SDB is a fundamental control measure that limits community transmission of Ebola; however, for those individuals having contact before and after death, it was impossible to ascertain the exposure that caused their infection. The number of infections prevented through SDB is significant, yet greater impact would be achieved by early hospitalization of the primary case during acute illness. PMID:28640823

[Toxic hepatitis by consumption Herbalife products a case report].

PubMed

Chao, Sara; Anders, Margarita; Turbay, Maximiliano; Olaiz, Emiliano; Mc Cormack, Lucas; Mastai, Ricardo

2008-12-01

Toxic hepatitis by consumption Herbalife products is an affection poorly documented and with a great impact in the population due to their massive consumption. We present the case of a 63-years-old woman with probable diagnosis of toxic hepatitis secondary to the consumption of nutritional supplements Herbalife. The nutritional supplements based on natural ingredients are of massive consumption worldwide. Because they are recognized like innocuous and of non-controlled comercialization, they lack suitable controls. Although there are reported cases of hepatotoxicity and other side effects induced by these products, there is still not strong evidence to generate a positive reaction of the control organisms. We report a case of acute toxic hepatitis potencially due to the consumption of Herbalife.

Spatial regulation of a common precursor from two distinct genes generates metabolite diversity

DOE PAGES

Guo, Chun -Jun; Sun, Wei -Wen; Bruno, Kenneth S.; ...

2015-07-13

In secondary metabolite biosynthesis, core synthetic genes such as polyketide synthase genes usually encode proteins that generate various backbone precursors. These precursors are modified by other tailoring enzymes to yield a large variety of different secondary metabolites. The number of core synthesis genes in a given species correlates, therefore, with the number of types of secondary metabolites the organism can produce. In our study, heterologous expression of all the A. terreus NRPSlike genes showed that two NRPS-like proteins, encoded by atmelA and apvA, release the same natural product, aspulvinone E. In hyphae this compound is converted to aspulvinones whereas inmore » conidia it is converted to melanin. The genes are expressed in different tissues and this spatial control is probably regulated by their own specific promoters. Comparative genomics indicates that atmelA and apvA might share a same ancestral gene and the gene apvA is located in a highly conserved region in Aspergillus species that contains genes coding for life-essential proteins. Our data reveal the first case in secondary metabolite biosynthesis in which the tissue specific production of a single compound directs it into two separate pathways, producing distinct compounds with different functions. Our data also reveal that a single trans-prenyltransferase, AbpB, prenylates two substrates, aspulvinones and butyrolactones, revealing that genes outside of contiguous secondary metabolism gene clusters can modify more than one compound thereby expanding metabolite diversity. Our study raises the possibility of incorporation of spatial, cell-type specificity in expression of secondary metabolites of biological interest and provides new insight into designing and reconstituting their biosynthetic pathways.« less

Characteristics of Patient-Centered Medical Home Initiatives that Generated Savings for Medicare: a Qualitative Multi-Case Analysis.

PubMed

Burton, Rachel A; Lallemand, Nicole M; Peters, Rebecca A; Zuckerman, Stephen

2018-02-05

Through the Multi-Payer Advanced Primary Care Practice (MAPCP) Demonstration, Medicare, Medicaid, and private payers offered supplemental payments to 849 primary care practices that became patient-centered medical homes (PCMHs) in eight states; practices also received technical assistance and data reports. Average Medicare payments were capped at $10 per beneficiary per month in each state. Since there was variation in the eight participating states' demonstration designs, experiences, and outcomes, we conducted a qualitative multi-case analysis to identify the key factors that differentiated states that were estimated to have generated net savings for Medicare from states that did not. States' MAPCP Demonstration initiatives were comprehensively profiled in case studies based on secondary document review, three rounds of annual interviews with state staff, payers, practices, and other stakeholders, and other data sources. Case study findings were summarized in a case-ordered predictor-outcome matrix, which identified the presence or absence of key demonstration design features and experiences and arrayed states based on the amount of net savings or losses they generated for Medicare. We then used this matrix to identify initiative features that were present in at least three of the four states that generated net savings and absent from at least three of the four states that did not generate savings. A majority of the states that generated net savings: required practices to be recognized PCMHs to enter the demonstration, did not allow late entrants into the demonstration, used a consistent demonstration payment model across participating payers, and offered practices opportunities to earn performance bonuses. Practices in states that generated net savings also tended to report receiving the demonstration payments and bonuses they expected to receive, without any issues. Designers of future PCMH initiatives may increase their likelihood of generating net savings by incorporating the demonstration features we identified.

Tracing Spasmodic Dysphonia: The Source of Ludwig Traube's Priority.

PubMed

Lorch, Marjorie Perlman; Whurr, Renata

2016-08-01

Since the mid-20th century, one citation is given historical priority as the first description of spasmodic dysphonia (SD): Ludwig Traube's 1871 case of the "spastic form of nervous hoarseness." Our objective is to understand how this case serves as the foundation of understanding laryngeal movement disorders. The original German paper was located and translated. Bibliographical and bibliometric methods are used to determine the citation history of this original source over the past 140 years. Although secondary citations in contemporary publications typically credit Traube for establishing the clinical entity SD, his case does not conform to currently accepted diagnostic features. Citation patterns indicate the source of Traube's priority is publications by Arnold and Luchsinger, mid-20th-century ENT clinicians, particularly their influential 1965 textbook used to train US and UK clinicians on voice disorders for several generations. Sometimes secondary citations in medical literature lead to the inadvertent perpetuation of factual misrepresentation. The clinical picture of Traube's original case does not represent what clinicians would recognize as SD today. The rich 19th-century literature on voice disorders is a valuable resource for present day clinicians. © The Author(s) 2016.

Secondary harm mitigation: A more humanitarian framework for international drug law enforcement.

PubMed

Blaustein, Jarrett; McLay, Miki; McCulloch, Jude

2017-08-01

This article introduces the concept of 'secondary harm mitigation' as a framework for improving the humanitarian credentials of international drug law enforcement agencies. The concept is rooted in a critical analysis of the compatibility of the harm reduction philosophy with Australia's international drug law enforcement practices. On a utilitarian level, the net benefits of international drug law enforcement are determined to be, at best inconclusive, arguably counterproductive and in most cases, incalculable. On a humanitarian level, international drug law enforcement is also determined to be problematic from a criminological standpoint because it generates secondary harms and it is indifferent to the vulnerability of individuals who participate in illicit drug trafficking. Accordingly, the article concludes that a philosophy of harm reduction grounded in the public health perspective is inadequate for mitigating secondary harms arising from Australia's efforts to combat international illicit drug trafficking. A tentative list of secondary harm mitigation principles is presented and the article argues that secondary harm mitigation should replace supply reduction as a core tenet of Australia's National Drug Strategy. The article also concludes that secondary harm mitigation may provide a viable framework for stimulating a productive dialogue between those who advocate prohibition and those who call for decriminalisation at the global level. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Secondary Teacher and University Partnerships: Does Being in a Partnership Create Teacher Partners?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Burrows, Andrea C.

The purpose of this research was to understand how individuals, specifically secondary teachers and graduate engineering students, developed a working relationship in a grant funded project. I investigated three interrelated research questions about partnerships including: 1) What is the meaning of partnership to each individual? 2) How do the individuals negotiate the work in their partnership? and 3) Do the individual conceptions of partnership change as a result of their interactions? I used a qualitative descriptive case study methodology. I conducted nine interviews, four focus groups, 33 classroom field note observations, and collected emails. I detailed each of the three cases, and I conducted a cross case analysis of the three schools. I compared the similarities and differences between the cases in order to understand the partnership themes that defined a specific case and those that were generalized to several cases. Using grounded theory, my overall findings showed that each case generated six themes. These themes included product, perspective, expectations, decision making, relationships, and habit. I explored all six themes in current literature, and five of the six themes were prevalent there. In my study, habit was the core phenomenon but was not as common in the literature. It was related to the socio-cognitive theory of knowledge construction and Bourdieu's habitus. Additionally, it was connected to the concept of change in partnerships.

The implementation of case study with module-assisted to improve students' understanding on phytochemistry course

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Julianto, Tatang Shabur; Fitriastuti, Dhina; Diniaty, Artina; Fauzi'ah, Lina; Arlianty, Widinda Normalia; Febriana, Beta Wulan; Muhaimin

2017-12-01

Phytochemistry is one of the course in Chemistry Department's curriculum which discusses about biosynthetic path of secondary metabolite compound in a plant, classification of secondary metabolite compound, isolation technique, and identification analysis. This course is expected to be able to bridge the generations of a nation that has expertise in managing the natural resources of Indonesian plants. In this research, it was evaluated the implementation of case study learning method towards students' understanding on phytochemistry course. The learning processes were conducted in 2 cycles i.e. before and after midterm. The first seven themes of materials before midterm were learned with case study method and the next seven themes of materials were studied with the same method with the module-assisted. The results showed that there was enhancement of students' understanding in class D that were obtained from comparison of midterm and final test. Contrarily, the students of class C have no significant enhancement. In addition, it was predicted that understanding enhancement was strongly influenced by the life skills and the motivation of students especially the academic skills aspect.

Access to Vocational Education. A Planning System for Local Secondary and Post-Secondary Program and Facility Accessibility. Step 3: Generating Strategies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rice, Eric; And Others

This guidebook focuses on the third of five steps included in a planning system for improving local secondary and postsecondary program and facilities accessibility: generating strategies. The guidebook is comprised of four sections, each describing a specific technique for generating strategies. Techniques presented are (1) nominal group…

The structure and development of streamwise vortex arrays embedded in a turbulent boundary layer. Ph.D. Thesis - Case Western Reserve Univ.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wendt, Bruce J.; Greber, Isaac; Hingst, Warren R.

1991-01-01

An investigation of the structure and development of streamwise vortices embedded in a turbulent boundary layer was conducted. The vortices were generated by a single spanwise row of rectangular vortex generator blades. A single embedded vortex was examined, as well as arrays of embedded counter rotating vortices produced by equally spaced vortex generators. Measurements of the secondary velocity field in the crossplane provided the basis for characterization of vortex structure. Vortex structure was characterized by four descriptors. The center of each vortex core was located at the spanwise and normal position of peak streamwise vorticity. Vortex concentration was characterized by the magnitude of the peak streamwise vorticity, and the vortex strength by its circulation. Measurements of the secondary velocity field were conducted at two crossplane locations to examine the streamwise development of the vortex arrays. Large initial spacings of the vortex generators produced pairs of strong vortices which tended to move away from the wall region while smaller spacings produced tight arrays of weak vortices close to the wall. A model of vortex interaction and development is constructed using the experimental results. The model is based on the structure of the Oseen Vortex. Vortex trajectories are modelled by including the convective effects of neighbors.

Monoatomic and cluster beam effect on ToF-SIMS spectra of self-assembled monolayers on gold

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tuccitto, N.; Torrisi, V.; Delfanti, I.; Licciardello, A.

2008-12-01

Self-assembled monolayers represent well-defined systems that is a good model surface to study the effect of primary ion beams used in secondary ion mass spectrometry. The effect of polyatomic primary beams on both aliphatic and aromatic self-assembled monolayers has been studied. In particular, we analysed the variation of the relative secondary ion yield of both substrate metal-cluster (Au n-) in comparison with the molecular ions (M -) and clusters (M xAu y-) by using Bi +, Bi 3+, Bi 5+ beams. Moreover, the differences in the secondary ion generation efficiency are discussed. The main effect of the cluster beams is related to an increased formation of low-mass fragments and to the enhancement of the substrate related gold-clusters. The results show that, at variance of many other cases, the static SIMS of self-assembled monolayers does not benefit of the use of polyatomic primary ions.

Glycation of H1 Histone by 3-Deoxyglucosone: Effects on Protein Structure and Generation of Different Advanced Glycation End Products

PubMed Central

Ashraf, Jalaluddin Mohammad; Rabbani, Gulam; Ahmad, Saheem; Hasan, Qambar; Khan, Rizwan Hasan; Alam, Khursheed; Choi, Inho

2015-01-01

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) culminate from the non-enzymatic reaction between a free carbonyl group of a reducing sugar and free amino group of proteins. 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG) is one of the dicarbonyl species that rapidly forms several protein-AGE complexes that are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases, particularly diabetic complications. In this study, the generation of AGEs (Nε-carboxymethyl lysine and pentosidine) by 3-DG in H1 histone protein was characterized by evaluating extent of side chain modification (lysine and arginine) and formation of Amadori products as well as carbonyl contents using several physicochemical techniques. Results strongly suggested that 3-DG is a potent glycating agent that forms various intermediates and AGEs during glycation reactions and affects the secondary structure of the H1 protein. Structural changes and AGE formation may influence the function of H1 histone and compromise chromatin structures in cases of secondary diabetic complications. PMID:26121680

A Blessing or a Curse: An Environmental Decision Case for Secondary and Higher Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Autrey, Ann; Simmons, Steve; Aikin, Royace

2006-01-01

Decision cases have been used in the United States for higher education in agriculture and natural resources, as well as in extension education. Few cases have been developed for secondary education audiences and fewer yet for both secondary and higher education applications. This case was developed for use in both secondary- and university-level…

[Osimertinib (Tagrisso®): Activity, indication and modality of use in non-small cell lung cancer].

PubMed

Giroux Leprieur, Etienne; Cortot, Alexis B; Cadranel, Jacques; Wislez, Marie

2016-10-01

The acquisition of a resistance EGFR mutation in exon 20 (T790M) occurs in half of the cases of secondary resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), given in first-line treatment in advanced EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). Osimertinib (AZD9291, Tagrisso ® ) is a third-generation, irreversible EGFR TKI, active in case of T790M mutation. A large phase I trial showed the efficacy of osimertinib after failure of first-generation EGFR TKI (erlotinib, gefitinib), with response rate at 51% and up to 61% in case of T790M mutation. Progression-free survival was 9.6 months in case of T790M. Toxicity profile was acceptable, with mainly digestive (diarrhea) and skin (rash) side effects. Preliminary data from a phase II trial confirmed these efficacy and safety data. Screening of T790M mutation at the time of progression with TKI can be performed in circulating tumor DNA in plasma, with good diagnostic performances. Copyright © 2016 Société Française du Cancer. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Changes in Educational Practices: A Multiple Case Study Investigating Faculty Implemented Changes in Educational Practices Designed to Meet the Academic Needs of the Contemporary Student at a Southwestern Community College

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tompkins, David K.

2017-01-01

For the past few decades, the trend of first generation low-economic status community college students, considerably comprised of immigrants, has continued to grow at a significant rate (Connell, 2008; Ray, 2013; Kim & Diaz, 2013c; Kim, 2014). Community colleges are encountering challenges that were previously viewed as minimal or secondary to…

Evidence for Secondary Flux Rope Generated by the Electron Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability in a Magnetic Reconnection Diffusion Region

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhong, Z. H.; Tang, R. X.; Zhou, M.; Deng, X. H.; Pang, Y.; Paterson, W. R.; Giles, B. L.; Burch, J. L.; Tobert, R. B.; Ergun, R. E.; Khotyaintsev, Y. V.; Lindquist, P.-A.

2018-02-01

Secondary flux ropes are suggested to play important roles in energy dissipation and particle acceleration during magnetic reconnection. However, their generation mechanism is not fully understood. In this Letter, we present the first direct evidence that a secondary flux rope was generated due to the evolution of an electron vortex, which was driven by the electron Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in an ion diffusion region as observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. The subion scale (less than the ion inertial length) flux rope was embedded within the electron vortex, which contained a secondary electron diffusion region at the trailing edge of the flux rope. We propose that intense electron shear flow produced by reconnection generated the electron Kelvin-Helmholtz vortex, which induced a secondary reconnection in the exhaust of the primary X line and then led to the formation of the flux rope. This result strongly suggests that secondary electron Kelvin-Helmholtz instability is important for reconnection dynamics.

Evidence for Secondary Flux Rope Generated by the Electron Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability in a Magnetic Reconnection Diffusion Region.

PubMed

Zhong, Z H; Tang, R X; Zhou, M; Deng, X H; Pang, Y; Paterson, W R; Giles, B L; Burch, J L; Tobert, R B; Ergun, R E; Khotyaintsev, Y V; Lindquist, P-A

2018-02-16

Secondary flux ropes are suggested to play important roles in energy dissipation and particle acceleration during magnetic reconnection. However, their generation mechanism is not fully understood. In this Letter, we present the first direct evidence that a secondary flux rope was generated due to the evolution of an electron vortex, which was driven by the electron Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in an ion diffusion region as observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. The subion scale (less than the ion inertial length) flux rope was embedded within the electron vortex, which contained a secondary electron diffusion region at the trailing edge of the flux rope. We propose that intense electron shear flow produced by reconnection generated the electron Kelvin-Helmholtz vortex, which induced a secondary reconnection in the exhaust of the primary X line and then led to the formation of the flux rope. This result strongly suggests that secondary electron Kelvin-Helmholtz instability is important for reconnection dynamics.

Secondary environmental impacts of remedial alternatives for sediment contaminated with hydrophobic organic contaminants.

PubMed

Choi, Yongju; Thompson, Jay M; Lin, Diana; Cho, Yeo-Myoung; Ismail, Niveen S; Hsieh, Ching-Hong; Luthy, Richard G

2016-03-05

This study evaluates secondary environmental impacts of various remedial alternatives for sediment contaminated with hydrophobic organic contaminants using life cycle assessment (LCA). Three alternatives including two conventional methods, dredge-and-fill and capping, and an innovative sediment treatment technique, in-situ activated carbon (AC) amendment, are compared for secondary environmental impacts by a case study for a site at Hunters Point Shipyard, San Francisco, CA. The LCA results show that capping generates substantially smaller impacts than dredge-and-fill and in-situ amendment using coal-based virgin AC. The secondary impacts from in-situ AC amendment can be reduced effectively by using recycled or wood-based virgin AC as production of these materials causes much smaller impacts than coal-based virgin AC. The secondary environmental impacts are highly sensitive to the dredged amount and the distance to a disposal site for dredging, the capping thickness and the distance to the cap materials for capping, and the AC dose for in-situ AC amendment. Based on the analysis, this study identifies strategies to minimize secondary impacts caused by different remediation activities: optimize the dredged amount, the capping thickness, or the AC dose by extensive site assessments, obtain source materials from local sites, and use recycled or bio-based AC. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Idea Generating among Secondary School Teachers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tomic, Welko; Brouwers, Andre

This study investigated where and how secondary school teachers generated ideas linked to their work environment. A group of 146 teachers from 20 secondary schools in the Netherlands completed an adapted version of Geschka's questionnaire, which focused on (1) teachers' preferred conditions, environments, media, people, and activities before the…

Derivation of the Torque Associated to Tesseral Resonances

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

El Moutamid, Maryame

2018-04-01

A so-called m+1:m Tesseral Resonance is simply equivalent to an inner m+1:m Lindblad Resonance or an outer Lindblad Resonance, where m is an integer. They are generated between a gravity anomaly that rotates with the primary and a test particle evolving around this primary, instead of being caused by a secondary, meaning that in this case the particle and the secondary do not share the same orbit. We show in this work that the torque is stronger for small values of |m|; as |m| tends to infinity, the torque tends to zero and that the Lagrange points are displaced away from the usual triangular configuration. These simple results have interesting implications on Saturn, Chariklo and Mars.

The development of leadership outcome-indicators evaluating the contribution of clinical specialists and advanced practitioners to health care: a secondary analysis.

PubMed

Elliott, Naomi; Begley, Cecily; Kleinpell, Ruth; Higgins, Agnes

2014-05-01

To report a secondary analysis of data collected from the case study phase of a national study of advanced practitioners and to develop leadership outcome-indicators appropriate for advanced practitioners. In many countries, advanced practitioners in nursing and midwifery have responsibility as leaders for health care development, but without having leadership outcome measures available they are unable to demonstrate the results of their activities. In Ireland, a sequential mixed method research study was used to develop a validated tool for the evaluation of clinical specialists and advanced practitioners. Despite strong evidence of leadership activities, few leadership-specific outcomes were generated from the primary analysis. Secondary analysis of a multiple case study data set. Data set comprised 23 case studies of advanced practitioner/clinical specialists from 13 sites across each region in Ireland from all divisions of the Nursing Board Register. Data were collected 2008-2010. Data sources included non-participant observation (n = 92 hours) of advanced practitioners in practice, interviews with clinicians (n = 21), patients (n = 20) and directors of nursing/midwifery (n = 13) and documents. Analysis focused on leadership outcome-indicator development in line with the National Health Service's Good Indicators Guide. The four categories of leadership outcomes for advanced practitioner developed were as follows: (i) capacity and capability building of multidisciplinary team; (ii) measure of esteem; (iii) new initiatives for clinical practice and healthcare delivery; and (iv) clinical practice based on evidence. The proposed set of leadership outcome-indicators derived from a secondary analysis captures the complexity of leadership in practice. They add to existing clinical outcomes measuring advanced practice. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Study of a high power hydrogen beam diagnostic based on secondary electron emission

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sartori, E., E-mail: emanuele.sartori@igi.cnr.it; Department of Management and Engineering, University di Padova strad. S. Nicola 3, 36100 Vicenza; Panasenkov, A.

2016-11-15

In high power neutral beams for fusion, beam uniformity is an important figure of merit. Knowing the transverse power profile is essential during the initial phases of beam source operation, such as those expected for the ITER heating neutral beam (HNB) test facility. To measure it a diagnostic technique is proposed, based on the collection of secondary electrons generated by beam-surface and beam-gas interactions, by an array of positively biased collectors placed behind the calorimeter tubes. This measurement showed in the IREK test stand good proportionality to the primary beam current. To investigate the diagnostic performances in different conditions, wemore » developed a numerical model of secondary electron emission, induced by beam particle impact on the copper tubes, and reproducing the cascade of secondary emission caused by successive electron impacts. The model is first validated against IREK measurements. It is then applied to the HNB case, to assess the locality of the measurement, the proportionality to the beam current density, and the influence of beam plasma.« less

Failure of communication and capture: The perils of temporary unipolar pacing system.

PubMed

Sahinoglu, Efe; Wool, Thomas J; Wool, Kenneth J

2015-06-01

We present a case of a patient with pacemaker dependence secondary to complete heart block who developed loss of capture of her temporary pacemaker. Patient developed torsades de pointes then ventricular fibrillation, requiring CPR and external cardioversion. After patient was stabilized, it was noticed that loss of capture of pacemaker corresponded with nursing care, when the pulse generator was lifted off patient׳s chest wall, and that patient׳s temporary pacing system had been programmed to unipolar mode without knowledge of attending cardiologist. This case highlights the importance of communication ensuring all caregivers are aware of mode of the temporary pacing system.

The Case against Secondary Task Analyses of Mental Workload.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-01-10

different attributes of one object (e.g., its color, form and size) than one attribute of three objects (e.g., red, green and blue or square, circle and...RED printed in colored ink, e.g. green . The subjecc is instructed to report the ink color, ignoring the color word. This is quite difficult for most...Directions in Cognitive Psycholoz. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul (in press). Baddeley, A. D. The capacity for generating information by randomization

Secondary electric power generation with minimum engine bleed

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tagge, G. E.

1983-01-01

Secondary electric power generation with minimum engine bleed is discussed. Present and future jet engine systems are compared. The role of auxiliary power units is evaluated. Details of secondary electric power generation systems with and without auxiliary power units are given. Advanced bleed systems are compared with minimum bleed systems. A cost model of ownership is given. The difference in the cost of ownership between a minimum bleed system and an advanced bleed system is given.

Dark Matter Search in Space: Combined Analysis of Cosmic-Ray Antiproton-to-proton Flux Ratio and Positron Flux Measured by AMS-02

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feng, Jie; Zhang, Hong-Hao

2018-05-01

Dark matter searches in space have been carried out for many years. Measurements of cosmic-ray (CR) photons, charged antiparticles, and neutrinos are useful tools for dark matter indirect searches. The antiparticle energy spectra of CRs have several exciting features, such as the unexpected positron excess at E ∼ 10–500 GeV and the remarkably flattening antiproton/proton at E ∼ 60–450 GeV precisely measured by the AMS-02 experiment, which cannot be explained simultaneously by secondary production in the interstellar medium. In this work, we report a combined analysis of CR antiproton and positron spectra arising from dark matter on the top of a secondary production in a spatial-dependent propagation model. We discuss the systematic uncertainties from the antiproton production cross section using the two latest Monte Carlo generators, i.e., EPOS LHC and QGSJET-II-04m. We compare their results. In the case of EPOS LHC, we find that the dark matter pair annihilating into τ leptons channel with a 100% branching ratio and the p-wave annihilation cross section assumption is the only possible one-channel scenario to explain the data. On the other hand, there is not a single possible channel in the case of QGSJET-II-04m. We also propose possible two-channel scenarios based on these two Monte Carlo generators.

30 CFR 75.1101 - Deluge-type water sprays, foam generators; main and secondary belt-conveyor drives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Deluge-type water sprays, foam generators; main... Fire Protection § 75.1101 Deluge-type water sprays, foam generators; main and secondary belt-conveyor drives. [Statutory Provisions] Deluge-type water sprays or foam generators automatically actuated by rise...

30 CFR 75.1101 - Deluge-type water sprays, foam generators; main and secondary belt-conveyor drives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Deluge-type water sprays, foam generators; main... Fire Protection § 75.1101 Deluge-type water sprays, foam generators; main and secondary belt-conveyor drives. [Statutory Provisions] Deluge-type water sprays or foam generators automatically actuated by rise...

Solanum tuberosum and Lycopersicon esculentum Leaf Extracts and Single Metabolites Affect Development and Reproduction of Drosophila melanogaster.

PubMed

Ventrella, Emanuela; Adamski, Zbigniew; Chudzińska, Ewa; Miądowicz-Kobielska, Mariola; Marciniak, Paweł; Büyükgüzel, Ender; Büyükgüzel, Kemal; Erdem, Meltem; Falabella, Patrizia; Scrano, Laura; Bufo, Sabino Aurelio

2016-01-01

Glycoalkaloids are secondary metabolites commonly found in Solanaceae plants. They have anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and insecticidal activities. In the present study we examine the effects of potato and tomato leaf extracts and their main components, the glycoalkaloids α-solanine, α-chaconine and α-tomatine, on development and reproduction of Drosophila melanogaster wild-type flies at different stages. Parental generation was exposed to five different concentrations of tested substances. The effects were examined also on the next, non-exposed generation. In the first (exposed) generation, addition of each extract reduced the number of organisms reaching the pupal and imaginal stages. Parent insects exposed to extracts and metabolites individually applied showed faster development. However, the effect was weaker in case of single metabolites than in case of exposure to extracts. An increase of developmental rate was also observed in the next, non-exposed generation. The imagoes of both generations exposed to extracts and pure metabolites showed some anomalies in body size and malformations, such as deformed wings and abdomens, smaller black abdominal zone. Our results further support the current idea that Solanaceae can be an impressive source of molecules, which could efficaciously be used in crop protection, as natural extract or in formulation of single pure metabolites in sustainable agriculture.

Properies of the microseism wave field in Australia from three component array data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gal, Martin; Reading, Anya; Ellingsen, Simon; Koper, Keith; Burlacu, Relu; Tkalčić, Hrvoje

2016-04-01

In the last two decades, ambient noise studies in the range of 1-20 seconds have predominantly focused on the analysis of source regions for Rayleigh and P waves. The theoretical excitation of these phases is well understood for primary microseisms (direct coupling of gravity waves in sloping shallow bathymetry) and secondary microseisms (wave-wave interaction) and correlates well with observations. For Love waves, the excitation mechanism in the secondary microseism band is to date unknown. It has been shown, that LQ waves can exhibit larger amplitudes than Rg waves for certain frequencies. Therefore detailed analysis of the wave field are necessary to find indications on the generation mechanism. We analyse data from two spiral-shaped arrays located in Australia, the Pilbara Array (PSAR) in the North-West and an array in South Queensland (SQspa) in the East. The two arrays are different in aperture and allow for the study of primary and secondary microseisms with SQspa and higher secondary microseisms with PSAR. We use a deconvolution enhanced beamforming approach, which is based on the CLEAN algorithm. It allows the accurate detection of weaker sources and the estimation of power levels on each component or wave type. For PSAR we evaluate 1 year of data in the frequency range of 0.35-1 Hz and find fundamental and higher mode Rg and LQ waves. For the low end of the frequency range, we find the strongest fundamental mode Rg waves to originate from multiple direction, but confined to coastline reflectors, i.e. coastlines that are perpendicular to the main swell direction, while higher mode Rg waves are mainly generated in the Great Australian Bight. For higher frequencies, the source locations of Rg waves move toward the north coast, which is closest to the array and we see an increase in the Lg phase. The majority of fundamental LQ waves are generated at the west coast of Australia and we find some agreement between low frequency Rg and LQ source locations, which becomes uncorrelated with increasing frequency. For higher mode LQ waves the generation region is in the south-west, where Australia is exposed to direct swells from the Antarctic. In the case of Rg-to-LQ power ratio, we find a frequency and backazimuth dependence. Results from SQspa allow lower frequency arrivals around the primary and secondary microseism peak to be investigated.

Aircraft Electric Secondary Power

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1983-01-01

Technologies resulted to aircraft power systems and aircraft in which all secondary power is supplied electrically are discussed. A high-voltage dc power generating system for fighter aircraft, permanent magnet motors and generators for aircraft, lightweight transformers, and the installation of electric generators on turbine engines are among the topics discussed.

Enhanced late gas generation potential of petroleum source rocks via recombination reactions: Evidence from the Norwegian North Sea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Erdmann, Michael; Horsfield, Brian

2006-08-01

Gas generation in the deep reaches of sedimentary basins is usually considered to take place via the primary cracking of short alkyl groups from overmature kerogen or the secondary cracking of petroleum. Here, we show that recombination reactions ultimately play the dominant role in controlling the timing of late gas generation in source rocks which contain mixtures of terrigeneous and marine organic matter. These reactions, taking place at low levels of maturation, result in the formation of a thermally stable bitumen, which is the major source of methane at very high maturities. The inferences come from pyrolysis experiments performed on samples of the Draupne Formation (liptinitic Type II kerogen) and Heather Formation (mixed marine-terrigeneous Type III kerogen), both Upper Jurassic source rocks stemming from the Norwegian northern North Sea Viking Graben system. Non-isothermal closed system micro scale sealed vessel (MSSV) pyrolysis, non-isothermal open system pyrolysis and Rock Eval type pyrolysis were performed on the solvent extracted, concentrated kerogens of the two immature samples. The decrease of C 6+ products in the closed system MSSV pyrolysis provided the basis for the calculation of secondary gas (C 1-5) formation. Subtraction of the calculated secondary gas from the total observed gas yields a "remaining" gas. In the case of the Draupne Formation this is equivalent to primary gas cracked directly from the kerogen, as detected by a comparison with multistep open pyrolysis data. For the Heather Formation the calculated remaining gas formation profile is initially attributable to primary gas but there is a second major gas pulse at very high temperature (>550 °C at 5.0 K min -1) that is not primary. This has been explained by a recondensation process where first formed high molecular weight compounds in the closed system yield a macromolecular material that undergoes secondary cracking at elevated temperatures. The experiments provided the input for determination of kinetic parameters of the different gas generation types, which were used for extrapolations to a linear geological heating rate of 10 -11 K min -1. Peak generation temperatures for the primary gas generation were found to be higher for Heather Formation ( Tmax = 190 °C, equivalent to Ro appr. 1.7%) compared to Draupne Formation ( Tmax = 175 °C, equivalent to appr. Ro 1.3%). Secondary gas peak generation temperatures were calculated to be 220 °C for the Heather Formation and 205 to 215 °C for the Draupne Formation, respectively, with equivalent vitrinite reflectance values ( Ro) between 2.4% and 2.0%. The high temperature secondary gas formation from cracking of the recombination residue as detected for the Heather Formation is quantitatively important and is suggested to occur at very high temperatures ( Tmax approx. 250 °C) for geological heating rates. The prediction of a significant charge of dry gas from the Heather Formation at very high maturity levels has important implications for petroleum exploration in the region, especially to the north of the Viking Graben where Upper Jurassic sediments are sufficiently deep buried to have experienced such a process.

A distributed parameter model of transmission line transformer for high voltage nanosecond pulse generation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Jiangtao; Zhao, Zheng; Li, Longjie; He, Jiaxin; Li, Chenjie; Wang, Yifeng; Su, Can

2017-09-01

A transmission line transformer has potential advantages for nanosecond pulse generation including excellent frequency response and no leakage inductance. The wave propagation process in a secondary mode line is indispensable due to an obvious inside transient electromagnetic transition in this scenario. The equivalent model of the transmission line transformer is crucial for predicting the output waveform and evaluating the effects of magnetic cores on output performance. However, traditional lumped parameter models are not sufficient for nanosecond pulse generation due to the natural neglect of wave propagations in secondary mode lines based on a lumped parameter assumption. In this paper, a distributed parameter model of transmission line transformer was established to investigate wave propagation in the secondary mode line and its influential factors through theoretical analysis and experimental verification. The wave propagation discontinuity in the secondary mode line induced by magnetic cores is emphasized. Characteristics of the magnetic core under a nanosecond pulse were obtained by experiments. Distribution and formation of the secondary mode current were determined for revealing essential wave propagation processes in secondary mode lines. The output waveform and efficiency were found to be affected dramatically by wave propagation discontinuity in secondary mode lines induced by magnetic cores. The proposed distributed parameter model was proved more suitable for nanosecond pulse generation in aspects of secondary mode current, output efficiency, and output waveform. In depth, comprehension of underlying mechanisms and a broader view of the working principle of the transmission line transformer for nanosecond pulse generation can be obtained through this research.

A distributed parameter model of transmission line transformer for high voltage nanosecond pulse generation.

PubMed

Li, Jiangtao; Zhao, Zheng; Li, Longjie; He, Jiaxin; Li, Chenjie; Wang, Yifeng; Su, Can

2017-09-01

A transmission line transformer has potential advantages for nanosecond pulse generation including excellent frequency response and no leakage inductance. The wave propagation process in a secondary mode line is indispensable due to an obvious inside transient electromagnetic transition in this scenario. The equivalent model of the transmission line transformer is crucial for predicting the output waveform and evaluating the effects of magnetic cores on output performance. However, traditional lumped parameter models are not sufficient for nanosecond pulse generation due to the natural neglect of wave propagations in secondary mode lines based on a lumped parameter assumption. In this paper, a distributed parameter model of transmission line transformer was established to investigate wave propagation in the secondary mode line and its influential factors through theoretical analysis and experimental verification. The wave propagation discontinuity in the secondary mode line induced by magnetic cores is emphasized. Characteristics of the magnetic core under a nanosecond pulse were obtained by experiments. Distribution and formation of the secondary mode current were determined for revealing essential wave propagation processes in secondary mode lines. The output waveform and efficiency were found to be affected dramatically by wave propagation discontinuity in secondary mode lines induced by magnetic cores. The proposed distributed parameter model was proved more suitable for nanosecond pulse generation in aspects of secondary mode current, output efficiency, and output waveform. In depth, comprehension of underlying mechanisms and a broader view of the working principle of the transmission line transformer for nanosecond pulse generation can be obtained through this research.

The South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust Biomedical Research Centre (SLAM BRC) case register: development and descriptive data.

PubMed

Stewart, Robert; Soremekun, Mishael; Perera, Gayan; Broadbent, Matthew; Callard, Felicity; Denis, Mike; Hotopf, Matthew; Thornicroft, Graham; Lovestone, Simon

2009-08-12

Case registers have been used extensively in mental health research. Recent developments in electronic medical records, and in computer software to search and analyse these in anonymised format, have the potential to revolutionise this research tool. We describe the development of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLAM) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) Case Register Interactive Search tool (CRIS) which allows research-accessible datasets to be derived from SLAM, the largest provider of secondary mental healthcare in Europe. All clinical data, including free text, are available for analysis in the form of anonymised datasets. Development involved both the building of the system and setting in place the necessary security (with both functional and procedural elements). Descriptive data are presented for the Register database as of October 2008. The database at that point included 122,440 cases, 35,396 of whom were receiving active case management under the Care Programme Approach. In terms of gender and ethnicity, the database was reasonably representative of the source population. The most common assigned primary diagnoses were within the ICD mood disorders (n = 12,756) category followed by schizophrenia and related disorders (8158), substance misuse (7749), neuroses (7105) and organic disorders (6414). The SLAM BRC Case Register represents a 'new generation' of this research design, built on a long-running system of fully electronic clinical records and allowing in-depth secondary analysis of both numerical, string and free text data, whilst preserving anonymity through technical and procedural safeguards.

Teachers' Work and Schooling in Bali

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nilan, Pam

2003-11-01

This study addresses educational reform in Indonesia with reference to one of the most important potential agents of change in any national system of schooling - its teachers. The empirical data on secondary teachers and trainee teachers used here are taken from a larger case study of the attitudes and opinions of stakeholders in the education system of North Bali. Secondary teachers in Bali, as elsewhere in Indonesia, are seriously underpaid, but not necessarily undervalued in the community. They take on other jobs to support themselves and their families, yet they do not lack commitment to the professional task of teaching. It is argued that financial pressure on teachers to find other sources of remuneration militates against their capacity to act as agents of change in the rapidly reforming Indonesian state. Furthermore, teaching is not often seen as a financially rewarding profession by a new generation of secondary-school graduates. The author recommends that teachers' salaries be raised and infrastructure support for schools increased.

The importance of mechano-electrical feedback and inertia in cardiac electromechanics.

PubMed

Costabal, Francisco Sahli; Concha, Felipe A; Hurtado, Daniel E; Kuhl, Ellen

2017-06-15

In the past years, a number cardiac electromechanics models have been developed to better understand the excitation-contraction behavior of the heart. However, there is no agreement on whether inertial forces play a role in this system. In this study, we assess the influence of mass in electromechanical simulations, using a fully coupled finite element model. We include the effect of mechano-electrical feedback via stretch activated currents. We compare five different models: electrophysiology, electromechanics, electromechanics with mechano-electrical feedback, electromechanics with mass, and electromechanics with mass and mechano-electrical feedback. We simulate normal conduction to study conduction velocity and spiral waves to study fibrillation. During normal conduction, mass in conjunction with mechano-electrical feedback increased the conduction velocity by 8.12% in comparison to the plain electrophysiology case. During the generation of a spiral wave, mass and mechano-electrical feedback generated secondary wavefronts, which were not present in any other model. These secondary wavefronts were initiated in tensile stretch regions that induced electrical currents. We expect that this study will help the research community to better understand the importance of mechanoelectrical feedback and inertia in cardiac electromechanics.

Secondary motion in three-dimensional branching networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guha, Abhijit; Pradhan, Kaustav

2017-06-01

A major aim of the present work is to understand and thoroughly document the generation, the three-dimensional distribution, and the evolution of the secondary motion as the fluid progresses downstream through a branched network. Six generations (G0-G5) of branches (involving 63 straight portions and 31 bifurcation modules) are computed in one go; such computational challenges are rarely taken in the literature. More than 30 × 106 computational elements are employed for high precision of computed results and fine quality of the flow visualization diagrams. The study of co-planar vis-à-vis non-planar space-filling configurations establishes a quantitative evaluation of the dependence of the fluid dynamics on the three-dimensional arrangement of the same individual branches. As compared to the secondary motion in a simple curved pipe, three distinctive features, viz., the change of shape and size of the flow-cross-section, the division of non-uniform primary flow in a bifurcation module, and repeated switchover from clockwise to anticlockwise curvature and vice versa in the flow path, make the present situation more complex. It is shown that the straight portions in the network, in general, attenuate the secondary motion, while the three-dimensionally complex bifurcation modules generate secondary motion and may alter the number, arrangement, and structure of vortices. A comprehensive picture of the evolution of quantitative flow visualizations of the secondary motion is achieved by constructing contours of secondary velocity | v → S | , streamwise vorticity ω S , and λ 2 iso-surfaces. It is demonstrated, for example, that for in-plane configuration, the vortices on any plane appear in pair (i.e., for each clockwise rotating vortex, there is an otherwise identical anticlockwise vortex), whereas the vortices on a plane for the out-of-plane configuration may be dissimilar, and there may even be an odd number of vortices. We have formulated three new parameters (ES/P, δ S F , and δ G n ) for a quantitative description of the overall features of the secondary flow field. δ S F represents a non-uniformity index of the secondary flow in an individual branch, ES/P represents the mass-flow-averaged relative kinetic energy of the secondary motion in an individual branch, and δ G n provides a measure of the non-uniformity of the secondary flow between various branches of the same generation Gn. The repeated enhancement of the secondary kinetic energy in the bifurcation modules is responsible for the occurrence of significant values of ES/P even in generation G5. For both configurations, it is found that for any bifurcation module, the value of ES/P is greater in that daughter branch in which the mass-flow rate is greater. Even though the various contour plots of the complex secondary flow structure appear visually very different from one another, the values of δ S F are found to lie within a small range ( 0.37 ≤ δ S F ≤ 0.66 ) for the six-generation networks studied. It is shown that δ G n grows as the generation number Gn increases. It is established that the out-of-plane configuration, in general, creates more secondary kinetic energy (higher ES/P), a similar level of non-uniformity in the secondary flow in an individual branch (similar δ S F ), and a significantly lower level of non-uniformity in the distribution of secondary motion among various branches of the same generation (much lower δ G n ), as compared to the in-plane arrangement of the same branches.

Secondary motion in three-dimensional branching networks

PubMed Central

Guha, Abhijit; Pradhan, Kaustav

2017-01-01

A major aim of the present work is to understand and thoroughly document the generation, the three-dimensional distribution, and the evolution of the secondary motion as the fluid progresses downstream through a branched network. Six generations (G0-G5) of branches (involving 63 straight portions and 31 bifurcation modules) are computed in one go; such computational challenges are rarely taken in the literature. More than 30 × 106 computational elements are employed for high precision of computed results and fine quality of the flow visualization diagrams. The study of co-planar vis-à-vis non-planar space-filling configurations establishes a quantitative evaluation of the dependence of the fluid dynamics on the three-dimensional arrangement of the same individual branches. As compared to the secondary motion in a simple curved pipe, three distinctive features, viz., the change of shape and size of the flow-cross-section, the division of non-uniform primary flow in a bifurcation module, and repeated switchover from clockwise to anticlockwise curvature and vice versa in the flow path, make the present situation more complex. It is shown that the straight portions in the network, in general, attenuate the secondary motion, while the three-dimensionally complex bifurcation modules generate secondary motion and may alter the number, arrangement, and structure of vortices. A comprehensive picture of the evolution of quantitative flow visualizations of the secondary motion is achieved by constructing contours of secondary velocity v→S, streamwise vorticity ωS, and λ2 iso-surfaces. It is demonstrated, for example, that for in-plane configuration, the vortices on any plane appear in pair (i.e., for each clockwise rotating vortex, there is an otherwise identical anticlockwise vortex), whereas the vortices on a plane for the out-of-plane configuration may be dissimilar, and there may even be an odd number of vortices. We have formulated three new parameters (ES/P, δSF, and δGn) for a quantitative description of the overall features of the secondary flow field. δSF represents a non-uniformity index of the secondary flow in an individual branch, ES/P represents the mass-flow-averaged relative kinetic energy of the secondary motion in an individual branch, and δGn provides a measure of the non-uniformity of the secondary flow between various branches of the same generation Gn. The repeated enhancement of the secondary kinetic energy in the bifurcation modules is responsible for the occurrence of significant values of ES/P even in generation G5. For both configurations, it is found that for any bifurcation module, the value of ES/P is greater in that daughter branch in which the mass-flow rate is greater. Even though the various contour plots of the complex secondary flow structure appear visually very different from one another, the values of δSF are found to lie within a small range (0.37≤δSF≤0.66) for the six-generation networks studied. It is shown that δGn grows as the generation number Gn increases. It is established that the out-of-plane configuration, in general, creates more secondary kinetic energy (higher ES/P), a similar level of non-uniformity in the secondary flow in an individual branch (similar δSF), and a significantly lower level of non-uniformity in the distribution of secondary motion among various branches of the same generation (much lower δGn), as compared to the in-plane arrangement of the same branches. PMID:28713213

The nature of knowledge and how to account for it

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Burgos, M. C. G.; De la Peña, F. D. E.

2014-10-01

One of the key challenges in science and technology is the evaluation of knowledge generated in either one or the other. This paper presents a case study where the use of acquired knowledge -in the form of lessons learned-applied to process improvement, meets the target of reduction of production costs for secondary -recycled-aluminium, and how this means that an intangible (knowledge embodied in software) can become tangible (a reduction in production costs), thus eligible to be reported in the company's balance sheet.

Trajectory Design for a Single-String Impactor Concept

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dono Perez, Andres; Burton, Roland; Stupl, Jan; Mauro, David

2017-01-01

This paper introduces a trajectory design for a secondary spacecraft concept to augment science return in interplanetary missions. The concept consist of a single-string probe with a kinetic impactor on board that generates an artificial plume to perform in-situ sampling. The trajectory design was applied to a particular case study that samples ejecta particles from the Jovian moon Europa. Results were validated using statistical analysis. Details regarding the navigation, targeting and disposal challenges related to this concept are presented herein.

A computational study on the interaction between a vortex and a shock wave

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Meadows, Kristine R.; Kumar, Ajay; Hussaini, M. Y.

1989-01-01

A computational study of two-dimensional shock vortex interaction is discussed in this paper. A second order upwind finite volume method is used to solve the Euler equations in conservation form. In this method, the shock wave is captured rather than fitted so that the cases where shock vortex interaction may cause secondary shocks can also be investigated. The effects of vortex strength on the computed flow and acoustic field generated by the interaction are qualitatively evaluated.

A general regression framework for a secondary outcome in case-control studies.

PubMed

Tchetgen Tchetgen, Eric J

2014-01-01

Modern case-control studies typically involve the collection of data on a large number of outcomes, often at considerable logistical and monetary expense. These data are of potentially great value to subsequent researchers, who, although not necessarily concerned with the disease that defined the case series in the original study, may want to use the available information for a regression analysis involving a secondary outcome. Because cases and controls are selected with unequal probability, regression analysis involving a secondary outcome generally must acknowledge the sampling design. In this paper, the author presents a new framework for the analysis of secondary outcomes in case-control studies. The approach is based on a careful re-parameterization of the conditional model for the secondary outcome given the case-control outcome and regression covariates, in terms of (a) the population regression of interest of the secondary outcome given covariates and (b) the population regression of the case-control outcome on covariates. The error distribution for the secondary outcome given covariates and case-control status is otherwise unrestricted. For a continuous outcome, the approach sometimes reduces to extending model (a) by including a residual of (b) as a covariate. However, the framework is general in the sense that models (a) and (b) can take any functional form, and the methodology allows for an identity, log or logit link function for model (a).

Investigating the generation of Love waves in secondary microseisms using 3D numerical simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wenk, Stefan; Hadziioannou, Celine; Pelties, Christian; Igel, Heiner

2014-05-01

Longuet-Higgins (1950) proposed that secondary microseismic noise can be attributed to oceanic disturbances by surface gravity wave interference causing non-linear, second-order pressure perturbations at the ocean bottom. As a first approximation, this source mechanism can be considered as a force acting normal to the ocean bottom. In an isotropic, layered, elastic Earth model with plain interfaces, vertical forces generate P-SV motions in the vertical plane of source and receiver. In turn, only Rayleigh waves are excited at the free surface. However, several authors report on significant Love wave contributions in the secondary microseismic frequency band of real data measurements. The reason is still insufficiently analysed and several hypothesis are under debate: - The source mechanism has strongest influence on the excitation of shear motions, whereas the source direction dominates the effect of Love wave generation in case of point force sources. Darbyshire and Okeke (1969) proposed the topographic coupling effect of pressure loads acting on a sloping sea-floor to generate the shear tractions required for Love wave excitation. - Rayleigh waves can be converted into Love waves by scattering. Therefore, geometric scattering at topographic features or internal scattering by heterogeneous material distributions can cause Love wave generation. - Oceanic disturbances act on large regions of the ocean bottom, and extended sources have to be considered. In combination with topographic coupling and internal scattering, the extent of the source region and the timing of an extended source should effect Love wave excitation. We try to elaborate the contribution of different source mechanisms and scattering effects on Love to Rayleigh wave energy ratios by 3D numerical simulations. In particular, we estimate the amount of Love wave energy generated by point and extended sources acting on the free surface. Simulated point forces are modified in their incident angle, whereas extended sources are adapted in their spatial extent, magnitude and timing. Further, the effect of variations in the correlation length and perturbation magnitude of a random free surface topography as well as an internal random material distribution are studied.

Integrated engine-generator concept for aircraft electric secondary power

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Secunde, R. R.; Macosko, R. P.; Repas, D. S.

1972-01-01

The integrated engine-generator concept of locating an electric generator inside an aircraft turbojet or turbofan engine concentric with, and driven by, one of the main engine shafts is discussed. When properly rated, the generator can serve as an engine starter as well as a generator of electric power. The electric power conversion equipment and generator controls are conveniently located in the aircraft. Preliminary layouts of generators in a large engine together with their physical sizes and weights indicate that this concept is a technically feasible approach to aircraft secondary power.

TU-AB-201-02: An Automated Treatment Plan Quality Assurance Program for Tandem and Ovoid High Dose-Rate Brachytherapy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tan, J; Shi, F; Hrycushko, B

2015-06-15

Purpose: For tandem and ovoid (T&O) HDR brachytherapy in our clinic, it is required that the planning physicist manually capture ∼10 images during planning, perform a secondary dose calculation and generate a report, combine them into a single PDF document, and upload it to a record- and-verify system to prove to an independent plan checker that the case was planned correctly. Not only does this slow down the already time-consuming clinical workflow, the PDF document also limits the number of parameters that can be checked. To solve these problems, we have developed a web-based automatic quality assurance (QA) program. Methods:more » We set up a QA server accessible through a web- interface. A T&O plan and CT images are exported as DICOMRT files and uploaded to the server. The software checks 13 geometric features, e.g. if the dwell positions are reasonable, and 10 dosimetric features, e.g. secondary dose calculations via TG43 formalism and D2cc to critical structures. A PDF report is automatically generated with errors and potential issues highlighted. It also contains images showing important geometric and dosimetric aspects to prove the plan was created following standard guidelines. Results: The program has been clinically implemented in our clinic. In each of the 58 T&O plans we tested, a 14- page QA report was automatically generated. It took ∼45 sec to export the plan and CT images and ∼30 sec to perform the QA tests and generate the report. In contrast, our manual QA document preparation tooks on average ∼7 minutes under optimal conditions and up to 20 minutes when mistakes were made during the document assembly. Conclusion: We have tested the efficiency and effectiveness of an automated process for treatment plan QA of HDR T&O cases. This software was shown to improve the workflow compared to our conventional manual approach.« less

Cleaning products and air fresheners: exposure to primary and secondary air pollutants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nazaroff, William W.; Weschler, Charles J.

Building occupants, including cleaning personnel, are exposed to a wide variety of airborne chemicals when cleaning agents and air fresheners are used in buildings. Certain of these chemicals are listed by the state of California as toxic air contaminants (TACs) and a subset of these are regulated by the US federal government as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). California's Proposition 65 list of species recognized as carcinogens or reproductive toxicants also includes constituents of certain cleaning products and air fresheners. In addition, many cleaning agents and air fresheners contain chemicals that can react with other air contaminants to yield potentially harmful secondary products. For example, terpenes can react rapidly with ozone in indoor air generating many secondary pollutants, including TACs such as formaldehyde. Furthermore, ozone-terpene reactions produce the hydroxyl radical, which reacts rapidly with organics, leading to the formation of other potentially toxic air pollutants. Indoor reactive chemistry involving the nitrate radical and cleaning-product constituents is also of concern, since it produces organic nitrates as well as some of the same oxidation products generated by ozone and hydroxyl radicals. Few studies have directly addressed the indoor concentrations of TACs that might result from primary emissions or secondary pollutant formation following the use of cleaning agents and air fresheners. In this paper, we combine direct empirical evidence with the basic principles of indoor pollutant behavior and with information from relevant studies, to analyze and critically assess air pollutant exposures resulting from the use of cleaning products and air fresheners. Attention is focused on compounds that are listed as HAPs, TACs or Proposition 65 carcinogens/reproductive toxicants and compounds that can readily react to generate secondary pollutants. The toxicity of many of these secondary pollutants has yet to be evaluated. The inhalation intake of airborne organic compounds from cleaning product use is estimated to be of the order of 10 mg d -1 person -1 in California. More than two dozen research articles present evidence of adverse health effects from inhalation exposure associated with cleaning or cleaning products. Exposure to primary and secondary pollutants depends on the complex interplay of many sets of factors and processes, including cleaning product composition, usage, building occupancy, emission dynamics, transport and mixing, building ventilation, sorptive interactions with building surfaces, and reactive chemistry. Current understanding is sufficient to describe the influence of these variables qualitatively in most cases and quantitatively in a few.

Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation and Organic Nitrate Yield from NO 3 Oxidation of Biogenic Hydrocarbons

DOE PAGES

Fry, Juliane L.; Draper, Danielle C.; Barsanti, Kelley C.; ...

2014-09-17

Here, the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass yields from NO 3 oxidation of a series of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), consisting of five monoterpenes and one sesquiterpene (α-pinene, β-pinene, Δ-3-carene, limonene, sabinene, and β-caryophyllene), were investigated in a series of continuous flow experiments in a 10 m 3 indoor Teflon chamber. By making in situ measurements of the nitrate radical and employing a kinetics box model, we generate time-dependent yield curves as a function of reacted BVOC. SOA yields varied dramatically among the different BVOCs, from zero for α-pinene to 38–65% for Δ-3-carene and 86% for β-caryophyllene at massmore » loading of 10 μg m –3, suggesting that model mechanisms that treat all NO 3 + monoterpene reactions equally will lead to errors in predicted SOA depending on each location’s mix of BVOC emissions. In most cases, organonitrate is a dominant component of the aerosol produced, but in the case of α-pinene, little organonitrate and no aerosol is formed.« less

FROM THE HISTORY OF PHYSICS: The extraordinarily beautiful physical principle of thermonuclear charge design (on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the test of RDS-37 — the first Soviet two-stage thermonuclear charge)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goncharov, German A.

2005-11-01

On 22 November 1955, the Semipalatinsk test site saw the test of the first domestic two-stage thermonuclear RDS-37 charge. The charge operation was based on the principle of radiation implosion. The kernel of the principle consists in the radiation generated in a primary A-bomb explosion and confined by the radiation-opaque casing propagating throughout the interior casing volume and flowing around the secondary thermonuclear unit. The secondary unit experiences a strong compression under the irradiation, with a resulting nuclear and thermonuclear explosion. The RDS-37 explosion was the strongest of all those ever realized at the Semipalatinsk test site. It produced an indelible impression on the participants in the test. This document-based paper describes the genesis of the ideas underlying the RDS-37 design and reflects the critical moments in its development. The advent of RDS-37 was an outstanding accomplishment of the scientists and engineers of our country.

Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation and Organic Nitrate Yield from NO3 Oxidation of Biogenic Hydrocarbons

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass yields from NO3 oxidation of a series of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), consisting of five monoterpenes and one sesquiterpene (α-pinene, β-pinene, Δ-3-carene, limonene, sabinene, and β-caryophyllene), were investigated in a series of continuous flow experiments in a 10 m3 indoor Teflon chamber. By making in situ measurements of the nitrate radical and employing a kinetics box model, we generate time-dependent yield curves as a function of reacted BVOC. SOA yields varied dramatically among the different BVOCs, from zero for α-pinene to 38–65% for Δ-3-carene and 86% for β-caryophyllene at mass loading of 10 μg m–3, suggesting that model mechanisms that treat all NO3 + monoterpene reactions equally will lead to errors in predicted SOA depending on each location’s mix of BVOC emissions. In most cases, organonitrate is a dominant component of the aerosol produced, but in the case of α-pinene, little organonitrate and no aerosol is formed. PMID:25229208

Multiphase Modeling of Secondary Atomization in a Shock Environment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

St. Clair, Jeffrey; McGrath, Thomas; Balachandar, Sivaramakrishnan

2017-06-01

Understanding and developing accurate modeling strategies for shock-particulate interaction remains a challenging and important topic, with application to energetic materials development, volcanic eruptions, and safety/risk assessment. This work presents computational modeling of compressible multiphase flows with shock-induced droplet atomization. Droplet size has a strong influence on the interphase momentum and heat transfer. A test case is presented that is sensitive to this, requiring the dynamic modeling of the secondary atomization process occurring when the shock impacts the droplets. An Eulerian-Eulerian computational model that treats all phases as compressible, is hyperbolic and satisfies the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics is applied. Four different breakup models are applied to the test case in which a planar shock wave encounters a cloud of water droplets. The numerical results are compared with both experimental and previously-generated modeling results. The effect of the drag relation used is also investigated. The computed results indicate the necessity of using a droplet breakup model for this application, and the relative accuracy of results obtained with the different droplet breakup and drag models is discussed.

Study Habits and Academic Performance of Secondary School Students in Mathematic: A Case Study of Selected Secondary Schools in Uyo Local Education Council

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sakirudeen, Abisola Oladeni; Sanni, Kudirat Bimbo

2017-01-01

The study examined study habits and academic performance of secondary school students in Mathematics. A case study of selected secondary schools in Uyo Local Education Council. The main purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between study habits and academic performance of secondary school students in Mathematics. To carry out…

Combined effect of CVR and penetration of DG in the voltage profile and losses of lowvoltage secondary distribution networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bokhari, Abdullah

Demarcations between traditional distribution power systems and distributed generation (DG) architectures are increasingly evolving as higher DG penetration is introduced in the system. The concerns in existing electric power systems (EPSs) to accommodate less restrictive interconnection policies while maintaining reliability and performance of power delivery have been the major challenge for DG growth. In this dissertation, the work is aimed to study power quality, energy saving and losses in a low voltage distributed network under various DG penetration cases. Simulation platform suite that includes electric power system, distributed generation and ZIP load models is implemented to determine the impact of DGs on power system steady state performance and the voltage profile of the customers/loads in the network under the voltage reduction events. The investigation designed to test the DG impact on power system starting with one type of DG, then moves on multiple DG types distributed in a random case and realistic/balanced case. The functionality of the proposed DG interconnection is designed to meet the basic requirements imposed by the various interconnection standards, most notably IEEE 1547, public service commission, and local utility regulation. It is found that implementation of DGs on the low voltage secondary network would improve customer's voltage profile, system losses and significantly provide energy savings and economics for utilities. In a network populated with DGs, utility would have a uniform voltage profile at the customers end as the voltage profile becomes more concentrated around targeted voltage level. The study further reinforced the concept that the behavior of DG in distributed network would improve voltage regulation as certain percentage reduction on utility side would ensure uniform percentage reduction seen by all customers and reduce number of voltage violations.

A Low-Cost, Passive Approach for Bacterial Growth and Distribution for Large-Scale Implementation of Bioaugmentation

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-07-01

technologies with significant capital costs, secondary waste streams, the involvement of hazardous materials, and the potential for additional worker...or environmental exposure. A more ideal technology would involve lower capital costs, would not generate secondary waste streams, would be...of bioaugmentation technology in general include low risk to human health and the environment during implementation, low secondary waste generation

The Effectiveness of Professional Development in Teaching Writing-to-Learn Strategies for Science: An Evaluative Case Study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kravchuk, Deborah A.

With the adoption of the Common Core Learning Standards and the release of the Next Generation Science Standards, New York State students are expected to write in science classes with science writing assessments becoming an indicator of grade level literacy proficiency. The introduction of these assessments raises questions concerning the readiness of teachers to help students learn the skills needed in order to be successful on standardized tests. While such mandates stress the need for incorporating writing into the classroom, few secondary science teachers receive content-specific training in how to teach writing strategies; rather, they often receive the same professional development as their non-science colleagues. This evaluative case study examined how eight secondary science teachers in the Hyde Park Central School District perceived student outcomes as they focused on identifying the challenges encountered and overcome by transferring writing-to-learn (WTL) strategies into the classroom. Targeted professional development (PD) allowed the group of eight secondary science teachers to research WTL strategies, practice them in the classroom, and assess their success through personal and collegial reflection. The results of this study showed a positive correlation between introducing low-stakes writing in the science classroom and increased student understanding of the content presented, that short low-stakes writing prompts helped the students focus on thinking and organizing their thoughts in the science settings (Totten, 2005), and that the secondary science teachers participating in this study perceived the inclusion writing in the classroom to have a positive effect on student outcomes.

Integrated engine generator for aircraft secondary power

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Secunde, R. R.

1972-01-01

An integrated engine-generator for aircraft secondary power generation is described. The concept consists of an electric generator located inside a turbojet or turbofan engine and both concentric with and driven by one of the main engine shafts. The electric power conversion equipment and generator controls are located in the aircraft. When properly rated, the generator serves as an engine starter as well as a source of electric power. This configuration reduces or eliminates the need for an external gear box on the engine and permits reduction in the nacelle diameter.

Analysis of Neutron Production in Passively Scattered Ion-Beam Therapy.

PubMed

Heo, Seunguk; Yoo, Seunghoon; Song, Yongkeun; Kim, Eunho; Shin, Jaeik; Han, Soorim; Jung, Wongyun; Nam, Sanghee; Lee, Rena; Lee, Kitae; Cho, Sungho

2017-07-01

A new treatment facility for heavy ion therapy since 2010 was constructed. In the broad beam, a range shifter, ridge filter and multi leaf collimator (MLC) for the generation of the spread-out Bragg peak is used. In this case, secondary neutrons produced by the interactions of the ion field with beam-modifying devices (e.g. double-scattering system, beam shaping collimators and range compensators) are very important for patient safety. Therefore, these components must be carefully examined in the context of secondary neutron yield and associated secondary cancer risk. In this article, Monte Carlo simulation has been carried out with the FLUktuierende KAskade particle transport code, the fluence and distribution of neutron generation and the neutron dose equivalent from the broad beam components are compared using carbon and proton beams. As a result, it is confirmed that the yield of neutron production using a carbon beam from all components of the broad beam was higher than using a proton beam. The ambient dose by neutrons per heavy ion and proton ion from the MLC surface was 0.12-0.18 and 0.0067-0.0087 pSv, respectively, which shows that heavy ions generate more neutrons than protons. However, ambient dose per treatment 2 Gy, which means physical dose during treatment by ion beam, is higher than carbon beam because proton therapy needs more beam flux to make 2-Gy prescription dose. Therefore, the neutron production from the MLC, which is closed to the patient, is a very important parameter for patient safety. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

[Secondary Splenic Rupture after Initially Inconspicuous CAT Scan].

PubMed

Prokop, A; Koll, S; Chmielnicki, M

2016-04-01

Splenic injuries occur in 1-5 % of blunt abdominal trauma cases. After initial haemorrhagic compression, secondary delayed spleen rupture can occur with a latency of one day to a month or longer. Mortality is then up to 15 %. The spleen injury is almost always recognisable on CT or ultrasound. In one case from our clinic, secondary splenic rupture occurred in a patient after discharge from hospitalisation, even though the initial CT and ultrasound were unremarkable. The patient survived, and underwent emergent splenectomy 8 days after the trauma. An expert review of the case identified no errors in treatment. No case of secondary splenic rupture after initially unremarkable diagnostic studies and clinical course has previously been published. Secondary splenic rupture has a high mortality rate. Patients should be advised of potential complications after hospital discharge, and should return to the hospital immediately in case of symptoms. Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

Secondary emission electron gun using external primaries

DOEpatents

Srinivasan-Rao, Triveni [Shoreham, NY; Ben-Zvi, Ilan [Setauket, NY

2009-10-13

An electron gun for generating an electron beam is provided, which includes a secondary emitter. The secondary emitter includes a non-contaminating negative-electron-affinity (NEA) material and emitting surface. The gun includes an accelerating region which accelerates the secondaries from the emitting surface. The secondaries are emitted in response to a primary beam generated external to the accelerating region. The accelerating region may include a superconducting radio frequency (RF) cavity, and the gun may be operated in a continuous wave (CW) mode. The secondary emitter includes hydrogenated diamond. A uniform electrically conductive layer is superposed on the emitter to replenish the extracted current, preventing charging of the emitter. An encapsulated secondary emission enhanced cathode device, useful in a superconducting RF cavity, includes a housing for maintaining vacuum, a cathode, e.g., a photocathode, and the non-contaminating NEA secondary emitter with the uniform electrically conductive layer superposed thereon.

Secondary emission electron gun using external primaries

DOEpatents

Srinivasan-Rao, Triveni [Shoreham, NY; Ben-Zvi, Ilan [Setauket, NY; Kewisch, Jorg [Wading River, NY; Chang, Xiangyun [Middle Island, NY

2007-06-05

An electron gun for generating an electron beam is provided, which includes a secondary emitter. The secondary emitter includes a non-contaminating negative-electron-affinity (NEA) material and emitting surface. The gun includes an accelerating region which accelerates the secondaries from the emitting surface. The secondaries are emitted in response to a primary beam generated external to the accelerating region. The accelerating region may include a superconducting radio frequency (RF) cavity, and the gun may be operated in a continuous wave (CW) mode. The secondary emitter includes hydrogenated diamond. A uniform electrically conductive layer is superposed on the emitter to replenish the extracted current, preventing charging of the emitter. An encapsulated secondary emission enhanced cathode device, useful in a superconducting RF cavity, includes a housing for maintaining vacuum, a cathode, e.g., a photocathode, and the non-contaminating NEA secondary emitter with the uniform electrically conductive layer superposed thereon.

Investigating Novel Resistance Mechanisms to Third-Generation EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Osimertinib in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients.

PubMed

Yang, Zhe; Yang, Nong; Ou, Qiuxiang; Xiang, Yi; Jiang, Tao; Wu, Xue; Bao, Hua; Tong, Xiaoling; Wang, Xiaonan; Shao, Yang W; Liu, Yunpeng; Wang, Yan; Zhou, Caicun

2018-03-05

Background: The third-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor osimertinib is approved to treat patients with EGFR T790M-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who have developed resistance to earlier-generation drugs. Acquired EGFR C797S mutation has been reported to mediate osimertinib resistance in some patients. However, the remaining resistance mechanisms are largely unknown. Methods: We performed mutation profiling using targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) for 416 cancer-relevant genes on 93 osimertinib-resistant lung cancer patients' samples, mainly cell-free DNAs (cfDNAs), and matched pretreatment samples of 12 patients. In vitro experiments were conducted to functionally study the secondary EGFR mutations identified. Results: EGFR G796/C797, L792, and L718/G719 mutations were identified in 24.7%, 10.8%, and 9.7% of the cases, respectively, with certain mutations coexisting in one patient with different prevalence. L792 and L718 mutants markedly increased the half inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of osimertinib in vitro , among which the L718Q mutation conferred the greatest resistance to osimertinib, as well as gefitinib resistance when not coexisting with T790M. Further analysis of the 12 matched pretreatment samples confirmed that these EGFR mutations were acquired during osimertinib treatment. Alterations in parallel or downstream oncogenes such as MET, KRAS , and PIK3CA were also discovered, potentially contributing to the osimertinib-resistance in patients without EGFR secondary mutations. Conclusions: We present comprehensive mutation profiles of a large cohort of osimertinib-resistance lung cancer patients using mainly cfDNA. Besides C797 mutations, novel secondary mutations of EGFR L718 and L792 residues confer osimertinib resistance, both in vitro and in vivo , and are of great clinical and pharmaceutical relevance. Clin Cancer Res; 1-11. ©2018 AACR. ©2018 American Association for Cancer Research.

SU-E-T-132: Assess the Shielding of Secondary Neutrons From Patient Collimator in Proton Therapy Considering Secondary Photons Generated in the Shielding Process with Monte Carlo Simulation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yamanaka, M; Takashina, M; Kurosu, K

Purpose: In this study we present Monte Carlo based evaluation of the shielding effect for secondary neutrons from patient collimator, and secondary photons emitted in the process of neutron shielding by combination of moderator and boron-10 placed around patient collimator. Methods: The PHITS Monte Carlo Simulation radiation transport code was used to simulate the proton beam (Ep = 64 to 93 MeV) from a proton therapy facility. In this study, moderators (water, polyethylene and paraffin) and boron (pure {sup 10}B) were placed around patient collimator in this order. The rate of moderator and boron thicknesses was changed fixing the totalmore » thickness at 3cm. The secondary neutron and photons doses were evaluated as the ambient dose equivalent per absorbed dose [H*(10)/D]. Results: The secondary neutrons are shielded more effectively by combination moderators and boron. The most effective combination of shielding neutrons is the polyethylene of 2.4 cm thick and the boron of 0.6 cm thick and the maximum reduction rate is 47.3 %. The H*(10)/D of secondary photons in the control case is less than that of neutrons by two orders of magnitude and the maximum increase of secondary photons is 1.0 µSv/Gy with the polyethylene of 2.8 cm thick and the boron of 0.2 cm thick. Conclusion: The combination of moderators and boron is beneficial for shielding secondary neutrons. Both the secondary photons of control and those emitted in the shielding neutrons are very lower than the secondary neutrons and photon has low RBE in comparison with neutron. Therefore the secondary photons can be ignored in the shielding neutrons.This work was supported by JSPS Core-to-Core Program (No.23003). This work was supported by JSPS Core-to-Core Program (No.23003)« less

The South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust Biomedical Research Centre (SLAM BRC) case register: development and descriptive data

PubMed Central

Stewart, Robert; Soremekun, Mishael; Perera, Gayan; Broadbent, Matthew; Callard, Felicity; Denis, Mike; Hotopf, Matthew; Thornicroft, Graham; Lovestone, Simon

2009-01-01

Background Case registers have been used extensively in mental health research. Recent developments in electronic medical records, and in computer software to search and analyse these in anonymised format, have the potential to revolutionise this research tool. Methods We describe the development of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLAM) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) Case Register Interactive Search tool (CRIS) which allows research-accessible datasets to be derived from SLAM, the largest provider of secondary mental healthcare in Europe. All clinical data, including free text, are available for analysis in the form of anonymised datasets. Development involved both the building of the system and setting in place the necessary security (with both functional and procedural elements). Results Descriptive data are presented for the Register database as of October 2008. The database at that point included 122,440 cases, 35,396 of whom were receiving active case management under the Care Programme Approach. In terms of gender and ethnicity, the database was reasonably representative of the source population. The most common assigned primary diagnoses were within the ICD mood disorders (n = 12,756) category followed by schizophrenia and related disorders (8158), substance misuse (7749), neuroses (7105) and organic disorders (6414). Conclusion The SLAM BRC Case Register represents a 'new generation' of this research design, built on a long-running system of fully electronic clinical records and allowing in-depth secondary analysis of both numerical, string and free text data, whilst preserving anonymity through technical and procedural safeguards. PMID:19674459

Three-dimensional inspiratory flow in a double bifurcation airway model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jalal, Sahar; Nemes, Andras; Van de Moortele, Tristan; Schmitter, Sebastian; Coletti, Filippo

2016-09-01

The flow in an idealized airway model is investigated for the steady inhalation case. The geometry consists of a symmetric planar double bifurcation that reflects the anatomical proportions of the human bronchial tree, and a wide range of physiologically relevant Reynolds numbers ( Re = 100-5000) is considered. Using magnetic resonance velocimetry, we analyze the three-dimensional fields of velocity and vorticity, along with flow descriptors that characterize the longitudinal and lateral dispersion. In agreement with previous studies, the symmetry of the flow partitioning is broken even at the lower Reynolds numbers, and at the second bifurcation, the fluid favors the medial branches over the lateral ones. This trend reaches a plateau around Re = 2000, above which the turbulent inflow results in smoothed mean velocity gradients. This also reduces the streamwise momentum flux, which is a measure of the longitudinal dispersion by the mean flow. The classic Dean-type counter-rotating vortices are observed in the first-generation daughter branches as a result of the local curvature. In the granddaughter branches, however, the secondary flows are determined by the local curvature only for the lower flow regimes ( Re ≤ 250), in which case the classic Dean mechanism prevails. At higher flow regimes, the field is instead dominated by streamwise vortices extending from the daughter into the medial granddaughter branches, where they rotate in the opposite direction with respect to Dean vortices. Circulation and secondary flow intensity show a similar trend as the momentum flux, increasing with Reynolds number up to Re = 2000 and then dropping due to turbulent dissipation of vorticity. The streamwise vortices interact both with each other and with the airway walls, and for Re > 500 they can become stronger in the medial granddaughter than in the upstream daughter branches. With respect to realistic airway models, the idealized geometry produces weaker secondary flows, suggesting that realistic anatomical features may generate more lateral dispersion than canonical symmetric models.

A case of psoriasis with secondary amyloidosis, associated symbrachydactyly of the hand and a transverse deficiency of the foot.

PubMed

Balzani, A; Pagnotta, A; Montesi, G; Gravante, G; Nicoli, F; Cervelli, V

2012-07-01

Secondary amyloidosis is associated with a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, familial Mediterranean fever, osteomyelitis, inflammatory bowel diseases and infective or neoplastic conditions. Few cases of secondary amyloidosis complicating psoriasis have been reported. We describe a 58-year-old patient with secondary amyloidosis, psoriasis, an associated symbrachydactyly of the hand and a transverse deficiency of the foot. To the best of our knowledge, no case of this association has been previously reported.

Cross-diffusion-induced subharmonic spatial resonances in a predator-prey system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gambino, G.; Lombardo, M. C.; Sammartino, M.

2018-01-01

In this paper we investigate the complex dynamics originated by a cross-diffusion-induced subharmonic destabilization of the fundamental subcritical Turing mode in a predator-prey reaction-diffusion system. The model we consider consists of a two-species Lotka-Volterra system with linear diffusion and a nonlinear cross-diffusion term in the predator equation. The taxis term in the search strategy of the predator is responsible for the onset of complex dynamics. In fact, our model does not exhibit any Hopf or wave instability, and on the basis of the linear analysis one should only expect stationary patterns; nevertheless, the presence of the nonlinear cross-diffusion term is able to induce a secondary instability: due to a subharmonic spatial resonance, the stationary primary branch bifurcates to an out-of-phase oscillating solution. Noticeably, the strong resonance between the harmonic and the subharmonic is able to generate the oscillating pattern albeit the subharmonic is below criticality. We show that, as the control parameter is varied, the oscillating solution (sub T mode) can undergo a sequence of secondary instabilities, generating a transition toward chaotic dynamics. Finally, we investigate the emergence of sub T -mode solutions on two-dimensional domains: when the fundamental mode describes a square pattern, subharmonic resonance originates oscillating square patterns. In the case of subcritical Turing hexagon solutions, the internal interactions with a subharmonic mode are able to generate the so-called "twinkling-eyes" pattern.

Genifuel Hydrothermal Processing Bench Scale Technology ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) and Catalytic Hydrothermal Gasification (CHG) proof-of-concept bench-scale tests were performed to assess the potential of the Genifuel hydrothermal process technology for handling municipal wastewater sludge. HTL tests were conducted at 300-350◦C and 2900 psig on three different feeds: primary sludge (11.9 wt% solids), secondary sludge (9.7 wt% solids), and post-digester sludge (also referred to as digested solids) (16.0 wt% solids). Corresponding CHG tests were conducted at 350◦C and 2900 psig on the HTL aqueous phase product using a ruthenium based catalyst. A comprehensive analysis of all feed and effluent phases was also performed. Total mass and carbon balances closed to within ± 15% in all but one case. Biocrude yields from HTL tests were 37%, 25%, and 34% for primary sludge, secondary sludge, and digested solids feeds, respectively. The biocrude yields accounted for 59%, 39%, and 49% of the carbon in the feed for primary sludge, secondary sludge, and digested solids feeds, respectively. It should be noted that HTL test results for secondary sludge may have been affected by equipment problems. Biocrude composition and quality were comparable to that seen with biocrudes generated from algae feeds. CHG product gas consisted primarily of methane, with methane yields (relative to CHG input) on a carbon basis of 47%, 61%, and 64% for aqueous feeds that were the product of HTL tests with primary sludge, secondary sludge, and

A comparative study of primary and secondary stereotypies.

PubMed

Ghosh, Debabrata; Rajan, Prashant V; Erenberg, Gerald

2013-12-01

This study compares primary stereotypies (repetitive, self-stimulating, and seemingly nonsensical movements that can occur within typically developing children) and secondary stereotypies (those occurring within autistic or mentally retarded children). Utilizing a retrospective chart review from 1995 to 2010, the current study compares primary and secondary stereotypies by the application of a classification system that organizes the movement by its type (motor only, phonic only, mixed) and complexity. In addition, it investigates other parameters associated with the movements such as duration, frequency, age, functional impairment, and progression. The sample group consisted of 28 primary and 28 secondary cases. Primary stereotypies were predominantly motor, simple, of shorter duration, and of less frequency, whereas secondary stereotypies had more vocalization, complexity, longer durations, and higher frequencies. Moreover, functional impairment due to stereotypies was noted in 3 primary and 7 secondary cases, and worsening of stereotypies was noted in 70% of primary versus 44% of secondary cases.

[Norrie syndrome (author's transl)].

PubMed

Schmitz-Valckenberg, P; Scholz, W

1977-10-01

The Norrie syndrome, an x-chromosomal linked, recessive genetic disease, is described using ophthalmologic and genetic examinations of a family in three generations. The main symptom of this syndrome is retinal detachment with hemorrhages, which generally leads to blindness in early childhood. In addition to this, in 25--35% of the cases mental retardation and hearing problems are found. Special significance is to be attached to the differential diagnosis of this syndrome because the vascular proliferation on the retina is a non-specific, secondary reaction in children, which also occurs symptomatically in several other diseases.

Effects of an ozone-generating air purifier on indoor secondary particles in three residential dwellings.

PubMed

Hubbard, H F; Coleman, B K; Sarwar, G; Corsi, R L

2005-12-01

The use of indoor ozone generators as air purifiers has steadily increased over the past decade. Many ozone generators are marketed to consumers for their ability to eliminate odors and microbial agents and to improve health. In addition to the harmful effects of ozone, recent studies have shown that heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions between ozone and some unsaturated hydrocarbons can be an important source of indoor secondary pollutants, including free radicals, carbonyls, carboxylic acids, and fine particles. Experiments were conducted in one apartment and two detached single-family dwellings in Austin, TX, to assess the effects of an ozone generator on indoor secondary organic aerosol concentrations in actual residential settings. Ozone was generated using a commercial ozone generator marketed as an air purifier, and particle measurements were recorded before, during, and after the release of terpenes from a pine oil-based cleaning product. Particle number concentration, ozone concentration, and air exchange rate were measured during each experiment. Particle number and mass concentrations increased when both terpenes and ozone were present at elevated levels. Experimental results indicate that ozone generators in the presence of terpene sources facilitate the growth of indoor fine particles in residential indoor atmospheres. Human exposure to secondary organic particles can be reduced by minimizing the intentional release of ozone, particularly in the presence of terpene sources. Past studies have shown that ozone-initiated indoor chemistry can lead to elevated concentrations of fine particulate matter, but have generally been completed in controlled laboratory environments and office buildings. We explored the effects of an explicit ozone generator marketed as an air purifier on the formation of secondary organic aerosol mass in actual residential indoor settings. Results indicate significant increases in number and mass concentrations for particles <0.7 microns in diameter, particularly when an ozone generator is used in the presence of a terpene source such as a pine oil-based cleaner. These results add evidence to the potentially harmful effects of ozone generation in residential environments.

B lymphocyte lineage cells and the respiratory system

PubMed Central

Kato, Atsushi; Hulse, Kathryn E.; Tan, Bruce K.; Schleimer, Robert P.

2013-01-01

Adaptive humoral immune responses in the airways are mediated by B cells and plasma cells that express highly evolved and specific receptors and produce immunoglobulins of most isotypes. In some cases, such as autoimmune diseases or inflammatory diseases caused by excessive exposure to foreign antigens, these same immune cells can cause disease by virtue of overly vigorous responses. This review discusses the generation, differentiation, signaling, activation and recruitment pathways of B cells and plasma cells, with special emphasis on unique characteristics of subsets of these cells functioning within the respiratory system. The primary sensitization events that generate B cells responsible for effector responses throughout the airways usually occur in the upper airways, in tonsils and adenoid structures that make up Waldeyer’s Ring. Upon secondary exposure to antigen in the airways, antigen-processing dendritic cells migrate into secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes that drain the upper and lower airways and further B cell expansion takes place at those sites. Antigen exposure in the upper or lower airways can also drive expansion of B lineage cells in the airway mucosal tissue and lead to the formation of inducible lymphoid follicles or aggregates that can mediate local immunity or disease. PMID:23540615

High-speed imaging optical techniques for shockwave and droplets atomization analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Slangen, Pierre R.; Lauret, Pierre; Heymes, Frederic; Aprin, Laurent; Lecysyn, Nicolas

2016-12-01

Droplets atomization by shockwave can act as a consequence in domino effects on an industrial facility: aggression of a storage tank (projectile from previous event, for example) can cause leakage of hazardous material (toxic and flammable). As the accident goes on, a secondary event can cause blast generation, impacting the droplets and resulting in their atomization. Therefore, exchange surface increase impacts the evaporation rate. This can be an issue in case of dispersion of such a cloud. The experiments conducted in the lab generate a shockwave with an open-ended shock tube to break up liquid droplets. As the expected shockwave speed is about 400 m/s (˜Mach 1.2), the interaction with falling drops is very short. High-speed imaging is performed at about 20,000 fps. The shockwave is measured using both overpressure sensors: particle image velocimetry and pure in line shadowgraphy. The size of fragmented droplets is optically measured by direct shadowgraphy simultaneously in different directions. In these experiments, secondary breakups of a droplet into an important number of smaller droplets from the shockwave-induced flow are shown. The results of the optical characterizations are discussed in terms of shape, velocity, and size.

Geochemical behavior of ultramafic waste rocks with carbon sequestration potential: a case study of the Dumont Nickel Project, Amos, Québec.

PubMed

Kandji, El Hadji Babacar; Plante, Benoit; Bussière, Bruno; Beaudoin, Georges; Dupont, Pierre-Philippe

2017-04-01

The geochemical behavior of ultramafic waste rocks and the effect of carbon sequestration by these waste rocks on the water drainage quality were investigated using laboratory-scale kinetic column tests on samples from the Dumont Nickel Project (RNC Minerals, QC, Canada). The test results demonstrated that atmospheric CO 2 dissolution induced the weathering of serpentine and brucite within the ultramafic rocks, generating high concentrations of Mg and HCO 3 - with pH values ranging between 9 and 10 in the leachates that promote the precipitation of secondary Mg carbonates. These alkaline pH values appear to have prevented the mobilization of many metals; Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn were found at negligible concentrations in the leachates. Posttesting characterization using chemical analyses, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations confirmed the precipitation of secondary hydrated Mg carbonates as predicted by thermodynamic calculations. The formation of secondary Mg carbonates induced cementation of the waste particles, resulting in the development of a hardpan.

Voriconazole-induced musical hallucinations.

PubMed

Agrawal, A K; Sherman, L K

2004-10-01

1 Voriconazole (Vfend) is a second-generation azole antifungal that is increasing in popularity especially for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis as well as empirically for the febrile neutropenic patient. In addition, voriconazole tends to have a mild side effect profile with reversible visual disturbances being the most widely described effect. We describe a patient who had musical hallucinations secondary to voriconazole. The patient was a 78-year-old man admitted for induction of chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) who began to have auditory hallucinations, specifically of Christmas music, the 2nd day of voriconazole therapy. His psychiatric evaluation was otherwise unremarkable. After discontinuing voriconazole the hallucinations decreased in intensity by the 2nd day and ceased altogether by the 3rd day. An extensive literature search, including Pfizer drug trial safety data, yielded no other reports of auditory hallucinations with voriconazole. Several other interesting cases of musical hallucinations secondary to a variety of causes have been reported in the literature, and are reviewed. Notably, musical hallucinations tend to occur secondary to temporal lobe insults and often are of a religious or patriotic theme.

Recovery Audit Contractor medical necessity readiness: one health system's journey.

PubMed

Scott, Judith A; Camden, Mindy

2011-01-01

To develop a sustainable approach to Recovery Audit Contractor medical necessity readiness that mitigates the regulatory and financial risks of the organization. Acute care hospitals. Utilizing the model for improvement and plan-do-study-act methodology, this health system designed and implemented a medical necessity case management program. We focused on 3 areas for improvement: medical necessity review accuracy, review timeliness, and physician adviser participation for secondary reviews. Over several months, we improved accuracy and timeliness of our medical necessity reviews while also generating additional inpatient revenue for the health system. We successfully enhanced regulatory compliance and reduced our financial risks associated with Recovery Audit Contractor medical necessity audits. A successful medical necessity case management program can not only enhance regulatory compliance and reduce the amount of payments recouped by Medicare, but also generate additional inpatient revenue for your organization. With health care reform and accountable care organizations on the horizon, hospitals must find ways to protect and enhance revenue in order to carry out their missions. This is one way for case managers to help in that cause, to advocate for the care of their patients, and to bring value to the organization.

Evaluation of handling and reuse approaches for the waste generated from MEA-based CO2 capture with the consideration of regulations in the UAE.

PubMed

Nurrokhmah, Laila; Mezher, Toufic; Abu-Zahra, Mohammad R M

2013-01-01

A waste slip-stream is generated from the reclaiming process of monoethanolamine (MEA) based Post-Combustion Capture (PCC). It mainly consists of MEA itself, ammonium, heat-stable salts (HSS), carbamate polymers, and water. In this study, the waste quantity and nature are characterized for Fluor's Econamine FGSM coal-fired CO2 capture base case. Waste management options, including reuse, recycling, treatment, and disposal, are investigated due to the need for a more environmentally sound handling. Regulations, economic potential, and associated costs are also evaluated. The technical, economic, and regulation assessment suggests waste reuse for NOx scrubbing. Moreover, a high thermal condition is deemed as an effective technique for waste destruction, leading to considerations of waste recycling into a coal burner or incineration. As a means of treatment, three secondary-biological processes covering Complete-Mix Activated Sludge (CMAS), oxidation ditch, and trickling filter are designed to meet the wastewater standards in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). From the economic point of view, the value of waste as a NOx scrubbing agent is 6,561,600-7,348,992 USD/year. The secondary-biological treatment cost is 0.017-0.02 USD/ton of CO2, while the cost of an on-site incinerator is 0.031 USD/ton of CO2 captured. In conclusion, secondary biological treatment is found to be the most economical option.

An Investigation Into the Range of Sea State Conditions Necessary for the Generation of Seafloor Pressures and Secondary Microseisms in the Northeast Atlantic, West of Ireland

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Donne, S. E.; Bean, C. J.; Dias, F.; Christodoulides, P.

2016-12-01

Ocean generated microseisms propagate mainly as Rayleigh and Love waves and are a result of the mechanical coupling between the ocean and the solid earth. There are two types of microseism, primary and secondary. Primary microseisms are generated when a travelling ocean wave enters shallow water or coastal regions and the associated pressure profile, which decays exponentially with depth, is non zero at the seafloor. Secondary microseisms on the other hand are generated by the second order non linear effect associated with a standing wave, through ocean wave- wave interactions. Secondary microseisms can therefore be generated in any water depth. The conditions required to generate secondary microseisms through wave- wave interactions are presented in Longuet-Higgins (1950) through the interaction of two travelling waves with the same wave period at an angle of 180 degrees. Equivalent surface pressure density (p2l) is modelled within the numerical ocean wave model, Wavewatch III and is the microseism source term. This work investigates the theoretical pressures associated with the interaction of two travelling waves with varying wave periods and wave amplitude at a range of incident angles. Theoretical seafloor pressures are calculated off the Southwest coast of Ireland and are compared with terrestrially recorded microseism data as well as oceanographic parameters and measured seafloor pressures. The results indicate that a broad range of sea state conditions can generate second order pressures at the seafloor which are consistent with measured seafloor measurements in the same location. While secondary microseism amplitudes may be used to infer ocean wave parameters this work has implications for doing so and these will be presented. Local seismic arrays in Ireland allow us to monitor and track the spatiotemporal evolution of these microseism source regions.

Generative Recurrent Networks for De Novo Drug Design.

PubMed

Gupta, Anvita; Müller, Alex T; Huisman, Berend J H; Fuchs, Jens A; Schneider, Petra; Schneider, Gisbert

2018-01-01

Generative artificial intelligence models present a fresh approach to chemogenomics and de novo drug design, as they provide researchers with the ability to narrow down their search of the chemical space and focus on regions of interest. We present a method for molecular de novo design that utilizes generative recurrent neural networks (RNN) containing long short-term memory (LSTM) cells. This computational model captured the syntax of molecular representation in terms of SMILES strings with close to perfect accuracy. The learned pattern probabilities can be used for de novo SMILES generation. This molecular design concept eliminates the need for virtual compound library enumeration. By employing transfer learning, we fine-tuned the RNN's predictions for specific molecular targets. This approach enables virtual compound design without requiring secondary or external activity prediction, which could introduce error or unwanted bias. The results obtained advocate this generative RNN-LSTM system for high-impact use cases, such as low-data drug discovery, fragment based molecular design, and hit-to-lead optimization for diverse drug targets. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

Secondary electron generation, emission and transport: Effects on spacecraft charging and NASCAP models

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Katz, Ira; Mandell, Myron; Roche, James C.; Purvis, Carolyn

1987-01-01

Secondary electrons control a spacecraft's response to a plasma environment. To accurately simulate spacecraft charging, the NASA Charging Analyzer Program (NASCAP) has mathematical models of the generation, emission and transport of secondary electrons. The importance of each of the processes and the physical basis for each of the NASCAP models are discussed. Calculations are presented which show that the NASCAP formulations are in good agreement with both laboratory and space experiments.

Residual stress control and design of next-generation ultra-hard gear steels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qian, Yana

In high power density transmission systems, Ni-Co secondary hardening steels have shown great potential for next-generation gear applications due to their excellent strength, toughness and superior fatigue performance. Study of residual stress generation and evolution in Ferrium C61 and C67 gear steels revealed that shot peening and laser peening processes effectively produce desired beneficial residual stress in the steels for enhanced fatigue performance. Surface residual stress levels of -1.4GPa and -1.5GPa were achieved in shot peened C61 and laser peened C67, respectively, without introducing large surface roughness or defects. Higher compressive residual stress is expected in C67 according to a demonstrated correlation between attainable residual stress and material hardness. Due to the lack of appropriate shot media, dual laser peening is proposed for future peening optimization in C67. A novel non-destructive synchrotron radiation technique was implemented and applied for the first time for residual stress distribution analysis in gear steels with large composition and property gradients. Observed substantial residual stress redistribution and material microstructure change during the rolling contact fatigue screening test with extremely high 5.4GPa load indicates the unsuitability of the test as a fatigue life predictor. To exploit benefits of higher case hardness and associated residual stress, a new material and process (CryoForm70) aiming at 70Rc surface hardness was designed utilizing the systems approach based on thermodynamics and secondary hardening mechanisms. The composition design was first validated by the excellent agreement between experimental and theoretical core martensite start temperature in the prototype. A novel cryogenic deformation process was concurrently designed to increase the case martensite volume fraction from 76% to 92% for enhanced strengthening efficiency and surface hardness. High temperature vacuum carburizing was optimized for desired carbon content profiles using carbon diffusion simulation in the multi-component system. After cyclic tempering with intermediate cryogenic treatment, a case hardness of 68.5 +/- 0.3Rc at 0.72 +/- 0.2wt% carbon content was achieved. The design demonstrated the effectiveness of cryogenic deformation in promoting martensite transformation for high carbon and high alloy steels. Good agreement between achieved and predicted case and core hardness supports the effectiveness of the computational design approach.

Household transmission of SARS, 2003

PubMed Central

Wilson-Clark, Samantha D.; Deeks, Shelley L.; Gournis, Effie; Hay, Karen; Bondy, Susan; Kennedy, Erin; Johnson, Ian; Rea, Elizabeth; Kuschak, Theodore; Green, Diane; Abbas, Zahid; Guarda, Brenda

2006-01-01

Background In the 2003 outbreak in Toronto (in Ontario, Canada) of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), about 20% of cases resulted from household transmission. The purpose of our study was to determine characteristics associated with the transmission of SARS within households. Methods A retrospective cohort of SARS-affected households was studied to determine risk factors for household transmission. Questionnaires addressed characteristics of the index case, the household and behaviours among household members. Potential risk factors for secondary transmission of infection were assessed in regression models appropriate to the outcome (secondary cases) and nonindependence of household members. Results The 74 households that participated included 18 secondary cases and 158 uninfected household members in addition to the 74 index cases. The household secondary attack rate was 10.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.7%–23.5%). There was a linear association between the time the index patient spent at home after symptom onset and the secondary attack rate. Infected health care workers who were index cases had lower rates of household transmission. Interpretation SARS transmission in households is complex and increases with the length of time an ill person spends at home. Risk of transmission was lower when the index case was a health care worker. Rapid case identification is the public health measure most useful in minimizing exposure in the home. PMID:17098951

Catatonia Secondary to Sudden Clozapine Withdrawal: A Case with Three Repeated Episodes and a Literature Review

PubMed Central

Bilbily, John; McCollum, Betsy

2017-01-01

A literature search identified 9 previously published cases that were considered as possible cases of catatonia secondary to sudden clozapine withdrawal. Two of these 9 cases did not provide enough information to make a diagnosis of catatonia according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 5th Edition (DSM-5). The Liverpool Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) Causality Scale was modified to assess ADRs secondary to drug withdrawal. From the 7 published cases which met DSM-5 catatonia criteria, using the modified scale, we established that 3 were definitive and 4 were probable cases of catatonia secondary to clozapine withdrawal. A new definitive case is described with three catatonic episodes which (1) occurred after sudden discontinuation of clozapine in the context of decades of follow-up, (2) had ≥3 of 12 DSM-5 catatonic symptoms and serum creatinine kinase elevation, and (3) required medical hospitalization and intravenous fluids. Clozapine may be a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor agonist; sudden clozapine withdrawal may explain a sudden decrease in GABA activity that may contribute to the development of catatonic symptoms in vulnerable patients. Based on the limited information from these cases, the pharmacological treatment for catatonia secondary to sudden clozapine withdrawal can include benzodiazepines and/or restarting clozapine. PMID:28396815

Secondary abdominal appendicular ectopic pregnancy.

PubMed

Nama, Vivek; Gyampoh, Bright; Karoshi, Mahantesh; McRae, Reynold; Opemuyi, Isaac

2007-01-01

Although the case fatality rate for ectopic pregnancies has decreased to 0.08% in industrialized countries, it still represents 3.8% of maternal mortality in the United States alone. In developing countries, the case fatality rate varies from 3% to 27%. Laparoscopic management of tubal pregnancies is now the standard form of treatment where this technology is available. Abdominal pregnancies are rare, and secondary implantation of tubal ectopic pregnancies is the most common cause of abdominal gestations. We present an interesting case of secondary implantation of a tubal ectopic pregnancy to highlight the appendix as a possible secondary implantation site after a tubal ectopic pregnancy.

Building a knowledge-based statistical potential by capturing high-order inter-residue interactions and its applications in protein secondary structure assessment.

PubMed

Li, Yaohang; Liu, Hui; Rata, Ionel; Jakobsson, Eric

2013-02-25

The rapidly increasing number of protein crystal structures available in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) has naturally made statistical analyses feasible in studying complex high-order inter-residue correlations. In this paper, we report a context-based secondary structure potential (CSSP) for assessing the quality of predicted protein secondary structures generated by various prediction servers. CSSP is a sequence-position-specific knowledge-based potential generated based on the potentials of mean force approach, where high-order inter-residue interactions are taken into consideration. The CSSP potential is effective in identifying secondary structure predictions with good quality. In 56% of the targets in the CB513 benchmark, the optimal CSSP potential is able to recognize the native secondary structure or a prediction with Q3 accuracy higher than 90% as best scored in the predicted secondary structures generated by 10 popularly used secondary structure prediction servers. In more than 80% of the CB513 targets, the predicted secondary structures with the lowest CSSP potential values yield higher than 80% Q3 accuracy. Similar performance of CSSP is found on the CASP9 targets as well. Moreover, our computational results also show that the CSSP potential using triplets outperforms the CSSP potential using doublets and is currently better than the CSSP potential using quartets.

[Secondary amyloidosis of the bladder and massive hematuria].

PubMed

García-Escudero López, A; Arruza Echevarría, A; Leunda Saizar, J; Infante Riaño, R; Padilla Nieva, J; Ortiz Barredo, E

2010-01-01

To report four additional cases of secondary amyloidosis of the bladder, an extremely rare condition, as shown by the cases reported in the literature. Four clinical cases are reported, all of them occurring as hematuria, which was massive and fulminant and resulted in death in three patients. Secondary amyloidosis of the bladder is of the AA type, which is more common in females and mainly secondary to rheumatoid arthritis, but also to ankylosing spondylitis and long-standing chronic inflammatory conditions. Hematuria is the main and virtually only symptom. A pathological and immunohistochemical study confirmed diagnosis. All three patients who experienced massive, fatal hematuria had an intercurrent condition requiring urethral catheterization, which was the triggering factor. Despite its rarity, as shown by the few cases reported, secondary amyloidosis of the bladder should be considered in patients already diagnosed with systemic amyloidosis and/or the conditions reported who require simple urethral catheterization.

Molecular transformations accompanying the aging of laboratory secondary organic aerosol

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The aging of fresh secondary organic aerosol, generated by alpha-pinene ozonolysis in a flow tube reactor, was studied by passing it through a second reaction chamber where hydroxyl radicals were generated. Two types of experiments were performed: plug injection experiments where the particle mass a...

The effect of an ion generator on indoor air quality in a residential room.

PubMed

Waring, M S; Siegel, J A

2011-08-01

Ion generators charge particles with a corona prior to their removal on collector plates or indoor surfaces and also emit ozone, which can react with terpenes to yield secondary organic aerosol, carbonyls, carboxylic acids, and free radicals. This study characterized the indoor air quality implications of operating an ion generator in a 27 m(3) residential room, with four different test room configurations. Two room configurations had carpet overlaying the original flooring of stained/sealed concrete, and for one configuration with and without carpet, a plug-in air freshener was used as a terpene source. Measurements included airborne sampling of particulate matter (0.015-20 μm), terpenes and C(1) -C(4) and C(6) -C(10) aldehydes, ozone concentrations, and air exchange rates. When the heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning system was not operating (room air exchange rate = ∼0.5/h), the use of the ion generator in the presence of the air freshener led to a net increase in ultrafine particles (<0.1 μm). Also, increased concentrations of ozone were observed regardless of air freshener presence, as well as increases in formaldehyde and nonanal, albeit within measurement uncertainty in some cases. Thus, it may be prudent to limit ion generator use indoors until evidence of safety can be ascertained. Portable ion generators are intended to clean the air of particles, but they may emit ozone as a byproduct of their operation, which has the potential to degrade indoor air quality. This study showed that under certain conditions in a residential room, the use of a portable ion generator can increase concentrations of ozone and, to a lesser degree, potentially aldehydes. Also, if operated in the presence of a plug-in air freshener that emits terpenes, its use can increase concentrations of secondary organic aerosol in the ultrafine size range. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

The recycling of heavy-metalcontaining wastes: Mass balances and economical estimations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Antrekowitsch, J.; Steinlechner, S.

2011-01-01

As environmental legislation has become stricter in recent decades, efforts for treating residues have also increased. The existing pyrometallurgical reprocessing methods for metal-containing wastes recover mainly only one valuable metal or produce low-grade byproducts. The aim of developing an economic process has to be the simultaneous recovery of more than one valuable metal and increased product quality. In the case of zinccontaining residues the goal has to be a high-quality zinc product. Moreover, the target is a nearly zero waste process and, accordingly, small amounts of generated residues. In this paper four possible secondary raw materials are compared regarding their mass and energy balance for a treatment in a carbon-containing metal bath. Furthermore, an evaluation of the economy is given for a neutral leaching residue, Waelz kiln slag, dust from secondary copper industry as well as an electro arc furnace dust from carbon steel production.

On a PLIF quantification methodology in a nonlinear dye response regime

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baj, P.; Bruce, P. J. K.; Buxton, O. R. H.

2016-06-01

A new technique of planar laser-induced fluorescence calibration is presented in this work. It accounts for a nonlinear dye response at high concentrations, an illumination light attenuation and a secondary fluorescence's influence in particular. An analytical approximation of a generic solution of the Beer-Lambert law is provided and utilized for effective concentration evaluation. These features make the technique particularly well suited for high concentration measurements, or those with a large range of concentration values, c, present (i.e. a high dynamic range of c). The method is applied to data gathered in a water flume experiment where a stream of a fluorescent dye (rhodamine 6G) was released into a grid-generated turbulent flow. Based on these results, it is shown that the illumination attenuation and the secondary fluorescence introduce a significant error into the data quantification (up to 15 and 80 %, respectively, for the case considered in this work) unless properly accounted for.

DES daughters in France: experts' points of view on the various genital, uterine and obstetric pathologies, and in utero DES exposure.

PubMed

Clement, R; Guilbaud, E; Barrios, L; Rougé-Maillart, C; Jousset, N; Rodat, O

2014-10-01

Compensation of diethylstilbestrol exposure depends on the judicial system. In France, girls having been exposed to diethylstilbestrol are currently being compensated, and each exposure victim is being evaluated. Fifty-nine expert evaluations were studied to determine the causal relation between exposure to diethylstilbestrol and the pathologies attributable to diethylstilbestrol. The following were taken into consideration: age at the first signs of the pathology; age of the sufferer at the time of evaluation; the pathologies grouped into five categories: fertility disorders - cancers - mishaps during pregnancy - psychosomatic complaints - pathologies of "3rd generation DES victims"; submission of proof of DES exposure; the degree of causality determined (direct, indirect, ruled out). 61% of the cases related to fertility disorders, 28.8% to cancer pathologies (clear-cell adenocarcinoma), 18.6% to mishaps during pregnancy, 8.5% to disorders resulting from preterm delivery, and 3.4% to psychosomatic disorders. Some cases involved a combination of two types of complaints. Indirect causality was determined in 47.1% of the cases involving primary sterility, in 66.7% involving secondary sterility, and in 5 out of 6 cases of total sterility. There is direct causality between in utero diethylstilbestrol exposure and vaginal or cervical clear cell adenocarcinoma. Causality is indirect in the case of disorders linked to prematurity in third generation victims. Causality was determined by the experts on the basis of scientific criteria which attribute the presenting pathologies to diethylstilbestrol exposure. When other risk factors come into play, or when exposure is indirect (third generation), this causality is diminished. © IMechE 2014 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav.

Environmentally friendly chemoselective oxidation of primary aliphatic amines by using a biomimetic electrocatalytic system.

PubMed

Largeron, Martine; Chiaroni, Angèle; Fleury, Maurice-Bernard

2008-01-01

Environmentally friendly oxidation of primary aliphatic amines to imines has been successfully achieved, under metal-free conditions, by the use of diverse electrogenerated o-azaquinone mediators. High catalytic performance, together with high chemoselectivity, were observed with electron-poor o-azaquinone catalysts generated from 2-aminoresorcinol derivatives. Similar to copper amine oxidase enzymes, these mediators exhibited lower reactivity toward alpha-branched primary amines and no reactivity toward secondary amines. In the case of 3,4-aminophenol derivatives lacking a 2-hydroxy group, the generated o-azaquinone species failed to catalyze the oxidation of the amine to the corresponding imine. Further mechanistic considerations allowed a rationalization of the crucial role of the 2-hydroxy group in converting a catalytically inert species into a highly effective biomimetic catalyst.

Removal of pharmaceuticals from secondary effluents by an electro-peroxone process.

PubMed

Yao, Weikun; Wang, Xiaofeng; Yang, Hongwei; Yu, Gang; Deng, Shubo; Huang, Jun; Wang, Bin; Wang, Yujue

2016-01-01

This study compared the removal of pharmaceuticals from secondary effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) by conventional ozonation and the electro-peroxone (E-peroxone) process, which involves electrochemically generating H2O2 in-situ from O2 in sparged O2 and O3 gas mixture (i.e., ozone generator effluent) during ozonation. Several pharmaceuticals with kO3 ranging from <0.1 to 6.8 × 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) were spiked into four secondary effluents collected from different WWTPs, and then treated by ozonation and the E-peroxone process. Results show that both processes can rapidly remove ozone reactive pharmaceuticals (diclofenac and gemfibrozil), while the E-peroxone process can considerably accelerate the removal of ozone-refractory pharmaceuticals (e.g., ibuprofen and clofibric acid) via indirect oxidation with OH generated from the reaction of sparged O3 with electro-generated H2O2. Compared with ozonation, the E-peroxone process enhanced the removal kinetics of ozone-refractory pharmaceuticals in the four secondary effluents by ∼40-170%, and the enhancement was more pronounced in secondary effluents that had relatively lower effluent organic matter (EfOM). Due to its higher efficiency for removing ozone-refractory pharmaceuticals, the E-peroxone process reduced the reaction time and electrical energy consumption required to remove ≥90% of all spiked pharmaceuticals from the secondary effluents as compared to ozonation. These results indicate that the E-peroxone process may provide a simple and effective way to improve existing ozonation system for pharmaceutical removal from secondary effluents. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evaluating the effect of disturbed ensemble distributions on SCFG based statistical sampling of RNA secondary structures.

PubMed

Scheid, Anika; Nebel, Markus E

2012-07-09

Over the past years, statistical and Bayesian approaches have become increasingly appreciated to address the long-standing problem of computational RNA structure prediction. Recently, a novel probabilistic method for the prediction of RNA secondary structures from a single sequence has been studied which is based on generating statistically representative and reproducible samples of the entire ensemble of feasible structures for a particular input sequence. This method samples the possible foldings from a distribution implied by a sophisticated (traditional or length-dependent) stochastic context-free grammar (SCFG) that mirrors the standard thermodynamic model applied in modern physics-based prediction algorithms. Specifically, that grammar represents an exact probabilistic counterpart to the energy model underlying the Sfold software, which employs a sampling extension of the partition function (PF) approach to produce statistically representative subsets of the Boltzmann-weighted ensemble. Although both sampling approaches have the same worst-case time and space complexities, it has been indicated that they differ in performance (both with respect to prediction accuracy and quality of generated samples), where neither of these two competing approaches generally outperforms the other. In this work, we will consider the SCFG based approach in order to perform an analysis on how the quality of generated sample sets and the corresponding prediction accuracy changes when different degrees of disturbances are incorporated into the needed sampling probabilities. This is motivated by the fact that if the results prove to be resistant to large errors on the distinct sampling probabilities (compared to the exact ones), then it will be an indication that these probabilities do not need to be computed exactly, but it may be sufficient and more efficient to approximate them. Thus, it might then be possible to decrease the worst-case time requirements of such an SCFG based sampling method without significant accuracy losses. If, on the other hand, the quality of sampled structures can be observed to strongly react to slight disturbances, there is little hope for improving the complexity by heuristic procedures. We hence provide a reliable test for the hypothesis that a heuristic method could be implemented to improve the time scaling of RNA secondary structure prediction in the worst-case - without sacrificing much of the accuracy of the results. Our experiments indicate that absolute errors generally lead to the generation of useless sample sets, whereas relative errors seem to have only small negative impact on both the predictive accuracy and the overall quality of resulting structure samples. Based on these observations, we present some useful ideas for developing a time-reduced sampling method guaranteeing an acceptable predictive accuracy. We also discuss some inherent drawbacks that arise in the context of approximation. The key results of this paper are crucial for the design of an efficient and competitive heuristic prediction method based on the increasingly accepted and attractive statistical sampling approach. This has indeed been indicated by the construction of prototype algorithms.

Evaluating the effect of disturbed ensemble distributions on SCFG based statistical sampling of RNA secondary structures

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background Over the past years, statistical and Bayesian approaches have become increasingly appreciated to address the long-standing problem of computational RNA structure prediction. Recently, a novel probabilistic method for the prediction of RNA secondary structures from a single sequence has been studied which is based on generating statistically representative and reproducible samples of the entire ensemble of feasible structures for a particular input sequence. This method samples the possible foldings from a distribution implied by a sophisticated (traditional or length-dependent) stochastic context-free grammar (SCFG) that mirrors the standard thermodynamic model applied in modern physics-based prediction algorithms. Specifically, that grammar represents an exact probabilistic counterpart to the energy model underlying the Sfold software, which employs a sampling extension of the partition function (PF) approach to produce statistically representative subsets of the Boltzmann-weighted ensemble. Although both sampling approaches have the same worst-case time and space complexities, it has been indicated that they differ in performance (both with respect to prediction accuracy and quality of generated samples), where neither of these two competing approaches generally outperforms the other. Results In this work, we will consider the SCFG based approach in order to perform an analysis on how the quality of generated sample sets and the corresponding prediction accuracy changes when different degrees of disturbances are incorporated into the needed sampling probabilities. This is motivated by the fact that if the results prove to be resistant to large errors on the distinct sampling probabilities (compared to the exact ones), then it will be an indication that these probabilities do not need to be computed exactly, but it may be sufficient and more efficient to approximate them. Thus, it might then be possible to decrease the worst-case time requirements of such an SCFG based sampling method without significant accuracy losses. If, on the other hand, the quality of sampled structures can be observed to strongly react to slight disturbances, there is little hope for improving the complexity by heuristic procedures. We hence provide a reliable test for the hypothesis that a heuristic method could be implemented to improve the time scaling of RNA secondary structure prediction in the worst-case – without sacrificing much of the accuracy of the results. Conclusions Our experiments indicate that absolute errors generally lead to the generation of useless sample sets, whereas relative errors seem to have only small negative impact on both the predictive accuracy and the overall quality of resulting structure samples. Based on these observations, we present some useful ideas for developing a time-reduced sampling method guaranteeing an acceptable predictive accuracy. We also discuss some inherent drawbacks that arise in the context of approximation. The key results of this paper are crucial for the design of an efficient and competitive heuristic prediction method based on the increasingly accepted and attractive statistical sampling approach. This has indeed been indicated by the construction of prototype algorithms. PMID:22776037

Evaporation kinetics and phase of laboratory and ambient secondary organic aerosol.

PubMed

Vaden, Timothy D; Imre, Dan; Beránek, Josef; Shrivastava, Manish; Zelenyuk, Alla

2011-02-08

Field measurements of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) find significantly higher mass loads than predicted by models, sparking intense effort focused on finding additional SOA sources but leaving the fundamental assumptions used by models unchallenged. Current air-quality models use absorptive partitioning theory assuming SOA particles are liquid droplets, forming instantaneous reversible equilibrium with gas phase. Further, they ignore the effects of adsorption of spectator organic species during SOA formation on SOA properties and fate. Using accurate and highly sensitive experimental approach for studying evaporation kinetics of size-selected single SOA particles, we characterized room-temperature evaporation kinetics of laboratory-generated α-pinene SOA and ambient atmospheric SOA. We found that even when gas phase organics are removed, it takes ∼24 h for pure α-pinene SOA particles to evaporate 75% of their mass, which is in sharp contrast to the ∼10 min time scale predicted by current kinetic models. Adsorption of "spectator" organic vapors during SOA formation, and aging of these coated SOA particles, dramatically reduced the evaporation rate, and in some cases nearly stopped it. Ambient SOA was found to exhibit evaporation behavior very similar to that of laboratory-generated coated and aged SOA. For all cases studied in this work, SOA evaporation behavior is nearly size-independent and does not follow the evaporation kinetics of liquid droplets, in sharp contrast with model assumptions. The findings about SOA phase, evaporation rates, and the importance of spectator gases and aging all indicate that there is need to reformulate the way SOA formation and evaporation are treated by models.

Evaporation kinetics and phase of laboratory and ambient secondary organic aerosol

PubMed Central

Vaden, Timothy D.; Imre, Dan; Beránek, Josef; Shrivastava, Manish; Zelenyuk, Alla

2011-01-01

Field measurements of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) find significantly higher mass loads than predicted by models, sparking intense effort focused on finding additional SOA sources but leaving the fundamental assumptions used by models unchallenged. Current air-quality models use absorptive partitioning theory assuming SOA particles are liquid droplets, forming instantaneous reversible equilibrium with gas phase. Further, they ignore the effects of adsorption of spectator organic species during SOA formation on SOA properties and fate. Using accurate and highly sensitive experimental approach for studying evaporation kinetics of size-selected single SOA particles, we characterized room-temperature evaporation kinetics of laboratory-generated α-pinene SOA and ambient atmospheric SOA. We found that even when gas phase organics are removed, it takes ∼24 h for pure α-pinene SOA particles to evaporate 75% of their mass, which is in sharp contrast to the ∼10 min time scale predicted by current kinetic models. Adsorption of “spectator” organic vapors during SOA formation, and aging of these coated SOA particles, dramatically reduced the evaporation rate, and in some cases nearly stopped it. Ambient SOA was found to exhibit evaporation behavior very similar to that of laboratory-generated coated and aged SOA. For all cases studied in this work, SOA evaporation behavior is nearly size-independent and does not follow the evaporation kinetics of liquid droplets, in sharp contrast with model assumptions. The findings about SOA phase, evaporation rates, and the importance of spectator gases and aging all indicate that there is need to reformulate the way SOA formation and evaporation are treated by models. PMID:21262848

Note: Self-biased voltage to suppress secondary electrons by a ZnO varistor in a compact pulsed neutron generator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Z.; Li, X.; Li, J.; Long, J. D.; Lan, C. H.; Wang, T.; Dong, P.; He, J. L.

2017-03-01

A large amount of back streaming electrons will bring about a part of current drain on power supply, cause sparking or high-voltage breakdowns, and affect the neutron yield and waveform for a compact sealed-tube pulsed neutron generator. A novel idea which uses a ZnO varistor to provide a constant self-biased voltage to suppress the secondary electrons is introduced. The I-V curve for the ZnO varistor was measured in the experiment. The effects of suppressing the secondary electrons were investigated using a ZnO varistor, linear resistors, and an independent power supply, respectively. The results show that the secondary electrons are suppressed effectively by the compact ZnO varistor, while not increasing the size and the component of the device. It is a promising design for compact sealed-tube neutron generators.

Vertical fixation with fibrin glue-assisted secondary posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation in a case of surgical aphakia

PubMed Central

Ladi, Jeevan S; Shah, Nitant A

2013-01-01

We report the first case of vertical fixation by fibrin glue-assisted secondary posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation in a case of surgical aphakia. Advantages of vertical fixation are discussed. PMID:23514650

Whole exome sequencing identifies genetic variants in inherited thrombocytopenia with secondary qualitative function defects

PubMed Central

Johnson, Ben; Lowe, Gillian C.; Futterer, Jane; Lordkipanidzé, Marie; MacDonald, David; Simpson, Michael A.; Sanchez-Guiú, Isabel; Drake, Sian; Bem, Danai; Leo, Vincenzo; Fletcher, Sarah J.; Dawood, Ban; Rivera, José; Allsup, David; Biss, Tina; Bolton-Maggs, Paula HB; Collins, Peter; Curry, Nicola; Grimley, Charlotte; James, Beki; Makris, Mike; Motwani, Jayashree; Pavord, Sue; Talks, Katherine; Thachil, Jecko; Wilde, Jonathan; Williams, Mike; Harrison, Paul; Gissen, Paul; Mundell, Stuart; Mumford, Andrew; Daly, Martina E.; Watson, Steve P.; Morgan, Neil V.

2016-01-01

Inherited thrombocytopenias are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by abnormally low platelet counts which can be associated with abnormal bleeding. Next-generation sequencing has previously been employed in these disorders for the confirmation of suspected genetic abnormalities, and more recently in the discovery of novel disease-causing genes. However its full potential has not yet been exploited. Over the past 6 years we have sequenced the exomes from 55 patients, including 37 index cases and 18 additional family members, all of whom were recruited to the UK Genotyping and Phenotyping of Platelets study. All patients had inherited or sustained thrombocytopenia of unknown etiology with platelet counts varying from 11×109/L to 186×109/L. Of the 51 patients phenotypically tested, 37 (73%), had an additional secondary qualitative platelet defect. Using whole exome sequencing analysis we have identified “pathogenic” or “likely pathogenic” variants in 46% (17/37) of our index patients with thrombocytopenia. In addition, we report variants of uncertain significance in 12 index cases, including novel candidate genetic variants in previously unreported genes in four index cases. These results demonstrate that whole exome sequencing is an efficient method for elucidating potential pathogenic genetic variants in inherited thrombocytopenia. Whole exome sequencing also has the added benefit of discovering potentially pathogenic genetic variants for further study in novel genes not previously implicated in inherited thrombocytopenia. PMID:27479822

Regional Applied Research Effort Project (RARE) with Region 8 - Beneficial Use of Red and Brown Mud and Phosphogypsum as Alternative Construction Materials

EPA Science Inventory

Red and brown muds are the secondary materials generated from the extraction of alumina from bauxite, an aluminum-containing sedimentary rock (Ref. 2). Phosphogypsum is the secondary material generated by the phosphorous fertilizer industry from phosphate-containing sedimentary ...

A New Generation of Russian College Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lisauskene, M.

2006-01-01

This article reports the findings of a study examining the values, life stereotypes, and models of behavior of the so-called "next generation" of the Russian youth. The study was titled "From Secondary School Graduate to College Student to Graduate" and was carried out in seven higher educational institutions and two secondary specialized…

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Guo, Chun -Jun; Sun, Wei -Wen; Bruno, Kenneth S.

In secondary metabolite biosynthesis, core synthetic genes such as polyketide synthase genes usually encode proteins that generate various backbone precursors. These precursors are modified by other tailoring enzymes to yield a large variety of different secondary metabolites. The number of core synthesis genes in a given species correlates, therefore, with the number of types of secondary metabolites the organism can produce. In our study, heterologous expression of all the A. terreus NRPSlike genes showed that two NRPS-like proteins, encoded by atmelA and apvA, release the same natural product, aspulvinone E. In hyphae this compound is converted to aspulvinones whereas inmore » conidia it is converted to melanin. The genes are expressed in different tissues and this spatial control is probably regulated by their own specific promoters. Comparative genomics indicates that atmelA and apvA might share a same ancestral gene and the gene apvA is located in a highly conserved region in Aspergillus species that contains genes coding for life-essential proteins. Our data reveal the first case in secondary metabolite biosynthesis in which the tissue specific production of a single compound directs it into two separate pathways, producing distinct compounds with different functions. Our data also reveal that a single trans-prenyltransferase, AbpB, prenylates two substrates, aspulvinones and butyrolactones, revealing that genes outside of contiguous secondary metabolism gene clusters can modify more than one compound thereby expanding metabolite diversity. Our study raises the possibility of incorporation of spatial, cell-type specificity in expression of secondary metabolites of biological interest and provides new insight into designing and reconstituting their biosynthetic pathways.« less

Obstructive Hydrocephalus Secondary to Enlarged Virchow-Robin Spaces: A Rare Cause of Pulsatile Tinnitus.

PubMed

Donaldson, Christopher; Chatha, Gurkirat; Chandra, Ronil V; Goldschlager, Tony

2017-05-01

Obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to enlarged Virchow-Robin Spaces (VRS) is a rare entity, with only a few cases reported in the literature. Presenting symptoms vary widely from headaches to dizziness. We report a case of a 31-year-old man who presented with pulsatile tinnitus and magnetic resonance imaging showing obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to tumefactive VRS. After a cerebrospinal fluid diversion procedure in the form of an endoscopic third ventriculostomy, he had almost complete resolution of his symptoms. This is the first case of obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to enlarged VRS, presenting with pulsatile tinnitus. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Development of secondary chamber for tar cracking-improvement of wood pyrolysis performance in pre-vacuum chamber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Siahaan, S.; Homma, H.; Homma, H.

2018-02-01

Energy crisis and global warming, in other words, climate change are critical topics discussed in various parts of the world. Global warming primarily result from too much emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. To mitigate global warming, or climate change and improve electrification in rural areas, wood pyrolysis technology is developed in a laboratory scale, of which gases are directly applicable to the gas engine generator. Our laboratory has developed a prototype of wood pyrolysis plant with a pre-vacuum chamber. However, tar yield was around 40 wt% of feedstock. This research aims to reduce tar yield by secondary tar cracking. For the secondary tar cracking, a secondary pre-vacuum chamber is installed after primary pre-vacuum chamber. Gases generated in the primary pre-vacuum chamber are lead into the secondary chamber that is heated up to 1000 K. This paper reports performance of the secondary chamber for secondary tar cracking in homogeneous mode and heterogeneous mode with char.

Prediction of Disease Case Severity Level To Determine INA CBGs Rate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Puspitorini, Sukma; Kusumadewi, Sri; Rosita, Linda

2017-03-01

Indonesian Case-Based Groups (INA CBGs) is case-mix payment system using software grouper application. INA CBGs consisting of four digits code where the last digits indicating the severity level of disease cases. Severity level influence by secondary diagnosis (complications and co-morbidity) related to resource intensity level. It is medical resources used to treat a hospitalized patient. Objectives of this research is developing decision support system to predict severity level of disease cases and illustrate INA CBGs rate by using data mining decision tree classification model. Primary diagnosis (DU), first secondary diagnosis (DS 1), and second secondary diagnosis (DS 2) are attributes that used as input of severity level. The training process using C4.5 algorithm and the rules will represent in the IF-THEN form. Credibility of the system analyzed through testing process and confusion matrix present the results. Outcome of this research shows that first secondary diagnosis influence significant to form severity level predicting rules from new disease cases and INA CBGs rate illustration.

Secondary malignancy following radiotherapy for thyroid eye disease.

PubMed

Gillis, Christopher C; Chang, Eun Hae; Al-Kharazi, Khalid; Pickles, Tom

2016-01-01

To describe the first case of a secondary meningioma in a patient after radiation treatment for thyroid eye disease (TED). Secondarily to identify any additional cases of secondary malignancy resulting from radiotherapy for thyroid eye disease from our institutional experience. Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a self-limiting auto-immune disorder causing expansion of orbital soft tissue from deposition of glycosaminoglycans and collagen, leading to significant cosmetic and functional morbidity. Established management options for TED include: glucocorticosteroids, orbital radiotherapy, and surgical orbital decompression. Two large series on radiotherapy for TED have been reported without any cases of secondary malignancy. The case of a patient with visual failure, found to have a sphenoid wing meningioma after previous TED radiotherapy is described. We then reviewed 575 patients with at least 3-year follow-up receiving radiotherapy for TED at British Columbia Cancer Agency to identify other possible secondary malignancies. The patient had postoperative improvement in her vision without any identified complications. Three additional cases of hematologic malignancy were identified. The calculated risk in our population of developing a radiation-induced meningioma after TED with at least 3 years of follow-up of is 0.17% (1/575); with hematopoetic malignancies the risk for secondary malignancy is 0.7% (4/575). Our calculated risk for secondary malignancy (0.17%, 0.7%) is similar to the reported theoretical risk published in the literature (0.3-1.2%). There is real risk for the development of a secondary malignancy after radiotherapy treatment of TED and treatment options should include consideration for this potential.

Analysis of critical operating conditions for LV distribution networks with microgrids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zehir, M. A.; Batman, A.; Sonmez, M. A.; Font, A.; Tsiamitros, D.; Stimoniaris, D.; Kollatou, T.; Bagriyanik, M.; Ozdemir, A.; Dialynas, E.

2016-11-01

Increase in the penetration of Distributed Generation (DG) in distribution networks, raises the risk of voltage limit violations while contributing to line losses. Especially in low voltage (LV) distribution networks (secondary distribution networks), impacts of active power flows on the bus voltages and on the network losses are more dominant. As network operators must meet regulatory limitations, they have to take into account the most critical operating conditions in their systems. In this study, it is aimed to present the impact of the worst operation cases of LV distribution networks comprising microgrids. Simulation studies are performed on a field data-based virtual test-bed. The simulations are repeated for several cases consisting different microgrid points of connection with different network loading and microgrid supply/demand conditions.

T inflammatory memory CD8 T cells participate to antiviral response and generate secondary memory cells with an advantage in XCL1 production.

PubMed

Jubin, Virginie; Ventre, Erwan; Leverrier, Yann; Djebali, Sophia; Mayol, Katia; Tomkowiak, Martine; Mafille, Julien; Teixeira, Marie; Teoh, Denise Y-L; Lina, Bruno; Walzer, Thierry; Arpin, Christophe; Marvel, Jacqueline

2012-06-01

Besides the classically described subsets of memory CD8 T cells generated under infectious conditions, are T inflammatory memory cells generated under sterile priming conditions, such as sensitization to allergens. Although not fully differentiated as pathogen-induced memory cells, they display memory properties that distinguish them from naive CD8 T cells. Given these memory cells are generated in an antigen-specific context that is devoid of pathogen-derived danger signals and CD4 T cell help, we herein questioned whether they maintained their activation and differentiation potential, could be recruited in an immune response directed against a pathogen expressing their cognate antigen and further differentiate in fully competent secondary memory cells. We show that T inflammatory memory cells can indeed take part to the immune response triggered by a viral infection, differentiate into secondary effectors and further generate typical central memory CD8 T cells and effector memory CD8 T cells. Furthermore, the secondary memory cells they generate display a functional advantage over primary memory cells in their capacity to produce TNF-α and the XCL1 chemokine. These results suggest that cross-reactive stimulations and differentiation of cells directed against allergens or self into fully competent pathogen-induced memory cells might have incidences in inflammatory immuno-pathologies.

Current Trends in Microform Use by Secondary Schools: Four Case Studies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lee, Thomas Graham

The case study section of this booklet discusses a number of current microform programs in secondary schools. The remainder of the booklet presents an overview of microform activity, including comments on the history of secondary school microform utilization and an up-to-date listing of microform selection aids. The amount of information available…

Unraveling the efficient applications of secondary metabolites of various Trichoderma spp.

PubMed

Keswani, Chetan; Mishra, Sandhya; Sarma, Birinchi Kumar; Singh, Surya Pratap; Singh, Harikesh Bahadur

2014-01-01

Recent shift in trends of agricultural practices from application of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides to organic farming has brought into focus the use of microorganisms that carryout analogous function. Trichoderma spp. is one of the most popular genera of fungi commercially available as a plant growth promoting fungus (PGPF) and biological control agent. Exploitation of the diverse nature of secondary metabolites produced by different species of Trichoderma augments their extensive utility in agriculture and related industries. As a result, Trichoderma has achieved significant success as a powerful biocontrol agent at global level. The endorsement of Trichoderma spp. by scientific community is based on the understanding of its mechanisms of action against a large set of fungal, bacterial and in certain cases viral infections. However, it is still an agnostic view that there could be any single major mode of operation, although it is argued that all mechanisms operate simultaneously in a synchronized fashion. The central idea behind this review article is to emphasize the potentiality of applications of target specific secondary metabolites of Trichoderma for controlling phytopathogens as a substitute of commercially available whole organism formulations. With the aim to this point, we have compiled an inclusive list of secondary metabolites produced by different species of Trichoderma and their applications in diverse areas with the major emphasis on agriculture. Outlining the importance and diverse activities of secondary metabolites of Trichoderma besides its relevance to agriculture would generate greater understanding of their other important and beneficial applications apart from target specific biopesticides.

Identification and tracking of hairpin vortex auto-generation in turbulent wall-bounded flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Yangzi; Green, Melissa

2016-11-01

Hairpin vortices have been widely accepted as component structures of turbulent boundary layers. Their properties (size, vorticity, energy) and dynamic phenomena (origin, growth, breakdown) have been shown to correlate to the complex, multi-scaled turbulent motions observed in both experiments and simulations. As established in the literature, the passage of a hairpin vortex creates a wall-normal ejection of fluid, which encounters the high-speed freestream resulting in near-wall shear and increased drag. A previously generated simulation of an isolated hairpin vortex is used to study the auto-generation of a secondary vortex structure. Eulerian methods such as the Q criterion and Γ2 function, as well as Lagrangian methods are used to visualize the three-dimensional hairpin vortices and the auto-generation process. The circulation development and wall-normal location of both primary and secondary hairpin heads are studied to determine if there is a correlation between the strength and height of the primary hairpin vortex with the secondary hairpin vortex auto-generation.

Wind-energy recovery by a static Scherbius induction generator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smith, G. A.; Nigim, K. A.

1981-11-01

The paper describes a technique for controlling a doubly fed induction generator driven by a windmill, or other form of variable-speed prime mover, to provide power generation into the national grid system. The secondary circuit of the generator is supplied at a variable frequency from a current source inverter which for test purposes is rated to allow energy recovery, from a simulated windmill, from maximum speed to standstill. To overcome the stability problems normally associated with doubly fed machines a novel signal generator, which is locked in phase with the rotor EMF, controls the secondary power to provide operation over a wide range of subsynchronous and supersynchronous speeds. Consideration of power flow enables the VA rating of the secondary power source to be determined as a function of the gear ratio and online operating range of the system. A simple current source model is used to predict performance which is compared with experimental results. The results indicate a viable system, and suggestions for further work are proposed.

On the combinatorics of sparsification.

PubMed

Huang, Fenix Wd; Reidys, Christian M

2012-10-22

We study the sparsification of dynamic programming based on folding algorithms of RNA structures. Sparsification is a method that improves significantly the computation of minimum free energy (mfe) RNA structures. We provide a quantitative analysis of the sparsification of a particular decomposition rule, Λ∗. This rule splits an interval of RNA secondary and pseudoknot structures of fixed topological genus. Key for quantifying sparsifications is the size of the so called candidate sets. Here we assume mfe-structures to be specifically distributed (see Assumption 1) within arbitrary and irreducible RNA secondary and pseudoknot structures of fixed topological genus. We then present a combinatorial framework which allows by means of probabilities of irreducible sub-structures to obtain the expectation of the Λ∗-candidate set w.r.t. a uniformly random input sequence. We compute these expectations for arc-based energy models via energy-filtered generating functions (GF) in case of RNA secondary structures as well as RNA pseudoknot structures. Furthermore, for RNA secondary structures we also analyze a simplified loop-based energy model. Our combinatorial analysis is then compared to the expected number of Λ∗-candidates obtained from the folding mfe-structures. In case of the mfe-folding of RNA secondary structures with a simplified loop-based energy model our results imply that sparsification provides a significant, constant improvement of 91% (theory) to be compared to an 96% (experimental, simplified arc-based model) reduction. However, we do not observe a linear factor improvement. Finally, in case of the "full" loop-energy model we can report a reduction of 98% (experiment). Sparsification was initially attributed a linear factor improvement. This conclusion was based on the so called polymer-zeta property, which stems from interpreting polymer chains as self-avoiding walks. Subsequent findings however reveal that the O(n) improvement is not correct. The combinatorial analysis presented here shows that, assuming a specific distribution (see Assumption 1), of mfe-structures within irreducible and arbitrary structures, the expected number of Λ∗-candidates is Θ(n2). However, the constant reduction is quite significant, being in the range of 96%. We furthermore show an analogous result for the sparsification of the Λ∗-decomposition rule for RNA pseudoknotted structures of genus one. Finally we observe that the effect of sparsification is sensitive to the employed energy model.

[Systemic complications of subarachnoid hemorrhage from spontaneous rupture of a cerebral aneurysm].

PubMed

Rama-Maceiras, P; Fàbregas Julià, N; Ingelmo Ingelmo, I; Hernández-Palazón, J

2010-12-01

Systemic complications secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage from an aneurysm are common (40%) and the mortality attributable to them (23%) is comparable to mortality from the primary lesion, rebleeding, or vasospasm. Although nonneurologic medical complications are avoidable, they worsen the prognosis, lengthen the hospital stay, and generate additional costs. The prevention, early detection, and appropriate treatment of systemic complications will be essential for managing the individual patient's case. Treatment should cover major symptoms (headache, nausea, and dizziness) and ambient noise should be reduced, all with the aim of achieving excellence and improving the patient's perception of quality of care.

Waste Management in the Circular Economy. The Case of Romania.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Iuga, Anca N.

2016-11-01

Applying the principles of sustainable development in Romania involves a new approach to ecological waste using basic concepts of circular economy to weigh accurately the proposed projects in this area taking into account existing environmental resources and zero waste objectives. The paper is focused on: quantitative and qualitative measures of waste prevention in Romania, the changing status of the waste by selling it as product, the mechanisms for paying for treatment and / or disposal which discourage waste generation and the use of financial resources obtained from secondary raw materials for the efficiency of waste management.

Radial forces in a misaligned radial face seal

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Etsion, I.

1978-01-01

Radial forces on the primary seal ring of a flat misaligned seal are analyzed, taking into account the radial variation in seal clearance. An analytical solution for both hydrostatic and hydrodynamic effects is presented that covers the whole range from zero to full angular misalignment. The net radial force on the primary seal ring is always directed so as to produce a radial eccentricity which generates inward pumping. Although the radial force is usually very small, in some cases it may be one of the reasons for excessive leakage through both the primary and secondary seals of a radial face seal.

Radial forces in a misaligned radial face seal

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Etsion, I.

1977-01-01

Radial forces on the primary seal ring of a flat misaligned seal are analyzed, taking into account the radial variation in seal clearance. An analytical solution for both hydrostatic and hydrodynamic effects is presented that covers the whole range from zero to full angular misalignment. The net radial force on the primary seal ring is always directed so as to produce a radial eccentricity which generates inward pumping. Although the radial force is usually very small, in some cases it may be one of the reasons for excessive leakage through both the primary and secondary seals of a radial face seal.

Qualitative Secondary Analysis: A Case Exemplar.

PubMed

Tate, Judith Ann; Happ, Mary Beth

Qualitative secondary analysis (QSA) is the use of qualitative data that was collected by someone else or was collected to answer a different research question. Secondary analysis of qualitative data provides an opportunity to maximize data utility, particularly with difficult-to-reach patient populations. However, qualitative secondary analysis methods require careful consideration and explicit description to best understand, contextualize, and evaluate the research results. In this article, we describe methodologic considerations using a case exemplar to illustrate challenges specific to qualitative secondary analysis and strategies to overcome them. Copyright © 2017 National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A review of stereochemical implications in the generation of secondary organic aerosol from isoprene oxidation.

PubMed

Cash, James M; Heal, Mathew R; Langford, Ben; Drewer, Julia

2016-11-09

The atmospheric reactions leading to the generation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from the oxidation of isoprene are generally assumed to produce only racemic mixtures, but aspects of the chemical reactions suggest this may not be the case. In this review, the stereochemical outcomes of published isoprene-degradation mechanisms contributing to high amounts of SOA are evaluated. Despite evidence suggesting isoprene first-generation oxidation products do not contribute to SOA directly, this review suggests the stereochemistry of first-generation products may be important because their stereochemical configurations may be retained through to the second-generation products which form SOA. Specifically, due to the stereochemistry of epoxide ring-opening mechanisms, the outcome of the reactions involving epoxydiols of isoprene (IEPOX), methacrylic acid epoxide (MAE) and hydroxymethylmethyl-α-lactone (HMML) are, in principle, stereospecific which indicates the stereochemistry is predefined from first-generation precursors. The products from these three epoxide intermediates oligomerise to form macromolecules which are proposed to form chiral structures within the aerosol and are considered to be the largest contributors to SOA. If conditions in the atmosphere such as pH, aerosol water content, relative humidity, pre-existing aerosol, aerosol coatings and aerosol cation/anion content (and other) variables acting on the reactions leading to SOA affect the tacticity (arrangement of chiral centres) in the SOA then they may influence its physical properties, for example its hygroscopicity. Chamber studies of SOA formation from isoprene encompass particular sets of controlled conditions of these variables. It may therefore be important to consider stereochemistry when upscaling from chamber study data to predictions of SOA yields across the range of ambient atmospheric conditions. Experiments analysing the stereochemistry of the reactions under varying conditions of the above variables would help elucidate whether there is stereoselectivity in SOA formation from isoprene and if the rates of SOA formation are affected.

Secondary missile injury from lightning strike.

PubMed

Blumenthal, Ryan

2012-03-01

A 48-year-old-woman was struck dead by lightning on October 24, 2010, in Pretoria, South Africa. The cause of death was due to direct lightning strike. Examination showed secondary missile injury on her legs. This secondary missile (shrapnel) injury was caused by the lightning striking the concrete pavement next to her. Small pieces of concrete were located embedded within the shrapnel wounds. This case report represents the first documented case of secondary missile formation (shrapnel injury) due to lightning strike in the literature.

Secondary ion generation mechanism studied by ISS-SIMS and work function measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kawatoh, Eizoh; Terada, Norihito; Shimizu, Ryuichi; Kang, Hee Jae

1989-03-01

Oxygen enhancement effects in secondary ion generation were studied in polycrystalline Ni at different partial pressures of oxygen, Po2, by sequential ISS-SIMS and work function measurements. The investigation has revealed that the enhancement undergoes three stages: (I) The secondary ion intensity increases monotonically with an increase of work function which is described very well by the electron tunneling model. (II) This tendency abruptly changes, i.e. the work function decreases and the secondary ion intensity increases rapidly, for a slight increase of Po2 (III) The secondary ion intensities gradually increase and become saturated with a further increase of Po2. It has also been found that the critical coverage, θc, corresponds exactly to the stage (II) behaviour, which was observed by Blaise and Bernheim for a single crystal (100)Ni surface.

External rhinoplasty: a critical analysis of 500 cases.

PubMed

Foda, Hossam M T

2003-06-01

The study presents a comprehensive statistical analysis of a series of 500 consecutive rhinoplasties of which 380 (76 per cent) were primary and 120 (24 per cent) were secondary cases. All cases were operated upon using the external rhinoplasty technique; simultaneous septal surgery was performed in 350 (70 per cent) of the cases. Deformities of the upper two-thirds of the nose that occurred significantly more in the secondary cases included; dorsal saddling, dorsal irregularities, valve collapse, open roof and pollybeak deformities. In the lower third of the nose; secondary cases showed significantly higher incidences of depressed tip, tip over-rotation, tip asymmetry, retracted columella, and alar notching. Suturing techniques were used significantly more in primary cases, while in secondary cases grafting techniques were used significantly more. The complications encountered intra-operatively included; septal flap tears (2.8 per cent) and alar cartilage injury (1.8 per cent), while post-operative complications included; nasal trauma (one per cent), epistaxis (two per cent), infection (2.4 per cent), prolonged oedema (17 per cent), and nasal obstruction (0.8 per cent). The overall patient satisfaction rate was 95.6 per cent and the transcolumellar scar was found to be unacceptable in only 0.8 per cent of the patients.

Low-jitter high-power thyristor array pulse driver and generator

DOEpatents

Hanks, Roy L.

2002-01-01

A method and apparatus for generating low-jitter, high-voltage and high-current pulses for driving low impedance loads such as detonator fuses uses a MOSFET driver which, when triggered, discharges a high-voltage pre-charged capacitor into the primary of a toroidal current-multiplying transformer with multiple isolated secondary windings. The secondary outputs are suitable for driving an array of thyristors that discharge a precharged high-voltage capacitor and thus generating the required high-voltage and high-current pulse.

Characteristics and generation of secondary jets and secondary gigantic jets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Li-Jou; Huang, Sung-Ming; Chou, Jung-Kung; Kuo, Cheng-Ling; Chen, Alfred B.; Su, Han-Tzong; Hsu, Rue-Rou; Frey, Harald U.; Takahashi, Yukihiro; Lee, Lou-Chuang

2012-06-01

Secondary transient luminous events (TLEs) recorded by the ISUAL-FORMOSAT2 mission can either be secondary jets or secondary gigantic jets (GJs), depending on their terminal altitudes. The secondary jets emerge from the cloud top beneath the preceding sprites and extend upward to the base of the sprites at ˜50 km. The secondary jets likely are negative electric discharges with vertically straight luminous columns, morphologically resembling the trailing jet of the type-I GJs. The number of luminous columns in a secondary jet seems to be affected by the size of the effective capacitor plate formed near the base of the preceding sprites and the charge distribution left behind by the sprite-inducing positive cloud-to-ground discharges. The secondary GJs originate from the cloud top under the shielding area of the preceding sprites, and develop upward to reach the lower ionosphere at ˜90 km. The observed morphology of the secondary GJs can either be the curvy shifted secondary GJs extending outside the region occupied by the preceding sprites or the straight pop-through secondary GJs developing through the center of the preceding circular sprites. A key factor in determining the terminal height of the secondary TLEs appears to be the local ionosphere boundary height that established by the preceding sprites. The abundance and the distribution of the negative charge in the thundercloud following the sprite-inducing positive cloud-to-ground discharges may play important role in the generation of the secondary TLEs.

Numerical simulation of intense multi-scale vortices generated by supercell thunderstorms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Finley, Catherine Ann

1998-11-01

A nested grid primitive equation model (RAMS version 3b) is used to study various aspects of tornadoes and the thunderstorms that produce them. A unique aspect of these simulations is that the model was initialized with synoptic data, and telescoping grids allow atmospheric flows ranging from the synoptic-scale down to sub- tornado-scale vortices to be represented in the model. Two different case studies were simulated in this study: June 30, 1993, and May 15, 1991. The June 30, 1993, simulation produced a classical supercell storm which developed at the intersection between a stationary front and an outflow boundary generated by previous convection. As the simulation progressed, additional storms developed west of the main storm along the stationary front. One of these storms interacted with the main storm to produce a single supercell storm. This storm had many characteristics of a high-precipitation (HP) supercell, and eventually evolved into a bow-echo. The transition of the storm into a bow-echo is discussed and possible physical processes responsible for the transition are presented. The June 30, 1993, simulated supercell produced two weak tornadoes. The first tornado developed along the flanking line of the storm to the southeast of the mesocyclone. The second tornado developed along a strong horizontal shear zone beneath the rotating comma-head structure of the HP supercell. Neither tornado was clearly linked to the mesocyclone in the parent storm, and both tornadoes formed first near the surface and then developed upward with time. Circulation and vorticity analyses were used to investigate the tornadogenesis process in this case. Results from these analyses indicated that the circulation associated with both tornadoes was already present at low-levels in the storm environment 15-20 minutes before the tornadoes developed. Although the baroclinic term associated with the downdraft air made a negligible contribution to the circulation in this case, the downdraft played an important role in tilting horizontal vorticity into the vertical just above the surface in the near tornado environment where horizontal convergence could then act to amplify it. A comparison with the proposed tornadogenesis process(es) in classical supercells is also presented. The May 15, 1991, simulation produced a classical supercell which developed along the dryline in the Texas panhandle. This supercell in turn produced a tornado which lasted for 50 minutes in the simulation. During a ten minute period toward the end of the simulation, six secondary vortices developed within the main tornado vortex. The simulated secondary vortices had many features in common with multiple-vortex tornadoes and secondary vortices produced in laboratory vortices. The evolution and structure of the simulated secondary vortices is presented, and physical mechanisms responsible for their development and dissipation are discussed.

All Students Are Not Equal: A Case Study of Geometry Teachers' Instructional Strategies When Trained in Multiple-Intelligence-Based Practices in Secondary Classrooms

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Davis, Cassandre Y.

2017-01-01

Over 50% of secondary students failed the geometry end-of-course test in a Florida school district, indicating a need to improve academic performance. Secondary school students' learning characteristics and the effectiveness of teachers' instructional strategies are imperative to educational success. In this qualitative case study, geometry…

Propriospinal myoclonus

PubMed Central

van der Salm, Sandra M.A.; Erro, Roberto; Cordivari, Carla; Edwards, Mark J.; Koelman, Johannes H.T.M.; van den Ende, Tom; Bhatia, Kailash P.; van Rootselaar, Anne-Fleur; Brown, Peter

2014-01-01

Objective: Propriospinal myoclonus (PSM) is a rare disorder with repetitive, usually flexor arrhythmic brief jerks of the trunk, hips, and knees in a fixed pattern. It has a presumed generation in the spinal cord and diagnosis depends on characteristic features at polymyography. Recently, a historical paradigm shift took place as PSM has been reported to be a functional (or psychogenic) movement disorder (FMD) in most patients. This review aims to characterize the clinical features, etiology, electrophysiologic features, and treatment outcomes of PSM. Methods: Re-evaluation of all published PSM cases and systematic scoring of clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics in all published cases since 1991. Results: Of the 179 identified patients with PSM (55% male), the mean age at onset was 43 years (range 6–88 years). FMD was diagnosed in 104 (58%) cases. In 12 cases (26% of reported secondary cases, 7% of total cases), a structural spinal cord lesion was found. Clonazepam and botulinum toxin may be effective in reducing jerks. Conclusions: FMD is more frequent than previously assumed. Structural lesions reported to underlie PSM are scarce. Based on our clinical experience and the reviewed literature, we recommend polymyography to assess recruitment variability combined with a Bereitschaftspotential recording in all cases. PMID:25305154

The effect of working memory load on semantic illusions: what the phonological loop and central executive have to contribute.

PubMed

Büttner, Anke Caroline

2012-01-01

When asked how many animals of each kind Moses took on the Ark, most people respond with "two" despite the substituted name (Moses for Noah) in the question. Possible explanations for semantic illusions appear to be related to processing limitations such as those of working memory. Indeed, individual working memory capacity has an impact upon how sentences containing substitutions are processed. This experiment examined further the role of working memory in the occurrence of semantic illusions using a dual-task working memory load approach. Participants verified statements while engaging in either articulatory suppression or random number generation. Secondary task type had a significant effect on semantic illusion rate, but only when comparing the control condition to the two dual-task conditions. Furthermore, secondary task performance in the random number generation condition declined, suggesting a tradeoff between tasks. Response time analyses also showed a different pattern of processing across the conditions. The findings suggest that the phonological loop plays a role in representing semantic illusion sentences coherently and in monitoring for details, while the role of the central executive is to assist gist-processing of sentences. This usually efficient strategy leads to error in the case of semantic illusions.

Anaerobic digestion of thermal pre-treated sludge at different solids concentrations--Computation of mass-energy balance and greenhouse gas emissions.

PubMed

Pilli, Sridhar; More, Tanaji; Yan, Song; Tyagi, Rajeshwar Dayal; Surampalli, Rao Y

2015-07-01

The effect of thermal pre-treatment on sludge anaerobic digestion (AD) efficiency was studied at different total solids (TS) concentrations (20.0, 30.0 and 40.0 g TS/L) and digestion times (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 days) for primary, secondary and mixed wastewater sludge. Moreover, sludge pre-treatment, AD and disposal processes were evaluated based on a mass-energy balance and corresponding greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Mass balance revealed that the least quantity of digestate was generated by thermal pre-treated secondary sludge at 30.0 g TS/L. The net energy (energy output-energy input) and energy ratio (energy output/energy input) for thermal pre-treated sludge was greater than control in all cases. The reduced GHG emissions of 73.8 × 10(-3) g CO2/g of total dry solids were observed for the thermal pre-treated secondary sludge at 30.0 g TS/L. Thermal pre-treatment of sludge is energetically beneficial and required less retention time compared to control. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Primary bacterial peritonitis in dogs and cats: 24 cases (1990-2006).

PubMed

Culp, William T N; Zeldis, Tracy E; Reese, Michael S; Drobatz, Kenneth J

2009-04-01

To determine clinical characteristics of primary bacterial peritonitis (infection of the peritoneal cavity with no identifiable intraperitoneal source of infection) and compare characteristics of primary and secondary peritonitis in dogs and cats. Retrospective case series. 24 (primary peritonitis) and 60 (secondary peritonitis) client-owned dogs and cats. Data from medical records of dogs and cats with primary and secondary peritonitis were reviewed for descriptive information regarding primary peritonitis and for comparison between the 2 forms of peritonitis. 15 dogs and 9 cats met inclusion criteria for primary peritonitis, and 49 dogs and 11 cats met inclusion criteria for secondary peritonitis. The most common historical findings in dogs and cats with primary and secondary peritonitis were lethargy, vomiting, and anorexia. Dogs with secondary peritonitis more often developed peritoneal exudates than those with primary peritonitis, and dogs with primary peritonitis were more often infected with gram-positive bacteria than those with secondary peritonitis. No difference in outcome was detected between all animals with primary versus secondary peritonitis; however, dogs with secondary peritonitis treated with surgery were more commonly discharged than those with primary peritonitis treated with surgery. Differences in primary and secondary peritonitis related to historical, physical examination, and clinical laboratory findings; bacteriologic findings; peritoneal effusion characteristics; and outcome were detected. However, larger case numbers are needed before alternative recommendations, such as avoidance of surgery, can be made.

Improved inertial control for permanent magnet synchronous generator wind turbine generators

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wu, Ziping; Gao, Wenzhong; Wang, Xiao

With increasing integrations of large-scale systems based on permanent magnet synchronous generator wind turbine generators (PMSG-WTGs), the overall inertial response of a power system will tend to deteriorate as a result of the decoupling of rotor speed and grid frequency through the power converter as well as the scheduled retirement of conventional synchronous generators. Thus, PMSG-WTGs can provide value to an electric grid by contributing to the system's inertial response through the inherent kinetic energy stored in their rotating masses and fast power converter control. In this study, an improved inertial control method based on the maximum power point trackingmore » operation curve is introduced to enhance the overall frequency support capability of PMSG-WTGs in the case of large supply-demand imbalances. Moreover, this method is implemented in the CART2-PMSG integrated model in MATLAB/Simulink to investigate its impact on the wind turbine's structural loads during the inertial response process. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method can effectively reduce the frequency nadir, arrest the rate of change of frequency, and alleviate the secondary frequency dip while imposing no negative impact on the major mechanical components of the wind turbine.« less

The Antitumor Effect of Singlet Oxygen.

PubMed

Bauer, Georg

2016-11-01

Tumor cells are protected against intercellular apoptosis-inducing signaling through expression of membrane-associated catalase and superoxide dismutase. Exogenous singlet oxygen derived from activated photosensitizers or from cold atmospheric plasma causes local inactivation of protective catalase which is followed by the generation of secondary extracellular singlet oxygen. This process is specific for tumor cells and is driven by a complex interaction between H 2 O 2 and peroxynitrite. Secondary singlet oxygen has the potential for autoamplification of its generation, resulting in optimal inactivation of protective catalase and reactivation of intercellular apoptosis-inducing signaling. An increase in the endogenous NO concentration also causes inactivation of catalase and autoamplificatory generation of secondary singlet oxygen. This principle is essential for the antitumor activity of secondary plant products, such as cyanidins and other inhibitors of NO dioxygenase. It seems that the action of the established chemotherapeutic taxol and the recently established antitumor effect of certain azoles are based on the same principles. Copyright© 2016 International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. John G. Delinassios), All rights reserved.

Design and Analysis of Tubular Permanent Magnet Linear Wave Generator

PubMed Central

Si, Jikai; Feng, Haichao; Su, Peng; Zhang, Lufeng

2014-01-01

Due to the lack of mature design program for the tubular permanent magnet linear wave generator (TPMLWG) and poor sinusoidal characteristics of the air gap flux density for the traditional surface-mounted TPMLWG, a design method and a new secondary structure of TPMLWG are proposed. An equivalent mathematical model of TPMLWG is established to adopt the transformation relationship between the linear velocity of permanent magnet rotary generator and the operating speed of TPMLWG, to determine the structure parameters of the TPMLWG. The new secondary structure of the TPMLWG contains surface-mounted permanent magnets and the interior permanent magnets, which form a series-parallel hybrid magnetic circuit, and their reasonable structure parameters are designed to get the optimum pole-arc coefficient. The electromagnetic field and temperature field of TPMLWG are analyzed using finite element method. It can be included that the sinusoidal characteristics of air gap flux density of the new secondary structure TPMLWG are improved, the cogging force as well as mechanical vibration is reduced in the process of operation, and the stable temperature rise of generator meets the design requirements when adopting the new secondary structure of the TPMLWG. PMID:25050388

Utilization of deep-sea microbial esterase PHE21 to generate chiral sec-butyl acetate through kinetic resolutions.

PubMed

Wang, Yilong; Xu, Yongkai; Zhang, Yun; Sun, Aijun; Hu, Yunfeng

2018-06-08

We previously identified and characterized 1 novel deep-sea microbial esterase PHE21 and used PHE21 as a green biocatalyst to generate chiral ethyl (S)-3-hydroxybutyrate, 1 key chiral chemical, with high enantiomeric excess and yield through kinetic resolution. Herein, we further explored the potential of esterase PHE21 in the enantioselective preparation of secondary butanol, which was hard to be resolved by lipases/esterases. Despite the fact that chiral secondary butanols and their ester derivatives were hard to prepare, esterase PHE21 was used as a green biocatalyst in the generation of (S)-sec-butyl acetate through hydrolytic reactions and the enantiomeric excess, and the conversion of (S)-sec-butyl acetate reached 98% and 52%, respectively, after process optimization. Esterase PHE21 was also used to generate (R)-sec-butyl acetate through asymmetric transesterification reactions, and the enantiomeric excess and conversion of (R)-sec-butyl acetate reached 64% and 43%, respectively, after process optimization. Deep-sea microbial esterase PHE21 was characterized to be a useful biocatalyst in the kinetic resolution of secondary butanol and other valuable chiral secondary alcohols. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Design and analysis of tubular permanent magnet linear wave generator.

PubMed

Si, Jikai; Feng, Haichao; Su, Peng; Zhang, Lufeng

2014-01-01

Due to the lack of mature design program for the tubular permanent magnet linear wave generator (TPMLWG) and poor sinusoidal characteristics of the air gap flux density for the traditional surface-mounted TPMLWG, a design method and a new secondary structure of TPMLWG are proposed. An equivalent mathematical model of TPMLWG is established to adopt the transformation relationship between the linear velocity of permanent magnet rotary generator and the operating speed of TPMLWG, to determine the structure parameters of the TPMLWG. The new secondary structure of the TPMLWG contains surface-mounted permanent magnets and the interior permanent magnets, which form a series-parallel hybrid magnetic circuit, and their reasonable structure parameters are designed to get the optimum pole-arc coefficient. The electromagnetic field and temperature field of TPMLWG are analyzed using finite element method. It can be included that the sinusoidal characteristics of air gap flux density of the new secondary structure TPMLWG are improved, the cogging force as well as mechanical vibration is reduced in the process of operation, and the stable temperature rise of generator meets the design requirements when adopting the new secondary structure of the TPMLWG.

Computed tomography of lobar collapse: 2. Collapse in the absence of endobronchial obstruction

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Naidich, D.P.; McCauley, D.I.; Khouri, N.F.

1983-10-01

The computed tomographic appearance of collapse without endobronchial obstruction is reviewed. These 57 cases were classified by the etiology of collapse. The largest group consisted of 29 patients with passive atelectasis, i.e., collapse secondary to fluid, air, or both in the pleural space. Twenty-three of 29 proved secondary to malignant pleural disease. Computed tomography accurately predicted a malignant etiology in 22 of 23 cases. The second largest group of patients had lobar collapse secondary to cicatrization from chronic inflammation. In all cases the underlying etiology was tuberculosis. Radiation caused adhesive atelectasis in six patients secondary to a lack of productionmore » of surfactant. In each case a sharp line of demarcation could be defined between normal and abnormal collapsed pulmonary parenchyma. Three cases of unchecked tumor growth caused a peripheral form of collapse (replacement atelectasis). This form of collapse was characterized by an absence of endobronchial obstruction and extensive tumor not delineated by the normal boundaries of the pulmonary lobes.« less

Peace Pilgrim, Exemplar of Level V

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Piechowski, Michael

2009-01-01

Cases of secondary integration (Level V), the most advanced level of development through positive disintegration, are easily found within the religious sphere. To find a secular case of secondary integration presents a greater challenge. The life of Peace Pilgrim (1908-1981), known personally to a great many people, appears to be such a case. The…

High-Speed Numeric Function Generator Using Piecewise Quadratic Approximations

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-09-01

application; User specifies the fuction to approxiamte. % % This programs turns the function provided into an inline function... PRIMARY = < primary file 1> < primary file 2> #SECONDARY = <secondary file 1> <secondary file 2> #CHIP2 = <file to compile to user chip

Stress polishing of thin shells for adaptive secondary mirrors. Application to the Very Large Telescope deformable secondary

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hugot, E.; Ferrari, M.; Riccardi, A.; Xompero, M.; Lemaître, G. R.; Arsenault, R.; Hubin, N.

2011-03-01

Context. Adaptive secondary mirrors (ASM) are, or will be, key components on all modern telescopes, providing improved seeing conditions or diffraction limited images, thanks to the high-order atmospheric turbulence correction obtained by controlling the shape of a thin mirror. Their development is a key milestone towards future extremely large telescopes (ELT) where this technology is mandatory for successful observations. Aims: The key point of actual adaptive secondaries technology is the thin glass mirror that acts as a deformable membrane, often aspheric. On 6 m - 8 m class telescopes, these are typically 1 m-class with a 2 mm thickness. The optical quality of this shell must be sufficiently good not to degrade the correction, meaning that high spatial frequency errors must be avoided. The innovative method presented here aims at generating aspherical shapes by elastic bending to reach high optical qualities. Methods: This method is called stress polishing and allows generating aspherical optics of a large amplitude with a simple spherical polishing with a full sized lap applied on a warped blank. The main advantage of this technique is the smooth optical quality obtained, free of high spatial frequency ripples as they are classically caused by subaperture toolmarks. After describing the manufacturing process we developed, our analytical calculations lead to a preliminary definition of the geometry of the blank, which allows a precise bending of the substrate. The finite element analysis (FEA) can be performed to refine this geometry by using an iterative method with a criterion based on the power spectral density of the displacement map of the optical surface. Results: Considering the specific case of the Very Large Telescope (VLT) deformable secondary mirror (DSM), extensive FEA were performed for the optimisation of the geometry. Results are showing that the warping will not introduce surface errors higher than 0.3 nm rms on the minimal spatial scale considered on the mirror. Simulations of the flattening operation of the shell also demonstrate that the actuators system is able to correct manufacturing surface errors coming from the warping of the blank with a residual error lower than 8 nm rms.

"The Hole in the Sky Causes Global Warming": A Case Study of Secondary School Students' Climate Change Alternative Conceptions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chang, Chew-Hung; Pascua, Liberty

2015-01-01

This study identified secondary school students' alternative conceptions (ACs) of climate change and their resistance to instruction. Using a case-based approach, a diagnostic test was administered to Secondary 3 male students in a pre-test and post-test. The ACs identified in the pre-test were on the causes of climate change, the natural…

Conjunction Assessment for Commercial Satellite Constellations Using Commercial Radar Data Sources

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nicolls, M.; Vittaldev, V.; Ceperley, D.; Creus-Costa, J.; Foster, C.; Griffith, N.; Lu, E.; Mason, J.; Park, I.; Rosner, C.; Stepan, L.

For companies with multiple orbital assets, managing the risk of collision with other low-Earth orbit (LEO) Resident Space Objects (RSOs) can amount to a significant operational burden. LeoLabs and Planet investigate the impact of a workflow that integrates commercial Space Situational Awareness (SSA) data into conjunction assessments for large satellite constellations. Radar measurements from LeoLabs are validated against truth orbits provided by the International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) and to measurements from Planet’s on-board GPS instrumentation. The radar data is then used as input for orbit fits in order to form the basis of a conjunction assessment. To confirm the reliability of the orbit determination (OD), the generated ephemerides are validated against ILRS and GPS-derived orbits. In addition, a covariance realism assessment is performed in order to check for self-consistency by comparing the propagated orbit and the associated covariance against later measurements. Several cases are investigated to assess the benefits of integrating radar-derived products with Conjunction Data Messages (CDMs) received on Planet spacecraft. Conjunction assessment is refined using onboard GPS measurements from Planet satellites along with tracking measurements of the secondary RSO by LeoLabs. This study demonstrates that commercial data provided by LeoLabs is reliable, accurate, and timely, and that ephemeris generated from LeoLabs data provides solutions and insights which are consistent with those provided in CDMs. For the cases analyzed, the addition of commercial SSA data from LeoLabs has a positive impact on operations due to the additional information on the state of the secondary RSO which can lead to increased confidence in any maneuver-related decisions. Measurements from LeoLabs can also be used to improve conjunction assessment for commercial satellites that do not have any operator OD.

Negotiating the Inclusion of Nanoscience Content and Technology in Science Curriculum: An Examination of Secondary Teachers' Thinking in a Professional Development Project

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wells, Jennifer Gayle

The Next Generation Science Standards represent a significant challenge for K--12 school reform in the United States in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) disciplines (NSTA, 2012). One important difference between the National Science Education Standards (NRC, 1996) and the Next Generation Science Standards (Achieve, 2013) is the more extensive inclusion of nanoscale science and technology. Teacher PD is a key vehicle for implementing this STEM education reform effort (NRC, 2012; Smith, 2001). The context of this dissertation study is Project Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Outreach (NANO), a secondary level professional development program for teachers that provides a summer workshop, academic year coaching and the opportunity for teacher participants to borrow a table-top Phenom scanning electron microscope and a research grade optical microscope for use in their classrooms. This designed-based descriptive case study examined the thinking of secondary teachers in the 2012 Project NANO cohort as they negotiated the inclusion of novel science concepts and technology into secondary science curriculum. Teachers in the Project NANO 2012 summer workshop developed a two-week, inquiry-based unit of instruction drawing upon one or more of nine big ideas in nanoscale science and technology as defined by Stevens, Sutherland, and Krajcik (2011). This research examined teacher participants' metastrategic thinking (Zohar, 2006) which they used to inform their pedagogical content knowledge (Shulman, 1987) by focusing on the content knowledge teachers chose to frame their lessons, their rationales for such choices as well as the teaching strategies that they chose to employ in their Project NANO unit of instruction. The study documents teachers various entry points on a learning progression as teachers negotiated the inclusion of nanoscale science and technology into the curriculum for the first time. Implications and recommendations for teacher professional development are offered.

Meconium pseudocyst secondary to ileum volvulus perforation without peritoneal calcification: a case report.

PubMed

Valladares, Esther; Rodríguez, David; Vela, Antonio; Cabré, Sergi; Lailla, Josep Maria

2010-08-31

A case of giant meconium pseudocyst secondary to ileum volvulus perforation is presented. Conventional radiographic features of meconium peritonitis with secondary meconium pseudocyst formation are well described. Our case is unusual in comparison to other cases reported in the literature and needs to be reported because the meconium pseudocyst presented without the typical ultrasound features (calcifications, polyhydramnios and ascites) and was initially identified as an abdominal mass. We describe the case of a 29-year-old Caucasian woman in her third trimester of pregnancy, in which an abdominal mass was detected in the fetus. The newborn was diagnosed in the early neonatal period with meconium pseudocyst secondary to ileum volvulus perforation. The prenatal appearance of a meconium pseudocyst can be complemented by other signs of bowel obstruction (if present) such as polyhydramnios and fetal bowel dilatation. This is an original case report of interest to all clinicians in the perinatology and fetal ultrasound field. We consider that the utility of this case is the recognition that a meconium pseudocyst might appear without the typical ultrasound features and should be considered as a differential diagnosis when an echogenic intra-abdominal cyst is seen.

TPACK Development in Science Teacher Preparation: A Case Study in Queensland, Australia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sickel, Jamie L.

This study sought to identify key experiences that impact the development of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) of preservice secondary sciences teachers at a medium-sized university in Queensland, Australia. TPACK is a conceptual framework of a body of knowledge that teachers draw upon to influence practice; it is a dynamic and emergent form of knowledge that informs the employment of technology for teaching specific subject matter. This study employed an embedded case study approach, including delivery of a TPACK survey instrument and analysis of participant interviews, to identify the context-specific experiences that promote the development of TPACK among twelve preservice secondary science teachers. The research addresses a specific need cited in the literature, identifying TPACK impact factors, and provides a novel way to visualize TPACK development through contextual experiences. A novel approach to visually representing context-specific experiences and their influence on teacher knowledge, self-efficacy, values and beliefs was employed. Three major findings are presented below: 1) the majority of preservice secondary science teachers were unable to define the constructs of learning and science; 2) a focus on motivation and interest paired with a disconnect between expressed and enacted pedagogical orientation lead to teacher-centered instruction augmented with superficial tactics aimed at generating interest; and 3) difficulty in integrating knowledge bases yielded lower TPACK self-efficacy, which has detrimental impacts on the instruction planned by pre-service teachers for their students. Findings are directly aligned with participants' prior experience, compared to the relevant literature, and utilized to identify implications for teacher preparation as well as recommendations for future research.

A repeating source of infrasound from the Wells, Nevada earthquake sequence

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Arrowsmith, Stephen J.; Whitaker, Rod; Randall, George

2009-01-01

The Wells, Nevada earthquake of February 21, 2008, generated a complex seismoacoustic wakefield. In addition to epicentral infrasound, the earthquake triggered a secondary source of infrasound, which was also initiated by subsequent aftershocks. By applying simple constraints on the propagation of seismic and infrasound waves, we show that the secondary source is an isolated peak that appears to efficiently generate infrasound through the interaction with seismic surface waves. By measuring peak-to-peak amplitudes of epicentral and secondary arrivals and correcting them for the effects of distance and winds, we find that epicentral arrivals lit with empirical relationships of Mutschlecner and Whitakermore » (2005) and Le Pichon et al. (2006), which form the basis for a proposed infrasound discriminant (Anderson et al., Pers. Comm.). In contrast, the secondary arrivals are much higher in amplitude, highlighting the importance of being able to separate epicentral and secondary arrivals for infrasonic event discrimination.« less

Hydrodynamics of concordant and discordant fixed bed open-channel confluences

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Birjukova Canelas, Olga; Lage Ferreira, Rui Miguel; Heleno Cardoso, António

2017-04-01

The detailed characterization of the flow field in river confluences constitutes a relevant step towards the understanding of the hydro-morpho-dynamics of these key zones of the fluvial system. With a few exceptions, existing works on this topic covered concordant bed scenarios, meaning that both confluent channels had the same elevation. This laboratory study aims to contribute to a detailed three-dimensional characterization of the flow field at a fixed bed confluence, as well as to shed light on how bed elevation discordance modifies the flow patterns of the converging flows. While the junction angle and the discharge ratio were kept fixed, two scenarios were studied on the basis of detailed water level and 3D ADV measurements at the denser mesh ever. The internal flow structure of the concordant bed scenario mostly complied with the classical conceptual models. A relevant difference concerns the size of the stagnation zone, much smaller close to the bed of the discordant bed confluence. A more significant difference is a horizontal flow structure, not previously identified in the literature, characterized by strong streamwise mean vorticity and strong secondary motion. It is observed for the discordant bed case, occurring along the inner wall of the main channel and downstream the junction corner. This structure is spatially well-correlated to a pronounced imbalance of cross-stream and vertical normal Reynolds stresses. This highlights the role of Reynolds stress anisotropy (RSA) that is generated in the shear layers than accompany the entrance of the tributary flow. Since this structure is not present in the concordant case, where RSA is also evident, it is argued that convective effects should also play a role in its formation, presumably due to deflection of the flow in the main channel by the tributary. The newly identified secondary motion should, thus, be a combination of Prandtĺs second kind and Prandtĺs first kind of secondary flow. The relative importance of each generating mechanism is still under investigation. Acknowledgements This research as partially supported by Portuguese and European funds, within programs COMPETE2020 and PORL-FEDER, through project PTDC/ECM-HID/6387/2014 granted by the National Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT).

Spasticity secondary to Leigh syndrome managed with selective dorsal rhizotomy: a case report.

PubMed

Mazarakis, N K; Vloeberghs, M H

2016-09-01

Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) is a surgical technique used to treat spasticity in children secondary to cerebral palsy (CP). We report, to the best of our knowledge for the first time, the case of a child who underwent SDR for the management of spasticity secondary to Leigh syndrome. SDR resulted in excellent functional outcome with significant improvement in spasticity. This result contributes to the mounting evidence that SDR could be used to alleviate spasticity secondary not only to CP but also to other pathologies as well.

Characteristics of secondary migration driving force of tight oil and its geologic effect: a case study of Jurassic in Central Sichuan Basin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pang, Zhenglian; Tao, Shizhen; Zhang, Bin; Wu, Songtao; Yang, Jiajing; Chen, Ruiyin

2017-04-01

As the rising of its production, tight oil is becoming more and more important. Much research has been done about it. Some articles mention that buoyancy is ineffective for tight oil secondary migration, and abnormal pressure is the alternative. Others believe that overpressure caused hydrocarbon generation is the very force. Though opinions have been given, there are two inadequacies. Firstly, the points are lack of sufficient evidences. Mostly, they are only one or two sentences in the papers. Secondly, geologic effect of the change of driving force hasn't been discussed. In this context, analog experiments, physical property testing, mercury injection, and oil/source comparison were utilized to study 3 issues: origin and value of tight oil secondary migration resistance, values and effectiveness of different potential driving forces, and geologic effect of tight oil secondary migration driving force. Firstly, resistance values of tight reservoir were detected by analog experiments. The value of tight limestone is 15.8MPa, while tight sandstone is 10.7MPa. Tiny size of pores and throats in tight reservoir is the main reason causing huge resistances. Over 90% of pores and throats in tight reservoir are smaller than 1μm. They form huge capillary force when oil migrating through them. Secondly, maximum of buoyancy in study area was confirmed, 0.09MPa, too small to overcome the resistances. Meanwhile, production data suggests that tight oil distribution pattern is not controlled by buoyancy. Conversely, analog experiment proves that overpressure caused by hydrocarbon generation can reach 38MPa, large enough to be the driving force. This idea is also supported by positive correlation between output and source rock formation pressure. Thirdly, is the geologic effect of tight oil secondary migration resistance and driving force. Tight oil can migrate only as non-darcy flow due to huge resistances according to percolation experiments. It needs to overcome the starting pressure gradient. As a result, it migrated a much shorter distance compared with conventional petroleum, coincident with the result of oil/source comparison. The effect of driving force is that boundary of tight oil profitable area is controlled by source rock. This boundary in the study area is the line of hydrocarbon generating strength of 40×104t/km2. By confirming controlling factors of tight oil formation and their evaluation index, it is of great significance during tight oil exploration.

Pseudomonas mendocina native valve infective endocarditis: a case report.

PubMed

Rapsinski, Glenn J; Makadia, Jina; Bhanot, Nitin; Min, Zaw

2016-10-04

Gram-negative microorganisms are uncommon pathogens responsible for infective endocarditis. Pseudomonas mendocina, a Gram-negative water-borne and soil-borne bacterium, was first reported to cause human infection in 1992. Since then, it has rarely been reported as a human pathogen in the literature. We describe the first case of native valve infective endocarditis due to P. mendocina in the USA. A 57-year-old white man presented with bilateral large leg ulcers, fever, and marked leukocytosis. His past medical history included gout and chronic alcohol use. P. mendocina was isolated from his blood cultures. A comprehensive review of P. mendocina infection in the literature was performed. A total of eight cases of P. mendocina infection were reported in the literature. More than two-thirds of the cases of P. mendocina septicemia were associated with native valve infective endocarditis. Thus, an echocardiogram was performed and demonstrated mitral valve endocarditis with mild mitral insufficiency. His leg wounds were debrided and were probably the source of P. mendocina bacteremia. Unlike Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. mendocina is susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins. Our patient received a 6-week course of antimicrobial therapy with a favorable clinical outcome. Our reported case and literature review illuminates a rare bacterial cause of infective endocarditis secondary to P. mendocina pathogen. Native cardiac valves were affected in all reported cases of infective endocarditis, and a majority of affected heart valves were left-sided. The antibiotics active against P. mendocina are different from those that are active against P. aeruginosa, and they notably include third-generation cephalosporins. The outcome of all reported cases of P. mendocina was favorable and no mortality was described.

Impact of secondary generated minerals on toxic element immobilization for air pollution control fly ash of a municipal solid waste incinerator.

PubMed

Kitamura, Hiroki; Dahlan, Astryd Viandila; Tian, Yu; Shimaoka, Takayuki; Yamamoto, Takashi; Takahashi, Fumitake

2018-05-12

Impacts of secondary generated minerals on mineralogical and physical immobilization of toxic elements were investigated for chelate-treated air pollution control (APC) fly ash of a municipal solid waste incinerator. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation showed that ettringite was generated after the moistening treatment with/without chelate. Although ettringite can incorporate toxic elements into its structure, elemental analysis by energy dispersive X-ray could not find concentrated points of toxic elements in ettringite structure. This implies that mineralogical immobilization of toxic element by the encapsulation to ettringite structure seems to be limited. Physical immobilization was also investigated by SEM observation of the same APC fly ash particles before and after the moistening treatment. The transfer of soluble elements was inhibited only when insoluble minerals such as gypsum were generated and covered the surface of fly ash particles. Neoformed insoluble minerals prevented soluble elements from leaching and transfer. However, such physical immobilization seems to be limited because insoluble mineral formation with surface coverage was monitored only one time of more than 20 observations. Although uncertainty owing to limited samples with limited observations should be considered, this study concludes that mineralogical and physical immobilization of toxic elements by secondary minerals is limited although secondary minerals are always generated on the surface of APC fly ash particles during chelate treatment.

Frequency control of wind turbine in power system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Huawei

2018-06-01

In order to improve the stability of the overall frequency of the power system, automatic power generation control and secondary frequency adjustment were applied. Automatic power generation control was introduced into power generation planning. A dual-fed wind generator power regulation model suitable for secondary frequency regulation was established. The results showed that this method satisfied the basic requirements of frequency regulation control of large-scale wind power access power systems and improved the stability and reliability of power system operation. Therefore, this system frequency control method and strategy is relatively simple. The effect is significant. The system frequency can quickly reach a steady state. It is worth applying and promoting.

mHealth: Don't Forget All the Stakeholders in the Business Case.

PubMed

Petersen, Carolyn; Adams, Samantha A; DeMuro, Paul R

2015-12-31

Mobile health (mHealth) facilitates linking patient-generated data with electronic health records with clinical decision support systems. mHealth can transform health care, but to realize this potential it is important to identify the relevant stakeholders and how they might be affected. Such stakeholders include primary stakeholders, such as patients, families and caregivers, clinicians, health care facilities, researchers, payors and purchasers, employer, and miscellaneous secondary stakeholders, such as vendors, suppliers, distributors, and consultants, policy makers and legislators. The breadth and depth of the mHealth market make it possible for mHealth to have a considerable effect on people's health. However, many concerns exist, including privacy, data security, funding, and the lack of case studies demonstrating efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Many American and European initiatives to address these concerns are afoot.

Quantifying the impact of community quarantine on SARS transmission in Ontario: estimation of secondary case count difference and number needed to quarantine.

PubMed

Bondy, Susan J; Russell, Margaret L; Laflèche, Julie Ml; Rea, Elizabeth

2009-12-24

Community quarantine is controversial, and the decision to use and prepare for it should be informed by specific quantitative evidence of benefit. Case-study reports on 2002-2004 SARS outbreaks have discussed the role of quarantine in the community in transmission. However, this literature has not yielded quantitative estimates of the reduction in secondary cases attributable to quarantine as would be seen in other areas of health policy and cost-effectiveness analysis. Using data from the 2003 Ontario, Canada, SARS outbreak, two novel expressions for the impact of quarantine are presented. Secondary Case Count Difference (SCCD) reflects reduction in the average number of transmissions arising from a SARS case in quarantine, relative to not in quarantine, at onset of symptoms. SCCD was estimated using Poisson and negative binomial regression models (with identity link function) comparing the number of secondary cases to each index case for quarantine relative to non-quarantined index cases. The inverse of this statistic is proposed as the number needed to quarantine (NNQ) to prevent one additional secondary transmission. Our estimated SCCD was 0.133 fewer secondary cases per quarantined versus non-quarantined index case; and a NNQ of 7.5 exposed individuals to be placed in community quarantine to prevent one additional case of transmission in the community. This analysis suggests quarantine can be an effective preventive measure, although these estimates lack statistical precision. Relative to other health policy areas, literature on quarantine tends to lack in quantitative expressions of effectiveness, or agreement on how best to report differences in outcomes attributable to control measure. We hope to further this discussion through presentation of means to calculate and express the impact of population control measures. The study of quarantine effectiveness presents several methodological and statistical challenges. Further research and discussion are needed to understand the costs and benefits of enacting quarantine, and this includes a discussion of how quantitative benefit should be communicated to decision-makers and the public, and evaluated.

Quantifying the impact of community quarantine on SARS transmission in Ontario: estimation of secondary case count difference and number needed to quarantine

PubMed Central

2009-01-01

Background Community quarantine is controversial, and the decision to use and prepare for it should be informed by specific quantitative evidence of benefit. Case-study reports on 2002-2004 SARS outbreaks have discussed the role of quarantine in the community in transmission. However, this literature has not yielded quantitative estimates of the reduction in secondary cases attributable to quarantine as would be seen in other areas of health policy and cost-effectiveness analysis. Methods Using data from the 2003 Ontario, Canada, SARS outbreak, two novel expressions for the impact of quarantine are presented. Secondary Case Count Difference (SCCD) reflects reduction in the average number of transmissions arising from a SARS case in quarantine, relative to not in quarantine, at onset of symptoms. SCCD was estimated using Poisson and negative binomial regression models (with identity link function) comparing the number of secondary cases to each index case for quarantine relative to non-quarantined index cases. The inverse of this statistic is proposed as the number needed to quarantine (NNQ) to prevent one additional secondary transmission. Results Our estimated SCCD was 0.133 fewer secondary cases per quarantined versus non-quarantined index case; and a NNQ of 7.5 exposed individuals to be placed in community quarantine to prevent one additional case of transmission in the community. This analysis suggests quarantine can be an effective preventive measure, although these estimates lack statistical precision. Conclusions Relative to other health policy areas, literature on quarantine tends to lack in quantitative expressions of effectiveness, or agreement on how best to report differences in outcomes attributable to control measure. We hope to further this discussion through presentation of means to calculate and express the impact of population control measures. The study of quarantine effectiveness presents several methodological and statistical challenges. Further research and discussion are needed to understand the costs and benefits of enacting quarantine, and this includes a discussion of how quantitative benefit should be communicated to decision-makers and the public, and evaluated. PMID:20034405

Appropriateness of cases presenting in the emergency department following ambulance service secondary telephone triage: a retrospective cohort study

PubMed Central

Eastwood, Kathryn; Smith, Karen; Morgans, Amee; Stoelwinder, Johannes

2017-01-01

Objective To investigate the appropriateness of cases presenting to the emergency department (ED) following ambulance-based secondary telephone triage. Design A pragmatic retrospective cohort analysis of all the planned and unplanned ED presentations within 48 hours of a secondary telephone triage. Setting The secondary telephone triage service, called the Referral Service, and the hospitals were located in metropolitan Melbourne, Australia and operated 24 hours a day, servicing 4.25 million people. The Referral Service provides an in-depth secondary triage of cases classified as low acuity when calling the Australian emergency telephone number. Population Cases triaged by the Referral Service between September 2009 and June 2012 were linked to ED and hospital admission records (N=44,523). Planned ED presentations were cases referred to the ED following the secondary triage, unplanned ED presentations were cases that presented despite being referred to alternative care pathways. Main outcome measures Appropriateness was measured using an ED suitability definition and hospital admission rates. These were compared with mean population data which consisted of all of the ED presentations for the state (termed the ‘average Victorian ED presentation’). Results Planned ED presentations were more likely to be ED suitable than unplanned ED presentations (OR 1.62; 95% CI 1.5 to 1.7; p<0.001) and the average Victorian ED presentation (OR 1.85; 95% CI 1.01 to 3.4; p=0.046). They were also more likely to be admitted to the hospital than the unplanned ED presentation (OR 1.5; 95% CI 1.4 to 1.6; p<0.001) and the average Victorian ED presentation (OR 2.3, 95% CI 2.24 to 2.33; p<0.001). Just under 15% of cases diverted away from the emergency care pathways presented in the ED (unplanned ED attendances), and 9.5% of all the alternative care pathway cases were classified as ED suitable and 6.5% were admitted to hospital. Conclusions Secondary telephone triage was able to appropriately identify many ED suitable cases, and while most cases referred to alternative care pathways did not present in the ED. Further research is required to establish that these were not inappropriately triaged away from the emergency care pathways. PMID:29038180

Measurements of water temperature in fountains as an indicator of potential secondary water pollution caused by Legionella bacteria

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bąk, Joanna

2018-02-01

At high air temperatures persisting for a long time, water temperature in the fountains may also increase significantly. This can cause a sudden and significant increase in Legionella bacteria, which results in secondary water contamination. This phenomenon with water - air aerosol generated by fountains can be very dangerous for people. During the test, water temperature measurements in fountains in Poland were made. These research tests was conducted in the spring and summer. The research was conducted in order to determine whether there is a possibility of growth of Legionella bacteria. One of the aims of the study was to determine what temperature range occurs in the fountains and how the temperature changes in the basin of the fountain and when the highest temperature occurs. Single temperature measurements were made and also the temperature distribution was measured during daylight hours. The water temperature in most cases was greater than 20°C, but in no case exceed 26°C. The paper presents also the review about the effect of water temperature on the presence and bacterial growth. The study confirmed the existence of the risk of increasing the number of bacteria of the genus Legionella in the water in the fountains.

A parabolic velocity-decomposition method for wind turbines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mittal, Anshul; Briley, W. Roger; Sreenivas, Kidambi; Taylor, Lafayette K.

2017-02-01

An economical parabolized Navier-Stokes approximation for steady incompressible flow is combined with a compatible wind turbine model to simulate wind turbine flows, both upstream of the turbine and in downstream wake regions. The inviscid parabolizing approximation is based on a Helmholtz decomposition of the secondary velocity vector and physical order-of-magnitude estimates, rather than an axial pressure gradient approximation. The wind turbine is modeled by distributed source-term forces incorporating time-averaged aerodynamic forces generated by a blade-element momentum turbine model. A solution algorithm is given whose dependent variables are streamwise velocity, streamwise vorticity, and pressure, with secondary velocity determined by two-dimensional scalar and vector potentials. In addition to laminar and turbulent boundary-layer test cases, solutions for a streamwise vortex-convection test problem are assessed by mesh refinement and comparison with Navier-Stokes solutions using the same grid. Computed results for a single turbine and a three-turbine array are presented using the NREL offshore 5-MW baseline wind turbine. These are also compared with an unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes solution computed with full rotor resolution. On balance, the agreement in turbine wake predictions for these test cases is very encouraging given the substantial differences in physical modeling fidelity and computer resources required.

Jet Evolution Visualized and Quantified Using Filtered Rayleigh Scattering

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reeder, Mark F.

1996-01-01

Filtered Rayleigh scattering was utilized as a flow diagnostic in an investigation of a method for enhancing mixing in supersonic jets. The primary objectives of the study were to visualize the effect of vortex generating tabs on supersonic jets, to exact quantitative data from these planar visualizations, and to detect the presence of secondary flows (i.e., streamwise vorticity) generated by the tabs. An injection seeded frequency-doubled Nd:YAG was the light source and a 14 bit Princeton Instruments iodine charge coupled display (ICCD) camera recorded the image through an iodine cell. The incident wave length of the laser was held constant for each flow case so that the filter absorbed unwanted background light, but permitted part of the thermally broadened Rayleigh scattering light to pas through. The visualizations were performed for axisymmetric jets (D=1.9 cm) operated at perfectly expanded conditions for Mach 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0. All data were recorded for the jet cross section at x/D=3. One hundred instantaneous images were recorded and averaged for each case, with a threshold set to eliminate unavoidable particulate scattering. A key factor in these experiments was that the stagnation air was heated such that the expansion of the flow in the nozzle resulted in the static temperature in the jet being equal to the ambient temperature, assuming isentropic flow. Since the thermodynamic conditions of the flow were approximately the same for each case, increases in the intensity recorded by the ICCD camera could be directly attributed to the Doppler shift, and hence velocity. Visualizations were performed for Mach 1.5 and Mach 2.0 jets with tabs inserted at the nozzle exit. The distortion of the jet was readily apparent and was consistent with Mie scattering-based visualizations. Asymmetry in the intensities of the images indicate the presence of secondary flow patterns which are consistent with the streamwise vortices measured using more traditional diagnostics in subsonic jets with the same tab configurations. Because each tab causes shocks to form, the assumption of isentropic flow is not valid for these cases. However, within a reasonable first-order estimation,the intensity across the illuminated plane for these cases can be related to a value combining density and velocity.

Horizontal steam generator thermal-hydraulics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ubra, O.; Doubek, M.

1995-09-01

Horizontal steam generators are typical components of nuclear power plants with pressure water reactor type VVER. Thermal-hydraulic behavior of horizontal steam generators is very different from the vertical U-tube steam generator, which has been extensively studied for several years. To contribute to the understanding of the horizontal steam generator thermal-hydraulics a computer program for 3-D steady state analysis of the PGV-1000 steam generator has been developed. By means of this computer program, a detailed thermal-hydraulic and thermodynamic study of the horizontal steam generator PGV-1000 has been carried out and a set of important steam generator characteristics has been obtained. Themore » 3-D distribution of the void fraction and 3-D level profile as functions of load and secondary side pressure have been investigated and secondary side volumes and masses as functions of load and pressure have been evaluated. Some of the interesting results of calculations are presented in the paper.« less

Whole exome sequencing identifies genetic variants in inherited thrombocytopenia with secondary qualitative function defects.

PubMed

Johnson, Ben; Lowe, Gillian C; Futterer, Jane; Lordkipanidzé, Marie; MacDonald, David; Simpson, Michael A; Sanchez-Guiú, Isabel; Drake, Sian; Bem, Danai; Leo, Vincenzo; Fletcher, Sarah J; Dawood, Ban; Rivera, José; Allsup, David; Biss, Tina; Bolton-Maggs, Paula Hb; Collins, Peter; Curry, Nicola; Grimley, Charlotte; James, Beki; Makris, Mike; Motwani, Jayashree; Pavord, Sue; Talks, Katherine; Thachil, Jecko; Wilde, Jonathan; Williams, Mike; Harrison, Paul; Gissen, Paul; Mundell, Stuart; Mumford, Andrew; Daly, Martina E; Watson, Steve P; Morgan, Neil V

2016-10-01

Inherited thrombocytopenias are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by abnormally low platelet counts which can be associated with abnormal bleeding. Next-generation sequencing has previously been employed in these disorders for the confirmation of suspected genetic abnormalities, and more recently in the discovery of novel disease-causing genes. However its full potential has not yet been exploited. Over the past 6 years we have sequenced the exomes from 55 patients, including 37 index cases and 18 additional family members, all of whom were recruited to the UK Genotyping and Phenotyping of Platelets study. All patients had inherited or sustained thrombocytopenia of unknown etiology with platelet counts varying from 11×10 9 /L to 186×10 9 /L. Of the 51 patients phenotypically tested, 37 (73%), had an additional secondary qualitative platelet defect. Using whole exome sequencing analysis we have identified "pathogenic" or "likely pathogenic" variants in 46% (17/37) of our index patients with thrombocytopenia. In addition, we report variants of uncertain significance in 12 index cases, including novel candidate genetic variants in previously unreported genes in four index cases. These results demonstrate that whole exome sequencing is an efficient method for elucidating potential pathogenic genetic variants in inherited thrombocytopenia. Whole exome sequencing also has the added benefit of discovering potentially pathogenic genetic variants for further study in novel genes not previously implicated in inherited thrombocytopenia. Copyright© Ferrata Storti Foundation.

Resection for secondary malignancy of the pancreas.

PubMed

Hung, Jui-Hsia; Wang, Shin-E; Shyr, Yi-Ming; Su, Cheng-Hsi; Chen, Tien-Hua; Wu, Chew-Wun

2012-01-01

This study tried to clarify the role of pancreatic resection in the treatment of secondary malignancy with metastasis or local invasion to the pancreas in terms of surgical risk and survival benefit. Data of secondary malignancy of the pancreas from our 19 patients and cases reported in the English literature were pooled together for analysis. There were 329 cases of resected secondary malignancy of the pancreas, including 241 cases of metastasis and 88 cases of local invasion. The most common primary tumor metastatic to the pancreas and amenable to resection was renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (73.9%). More than half (52.3%) of the primary cancers with local invasion to the pancreas were colon cancer, and nearly half (40.9%) were stomach cancer. The median metastatic interval was 84 months (7 years) for overall primary tumors and 108 months (9 years) for RCC. The 5-year survival for secondary malignancy of the pancreas after resection was 61.1% for metastasis and 58.9% for local invasion, with 72.8% for RCC metastasis, 69.0% for colon cancer, and 43.8% for stomach cancer with local invasion to the pancreas. Pancreatic resection should not be precluded for secondary malignancy of the pancreas because long-term survival could be achieved with acceptable surgical risk in selected patients.

[Surgical treatment of hemorrhage of esophageal varices secondary to thrombosis of the portal vein].

PubMed

Orozco-Zepeda, H; Takahashi, T; Angel Mercado, M; García-Tsao, G; Hernández-Ortiz, J

1990-01-01

The Sugiura Procedure (SP) was performed in 27 patients with hemorrhagic portal hypertension secondary to extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis without associated liver disease (EPVT). There were fourteen females and 13 males. Mean age was 28 +/- 14 years. The causes of EPVT were: protein C deficiency-2 cases, antithrombin III deficiency-1 case, omphalitis history-2 cases, pancreatitis history-1 case and idiopathic-21 cases. The SP was completed with two surgical stages in 14 patients and with one operation in nine. There was one operative death. One patient developed mild postoperative encephalopathy, and two patients re-bled at long-term. Actuarial survival was 82% at five and ten years. It is concluded that the SP is a good alternative for the management of hemorrhagic portal hypertension secondary to EPVT.

A Study of Strengthening Secondary Mathematics Teachers' Knowledge of Statistics and Probability via Professional Development

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

DeVaul, Lina

2017-01-01

A professional development program (PSPD) was implemented to improve in-service secondary mathematics teachers' content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, and self-efficacy in teaching secondary school statistics and probability. Participants generated a teaching resource website at the conclusion of the PSPD program. Participants' content…

Making Learning Interesting and Its Application to the Science Classroom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jack, Brady Michael; Lin, Huann-shyang

2017-01-01

Generations of students are graduating from secondary school disinterested in post-secondary study of science or pursuing careers in science-related fields beyond formal education. We propose that destabilising such disinterest among future students requires science educators to begin listening to secondary school students regarding their views of…

Proven in vitro evolution of protease cathepsin E-inhibitors and -activators at pH 4.5 using a paired peptide method.

PubMed

Kitamura, Koichiro; Komatsu, Masayuki; Biyani, Madhu; Futakami, Masae; Kawakubo, Tomoyo; Yamamoto, Kenji; Nishigaki, Koichi

2012-12-01

Improving a particular function of molecules is often more difficult than identifying such molecules ab initio. Here, a method to acquire higher affinity and/or more functional peptides was developed as a progressive library selection method. The primary library selection products were utilized to build a secondary library composed of blocks of 4 amino acids, of which selection led to peptides with increased activity. These peptides were further converted to randomly generate paired peptides. Cathepsin E-inhibitors thus obtained exhibited the highest activities and affinities (pM order). This was also the case with cathepsin E-activating peptides, proving the methodological effectiveness. The primary, secondary, and tertiary library selections can be regarded as module-finding, module-shuffling, and module-pairing, respectively, which resembles the progression of the natural evolution of proteins. The mode of peptide binding to their target proteins is discussed in analogy to antibodies and epitopes of an antigen. Copyright © 2012 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Bhutanese Students' Views of Nature of Science: a Case Study of Culturally Rich Country

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Das, Pabi Maya; Faikhamta, Chatree; Punsuvon, Vittaya

2017-07-01

This study is aimed at exploring ninth-grade Bhutanese students' views of nature of science (NOS). A total of 389 students from middle secondary and higher secondary schools from the eastern, western, southern and central regions of Bhutan took part in this study. To generate a representative population, a stratified random sampling technique was used. An adopted and adapted version of the Students Understanding of Science and Scientific Inquiry (SUSSI) comprised Likert-type items, and open-ended questions were used as a research tool. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, and the qualitative data were analysed and categorized into naïve, transitional and informed views. The results indicated that the majority of the Bhutanese students held naïve views on sociocultural embeddedness, scientific laws, scientific theories and science as a body of knowledge. The study has an implication for curriculum developers and teaching professionals, particularly in culturally rich countries, that explicit instruction of NOS should be reframed based on students' cultural backgrounds and their indigenous knowledge.

The cost-effectiveness of screening for gestational diabetes mellitus in primary and secondary care in the Republic of Ireland.

PubMed

Danyliv, Andriy; Gillespie, Paddy; O'Neill, Ciaran; Tierney, Marie; O'Dea, Angela; McGuire, Brian E; Glynn, Liam G; Dunne, Fidelma P

2016-03-01

The aim of the study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of screening for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in primary and secondary care settings, compared with a no-screening option, in the Republic of Ireland. The analysis was based on a decision-tree model of alternative screening strategies in primary and secondary care settings. It synthesised data generated from a randomised controlled trial (screening uptake) and from the literature. Costs included those relating to GDM screening and treatment, and the care of adverse outcomes. Effects were assessed in terms of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). The impact of the parameter uncertainty was assessed in a range of sensitivity analyses. Screening in either setting was found to be superior to no screening, i.e. it provided for QALY gains and cost savings. Screening in secondary care was found to be superior to screening in primary care, providing for modest QALY gains of 0.0006 and a saving of €21.43 per screened case. The conclusion held with high certainty across the range of ceiling ratios from zero to €100,000 per QALY and across a plausible range of input parameters. The results of this study demonstrate that implementation of universal screening is cost-effective. This is an argument in favour of introducing a properly designed and funded national programme of screening for GDM, although affordability remains to be assessed. In the current environment, screening for GDM in secondary care settings appears to be the better solution in consideration of cost-effectiveness.

On selection of primary modes for generation of strong internally resonant second harmonics in plate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Yang; Chillara, Vamshi Krishna; Lissenden, Cliff J.

2013-09-01

The selection of primary shear-horizontal (SH) and Rayleigh-Lamb (RL) ultrasonic wave modes that generate cumulative second harmonics in homogeneous isotropic plates is analyzed by theoretical modeling. Selection criteria include: internal resonance (synchronism and nonzero power flux), group velocity matching, and excitability/receivability. The power flux, group velocity matching, and excitability are tabulated for the SH and RL internal resonance points. The analysis indicates that SH waves can generate cumulative symmetric RL secondary wave fields. Laboratory experiments on aluminum plates demonstrate that excitation of the SH3 primary mode generates the s4 secondary RL mode and that the secondary wave field amplitude increases linearly with propagation distance. Simple magnetostrictive transducers were used to excite the primary SH wave and to receive the SH and RL wave signals. Reception of these wave modes having orthogonal polarizations was achieved by simply reorienting the electrical coil. The experiment was complicated by the presence of a nonplanar primary wavefront, however finite element simulations were able to clarify the experimental results.

Generation of human secondary cardiospheres as a potent cell processing strategy for cell-based cardiac repair.

PubMed

Cho, Hyun-Jai; Lee, Ho-Jae; Chung, Yeon-Ju; Kim, Ju-Young; Cho, Hyun-Ju; Yang, Han-Mo; Kwon, Yoo-Wook; Lee, Hae-Young; Oh, Byung-Hee; Park, Young-Bae; Kim, Hyo-Soo

2013-01-01

Cell therapy is a promising approach for repairing damaged heart. However, there are large rooms to be improved in therapeutic efficacy. We cultured a small quantity (5-10 mg) of heart biopsy tissues from 16 patients who received heart transplantation. We produced primary and secondary cardiospheres (CSs) using repeated three-dimensional culture strategy and characterized the cells. Approximately 5000 secondary CSs were acquired after 45 days. Genetic analysis confirmed that the progenitor cells in the secondary CSs originated from the innate heart, but not from extra-cardiac organs. The expressions of Oct4 and Nanog were significantly induced in secondary CSs compared with adherent cells derived from primary CSs. Those expressions in secondary CSs were higher in a cytokine-deprived medium than in a cytokine-supplemented one, suggesting that formation of the three-dimensional structure was important to enhance stemness whereas supplementation with various cytokines was not essential. Signal blocking experiments showed that the ERK and VEGF pathways are indispensable for sphere formation. To optimize cell processing, we compared four different methods of generating spheres. Method based on the hanging-drop or AggreWell™ was superior to that based on the poly-d-lysine-coated dish or Petri dish with respect to homogeneity of the product, cellular potency and overall simplicity of the process. When transplanted into the ischemic myocardium of immunocompromised mice, human secondary CSs differentiated into cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells. These results demonstrate that generation of secondary CSs from a small quantity of adult human cardiac tissue is a feasible and effective cell processing strategy to improve the therapeutic efficacy of cell therapy. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Radial secondary electron dose profiles and biological effects in light-ion beams based on analytical and Monte Carlo calculations using distorted wave cross sections.

PubMed

Wiklund, Kristin; Olivera, Gustavo H; Brahme, Anders; Lind, Bengt K

2008-07-01

To speed up dose calculation, an analytical pencil-beam method has been developed to calculate the mean radial dose distributions due to secondary electrons that are set in motion by light ions in water. For comparison, radial dose profiles calculated using a Monte Carlo technique have also been determined. An accurate comparison of the resulting radial dose profiles of the Bragg peak for (1)H(+), (4)He(2+) and (6)Li(3+) ions has been performed. The double differential cross sections for secondary electron production were calculated using the continuous distorted wave-eikonal initial state method (CDW-EIS). For the secondary electrons that are generated, the radial dose distribution for the analytical case is based on the generalized Gaussian pencil-beam method and the central axis depth-dose distributions are calculated using the Monte Carlo code PENELOPE. In the Monte Carlo case, the PENELOPE code was used to calculate the whole radial dose profile based on CDW data. The present pencil-beam and Monte Carlo calculations agree well at all radii. A radial dose profile that is shallower at small radii and steeper at large radii than the conventional 1/r(2) is clearly seen with both the Monte Carlo and pencil-beam methods. As expected, since the projectile velocities are the same, the dose profiles of Bragg-peak ions of 0.5 MeV (1)H(+), 2 MeV (4)He(2+) and 3 MeV (6)Li(3+) are almost the same, with about 30% more delta electrons in the sub keV range from (4)He(2+)and (6)Li(3+) compared to (1)H(+). A similar behavior is also seen for 1 MeV (1)H(+), 4 MeV (4)He(2+) and 6 MeV (6)Li(3+), all classically expected to have the same secondary electron cross sections. The results are promising and indicate a fast and accurate way of calculating the mean radial dose profile.

Plant model of KIPT neutron source facility simulator

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cao, Yan; Wei, Thomas Y.; Grelle, Austin L.

2016-02-01

Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) of the United States and Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology (KIPT) of Ukraine are collaborating on constructing a neutron source facility at KIPT, Kharkov, Ukraine. The facility has 100-kW electron beam driving a subcritical assembly (SCA). The electron beam interacts with a natural uranium target or a tungsten target to generate neutrons, and deposits its power in the target zone. The total fission power generated in SCA is about 300 kW. Two primary cooling loops are designed to remove 100-kW and 300-kW from the target zone and the SCA, respectively. A secondary cooling system ismore » coupled with the primary cooling system to dispose of the generated heat outside the facility buildings to the atmosphere. In addition, the electron accelerator has a low efficiency for generating the electron beam, which uses another secondary cooling loop to remove the generated heat from the accelerator primary cooling loop. One of the main functions the KIPT neutron source facility is to train young nuclear specialists; therefore, ANL has developed the KIPT Neutron Source Facility Simulator for this function. In this simulator, a Plant Control System and a Plant Protection System were developed to perform proper control and to provide automatic protection against unsafe and improper operation of the facility during the steady-state and the transient states using a facility plant model. This report focuses on describing the physics of the plant model and provides several test cases to demonstrate its capabilities. The plant facility model uses the PYTHON script language. It is consistent with the computer language of the plant control system. It is easy to integrate with the simulator without an additional interface, and it is able to simulate the transients of the cooling systems with system control variables changing on real-time.« less

[Molecular diagnostics of ALK-positive lung cancer].

PubMed

Tímár, József; Lotz, Gábor; Rásó, Erzsébet; Moldvay, Judit

2017-09-20

ALK translocation is the 3rd most frequent genetic aberration in lung adenocarcinoma, and several inhibitors are now clinically available in first and second line settings. Accordingly, molecular diagnostics of ALK-positive lung cancer is very important and can be done with the rational combination of several methods. All international recommendations suggest that, except for cytological samples, screening technology for ALK-positive tumors is immunohistochemistry using a validated test. It is highly recommended that in case of ALK protein positive samples gene translocation must be confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). In case of cytological samples FISH technique must be used as ALK diagnostics. In equivocal cases the genetic alteration of ALK can be confirmed by alternative molecular techniques such as next generation sequencing or RNAbased PCR methods. Upon administration of ALK inhibitors, acquired resistance is frequent which is mostly due to ALK amplification and/or mutation. It is evident that the diagnostics of these secondary ALK gene alterations must be done from recurrent tumors or circulating nucleic acids.

The Schreber case revisited: schizophrenia as a disorder of self-regulation and of interactional regulation.

PubMed Central

Grotstein, J. S.

1985-01-01

The Schreber case has been used by generations of psychoanalysts and psychiatrists to exemplify many features of the psychoanalytic conception of psychosis. It has generally been considered the origin of a great debate in psychoanalysis as to whether schizophrenia is a disorder of nature or of nurture. I seek in this contribution to proffer a newer theory of psychopathology, one which is based upon the conception of primary and secondary disorders of attachment (bonding) and which presents itself clinically as disorders of self-regulation and of interactional regulation. I attempt to explicate this theory in the Schreber case by demonstrating that his symptoms revealed: (a) failures of normal mental state regulations, (b) the emergence of symptoms which then secondarily and pathologically restore regulation in a pathological manner, and finally (c) his/her very symptoms seem to regulate a state in the family system and/or in the system of the culture at large. PMID:4049912

Secondary Vortex Structures in Vortex Generator Induced Flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Velte, Clara; Okulov, Valery; Hansen, Martin

2010-11-01

Passive rectangular vane actuators can induce a longitudinal vortex that redistributes the momentum in the boundary layer to control the flow. Recent experiments [1] as well as previous studies [2] have shown that a secondary vortex of opposite sign is generated along with the primary one, supposedly from local separation of the boundary layer due to the primary vortex. 2D flow visualizations of a vortex in the vicinity of a boundary support this hypothesis [3]. These secondary vortices are studied for various configurations -- single generator, counter- and co-rotating cascades. The objective is to study their removal through cancelation in cascades using Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry and flow visualization.[4pt] [1] Velte, Hansen and Okulov, J. Fluid Mech. 619, 2009.[0pt] [2] Zhang, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 21 2000.[0pt] [3] Harris, Miller and Williamson, APS abstract 2009.

Torrefaction reduction of coke formation on catalysts used in esterification and cracking of biofuels from pyrolysed lignocellulosic feedstocks

DOEpatents

Kastner, James R; Mani, Sudhagar; Hilten, Roger; Das, Keshav C

2015-11-04

A bio-oil production process involving torrefaction pretreatment, catalytic esterification, pyrolysis, and secondary catalytic processing significantly reduces yields of reactor char, catalyst coke, and catalyst tar relative to the best-case conditions using non-torrefied feedstock. The reduction in coke as a result of torrefaction was 28.5% relative to the respective control for slow pyrolysis bio-oil upgrading. In fast pyrolysis bio-oil processing, the greatest reduction in coke was 34.9%. Torrefaction at 275.degree. C. reduced levels of acid products including acetic acid and formic acid in the bio-oil, which reduced catalyst coking and increased catalyst effectiveness and aromatic hydrocarbon yields in the upgraded oils. The process of bio-oil generation further comprises a catalytic esterification of acids and aldehydes to generate such as ethyl levulinate from lignified biomass feedstock.

Organocatalytic Transfer Hydrogenation and Hydrosilylation Reactions.

PubMed

Herrera, Raquel P

2016-06-01

The reduction of different carbon-carbon or carbon-heteroatom double bonds is a powerful tool that generates in many cases new stereogenic centers. In the last decade, the organocatalytic version of these transformations has attracted more attention, and remarkable progress has been made in this way. Organocatalysts such as chiral Brønsted acids, thioureas, chiral secondary amines or Lewis bases have been successfully used for this purpose. In this context, this chapter will cover pioneering and seminal examples using Hantzsch dihydropyridines 1 and trichlorosilane 2 as reducing agents. More recent examples will be also cited in order to cover as much as possible the complete research in this field.

Scanning ion imaging - a potent tool in SIMS U -Pb zircon geochronology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Whitehouse, M. J.; Fedo, C.; Kusiak, M.; Nemchin, A.

2012-12-01

The application of high spatial resolution (< 15-20 μm lateral) U-Pb data obtained by sec-ondary ion mass spectrometers (SIMS) coupled with textural information from scanning electron microscope (SEM) based cathodoluminescence (CL) and/or back-scattered elec-tron (BSE) characterisation, has revolutionised geochronology over the past 25 years, re-vealing complexities of crustal evolution from zoned zircons. In addition to ge-ochronology, such studies now commonly form the basis of broader investigations using O- and Hf- isotopes and trace elements obtained from the same growth zone as age, circumventing ambiguities commonly present in bulk-rock isotope studies. The choice of analytical beam diameter is often made to maximise the precision of data obtained from a given area of analysis within an identifiable growth zone. In cases where zircons yield poorly constrained internal structures in SEM, high spatial resolution spot analyses may yield uninterpretable and/or meaningless mixed ages by inadvertent sampling across regions with real age differences. Scanning ion imaging (SII) has the potential to generate accurate and precise geochrono-logical data with a spatial resolution down to ca. 2 μm, much higher than that of a normal spot analysis. SII acquisition utilises a rastered primary beam to image an area of the sample with a spatial resolution dependent on the selected primary beam diameter. On the Cameca ims1270/80 instruments, the primary beam scanning is coupled with the dynamic transfer optical system (DTOS) which deflects the secondary ions back on to the ion optical axis of the instrument regardless of where in the raster illuminated area the ions originated. This feature allows retention of a high field magnification (= high transmission) mode and the ability to operate the mass spectrometer at high mass resolution without any compromise in the quality of the peak shape. Secondary ions may be detected either in a sequential (peak hopping) mono-collection mode or simultaneous multicollection mode using low-noise pulse counting electron multipliers. Regardless of the detection mode, data are acquired over sufficient cycles to generate usable counting statistics from selected sub-areas of the image. In two case studies from southern west Greenland and Antarctica, Pb-isotope maps gen-erated using SII reveal considerable complexities of internal structure, age and isotope systematics that were not predictable from CL imaging of the grains (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Scanning ion images of the 207Pb/206Pb ratio in zircons from (a) W. Greenland and (b) Antarctica (inset shows rastered area of grain corresponding to the image).

Making Meaning with Multimedia in Secondary English Language Arts: A Multiple Case Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mahoney, Kerrigan Rose

2016-01-01

The purpose of this multiple case study was to learn about how secondary English language arts (ELA) teachers help students to make meaning with multimedia. The study focused on how and why teachers plan and implement meaning-making learning experiences. The cases represent the experiences and perspectives of five ELA teachers who use digital and…

A Phenomenological Case Study of the Elementary to Secondary Transition for One Female Student Diagnosed with Selective Mutism

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nashman-Smith, Mona

2017-01-01

Selective mutism (SM) is considered a communication and anxiety disorder that afflicts about 1% of students. The rarity of SM and the isolated cases of this condition has rendered the elementary to secondary school experience for a student with SM difficult to study. Utilizing a qualitative approach, this phenomenological case study examined the…

The Use of CASE to Bridge the Transition between Primary and Secondary School Science in Ireland

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McCormack, Lorraine

2016-01-01

This article describes how the Cognitive Acceleration through Science Education (CASE) programme was implemented in the final year of primary school and the first year of secondary school in a number of schools in Ireland. The original CASE programme, pioneered in the 1980s, proved successful in its aim to develop the science-reasoning abilities…

The incubation period distribution of tuberculosis estimated with a molecular epidemiological approach.

PubMed

Borgdorff, Martien W; Sebek, Maruschka; Geskus, Ronald B; Kremer, Kristin; Kalisvaart, Nico; van Soolingen, Dick

2011-08-01

There is limited information on the distribution of incubation periods of tuberculosis (TB). In The Netherlands, patients whose Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates have identical DNA fingerprints in the period 1993-2007 were interviewed to identify epidemiological links between cases. We determined the incubation period distribution in secondary cases. Survival analysis techniques were used to include secondary cases not yet symptomatic at diagnosis with weighting to adjust for lower capture probabilities of couples with longer time intervals between their diagnoses. In order to deal with missing data, we used multiple imputations. We identified 1095 epidemiologically linked secondary cases, attributed to 688 source cases with pulmonary TB. Of those developing disease within 15 years, the Kaplan-Meier probability to fall ill within 1 year was 45%, within 2 years 62% and within 5 years 83%. The incubation time was shorter in secondary cases who were men, young, those with extra-pulmonary TB and those not reporting previous TB or previous preventive therapy. Molecular epidemiological analysis has allowed a more precise description of the incubation period of TB than was possible in previous studies, including the identification of risk factors for shorter incubation periods.

Generating multiple independent retention index data in dual-secondary column comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography.

PubMed

Bieri, Stefan; Marriott, Philip J

2006-12-01

A method producing simultaneously three retention indexes for compounds has been developed for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography by using a dual secondary column approach (GC x 2GC). For this purpose, the primary flow of the first dimension column was equally diverted into two secondary microbore columns of identical geometry by means of a three-way flow splitter positioned after the longitudinally modulated cryogenic system. This configuration produced a pair of comprehensive two-dimensional chromatograms and generated retention data on three different stationary phases in a single run. First dimension retention indexes were determined on a polar SolGel-Wax column under linear programmed-temperature conditions according to the van den Dool approach using primary alcohol homologues as the reference scale. Calculation of pseudoisothermal retention indexes in both second dimensions was performed on low-polarity 5% phenyl equivalent polysilphenylene/siloxane (BPX5) and 14% cyanopropylphenyl/86% dimethylpolysiloxane (BP10) columns. To construct a retention correlation map in the second dimension separation space upon which KovAts indexes can be derived, two methods exploiting "isovolatility" relationships of alkanes were developed. The first involved 15 sequential headspace samplings of selected n-alkanes by solid-phase microextraction (SPME), with each sampling followed by their injection into the GC at predetermined times during the chromatographic run. The second method extended the second dimension retention map and consisted of repetitive introduction of SPME-sampled alkane mixtures at various isothermal conditions incremented over the temperature program range. Calculated second dimension retention indexes were compared with experimental values obtained in conventional one-dimensional GC. A case study mixture including 24 suspected allergens (i.e., fragrance ingredients) was used to demonstrate the feasibility and potential of retention index information in comprehensive 2D-GC.

Secondary signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma of urinary bladder from a gastric primary.

PubMed

Sharma, Pramod K; Vijay, Mukesh K; Das, Ranjit K; Chatterjee, Uttara

2011-05-01

Primary bladder tumor is a frequent urological malignancy, whereas the incidence of secondary bladder tumor from a distant organ is quite rare. Secondary bladder neoplasms represent 1% of all malignant bladder tumors, of which distant metastases from stomach account for about 4% of cases. We present the case of a 30-year-old male who underwent partial gastrectomy for Signet-ring cell carcinoma of the stomach and presented 2 years later with hematuria. On computerized tomography scan, a bladder tumor was found which was resected cystoscopically. The histopathological examination revealed secondary Signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder.

Estimation of construction and demolition waste using waste generation rates in Chennai, India.

PubMed

Ram, V G; Kalidindi, Satyanarayana N

2017-06-01

A large amount of construction and demolition waste is being generated owing to rapid urbanisation in Indian cities. A reliable estimate of construction and demolition waste generation is essential to create awareness about this stream of solid waste among the government bodies in India. However, the required data to estimate construction and demolition waste generation in India are unavailable or not explicitly documented. This study proposed an approach to estimate construction and demolition waste generation using waste generation rates and demonstrated it by estimating construction and demolition waste generation in Chennai city. The demolition waste generation rates of primary materials were determined through regression analysis using waste generation data from 45 case studies. Materials, such as wood, electrical wires, doors, windows and reinforcement steel, were found to be salvaged and sold on the secondary market. Concrete and masonry debris were dumped in either landfills or unauthorised places. The total quantity of construction and demolition debris generated in Chennai city in 2013 was estimated to be 1.14 million tonnes. The proportion of masonry debris was found to be 76% of the total quantity of demolition debris. Construction and demolition debris forms about 36% of the total solid waste generated in Chennai city. A gross underestimation of construction and demolition waste generation in some earlier studies in India has also been shown. The methodology proposed could be utilised by government bodies, policymakers and researchers to generate reliable estimates of construction and demolition waste in other developing countries facing similar challenges of limited data availability.

The Enviornmental Impact of Electrical Power Generation: Nuclear and Fossil. A Minicourse for Secondary Schools and Adult Education. Text.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McDermott, John J., Ed.

This course, developed for use in secondary and adult education, is an effort to describe the cost-benefit ratio of the various methods of generation of electrical power in an era when the requirement for additional sources of power is growing at an ever-increasing rate and environmental protection is a major concern. This course was written and…

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xian, Y. B.; Xu, H. T.; Lu, X. P., E-mail: luxinpei@hotmail.com

In this work, for better applications of atmospheric pressure plasma jets, the physics of plasma streamers in a glass tube with a part of it covered by a conductor is investigated. To better understand the propagation mechanism of plasma bullets in capillary tubes passing through a curved or narrow passage for some biomedical or material applications, the propagation of plasma streamers in a tube covered by a floating conductor is investigated. For a plasma streamer propagating in a tube covered by a conductor, the plasma streamer is suppressed and becomes shorter, and a secondary streamer is generated in the tubemore » at the downstream end of the conductor. The larger the area covered by the conductor, or the thinner the tube, the stronger the plasma streamer is inhibited. The electric potential of the conductor is measured to be as high as 6 kV. On the other hand, a higher voltage applied on the HV electrode, or a higher gas flow rate will make the secondary plasma streamer longer. It is found that the capacitor formed by the conductor outside the tube and the wall of the tube plays an important role in inhibiting the original plasma streamer and generating the secondary streamer. Moreover, the active species generated by the original plasma play important role in generating a secondary plasma streamer.« less

Connecting Advanced and Secondary Mathematics

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Murray, Eileen; Baldinger, Erin; Wasserman, Nicholas; Broderick, Shawn; White, Diana

2017-01-01

There is an ongoing debate among scholars in understanding what mathematical knowledge secondary teachers should have in order to provide effective instruction. We explore connections between advanced and secondary mathematics as an entry point into this debate. In many cases, advanced mathematics is considered relevant for secondary teachers…

Ground motions can help to understand the style of the supershear transition of dynamic ruptures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bizzarri, A.; Liu, C.

2016-12-01

Supershear earthquakes (which have the propagation speed greater than the S wave speed) are known to leave special signatures in the signals on the fault (fault slip velocity, dynamic traction evolution, energy flux, etc.) and in the generated ground motions. Moreover, two different styles of supershear transition have been identified, that are related to the degree of instability of the fault. In the direct transition (DT) mechanism the rupture at which the rupture front advances (rupture speed) continuously increases from the sub-Rayleigh speed to the terminal speed of P waves, without any jump. On the other hand, in the mother-daughter (MD) mechanism a forbidden zone of rupture speed really exists and a secondary pseudo-rupture is generated ahead of the primary rupture front. Here we found that the also off-fault signals (seismic wavefields) generated by these two mechanisms are rather different. In particular, we show that in that the MD case an enhanced trailing Rayleigh field emerges, which on the contrary has very low amplitudes (or it is even practically absent) in the DT case. Therefore, we show that it is possible to distinguish the style of the supershear transition of an earthquake event by looking at the resulting ground motions. In particular, basing on the results of our numerical simulations, we can conclude that the Denali, Alaska, earthquake was basically controlled by a classical MD mechanism.

Clinical diagnosis of syphilis: a ten-year retrospective analysis in a South Australian urban sexual health clinic.

PubMed

Forrest, C E; Ward, A

2016-12-01

National notifications for infectious syphilis in Australia have increased in recent years. Outside of sexual health clinics, junior clinicians seldom encounter this disease in its infectious stage (primary, secondary and early latent). With such a variable clinical presentation, textbook teaching is no substitute for real-life experience. The importance of accurate classification and staging of disease is relevant to the risk of transmission and determines treatment duration. In this article, the authors review the clinical presentation of syphilis over ten years in an urban sexual health clinic with a focus on the clinical presentation and diagnosis of infectious syphilis, in particular secondary syphilis, compared with that outlined in the Australian National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System guidelines. This retrospective review of all patients diagnosed with syphilis at an urban sexual health clinic showed that between 2005 and 2015, 226 cases of syphilis were diagnosed. Documentation of impression of clinical staging of disease was present in 46% of the cases. Seventeen of these cases were recorded as secondary syphilis. The criteria used by clinicians to diagnose the secondary syphilis cases were consistent with criteria defined by the Australian National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. All cases of secondary syphilis had at least one cutaneous manifestation of disease. The demographic of the cohort of syphilis cases was consistent with that recorded in the literature. This review showed that the clinician's diagnosis of secondary syphilis in this service is consistent with the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System guidelines. Continuing education of junior medical staff is important to facilitate diagnosis and improve documentation of clinical staging, minimise disease transmission and ensure appropriate treatment. © The Author(s) 2016.

Near-field radiated wave field may help to understand the style of the supershear transition of dynamic ruptures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bizzarri, Andrea; Liu, Chao

2016-12-01

Supershear earthquakes are known to leave special signatures in the signals on the fault (fault slip velocity, dynamic traction evolution, energy flux, etc.) and in the ground motions. Moreover, two different styles of supershear transition have been identified; in the direct transition (DT) mechanism the rupture speed continuously increases from the sub-Rayleigh to the terminal speed of P waves, while in the mother-daughter (MD) mechanism a forbidden zone of rupture speed exists and a secondary pseudo-rupture is generated ahead of the primary rupture front. Here we found that the off-fault signals (wavefields) generated by these two mechanisms are rather different, in that the MD case contains an enhanced trailing Rayleigh field, which has very low amplitudes (or it is even practically absent) in the DT case, and possess higher frequency content. Therefore, we show that it is possible to distinguish the style of the supershear transition from the records of real earthquakes. In particular, basing on the results of our numerical simulations, we can conclude that the Denali, Alaska, earthquake was basically controlled by a classical MD mechanism.

[Secondary Arterial Hypertension: Uncertainties in Diagnosis].

PubMed

Dinis, Paulo Gomes; Cachulo, Maria Carmo; Fernandes, Andreia; Paiva, Luis; Gonçalves, Lino

2017-06-30

Arterial hypertension is regarded today as a global public health problem, and the prevalence rate in Portugal is 26.9%. According to the etiology, is classified into primary or secondary arterial hypertension. In about 90% of cases it is not possible to establish a cause, so is called primary arterial hypertension. In the remaining 5 to 10%, it can be identified secondary causes, which are potentially treatable. For secondary arterial hypertension study to be cost-effective, it is essential to understand which patients investigate, and evaluate the best strategy to adopt. The main causes identified as responsible for secondary arterial hypertension are: kidney disease; endocrine and vascular diseases and obstructive sleep apnea. Among these some are consensual, and others more controversial in the literature. In this regard we present two cases of arterial hypertension, which are potentially secondary in etiology, but still focus of debate.

Estuarine Channel Evolution in Response to Closure of Secondary Basins: An Observational and Morphodynamic Modeling Study of the Western Scheldt Estuary

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nnafie, A.; Van Oyen, T.; De Maerschalck, B.; van der Vegt, M.; Wegen, M. van der

2018-01-01

The fringes of estuaries are often characterized by the presence of side embayments (secondary basins), with dimensions in the order of hundreds of meters to tens of kilometers. The presence of secondary basins significantly alters the hydrodynamic and sediment characteristics in the main estuary, implying that loss of secondary basin area due to human interventions might affect the estuarine morphodynamics. Analysis of historical bathymetric data of the Western Scheldt Estuary (Netherlands) suggests that closure of its secondary basins has triggered the observed lateral displacement of the nearby channels. This analysis motivated investigation of the impact of secondary basins on decadal evolution of estuarine channels, using the numerical model Delft3D. Model results show that channels that form near a secondary basin are located farther away from the bank of the estuary with respect to their positions in the case without a basin. Overall, results in cases with two or three basins are similar to those in case with one single basin. The wider the basin, the farther away the nearby channel forms. Removing a secondary basin causes a lateral displacement of the nearby channel toward the bank, indicating that the observed lateral displacement of channels in the Western Scheldt is triggered by closure of its secondary basins. The physical explanation is that tidal currents in the main estuary are weaker and more rotary near secondary basins, favoring sediment deposition and shoal development at these locations. Model results are particularly relevant for estuaries with moderate to high friction and converging width.

IBEX-lo Sky Maps of Secondary Interstellar Neutrals Helium and Oxygen

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kucharek, H.; Isenberg, P. A.; Jeewoo, P.; Kubiak, M. A.; Bzowski, M.

2017-12-01

There are several populations of heliospheric energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) generated at the various heliospheric interfaces, the inner heliosheath, outer heliosheath (OHS), and the termination shock (TS). Depending on where and how these ENAs are generated, they belong to different energy regimes. While interstellar neutral (ISN) particles flow through the heliospheric boundary is mostly unimpeded, a substantial fraction of ISN H and O is filtered through charge exchange with ambient plasma ions before reaching the TS. Secondary ISN atoms are generated by the charge exchange reaction between primary ISN atoms and interstellar ions in the outer heliosheath, forming walls of H and O in front of the heliopause (HP). The flowing interstellar plasma encounters the heliopause as an obstacle, which deflects the flow. Thus, secondary neutrals measured at 1 AU carry information about the deflected interstellar plasma and the shape of the heliopause that causes the deflection. Due to very different magnitudes of charge exchange cross sections, the main source of the secondary He is charge exchange with the OHS He+, while that of the secondary O is the charge exchange between interstellar O+ and the OHS H. Therefore, the oxygen results are drastically different from those of helium. Interstellar O+ ions behave in principle like the He+ particles with an over-density due to the plasma deceleration. The high density decelerated oxygen ions just upwind of the heliopause encounter an over-density in neutral hydrogen, the hydrogen wall, allowing frequent charge exchange that produce slow neutral oxygen atoms forming the oxygen wall. Thus, the distribution in the sky maps of secondary He and O carries information on the shape as well as the structures in front of it. To investigate the secondary component of the interstellar neutral in detail we have distinguish between the two secondary component's. We engaged theory and simulations for the primary and secondary components to determine differences of between measurements and model predicted data.

Comparison of medical costs generated by IBS patients in primary and secondary care in the Netherlands.

PubMed

Flik, Carla E; Laan, Wijnand; Smout, André J P M; Weusten, Bas L A M; de Wit, Niek J

2015-11-26

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a functional somatic syndrome characterized by patterns of persistent bodily complaints for which a thorough diagnostic workup does not reveal adequate explanatory structural pathology. Detailed insight into disease-specific health-care costs is critical because it co-determines the societal impact of the disease, enables the assessment of cost-effectiveness of existing and new treatments, and facilitates choices in treatment policy. In the present study the aim was, to compare the costs and magnitude of healthcare consumption for patients diagnosed with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) in primary and secondary care, compare these costs with the average health care expenditure for patients without IBS and describe these costs in further detail. Reimbursement data for patients diagnosed with IBS by a general practitioner (GP) or specialist between 2006 and 2009 were extracted from a healthcare insurance company and compared to an age and gender matched control group of patients without IBS. Using a case-control design, direct medical costs for GP consultations, specialist care and medication prescriptions were calculated. Data of 326 primary care and 9274 secondary care IBS patients were included in the analysis. For primary care patients, the mean total annual health care costs for the three years after diagnosis compared to the three years before diagnosis, increased with 486 Euro after IBS was diagnosed, whereas for secondary care patients, these costs increased with 2328 Euro. Total health care costs remained higher in the three years after the initial diagnosis when the patient is treated in secondary care, compared to primary care. This increase was significant for hospital specialist costs and medications, but not for GP contacts. For controls, there was no significant difference in mean total annual health costs in the three years before and the three years after the diagnosis and also no significant difference in cost increases between both primary- and secondary-care control patients. Total healthcare costs per patient substantially increase after a diagnosis of IBS and IBS related costs are significantly higher when patients are treated in secondary-care compared to primary-care. IBS patients should be treated in primary-care where possible, not only because guidelines recommend this from a quality of care viewpoint, but also to optimize use of health care resources. Referral should be restricted to those patients with alarm symptoms, with ill-matching symptoms, or other cases of diagnostic uncertainty.

Ruptured profunda femoris aneurysm secondary to neurofibromatosis: vascular involvement in an unusual location.

PubMed

Emrecan, Bilgin; Onem, Gokhan; Susam, Ibrahim

2010-01-01

Neurofibromatosis is an autosomal dominant genetic disease characterized by abnormal growth that involves tissues of mesodermal and neuroectodermal origin. Aneurysms are rarely seen in peripheral arteries. This report presents a case of ruptured arterial aneurysm secondary to neurofibromatosis; the lesion occurred in the profunda femoris artery, a highly unusual location. Treatment of patients with ruptured arterial aneurysm secondary to neurofibromatosis may be interventional or surgical. In this case, a surgical approach was successful.

Assessing the robustness of passive scattering proton therapy with regard to local recurrence in stage III non-small cell lung cancer: a secondary analysis of a phase II trial.

PubMed

Zhu, Zhengfei; Liu, Wei; Gillin, Michael; Gomez, Daniel R; Komaki, Ritsuko; Cox, James D; Mohan, Radhe; Chang, Joe Y

2014-05-06

We assessed the robustness of passive scattering proton therapy (PSPT) plans for patients in a phase II trial of PSPT for stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by using the worst-case scenario method, and compared the worst-case dose distributions with the appearance of locally recurrent lesions. Worst-case dose distributions were generated for each of 9 patients who experienced recurrence after concurrent chemotherapy and PSPT to 74 Gy(RBE) for stage III NSCLC by simulating and incorporating uncertainties associated with set-up, respiration-induced organ motion, and proton range in the planning process. The worst-case CT scans were then fused with the positron emission tomography (PET) scans to locate the recurrence. Although the volumes enclosed by the prescription isodose lines in the worst-case dose distributions were consistently smaller than enclosed volumes in the nominal plans, the target dose coverage was not significantly affected: only one patient had a recurrence outside the prescription isodose lines in the worst-case plan. PSPT is a relatively robust technique. Local recurrence was not associated with target underdosage resulting from estimated uncertainties in 8 of 9 cases.

Secondary intracranial neoplasia in the dog: 177 cases (1986-2003).

PubMed

Snyder, J M; Lipitz, L; Skorupski, K A; Shofer, F S; Van Winkle, T J

2008-01-01

This study investigates the frequency, location, and clinical findings associated with 177 secondary brain tumors in dogs. Secondary intracranial neoplasia is more common than primary intracranial neoplasia in dogs during the time period studied, and hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is the most common secondary intracranial tumor. One hundred and seventy-seven client-owned dogs presented to the Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital between 1986 and 2003. Medical records were searched for a diagnosis of intracranial neoplasia in dogs who underwent complete postmortem examination. Of these dogs, those with a diagnosis of primary intracranial neoplasia were excluded. Of the 177 secondary brain tumors, 51 (29%) were HSAs, 44 (25%) were pituitary tumors, 21 (12%) were lymphosarcomas, and 21 (12%) were metastatic carcinomas. The average age at diagnosis was 9.6 +/- 3.0 years. Most tumors were located in the cerebrum, and a mentation change was the most common presenting clinical sign. On postmortem examination, the same tumor that was in the brain was also present in the lung in 84 cases (47%), in the kidney in 62 cases (35%), and in the heart in 55 cases (31%). Secondary intracranial neoplasia in dogs was more common than primary intracranial neoplasia during the time period studied. Many of these dogs had related disease in other body systems that was apparent on diagnostic tests such as thoracic radiography.

Skin bridging secondary to ingrown toenail

PubMed Central

Dadaci, Mehmet; Ince, Bilsev; Altuntas, Zeynep; Kamburoglu, Haldun Onuralp; Bitik, Ozan

2014-01-01

Ingrown toenails are painful conditions that especially affect young people and may become chronic if not treated. We describe a case of chronically inflamed ingrown toenail left untreated for three years. In the physical examination, skin bridging and epithelialization was observed in midline secondary to soft tissue hypertrophy of the lateral nail matrixes. Epithelized fibrous tissue was cut across the lateral nail matrix and left for secondary healing. Partial matrixectomy was applied and the remnants were cauterized in compliance with the Winograd procedure after removal of the nail. Our case is an advanced condition which is the second report in the literature. Skin bridging secondary to excess soft tissue hypertrophy can be observed in untreated bilateral Heinfert or Frost stage 3 ingrown nails. This rare case can be classified as advanced stage 3 disease or stage 4. PMID:25674152

Technology Modeling by Mathematics Professors in Required Courses for Secondary Mathematics Pre-Service Teachers: A Case Study in Two Universities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Asing-Cashman, Joyce G.

2011-01-01

The purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine the modeling of technology by mathematics professors in two universities in teaching required courses for secondary level pre-service mathematics teachers. Six professors participated in this case study. Their responses were documented in pre- and post-interviews and data were gathered from…

Horizontal wind powered reaction turbine electrical generator

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

de Geus, A.M.

1980-05-27

A horizontal wind powered electrical generator is disclosed in which a horizontal reaction turbine is disposed within an augmentor cowling which extends downwind of the turbine. First stage curved stator blades interconnect the augmentor with the turbine cowling, and secondary stator blades are spaced downwind from said primary stator blades to extend inwardly from the augmentor to terminate short of the turbine cowling. These secondary stator blades have a greater angle of departure than the primary stator blades to increase the rotational velocity of the air at the expense of its axial velocity while permitting the axial velocity of themore » air moving inwardly of the secondary stator blades to be undiminished. A venturi-structured diffusor is carried by said augmentor in a downwind position to lower the pressure generally and assist the action of the secondary stator blades.« less

High-resolution simulations of cylindrical void collapse in energetic materials: Effect of primary and secondary collapse on initiation thresholds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rai, Nirmal Kumar; Schmidt, Martin J.; Udaykumar, H. S.

2017-04-01

Void collapse in energetic materials leads to hot spot formation and enhanced sensitivity. Much recent work has been directed towards simulation of collapse-generated reactive hot spots. The resolution of voids in calculations to date has varied as have the resulting predictions of hot spot intensity. Here we determine the required resolution for reliable cylindrical void collapse calculations leading to initiation of chemical reactions. High-resolution simulations of collapse provide new insights into the mechanism of hot spot generation. It is found that initiation can occur in two different modes depending on the loading intensity: Either the initiation occurs due to jet impact at the first collapse instant or it can occur at secondary lobes at the periphery of the collapsed void. A key observation is that secondary lobe collapse leads to large local temperatures that initiate reactions. This is due to a combination of a strong blast wave from the site of primary void collapse and strong colliding jets and vortical flows generated during the collapse of the secondary lobes. The secondary lobe collapse results in a significant lowering of the predicted threshold for ignition of the energetic material. The results suggest that mesoscale simulations of void fields may suffer from significant uncertainty in threshold predictions because unresolved calculations cannot capture the secondary lobe collapse phenomenon. The implications of this uncertainty for mesoscale simulations are discussed in this paper.

Replacing coal with natural gas would reduce warming

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schultz, Colin

2012-08-01

A debate has raged in the past couple of years as to whether natural gas is better or worse overall than coal and oil from a global warming perspective. The back-and-forth findings have been due to the timelines taken into consideration, the details of natural gas extraction, and the electricity-generating efficiency of various fuels. An analysis by Cathles, which focuses exclusively on potential warming and ignores secondary considerations, such as economic, political, or other environmental concerns, finds that natural gas is better for electricity generation than coal and oil under all realistic circumstances. To come to this conclusion, the author considered three different future fuel consumption scenarios: (1) a business-as-usual case, which sees energy generation capacity continue at its current pace with its current energy mix until the middle of the century, at which point the implementation of low-carbon energy sources dominates and fossil fuel-derived energy production declines; (2) a gas substitution scenario, where natural gas replaces all coal power production and any new oil-powered facilities, with the same midcentury shift; and (3) a low-carbon scenario, where all electricity generation is immediately and aggressively switched to non-fossil fuel sources such as solar, wind, and nuclear.

DGs for Service Restoration to Critical Loads in a Secondary Network

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xu, Yin; Liu, Chen-Ching; Wang, Zhiwen

During a major outage in a secondary network distribution system, distributed generators (DGs) connected to the primary feeders as well as the secondary network can be used to serve critical loads. This paper proposed a resilience-oriented method to determine restoration strategies for secondary network distribution systems after a major disaster. Technical issues associated with the restoration process are analyzed, including the operation of network protectors, inrush currents caused by the energization of network transformers, synchronization of DGs to the network, and circulating currents among DGs. A look-ahead load restoration framework is proposed, incorporating technical issues associated with secondary networks, limitsmore » on DG capacity and generation resources, dynamic constraints, and operational limits. The entire outage duration is divided into a sequence of periods. Restoration strategies can be adjusted at the beginning of each period using the latest information. Finally, numerical simulation of the modified IEEE 342-node low voltage networked test system is performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.« less

DGs for Service Restoration to Critical Loads in a Secondary Network

DOE PAGES

Xu, Yin; Liu, Chen-Ching; Wang, Zhiwen; ...

2017-08-25

During a major outage in a secondary network distribution system, distributed generators (DGs) connected to the primary feeders as well as the secondary network can be used to serve critical loads. This paper proposed a resilience-oriented method to determine restoration strategies for secondary network distribution systems after a major disaster. Technical issues associated with the restoration process are analyzed, including the operation of network protectors, inrush currents caused by the energization of network transformers, synchronization of DGs to the network, and circulating currents among DGs. A look-ahead load restoration framework is proposed, incorporating technical issues associated with secondary networks, limitsmore » on DG capacity and generation resources, dynamic constraints, and operational limits. The entire outage duration is divided into a sequence of periods. Restoration strategies can be adjusted at the beginning of each period using the latest information. Finally, numerical simulation of the modified IEEE 342-node low voltage networked test system is performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.« less

Diversification of Tertiary Education in Norway, Case Study.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ottosen, Kristian

The educational system of Norway, which is organized into primary, secondary and higher education, is reviewed. Types of schools and/or courses in secondary education are listed including present enrollment figures by main types of secondary education and transfer rates of secondary to tertiary education. The system of tertiary education is…

USSR Report, Life Sciences Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-05-28

No 3, May-Jun 85) 64 Cytogenetic Effects of Gamma Quanta and of Secondary Emission Generated by 70 GeV Protons on Chinese Hamster Fibroblasts...Irradiation With Gamma Quanta and Secondary Emission Generated by 70 GeV Protons (A.Kh. Akhmadiyeva, S.I. Zaichkina, et al.; RADIOBIOLOGIYA, No 3, May-Jun...ase, the enzyme assuring an active transfer of univalent cations through the membrane. Natural metabolites (I) and (II) exhibited the highest

A Teacher's Guide for the Environmental Impact of Electrical Power Generation: Nuclear and Fossil. A Minicourse for Secondary Schools and Adult Education. Teacher's Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McDermott, John J., Ed.

According to this guide, the major goal of this minicourse, developed for secondary and adult education, is to have the student gather pertinent information relative to the generation of electrical energy and to draw his own conclusions concerning the need for this energy supply. If in his mind such a need exists, he should make a judgment as to…

System and method for heating ferrite magnet motors for low temperatures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Reddy, Patel Bhageerath; El-Refaie, Ayman Mohamed Fawzi; Huh, Kum-Kang

A system and method for heating ferrite permanent magnets in an electrical machine is disclosed. The permanent magnet machine includes a stator assembly and a rotor assembly, with a plurality of ferrite permanent magnets disposed within the stator assembly or the rotor assembly to generate a magnetic field that interacts with a stator magnetic field to produce a torque. A controller of the electrical machine is programmed to cause a primary field current to be applied to the stator windings to generate the stator magnetic field, so as to cause the rotor assembly to rotate relative to the stator assembly.more » The controller is further programmed to cause a secondary current to be applied to the stator windings to selectively generate a secondary magnetic field, the secondary magnetic field inducing eddy currents in at least one of the stator assembly and the rotor assembly to heat the ferrite permanent magnets.« less

Autogenerator of beams of charged particles

DOEpatents

Adler, Richard J.; Mazarakis, Michael G.; Miller, Robert B.; Shope, Steven L.; Smith, David L.

1986-01-01

An autogenerating apparatus provides secondary intense relativistic current beam pulses in response to an injected beam pulse. One or more electromagnetic energy storage devices are provided in conjunction with gaps along a beam propagation path for the injected beam pulse. For injected beam pulses which are no longer than double the transit time of electromagnetic waves within the storage devices (which may be resonant cavities), distinct secondary beam pulses are generated by each of the energy storage devices. The beam propagation path, together with the one or more gaps provided therein, operates as a pulse forming transmission line cavity, in which the separate cavities associated with the gaps provide delays for electromagnetic waves generated at the gaps. After doubly traversing the cavity, the electromagnetic waves cause the gap to generate the secondary beam pulses, which are thus delayed by a time interval equal to the double transit time for the induced wave within the cavity.

Autogenerator of beams of charged particles

DOEpatents

Adler, R.J.; Mazarakis, M.G.; Miller, R.M.; Shope, S.L.; Smith, D.L.

1983-10-31

An autogenerating apparatus provides secondary intense relativistic current beam pulses in response to an injected beam pulse. One or more electromagnetic energy storage devices are provided in conjunction with gaps along a beam propagation path for the injected beam pulse. For injected beam pulses which are no longer than double the transit time of electromagnetic waves within the storage devices (which may be resonant cavities), distinct secondary beam pulses are generated by each of the energy storage devices. The beam propagation path, together with the one or more gaps provided therein, operates as a pulse forming transmission line cavity, in which the separate cavities associated with the gaps provide delays for electromagnetic waves generated at the gaps. After doubly traversing the cavity, the electromagnetic waves cause the gap to generate the secondary beam pulses, which are thus delayed by a time interval equal to the double transit time for the induced wave within the cavity.

System and method for heating ferrite magnet motors for low temperatures

DOEpatents

Reddy, Patel Bhageerath; El-Refaie, Ayman Mohamed Fawzi; Huh, Kum-Kang

2017-07-04

A system and method for heating ferrite permanent magnets in an electrical machine is disclosed. The permanent magnet machine includes a stator assembly and a rotor assembly, with a plurality of ferrite permanent magnets disposed within the stator assembly or the rotor assembly to generate a magnetic field that interacts with a stator magnetic field to produce a torque. A controller of the electrical machine is programmed to cause a primary field current to be applied to the stator windings to generate the stator magnetic field, so as to cause the rotor assembly to rotate relative to the stator assembly. The controller is further programmed to cause a secondary current to be applied to the stator windings to selectively generate a secondary magnetic field, the secondary magnetic field inducing eddy currents in at least one of the stator assembly and the rotor assembly to heat the ferrite permanent magnets.

Ergonomics and safety in secondary wood processing

Treesearch

Rado Gazo; James D. McGlothlin; Yuehwern, Wiedenbeck, Jan Yih; Yuehwern Yih

2002-01-01

The main goal of the project was to initiate a pilot program in ergonomics for the secondary wood products industry. Case studies were conducted at three Midwest secondary wood product companies in 2000 and 2001.

A novel diamond micro-/nano-machining process for the generation of hierarchical micro-/nano-structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Zhiwei; To, Suet; Ehmann, Kornel F.; Xiao, Gaobo; Zhu, Wule

2016-03-01

A new mechanical micro-/nano-machining process that combines rotary spatial vibrations (RSV) of a diamond tool and the servo motions of the workpiece is proposed and applied for the generation of multi-tier hierarchical micro-/nano-structures. In the proposed micro-/nano-machining system, the servo motion, as the primary cutting motion generated by a slow-tool-servo, is adopted for the fine generation of the primary surfaces with complex shapes. The RSV, as the tertiary cutting operation, is superimposed on the secondary fundamental rotary cutting motion to construct secondary nano-structures on the primary surface. Since the RSV system generally works at much higher frequencies and motion resolution than the primary and secondary motions, it leads to an inherent hierarchical cutting architecture. To investigate the machining performance, complex micro-/nano-structures were generated and explored by both numerical simulations and actual cutting tests. Rotary vibrations of the diamond tool at a constant rotational distance offer an inherent constant cutting velocity, leading to the ability for the generation of homogeneous micro-/nano-structures with fixed amplitudes and frequencies of the vibrations, even over large-scale surfaces. Furthermore, by deliberately combining the non-resonant three-axial vibrations and the servo motion, the generation of a variety of micro-/nano-structures with complex shapes and with flexibly tunable feature sizes can be achieved.

On the prediction of turbulent secondary flows

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Speziale, C. G.; So, R. M. C.; Younis, B. A.

1992-01-01

The prediction of turbulent secondary flows, with Reynolds stress models, in circular pipes and non-circular ducts is reviewed. Turbulence-driven secondary flows in straight non-circular ducts are considered along with turbulent secondary flows in pipes and ducts that arise from curvature or a system rotation. The physical mechanisms that generate these different kinds of secondary flows are outlined and the level of turbulence closure required to properly compute each type is discussed in detail. Illustrative computations of a variety of different secondary flows obtained from two-equation turbulence models and second-order closures are provided to amplify these points.

Secondary isocurvature perturbations from acoustic reheating

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ota, Atsuhisa; Yamaguchi, Masahide

2018-06-01

The superhorizon (iso)curvature perturbations are conserved if the following conditions are satisfied: (i) (each) non adiabatic pressure perturbation is zero, (ii) the gradient terms are ignored, that is, at the leading order of the gradient expansion (iii) (each) total energy momentum tensor is conserved. We consider the case with the violation of the last two requirements and discuss the generation of secondary isocurvature perturbations during the late time universe. Second order gradient terms are not necessarily ignored even if we are interested in the long wavelength modes because of the convolutions which may pick products of short wavelength perturbations up. We then introduce second order conserved quantities on superhorizon scales under the conditions (i) and (iii) even in the presence of the gradient terms by employing the full second order cosmological perturbation theory. We also discuss the violation of the condition (iii), that is, the energy momentum tensor is conserved for the total system but not for each component fluid. As an example, we explicitly evaluate second order heat conduction between baryons and photons due to the weak Compton scattering, which dominates during the period just before recombination. We show that such secondary effects can be recast into the isocurvature perturbations on superhorizon scales if the local type primordial non Gaussianity exists a priori.

Effect of secondary electron emission on the plasma sheath

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Langendorf, S.; Walker, M.

2015-03-01

In this experiment, plasma sheath potential profiles are measured over boron nitride walls in argon plasma and the effect of secondary electron emission is observed. Results are compared to a kinetic model. Plasmas are generated with a number density of 3 × 1012 m-3 at a pressure of 10-4 Torr-Ar, with a 1%-16% fraction of energetic primary electrons. The sheath potential profile at the surface of each sample is measured with emissive probes. The electron number densities and temperatures are measured in the bulk plasma with a planar Langmuir probe. The plasma is non-Maxwellian, with isotropic and directed energetic electron populations from 50 to 200 eV and hot and cold Maxwellian populations from 3.6 to 6.4 eV and 0.3 to 1.3 eV, respectively. Plasma Debye lengths range from 4 to 7 mm and the ion-neutral mean free path is 0.8 m. Sheath thicknesses range from 20 to 50 mm, with the smaller thickness occurring near the critical secondary electron emission yield of the wall material. Measured floating potentials are within 16% of model predictions. Measured sheath potential profiles agree with model predictions within 5 V (˜1 Te), and in four out of six cases deviate less than the measurement uncertainty of 1 V.

Selection and trajectory design to mission secondary targets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Victorino Sarli, Bruno; Kawakatsu, Yasuhiro

2017-02-01

Recently, with new trajectory design techniques and use of low-thrust propulsion systems, missions have become more efficient and cheaper with respect to propellant. As a way to increase the mission's value and scientific return, secondary targets close to the main trajectory are often added with a small change in the transfer trajectory. As a result of their large number, importance and facility to perform a flyby, asteroids are commonly used as such targets. This work uses the Primer Vector theory to define the direction and magnitude of the thrust for a minimum fuel consumption problem. The design of a low-thrust trajectory with a midcourse asteroid flyby is not only challenging for the low-thrust problem solution, but also with respect to the selection of a target and its flyby point. Currently more than 700,000 minor bodies have been identified, which generates a very large number of possible flyby points. This work uses a combination of reachability, reference orbit, and linear theory to select appropriate candidates, drastically reducing the simulation time, to be later included in the main trajectory and optimized. Two test cases are presented using the aforementioned selection process and optimization to add and design a secondary flyby to a mission with the primary objective of 3200 Phaethon flyby and 25143 Itokawa rendezvous.

A case of ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer that responded to ceritinib after development of resistance to alectinib.

PubMed

Makuuchi, Yosuke; Hayashi, Hidetoshi; Haratani, Koji; Tanizaki, Junko; Tanaka, Kaoru; Takeda, Masayuki; Sakai, Kazuko; Shimizu, Shigeki; Ito, Akihiko; Nishio, Kazuto; Nakagawa, Kazuhiko

2018-05-01

The second-generation anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) alectinib and ceritinib are standard treatment options for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) positive for ALK fusion genes. However, almost all patients eventually develop resistance to these drugs. We here report a case of ALK -rearranged NSCLC that developed resistance to alectinib but remained sensitive to ceritinib. The L1196M mutation within the ALK fusion gene was detected after failure of consecutive treatment with crizotinib and alectinib, but no other mechanism underlying acquired resistance to ALK-TKIs was found to be operative. Given the increasing application of ALK-TKIs to the treatment of patients with ALK -rearranged NSCLC, further clinical evaluation is warranted to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of acquired resistance to these agents and to inform treatment strategies for such tumors harboring secondary mutations.

Supersonic CO electric-discharge lasers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hason, R. K.; Mitchner, M.; Stanton, A.

1975-01-01

Laser modeling activity is described which involved addition of an option allowing N2 as a second diatomic gas. This option is now operational and a few test cases involving N2/CO mixtures were run. Results from these initial test cases are summarized. In the laboratory, a CW double-discharge test facility was constructed and tested. Features include: water-cooled removable electrodes, O-ring construction to facilitate cleaning and design modifications, increased discharge length, and addition of a post-discharge observation section. Preliminary tests with this facility using N2 yielded higher power loadings than obtained in the first-generation facility. Another test-section modification, recently made and as yet untested, will permit injection of secondary gases into the cathode boundary layer. The objective will be to vary and enhance the UV emission spectrum from the auxiliary discharge, thereby influencing the level of photoionization in the main discharge region.

Epidemiological and virological differences in human clustered and sporadic infections with avian influenza A H7N9.

PubMed

Wu, Zuqun; Sha, Jianping; Yu, Zhao; Zhao, Na; Cheng, Wei; Chan, Ta-Chien; Amer, Said; Zhang, Zhiruo; Liu, Shelan

2016-08-01

Previous research has suggested that avian influenza A H7N9 has a greater potential pandemic risk than influenza A H5N1. This research investigated the difference in human clustered and sporadic cases of H7N9 virus and estimated the relative risk of clustered infections. Comparative epidemiology and virology studies were performed among 72 sporadic confirmed cases, 17 family clusters (FCs) caused by human-to-human transmission, and eight live bird market clusters (LCs) caused by co-exposure to the poultry environment. The case fatality of FCs, LCs and sporadic cases (36%, 26%, and 29%, respectively) did not differ among the three groups (p>0.05). The average age (36 years, 60 years, and 58 years), co-morbidities (31%, 60%, and 54%), exposure to birds (72%, 100%, and 83%), and H7N9-positive rate (20%, 64%, and 35%) in FCs, LCs, and sporadic cases, respectively, differed significantly (p<0.05). These higher risks were associated with increased mortality. There was no difference between primary and secondary cases in LCs (p>0.05). However, exposure to a person with confirmed avian influenza A H7N9 (primary 12% vs. secondary 95%), history of visiting a live bird market (100% vs. 59%), multiple exposures (live bird exposure and human-to-human transmission history) (12% vs. 55%), and median days from onset to antiviral treatment (6 days vs. 3 days) differed significantly between primary and secondary cases in FCs (p<0.05). Mild cases were found in 6% of primary cases vs. 32% of secondary cases in FCs (p<0.05). Twenty-five isolates from the three groups showed 99.1-99.9% homology and increased human adaptation. There was no statistical difference in the case fatality rate and limited transmission between FCs and LCs. However, the severity of the primary cases in FCs was much higher than that of the secondary cases due to the older age and greater underlying disease of the latter patients. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Does intergenerational transmission of trauma skip a generation? No meta-analytic evidence for tertiary traumatization with third generation of Holocaust survivors.

PubMed

Sagi-Schwartz, Abraham; van IJzendoorn, Marinus H; Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian J

2008-06-01

In a series of meta-analyses with the second generation of Holocaust survivors, no evidence for secondary traumatization was found (Van IJzendoorn, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & Sagi-Schwartz, 2003). With regard to third generation traumatization, various reports suggest the presence of intergenerational transmission of trauma. Some scholars argue that intergenerational transmission of trauma might skip a generation. Therefore, we focus in this study on the transmission of trauma to the third generation offspring (the grandchildren) of the first generation's traumatic Holocaust experiences (referred to as "tertiary traumatization"), and we present a narrative review of the pertinent studies. Meta-analytic results of 13 non-clinical samples involving 1012 participants showed no evidence for tertiary traumatization in Holocaust survivor families. Our previous meta-analytic study on secondary traumatization and the present one on third generation's psychological consequences of the Holocaust indicate a remarkable resilience of profoundly traumatized survivors in their (grand-)parental roles.

Secondary signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma of urinary bladder from a gastric primary

PubMed Central

Sharma, Pramod K.; Vijay, Mukesh K.; Das, Ranjit K.; Chatterjee, Uttara

2011-01-01

Primary bladder tumor is a frequent urological malignancy, whereas the incidence of secondary bladder tumor from a distant organ is quite rare. Secondary bladder neoplasms represent 1% of all malignant bladder tumors, of which distant metastases from stomach account for about 4% of cases. We present the case of a 30-year-old male who underwent partial gastrectomy for Signet-ring cell carcinoma of the stomach and presented 2 years later with hematuria. On computerized tomography scan, a bladder tumor was found which was resected cystoscopically. The histopathological examination revealed secondary Signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder. PMID:21747602

Supporting and Inhibiting the Well-Being of Early Career Secondary School Teachers: Extending Self-Determination Theory

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hobson, Andrew J.; Maxwell, Bronwen

2017-01-01

This paper reports an original examination of the well-being of early career secondary school teachers in England, which extends the evidence bases relating to early career teachers' working lives, teacher well-being, self-determination theory and performativity, respectively. Drawing on a secondary analysis of qualitative data generated for four…

Determination of Secondary School Students' Cognitive Structure, and Misconception in Ecological Concepts through Word Association Test

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yücel, Elif Özata; Özkan, Mulis

2015-01-01

In this study, we determined cognitive structures and misconceptions about basic ecological concepts by using "word association" tests on secondary school students, age between 12-14 years. Eighty-nine students participated in this study. Before WAT was generated, basic ecological concepts that take place in the secondary science…

Distracted Driving and Risk of Crash or Near-crash Involvement among Older Drivers using Naturalistic Driving Data with a Case-crossover Study Design.

PubMed

Huisingh, Carrie; Owsley, Cynthia; Levitan, Emily B; Irvin, Marguerite R; MacLennan, Paul; McGwin, Gerald

2018-05-17

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between secondary task involvement and risk of crash and near-crash involvement among older drivers using naturalistic driving data. Data from drivers aged ≥70 years in the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP2) Naturalistic Driving Study database was utilized. The personal vehicle of study participants was equipped with four video cameras enabling recording of the driver and the road environment. Secondary task involvement during a crash or near-crash event was compared to periods of non-crash involvement in a case-crossover study design. Conditional logistic regression was used to generate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Overall, engaging in any secondary task was not associated with crash (OR=0.94, 95% CI 0.68-1.29) or near-crash (OR=1.08, 95% CI 0.79-1.50) risk. The risk of a major crash event with cell phone use was 3.79 times higher than the risk with no cell phone use (95% CI 1.00-14.37). Other glances into the interior of the vehicle were associated with an increased risk of near-crash involvement (OR=2.55, 95% CI 1.24-5.26). Other distractions external to the vehicle were associated with a decreased risk of crash involvement (OR=0.53, 95% CI 0.30-0.94). Interacting with a passenger and talking/singing were not associated with crash or near-crash risk. Older drivers should avoid any cell phone use and minimize non-driving related eye glances towards the interior of the vehicle while driving. Certain types of events external to the vehicle are associated with a reduced crash risk among older drivers.

Identifying barriers to Science, Technology, Society and environment (STSE) educational goals and pedagogy in science education: A case study of UMASS Lowell undergraduate engineering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Phaneuf, Tiffany

The implementation of sustainable development in higher education is a global trend. Engineers, as gatekeepers of technological innovation, confront increasingly complex world issues ranging from economic and social to political and environmental. Recently, a multitude of government reports have argued that solving such complex problems requires changes in the pedagogy of engineering education, such as that prescribed by the Science, Technology, Society, and education (STS) movement that grew out of the environmental movement in the 70s. In STS students are engaged in the community by understanding that scientific progress is innately a sociopolitical process that involves dimensions of power, wealth and responsibility. United States accreditation criteria now demand "the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global, economic, environmental, and societal context" (ABET Engineering Accreditation Commission 2005). With such emphasis on STS education as necessary to address complex world issues, it is vital to assess the barriers in the traditional engineering curriculum that may inhibit the success of such educational reform. This study identifies barriers to STS goals and pedagogy in post secondary science education by using the Francis College of Engineering at UMASS Lowell as a single case study. The study draws on existing literature to develop a theoretical framework for assessing four hypothesized barriers to STS education in undergraduate engineering. Identification of barriers to STS education in engineering generates a critical reflection of post secondary science education and its role in preparing engineers to be active citizens in shaping a rapidly globalizing world. The study offers policy recommendations for enabling post secondary science education to incorporate STS education into its curriculum.

Osimertinib in patients with advanced epidermal growth factor receptor T790M mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer: rationale, evidence and place in therapy

PubMed Central

Ricciuti, Biagio; Baglivo, Sara; Paglialunga, Luca; De Giglio, Andrea; Bellezza, Guido; Chiari, Rita; Crinò, Lucio; Metro, Giulio

2017-01-01

The identification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations represented a fundamental step forward in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as they define a subset of patients who benefit from the administration of specifically designed targeted therapies. The inhibition of mutant EGFR through EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), either reversible, first-generation gefitinib and erlotinib, or irreversible, second-generation afatinib, has dramatically improved the prognosis of patients harboring this specific genetic alteration, leading to unexpected clinical benefit. Unfortunately, virtually all patients who initially respond to treatment develop acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs within 9–14 months. The EGFR T790M secondary mutation has emerged as a cause of treatment failure in approximately 60% of resistant cases. To date, several compounds designed with the aim to overcome T790M-mediated resistance are under clinical investigation. The aim of this review is to discuss emerging data regarding the third-generation EGFR-TKI, osimertinib, for the treatment of EGFR T790M mutant advanced NSCLC. PMID:28607578

Pyloric obstruction secondary to epicardial pacemaker implantation: a case report.

PubMed

Bedoya Nader, G; Kellihan, H B; Bjorling, D E; McAnulty, J

2017-02-01

A 10-year old Lhasa Apso dog was presented for an acute history of exercise intolerance and hind limb weakness. High grade second degree atrioventricular block with an atrial rate of 200 beats per minute, ventricular rate of 40 beats per minute and an intermittent ventricular escape rhythm, was diagnosed on electrocardiograph. A transdiaphragmatic, unipolar, epicardial pacemaker was implanted without immediate surgical complications. Severe vomiting was noted 12 h post-operatively. Abdominal ultrasound and a barium study supported a diagnosis of pyloric outflow obstruction and exploratory abdominal surgery was performed. The pyloric outflow tract appeared normal and no other causes of an outflow obstruction were identified. The epicardial generator was repositioned from the right to the left abdominal wall. Pyloric cell pacing was presumed to be the cause for the pyloric obstruction and severe vomiting, and this was thought to be due to close proximity of the pacemaker generator to the pylorus situated in the right abdominal wall. Repositioning of the pulse generator to the left abdominal wall resulted in resolution of vomiting. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

High and Low Visualization Skills and Pedagogical Decision of Preservice Secondary Mathematics Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Unal, Hasan

2011-01-01

The purpose of this study was to investigate the preservice secondary mathematics teachers' development of pedagogical understanding in the teaching of modular arithmetic problems. Data sources included, written assignments, interview transcripts and filed notes. Using case study and action research approaches cases of three preservice teachers…

An Educational Transition: Post-Secondary Correctional Education--A Qualitative Case Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bartholomew, Greg

2013-01-01

Administration of post-secondary correctional education (PSCE) programs within state was vastly changed through legislation enacted in 2009. This study examined the transition of a PSCE system formerly facilitated by higher education to the current system administered by the State Department of Corrections (SDC). This qualitative case study…

How Expert Special Educators Effectively Negotiate Their Job Demands

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ortogero, Shawna P.; Black, Rhonda S.; Cook, Bryan G.

2017-01-01

This qualitative case study explored how three expert secondary special education teachers in Hawaii successfully negotiated their job demands. Purposeful sampling was used to select one secondary school on the Leeward coast of Oahu. We used reputational-case sampling to select participants that fit Dreyfus and Dreyfus' (1980) expert theoretical…

Spondylodiskitis secondary to Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus.

PubMed

Bhatia, Ravi; Bhanot, Nitin

2012-01-01

Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus, traditionally classified under Group C Streptococci, is primarily a veterinary pathogen. Rarely, it may cause infections such as bacteremia, meningitis, endocarditis and pneumonia in humans. Musculoskeletal infections secondary to this pathogen are very uncommon. The authors present the first case of osteomyelitis due to S. zooepidemicus in a farmer who had close contact with a dead horse. The authors review all cases of osteoarticular infections secondary to this microbe, in addition to providing an overview of clinical manifestations, treatment and outcome of this infection.

Delayed fungal endophthalmitis secondary to Curvularia.

PubMed

Xu, Kunyong; Almeida, David R P; Chin, Eric K; Mahajan, Vinit B

2016-10-01

To describe a case of fungal endophthalmitis secondary to Curvularia after cataract surgery. This case showed delayed and recalcitrant fungal endophthalmitis secondary to Curvularia despite treatment with pars plana vitrectomy, intravitreal antifungal therapy, and systemic antifungals. Curvularia -associated endophthalmitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of delayed post-cataract endophthalmitis, especially in tropical or subtropical geographical areas. Awareness and early identification, timely removal of the nidi of sequestration, and prolonged antifungal treatments are important for the eradication of Curvularia -associated endophthalmitis.

[Arterial hypertension and RU-486: a complex case of secondary hypertension].

PubMed

Leone, Alessandra; Pisaneschi, Silvia; Montereggi, Francesco; Canu, Letizia; Corsini, Elisa; Mannelli, Massimo; Montereggi, Alessio

2013-06-01

Secondary hypertension accounts for 10-15% of all cases of hypertension, and early diagnosis with identification of its etiology can be challenging. In this scenario, therapeutic management of affected patients may be difficult. Hypercortisolism is one of the possible causes of secondary hypertension, but its low prevalence and atypical clinical symptoms can lead to a delayed diagnosis. The complex clinical presentation and potential complications need a close collaboration among different clinicians in order to plan optimal or new treatment protocols.

Persistent gravity wave coupling from the stratosphere to the MLT versus secondary wave generation in Antarctica

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, J.; Geraghty, I.; Chu, X.; Vadas, S.; Becker, E.; Harvey, V. L.; Jones, R. M.; Chen, C.; Lu, X.

2017-12-01

After Antarctic persistent gravity waves (GWs) in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere (MLT) were discovered from lidar observations [Chen et al., 2013, 2016], secondary wave generation theory was proposed to explain the source. Here we perform a source investigation of such persistent GWs through analyzing both stratospheric and MLT GWs at McMurdo using temperature measurements (30 - 50 km, year 2011 - 2015) obtained by Fe Boltzmann lidar. In the stratosphere, GW vertical wavelengths (λ) and periods exhibit seasonal cycles with winter maxima and summer minima, which linearly correlated with mean zonal wind velocities. GWs dissipate more in winter than in summer due to larger wave amplitudes. The potential energy density (Ep) are anti-correlated with wind rotation angles but positively correlated with surface and stratospheric winds. Critical level filtering, in-situ generation of GWs, and wave saturation changes play roles in Ep seasonal variations (winter maxima and summer minima). The large increase of Ep from summer to winter possibly results from the decrease in critical level filtering. The gradual variations of Ep from Mar to Oct are likely related both to the increased λ towards winter, allowing larger wave amplitudes before saturation, and to in-situ GW generation via geostrophic adjustment, secondary GW generation. Large Ep occur when McMurdo is inside the jet stream core 5-24º poleward from vortex edge. In winter MLT, the persistent GWs cause larger temperature perturbations (± 30 K, compared to ± 10 K in the stratosphere) with longer λ (23.5 km) and larger vertical phase speeds (1.8 m/s). More waves (95.4%) show downward phase progression compared to the stratospheric GWs (70.4%). Since the inferred horizontal wavelength of stratospheric GWs (350 - 450 km) are much shorter than those of the persistent GWs in the MLT (1000 - 2000 km), the dominant stratospheric GWs are not the direct source of the MLT persistent GWs. Secondary wave generation possibly provides the source for the persistent GWs. Primary GWs (such as dominant stratospheric GWs) generated from the lower atmosphere break at 50 km, create body forces, and generate secondary GWs, providing the persistent GWs we observed in the MLT. The theoretically predicted "Fish-bone" patterns are presented from our lidar measurements.

Prevalence of venous thromboembolism in patients with secondary polycythemia.

PubMed

Nadeem, Omar; Gui, Jiang; Ornstein, Deborah L

2013-01-01

To investigate an association between secondary polycythemia and venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk, we performed a case-control study to compare the prevalence of VTE in participants with secondary polycythemia due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; N = 86) to that in age- and sex-matched controls with COPD without secondary polycythemia (N = 86). Although there was a significant difference in mean hematocrit between cases and controls (53.5% vs 43.6%, respectively; P < .005), we identified no difference in the number of total or idiopathic VTE events in the 2 groups. Patients with VTE, however, had a significantly higher body mass index than patients without VTE. Our findings suggest that secondary polycythemia alone may not be a significant risk factor for VTE but that VTE risk in this population may be related to known risk factors such as obesity. The role of phlebotomy for VTE risk reduction secondary polycythemia is therefore questionable.

Role of NSO compounds during primary cracking of a Type II kerogen and a Type III lignite

USGS Publications Warehouse

Behar, F.; Lorant, F.; Lewan, M.

2008-01-01

The aim of this work is to follow the generation of NSO compounds during the artificial maturation of an immature Type II kerogen and a Type III lignite in order to determine the different sources of the petroleum potential during primary cracking. Experiments were carried out in closed system pyrolysis in the temperature range from 225 to 350 ??C. Two types of NSOs were recovered: one is soluble in n-pentane and the second in dichloromethane. A kinetic scheme was optimised including both kerogen and NSO cracking. It was validated by complementary experiments carried out on isolated asphaltenes generated from the Type II kerogen and on the total n-pentane and DCM extracts generated from the Type III lignite. Results show that kerogen and lignite first decompose into DCM NSOs with minor generation of hydrocarbons. Then, the main source of petroleum potential originates from secondary cracking of both DCM and n-pentane NSOs through successive decomposition reactions. These results confirm the model proposed by Tissot [Tissot, B., 1969. Premie??res donne??es sur les me??canismes et la cine??tique de la formation du pe??trole dans les bassins se??dimentaires. Simulation d'un sche??ma re??actionnel sur ordinateur. Oil and Gas Science and Technology 24, 470-501] in which the main source of hydrocarbons is not the insoluble organic matter, but the NSO fraction. As secondary cracking of the NSOs largely overlaps that of the kerogen, it was demonstrated that bulk kinetics in open system is a result of both kerogen and NSO cracking. Thus, another kinetic scheme for primary cracking in open system was built as a combination of kerogen and NSO cracking. This new kinetic scheme accounts for both the rate and amounts of hydrocarbons generated in a closed pyrolysis system. Thus, the concept of successive steps for hydrocarbon generation is valid for the two types of pyrolysis system and, for the first time, a common kinetic scheme is available for extrapolating results to natural case studies. ?? 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The secret to a successful relationship: lasting chemistry between ascidians and their symbiotic bacteria

PubMed Central

Schmidt, Eric W.

2014-01-01

Bioactive secondary metabolites are common components of marine animals. In many cases, symbiotic bacteria, and not the animals themselves, synthesize the compounds. Among marine animals, ascidians are good models for understanding these symbioses. Ascidians often contain potently bioactive secondary metabolites as their major extractable components. Strong evidence shows that ~8% of the known secondary metabolites from ascidians are made by symbiotic bacteria, and indirect evidence implicates bacteria in the synthesis of many more. Far from being “secondary” to the animals, secondary metabolites are essential components of the interaction between host animals and their symbiotic bacteria. These interactions have complex underlying biology, but the chemistry is clearly ascidian-species specific. The chemical interactions are ancient in at least some cases, and they are widespread among ascidians. Ascidians maintain secondary metabolic symbioses with bacteria that are phylogenetically diverse, indicating a convergent solution to obtaining secondary metabolites and reinforcing the importance of secondary metabolism in animal survival. PMID:25937788

RELAP5-3D Modeling of Heat Transfer Components (Intermediate Heat Exchanger and Helical-Coil Steam Generator) for NGNP Application

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

N. A. Anderson; P. Sabharwall

2014-01-01

The Next Generation Nuclear Plant project is aimed at the research and development of a helium-cooled high-temperature gas reactor that could generate both electricity and process heat for the production of hydrogen. The heat from the high-temperature primary loop must be transferred via an intermediate heat exchanger to a secondary loop. Using RELAP5-3D, a model was developed for two of the heat exchanger options a printed-circuit heat exchanger and a helical-coil steam generator. The RELAP5-3D models were used to simulate an exponential decrease in pressure over a 20 second period. The results of this loss of coolant analysis indicate thatmore » heat is initially transferred from the primary loop to the secondary loop, but after the decrease in pressure in the primary loop the heat is transferred from the secondary loop to the primary loop. A high-temperature gas reactor model should be developed and connected to the heat transfer component to simulate other transients.« less

Multiple methods of surgical treatment combined with primary IOL implantation on traumatic lens subluxation/dislocation in patients with secondary glaucoma

PubMed Central

Wang, Rui; Bi, Chun-Chao; Lei, Chun-Ling; Sun, Wen-Tao; Wang, Shan-Shan; Dong, Xiao-Juan

2014-01-01

AIM To describe clinical findings and complications from cases of traumatic lens subluxation/dislocation in patients with secondary glaucoma, and discuss the multiple treating methods of operation combined with primary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. METHODS Non-comparative retrospective observational case series. Participants: 30 cases (30 eyes) of lens subluxation/dislocation in patients with secondary glaucoma were investigated which accepted the surgical treatment by author in the Ophthalmology of Xi'an No.4 Hospital from 2007 to 2011. According to the different situations of lens subluxation/dislocation, various surgical procedures were performed such as crystalline lens phacoemulsification, crystalline lens phacoemulsification combined anterior vitrectomy, intracapsular cataract extraction combined anterior vitrectomy, lensectomy combined anterior vitrectomy though peripheral transparent cornea incision, pars plana lensectomy combined pars plana vitrectomy, and intravitreal cavity crystalline lens phacofragmentation combined pars plana vitrectomy. And whether to implement trabeculectomy depended on the different situations of secondary glaucoma. The posterior chamber intraocular lenses (PC-IOLs) were implanted in the capsular-bag or trassclerally sutured in the sulus decided by whether the capsular were present. Main outcome measures: visual acuity, intraocular pressure, the situation of intraocular lens and complications after the operations. RESULTS The follow-up time was 11-36mo (21.4±7.13). Postoperative visual acuity of all eyes were improved; 28 cases maintained IOP below 21 mm Hg; 2 cases had slightly IOL subluxation, 4 cases had slightly tilted lens optical area; 1 case had postoperative choroidal detachment; 4 cases had postoperative corneal edema more than 1wk, but eventually recovered transparent; 2 cases had mild postoperative vitreous hemorrhage, and absorbed 4wk later. There was no postoperative retinal detachment, IOL dislocation, and endophthalmitis. CONCLUSION To take early treatment of traumatic lens subluxation/dislocation in patients with secondary glaucoma by individual surgical plan based on the different eye conditions would be safe and effective, which can effectively control the intraocular pressure and restore some vision. PMID:24790868

[Metastatic tumors in the ovary, difficulties of histologic diagnosis].

PubMed

Tamás, Judit; Vereczkey, Ildikó; Tóth, Erika

2015-09-01

The ovary is a common site of metastases. Secondary tumors account for 3-40% of all ovarian malignancies. Most ovarian metastases arise from the colon, although tumors of the breast, stomach and endometrium are also common places of origin. Clinical and histological features of metastatic tumors frequently mimic primary ovarian malignancies, causing serious diagnostic problems for the surgical pathologist. However, differentiation between primary ovarian cancer and ovarian metastasis is important in order to prevent inappropriate management and suboptimal treatment. The distinction between primary and secondary ovarian malignancies is especially difficult in cases when the metastasis is diagnosed before the primary tumor. Frozen section is widely used in the intra-operative assessment of patients with ovarian tumors but it can be very difficult to distinguish certain types of primary ovarian tumors and metastases from other sites. We examined 152 cases of secondary ovarian neoplasm diagnosed at the National Institute of Oncology, Hungary from 2000 to 2014. Colorectal cancer was the most common primary tumor (58 cases), followed by breast (33 cases), endometrium (30 cases) and stomach cancer (13 cases). The differential diagnosis proved the most difficult in cases when endometrioid and mucinous tumors were present in the ovaries. Metastases of colorectal and gastric adenocarcinomas may simulate benign or borderline cystadenomas too. In these cases the knowledge of the patient's history and immunohistochemical stains were helpful. In our study we discuss the diagnostic challenge of distinguishing these secondary ovarian tumors from primary ovarian neoplasms and the limits of the intraoperative frozen sections.

Enhancement of convective heat transfer in internal flows using an electrically-induced corona jet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baghaei Lakeh, Reza

The enhancement of heat transfer by active and passive methods has been the subject of many academic and industrial research studies. Internal flows play a major role in many applications and different methods have been utilized to augment the heat transfer to internal flows. Secondary flows consume part of the kinetic energy of the flow and disturb the boundary layer. Inducing secondary flows is known as mechanism for heat transfer enhancement. Secondary flows may be generated by corona discharge and ion-driven flows. When a high electric potential is applied to a conductor, a high electric field will be generated. The high electric field may exceed the partial break-down of the neutral molecules of surrounding gas (air) and generate a low-temperature plasma in the vicinity of the conductor. The generated plasma acts as a source of ions that accelerate under the influence of the electric field and escape beyond the plasma region and move toward the grounded electrode. The accelerating ions collide with neutral particles of the surrounding gas and impose a dragging effect which is interpreted as a body-force to the air particles. The shape and configuration of the emitting and receiving electrodes has a significant impact on the distribution of the electric body-force and the resulting electrically-induced flow field. It turned out that the certain configurations of longitudinal electrodes may cause a jet-like secondary flow field on the cross section of the flow passage in internal flows. The impingement effect of the corona jet on the walls of the channel disturbs the boundary layer, enhances the convective heat transfer, and generates targeted cooling along the centerline of the jet. The results of the current study show that the concentric configuration of a suspended wire-electrode in a circular tube leads to a hydrostatic condition and do not develop any electrically-induced secondary flow; however, the eccentric wire-electrode configuration generates a corona jet along the eccentricity direction. The generated corona jet exhibits interesting specifications similar to conventional inertia-driven air jets which are among common techniques for cooling and heat transfer enhancement. On the other hand, wall-mounted flat electrode pairs along the parallel walls of a rectangular mini-channel develop a similar jet-like flow pattern. The impingement of the corona jet to the receiving wall causes excessive heat transfer enhancement and cooling effect. The flat electrode pairs were also utilized to study the effect of corona discharge on the heat transfer specifications of the internal flow between parallel plates in fully-developed condition. It turned out that the electrically-induced secondary flow along with a pressure-driven main flow generates a swirling effect which can enhance the heat transfer significantly in fully-developed condition.

[Etiological profile of secondary Raynaud's phenomenon in an internal medicine department. About 121 patients].

PubMed

Ben Salem, T; Tougorti, M; Bziouech, S; Lamloum, M; Khanfir, M; Ben Ghorbel, I; Houman, M H

2018-02-01

Raynaud's phenomenon is a reversible episodic vasospastic disorder triggered by cold or emotion. Two types of Raynaud's phenomenon were distinguished: Raynaud's disease and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to determine the etiologic profile of secondary Raynaud's phenomenon in an internal medicine department. A descriptive retrospective study including patients with secondary Raynaud's phenomenon followed in a tertiary internal medicine department between 2000 and 2013. We included 121 patients. The sex ratio M/F was 0.16. The mean age at the onset of Raynaud's phenomenon was 41.7 years. The average age of patients at the time of the etiologic diagnosis was 47.3 years. The mean delay between Raynaud's phenomenon onset and the first consultation was 41.33 months. Raynaud's phenomenon involved hands in all cases and feet in 16.10% of cases with a typical form in most cases (41.4%). Complications (digital ulcers and scars) were noted in 32.23% of cases. Nail fold capillaroscopy showed scleroderma pattern in 49.52% of patients. Antinuclear antibodies were positive in 88.49% of patients. Interstitial lung disease was reported in 54.04% of cases. Connective tissue diseases were diagnosed in 86.77% of patients. Other secondary Raynaud's phenomenon causes were vasculitis (6.61%), atherosclerosis (1.65%) and medical or professional causes (1.65%). The most frequent one cause systemic sclerosis (n=61, 98%) followed by systemic lupus erythematosus (11.57%) and primary Sjögren syndrome (6.61%). In our study, the Raynaud's phenomenon was most frequently secondary to connective tissue diseases. This may be a selection bias because our department is a third-line unit where patients are often referred for systemic disease suspicion. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

High average power, diode pumped petawatt laser systems: a new generation of lasers enabling precision science and commercial applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Haefner, C. L.; Bayramian, A.; Betts, S.; Bopp, R.; Buck, S.; Cupal, J.; Drouin, M.; Erlandson, A.; Horáček, J.; Horner, J.; Jarboe, J.; Kasl, K.; Kim, D.; Koh, E.; Koubíková, L.; Maranville, W.; Marshall, C.; Mason, D.; Menapace, J.; Miller, P.; Mazurek, P.; Naylon, A.; Novák, J.; Peceli, D.; Rosso, P.; Schaffers, K.; Sistrunk, E.; Smith, D.; Spinka, T.; Stanley, J.; Steele, R.; Stolz, C.; Suratwala, T.; Telford, S.; Thoma, J.; VanBlarcom, D.; Weiss, J.; Wegner, P.

2017-05-01

Large laser systems that deliver optical pulses with peak powers exceeding one Petawatt (PW) have been constructed at dozens of research facilities worldwide and have fostered research in High-Energy-Density (HED) Science, High-Field and nonlinear physics [1]. Furthermore, the high intensities exceeding 1018W/cm2 allow for efficiently driving secondary sources that inherit some of the properties of the laser pulse, e.g. pulse duration, spatial and/or divergence characteristics. In the intervening decades since that first PW laser, single-shot proof-of-principle experiments have been successful in demonstrating new high-intensity laser-matter interactions and subsequent secondary particle and photon sources. These secondary sources include generation and acceleration of charged-particle (electron, proton, ion) and neutron beams, and x-ray and gamma-ray sources, generation of radioisotopes for positron emission tomography (PET), targeted cancer therapy, medical imaging, and the transmutation of radioactive waste [2, 3]. Each of these promising applications requires lasers with peak power of hundreds of terawatt (TW) to petawatt (PW) and with average power of tens to hundreds of kW to achieve the required secondary source flux.

Factors which influence the behavior of turbofan forced mixer nozzles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anderson, B. H.; Povinelli, L. A.

1981-01-01

A finite difference procedure was used to compute the mixing for three experimentally tested mixer geometries. Good agreement was obtained between analysis and experiment when the mechanisms responsible for secondary flow generation were properly modeled. Vorticity generation due to flow turning and vorticity generated within the centerbody lobe passage were found to be important. Results are presented for two different temperature ratios between fan and core streams and for two different free stream turbulence levels. It was concluded that the dominant mechanisms in turbofan mixers is associated with the secondary flows arising within the lobe region and their development within the mixing section.

The Relevance of Multi Media Skills in Teaching and Learning of Scientific Concepts in Secondary Schools in Lagos State, Nigeria

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Okedeyi, Abiodun S.; Oginni, Aderonke M.; Adegorite, Solomon O.; Saibu, Sakibu O.

2015-01-01

This study investigated the relevance of multi media skills in teaching and learning of scientific concepts in secondary schools. Self constructed questionnaire was administered to 120 students randomly selected in four secondary schools in Ojo Local Government Area of Lagos state. Data generated were analyzed using chi-square statistical…

Improving Achievement in Science in Primary and Secondary Schools. Improving Series

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education, 2005

2005-01-01

This report is based on inspections of science in primary and secondary schools carried out between September 2000 and March 2004. In addition to schools inspected as part of the generational cycle, HMI also visited other primary and secondary schools to observe and describe aspects of best practice. The report also draws on other major sources of…

Explicit modeling of volatile organic compounds partitioning in the atmospheric aqueous phase

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mouchel-Vallon, C.; Bräuer, P.; Camredon, M.; Valorso, R.; Madronich, S.; Herrmann, H.; Aumont, B.

2012-09-01

The gas phase oxidation of organic species is a multigenerational process involving a large number of secondary compounds. Most secondary organic species are water-soluble multifunctional oxygenated molecules. The fully explicit chemical mechanism GECKO-A (Generator of Explicit Chemistry and Kinetics of Organics in the Atmosphere) is used to describe the oxidation of organics in the gas phase and their mass transfer to the aqueous phase. The oxidation of three hydrocarbons of atmospheric interest (isoprene, octane and α-pinene) is investigated for various NOx conditions. The simulated oxidative trajectories are examined in a new two dimensional space defined by the mean oxidation state and the solubility. The amount of dissolved organic matter was found to be very low (<2%) under a water content typical of deliquescent aerosols. For cloud water content, 50% (isoprene oxidation) to 70% (octane oxidation) of the carbon atoms are found in the aqueous phase after the removal of the parent hydrocarbons for low NOx conditions. For high NOx conditions, this ratio is only 5% in the isoprene oxidation case, but remains large for α-pinene and octane oxidation cases (40% and 60%, respectively). Although the model does not yet include chemical reactions in the aqueous phase, much of this dissolved organic matter should be processed in cloud drops and modify both oxidation rates and the speciation of organic species.

Explicit modeling of volatile organic compounds partitioning in the atmospheric aqueous phase

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mouchel-Vallon, C.; Bräuer, P.; Camredon, M.; Valorso, R.; Madronich, S.; Herrmann, H.; Aumont, B.

2013-01-01

The gas phase oxidation of organic species is a multigenerational process involving a large number of secondary compounds. Most secondary organic species are water-soluble multifunctional oxygenated molecules. The fully explicit chemical mechanism GECKO-A (Generator of Explicit Chemistry and Kinetics of Organics in the Atmosphere) is used to describe the oxidation of organics in the gas phase and their mass transfer to the aqueous phase. The oxidation of three hydrocarbons of atmospheric interest (isoprene, octane and α-pinene) is investigated for various NOx conditions. The simulated oxidative trajectories are examined in a new two dimensional space defined by the mean oxidation state and the solubility. The amount of dissolved organic matter was found to be very low (yield less than 2% on carbon atom basis) under a water content typical of deliquescent aerosols. For cloud water content, 50% (isoprene oxidation) to 70% (octane oxidation) of the carbon atoms are found in the aqueous phase after the removal of the parent hydrocarbons for low NOx conditions. For high NOx conditions, this ratio is only 5% in the isoprene oxidation case, but remains large for α-pinene and octane oxidation cases (40% and 60%, respectively). Although the model does not yet include chemical reactions in the aqueous phase, much of this dissolved organic matter should be processed in cloud drops and modify both oxidation rates and the speciation of organic species.

Evaluating Secondary Students' Scientific Reasoning in Genetics Using a Two-Tier Diagnostic Instrument

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsui, Chi-Yan; Treagust, David

2010-05-01

While genetics has remained as one key topic in school science, it continues to be conceptually and linguistically difficult for students with the concomitant debates as to what should be taught in the age of biotechnology. This article documents the development and implementation of a two-tier multiple-choice instrument for diagnosing grades 10 and 12 students' understanding of genetics in terms of reasoning. The pretest and posttest forms of the diagnostic instrument were used alongside other methods in evaluating students' understanding of genetics in a case-based qualitative study on teaching and learning with multiple representations in three Western Australian secondary schools. Previous studies have shown that a two-tier diagnostic instrument is useful in probing students' understanding or misunderstanding of scientific concepts and ideas. The diagnostic instrument in this study was designed and then progressively refined, improved, and implemented to evaluate student understanding of genetics in three case schools. The final version of the instrument had Cronbach's alpha reliability of 0.75 and 0.64, respectively, for its pretest and the posttest forms when it was administered to a group of grade 12 students (n = 17). This two-tier diagnostic instrument complemented other qualitative data collection methods in this research in generating a more holistic picture of student conceptual learning of genetics in terms of scientific reasoning. Implications of the findings of this study using the diagnostic instrument are discussed.

Ascertainment bias in dementias: a secondary to tertiary centre analysis in Central Italy and conceptual review.

PubMed

Bonanni, L; Bontempo, G; Borrelli, I; Bifolchetti, S; Buongarzone, M P; Carlesi, N; Carolei, A; Ciccocioppo, F; Colangelo, U; Colonna, G; Desiderio, M; Ferretti, S; Fiorelli, L; D'Alessio, O; D'Amico, A; D'Amico, M C; De Lucia, R; Del Re, L; Di Blasio, F; Di Giacomo, R; Di Iorio, A; Di Santo, E; Di Giuseppe, M; Felice, N; Litterio, P; Gabriele, A; Mancino, E; Manzoli, L; Maruotti, V; Mearelli, S; Molino, G; Monaco, D; Nuccetelli, F; Onofrj, M; Perfetti, B; Sacchet, C; Sensi, F; Sensi, S; Sucapane, P; Taylor, J P; Thomas, A; Viola, P; Viola, S; Zito, M; Zhuzhuni, H

2013-06-01

Ascertainment bias (AB) indicates a bias of an evaluation centre in estimating the prevalence/incidence of a disease due to the specific expertise of the centre. The aim of our study was to evaluate classification of different types of dementia in new cases appearing in secondary and tertiary centres, in order to evidence possible occurrence of AB in the various (secondary to tertiary) dementia centres. To assess the mechanism of AB, the rates of new cases of the different forms of dementia reported by different centres were compared. The centres involved in the study were 11 hospital-based centres including a tertiary centre, located in the University Department of Clinical Neurology. The tertiary centre is endowed with state-of-the-art diagnostic facilities and its scientific production is prominently focused on dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) thus suggesting the possible occurrence of a bias. Four main categories of dementia were identified: Alzheimer's disease (AD), DLB, fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), vascular dementia (VaD), with other forms in a category apart. The classification rate of new cases of dementia in the tertiary centre was compared with rates reported by secondary centres and rates of recoding were calculated during a follow-up of 2 years. The study classified 2,042 newly diagnosed cases of dementia in a population of 1,370,000 inhabitants of which 315,000 were older than 65. AD was categorized in 48-52 % of cases, DLB in 25-28 %, FTD in 2-4 % and VaD in 17-28 %. During the 2-year follow-up the diagnosis was re-classified in 40 patients (3 %). The rate of recoding was 5 % in the tertiary centre, 2-8 % in referrals from secondary to tertiary centre, 2-10 % in recodings performed in secondary centres and addressed to tertiary centre. Recoding or percentages of new cases of AD or DLB were not different in the comparison between secondary or between secondary and tertiary centres. FTD and VaD were instead significantly recoded. The results of the study suggest that in a homogeneous area, AB is not interfering with diagnosis of AD or DLB.

Crossfading Music Education: Connections between Secondary Students' In- and Out-of-School Music Experience

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tobias, Evan S.

2015-01-01

In this case study, the author investigated intersections of secondary students' musical engagement in a Songwriting and Technology Class (STC) and outside of school. The study traces the experiences of three individual participants and three participant groups (six embedded cases in total) in the creation, performance, recording, and production…

Cooperative Autonomy in Online Lingua Franca Exchanges: A Case Study on Foreign Language Education in Secondary Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hoffstaedter, Petra; Kohn, Kurt

2016-01-01

We report on a case study on pedagogical affordances of intercultural telecollaboration for authentic communication practice and competence development in the local foreign language. Focus is on spoken and written conversations involving pairs of secondary school pupils of different linguacultural backgrounds. Particular attention is given to…

Societal Perceptions of Agriculture: A Brunei Case Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dhindsa, Harkirat S.; Md-Hamdilah, Amhra-Zawatil-Amal

2015-01-01

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate perceptions of Bruneian lower secondary students, and, their teachers and parents of agriculture. Design/methodology/approach: The sample of the study was 151 lower secondary agriculture students, and, their 138 parents and eight teachers. The data, using one-shot case study (pre-experimental…

[Primary and secondary encopresis].

PubMed

Lang-Langer, Ellen

2007-01-01

While the difficulty of the child to part with its faeces in primary encopresis is linked to the incapability to experience the object as separated and independent from himself, secondary encopresis is a progressed psychical state of development. In this case we have to deal with regression caused by conflict. Two case-studies show clearly the differences.

Overcoming Gender Bias with Self-Efficacy: A Case Study of Women Agricultural Education Teachers and Preservice Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kelsey, Kathleen D.

2007-01-01

Women have been traditionally underrepresented in secondary agricultural education as teachers and students. Using critical theory as the lens for interpreting findings, this case study sought to explore female teachers' and preservice students' experiences in secondary agricultural education to better understand their perceptions of barriers to…

Secondary School Art: A Case for Increased Senior Management Support

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Etherington, Margaret

2015-01-01

This case study explores the way that school art in England remains a marginalised subject at secondary level, despite the expansion of art-based career opportunities. A recent government document evaluating art, craft and design education highlights the potential role of head teachers in raising an art department's profile. The current study…

Secondary Electron Emission Materials for Transmission Dynodes in Novel Photomultipliers: A Review

PubMed Central

Tao, Shu Xia; Chan, Hong Wah; van der Graaf, Harry

2016-01-01

Secondary electron emission materials are reviewed with the aim of providing guidelines for the future development of novel transmission dynodes. Materials with reflection secondary electron yield higher than three and transmission secondary electron yield higher than one are tabulated for easy reference. Generations of transmission dynodes are listed in the order of the invention time with a special focus on the most recent atomic-layer-deposition synthesized transmission dynodes. Based on the knowledge gained from the survey of secondary election emission materials with high secondary electron yield, an outlook of possible improvements upon the state-of-the-art transmission dynodes is provided. PMID:28774137

Excessive zinc ingestion: A reversible cause of sideroblastic anemia and bone marrow depression

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Broun, E.R.; Greist, A.; Tricot, G.

1990-09-19

Two patients with sideroblastic anemia secondary to zinc-induced copper deficiency absorbed excess zinc secondary to oral ingestion. The source of excess zinc was a zinc supplement in one case; in the other, ingested coins. In each case, the sideroblastic anemia was corrected promptly after removal of the source of excess zinc. These two cases emphasize the importance of recognizing this clinical entity, since the myelodysplastic features are completely reversible.

Tuberculous Mycotic Aneurysm of Common Iliac Artery Secondary from Ureteric Tuberculosis: The First Case Report and Review of the Literature.

PubMed

Paraksa, Patchara; Skulsujirapa, Benjawan; Suankratay, Chusana

2017-09-25

Extrapulmonary involvement of tuberculosis occurs in 10-40% of reported cases. However, tuberculous mycotic aneurysm is very rare. We report herein tuberculous mycotic aneurysm of left common iliac artery secondary from ureteric tuberculosis in a 63-year-old man who presented with left flank pain for 1 month, and review the literature of all reported cases of tuberculous aneurysm of iliac artery.

Gifted Secondary School Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brigandi, Carla B.; Siegle, Del; Weiner, Jennie M.; Gubbins, E. Jean; Little, Catherine A.

2016-01-01

Grounded in the Enrichment Triad and Achievement Orientation Models, this qualitative case study builds understanding of the relationship between participation in Type III Enrichment and the achievement orientation attitude of goal valuation in gifted secondary school students. Participants included 10 gifted secondary school students, their…

29 CFR 1910.255 - Resistance welding.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., the secondary of all welding transformers used in multispot, projection and seam welding machines... counterbalancing impractical or unnecessary. (2) Safety chains. All portable welding guns, transformers and related...) Grounding. The secondary and case of all portable welding transformers shall be grounded. Secondary...

29 CFR 1910.255 - Resistance welding.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., the secondary of all welding transformers used in multispot, projection and seam welding machines... counterbalancing impractical or unnecessary. (2) Safety chains. All portable welding guns, transformers and related...) Grounding. The secondary and case of all portable welding transformers shall be grounded. Secondary...

29 CFR 1910.255 - Resistance welding.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., the secondary of all welding transformers used in multispot, projection and seam welding machines... counterbalancing impractical or unnecessary. (2) Safety chains. All portable welding guns, transformers and related...) Grounding. The secondary and case of all portable welding transformers shall be grounded. Secondary...

29 CFR 1910.255 - Resistance welding.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., the secondary of all welding transformers used in multispot, projection and seam welding machines... counterbalancing impractical or unnecessary. (2) Safety chains. All portable welding guns, transformers and related...) Grounding. The secondary and case of all portable welding transformers shall be grounded. Secondary...

29 CFR 1910.255 - Resistance welding.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., the secondary of all welding transformers used in multispot, projection and seam welding machines... counterbalancing impractical or unnecessary. (2) Safety chains. All portable welding guns, transformers and related...) Grounding. The secondary and case of all portable welding transformers shall be grounded. Secondary...

Pyrilamine-induced prolonged QT interval in adolescent with drug overdose.

PubMed

Paudel, Govinda; Syed, Muhammad; Kalantre, Sarika; Sharma, Jayendra

2011-10-01

The widespread availability of antihistamines in many over-the-counter preparations can lead to significant hazard to the public because of their possible link to potential ventricular arrhythmias secondary to prolongation of QT interval. The effect can be further compounded by the use of other commonly used medications such as macrolides, antifungal agents, antipsychotics, and other antihistamine-containing preparations. The effect of antihistamines on QT interval is not a class effect but is unique to certain medications. Pyrilamine, a first-generation antihistaminic agent, is considered safe as there are no reports regarding its cardiac toxicity available in literature. We report a case of an adolescent with prolonged QT interval after an overdose of pyrilamine.

Interim report on nuclear waste depository thermal analysis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Altenbach, T.J.

1978-07-25

A thermal analysis of a deep geologic depository for spent nuclear fuel is being conducted. The TRUMP finite difference heat transfer code is used to analyze a 3-dimensional model of the depository. The model uses a unit cell consisting of one spent fuel canister buried in salt beneath a ventilated room in the depository. A base case was studied along with several parametric variations. It is concluded that this method is appropriate for analyzing the thermal response of the system, and that the most important parameter in determining the maximum temperatures is the canister heat generation rate. The effects ofmore » room ventilation and different depository media are secondary.« less

Financing Secondary Education in the Philippines. Financing of Educational Systems: Specific Case Studies - 11. IIEP Research Report: 4.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cruz, Leopoldo; Calado, Rene R.

This report describes the Philippine secondary educational system, with particular emphasis on the system of financing different types of secondary schools. Part 1 presents an introductory overview of the Philippine educational system, emphasizing the secondary school system in particular. Part 2 describes the methods of financing different types…

Exploring Factors Affecting Girls' Education at Secondary Level: A Case of Karak District, Pakistan

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Suleman, Qaiser; Aslam, Hassan Danial; Habib, Muhammad Badar; Yasmeen, Kausar; Jalalian, Mehrdad; Akhtar, Zaitoon; Akhtar, Basreen

2015-01-01

The study examined the factors that affect girls' education at secondary school level in Karak District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan). All the female heads, teachers and students serving and studying at secondary school level in Karak District constituted the population of the study. The study was delimited to only 30 girls' secondary schools in…

An econometric model of the U.S. secondary copper industry: Recycling versus disposal

USGS Publications Warehouse

Slade, M.E.

1980-01-01

In this paper, a theoretical model of secondary recovery is developed that integrates microeconomic theories of production and cost with a dynamic model of scrap generation and accumulation. The model equations are estimated for the U.S. secondary copper industry and used to assess the impacts that various policies and future events have on copper recycling rates. The alternatives considered are: subsidies for secondary production, differing energy costs, and varying ore quality in primary production. ?? 1990.

Intestinal lymphangiectasia associated with recurrence of histiocytosis X.

PubMed

Hui, C K

2011-09-01

Intestinal lymphangiectasia may occur as a primary congenital disorder or a secondary disorder. Secondary lymphangiectasia could be associated with diseases such as abdominal carcinoma, retroperitoneal fibrosis or chronic pancreatitis. This is the first reported case of intestinal lymphangiectasia associated with recurrent histiocytosis X. This case report illustrates the need for more prospective, well-designed studies to determine the natural history and outcome of intestinal lymphangiectasia in the duodenum. Hopefully, these studies will also help clinicians identify which group of patients with intestinal lymphangiectasia in the duodenum is more likely to have a secondary cause.

Pruritic nodular secondary syphilis in a 61-year-old man with HIV infection.

PubMed

Rovira-López, Roger; Bertolín-Colilla, Marta; Martín-Ezquerra, Gemma; Pujol, Ramon M

2017-06-01

The typical finding in secondary syphilis stage is a generalized non-pruritic maculopapular eruption. We report a case of secondary syphilis in an HIV-infected patient presenting with pruritic crusted nodules showing numerous eosinophils on the histopathological examination.

Emerging Trends in the Volume and Format of Outside Examinations Submitted for Secondary Interpretation

PubMed Central

Hunt, Christopher H.; Wood, Christopher P.; Diehn, Felix E.; Eckel, Laurence J.; Schwartz, Kara M.; Erickson, Bradley J.

2014-01-01

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to describe the trends of secondary interpretations, including the total volume and format of cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study involved all outside neuroradiology examinations submitted for secondary interpretation from November 2006 through December 2010. This practice utilizes consistent criteria and includes all images that cover the brain, neck, and spine. For each month, the total number of outside examinations and their format (i.e., hard-copy film, DICOM CD-ROM, or non-DICOM CD-ROM) were recorded. RESULTS There was no significant change in the volume of cases (1043 ± 131 cases/month; p = 0.46, two-sided Student t test). There was a significant decrease in the volume of hard-copy films submitted, with the mean number of examinations submitted per month on hard-copy film declining from 297 in 2007 to 57 in 2010 (p < 0.0001, Student t test). This decrease was mirrored by an increase in the mean number of cases submitted on CD-ROM (753 cases/month in 2007 and 1036 cases/month in 2010; p < 0.0001). Although most were submitted in DICOM format, there was almost a doubling of the volume of cases submitted on non-DICOM CD-ROM (mean number of non-DICOM CD-ROMs, nine cases/month in 2007 and 17 cases/month in 2010; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION There has been a significant decrease in the number of hard-copy films submitted for secondary interpretation. There has been almost a doubling of the volume of cases submitted in non-DICOM formats, which is unfortunate, given the many advantages of the internationally derived DICOM standard, including ease of archiving, standardized display, efficient review, improved interpretation, and quality of patient care. PMID:22451538

Emerging trends in the volume and format of outside examinations submitted for secondary interpretation.

PubMed

Hunt, Christopher H; Wood, Christopher P; Diehn, Felix E; Eckel, Laurence J; Schwartz, Kara M; Erickson, Bradley J

2012-04-01

The purpose of this article is to describe the trends of secondary interpretations, including the total volume and format of cases. This retrospective study involved all outside neuroradiology examinations submitted for secondary interpretation from November 2006 through December 2010. This practice utilizes consistent criteria and includes all images that cover the brain, neck, and spine. For each month, the total number of outside examinations and their format (i.e., hard-copy film, DICOM CD-ROM, or non-DICOM CD-ROM) were recorded. There was no significant change in the volume of cases (1043 ± 131 cases/month; p = 0.46, two-sided Student t test). There was a significant decrease in the volume of hard-copy films submitted, with the mean number of examinations submitted per month on hard-copy film declining from 297 in 2007 to 57 in 2010 (p < 0.0001, Student t test). This decrease was mirrored by an increase in the mean number of cases submitted on CD-ROM (753 cases/month in 2007 and 1036 cases/month in 2010; p < 0.0001). Although most were submitted in DICOM format, there was almost a doubling of the volume of cases submitted on non-DICOM CD-ROM (mean number of non-DICOM CD-ROMs, nine cases/month in 2007 and 17 cases/month in 2010; p < 0.001). There has been a significant decrease in the number of hard-copy films submitted for secondary interpretation. There has been almost a doubling of the volume of cases submitted in non-DICOM formats, which is unfortunate, given the many advantages of the internationally derived DICOM standard, including ease of archiving, standardized display, efficient review, improved interpretation, and quality of patient care.

Control of a community outbreak of hepatitis A in an area of low endemicity, Wales, 2016.

PubMed

Vaz, J; Floyd, C; Mason, B; Shankar, A G; Lewis, H

2017-10-03

Incidence of hepatitis A in Wales is low (average of 0.48/100,000 inhabitants from 2004-2015). We describe a community outbreak of hepatitis A involving 3 schools (primary and secondary) in South Wales between March and June 2016 and reflect on the adequacy of the control measures used. Anyone in South Wales epidemiologically linked to a serological and/or RNA positive confirmed case of hepatitis A during the 15-50 d before onset of symptoms (diarrhea, vomiting, fever, nausea, AND jaundice, or jaundice-associated symptom) was defined as a case. Case identification was based on laboratory or GP suspicion notification, changing to active surveillance toward the end. As per national guidance, household contacts were identified and offered immunisation while in schools vaccination followed evidence of transmission. We went beyond guidance by vaccinating street play mates and in secondary schools. Mass vaccination uptake was calculated. There were 17 cases, mostly in children under 16 y of age. All cases had an epidemiological link to either a school or a household case (except primary) and no travel history. Street playing was the only epidemiological link between 2 cases in different schools. A total of 139 household contacts were identified. All schools, including secondary one, had a transmission event preceding mass vaccination (overall uptake 85%, reaching 1,574 individuals) and no tertiary cases emerged after the campaigns. We recommend extending guidance to include actions taken that helped curb this outbreak: 1) vaccinating in secondary school and 2) broadening the household contact definition. Based on our learning we further suggest 3) vaccinating upon identification of a single case who attended school while infectious regardless of source and 4) active case finding by serologically testing contacts.

Clinical decision-making and secondary findings in systems medicine.

PubMed

Fischer, T; Brothers, K B; Erdmann, P; Langanke, M

2016-05-21

Systems medicine is the name for an assemblage of scientific strategies and practices that include bioinformatics approaches to human biology (especially systems biology); "big data" statistical analysis; and medical informatics tools. Whereas personalized and precision medicine involve similar analytical methods applied to genomic and medical record data, systems medicine draws on these as well as other sources of data. Given this distinction, the clinical translation of systems medicine poses a number of important ethical and epistemological challenges for researchers working to generate systems medicine knowledge and clinicians working to apply it. This article focuses on three key challenges: First, we will discuss the conflicts in decision-making that can arise when healthcare providers committed to principles of experimental medicine or evidence-based medicine encounter individualized recommendations derived from computer algorithms. We will explore in particular whether controlled experiments, such as comparative effectiveness trials, should mediate the translation of systems medicine, or if instead individualized findings generated through "big data" approaches can be applied directly in clinical decision-making. Second, we will examine the case of the Riyadh Intensive Care Program Mortality Prediction Algorithm, pejoratively referred to as the "death computer," to demonstrate the ethical challenges that can arise when big-data-driven scoring systems are applied in clinical contexts. We argue that the uncritical use of predictive clinical algorithms, including those envisioned for systems medicine, challenge basic understandings of the doctor-patient relationship. Third, we will build on the recent discourse on secondary findings in genomics and imaging to draw attention to the important implications of secondary findings derived from the joint analysis of data from diverse sources, including data recorded by patients in an attempt to realize their "quantified self." This paper examines possible ethical challenges that are likely to be raised as systems medicine to be translated into clinical medicine. These include the epistemological challenges for clinical decision-making, the use of scoring systems optimized by big data techniques and the risk that incidental and secondary findings will significantly increase. While some ethical implications remain still hypothetical we should use the opportunity to prospectively identify challenges to avoid making foreseeable mistakes when systems medicine inevitably arrives in routine care.

The role of low-energy electrons in focused electron beam induced deposition: four case studies of representative precursors

PubMed Central

Thorman, Rachel M; Kumar T. P., Ragesh; Fairbrother, D Howard

2015-01-01

Summary Focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is a single-step, direct-write nanofabrication technique capable of writing three-dimensional metal-containing nanoscale structures on surfaces using electron-induced reactions of organometallic precursors. Currently FEBID is, however, limited in resolution due to deposition outside the area of the primary electron beam and in metal purity due to incomplete precursor decomposition. Both limitations are likely in part caused by reactions of precursor molecules with low-energy (<100 eV) secondary electrons generated by interactions of the primary beam with the substrate. These low-energy electrons are abundant both inside and outside the area of the primary electron beam and are associated with reactions causing incomplete ligand dissociation from FEBID precursors. As it is not possible to directly study the effects of secondary electrons in situ in FEBID, other means must be used to elucidate their role. In this context, gas phase studies can obtain well-resolved information on low-energy electron-induced reactions with FEBID precursors by studying isolated molecules interacting with single electrons of well-defined energy. In contrast, ultra-high vacuum surface studies on adsorbed precursor molecules can provide information on surface speciation and identify species desorbing from a substrate during electron irradiation under conditions more representative of FEBID. Comparing gas phase and surface science studies allows for insight into the primary deposition mechanisms for individual precursors; ideally, this information can be used to design future FEBID precursors and optimize deposition conditions. In this review, we give a summary of different low-energy electron-induced fragmentation processes that can be initiated by the secondary electrons generated in FEBID, specifically, dissociative electron attachment, dissociative ionization, neutral dissociation, and dipolar dissociation, emphasizing the different nature and energy dependence of each process. We then explore the value of studying these processes through comparative gas phase and surface studies for four commonly-used FEBID precursors: MeCpPtMe3, Pt(PF3)4, Co(CO)3NO, and W(CO)6. Through these case studies, it is evident that this combination of studies can provide valuable insight into potential mechanisms governing deposit formation in FEBID. Although further experiments and new approaches are needed, these studies are an important stepping-stone toward better understanding the fundamental physics behind the deposition process and establishing design criteria for optimized FEBID precursors. PMID:26665061

The role of low-energy electrons in focused electron beam induced deposition: four case studies of representative precursors.

PubMed

Thorman, Rachel M; Kumar T P, Ragesh; Fairbrother, D Howard; Ingólfsson, Oddur

2015-01-01

Focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is a single-step, direct-write nanofabrication technique capable of writing three-dimensional metal-containing nanoscale structures on surfaces using electron-induced reactions of organometallic precursors. Currently FEBID is, however, limited in resolution due to deposition outside the area of the primary electron beam and in metal purity due to incomplete precursor decomposition. Both limitations are likely in part caused by reactions of precursor molecules with low-energy (<100 eV) secondary electrons generated by interactions of the primary beam with the substrate. These low-energy electrons are abundant both inside and outside the area of the primary electron beam and are associated with reactions causing incomplete ligand dissociation from FEBID precursors. As it is not possible to directly study the effects of secondary electrons in situ in FEBID, other means must be used to elucidate their role. In this context, gas phase studies can obtain well-resolved information on low-energy electron-induced reactions with FEBID precursors by studying isolated molecules interacting with single electrons of well-defined energy. In contrast, ultra-high vacuum surface studies on adsorbed precursor molecules can provide information on surface speciation and identify species desorbing from a substrate during electron irradiation under conditions more representative of FEBID. Comparing gas phase and surface science studies allows for insight into the primary deposition mechanisms for individual precursors; ideally, this information can be used to design future FEBID precursors and optimize deposition conditions. In this review, we give a summary of different low-energy electron-induced fragmentation processes that can be initiated by the secondary electrons generated in FEBID, specifically, dissociative electron attachment, dissociative ionization, neutral dissociation, and dipolar dissociation, emphasizing the different nature and energy dependence of each process. We then explore the value of studying these processes through comparative gas phase and surface studies for four commonly-used FEBID precursors: MeCpPtMe3, Pt(PF3)4, Co(CO)3NO, and W(CO)6. Through these case studies, it is evident that this combination of studies can provide valuable insight into potential mechanisms governing deposit formation in FEBID. Although further experiments and new approaches are needed, these studies are an important stepping-stone toward better understanding the fundamental physics behind the deposition process and establishing design criteria for optimized FEBID precursors.

Management of a Lassa fever outbreak, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, 2016.

PubMed

Ehlkes, Lutz; George, Maja; Samosny, Gerhard; Burckhardt, Florian; Vogt, Manfred; Bent, Stefan; Jahn, Klaus; Zanger, Philipp

2017-09-01

Due to rapid diagnosis and isolation of imported cases, community outbreaks of viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHF) are considered unlikely in industrialised countries. In March 2016, the first documented locally acquired case of Lassa fever (LF) outside Africa occurred, demonstrating the disease's potential as a cross-border health threat. We describe the management surrounding this case of LF in Rhineland-Palatinate - the German federal state where secondary transmission occurred. Twelve days after having been exposed to the corpse of a LF case imported from Togo, a symptomatic undertaker tested positive for Lassa virus RNA. Potential contacts were traced, categorised based on exposure risk, and monitored. Overall, we identified 21 contact persons with legal residency in Rhineland-Palatinate: seven related to the index case, 13 to the secondary case, and one related to both. The secondary case received treatment and recovered. Five contacts were quarantined and one was temporarily banned from work. No further transmission occurred. Based on the experience gained during the outbreak and a review of national and international guidelines, we conclude that exposure risk attributable to corpses may currently be underestimated, and we present suggestions that may help to improve the anti-epidemic response to imported VHF cases in industrialised countries.

[Clinical study of aged patients with secondary benign paroxysmal positional vertigo].

PubMed

Zhu, Z J; Wei, L P; Xu, Z X; Xu, H J; Liu, Q; Luo, N

2017-09-07

Objective: To investigate the clinical features and evaluate the efficacy of manual reduction in treatment of age patients with secondary benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (s-BPPV). Methods: Thirty-two cases of aged patients ( the s-BPPV group: including 19 cases of female and 13 males, age from 60 to 86 years old)with secondary benign paroxysmal positional vertigo from Jul. 2013 to Sep. 2015 in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. The results were compared with 121 patients( the primary group: including 82 cases of female and 39males, aged from 60 to 86 years old)with aged primary benign paroxysmal positional vertigo(p -BPPV). All the patients were followed up for 12 months. Statistical data analysis was carried out with SPSS 19.0. Results: 20.92%(32/153)of all the observed elderly patients with BPPV was the aged s-BPPV. The sex ratio and onset age had no significant difference between the two groups(χ(2)=0.79, P >0.05; t =0.37, P >0.05). The rate of two or more semicircular canal involvement in the secondary group(21.88%) was higher than that in primary group(6.61%)(χ(2)=6.67, P <0.05). Bilateral semicircular canals were involved in 5 of the 32 cases in secondary group(15.63%) and 4 of the 121 cases in aged primary group(3.31%), The difference was significant(χ(2)=6.94, P <0.05). The effective rate after first manual reduction was 57.50%(23/40)in secondary group and 82.31%(107/130)in primary group, the difference was significant(χ(2)=10.46, P <0.05). The total effective rate were 87.50%(35/40) after more than once manual reduction in secondary group and 91.54%(119/130) in primary group, the difference was not significant(χ(2)= 0.59, P >0.05). The numbers of circulation of the first successful manual reduction management were (3.9±1.3)times in secondary group and (2.1±1.1)times in primary group, the difference was significant( t =3.15, P <0.05). The recurrence rate was 37.50%(15/40) in the secondary group and 16.15%(21/130)in primary group after during follow-up for 12 months, the difference was statistically significant(χ(2)=8.35, P <0.05). Conclusions: It's shown that the aged patients with secondary BPPV is not rare in clinical practice, sudden deafness and head trauma are frequent more than other reasons. The aged patients with secondary BPPV are prone to injury in multi-semicircular and bilateral canal compared with the primary BPPV. The effective rate after first manual reduction of secondary BPPV is lower than primary BPPV, it's needed more circulation of first success in manual reduction management. The total effective rates are not significant in two groups and recurrence rate is relatively high in secondary group.

Bilateral anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome variant secondary to extensor hallucis brevis muscle hypertrophy in a ballet dancer: a case report.

PubMed

Tennant, Joshua N; Rungprai, Chamnanni; Phisitkul, Phinit

2014-12-01

We present a case of bilateral anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome secondary EHB hypertrophy in a dancer, with successful treatment with bilateral EHB muscle excisions for decompression. The bilateral presentation of this case with the treatment of EHB muscle excision is the first of its type reported in the literature. Copyright © 2014 European Foot and Ankle Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Organosulfate Formation in Biogenic Secondary Organic Aerosol

EPA Science Inventory

Organosulfates of isoprene, α-pinene, and β-pinene have recently been identified in both laboratory-generated and ambient secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In this study, the mechanism and ubiquity of organosulfate formation in biogenic SOA is investigated by a comprehensive seri...

Evaluation of Quality Indicators of Integrated Care in a Regional Psychiatry Budget – A Pre-Post Comparison by Secondary Data Analysis

PubMed Central

Hubmann, Svenja; Birker, Thomas; Hejnal, Torsten; Fischer, Felix

2016-01-01

The Regional Psychiatry Budget (RPB), as a special arrangement within the German Federal Hospital Refund Regulation, is based on the capitation principle. A lump sum is allocated to a major inpatient care provider in a large region on a yearly basis. Under this model, the provider is free to offer all forms of treatment and to construct individual models of integrated care that specifically suit the region and the needs of community members. The present study aimed to evaluate selected aspects that represent a change in the psychiatric health status of patients in the covered region under the conditions of the RPB. We performed a secondary data analysis of administrative data of 19,913 cases generated by the hospital in a pre-post comparison of the periods before and under RPB conditions. The average length of an inpatient stay was reduced by approximately 22 % and could be partially replaced by day care. Selected indicators suggest equal or higher quality of care with stable cost in the population in need of psychiatric care in the district. PMID:28413369

Measurements of radiated elastic wave energy from dynamic tensile cracks

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Boler, Frances M.

1990-01-01

The role of fracture-velocity, microstructure, and fracture-energy barriers in elastic wave radiation during a dynamic fracture was investigated in experiments in which dynamic tensile cracks of two fracture cofigurations of double cantilever beam geometry were propagating in glass samples. The first, referred to as primary fracture, consisted of fractures of intact glass specimens; the second configuration, referred to as secondary fracture, consisted of a refracture of primary fracture specimens which were rebonded with an intermittent pattern of adhesive to produce variations in fracture surface energy along the crack path. For primary fracture cases, measurable elastic waves were generated in 31 percent of the 16 fracture events observed; the condition for radiation of measurable waves appears to be a local abrupt change in the fracture path direction, such as occurs when the fracture intersects a surface flaw. For secondary fractures, 100 percent of events showed measurable elastic waves; in these fractures, the ratio of radiated elastic wave energy in the measured component to fracture surface energy was 10 times greater than for primary fracture.

Improving the discoverability, accessibility, and citability of omics datasets: a case report.

PubMed

Darlington, Yolanda F; Naumov, Alexey; McOwiti, Apollo; Kankanamge, Wasula H; Becnel, Lauren B; McKenna, Neil J

2017-03-01

Although omics datasets represent valuable assets for hypothesis generation, model testing, and data validation, the infrastructure supporting their reuse lacks organization and consistency. Using nuclear receptor signaling transcriptomic datasets as proof of principle, we developed a model to improve the discoverability, accessibility, and citability of published omics datasets. Primary datasets were retrieved from archives, processed to extract data points, then subjected to metadata enrichment and gap filling. The resulting secondary datasets were exposed on responsive web pages to support mining of gene lists, discovery of related datasets, and single-click citation integration with popular reference managers. Automated processes were established to embed digital object identifier-driven links to the secondary datasets in associated journal articles, small molecule and gene-centric databases, and a dataset search engine. Our model creates multiple points of access to reprocessed and reannotated derivative datasets across the digital biomedical research ecosystem, promoting their visibility and usability across disparate research communities. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Medical Informatics Association. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Acoustical considerations for secondary uses of government facilities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Evans, Jack B.

2003-10-01

Government buildings are by their nature, public and multi-functional. Whether in meetings, presentations, documentation processing, work instructions or dispatch, speech communications are critical. Full-time occupancy facilities may require sleep or rest areas adjacent to active spaces. Rooms designed for some other primary use may be used for public assembly, receptions or meetings. In addition, environmental noise impacts to the building or from the building should be considered, especially where adjacent to hospitals, hotels, apartments or other urban sensitive land uses. Acoustical criteria and design parameters for reverberation, background noise and sound isolation should enhance speech intelligibility and privacy. This presentation looks at unusual spaces and unexpected uses of spaces with regard to room acoustics and noise control. Examples of various spaces will be discussed, including an atrium used for reception and assembly, multi-jurisdictional (911) emergency control center, frequent or long-duration use of emergency generators, renovations of historically significant buildings, and the juxtaposition of acoustically incompatible functions. Brief case histories of acoustical requirements, constraints and design solutions will be presented, including acoustical measurements, plan illustrations and photographs. Acoustical criteria for secondary functional uses of spaces will be proposed.

Rational biosynthetic approaches for the production of new-to-nature compounds in fungi.

PubMed

Boecker, Simon; Zobel, Sophia; Meyer, Vera; Süssmuth, Roderich D

2016-04-01

Filamentous fungi have the ability to produce a wide range of secondary metabolites some of which are potent toxins whereas others are exploited as food additives or drugs. Fungal natural products still play an important role in the discovery of new chemical entities for potential use as pharmaceuticals. However, in most cases they cannot be directly used as drugs due to toxic side effects or suboptimal pharmacokinetics. To improve drug-like properties, including bioactivity and stability or to produce better precursors for semi-synthetic routes, one needs to generate non-natural derivatives from known fungal secondary metabolites. In this minireview, we describe past and recent biosynthetic approaches for the diversification of fungal natural products, covering examples from precursor-directed biosynthesis, mutasynthesis, metabolic engineering and biocombinatorial synthesis. To illustrate the current state-of-the-art, challenges and pitfalls, we lay particular emphasis on the class of fungal cyclodepsipeptides which have been studied longtime for product diversification and which are of pharmaceutical relevance as drugs. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Identification and dynamics of a cryptic suture zone in tropical rainforest

PubMed Central

Moritz, C.; Hoskin, C.J.; MacKenzie, J.B.; Phillips, B.L.; Tonione, M.; Silva, N.; VanDerWal, J.; Williams, S.E.; Graham, C.H.

2009-01-01

Suture zones, shared regions of secondary contact between long-isolated lineages, are natural laboratories for studying divergence and speciation. For tropical rainforest, the existence of suture zones and their significance for speciation has been controversial. Using comparative phylogeographic evidence, we locate a morphologically cryptic suture zone in the Australian Wet Tropics rainforest. Fourteen out of 18 contacts involve morphologically cryptic phylogeographic lineages, with mtDNA sequence divergences ranging from 2 to 15 per cent. Contact zones are significantly clustered in a suture zone located between two major Quaternary refugia. Within this area, there is a trend for secondary contacts to occur in regions with low environmental suitability relative to both adjacent refugia and, by inference, the parental lineages. The extent and form of reproductive isolation among interacting lineages varies across species, ranging from random admixture to speciation, in one case via reinforcement. Comparative phylogeographic studies, combined with environmental analysis at a fine-scale and across varying climates, can generate new insights into suture zone formation and to diversification processes in species-rich tropical rainforests. As arenas for evolutionary experimentation, suture zones merit special attention for conservation. PMID:19203915

Secondary School Senior Capstone Projects: A Descriptive and Interpretive Case Study on Post-Secondary Students' Perspectives of Learning Transfer

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yasuda, Vanessa Applbaum

2017-01-01

This descriptive and interpretive case study investigates how 12 undergraduate college students perceived participation in their high school Senior Capstone Project (SCP) impacted their college academic experience. Learning transfer was explored from the learner's perspective. Data was collected using qualitative methods in three sequential phases…

From Lady Teacher to Professional: A Case Study of Some of the First Headteachers of Girls' Secondary Schools in England.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Watts, Ruth

1998-01-01

Investigates women headteachers' professional identity and leadership styles, returning readers to the late 19th century, when the first (British) secondary schools for girls were established. Explores various issues, such as sensible dress, girls' sports, health education, and extracurricular activities, employing case studies of three Birmingham…

Scaffolding Online Historical Inquiry Tasks: A Case Study of Two Secondary School Classrooms

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Li, Dong Dong; Lim, Cher Ping

2008-01-01

This paper examines the different dimensions of scaffolding for online historical inquiry based on a case study of two secondary-two history classes from a neighborhood school in Singapore. The data collected for the study include video and screen captures, focus group interview, digital artifacts, and students' survey. Using sample transcripts…

A Case Study of Secondary District-Level Literacy Coaches' Beliefs about How to Teach Reading

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Crawford, Pamela Sharp

2012-01-01

This was a qualitative case study that compared data across six district-level literacy coaches' epistemological and ontological beliefs about how to teach reading. All six coaches were working as a cohort of literacy coaches on the development and implementation of a secondary reading intervention program for seventh-grade struggling readers.…

A Case Study on Pre-Service Secondary School Mathematics Teachers' Cognitive-Metacognitive Behaviours in Mathematical Modelling Process

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sagirli, Meryem Özturan

2016-01-01

The aim of the present study is to investigate pre-service secondary mathematics teachers' cognitive-metacognitive behaviours during the mathematical problem-solving process considering class level. The study, in which the case study methodology was employed, was carried out with eight pre-service mathematics teachers, enrolled at a university in…

A Community of Congruence among Secondary Social Studies Teachers: A Case Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Province, Rachael

2012-01-01

The purpose of this case study was to explore the community of one purposely selected department of secondary social studies teachers. I aimed to provide insight into the nature of one community of congruence amid the many constraints and systemic pressures in school systems today. Many have suggested that education is a microcosm of larger…

Painful nipple hyperkeratosis secondary to vemurafenib.

PubMed

Carr, Emily S; Brown, Shannon C; Fiala, Katherine H

2017-05-01

Vemurafenib is a selected BRAF kinase inhibitor approved for treating metastatic or unresectable melanoma, which has numerous cutaneous side effects unfortunately, including three previously reported cases of asymptomatic areola and/or nipple hyperkeratosis. We present the first case of painful bilateral nipple hyperkeratosis secondary to vemurafenib in an 84-year-old woman. She was successfully treated with tretinoin 0.05% cream that allowed her to comfortably continue treatment. With increased awareness of this condition, we found a second case of asymptomatic nipple hyperkeratosis secondary to vemurafenib in our clinic. As this medication gains acceptance for treatment of metastatic melanoma, it is imperative that dermatologists are aware of this potentially uncomfortable side effect that can result in decreased compliance and impaired quality of life. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Endoscopic Color Doppler Ultrasonographic Evaluation of GastricVarices Secondary to Left-Sided Portal Hypertension

PubMed Central

Sato, Takahiro; Yamazaki, Katsu; Kimura, Mutsuumi; Toyota, Jouji; Karino, Yoshiyasu

2014-01-01

Gastric varices that arise secondary to the splenic vein occlusion can result in gastrointestinal hemorrhaging. Endoscopic color Doppler ultrasonography (ECDUS) was performed in 16 patients with gastric varices secondary to splenic vein occlusion. This study retrospectively evaluated the role of ECDUS in the diagnosis of gastric varices secondary to splenic vein occlusion. Thirteen patients had co-existing pancreatic diseases: 8 with chronic pancreatitis, 4 with cancer of the pancreatic body or tail and 1 with severe acute pancreatitis. Of the remaining 3 patients, 1 had myeloproliferative disease, 1 had advanced gastric cancer, and the third had splenic vein occlusion due to an obscure cause. The endoscopic findings of gastric varices were: variceal form (F) classified as enlarged tortuous (F2) in 12 cases and large, coil-shaped (F3) in 4 cases, and positive for erosion or red color sign of the variceal surface in 4 cases and negative in 12 cases. ECDUS color flow images of gastric variceal flow clearly depicted a round fundal region at the center, with varices expanding to the curvatura ventriculi major of the gastric body in all 16 cases. The velocities of F3 type gastric varices were significantly higher than those of the F2 type. The wall thickness of varices positive for erosion or red color sign was significantly less than the negative cases. I conclude that ECDUS color flow images of gastric variceal flow depicted specific findings of gastric varices secondary to splenic vein occlusion at the round fundal region at the center, with varices expanding to the curvatura ventriculi major of the gastric body. PMID:26852679

Student Accounts of the Ontario Secondary School Literacy Test: A Case for Validation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cheng, Liying; Fox, Janna; Zheng, Ying

2007-01-01

The Ontario Secondary School Literacy Test (OSSLT) is a cross-curricular literacy test issued to all secondary school students in the province of Ontario. The test consists of a reading and a writing component, both of which must be successfully completed for secondary school graduation in Ontario. This study elicited 16 first language and second…

Effectiveness of Teacher Advisory Centre Tutors in Curriculum Implementation in Public Secondary Schools: Case of Chepalungu District, Kenya

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kosgey, Milgo Joyce Chelangat

2011-01-01

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Teacher Advisory Center (TAC) tutors in curriculum implementation of secondary schools in Chepalungu District. The study aimed at determining ways in which TAC tutors, participate in implementation of secondary school curriculum and to establish whether teachers in secondary schools…

Challenges to Successful Total Quality Management Implementation in Public Secondary Schools: A Case Study of Kohat District, Pakistan

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Suleman, Qaiser; Gul, Rizwana

2015-01-01

The current study explores the challenges faced by public secondary schools in successful implementation of total quality management (TQM) in Kohat District. A sample of 25 heads and 75 secondary school teachers selected from 25 public secondary schools through simple random sampling technique was used. Descriptive research designed was used and a…

Kenya's Constituency Development Fund, Free Secondary Education Policy, and Access to Secondary Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nzuki, Charles Kyalo

2018-01-01

The effects of the Constituency Development Fund (CDF) and the Free Secondary Education Policy (FSEP) on access to secondary school education in Kenya's Yatta sub-county have not been adequately explored in available public policy literature. Hence, this qualitative multiple-case study was designed to understand the effects of the 2 policies on…

Intracranial abscess secondary to dental infection.

PubMed

Brady, Paul; Bergin, Sarah; Cryan, Bartley; Flanagan, Oisin

2014-01-01

We report a case of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) bacteraemia and secondary brain abscess in a patient where periodontal disease was implicated as the probable source.

Randomized Trial of the Effect of Four Second-Generation Antipsychotics and One First-Generation Antipsychotic on Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol, and Drug Use in Chronic Schizophrenia.

PubMed

Mohamed, Somaia; Rosenheck, Robert A; Lin, Haiqun; Swartz, Marvin; McEvoy, Joseph; Stroup, Scott

2015-07-01

No large-scale randomized trial has compared the effect of different second-generation antipsychotic drugs and any first-generation drug on alcohol, drug and nicotine use in patients with schizophrenia. The Clinical Antipsychotic Trial of Intervention Effectiveness study randomly assigned 1432 patients formally diagnosed with schizophrenia to four second-generation antipsychotic drugs (olanzapine, risperidone quetiapine, and ziprasidone) and one first-generation antipsychotic (perphenazine) and followed them for up to 18 months. Secondary outcome data documented cigarettes smoked in the past week and alcohol and drug use severity ratings. At baseline, 61% of patients smoked, 35% used alcohol, and 23% used illicit drugs. Although there were significant effects of time showing reduction in substance use over the 18 months (all p < 0.0001), this study found no evidence that any antipsychotic was robustly superior to any other in a secondary analysis of data on substance use outcomes from a large 18-month randomized schizophrenia trial.

A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Model for Evaluating and Planning Secondary Vocational Programs

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kim, Jin Eun

1977-01-01

This paper conceptualizes a cost-effectiveness analysis and describes a cost-effectiveness analysis model for secondary vocational programs. It generates three kinds of cost-effectiveness measures: program effectiveness, cost efficiency, and cost-effectiveness and/or performance ratio. (Author)

SAMPLING DURATION DEPENDENCE OF SEMI-CONTINUOUS ORGANIC CARBON MEASUREMENTS ON STEADY STATE SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOLS

EPA Science Inventory

Semi-continuous organic carbon concentrations were measured through several experiments of statically generated secondary organic aerosol formed by hydrocarbon + NOx irradiations. Repeated, randomized measurements of these steady state aerosols reveal decreases in the observed c...

Cost-effectiveness of percutaneous coronary intervention with cobalt-chromium everolimus eluting stents versus bare metal stents: Results from a patient level meta-analysis of randomized trials.

PubMed

Ferko, Nicole; Ferrante, Giuseppe; Hasegawa, James T; Schikorr, Tanya; Soleas, Ireena M; Hernandez, John B; Sabaté, Manel; Kaiser, Christoph; Brugaletta, Salvatore; de la Torre Hernandez, Jose Maria; Galatius, Soeren; Cequier, Angel; Eberli, Franz; de Belder, Adam; Serruys, Patrick W; Valgimigli, Marco

2017-05-01

Second-generation drug eluting stents (DES) may reduce costs and improve clinical outcomes compared to first-generation DES with improved cost-effectiveness when compared to bare metal stents (BMS). We aimed to conduct an economic evaluation of a cobalt-chromium everolimus eluting stent (Co-Cr EES) compared with BMS in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). To conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of a cobalt-chromium everolimus eluting stent (Co-Cr EES) versus BMS in PCI. A Markov state transition model with a 2-year time horizon was applied from a US Medicare setting with patients undergoing PCI with Co-Cr EES or BMS. Baseline characteristics, treatment effects, and safety measures were taken from a patient level meta-analysis of 5 RCTs (n = 4,896). The base-case analysis evaluated stent-related outcomes; a secondary analysis considered the broader set of outcomes reported in the meta-analysis. The base-case and secondary analyses reported an additional 0.018 and 0.013 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and cost savings of $236 and $288, respectively with Co-Cr EES versus BMS. Results were robust to sensitivity analyses and were most sensitive to the price of clopidogrel. In the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, Co-Cr EES was associated with a greater than 99% chance of being cost saving or cost effective (at a cost per QALY threshold of $50,000) versus BMS. Using data from a recent patient level meta-analysis and contemporary cost data, this analysis found that PCI with Co-Cr EES is more effective and less costly than PCI with BMS. © 2016 The Authors. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2016 The Authors. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Coherent flow structures and heat transfer in a duct with electromagnetic forcing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Himo, Rawad; Habchi, Charbel

2018-04-01

Coherent vortices are generated electromagnetically in a square duct flow. The vortices are induced by a Lorentz force applied in a small section near the entrance of the duct. The flow structure complexity increases with the electromagnetic forcing since the primary vortices propagating along the duct detach to generate secondary smaller streamwise vortices and hairpin-like structures. The Reynolds number based on the mean flow velocity and hydraulic diameter is 500, and five cases were studied by varying the electromagnetic forcing. Even though this Reynolds number is relatively low, a periodic sequence of hairpin-like structure flow was observed for the high forcing cases. This mechanism enhances the mixing process between the different flow regions resulting in an increase in the thermal performances which reaches 66% relative to the duct flow without forcing. In addition to the flow complexity, lower forcing cases remained steady, unlike high Lorentz forces that induced periodic instabilities with a Strouhal number around 0.59 for the transient eddies. The effect of the flow structure on the heat transfer is analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using numerical simulations based on the finite volume method. Moreover, proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis was performed on the flow structures to evaluate the most energetic modes contributing in the flow. It is found from the POD analysis that the primary streamwise vortices and hairpin legs are the flow structures that are the most contributing to the heat transfer process.

Mass spectrometric study of the negative and positive secondary ions emitted from ethanol microdroplets by MeV-energy heavy ion impact

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kitajima, Kensei; Majima, Takuya; Nishio, Tatsuya; Oonishi, Yoshiki; Mizutani, Shiori; Kohno, Jun-ya; Saito, Manabu; Tsuchida, Hidetsugu

2018-06-01

We have investigated the negative and positive secondary ions emitted from ethanol droplets by 4.0-MeV C3+ impact to reveal the characteristic features of the reaction processes induced by fast heavy ions at the liquid ethanol surface. Analysis of the secondary ions was performed by time-of-flight mass spectrometry for microdroplet targets in a high vacuum environment. Fragment ions, deprotonated cluster ions, and trace amounts of the reaction product ions are observed in the negative secondary ions. The main fragment anions are C2HmO- (m = 1, 3, and 5) and C2H- generated by loss of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The reaction product anions include deprotonated glycols, larger alcohols, and their dehydrated and dehydrogenated forms generated by secondary reactions between fragments and radicals. Furthermore, C3Hm- (m = 0-2) and C4Hm- (m = 0 and 1) are observed, which could be produced through a plasma state generated in the heavy ion track. Deprotonated ethanol cluster ions, [(EtOH)n - H]-, are observed up to about n = 25. [(EtOH)n - H]- have smaller kinetic energies than the protonated cluster ions (EtOH)nH+. This probably represents the effect of the positive Coulomb potential transiently formed in the ion track. We also discuss the size distributions and structures of the water- and CH2OH-radical-attached ethanol cluster ions.

Large measles outbreak in Geneva, Switzerland, January to August 2011: descriptive epidemiology and demonstration of quarantine effectiveness.

PubMed

Delaporte, E; Wyler Lazarevic, C A; Iten, A; Sudre, P

2013-02-07

Between January and August 2011, the canton of Geneva, Switzerland, experienced a large measles outbreak with 219 cases (47 cases per 100,000 inhabitants) in the context of an extensive epidemic in a neighbouring region of France. Most cases were young adults (median age: 18 years), often unaware of their vaccination status. The vast majority of cases were either not (81%) or incompletely vaccinated (8%). Thirty clusters with a total of 119 cases and a median cluster size of three (range: 2–15 cases) were identified. Overall, 44 cases were imported or linked to imported cases. Of 73 contacts of cases who were quarantined, 50 developed measles and caused six secondary cases. This compares to 81 secondary cases among 173 non-quarantined cases (relative risk: 0.26; 95% confidence interval: 0.06–0.65), demonstrating the effectiveness of well targeted quarantine measures in reducing transmission.

A Histologically Diagnosed Case with Infantile Osteopetrosis Complicated by Hypopituitarism

PubMed Central

Calkavur, Sebnem; Buyukinan, Muammer; Altay, Canan

2015-01-01

Malignant infantile osteopetrosis is a rarely seen severe disorder which appears early in life with general sclerosis of the skeleton. It is caused by functionally defective osteoclasts which fail to resorb bone. Affected infants can exhibit a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations including impaired hematopoiesis, hepatosplenomegaly, visual impairment, and hypocalcemia. With the exception of secondary hyperparathyroidism, involvement of the endocrine system seems to be quite rare. Hypopituitarism is defined as underproduction of the growth hormone in combination with deficiencies of other pituitary hormones. Any lesion that damages hypothalamus, pituitary stalk, or anterior pituitary can cause secondary hypopituitarism. In this report, we presented a rare combination of malignant infantile osteopetrosis and secondary hypopituitarism in a newborn who presented predominantly with endocrinological symptoms. This is the first case report of malignant infantile osteopetrosis accompanied by hypopituitarism secondary to sclerosis of the sella turcica. On the other hand, this is a very interesting case which was diagnosed based on histological examination of bone marrow biopsy specimens despite lack of any clinical suspicion. PMID:26576309

Syphilis: an unusual manifestation?

PubMed Central

Bezalely, Shai; Jacob, Giris; Flusser, Gideon; Ablin, Jacob

2014-01-01

Syphilis is a widely investigated infectious venereal disease with varied presentations frequently mimicking other diseases. It progresses in distinct, well-characterised stages: early (primary and secondary), latent, and late (tertiary), each stage having its own unique presentations. However, there has been increasing evidence of atypical presentations. We describe one such presentation of early syphilis in its secondary stage. A man in his late 20s presented with a rash (which is typical of the secondary stage) and with bone pain with multiple lytic lesions (which is rare in the secondary stage but more typical of the tertiary stage). The patient was successfully treated for secondary syphilis. On the basis of our case, and on analysis of other case reports and research of early-stage syphilitic bone involvement, we conclude that the true incidence of bone involvement in early-stage syphilis may be higher than has been previously appreciated, and thus may be under-recognised and underdiagnosed. PMID:25239989

Secondary Special Education Teachers and Transition Specialists: Collaborative Efforts

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jacobs, Jodee Elizabeth

2017-01-01

This qualitative case study explored how secondary special education teachers and transition specialists perceived their collaborative efforts when transitioning students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) from secondary to higher education. The theory of transition established the platform for this study. Two of the theoretical principles of…

Modelling of the hole-initiated impact ionization current in the framework of hydrodynamic equations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lorenzini, Martino; Van Houdt, Jan

2002-02-01

Several research papers have shown the feasibility of the hydrodynamic transport model to investigate impact ionization in semiconductor devices by means of mean-energy-dependent generation rates. However, the analysis has been usually carried out for the case of the electron-initiated impact ionization process and less attention has been paid to the modelling of the generation rate due to impact ionization events initiated by holes. This paper therefore presents an original model for the hole-initiated impact ionization in silicon and validates it by comparing simulation results with substrate currents taken from p-channel transistors manufactured in a 0.35 μm CMOS technology having three different channel lengths. The experimental data are successfully reproduced over a wide range of applied voltages using only one fitting parameter. Since the impact ionization of holes triggers the mechanism responsible for the back-bias enhanced gate current in deep submicron nMOS devices, the model can be exploited in the development of non-volatile memories programmed by secondary electron injection.

Improvements in tongue strength and pressure-generation precision following a tongue-pressure training protocol in older individuals with dysphagia: three case reports.

PubMed

Yeates, Erin M; Molfenter, Sonja M; Steele, Catriona M

2008-01-01

Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, often occurs secondary to conditions such as stroke, head injury or progressive disease, many of which increase in frequency with advancing age. Sarcopenia, the gradual loss of muscle bulk and strength, can place older individuals at greater risk for dysphagia. Data are reported for three older participants in a pilot trial of a tongue-pressure training therapy. During the experimental therapy protocol, participants performed isometric strength exercises for the tongue as well as tongue pressure accuracy tasks. Biofeedback was provided using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI), an instrument that measures tongue pressure. Treatment outcome measures show increased isometric tongue strength, improved tongue pressure generation accuracy, improved bolus control on videofluoroscopy, and improved functional dietary intake by mouth. These preliminary results indicate that, for these three adults with dysphagia, tongue-pressure training was beneficial for improving both instrumental and functional aspects of swallowing. The experimental treatment protocol holds promise as a rehabilitative tool for various dysphagia populations.

Augmentation of humoral and cellular immunity in response to Tetanus and Diphtheria toxoids by supercritical carbon dioxide extracts of Hippophae rhamnoides L. leaves.

PubMed

Jayashankar, Bindhya; Singh, Divya; Tanwar, Himanshi; Mishra, K P; Murthy, Swetha; Chanda, Sudipta; Mishra, Jigni; Tulswani, R; Misra, K; Singh, S B; Ganju, Lilly

2017-03-01

Hippophae rhamnoides L. commonly known as Seabuckthorn (SBT), a wild shrub of family Elaegnacea, has extensively used for treating various ailments like skin diseases, jaundice, asthma, lung troubles. SBT leaves have been reported to possess several pharmacological properties including immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and tissue regeneration etc. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the adjuvant property of supercritical carbon dioxide extracts (SCEs 300ET and 350ET) of SBT leaves in balb/c mice immunized with Tetanus and Diphtheria toxoids. The dynamic changes in the immune response were measured in terms of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. We have seen the effect of SCEs on immunoglobulin subtypes and secondary immune response generation. In addition, the effect of SCEs on antigen specific cellular immunity was evaluated. Our results show that SCEs 300ET and 350ET significantly enhanced antibody titers in response to both TT and DT antigens. The secondary immune response generated was significantly increased in case of TT immunized animals. SCEs also enhanced cytokine levels (IFN-γ, IL-4, TNF-α and IL-1β) and increased lymphoproliferation. Besides, both SCEs did not show any toxic effects. Therefore, the study suggests that SCEs are safe and have potent immunostimulatory activity and hence, seems to be a promising balanced Th1 and Th2 directing immunological adjuvant for various veterinary as well as human vaccines. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.

In Vitro Aberrometric Assessment of a Multifocal Intraocular Lens and Two Extended Depth of Focus IOLs

PubMed Central

Tolosa, Angel; de Fez, Dolores; Caballero, María T.; Miret, Juan J.

2017-01-01

Purpose To analyze the “in vitro” aberrometric pattern of a refractive IOL and two extended depth of focus IOLs. Methods A special optical bench with a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SH) was designed for the measurement. Three presbyopia correction IOLs were analyzed: Mini WELL (MW), TECNIS Symfony ZXR00 (SYM), and Lentis Mplus X LS-313 MF30 (MP). Three different pupil sizes were used for the comparison: 3, 4, and 4.7 mm. Results MW generated negative primary and positive secondary spherical aberrations (SA) for the apertures of 3 mm (−0.13 and +0.12 μm), 4 mm (−0.12 and +0.08 μm), and 4.7 mm (−0.11 and +0.08 μm), while the SYM only generated negative primary SA for 4 and 4.7 mm apertures (−0.12 μm and −0.20 μm, resp.). The MP induced coma and trefoil for all pupils and showed significant HOAs for apertures of 4 and 4.7 mm. Conclusions In an optical bench, the MW induces negative primary and positive secondary SA for all pupils. The SYM aberrations seem to be pupil dependent; it does not produce negative primary SA for 3 mm but increases for higher pupils. Meanwhile, the HOAs for the MW and SYM were not significant. The MP showed in all cases the highest HOAs. PMID:29318040

In Vitro Aberrometric Assessment of a Multifocal Intraocular Lens and Two Extended Depth of Focus IOLs.

PubMed

Camps, Vicente J; Tolosa, Angel; Piñero, David P; de Fez, Dolores; Caballero, María T; Miret, Juan J

2017-01-01

To analyze the "in vitro" aberrometric pattern of a refractive IOL and two extended depth of focus IOLs. A special optical bench with a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SH) was designed for the measurement. Three presbyopia correction IOLs were analyzed: Mini WELL (MW), TECNIS Symfony ZXR00 (SYM), and Lentis Mplus X LS-313 MF30 (MP). Three different pupil sizes were used for the comparison: 3, 4, and 4.7 mm. MW generated negative primary and positive secondary spherical aberrations (SA) for the apertures of 3 mm (-0.13 and +0.12  μ m), 4 mm (-0.12 and +0.08  μ m), and 4.7 mm (-0.11 and +0.08  μ m), while the SYM only generated negative primary SA for 4 and 4.7 mm apertures (-0.12  μ m and -0.20  μ m, resp.). The MP induced coma and trefoil for all pupils and showed significant HOAs for apertures of 4 and 4.7 mm. In an optical bench, the MW induces negative primary and positive secondary SA for all pupils. The SYM aberrations seem to be pupil dependent; it does not produce negative primary SA for 3 mm but increases for higher pupils. Meanwhile, the HOAs for the MW and SYM were not significant. The MP showed in all cases the highest HOAs.

Alteration minerals in impact-generated hydrothermal systems - Exploring host rock variability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schwenzer, Susanne P.; Kring, David A.

2013-09-01

Impact-generated hydrothermal systems have been previously linked to the alteration of Mars’ crust and the production of secondary mineral assemblages seen from orbit. The sensitivity of the resultant assemblages has not yet been evaluated as a function of precursor primary rock compositions. In this work, we use thermochemical modeling to explore the variety of minerals that could be produced by altering several known lithologies based on martian meteorite compositions. For a basaltic host rock lithology (Dhofar 378, Humphrey) the main alteration phases are feldspar, zeolite, pyroxene, chlorite, clay (nontronite, kaolinite), and hematite; for a lherzolithic host rock lithology (LEW 88516) the main alteration phases are amphibole, serpentine, chlorite, clay (nontronite, kaolinite), and hematite; and for an ultramafic host rock lithology (Chassigny) the main minerals are secondary olivine, serpentine, magnetite, quartz, and hematite. These assemblages and proportions of phases in each of those cases depend on W/R and temperature. Integrating geologic, hydrologic and alteration mineral evidence, we have developed a model to illustrate the distribution of alteration assemblages that occur in different levels of an impact structure. At the surface, hot, hydrous alteration affects the ejecta and melt sheet producing clay and chlorite. Deeper in the subsurface and depending on the permeability of the rock, a variety of minerals - smectite, chlorite, serpentine, amphiboles and hematite - are produced in a circulating hydrothermal system. These modeled mineral distributions should assist with interpretation of orbital observations and help guide surface exploration by rovers and sample return assets.

Hemodynamics of Aortic Stenosis and Implications for Non-invasive Diagnosis via Auscultation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Chi; Seo, Jung-Hee; Mittal, Rajat

2017-11-01

Aortic stenosis refers to the abnormal narrowing of the aortic valve and it is one of the most common valvular diseases. It is also known to generate ejection murmurs, which contain valuable disease-related information. However, an incomplete understanding of the flow mechanism(s) responsible for the murmur generation, as well as the effect of intervening tissue on murmur propagation has limited the diagnostic information can be extracted through cardiac auscultation. In this study, a canonical model of the aorta with stenosis is used, and a multiphysics computational modeling approach is employed to investigate the generation and propagation of the murmurs. First, direct numerical simulation (DNS) is used to explore the hemodynamics of the post-stenotic flow. Then, a high-order, linear viscoelastic wave solver is used to investigate the wave propagation in a modeled thorax. The results show that both the aortic jet and the secondary flow contribute significantly to the murmur generation. The murmur signals on the epidermal surface are measured and analyzed. The break frequencies obtained from the spectra of cases with different degrees of stenosis are found to follow a universal scaling. The implications of these results for cardiac auscultation are discussed. The authors would like to acknowledge support from NSF Grants IIS-1344772, CBET-1511200, and NSF XSEDE Grant TG-CTS100002.

Diagnosing and discriminating between primary and secondary aneurysmal bone cysts

PubMed Central

Sasaki, Hiromi; Nagano, Satoshi; Shimada, Hirofumi; Yokouchi, Masahiro; Setoguchi, Takao; Ishidou, Yasuhiro; Kunigou, Osamu; Maehara, Kosuke; Komiya, Setsuro

2017-01-01

Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) are benign bony lesions frequently accompanied by multiple cystic lesions and aggressive bone destruction. They are relatively rare lesions, representing only 1% of bone tumors. The pathogenesis of ABCs has yet to be elucidated. In the present study, a series of 22 cases of primary and secondary ABC from patients treated in Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kagoshima University Hospital (Kagoshima, Japan) from 2001–2015 were retrospectively analyzed. The average age at the time of diagnosis of primary ABC was 17.9 years. Intralesional curettage and artificial bone grafting were performed in the majority of the patients with primary ABC. The local recurrence rate following curettage for primary ABC was 18%, and the cause of local recurrence was considered to be insufficient curettage. Although no adjuvant therapy was administered during the surgeries, it may assist the prevention of local recurrence in certain cases. The cases of secondary ABC were preceded by benign bone tumors, including fibrous dysplasia, giant cell tumors, chondroblastoma and non-ossifying fibroma. The features of the secondary ABC typically reflected those of the preceding bone tumor. In the majority of cases, distinguishing the primary ABC from the secondary ABC was possible based on characteristic features, including age of the patient at diagnosis and the tumor location. In cases that exhibit ambiguous features, including a soft tissue mass or a thick septal enhancement on the preoperative magnetic resonance images, a biopsy must be obtained in order to exclude other types of aggressive bone tumors, including giant cell tumor, osteosarcoma and telangiectatic osteosarcoma. PMID:28454393

[Clinicopathological characteristics of hereditary ovarian cancer syndrome].

PubMed

Zhong, Yan; Sheng, Xiu-gui; Ma, Zhi-fang; Ma, Yue-bing; Liu, Nai-fu; Chen, Yue-ting; Gao, Rong; Wang, Ying-ying; Sun, Li

2009-09-01

To explore the clinicopathological characteristics of hereditary ovarian cancer syndrome (HOCS). From Jan. 2000 to Jan. 2007, among 580 cases of primary ovarian cancer, 42 cases (hereditary group), who had a positive family history of ovarian cancer and met the diagnostic criteria of HOCS, were analyzed retrospectively. One hundred cases without a family history of ovarian cancer were enrolled randomizely as control group (sporadic group). The incidence of HOCS was 7.2% (42/580). Forty-two cases associated tumors affected at least 2 successive generations in 31 families and affected 1 generation in 8 families. Eighty-seven percent (27/31) was from maternal lineage, while 13% (4/31) from paternal lineage. Earlier age of onset was significantly difference between two groups [(49 +/- 10) years vs. (55 +/- 10) years, P < 0.05]. There were 90% belong to serous adenocarcinoma in the hereditary group, while 84% in the sporadic group. There was statistical difference in the proportion of mucinous adenocarcinoma (0 vs. 11%, P < 0.05). The most common clinical manifestations were abdominal distention and anorexia (64% vs. 70%, P > 0.05), International Federational of Gynecology Obstetrics (FIGO) stage III (62% vs. 63%, P > 0.05) between two groups. Fourteen cases (33%,14/42) were previously untreated in the hereditary group, while 40 cases (40%, 40/100) in the sporadic group. There were 15 cases (36%, 15/42) underwent secondary surgery and 15 cases (36%, 15/42) underwent third surgery or more in hereditary group, while 50 cases (50%,50/100) and 27 cases (27%, 27/100) in the sporadic group. The mean number of chemotherapy cycles received in two groups was 13.3 and 11.8 (P > 0.05). The 3-year and 5-year survival rate in hereditary group were 73.6% and 54.9% respectively, compared with 47.4% and 21.2% (P < 0.05) in sporadic group. Hereditary ovarian cancer mostly from maternal lineage are featuring in early age of onset, serous adenocarcinoma, advanced stage (stage III), and better prognosis after the comprehensive treated by cytoreductive surgery plus with chemotherapy.

[Clinical analysis of diagnosis and treatment on retro-esophageal space abscess].

PubMed

Chen, Ze; Zhong, Zhaotang; Liang, Minzhi

2014-12-01

To explore the clinical manifestations and treatments of retro-esophageal space abscess. The clinical data of 27 cases with retro-esophageal space abscess were analyzed retrospectively. Twenty-one cases (77. 78%) were secondary to acute injury of esophageal meatus caused by foreign bodies. 2 cases (7. 41%)were secondary to old foreign body infection in retro-esophageal space, 3 cases (11. 11%) after secondary to pharyngeal abscess, and 1 case (3. 70%) was unknown to etiology. All patients were confirmed by sectional medicalimageology. Six cases(Conservation group, C group) were treated conservatively and 6 cases (Oropharyngeal incision group, OI group) were performed with oropharyngeal incision drainage. 15 cases(Extra-neck incision group, ENI group)were performed with extra-neck incision and vacuum sealing drainage. In C group, 6 cases were cured with conservative therapy and the average hospital stay was 15. 6 days. In OI group, 5 cases were healed with oropharyngeal drainage but aspiration pneumonia complicated with septic shock occurred in 2 cases, and 1 case dead from septic shock secondary to mediastinum and lung abscess. The average hospital stay was 18. 8 days. In ENI group, 15 patients were cured with extra-neck drainage without complication and the average hospital stay was 9. 5 days. The main causes of retro-esophageal space abscess are foreign body injury of upper esophagus and remnant of retro-esophageal space. Sectional medicalimageology can be of important value of diagnosis and treatment for displaying the retro-esophageal space abscess and other deep cervical fascia space sufficiently. Incision and vacuum sealing drainage via extra-neck is an effective therapy while oropharyngeal drainage is less effective and is not advocated as a primary treatment because of aspiration pneumonia complication . Conservative cure is a choice for patients without dyspnoea and background diseases, and it is necessary to recognize and treat severe complications early.

Design and experimental investigation of a neon cryogenic loop heat pipe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

He, Jiang; Guo, Yuandong; Zhang, Hongxing; Miao, Jianyin; Wang, Lu; Lin, Guiping

2017-11-01

Next generation space infrared sensor and detector have pressing requirement for cryogenic heat transport technology in the temperature range of 30-40 K. Cryogenic loop heat pipe (CLHP) has excellent thermal performance and particular characteristics such as high flexibility transport lines and no moving parts, thus it is regarded as an ideal thermal control solution. A neon CLHP referring to infrared point-to-point heat transfer element in future space application has been designed and experimented. And it could realize supercritical startup successfully. Experimental results show that the supercritical startup were realized successfully at cases of 1.5 W secondary evaporator power, but the startup was failed when 0.5 and 1 W heat load applied to secondary evaporator. The maximum heat transport capability of primary evaporator is between 4.5 and 5 W with proper auxiliary heat load. Before startup, even the heat sink temperature decreased to 35 K, the primary evaporator can still maintain at almost 290 K; and the primary evaporator temperature increased at once when the powers were cut off, which indicated the CLHP has a perfect function of thermal switch. The CLHP could adapt to sudden changes of the primary evaporator power, and reach a new steady-state quickly. Besides, some failure phenomena were observed during the test, which indicated that proper secondary evaporator power and heat sink temperature play important roles on the normal operation.

Sentinel case of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus causing constrictive pericarditis presenting as hypogammaglobulinemia.

PubMed

Ahmadian, Homayoun R; Tankersley, Michael; Otto, Hans

2011-05-01

This is a unique case of a previously healthy 7-year-old boy, which highlights the importance of considering immunodeficiency when a rare infection occurs. In the following case report, the patient develops constrictive pericarditis secondary to group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection. As a result of this infection, we speculate that he develops hypogammaglobulinemia secondary to the documented association between constrictive pericarditis and intestinal lymphangiectasia because an extensive work-up for a primary immunodeficiency was negative. This is the first case ever to present constrictive pericarditis because of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection.

Effect of telehealth on quality of life and psychological outcomes over 12 months (Whole Systems Demonstrator telehealth questionnaire study): nested study of patient reported outcomes in a pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial.

PubMed

Cartwright, Martin; Hirani, Shashivadan P; Rixon, Lorna; Beynon, Michelle; Doll, Helen; Bower, Peter; Bardsley, Martin; Steventon, Adam; Knapp, Martin; Henderson, Catherine; Rogers, Anne; Sanders, Caroline; Fitzpatrick, Ray; Barlow, James; Newman, Stanton P

2013-02-26

To assess the effect of second generation, home based telehealth on health related quality of life, anxiety, and depressive symptoms over 12 months in patients with long term conditions. A study of patient reported outcomes (the Whole Systems Demonstrator telehealth questionnaire study; baseline n=1573) was nested in a pragmatic, cluster randomised trial of telehealth (the Whole Systems Demonstrator telehealth trial, n=3230). General practice was the unit of randomisation, and telehealth was compared with usual care. Data were collected at baseline, four months (short term), and 12 months (long term). Primary intention to treat analyses tested treatment effectiveness; multilevel models controlled for clustering by general practice and a range of covariates. Analyses were conducted for 759 participants who completed questionnaire measures at all three time points (complete case cohort) and 1201 who completed the baseline assessment plus at least one other assessment (available case cohort). Secondary per protocol analyses tested treatment efficacy and included 633 and 1108 participants in the complete case and available case cohorts, respectively. Provision of primary and secondary care via general practices, specialist nurses, and hospital clinics in three diverse regions of England (Cornwall, Kent, and Newham), with established integrated health and social care systems. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes, or heart failure recruited between May 2008 and December 2009. Generic, health related quality of life (assessed by physical and mental health component scores of the SF-12, and the EQ-5D), anxiety (assessed by the six item Brief State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), and depressive symptoms (assessed by the 10 item Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale). In the intention to treat analyses, differences between treatment groups were small and non-significant for all outcomes in the complete case (0.480 ≤ P ≤ 0.904) or available case (0.181 ≤ P ≤ 0.905) cohorts. The magnitude of differences between trial arms did not reach the trial defined, minimal clinically important difference (0.3 standardised mean difference) for any outcome in either cohort at four or 12 months. Per protocol analyses replicated the primary analyses; the main effect of trial arm (telehealth v usual care) was non-significant for any outcome (complete case cohort 0.273 ≤ P ≤ 0.761; available case cohort 0.145 ≤ P ≤ 0.696). Second generation, home based telehealth as implemented in the Whole Systems Demonstrator Evaluation was not effective or efficacious compared with usual care only. Telehealth did not improve quality of life or psychological outcomes for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, or heart failure over 12 months. The findings suggest that concerns about potentially deleterious effect of telehealth are unfounded for most patients. ISRCTN43002091.

Race-Class Relations and Integration in Secondary Education: The Case of Miller High. Secondary Education in a Changing World

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Eick, Caroline

2010-01-01

Eick explores the history of a comprehensive high school from the world views of its assorted student body, confronting issues of race, ethnicity, class, gender, nationality, and religion. Her case study examines the continuities and differences in student relationships over five decades. While she discusses the "dark side" of the high school…

The Integration of Mathematics in Physics Problem Solving: A Case Study of Greek Upper Secondary School Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Meli, Kalliopi; Zacharos, Konstantinos; Koliopoulos, Dimitrios

2016-01-01

This article presents a case study that examines the level of integration of mathematical knowledge in physics problem solving among first grade students of upper secondary school. We explore the ways in which two specific students utilize their knowledge and we attempt to identify the epistemological framings they refer to while solving a physics…

Integrating ICT in Kenyan Secondary Schools: An Exploratory Case Study of a Professional Development Programme

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tondeur, Jo; Krug, Don; Bill, Mike; Smulders, Maaike; Zhu, Chang

2015-01-01

This study explores the introduction of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Kenyan secondary schools. Specifically, it is a case study of four schools with no previous access to ICT. The professional development programme from which data for this study were drawn was designed to support teachers learning to integrate ICT in the…

Secondary Science Students' Beliefs about Class Discussions: A Case Study Comparing and Contrasting Academic Tracks

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pimentel, Diane Silva; McNeill, Katherine L.

2016-01-01

The dialogue that occurs in science classrooms has been the subject of research for many decades. Most studies have focused on the actual discourse that occurs and the role of the teacher in guiding the discourse. This case study explored the neglected perspective of secondary science students and their beliefs about their role in class…

San Junior Secondary Students' Home-School Literacy Disconnection: A Case Study of a Remote Area Dweller School in Botswana

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ketsitlile, Lone Elizabeth

2011-01-01

The study investigated how San students of Botswana, in a junior community secondary school, understood literacy in school and at home. A qualitative, narrative case study approach was used to gain a deeper understanding of what students value and understand by literacy from co-participants' and informants' perspectives. Findings across…

Fatal case of Herbaspirillum seropedicae bacteremia secondary to pneumonia in an end-stage renal disease patient with multiple myeloma.

PubMed

Suwantarat, Nuntra; Adams, La'Tonzia L; Romagnoli, Mark; Carroll, Karen C

2015-08-01

Herbaspirillum spp. are rare causes of human infections associated primarily with bacteremia in cancer patients. We report the first fatal case of bacteremia secondary to pneumonia caused by Herbaspirillum seropedicae in a 65-year-old man with end-stage renal disease and multiple myeloma. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

An Approach to Developing Language Awareness in the Irish Language Classroom: A Case Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

O Laoire, Muiris

2007-01-01

This case study deals with language awareness (LA) oriented instruction in the Irish language classroom, based on qualitative-type research conducted in a class of 21 English-medium secondary students studying Irish as a subject. Having outlined the general background to the teaching of Irish in secondary schools, the first section of the paper…

Expanding Access to Secondary Schooling in Sub-Saharan Africa: Key Planning and Finance Issues. Create Pathways to Access. Research Monograph No. 8

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lewin, Keith M.

2007-01-01

This paper makes the case for managed expansion of secondary schooling in Sub-Saharan Africa. The great majority of secondary age African children remain excluded from access to good quality secondary schooling. Increasing numbers are graduating from primary schools where enrolments are rapidly growing as a result of successful Education for All…

Pupil Home Background Characteristics and Academic Performance in Senior Secondary Schools: A Case Study of Selected Secondary Schools in Kitwe District, Zambia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kakumbi, Zonic; Samuel, Elizabeth B.; Mulendema, Peter J.

2016-01-01

The purpose of this research was to investigate pupil background characteristics and academic performance in senior secondary schools in Kitwe district with a view of recommending on how to improve pupils' performance. The study was conducted in Kitwe district because in the past years pupils' performance in senior secondary schools has been…

Two Cultures Collide: Bridging the Generation Gap in a Non-Traditional Mentorship

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Merriweather, Lisa R.; Morgan, Alberta J.

2013-01-01

Cross-cultural mentoring relationships between younger mentors and older mentees are increasing in frequency across all levels of post-secondary education. Generational cultural differences can result in conflict and misunderstanding and therefore should be considered in non-traditional inter-generational mentoring relationships. Through…

Worst-Case Cooperative Jamming for Secure Communications in CIoT Networks.

PubMed

Li, Zhen; Jing, Tao; Ma, Liran; Huo, Yan; Qian, Jin

2016-03-07

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a significant branch of the ongoing advances in the Internet and mobile communications. The use of a large number of IoT devices makes the spectrum scarcity problem even more serious. The usable spectrum resources are almost entirely occupied, and thus, the increasing radio access demands of IoT devices cannot be met. To tackle this problem, the Cognitive Internet of Things (CIoT) has been proposed. In a CIoT network, secondary users, i.e., sensors and actuators, can access the licensed spectrum bands provided by licensed primary users (such as telephones). Security is a major concern in CIoT networks. However, the traditional encryption method at upper layers (such as symmetric cryptography and asymmetric cryptography) may be compromised in CIoT networks, since these types of networks are heterogeneous. In this paper, we address the security issue in spectrum-leasing-based CIoT networks using physical layer methods. Considering that the CIoT networks are cooperative networks, we propose to employ cooperative jamming to achieve secrecy transmission. In the cooperative jamming scheme, a certain secondary user is employed as the helper to harvest energy transmitted by the source and then uses the harvested energy to generate an artificial noise that jams the eavesdropper without interfering with the legitimate receivers. The goal is to minimize the signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) at the eavesdropper subject to the quality of service (QoS) constraints of the primary traffic and the secondary traffic. We formulate the considered minimization problem into a two-stage robust optimization problem based on the worst-case Channel State Information of the Eavesdropper. By using semi-definite programming (SDP), the optimal solutions of the transmit covariance matrices can be obtained. Moreover, in order to build an incentive mechanism for the secondary users, we propose an auction framework based on the cooperative jamming scheme. The proposed auction framework jointly formulates the helper selection and the corresponding energy allocation problems under the constraint of the eavesdropper's SINR. By adopting the Vickrey auction, truthfulness and individual rationality can be guaranteed. Simulation results demonstrate the good performance of the cooperative jamming scheme and the auction framework.

Case of hypercalcemia secondary to hypervitaminosis a in a 6-year-old boy with autism.

PubMed

Vyas, Arpita Kalla; White, Neil H

2011-01-01

Vitamin A intoxication secondary to over-the-counter nutritional supplements and from its use in acne treatment has been described. However, there have been very few case reports of chronic hypervitaminosis A leading to hypercalcemia in the pediatric population. This paper describes a boy with hypercalcemia secondary to chronic vitamin A intoxication in the context of vitamin A usage for therapy of autism. In addition to discontinuation of vitamin A, hyperhydration, and furosemide, the hypercalcemia in this patient required the use of prednisone and pamidronate to normalize the calcium.

Case of Hypercalcemia Secondary to Hypervitaminosis A in a 6-Year-Old Boy with Autism

PubMed Central

Vyas, Arpita Kalla; White, Neil H.

2011-01-01

Vitamin A intoxication secondary to over-the-counter nutritional supplements and from its use in acne treatment has been described. However, there have been very few case reports of chronic hypervitaminosis A leading to hypercalcemia in the pediatric population. This paper describes a boy with hypercalcemia secondary to chronic vitamin A intoxication in the context of vitamin A usage for therapy of autism. In addition to discontinuation of vitamin A, hyperhydration, and furosemide, the hypercalcemia in this patient required the use of prednisone and pamidronate to normalize the calcium. PMID:22937283

NOx SOx Secondary NAAQS: Integrated Review Plan - CASAC Advisory

EPA Science Inventory

The NOx SOx Secondary NAAQS Integrated Review Plan is the first document generated as part of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) review process. The Plan presents background information, the schedule for the review, the process to be used in conducting the review,...

Peculiarities of biological action of hadrons of space radiation.

PubMed

Akoev, I G; Yurov, S S

1975-01-01

Biological investigations in space enable one to make a significant contribution on high-energy hadrons to biological effects under the influence of factors of space flights. Physical and molecular principles of the action of high-energy hadrons are analysed. Genetic and somatic hadron effects produced by the secondary radiation from 70 GeV protons have been studied experimentally. The high biological effectiveness of hadrons, great variability in biological effects, and specifically of their action, are associated with strong interactions of high-energy hadrons. These are the probability of nuclear interaction with any atom nucleus, generation of a great number of secondary particles (among them, probably, highly effective multicharged and heavy nuclei, antiprotons, pi(-)-mesons), and the spatial distribution of secondary particles as a narrow cone with extremely high density of particles in its first part. The secondary radiation generated by high- and superhigh-energy hadrons upon their interaction with the spaceship is likely to be the greatest hazard of radiation to the crew during space flights.

Coherent structures in bypass transition induced by a cylinder wake

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pan, Chong; Wang, Jin Jun; Zhang, Pan Feng; Feng, Li Hao

Flat-plate boundary layer transition induced by the wake vortex of a two-dimensional circular cylinder is experimentally investigated. Combined visualization and velocity measurements show a different transition route from the Klebanoff mode in free-stream turbulence-induced transition. This transition scenario is mainly characterized as: (i) generation of secondary transverse vortical structures near the flat plate surface in response to the von Kn vortex street of the cylinder; (ii) formation of hairpin vortices due to the secondary instability of secondary vortical structures; (iii) growth of hairpins which is accelerated by wake-vortex induction; (iv) formation of hairpin packets and the associated streaky structures. Detailed investigation shows that during transition the evolution dynamics and self-sustaining mechanisms of hairpins, hairpin packets and streaks are consistent with those in a turbulent boundary layer. The wake vortex mainly plays the role of generating and destabilizing secondary transverse vortices. After that, the internal mechanisms become dominant and lead to the setting up of a self-sustained turbulent boundary layer.

Incentivizing secondary raw material markets for sustainable waste management.

PubMed

Schreck, Maximilian; Wagner, Jeffrey

2017-09-01

Notwithstanding several policy initiatives in many countries over a number of years, there remains a general sense that too much municipal solid waste is generated and that too much of the waste that is generated is landfilled. There is an emerging consensus that a sustainable approach to waste management requires further development of secondary raw material markets. The purpose of this paper is to propose a theoretical economic model that focuses upon this stage of a sustainable waste management program and explores policy options that could motivate efficiency in secondary raw material markets. In particular, we show how firm profit and social welfare optimizing objectives can be reconciled in a two-product market of waste management processes: landfilling and material reclamation. Our results provide theoretical support for building out recent Circular Economy initiatives as well as for the relatively recent emergence of landfill mining as a means for procuring secondary raw materials. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Understanding and Mitigating Tip Leakage and Endwall Losses in High Pressure Ratio Cores

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Christophel, Jesse

2015-01-01

Reducing endwall and tip secondary flow losses will be a key enabler for the next generation of commercial and military air transport and will be an improvement on the state-of-the-art in turbine loss reduction strategies. The objective of this research is three-fold: 1) To improve understanding of endwall secondary flow and tip clearance losses 2) To develop novel technologies to mitigate these losses and test them in low-speed cascade and rig environments 3) To validate predictive tools To accomplish these objectives, Pratt & Whitney (P&W) has teamed with Pennsylvania State University (PSU) to experimentally test new features designed by P&W. P&W will create new rim-cavity features to reduce secondary flow loss and improve purge flow cooling effectiveness and new blade tip features to manage leakage flows and reduce tip leakage secondary flow loss. P&W is currently developing technologies in these two areas that expect to be assimilated in the N+2/N+3 generation of commercial engines.

Analysis of steam generator loss-of-feedwater experiments with APROS and RELAP5/MOD3.1 computer codes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Virtanen, E.; Haapalehto, T.; Kouhia, J.

1995-09-01

Three experiments were conducted to study the behavior of the new horizontal steam generator construction of the PACTEL test facility. In the experiments the secondary side coolant level was reduced stepwise. The experiments were calculated with two computer codes RELAP5/MOD3.1 and APROS version 2.11. A similar nodalization scheme was used for both codes to that the results may be compared. Only the steam generator was modelled and the rest of the facility was given as a boundary condition. The results show that both codes calculate well the behaviour of the primary side of the steam generator. On the secondary sidemore » both codes calculate lower steam temperatures in the upper part of the heat exchange tube bundle than was measured in the experiments.« less

Applied evolutionary theories for engineering of secondary metabolic pathways.

PubMed

Bachmann, Brian O

2016-12-01

An expanded definition of 'secondary metabolism' is emerging. Once the exclusive provenance of naturally occurring organisms, evolved over geological time scales, secondary metabolism increasingly encompasses molecules generated via human engineered biocatalysts and biosynthetic pathways. Many of the tools and strategies for enzyme and pathway engineering can find origins in evolutionary theories. This perspective presents an overview of selected proposed evolutionary strategies in the context of engineering secondary metabolism. In addition to the wealth of biocatalysts provided via secondary metabolic pathways, improving the understanding of biosynthetic pathway evolution will provide rich resources for methods to adapt to applied laboratory evolution. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Dependence of Ozone Generation on Gas Temperature Distribution in AC Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge in Oxygen

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Takahashi, Go; Akashi, Haruaki

AC atmospheric pressure multi-filament dielectric barrier discharge in oxygen has been simulated using two dimensional fluid model. In the discharge, three kinds of streamers have been obtained. They are primary streamers, small scale streamers and secondary streamers. The primary streamers are main streamers in the discharge and the small scale streamers are formed after the ceasing of the primary streamers. And the secondary streamers are formed on the trace of the primary streamers. In these streamers, the primary and the small scale streamers are very effective to generate O(3P) oxygen atoms which are precursor of ozone. And the ozone is generated mainly in the vicinity of the dielectrics. In high gas temperature region, ozone generation decreases in general. However, increase of the O(3P) oxygen atom density in high gas temperature region compensates decrease of ozone generation rate coefficient. As a result, amount of ozone generation has not changed. But if the effect of gas temperature was neglected, amount of ozone generation increases 10%.

Distinguishing between tertiary and secondary facilities: a case study of cardiac diagnostic-related groups (DRGs).

PubMed

Rouse, Paul; Arulambalam, Ajit; Correa, Ralph; Ullman, Cornelia

2010-05-14

To develop a classification of tertiary cardiac DRGs in order to investigate differences in tertiary/secondary product mix across New Zealand district health boards (DHBs). 67 DRGs from 85,442 cardiac cases were analysed using cost weights and patient comorbidity complexity levels, which were used as a proxy for complexity. The research found high variability of severity within some DRGs. 5 DHBs are the main providers of 27 DRGs which are high cost and identified as tertiary by several ADHB clinicians; the same 5 DHBs have on average higher severity by DRG than the other DHBs. NZ tertiary hospitals have a product mix of DRGs with higher complexity than secondary hospitals. Funding based on case weights needs to recognise the additional resource requirements for this higher complexity.

Estimating municipal solid waste generation by different activities and various resident groups: a case study of Beijing.

PubMed

Li, Zhen-shan; Fu, Hui-zhen; Qu, Xiao-yan

2011-09-15

Reliable and accurate determinations of the quantities and composition of wastes is required for the planning of municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems. A model, based on the interrelationships of expenditure on consumer goods, time distribution, daily activities, residents groups, and waste generation, was developed and employed to estimate MSW generation by different activities and resident groups in Beijing. The principle is that MSW is produced by consumption of consumer goods by residents in their daily activities: 'Maintenance' (meeting the basic needs of food, housing and personal care), 'Subsistence' (providing the financial requirements) and 'Leisure' (social and recreational pursuits) activities. Three series of important parameters - waste generation per unit of consumer expenditure, consumer expenditure distribution to activities in unit time, and time assignment to activities by different resident groups - were determined using a statistical analysis, a sampling survey and the Analytic Hierarchy Process, respectively. Data for analysis were obtained from the Beijing Statistical Yearbook (2004-2008) and questionnaire survey. The results reveal that 'Maintenance' activity produced the most MSW, distantly followed by 'Leisure' and 'Subsistence' activities. In 2008, in descending order of MSW generation the different resident groups were floating population, non-civil servants, retired people, civil servants, college students (including both undergraduates and graduates), primary and secondary students, and preschoolers. The new estimation model, which was successful in fitting waste generation by different activities and resident groups over the investigated years, was amenable to MSW prediction. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Using On-scene EMS Responders' Assessment and Electronic Patient Care Records to Evaluate the Suitability of EMD-triaged, Low-acuity Calls for Secondary Nurse Triage in 911 Centers.

PubMed

Scott, Greg; Clawson, Jeff; Fivaz, Mark C; McQueen, Jennie; Gardett, Marie I; Schultz, Bryon; Youngquist, Scott; Olola, Christopher H O

2016-02-01

Using the Medical Priority Dispatch System (MPDS) - a systematic 911 triage process - to identify a large subset of low-acuity patients for secondary nurse triage in the 911 center is a largely unstudied practice in North America. This study examines the ALPHA-level subset of low-acuity patients in the MPDS to determine the suitability of these patients for secondary triage by evaluating vital signs and necessity of lights-and-siren transport, as determined by attending Emergency Medical Services (EMS) ambulance crews. The primary objective of this study was to determine the clinical status of MPDS ALPHA-level (low-acuity) patients, as determined by on-scene EMS crews' patient care records, in two US agencies. A secondary objective was to determine which ALPHA-level codes are suitable candidates for secondary triage by a trained Emergency Communication Nurse (ECN). In this retrospective study, one full year (2013) of both dispatch data and EMS patient records data, associated with all calls coded at the ALPHA-level (low-acuity) in the dispatch protocol, were collected. The primary outcome measure was the number and percentage of ALPHA-level codes categorized as low-acuity, moderate-acuity, high-acuity, and critical using four common vital signs to assign these categories: systolic blood pressure (SBP), pulse rate (PR), oxygen saturation (SpO2), and Glasgow Coma Score (GCS). Vital sign data were obtained from ambulance crew electronic patient care records (ePCRs). The secondary endpoint was the number and percentage of ALPHA-level codes that received a "hot" (lights-and-siren) transport. Out of 19,300 cases, 16,763 (86.9%) were included in the final analysis, after excluding cases from health care providers and those with missing data. Of those, 89% of all cases did not have even one vital sign indicator of unstable patient status (high or critical vital sign). Of all cases, only 1.1% were transported lights-and-siren. With the exception of the low-acuity, ALPHA-level seizure cases, the ALPHA-level patients are suitable to transfer for secondary triage in a best-practices, accredited, emergency medical dispatch center that utilizes the MPDS at very high compliance rates. The secondary nurse triage process should identify the few at-risk patients that exist in the low-acuity calls.

The Role of Secondary Frontal Waves in Causing Missed or False Alarm Flood Forecasts During Landfalling Atmospheric Rivers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martin, A.; Ralph, F. M.; Lavers, D. A.; Kalansky, J.; Kawzenuk, B.

2015-12-01

The previous ten years has seen an explosion in research devoted to the Atmospheric River (AR) phenomena, features of the midlatitude circulation responsible for large horizontal water vapor transport. Upon landfall, ARs can be associated with 30-50% of annual precipitation in some regions, while also causing the largest flooding events in places such as coastal California. Little discussed is the role secondary frontal waves play in modulating precipitation during a landfalling AR. Secondary frontal waves develop along an existing cold front in response to baroclinic frontogenesis, often coinciding with a strong upper-tropospheric jet. If the secondary wave develops along a front associated with a landfalling AR, the resulting precipitation may be much greater or much less than originally forecasted - especially in regions where orographic uplift of horizontally transported water vapor is responsible for a large portion of precipitation. In this study, we present several cases of secondary frontal waves that have occurred in conjunction with a landfalling AR on the US West Coast. We put the impact of these cases in historical perspective using quantitative precipitation forecasts, satellite data, reanalyses, and estimates of damage related to flooding. We also discuss the dynamical mechanisms behind secondary frontal wave development and relate these mechanisms to the high spatiotemporal variability in precipitation observed during ARs with secondary frontal waves. Finally, we demonstrate that even at lead times less than 24 hours, current quantitative precipitation forecasting methods have difficulty accurately predicting the rainfall in the area near the secondary wave landfall, in some cases leading to missed or false alarm flood warnings, and suggest methods which may improve quantitative precipitation forecasts for this type of system in the future.

Review Article: Influenza Transmission on Aircraft: A Systematic Literature Review.

PubMed

Leitmeyer, Katrin; Adlhoch, Cornelia

2016-09-01

Air travel is associated with the spread of influenza through infected passengers and potentially through in-flight transmission. Contact tracing after exposure to influenza is not performed systematically. We performed a systematic literature review to evaluate the evidence for influenza transmission aboard aircraft. Using PubMed and EMBASE databases, we identified and critically appraised identified records to assess the evidence of such transmission to passengers seated in close proximity to the index cases. We also developed a bias assessment tool to evaluate the quality of evidence provided in the retrieved studies. We identified 14 peer-reviewed publications describing contact tracing of passengers after possible exposure to influenza virus aboard an aircraft. Contact tracing during the initial phase of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic was described in 11 publications. The studies describe the follow-up of 2,165 (51%) of 4,252 traceable passengers. Altogether, 163 secondary cases were identified resulting in an overall secondary attack rate among traced passengers of 7.5%. Of these secondary cases, 68 (42%) were seated within two rows of the index case. We found an overall moderate quality of evidence for transmission of influenza virus aboard an aircraft. The major limiting factor was the comparability of the studies. A majority of secondary cases was identified at a greater distance than two rows from the index case. A standardized approach for initiating, conducting, and reporting contact tracing could help to increase the evidence base for better assessing influenza transmission aboard aircraft.

Torsion of the Vermiform Appendix: A Case Report and Review of Literature

PubMed Central

Hassan, Wan Amir Wan; Tay, Yeng Kwang; Ghadiri, Marjan

2018-01-01

Patient: Male, 30 Final Diagnosis: Torsion of appendix Symptoms: Abdominal pain • anorexia • nausea Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Laparoscopic appendicectomy Specialty: Surgery Objective: Rare disease Background: Torsion of the vermiform appendix is a rare condition that presents with symptoms analogous to those of common acute appendicitis; therefore, it is often diagnosed during surgery. It was first described by Payne et al. in 1918. Since then, there has been wide recognition of a primary and a secondary form of the condition, affecting both the pediatric and adult populations. We present a case of an adult patient and conducted a literature review in the adult demographic. Case Report: We report the case of a 30-year-old man who presented with clinically acute appendicitis. Laparoscopically, we diagnosed a torsion of the vermiform appendix secondary to a mucocele process. Histology confirmed a low-grade mucinous cystoadenoma, with a hemorrhagic necrosis of the wall, in keeping with torsion. Conclusions: Torsion of the vermiform appendix is a rare condition that presents similar to acute appendicitis, and therefore is often diagnosed intraoperatively. Since first described, 33 cases in adults were identified in the English literature, and recognition of a primary or secondary form has emerged. Preoperative radiological imaging is rarely useful in diagnosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the eighth reported case in the English literature of a torsion of the vermiform appendix secondary to a mucinous cystoadenoma. PMID:29588439

Review Article: Influenza Transmission on Aircraft

PubMed Central

Adlhoch, Cornelia

2016-01-01

Background: Air travel is associated with the spread of influenza through infected passengers and potentially through in-flight transmission. Contact tracing after exposure to influenza is not performed systematically. We performed a systematic literature review to evaluate the evidence for influenza transmission aboard aircraft. Methods: Using PubMed and EMBASE databases, we identified and critically appraised identified records to assess the evidence of such transmission to passengers seated in close proximity to the index cases. We also developed a bias assessment tool to evaluate the quality of evidence provided in the retrieved studies. Results: We identified 14 peer-reviewed publications describing contact tracing of passengers after possible exposure to influenza virus aboard an aircraft. Contact tracing during the initial phase of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic was described in 11 publications. The studies describe the follow-up of 2,165 (51%) of 4,252 traceable passengers. Altogether, 163 secondary cases were identified resulting in an overall secondary attack rate among traced passengers of 7.5%. Of these secondary cases, 68 (42%) were seated within two rows of the index case. Conclusion: We found an overall moderate quality of evidence for transmission of influenza virus aboard an aircraft. The major limiting factor was the comparability of the studies. A majority of secondary cases was identified at a greater distance than two rows from the index case. A standardized approach for initiating, conducting, and reporting contact tracing could help to increase the evidence base for better assessing influenza transmission aboard aircraft. PMID:27253070

Random Number Generation and Executive Functions in Parkinson's Disease: An Event-Related Brain Potential Study.

PubMed

Münte, Thomas F; Joppich, Gregor; Däuper, Jan; Schrader, Christoph; Dengler, Reinhard; Heldmann, Marcus

2015-01-01

The generation of random sequences is considered to tax executive functions and has been reported to be impaired in Parkinson's disease (PD) previously. To assess the neurophysiological markers of random number generation in PD. Event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded in 12 PD patients and 12 age-matched normal controls (NC) while either engaging in random number generation (RNG) by pressing the number keys on a computer keyboard in a random sequence or in ordered number generation (ONG) necessitating key presses in the canonical order. Key presses were paced by an external auditory stimulus at a rate of 1 tone every 1800 ms. As a secondary task subjects had to monitor the tone-sequence for a particular target tone to which the number "0" key had to be pressed. This target tone occurred randomly and infrequently, thus creating a secondary oddball task. Behaviorally, PD patients showed an increased tendency to count in steps of one as well as a tendency towards repetition avoidance. Electrophysiologically, the amplitude of the P3 component of the ERP to the target tone of the secondary task was reduced during RNG in PD but not in NC. The behavioral findings indicate less random behavior in PD while the ERP findings suggest that this impairment comes about, because attentional resources are depleted in PD.

Non-invasive determination of external forces in vortex-pair-cylinder interactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hartmann, D.; Schröder, W.; Shashikanth, B. N.

2012-06-01

Expressions for the conserved linear and angular momenta of a dynamically coupled fluid + solid system are derived. Based on the knowledge of the flow velocity field, these expressions allow the determination of the external forces exerted on a body moving in the fluid such as, e.g., swimming fish. The verification of the derived conserved quantities is done numerically. The interaction of a vortex pair with a circular cylinder in various configurations of motions representing a generic test case for a dynamically coupled fluid + solid system is investigated in a weakly compressible Navier-Stokes setting using a Cartesian cut-cell method, i.e., the moving circular cylinder is represented by cut cells on a moving mesh. The objectives of this study are twofold. The first objective is to show the robustness of the derived expressions for the conserved linear and angular momenta with respect to bounded and discrete data sets. The second objective is to study the coupled dynamics of the vortex pair and a neutrally buoyant cylinder free to move in response to the fluid stresses exerted on its surface. A comparison of the vortex-body interaction with the case of a fixed circular cylinder evidences significant differences in the vortex dynamics. When the cylinder is fixed strong secondary vorticity is generated resulting in a repeating process between the primary vortex pair and the cylinder. In the neutrally buoyant cylinder case, a stable structure consisting of the primary vortex pair and secondary vorticity shear layers stays attached to the moving cylinder. In addition to these fundamental cases, the vortex-pair-cylinder interaction is studied for locomotion at constant speed and locomotion at constant thrust. It is shown that a similar vortex structure like in the neutrally buoyant cylinder case is obtained when the cylinder moves away from the approaching vortex pair at a constant speed smaller than the vortex pair translational velocity. Finally, the idealized symmetric settings are complemented by an asymmetric interaction of a vortex pair and a cylinder. This case is discussed for a fixed and a neutrally buoyant cylinder to show the validity of the derived relations for multi-dimensional body dynamics.

Autofluorescence generation and elimination: a lesson from glutaraldehyde.

PubMed

Lee, Kwahun; Choi, Sungmoon; Yang, Chun; Wu, Hai-Chen; Yu, Junhua

2013-04-14

Glutaraldehyde causes especially high autofluorescence. It reacted with proteins and peptides to generate visible to near-IR emitters. A model indicated that ethylenediamine and a secondary amine in the molecule were key components for the formation of emissive species. The mechanism enables us to control the generation and elimination of autofluorescence.

Methodology for Generating Conflict Scenarios by Time Shifting Recorded Traffic Data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Paglione, Mike; Oaks, Robert; Bilimoria, Karl D.

2003-01-01

A methodology is presented for generating conflict scenarios that can be used as test cases to estimate the operational performance of a conflict probe. Recorded air traffic data is time shifted to create traffic scenarios featuring conflicts with characteristic properties similar to those encountered in typical air traffic operations. First, a reference set of conflicts is obtained from trajectories that are computed using birth points and nominal flight plans extracted from recorded traffic data. Distributions are obtained for several primary properties (e.g., encounter angle) that are most likely to affect the performance of a conflict probe. A genetic algorithm is then utilized to determine the values of time shifts for the recorded track data so that the primary properties of conflicts generated by the time shifted data match those of the reference set. This methodology is successfully demonstrated using recorded traffic data for the Memphis Air Route Traffic Control Center; a key result is that the required time shifts are less than 5 min for 99% of the tracks. It is also observed that close matching of the primary properties used in this study additionally provides a good match for some other secondary properties.

Generation of memory B cells and their reactivation.

PubMed

Inoue, Takeshi; Moran, Imogen; Shinnakasu, Ryo; Phan, Tri Giang; Kurosaki, Tomohiro

2018-05-01

The successful establishment of humoral memory response depends on at least two layers of defense. Pre-existing protective antibodies secreted by long-lived plasma cells act as a first line of defense against reinfection ("constitutive humoral memory"). Previously, a second line of defense in which pathogen-experienced memory B cells are rapidly reactivated to produce antibodies ("reactive humoral memory"), was considered as simply a back-up system for the first line (particularly for re-infection with homologous viruses). However, in the case of re-infection with similar but different strains of viruses, or in response to viral escape mutants, the reactive humoral memory plays a crucial role. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of how memory B cells are generated in the pre-GC stage and during the GC reaction, and how these memory B cells are robustly reactivated with the help of memory Tfh cells to generate the secondary antibody response. In addition, we discuss how these advances may be relevant to the quest for a vaccine that can induce broadly reactive antibodies against influenza and HIV. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Streamwise Vorticity Generation in Laminar and Turbulent Jets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Demuren, Aodeji O.; Wilson, Robert V.

1999-01-01

Complex streamwise vorticity fields are observed in the evolution of non-circular jets. Generation mechanisms are investigated via Reynolds-averaged (RANS), large-eddy (LES) and direct numerical (DNS) simulations of laminar and turbulent rectangular jets. Complex vortex interactions are found in DNS of laminar jets, but axis-switching is observed only when a single instability mode is present in the incoming mixing layer. With several modes present, the structures are not coherent and no axis-switching occurs, RANS computations also produce no axis-switching. On the other hand, LES of high Reynolds number turbulent jets produce axis-switching even for cases with several instability modes in the mixing layer. Analysis of the source terms of the mean streamwise vorticity equation through post-processing of the instantaneous results shows that, complex interactions of gradients of the normal and shear Reynolds stresses are responsible for the generation of streamwise vorticity which leads to axis-switching. RANS computations confirm these results. k - epsilon turbulence model computations fail to reproduce the phenomenon, whereas algebraic Reynolds stress model (ASM) computations, in which the secondary normal and shear stresses are computed explicitly, succeeded in reproducing the phenomenon accurately.

Frequency Support of PMSG-WTG Based on Improved Inertial Control: Preprint

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wu, Z.; Wang, X.; Gao, W.

2016-03-15

With increasing integrations of large-scale systems based on permanent magnet synchronous generator wind turbine generators (PMSG-WTGs), the overall inertial response of a power system will tend to deteriorate as a result of the decoupling of rotor speed and grid frequency through the power converter as well as the scheduled retirement of conventional synchronous generators. Thus, PMSG-WTGs can provide value to an electric grid by contributing to the system's inertial response by utilizing the inherent kinetic energy stored in their rotating masses and fast power control. In this work, an improved inertial control method based on the maximum power point trackingmore » operation curve is introduced to enhance the overall frequency support capability of PMSG-WTGs in the case of large supply-demand imbalances. Moreover, this method is implemented in the CART2-PMSG integrated model in MATLAB/Simulink to investigate its impact on the wind turbine's structural loads during the inertial response process. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method can effectively reduce the frequency nadir, arrest the rate of change of frequency, and mitigate the secondary frequency drop while imposing no negative impact on the major mechanical components of the wind turbine.« less

Frequency Support of PMSG-WTG Based on Improved Inertial Control

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wu, Z.; Wang, X.; Gao, W.

2016-11-14

With increasing integrations of large-scale systems based on permanent magnet synchronous generator wind turbine generators (PMSG-WTGs), the overall inertial response of a power system will tend to deteriorate as a result of the decoupling of rotor speed and grid frequency through the power converter as well as the scheduled retirement of conventional synchronous generators. Thus, PMSG-WTGs can provide value to an electric grid by contributing to the system's inertial response by utilizing the inherent kinetic energy stored in their rotating masses and fast power control. In this work, an improved inertial control method based on the maximum power point trackingmore » operation curve is introduced to enhance the overall frequency support capability of PMSG-WTGs in the case of large supply-demand imbalances. Moreover, this method is implemented in the CART2-PMSG integrated model in MATLAB/Simulink to investigate its impact on the wind turbine's structural loads during the inertial response process. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method can effectively reduce the frequency nadir, arrest the rate of change of frequency, and mitigate the secondary frequency drop while imposing no negative impact on the major mechanical components of the wind turbine.« less

Junior Secondary School Students' Conceptions about Plate Tectonics

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mills, Reece; Tomas, Louisa; Lewthwaite, Brian

2017-01-01

There are ongoing calls for research that identifies students' conceptions about geographical phenomena. In response, this study investigates junior secondary school students' (N = 95) conceptions about plate tectonics. Student response data was generated from semi-structured interviews-about-instances and a two-tiered multiple-choice test…

Anetoderma due to secondary syphilis: Report of two cases and discussion of the histopathological findings.

PubMed

Veasey, John V; Lellis, Rute F; Porto, Renê L; Mattei, Gladys Ma

2017-12-01

Anetoderma is a rare benign condition of diverse etiology whose characteristic is the diminution or absence of the dermal elastic fibers. Classified as primary and secondary, the latter associated with tumors, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. Although the etiology of the lesions is well described in literature, the pathogenesis is still poorly determined. Anetoderma in syphilis is rare, and occurs even in the most uncommon cutaneous manifestations of the disease, such as the nodular form. In order to better understand the changes that lead to elastolysis, we propose a better correlation with the histopathological findings of the lesions that precede it. We present two cases of anetoderma secondary to syphilis, whose clinical aspects resembled the pattern of their initial secondary syphilis rash.

The pre-conceptual design of the nuclear island of ASTRID

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Saez, M.; Menou, S.; Uzu, B.

The CEA is involved in a substantial effort on the ASTRID (Advanced Sodium Technological Reactor for Industrial Demonstration) pre-conceptual design in cooperation with EDF, as experienced Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) operator, AREVA, as experienced SFR Nuclear Island engineering company and components designer, ALSTOM POWER as energy conversion system designer and COMEX NUCLEAIRE as mechanical systems designer. The CEA is looking for other partnerships, in France and abroad. The ASTRID preliminary design is based on a sodium-cooled pool reactor of 1500 MWth generating about 600 MWe, which is required to guarantee the representativeness of the reactor core and the main componentsmore » with regard to future commercial reactors. ASTRID lifetime target is 60 years. Two Energy Conversion Systems are studied in parallel until the end of 2012: Rankine steam cycle or Brayton gas based energy conversion cycle. ASTRID design is guided by the following major objectives: improved safety, simplification of structures, improved In Service Inspection and Repair (ISIR), improved manufacturing conditions for cost reduction and increased quality, reduction of risks related to sodium fires and water/sodium reaction, and improved robustness against external hazards. The core is supported by a diagrid, which lay on a strong back to transfer the weight to the main vessel. AREVA is involved in a substantial effort in order to improve the core support structure in particular regarding the ISIR and the connection to primary pump. In the preliminary design, the primary system is formed by the main vessel and the upper closure comprising the reactor roof, two rotating plugs - used for fuel handling - and the components plugs located in the roof penetrations. The Above Core Structure deflects the sodium flow in the hot pool and provides support to core instrumentation and guidance of the control rod drive mechanisms. The number of the major components in the main vessel, primary pumps, Intermediate Heat Exchangers, and Decay Heat Exchangers are now under consideration. Under normal conditions, power release is achieved using the steam/water plant (in case of Rankine steam cycle) or the gas plant (in case of Brayton gas cycle). The diverse design and operating modes of Decay Heat Removal systems provide protection against common cause failures. A Decay Heat Removal system through the reactor vault is in particular studied with the objective to complement Direct Reactor Cooling systems. At this stage of the studies, the secondary system comprises four independent sodium loops (two and three sodium loops configurations are also investigated). Each loop includes one mechanical pump (or a large capacity Annular Linear Induction Electromagnetic Pump), and three modular Steam Generator Units characterized by once through straight tube units with a ferritic tube bundle; nevertheless, helical coil steam generator with tubes made of Alloy 800, and inverted type steam generator with a ferritic tube bundle are also investigated. The limited power of each modular Steam Generator Unit allows the whole secondary loop to withstand a large water/sodium reaction consecutive to the postulated simultaneous rupture of all the heat exchange tubes of one module. The arrangement of the components is based on the 'Regain' concept, in which the secondary pump is situated at a low level in the circuit; conventional arrangement, as SUPERPHENIX type, is a back-up option. Alternative arrangements based on gas cycles are also studied together with Na-gas heat exchanger design. This paper presents a status of the ASTRID pre-conceptual design. The most promising options are highlighted as well as less risky and back-up options. (authors)« less

A case report of the clear cell variant of gallbladder carcinoma.

PubMed

Maharaj, Ravi; Cave, Christo; Sarran, Kevin; Bascombe, Nigel; Dan, Dilip; Greaves, Wesley; Warner, Wayne A

2017-01-01

Clear cell gallbladder carcinoma accounts for less than 1% of all gallbladder malignancies and demonstrates its unique histopathological characteristics in patients with no prior medical illness or familial predisposition. Here we present a case of a 56-year-old female, with no prior medical conditions presented with a 2-month history of upper abdominal pain. Routine hematological and biochemical tests were unremarkable. An abdominal ultrasound revealed the presence of a gallbladder calculi, and a fundic mass while magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography revealed a 8.0cm×3.5cm gallbladder mass. Computed tomography imaging excluded any distant haematogenous metastases. An open cholecystectomy with lymphadenectomy was proceeded by staging laparoscopy. Upon pathologic investigation, the morphologic and immunophenotypic features supported a diagnosis of clear cell variant of gallbladder carcinoma. Pathological prognostications for primary clear cell gall bladder carcinomas are not well defined due to the rarity of cases and possible misidentification as secondary metastases. Foci of adenocarcinoma within the tumor along with immunohistochemical staining probes can be informative in consideration of differential diagnosis. In these cases, clinical case management should be personalized for increased survival with the possible incorporation of next generation sequencing approaches to guide therapeutic algorithms. We discuss this exceedingly rare case of the clear cell variant of gallbladder carcinoma in detail, highlighting some of the diagnostic, and clinical challenges. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

SEM technique for imaging and measuring electronic transport in nanocomposites based on electric field induced contrast

DOEpatents

Jesse, Stephen [Knoxville, TN; Geohegan, David B [Knoxville, TN; Guillorn, Michael [Brooktondale, NY

2009-02-17

Methods and apparatus are described for SEM imaging and measuring electronic transport in nanocomposites based on electric field induced contrast. A method includes mounting a sample onto a sample holder, the sample including a sample material; wire bonding leads from the sample holder onto the sample; placing the sample holder in a vacuum chamber of a scanning electron microscope; connecting leads from the sample holder to a power source located outside the vacuum chamber; controlling secondary electron emission from the sample by applying a predetermined voltage to the sample through the leads; and generating an image of the secondary electron emission from the sample. An apparatus includes a sample holder for a scanning electron microscope having an electrical interconnect and leads on top of the sample holder electrically connected to the electrical interconnect; a power source and a controller connected to the electrical interconnect for applying voltage to the sample holder to control the secondary electron emission from a sample mounted on the sample holder; and a computer coupled to a secondary electron detector to generate images of the secondary electron emission from the sample.

Merging Contexts and Shifting Practice within Professional Development Schools: Teachers as Teacher Educators and the Nature of Resistance--A Critical Multi-Case Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wallace, Mary Ann

2012-01-01

This qualitative critical multi-case study examines the nature of resistance as it emerges within the work of two urban secondary teachers acting as teacher educators, each teaching a secondary teacher preparation course within their own respective school context. Both research sites are discursively and functionally similar in terms of their…

A Case Study of the Impact of a Reformed Science Curriculum on Student Attitudes and Learning in a Secondary Physics Classroom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Molotsky, Gregg Jeremy

2011-01-01

This case study examined the impact of the application of an inquiry-based concept related physics curriculum on student attitudes and learning in a secondary physics classroom in southern New Jersey. Students who had previously used a traditional physics curriculum were presented with a 10 week inquiry-based concept related physics curriculum on…

Parotitis with secondary syphilis: a case report.

PubMed Central

Hira, S K; Hira, R S

1984-01-01

Painless swelling of the parotid salivary gland was observed in a patient presenting with secondary syphilis. This case is of special interest to venereologists and surgeons as parotitis associated with syphilis may be mistaken for common tumours of the parotid glands. A diagnosis of syphilitic parotitis should be considered in patients presenting with swollen parotid salivary glands in countries where syphilis is prevalent. PMID:6704695

The Aims and Learning Attainments of Secondary and High School Students Attending Science Festivals: A Case Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kececi, Gonca

2017-01-01

This study was conducted to determine the aims and learning attainments of secondary school and high school students participating in science festivals. A case study approach which is one of the qualitative research methods was used in the research. This study was carried out in the science festival held in Elazig, Turkey. The sampling consists of…

"I DON'T CARE DO UR OWN PAGE!!" A Case Study of Using Wikis for Collaborative Work in a UK Secondary School

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Grant, Lyndsay

2009-01-01

Alongside other forms of social software, wikis have been heralded as supporting more collaborative and democratic teaching and learning practices. This paper explores, through a case study approach, the use of wikis to support a collaborative research project undertaken in a UK secondary school. Findings are analysed in the context of research on…

A Case Study of a Post-Secondary Pilot Program That Provides Education to Qualified Homeless Students at a Private University

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Blanchard, Weedens E.

2017-01-01

The purpose of this research case study was to examine a post-secondary pilot program that provides education to select New York City homeless adults at a private university. In this study, the researcher examined how the Academy program assists homeless and disadvantaged adults to obtain post-graduate employment opportunities through academic…

The "Critical Friend" Role in Fostering Reflective Practices and Developing Staff Cohesion: A Case Study in a New Secondary School, New Zealand

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wright, Noeline; Adam, Amina

2015-01-01

This exploratory case study, arising from a longitudinal project into the establishment of a new secondary school in New Zealand, examines reflective practice through critical friend roles among staff. The paper describes, through the lens of Bourdieu's logic of practice, the implementation of a critical friendship approach linked to the school…

Drug-induced Sweet's syndrome secondary to hepatitis C antiviral therapy.

PubMed

Gheorghe, Liana; Cotruta, Bogdan; Trifu, Viorel; Cotruta, Cristina; Becheanu, Gabriel; Gheorghe, Cristian

2008-09-01

Pegylated interferon-alpha in combination with ribavirin currently represents the therapeutic standard for the hepatitis C virus infection. Interferon based therapy may be responsible for many cutaneous side effects. We report a case of drug-induced Sweet's syndrome secondary to hepatitis C antiviral therapy. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of Sweet's syndrome in association with pegylated interferon-alpha therapy.

A Case Study: The Local Education Authorities (LEAs) Capacity Support on ICT Integration National Policy in Public Secondary Schools in Kepulauan Riau Province, Indonesia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Putera, Rahmat Ady; Mochtar, Mahani; Candra, Muhammad

2015-01-01

This study addresses the support towards the policy of ICT implementation in public secondary schools from the local education authorities (LEAs) as part of society capacity, in case of Kepulauan Riau province, Indonesia. The study involves three sub themes; local policy support, management program, and partnership. Therefore, the researcher…

Tension between Visions of Science Education: The Case of Energy Quality in Swedish Secondary Science Curricula

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Haglund, Jesper; Hultén, Magnus

2017-01-01

The aim of this study is to contribute to an understanding of how curricular change is accomplished in practice, including the positions and conflicts of key stakeholders and participants, and their actions in the process. As a case, we study the treatment of energy in Swedish secondary curricula in the period 1962-2011 and, in particular, how the…

Student-Issued One-to-One Laptop Computers on Secondary Campuses in Four Texas School Districts: A Phenomenological Case Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hoyer, Randall J.

2011-01-01

The purpose of this phenomenological case study was to investigate the impact of one-to-one student issued laptop computers on secondary campuses in four rural Texas school districts. Data were collected using focus groups which included 27 leaders in four rural Texas school districts that had implemented the one-to-one laptop initiative. The…

A Case Study of Using an Online Community of Practice for Teachers' Professional Development at a Secondary School in China

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wang, Qiyun; Lu, Zhiping

2012-01-01

In this case study, an online community was designed at a secondary school in China for the teachers to prepare their lessons collectively, reflect on their teaching practices, collect comments from peers, and share resources. A survey was administered to the teachers to investigate their perceptions on the online community for their professional…

Flow and heat transfer experiments in the turbine airfoil/endwall region

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chung, Jin Taek

An experimental investigation of the three-dimensional flow and heat transfer near the junction between the endwall and suction wall of a gas turbine was performed. A large-scale, two-half-blade facility which simulates a turbine cascade was introduced. The simulator consists of two large half-blade sections, one wall simulating the pressure surface and the other wall simulating the suction surface. The advantage of this configuration is that the features of the secondary flow are large, because of the relatively large test section, and the flow is easily accessible with probes. Qualification of this simulator was by comparison to a multi-blade cascade flow. Various flow visualization techniques--oil and lampblack, ink and oil of wintergeeen, a single tuft probe, and a tuft grid--were employed to confirm that the important features of the cascade flow were replicated in this simulator. The triangular region on the suction surface, which was affected by the passage vortex, and the endwall secondary crossflow were observed by shear stress visualization and the liquid crystal measurement techniques. In order to investigate the effects of the turbulence level on the secondary flow in a turbine passage, a turbulence generator, designed to reproduce the characteristics of a combustor exit flow, was built. The generator was designed not only to generate a high turbulence level but to produce three main features of a combustor exit flow. The generator produced a turbulence intensity level of about 10 percent and an integral length scale of 5 centimeters. It was observed that the endwall secondary flow, including the passage vortex, is not significantly influenced by freestream turbulence levels up to 10 percent. A flow management technique using a boundary layer fence designed to reduce some harmful effects of secondary flow in the endwall region of a turbine passage was introduced. The boundary layer fence is effective in changing the passage of the vortex and reducing the influence of the vortex near the suction wall. The fence was even more effective in reducing secondary flows for high levels of freestream turbulence (approximately 10 percent).

Drop impact on flowing liquid films: asymmetric splashing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ismail, Renad; Che, Zhizhao; Rotkovitz, Lauren; Adebayo, Idris; Matar, Omar

2015-11-01

The splashing of droplets on flowing liquid films is studied experimentally using high-speed photography. The flowing liquid films are generated on an inclined substrate. The flow rate of the liquid film, the inclination angle, and the droplet speed are controlled and their effects on the splashing process studied. Due to the flow in the liquid film and the oblique impact direction, the splashing process is asymmetric. The propagation of the asymmetric crown and the generation of secondary droplets on the rim of the crown are analysed through image processing. The results show that the flow in the liquid films significantly affects the propagation of the liquid crown and the generation of secondary droplets. EPSRC Programme Grant, MEMPHIS, EP/K0039761/1.

Submesoscale features and their interaction with fronts and internal tides in a high-resolution coupled atmosphere-ocean-wave model of the Bay of Bengal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jensen, Tommy G.; Shulman, Igor; Wijesekera, Hemantha W.; Anderson, Stephanie; Ladner, Sherwin

2018-03-01

Large freshwater fluxes into the Bay of Bengal by rainfall and river discharges result in strong salinity fronts in the bay. In this study, a high-resolution coupled atmosphere-ocean-wave model with comprehensive physics is used to model the weather, ocean circulation, and wave field in the Bay of Bengal. Our objective is to explore the submesoscale activity that occurs in a realistic coupled model that resolves mesoscales and allows part of the submesoscale field. Horizontal resolution in the atmosphere varies from 2 to 6 km and is 13 km for surface waves, while the ocean model is submesoscale permitting with resolutions as high as 1.5 km and a vertical resolution of 0.5 m in the upper 10 m. In this paper, three different cases of oceanic submesoscale features are discussed. In the first case, heavy rainfall and intense downdrafts produced by atmospheric convection are found to force submesoscale currents, temperature, and salinity anomalies in the oceanic mixed layer and impact the mesoscale flow. In a second case, strong solitary-like waves are generated by semidiurnal tides in the Andaman Sea and interact with mesoscale flows and fronts and affect submesoscale features generated along fronts. A third source of submesoscale variability is found further north in the Bay of Bengal where river outflows help maintain strong salinity gradients throughout the year. For that case, a comparison with satellite observations of sea surface height anomalies, sea surface temperature, and chlorophyll shows that the model captures the observed mesoscale eddy features of the flow field, but in addition, submesoscale upwelling and downwelling patterns associated with ageostrophic secondary circulations along density fronts are also captured by the model.

High-density genetic mapping identifies new susceptibility loci for rheumatoid arthritis.

PubMed

Eyre, Steve; Bowes, John; Diogo, Dorothée; Lee, Annette; Barton, Anne; Martin, Paul; Zhernakova, Alexandra; Stahl, Eli; Viatte, Sebastien; McAllister, Kate; Amos, Christopher I; Padyukov, Leonid; Toes, Rene E M; Huizinga, Tom W J; Wijmenga, Cisca; Trynka, Gosia; Franke, Lude; Westra, Harm-Jan; Alfredsson, Lars; Hu, Xinli; Sandor, Cynthia; de Bakker, Paul I W; Davila, Sonia; Khor, Chiea Chuen; Heng, Khai Koon; Andrews, Robert; Edkins, Sarah; Hunt, Sarah E; Langford, Cordelia; Symmons, Deborah; Concannon, Pat; Onengut-Gumuscu, Suna; Rich, Stephen S; Deloukas, Panos; Gonzalez-Gay, Miguel A; Rodriguez-Rodriguez, Luis; Ärlsetig, Lisbeth; Martin, Javier; Rantapää-Dahlqvist, Solbritt; Plenge, Robert M; Raychaudhuri, Soumya; Klareskog, Lars; Gregersen, Peter K; Worthington, Jane

2012-12-01

Using the Immunochip custom SNP array, which was designed for dense genotyping of 186 loci identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS), we analyzed 11,475 individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (cases) of European ancestry and 15,870 controls for 129,464 markers. We combined these data in a meta-analysis with GWAS data from additional independent cases (n = 2,363) and controls (n = 17,872). We identified 14 new susceptibility loci, 9 of which were associated with rheumatoid arthritis overall and five of which were specifically associated with disease that was positive for anticitrullinated peptide antibodies, bringing the number of confirmed rheumatoid arthritis risk loci in individuals of European ancestry to 46. We refined the peak of association to a single gene for 19 loci, identified secondary independent effects at 6 loci and identified association to low-frequency variants at 4 loci. Bioinformatic analyses generated strong hypotheses for the causal SNP at seven loci. This study illustrates the advantages of dense SNP mapping analysis to inform subsequent functional investigations.

Apodized Pupil Lyot Coronagraphs for Arbitrary Apertures. II. Theoretical Properties and Application to Extremely Large Telescopes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Soummer, Rémi; Pueyo, Laurent; Ferrari, André; Aime, Claude; Sivaramakrishnan, Anand; Yaitskova, Natalia

2009-04-01

We study the application of Lyot coronagraphy to future Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs), showing that Apodized Pupil Lyot Coronagraphs enable high-contrast imaging for exoplanet detection and characterization with ELTs. We discuss the properties of the optimal pupil apodizers for this application (generalized prolate spheroidal functions). The case of a circular aperture telescope with a central obstruction is considered in detail, and we discuss the effects of primary mirror segmentation and secondary mirror support structures as a function of the occulting mask size. In most cases where inner working distance is critical, e.g., for exoplanet detection, these additional features do not alter the solutions derived with just the central obstruction, although certain applications such as quasar-host galaxy coronagraphic observations could benefit from designs that explicitly accomodate ELT spider geometries. We illustrate coronagraphic designs for several ELT geometries including ESO/OWL, the Thirty Mirror Telescope, the Giant Magellan Telescope, and describe numerical methods for generating these designs.

High density genetic mapping identifies new susceptibility loci for rheumatoid arthritis

PubMed Central

Eyre, Steve; Bowes, John; Diogo, Dorothée; Lee, Annette; Barton, Anne; Martin, Paul; Zhernakova, Alexandra; Stahl, Eli; Viatte, Sebastien; McAllister, Kate; Amos, Christopher I.; Padyukov, Leonid; Toes, Rene E.M.; Huizinga, Tom W.J.; Wijmenga, Cisca; Trynka, Gosia; Franke, Lude; Westra, Harm-Jan; Alfredsson, Lars; Hu, Xinli; Sandor, Cynthia; de Bakker, Paul I.W.; Davila, Sonia; Khor, Chiea Chuen; Heng, Khai Koon; Andrews, Robert; Edkins, Sarah; Hunt, Sarah E; Langford, Cordelia; Symmons, Deborah; Concannon, Pat; Onengut-Gumuscu, Suna; Rich, Stephen S; Deloukas, Panos; Gonzalez-Gay, Miguel A.; Rodriguez-Rodriguez, Luis; Ärlsetig, Lisbeth; Martin, Javier; Rantapää-Dahlqvist, Solbritt; Plenge, Robert; Raychaudhuri, Soumya; Klareskog, Lars; Gregersen, Peter K; Worthington, Jane

2012-01-01

Summary Using the Immunochip custom single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array, designed for dense genotyping of 186 genome wide association study (GWAS) confirmed loci we analysed 11,475 rheumatoid arthritis cases of European ancestry and 15,870 controls for 129,464 markers. The data were combined in meta-analysis with GWAS data from additional independent cases (n=2,363) and controls (n=17,872). We identified fourteen novel loci; nine were associated with rheumatoid arthritis overall and 5 specifically in anti-citrillunated peptide antibody positive disease, bringing the number of confirmed European ancestry rheumatoid arthritis loci to 46. We refined the peak of association to a single gene for 19 loci, identified secondary independent effects at six loci and association to low frequency variants (minor allele frequency <0.05) at 4 loci. Bioinformatic analysis of the data generated strong hypotheses for the causal SNP at seven loci. This study illustrates the advantages of dense SNP mapping analysis to inform subsequent functional investigations. PMID:23143596

New spiro-oxindole constructed with pyrrolidine/thioxothiazolidin-4-one derivatives: Regioselective synthesis, X-ray crystal structures, Hirshfeld surface analysis, DFT, docking and antimicrobial studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barakat, Assem; Soliman, Saied M.; Al-Majid, Abdullah Mohammed; Ali, M.; Islam, Mohammad Shahidul; Elshaier, Yaseen A. M. M.; Ghabbour, Hazem A.

2018-01-01

In this work, polycyclic heterocycles containing spirooxindole, pyrrolidine, and thioxothiazolidin-4-one rings have been synthesized via the regioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylide, which is generated in situ by the condensation of the dicarbonyl compound isatin and the secondary amino acid (L-proline), with 5-arylidine-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one as the dipolarophile. The structure of the synthesized compounds 4a and 4b were determined by using X-ray single crystal diffraction, and also, Hirshfeld surface analysis were reported. Their geometric parameters were calculated using density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-311G (d,p) level of theory. Both compounds showed antimicrobial and antifungal activity better than selected standards (ampicillin and gentamicin in case of antibacterial activity and Amphotericin A and fluconazole in case of antifungal activity). Molecular docking study of the synthesized compounds indicated that phenyl group plays an important role in determination of compound interaction inside the receptors.

Active control of fan noise

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yamasaki, Nobuhiko; Tajima, Hirotoshi

2008-06-01

In the wake-rotor interaction fan noise, a number of the interacting modes at the blade passing frequency (BPF) and its harmonics are generated which are prescribed by the number of stator and rotor blades etc. In the present study, the dominant mode is tried to be suppressed by the secondary sound from the loudspeaker actuators. One of the novel features of the present system is the adoption of the control board with the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) hardware and the LabVIEW software to synchronize the circumferentially installed loudspeaker actuators with the relative location of rotational blades under arbitrary fan rotational speeds. The experiments were conducted under the conditions of three rotational speeds of 2004, 3150, and 4002 [rpm]. The reduction in the sound pressure level (SPL) was observed for all three rotational speeds. The sound pressure level at the BPF was reduced approximately 13 [dB] for 2004 [rpm] case, but not so large reduction was attained for other cases probably due to the inefficiency of the loudspeaker actuators at high frequencies

Identification of I1171N resistance mutation in ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer tumor sample and circulating tumor DNA.

PubMed

Johnson, Alison C; Dô, Pascal; Richard, Nicolas; Dubos, Catherine; Michels, Jean Jacques; Bonneau, Jessica; Gervais, Radj

2016-09-01

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is sensitive to ALK inhibitor therapy, but resistance invariably develops and can be mediated by certain secondary mutations. The detection of these mutations is useful to guide treatment decisions, but tumors are not always easily accessible to re-biopsy. We report the case of a patient with ALK-rearranged NSCLC who presented acquired resistance to crizotinib and then alectinib. Sequencing analyses of DNA from a liver metastasis biopsy sample and circulating tumor DNA both found the same I1171N ALK kinase domain mutation, known to confer resistance to certain ALK inhibitors. However, the patient then received ceritinib, a 2nd generation ALK inhibitor, and achieved another partial response. This case underlines how ALK resistance mutation detection in peripheral blood could be a reliable, safer, and less invasive alternative to tissue-based samples in NSCLC. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

A design strategy for the use of vortex generators to manage inlet-engine distortion using computational fluid dynamics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anderson, Bernhard H.; Levy, Ralph

1991-01-01

A reduced Navier-Stokes solution technique was successfully used to design vortex generator installations for the purpose of minimizing engine face distortion by restructuring the development of secondary flow that is induced in typical 3-D curved inlet ducts. The results indicate that there exists an optimum axial location for this installation of corotating vortex generators, and within this configuration, there exists a maximum spacing between generator blades above which the engine face distortion increases rapidly. Installed vortex generator performance, as measured by engine face circumferential distortion descriptors, is sensitive to Reynolds number and thereby the generator scale, i.e., the ratio of generator blade height to local boundary layer thickness. Installations of corotating vortex generators work well in terms of minimizing engine face distortion within a limited range of generator scales. Hence, the design of vortex generator installations is a point design, and all other conditions are off design. In general, the loss levels associated with a properly designed vortex generator installation are very small; thus, they represent a very good method to manage engine face distortion. This study also showed that the vortex strength, generator scale, and secondary flow field structure have a complicated and interrelated influence over engine face distortion, over and above the influence of the initial arrangement of generators.

The Expense Tied to Secondary Course Failure: The Case of Ontario

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Faubert, Brenton

2016-01-01

This article describes a study that examined the volume of secondary course failure and its direct budget impact on Ontario's K-12 public education system. The study employed a straightforward, descriptive accounting method to estimate the annual expenditure tied to secondary course failure, taking into account some factors known to be…

[The apron mucosal flap of the lower lip for the repair of the secondary deformities of the cleft lip].

PubMed

Wu, K; Xu, J; Lin, Y

1996-05-01

Twelve cases of secondary deformities of the cleft lip were repaired with the apron mucosal flap of the lower lip. The operation method is described. The advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Good results were obtained in patients with mild or medium secondary deformities.

The Relationship between Stress and Bullying among Secondary School Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Leung, Chi-hung; To, Hing-kwan

2009-01-01

Background: In Hong Kong, secondary school students face high levels of stress due to the examination oriented curricula. According to Sun (2006), some secondary school students cannot bear the pressure when facing the examinations, and some of them may exhibit destructive behaviors such as suicide and bullying. Therefore, cases of school bullying…

Secondary Mathematics Pre-Service Teachers' Processes of Selection and Integration of Technology

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Uzan, Erol

2017-01-01

This study investigated secondary mathematics pre-service teachers' (PSTs) knowledge of resources in terms of digital technologies, and explored the processes of both selection and integration of technology into their lesson plans. This study employed a case study design. Participants were six secondary mathematics PSTs who enrolled in a methods…

Collaborative Creativity Processes in a Wiki: A Study in Secondary Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pifarré, Manoli; Marti, Laura; Guijosa, Alex

2014-01-01

This paper explores how wiki may be used to support secondary education students' collaborative creativity processes and how such interaction can promote critical and creativity thinking. A science case-based project in which 81 secondary students participated was designed, implemented and evaluated. Students worked in the science wiki project…

Secondary science teachers' view toward and classroom translation of sustained professional development

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lewis, Elizabeth Blake

This study concerns the phenomenon of secondary science teacher learning and enacting instructional strategies learned at the Communication in Science Inquiry Project (CISIP) teacher professional development events, as well as teacher perception of, and relationship to, this year-long professional development program. The CISIP program teaches science teachers how to build scientific classroom discourse communities with their students. Some of the science teachers were previous participants in the professional development, and acted as mentor teachers. The research design employed an integrated conceptual framework of situated learning theory with an analytical lens of teachers' professional, institutional and affinity, identities. A multi-method approach was used to generate data. Throughout the 2007-2008 academic year, the teachers' fidelity to the professional development model was measured using a classroom observation instrument aligned with the professional development model. From these observation data a longitudinal model, using hierarchical linear modeling, was constructed. In addition, surveys and interview data were used to construct both whole group and case studies of two high school science teachers who taught biology at the same school. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between previous and new participants; specifically, the longer teachers had participated in the professional development, and adopted a mentorship role, the greater their fidelity of classroom instruction to the CISIP model. Additionally, the case study teacher who developed a CISIP model-aligned affinity identity implemented more of the instructional strategies than the teacher who maintained his school-based institutional identity.

Electrical Burns and Late Spontaneous Artery Ruptures: About Three Cases.

PubMed

Reinbold, C; Serror, K; Mimoun, M; Chaouat, M; Marco, O; Boccara, D

2018-05-15

Electrical burns are responsible for arterial and venous thrombosis, as well as weakening of the arteries. Immediate or delayed arterial occlusions, secondary to the aggression of the intima, or aneurysms, secondary to the aggression of the media, sometimes lead to artery ruptures without any warning signs. Such ruptures may trigger a hemorrhagic shock whose period of onset is variable and unpredictable. We are presenting here three cases treated in our department for electrical burns, whose complications were marked by hemorrhagic shock, secondary to late artery ruptures, sometimes occurring several months following the event. These case reports required performance of emergency hemostasis in order to control sudden bleeding, with first approach being placement of a tourniquet at the base of the limb and/or a compression point. Through these cases, we thought it is crucial to closely monitor for a few weeks all patients who were victims of electrical injury, even more so if it was associated with a compartment syndrome of one or more limbs and high rhabdomyolysis, which seem to be predictive factors of late artery ruptures in our case reports.

[Treatment of tracheobronchomalacia with expandable metallic stents].

PubMed

Antón-Pacheco Sánchez, J; García Vázquez, A; Cuadros García, J; Cano Novillo, I; Villafruela Sanz, M; Berchi García, F J

2002-10-01

Tracheomalacia is an unfrequent disease that causes tracheal collapse during breathing. It is generally associated to esophageal atresia, but cases of primary tracheomalacia and others secondary to extrinsic compression, have also been described. Spontaneous resolution is generally the rule and only a few cases need surgical treatment. When this therapy fails or is not indicated for any reason, endoluminal tracheobronchial stents may be used. We have treated two patients with four expandable metallic stents: one had severe tracheomalacia associated to esophageal atresia and the other tracheobronchomalacia secondary to cardiomegaly. Results have been good in both cases.

Effectiveness of An Essay Writing Strategy for Post-Secondary Students with Developmental Disabilities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Woods-Groves, Suzanne; Therrien, William J.; Hua, Youjia; Hendrickson, Jo M.; Shaw, Julia W.; Hughes, Charles A.

2012-01-01

This study examined the effectiveness of the ANSWER Strategy (Hughes, Schumaker, & Deshler, 2005) in improving the essay composition skills of post-secondary students with developmental disabilities. The six-step strategy incorporated analyzing essay prompts, creating an outline, generating an essay response, and reviewing the answer. The…

Mineral phases and metals in baghouse dust from secondary aluminum production

EPA Science Inventory

Baghouse dust (BHD) is a solid waste generated by air pollution control systems during secondary aluminum processing (SAP). Management and disposal of BHD can be challenging in the U.S. and elsewhere. In this study, the mineral phases, metal content and metal leachability of 78...

Overexpression of SbMyb60 impacts phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and alters secondary cell wall composition in sorghum bicolor

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway that generates lignin subunits represents a significant target to alter the abundance and composition of lignin. The major regulators of phenylpropanoid metabolism are myb transcription factors, which have been shown to modulate secondary cell wall compositi...

Effectiveness of Case Management for 'At Risk' Patients in Primary Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

PubMed

Stokes, Jonathan; Panagioti, Maria; Alam, Rahul; Checkland, Kath; Cheraghi-Sohi, Sudeh; Bower, Peter

2015-01-01

An ageing population with multimorbidity is putting pressure on health systems. A popular method of managing this pressure is identification of patients in primary care 'at-risk' of hospitalisation, and delivering case management to improve outcomes and avoid admissions. However, the effectiveness of this model has not been subjected to rigorous quantitative synthesis. We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of case management for 'at-risk' patients in primary care. Six bibliographic databases were searched using terms for 'case management', 'primary care', and a methodology filter (Cochrane EPOC group). Effectiveness compared to usual care was measured across a number of relevant outcomes: Health--self-assessed health status, mortality; Cost--total cost of care, healthcare utilisation (primary and non-specialist care and secondary care separately), and; Satisfaction--patient satisfaction. We conducted secondary subgroup analyses to assess whether effectiveness was moderated by the particular model of case management, context, and study design. A total of 15,327 titles and abstracts were screened, 36 unique studies were included. Meta-analyses showed no significant differences in total cost, mortality, utilisation of primary or secondary care. A very small significant effect favouring case management was found for self-reported health status in the short-term (0.07, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.14). A small significant effect favouring case management was found for patient satisfaction in the short- (0.26, 0.16 to 0.36) and long-term (0.35, 0.04 to 0.66). Secondary subgroup analyses suggested the effectiveness of case management may be increased when delivered by a multidisciplinary team, when a social worker was involved, and when delivered in a setting rated as low in initial 'strength' of primary care. This was the first meta-analytic review which examined the effects of case management on a wide range of outcomes and considered also the effects of key moderators. Current results do not support case management as an effective model, especially concerning reduction of secondary care use or total costs. We consider reasons for lack of effect and highlight key research questions for the future. The review protocol is available as part of the PROSPERO database (registration number: CRD42014010824).

Effectiveness of Case Management for 'At Risk' Patients in Primary Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

PubMed Central

Stokes, Jonathan; Panagioti, Maria; Alam, Rahul; Checkland, Kath; Cheraghi-Sohi, Sudeh; Bower, Peter

2015-01-01

Background An ageing population with multimorbidity is putting pressure on health systems. A popular method of managing this pressure is identification of patients in primary care ‘at-risk’ of hospitalisation, and delivering case management to improve outcomes and avoid admissions. However, the effectiveness of this model has not been subjected to rigorous quantitative synthesis. Methods and Findings We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of case management for ‘at-risk’ patients in primary care. Six bibliographic databases were searched using terms for ‘case management’, ‘primary care’, and a methodology filter (Cochrane EPOC group). Effectiveness compared to usual care was measured across a number of relevant outcomes: Health – self-assessed health status, mortality; Cost – total cost of care, healthcare utilisation (primary and non-specialist care and secondary care separately), and; Satisfaction – patient satisfaction. We conducted secondary subgroup analyses to assess whether effectiveness was moderated by the particular model of case management, context, and study design. A total of 15,327 titles and abstracts were screened, 36 unique studies were included. Meta-analyses showed no significant differences in total cost, mortality, utilisation of primary or secondary care. A very small significant effect favouring case management was found for self-reported health status in the short-term (0.07, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.14). A small significant effect favouring case management was found for patient satisfaction in the short- (0.26, 0.16 to 0.36) and long-term (0.35, 0.04 to 0.66). Secondary subgroup analyses suggested the effectiveness of case management may be increased when delivered by a multidisciplinary team, when a social worker was involved, and when delivered in a setting rated as low in initial ‘strength’ of primary care. Conclusions This was the first meta-analytic review which examined the effects of case management on a wide range of outcomes and considered also the effects of key moderators. Current results do not support case management as an effective model, especially concerning reduction of secondary care use or total costs. We consider reasons for lack of effect and highlight key research questions for the future. Review Protocol The review protocol is available as part of the PROSPERO database (registration number: CRD42014010824). PMID:26186598

Corrosion performance of alternative steam generator materials and designs. Volume 2. Posttest examination of a seawater-faulted alternative materials model steam generator. Final report. [PWR

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Krupowicz, J.J.; Scott, D.B.; Fink, G.C.

Corrosion results obtained from the post-test non-destructive and destructive examinations of an alternative materials model steam generator are described in this final report. The model operated under representative thermal and hydraulic and accelerated (high seawater contaminant concentration) steam generator secondary water chemistry conditions. Total exposure consisted of 114 steaming days under all volatile treatment (AVT) chemistry conditions followed by 282 fault steaming days at a 30 ppM chloride concentration in the secondary bulk water. Various support plate and lattice strip support designs incorporated Types 347, 405, 409 and SCR-3 stainless steels; Alloys 600 and 690; and carbon steel. Heat transfermore » tube materials included Alloy 600 in various heat treated conditions, Alloy 690, and Alloy 800. All tubing materials in this test exhibited moderate pitting, primarily in the sludge pile region above the tubesheet.« less

Corrosion performance of alternative steam generator materials and designs. Volume 3. Posttest examination of a freshwater-faulted alternative materials model steam generator. Final report. [PWR

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Krupowicz, J.J.; Scott, D.B.; Rentler, R.M.

Corrosion results obtained from the post-test non-destructive and destructive examinations of an alternative materials model steam generator are described in this final report. The model operated under representative thermal and hydraulic and accelerated (high fresh water contaminant concentration) steam generator secondary water chemistry conditions. Total exposure consisted of 114 steaming days under all volatile treatment (AVT) chemistry conditions followed by 358 fault steaming days at a 40 ppM sulfate concentration in the secondary bulk water. Various support plate and lattice strip support designs incorporated Types 347, 405, 409 and SCR-3 stainless steels; Alloys 600 and 690; and carbon steel. Heatmore » transfer tube materials included Alloy 600 in various heat treated conditions, Alloy 690, and Alloy 800. All tubing materials in this test exhibited significant general corrosion beneath thick surface deposits.« less

Susceptibility of steam generator tubes in secondary conditions: Effects of lead and sulphate

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gomez Briceno, D.; Garcia, M.S.; Castano, M.L.

1997-02-01

IGA/SCC on the secondary side of steam generators is increasing every year, and represents the cause of some steam generator replacements. Until recently, caustic and acidic environments have been accepted as causes of IGA/SCC, particulary in certain environments: in sludge pile on the tube sheet; at support crevices; in free span. Lead and sulfur have been identified as significant impurities. Present thoughts are that some IGA/SCC at support crevices may have occurred in nearly neutral or mildly alkaline environments. Here the authors present experimental work aimed at studying the influence of lead and sulfur on the behaviour of steam generatormore » tube alloys in different water environments typical of steam generators. Most test results ran for at least 2000 hours, and involved visual and detailed surface analysis during and following the test procedures.« less

Physical properties of ambient and laboratory-generated secondary organic aerosol

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

O'Brien, Rachel E.; Neu, Alexander; Epstein, Scott A.; MacMillan, Amanda C.; Wang, Bingbing; Kelly, Stephen T.; Nizkorodov, Sergey A.; Laskin, Alexander; Moffet, Ryan C.; Gilles, Mary K.

2014-06-01

The size and thickness of organic aerosol particles collected by impaction in five field campaigns were compared to those of laboratory-generated secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy was used to measure the total carbon absorbance (TCA) by individual particles as a function of their projection areas on the substrate. Particles with higher viscosity/surface tension can be identified by a steeper slope on a plot of TCA versus size because they flatten less upon impaction. The slopes of the ambient data are statistically similar indicating a small range of average viscosities/surface tensions across five field campaigns. Steeper slopes were observed for the plots corresponding to ambient particles, while smaller slopes were indicative of the laboratory-generated SOA. This comparison indicates that ambient organic particles have higher viscosities/surface tensions than those typically generated in laboratory SOA studies.

Unraveling the role of secondary electrons upon their interaction with photoresist during EUV exposure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pollentier, Ivan; Vesters, Yannick; Jiang, Jing; Vanelderen, Pieter; de Simone, Danilo

2017-10-01

The interaction of 91.6eV EUV photons with photoresist is very different to that of optical lithography at DUV wavelength. The latter is understood quite well and it is known that photons interact with the resist in a molecular way through the photoacid generator (PAG) of the chemically amplified resist (CAR). In EUV however, the high energy photons interact with the matter on atomic scale, resulting in the generation of secondary electrons. It is believed that these secondary electrons in their turn are responsible in chemical modification and lead to switching reactions that enable resist local dissolution. However, details of the interaction are still unclear, e.g. which reaction an electron with a given energy can initiate. In this work we have introduced a method to measure the chemical interaction of the secondary electrons with the EUV resist. The method is based on electron gun exposures of low energy electrons (range 1eV to 80eV) in the photoresist. The chemical interaction is then measured by Residual Gas Analysis (RGA), which can analyze out of the outgassing which and how much reaction products are generated. In this way a `chemical yield' can be quantified as function of electron energy. This method has been successfully applied to understand the interaction of secondary electrons on the traditional CAR materials. The understanding was facilitated by testing different compositions of an advanced EUV CAR, where resp. polymer only, polymer+PAG, and polymer+PAG+quencher are tested with the electron gun. It was found that low energy electrons down to 3-4eV can activate PAG dissociation, which can lead to polymer deprotection. However it was observed too that energy electrons of 12eV and higher can do direct deprotection even in absence of the PAG. In addition, testing suggests that electrons can generate also other chemical changes on the polymer chain that could lead to cross-linking.

Removal of Sulfur from CaF2 Containing Desulfurization Slag Exhausted from Secondary Steelmaking Process by Oxidation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hiraki, Takehito; Kobayashi, Junichi; Urushibata, Satomi; Matsubae, Kazuyo; Nagasaka, Tetsuya

2012-08-01

The oxidation behavior of sulfur in desulfurization slag generated from the secondary steelmaking process with air has been investigated in the temperature range of 973 K to 1373 K (700 °C to 1100 °C). Although a high removal rate of sulfur is not achieved at temperatures lower than 1273 K (1000 °C) because of the formation of CaSO4, most of the sulfur is rapidly removed from slag as SO2 gas in the 1273 K to 1373 K (700 °C to 1100 °C) range. This finding indicates that the desulfurization slag generated from the secondary steelmaking process can be reused as a desulfurized flux through air oxidation, making it possible to reduce significantly the amount of desulfurization slag for disposal.

A Second Chance to Dream: Initiating ODeL in Secondary School Re-Entry Programs for Young Adult Secondary School Dropouts the Case of Mumias District, Western Kenya

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Musita, Richard; Ogange, Betty O.; Lugendo, Dorine

2018-01-01

The Kenyan education system has very limited re-entry options for learners who drop out before attaining secondary school certificate. It is very difficult to access training and or secure a job that requires at least secondary school education. This study examined the prospects of initiating Open and Distance e-Learning(ODeL) in re-entry…

Transition in discharge plasma of Hall thruster type in presence of secondary electron emissive surface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schweigert, I. V.; Yadrenkin, M. A.; Fomichev, V. P.

2017-11-01

Modification of the sheath structure near the emissive plate placed in magnetized DC discharge plasma of Hall thruster type was studied in the experiment and in kinetic simulations. The plate is made from Al2O3 which has enhanced secondary electron emission yield. The energetic electrons emitted by heated cathode provide the volume ionization and the secondary electron emission from the plate. An increase of the electron beam energy leads to an increase of the secondary electron generation, which initiates the transition in sheath structure over the emissive plate.

Generational Perspective of Higher Education Online Student Learning Styles

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Williams, Chad James

2013-01-01

The purpose of this study was to determine whether students associated with a generational group exhibit similar learning styles as identified by the Felder and Soloman Index of Learning Styles instrument. The secondary purpose was to determine to what degree these generational groups rate their satisfaction with online education through the use…

Post-Secondary Educational Attainment of Immigrant and Native Youth

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Keller, Ursula; Tillman, Kathryn Harker

2008-01-01

We examine immigrant generation differences in college attendance and college type among youth ages 18 through 26 who have graduated from a U.S. high school. Results indicate that first- and second-generation immigrants are significantly more likely to attend college than their third-plus generation counterparts of similar race/ethnicity,…

[The Hospital Information System of the Brazilian National Unified Health System: a preliminary evaluation of performance in monitoring RhD hemolytic disease of the newborn].

PubMed

Lobato, Gustavo; Reichenheim, Michael Eduardo; Coeli, Claudia Medina

2008-03-01

This study aimed to evaluate the adequacy of the Hospital Information System of the National Unified Health System (SIH-SUS) in identifying cases of RhD hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) at the Fernandes Figueira Institute (IFF/FIOCRUZ) from 1998 to 2003. Neonatal records, data from the Medical Archives, and AIH (Hospital Admissions Authorization Form) data consolidated in the SIH-SUS were analyzed. Cases were identified according to the following fields: principal diagnosis, secondary diagnosis, and procedure performed. During the period studied, 194 cases of HDN were diagnosed. The Medical Archives registered 148 newborns with HDN, however only 147 AIHs were issued and 145 consolidated in the SIH-SUS. Among these 145 cases, 84 cited HDN as the principal diagnosis, while secondary diagnosis identified 38 additional cases and the procedures performed failed to identify any further cases. Thus, the SIH-SUS identified only 122 (62.9%) of the 194 cases of HDN treated at the IFF/FIOCRUZ. Although it is necessary to evaluate other units, the SIH-SUS does not appear to be reliable for monitoring HDN. Additional studies are essential for employing secondary administrative data in the context of epidemiological surveillance.

Gallium-67 imaging in pericarditis secondary to tuberculosis and histoplasmosis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Taillefer, R.; Lemieux, R.J.; Picard, D.

1981-09-01

In recent years, many cases of Ga-67 uptake by the heart have been reported. One such case involved a patient with tuberculous pericarditis. Recently, a patient was referred to us for the investigation of a fever of unknown origin. A Ga-67 scan was performed and showed an intense uptake by the pericardium. The final diagnosis was pericarditis secondary to mediastinal lymph node involvement with tuberculosis and histoplasmosis.

Opportunities and Challenges for Mixed Day Secondary School Headteachers in Promoting Girl-Child Education in Kenya: A Case Study of Kisumu Municipality

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dawo, Jane-Irene A.; Simatwa, Enose M. W.

2010-01-01

Despite Kenya Government's commitment to enhancement of girl-child education, their participation rate at secondary school level is still notably low. Many studies on the girl-child education have concentrated in the rural populations with the assumption that the situation in the urban setting is nearly ideal. This was not the case as was…

Testicular trauma secondary to less-lethal kinetic energy munitions.

PubMed

Kavoussi, Parviz K; Hermans, Michael R

2006-06-01

Many cases of testicular trauma secondary to munitions have been reported. We report a case of a 37-year-old man who suffered testicular trauma as a result of a less-lethal munition projectile. With the advent, and increased use, of less-lethal munitions by the military and law enforcement agencies, more of these new subsets of genitourinary trauma patients who will require care are sure to result.

Effect of Secondary Jet-flow Angle on Performance of Turbine Inter-guide-vane Burner Based on Jet-vortex Flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zheng, Haifei; Tang, Hao; Xu, Xingya; Li, Ming

2014-08-01

Four different secondary airflow angles for the turbine inter-guide-vane burners with trapped vortex cavity were designed. Comparative analysis between combustion performances influenced by the variation of secondary airflow angle was carried out by using numerical simulation method. The turbulence was modeled using the Scale-Adaptive Simulation (SAS) turbulence model. Four cases with different secondary jet-flow angles (-45°, 0°, 30°, 60°) were studied. It was observed that the case with secondary jet-flows at 60° angle directed upwards (1) has good mixing effect; (2) mixing effect is the best although the flow field distributions inside both of the cavity and the main flow passage for the four models are very similar; (3) has complete combustion and symmetric temperature distribution on the exit section of guide vane (X = 70 mm), with uniform temperature distribution, less temperature gradient, and shrank local high temperature regions in the notch located on the guide vane.

Acquired ectropion uveae and secondary glaucoma due to trauma: report of 3 cases.

PubMed

Markovic, Vujica; Vukovic, Dragan; Radosavljevic, Aleksandra; Marjanovic, Ivan

2017-01-19

To investigate the possible association between acquired ectropion uveae and blunt trauma to the eye. We present 3 cases of acquired ectropion uveae that occurred after blunt trauma to the eye. There are no previously published data on possible association of these conditions. A retrospective review was conducted of patients with ectropion uveae and eye injury at University Eye Hospital over a 10-year period (2006-2016). We analyzed medical records and clinical findings. Three eyes of 3 male patients with ocular trauma and ectropion uveae, ages 71, 68, and 5 years, were reviewed. The period between the eye injury and the diagnosis of ectropion uveae ranged from 10 to 36 months. All 3 eyes developed clinical evidence of secondary glaucoma with moderately to severely elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) (ranging from 29 to 48 mm Hg). Surgical treatment (trabeculectomy) was needed in 2 cases in order to control secondary glaucoma and conservative treatment was sufficient in 1 case. Mean patient follow-up was 19.3 ± 4.6 months. Trauma can be considered as a cause of acquired ectropion uveae. Acquired ectropion uveae following eye trauma may be associated with significant increase in IOP. All patients in our series had secondary glaucoma and 2 of 3 required surgical treatment for IOP control.

Simplified Hybrid-Secondary Uncluttered Machine And Method

DOEpatents

Hsu, John S [Oak Ridge, TN

2005-05-10

An electric machine (40, 40') has a stator (43) and a rotor (46) and a primary air gap (48) has secondary coils (47c, 47d) separated from the rotor (46) by a secondary air gap (49) so as to induce a slip current in the secondary coils (47c, 47d). The rotor (46, 76) has magnetic brushes (A, B, C, D) or wires (80) which couple flux in through the rotor (46) to the secondary coils (47c, 47d) without inducing a current in the rotor (46) and without coupling a stator rotational energy component to the secondary coils (47c, 47d). The machine can be operated as a motor or a generator in multi-phase or single-phase embodiments. A method of providing a slip energy controller is also disclosed.

Low-Cost 3D Printing Orbital Implant Templates in Secondary Orbital Reconstructions.

PubMed

Callahan, Alison B; Campbell, Ashley A; Petris, Carisa; Kazim, Michael

Despite its increasing use in craniofacial reconstructions, three-dimensional (3D) printing of customized orbital implants has not been widely adopted. Limitations include the cost of 3D printers able to print in a biocompatible material suitable for implantation in the orbit and the breadth of available implant materials. The authors report the technique of low-cost 3D printing of orbital implant templates used in complex, often secondary, orbital reconstructions. A retrospective case series of 5 orbital reconstructions utilizing a technique of 3D printed orbital implant templates is presented. Each patient's Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine data were uploaded and processed to create 3D renderings upon which a customized implant was designed and sent electronically to printers open for student use at our affiliated institutions. The mock implants were sterilized and used intraoperatively as a stencil and mold. The final implant material was chosen by the surgeons based on the requirements of the case. Five orbital reconstructions were performed with this technique: 3 tumor reconstructions and 2 orbital fractures. Four of the 5 cases were secondary reconstructions. Molded Medpor Titan (Stryker, Kalamazoo, MI) implants were used in 4 cases and titanium mesh in 1 case. The stenciled and molded implants were adjusted no more than 2 times before anchored in place (mean 1). No case underwent further revision. The technique and cases presented demonstrate 1) the feasibility and accessibility of low-cost, independent use of 3D printing technology to fashion patient-specific implants in orbital reconstructions, 2) the ability to apply this technology to the surgeon's preference of any routinely implantable material, and 3) the utility of this technique in complex, secondary reconstructions.

Mitigating secondary aerosol generation potentials from biofuel use in the energy sector.

PubMed

Tiwary, Abhishek; Colls, Jeremy

2010-01-01

This paper demonstrates secondary aerosol generation potential of biofuel use in the energy sector from the photochemical interactions of precursor gases on a life cycle basis. The paper is divided into two parts-first, employing life cycle analysis (LCA) to evaluate the extent of the problem for a typical biofuel based electricity production system using five baseline scenarios; second, proposing adequate mitigation options to minimise the secondary aerosol generation potential on a life cycle basis. The baseline scenarios cover representative technologies for 2010 utilising energy crop (miscanthus), short rotation coppiced chips and residual/waste wood in different proportions. The proposed mitigation options include three approaches-biomass gasification prior to combustion, delaying the harvest of biomass, and increasing the geographical distance between the biomass plant and the harvest site (by importing the biofuels). Preliminary results indicate that the baseline scenarios (assuming all the biomass is sourced locally) bear significant secondary aerosol formation potential on a life cycle basis from photochemical neutralisation of acidic emissions (hydrogen chloride and sulphur dioxide) with ammonia. Our results suggest that gasification of miscanthus biomass would provide the best option by minimising the acidic emissions from the combustion plant whereas the other two options of delaying the harvest or importing biofuels from elsewhere would only lead to marginal reduction in the life cycle aerosol loadings of the systems.

Deepening Pre-Service Secondary Teachers' Mathematical Content Knowledge through Engaging with Peers' Mathematical Contributions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pournara, C.

2016-01-01

Depth and rigour in mathematical knowledge for pre-service secondary school mathematics teachers may be found in particular experiences of learning and doing school-level mathematics. Drawing on two cases from a course on financial mathematics for secondary school teachers, I illustrate opportunities for exploring compound and exponential growth.…

Students' Experiences of Mathematics during the Transition from Primary to Secondary School

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Attard, Catherine

2010-01-01

As part of a longitudinal case study on engagement in middle years mathematics, 20 students attending their first year of secondary school in Western Sydney were asked to provide views on their experiences of the transition to secondary school in relation to mathematics teaching and learning. Differences in teacher-student relationships caused the…

Secondary Teachers' Conceptions and Practices of Assessment Models: The Case for Mathematics Teachers in Jordan

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Al Duwairi, Ahmed

2013-01-01

This study aimed at investigating the extent to which secondary schools mathematics teachers practice to assessment models in their mathematics teaching and learning. Definitely, the study aimed at answering the following questions: (1) To what extent do secondary schools mathematics teachers practice each of the assessment models in their…

The Perception Levels of Secondary Education Students Regarding the Concept of Village: The Case of Çanakkale

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tezcan, Saban

2014-01-01

This study mainly aimed to determine the perceptions and definitions of the secondary education students receiving education in three different secondary education institutions located in the central district of Çanakkale Province in the 2012-2013 academic year regarding the concept of "village" through metaphors. Another aim of the…

Collaborative Leadership Practices among Ohio's Early College High School Principals and Their Post-Secondary Partners

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carter, Allia L.

2012-01-01

This constructivist multiple-case study examined the collaborative leadership practices of seven secondary and seven post-secondary leaders who participate in Ohio's Early College High School Initiative (ECHSI). The 14 educational leaders in this study partnered in an effort to respond to the access and success of traditionally underrepresented…

A Blend of Romanism and Germanism: Experimental Science Instruction in Belgian State Secondary Education, 1880-1914

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Onghena, Sofie

2013-01-01

A case study of secondary experimental science instruction in Belgium demonstrates the importance of cross-national communication in the study of science education. Belgian secondary science education in the years 1880-1914 had a clear internationalist dimension. French and German influences turn out to have been essential, stimulated by the fact…

Secondary Students' Quantification of Ratio and Rate: A Framework for Reasoning about Change in Covarying Quantities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Johnson, Heather Lynn

2015-01-01

Contributing to a growing body of research addressing secondary students' quantitative and covariational reasoning, the multiple case study reported in this article investigated secondary students' quantification of ratio and rate. This article reports results from a study investigating students' quantification of rate and ratio as…

Incentivizing Advanced Mathematics Study at Upper Secondary Level: The Case of Bonus Points in Ireland

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Treacy, Páraic Thomas

2018-01-01

Secondary level mathematics education in Ireland has recently experienced a period of significant change with the introduction of new curricula and the addition of an incentive to study upper secondary mathematics at the most advanced level (Higher Level). This incentive, typically referred to as 'bonus points', appears to have aided a significant…

Secondary School Teachers' Perception of Corporal Punishment: A Case Study in India

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cheruvalath, Reena; Tripathi, Medha

2015-01-01

This article examines secondary school teachers' perceptions of corporal punishment in India. Although it has been banned in Indian schools, various types of corporal punishment are still used by teachers. It has been mainly used as a mechanism for controlling disciplinary problems in schools. Based on a pilot study of 160 secondary teachers, the…