Sample records for self-regulatory executive function

  1. Self-regulatory processes and exercise adherence in older adults: executive function and self-efficacy effects.

    PubMed

    McAuley, Edward; Mullen, Sean P; Szabo, Amanda N; White, Siobhan M; Wójcicki, Thomas R; Mailey, Emily L; Gothe, Neha P; Olson, Erin A; Voss, Michelle; Erickson, Kirk; Prakash, Ruchika; Kramer, Arthur F

    2011-09-01

    Self-efficacy and the use of self-regulatory strategies are consistently associated with physical activity behavior. Similarly, behavioral inhibition and cognitive resource allocation-indices of executive control function-have also been associated with this health behavior. The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that self-efficacy mediates the relationship between self-regulatory processes, such as executive function, and sustained exercise behavior. Older adults (N=177, mean age=66.44 years) completed measures of executive function, self-reported use of self-regulatory strategies, and self-efficacy prior to and during the first month of a 12-month exercise intervention. Percentage of exercise classes attended over the following 11 months was used to represent adherence. Data were collected from 2007 to 2010 and analyzed in 2010-2011. Structural equation models were tested examining the effect of executive function and strategy use on adherence via efficacy. As hypothesized, results showed significant direct effects of two elements of executive function and of strategy use on self-efficacy and of efficacy on adherence. In addition, there were significant indirect effects of strategy use and executive function on adherence via self-efficacy. Higher levels of executive function and use of self-regulatory strategies at the start of an exercise program enhance beliefs in exercise capabilities, which in turn leads to greater adherence. Copyright © 2011 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  2. Self-Regulatory Processes and Exercise Adherence in Older Adults

    PubMed Central

    McAuley, Edward; Mullen, Sean P.; Szabo, Amanda N.; White, Siobhan M.; Wójcicki, Thomas R.; Mailey, Emily L.; Gothe, Neha P.; Olson, Erin A.; Voss, Michelle; Erickson, Kirk; Prakash, Ruchika; Kramer, Arthur F.

    2011-01-01

    Background Self-efficacy and the use of self-regulatory strategies are consistently associated with physical activity behavior. Similarly, behavioral inhibition and cognitive resource allocation, indices of executive control function, have also been associated with this health behavior. Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that self-efficacy mediates the relationship between self-regulatory processes, such as executive function, and sustained exercise behavior. Methods Older adults (N = 177, mean age = 66.44 years) completed measures of executive function, self-reported use of self-regulatory strategies and self-efficacy prior to and during the first month of a 12-month exercise intervention. Percentage of exercise classes attended over the following 11 months was used to represent adherence. Data were collected from 2007 to 2010 and analyzed in 2010–2011. Structural equation models were tested examining the effect of executive function and strategy use on adherence via efficacy. Results As hypothesized, results showed significant direct effects of two elements of executive function and of strategy use on self-efficacy and of efficacy on adherence. In addition, there were significant indirect effects of strategy use and executive function on adherence via self-efficacy. Conclusions Higher levels of executive function and use of self-regulatory strategies at the start of an exercise program enhance beliefs in exercise capabilities, which in turn leads to greater adherence. PMID:21855742

  3. Sustained attention in infancy as a longitudinal predictor of self-regulatory functions.

    PubMed

    Johansson, Maria; Marciszko, Carin; Gredebäck, Gustaf; Nyström, Pär; Bohlin, Gunilla

    2015-11-01

    Previous literature suggests that attention processes such as sustained attention would constitute a developmental foundation for the self-regulatory functions executive functioning and effortful control (e.g., Garon, Bryson, & Smith, 2008; Rothbart, Derryberry, & Posner, 1994). Our main aim was to test this hypothesis by studying whether sustained attention at age 1 year can predict individual differences in self-regulatory functions at age 2 years. Longitudinal data from 66 infants and their parents were included in the study. Sustained attention was assessed during free play at age 1 year; executive functioning, measured using an eye-tracking version of the A-not-B task, and effortful control, measured using parental ratings, were assessed at both age 1 and age 2 years. The results did support a longitudinal prediction of individual differences in 2-year-olds' self-regulatory functions as a function of sustained attention at age 1 year. We also found significant improvement in both executive functioning and effortful control over time, and the two self-regulatory constructs were related in toddlerhood but not in infancy. The study helps increase our understanding of the early development of self-regulatory functions necessary for identifying developmental risks and, in the future, for developing new interventions. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  4. The Role of Executive Functions Skills and Self-Regulation Behaviors in School Readiness and Adjustment

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sasser, Tyler R.; Bierman, Karen L.

    2012-01-01

    The aim of this study was to examine co-variation in the development of self-regulatory skills evident in pre-kindergarten and evaluate the implications of that variation for school adjustment in kindergarten and first grade. Measures of self-regulatory skill development included: direct assessments of EF (executive function) (e.g., Peg Tapping,…

  5. Self-Regulation and Executive Functioning as Related to Survival in Motor Neuron Disease: Preliminary Findings.

    PubMed

    Garcia-Willingham, Natasha E; Roach, Abbey R; Kasarskis, Edward J; Segerstrom, Suzanne C

    2018-05-16

    Disease progression varies widely among patients with motor neuron disease (MND). Patients with MND and coexisting dementia have shorter survival. However, implications of mild cognitive and behavioral difficulties are unclear. The present study examined the relative contribution of executive functioning and self-regulation difficulties on survival over a 6-year period among patients with MND, who scored largely within normal limits on cognitive and behavioral indices. Patients with MND (N=37, age=59.97±11.57, 46% female) completed the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) as an executive functioning perseveration index. The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions (BRIEF-A) was used as a behavioral measure of self-regulation in two subdomains self-regulatory behavior (Behavioral Regulation) and self-regulatory problem-solving (Metacognition). Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were used. In total, 23 patients died during follow-up. In Cox proportional hazard regressions adjusted for a priori covariates, each 10-point T-score increment in patient-reported BRIEF-A self-regulatory behavior and problem-solving difficulties increased mortality risk by 94% and103%, respectively (adjusted HR=1.94, 95% CI [1.07, 3.52]; adjusted HR=2.03, 95% CI [1.19, 3.48]). In sensitivity analyses, patient-reported self-regulatory problem-solving remained significant independent of disease severity and a priori covariates (adjusted HR=1.68, 95% CI [1.01, 2.78], though the predictive value of self-regulatory behavior was attenuated in adjusted models (HR=1.67, 95% CI [0.85, 3.27). Caregiver-reported BRIEF-A ratings of patients and WCST perseverative errors did not significantly predict survival. Preliminary evidence suggests patient-reported self-regulatory problem-solving difficulties indicate poorer prognosis in MND. Further research is needed to uncover mechanisms that negatively affect patient survival.

  6. The mediating role of metacognition in the relationship between executive function and self-regulated learning.

    PubMed

    Follmer, D Jake; Sperling, Rayne A

    2016-12-01

    Researchers have demonstrated significant relations among executive function, metacognition, and self-regulated learning. However, prior research emphasized the use of indirect measures of executive function and did not evaluate how specific executive functions are related to participants' self-regulated learning. The primary goals of the current study were to examine and test the relations among executive function, metacognition, and self-regulated learning as well as to examine how self-regulated learning is informed by executive function. The sample comprised 117 undergraduate students attending a large, Mid-Atlantic research university in the United States. Participants were individually administered direct and indirect measures of executive function, metacognition, and self-regulated learning. A mediation model specifying the relations among the regulatory constructs was proposed. In multiple linear regression analyses, executive function predicted metacognition and self-regulated learning. Direct measures of inhibition and shifting accounted for a significant amount of the variance in metacognition and self-regulated learning beyond an indirect measure of executive functioning. Separate mediation analyses indicated that metacognition mediated the relationship between executive functioning and self-regulated learning as well as between specific executive functions and self-regulated learning. The findings of this study are supported by previous research documenting the relations between executive function and self-regulated learning, and extend prior research by examining the manner in which executive function and self-regulated learning are linked. The findings provide initial support for executive functions as key processes, mediated by metacognition, that predict self-regulated learning. Implications for the contribution of executive functions to self-regulated learning are discussed. © 2016 The British Psychological Society.

  7. Replacing sedentary time with sleep, light, or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity: effects on self-regulation and executive functioning.

    PubMed

    Fanning, J; Porter, G; Awick, E A; Ehlers, D K; Roberts, S A; Cooke, G; Burzynska, A Z; Voss, M W; Kramer, A F; McAuley, E

    2017-04-01

    Recent attention has highlighted the importance of reducing sedentary time for maintaining health and quality of life. However, it is unclear how changing sedentary behavior may influence executive functions and self-regulatory strategy use, which are vital for the long-term maintenance of a health behavior regimen. The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to examine the estimated self-regulatory and executive functioning effects of substituting 30 min of sedentary behavior with 30 min of light activity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), or sleep in a sample of older adults. This study reports baseline data collected from low-active healthy older adults (N = 247, mean age 65.4 ± 4.6 years) recruited to participate in a 6 month randomized controlled exercise trial examining the effects of various modes of exercise on brain health and function. Each participant completed assessments of physical activity self-regulatory strategy use (i.e., self-monitoring, goal-setting, social support, reinforcement, time management, and relapse prevention) and executive functioning. Physical activity and sedentary behaviors were measured using accelerometers during waking hours for seven consecutive days at each time point. Isotemporal substitution analyses were conducted to examine the effect on self-regulation and executive functioning should an individual substitute sedentary time with light activity, MVPA, or sleep. The substitution of sedentary time with both sleep and MVPA influenced both self-regulatory strategy use and executive functioning. Sleep was associated with greater self-monitoring (B = .23, p = .02), goal-setting (B = .32, p < .01), and social support (B = .18, p = .01) behaviors. Substitution of sedentary time with MVPA was associated with higher accuracy on 2-item (B = .03, p = .01) and 3-item (B = .02, p = .04) spatial working memory tasks, and with faster reaction times on single (B = -23.12, p = .03) and mixed-repeated task-switching blocks (B = -27.06, p = .04). Substitution of sedentary time with sleep was associated with marginally faster reaction time on mixed-repeated task-switching blocks (B = -12.20, p = .07) and faster reaction time on mixed-switch blocks (B = 17.21, p = .05), as well as reduced global reaction time switch cost (B = -16.86, p = .01). Substitution for light intensity physical activity did not produce significant effects. By replacing sedentary time with sleep and MVPA, individuals may bolster several important domains of self-regulatory behavior and executive functioning. This has important implications for the design of long-lasting health behavior interventions. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT00438347.

  8. Executive Function in Adolescence: Associations with Child and Family Risk Factors and Self-Regulation in Early Childhood

    PubMed Central

    Berthelsen, Donna; Hayes, Nicole; White, Sonia L. J.; Williams, Kate E.

    2017-01-01

    Executive functions are important higher-order cognitive skills for goal-directed thought and action. These capacities contribute to successful school achievement and lifelong wellbeing. The importance of executive functions to children’s education begins in early childhood and continues throughout development. This study explores contributions of child and family factors in early childhood to the development of executive function in adolescence. Analyses draw on data from the nationally representative study, Growing up in Australia: The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Participants are 4819 children in the Kindergarten Cohort who were recruited at age 4–5 years. Path analyses were employed to examine contributions of early childhood factors, including family socio-economic position (SEP), parenting behaviors, maternal mental health, and a child behavioral risk index, to the development of executive function in adolescence. The influence of children’s early self-regulatory behaviors (attentional regulation at 4–5 years and approaches to learning at 6–7 years) were also taken into account. A composite score for the outcome measure of executive function was constructed from scores on three Cogstate computerized tasks for assessing cognition and measured visual attention, visual working memory, and spatial problem-solving. Covariates included child gender, age at assessment of executive function, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander status, speaking a language other than English at home, and child’s receptive vocabulary skills. There were significant indirect effects involving child and family risk factors measured at 4–5 years on executive function at age 14–15 years, mediated by measures of self-regulatory behavior. Child behavioral risk, family SEP and parenting behaviors (anger, warmth, and consistency) were associated with attentional regulation at 4–5 years which, in turn, was significantly associated with approaches to learning at 6–7 years. Both attentional regulation and approaches to learning were directly associated with executive functioning at 14–15 years. These findings suggest that children’s early self-regulatory capacities are the basis for later development of executive function in adolescence when capabilities for planning and problem-solving are important to achieving educational goals. PMID:28626440

  9. Executive Function in Adolescence: Associations with Child and Family Risk Factors and Self-Regulation in Early Childhood.

    PubMed

    Berthelsen, Donna; Hayes, Nicole; White, Sonia L J; Williams, Kate E

    2017-01-01

    Executive functions are important higher-order cognitive skills for goal-directed thought and action. These capacities contribute to successful school achievement and lifelong wellbeing. The importance of executive functions to children's education begins in early childhood and continues throughout development. This study explores contributions of child and family factors in early childhood to the development of executive function in adolescence. Analyses draw on data from the nationally representative study, Growing up in Australia: The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children . Participants are 4819 children in the Kindergarten Cohort who were recruited at age 4-5 years. Path analyses were employed to examine contributions of early childhood factors, including family socio-economic position (SEP), parenting behaviors, maternal mental health, and a child behavioral risk index, to the development of executive function in adolescence. The influence of children's early self-regulatory behaviors (attentional regulation at 4-5 years and approaches to learning at 6-7 years) were also taken into account. A composite score for the outcome measure of executive function was constructed from scores on three Cogstate computerized tasks for assessing cognition and measured visual attention, visual working memory, and spatial problem-solving. Covariates included child gender, age at assessment of executive function, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander status, speaking a language other than English at home, and child's receptive vocabulary skills. There were significant indirect effects involving child and family risk factors measured at 4-5 years on executive function at age 14-15 years, mediated by measures of self-regulatory behavior. Child behavioral risk, family SEP and parenting behaviors (anger, warmth, and consistency) were associated with attentional regulation at 4-5 years which, in turn, was significantly associated with approaches to learning at 6-7 years. Both attentional regulation and approaches to learning were directly associated with executive functioning at 14-15 years. These findings suggest that children's early self-regulatory capacities are the basis for later development of executive function in adolescence when capabilities for planning and problem-solving are important to achieving educational goals.

  10. Interfering with Inner Speech Selectively Disrupts Problem Solving and Is Linked with Real-World Executive Functioning

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wallace, Gregory L.; Peng, Cynthia S.; Williams, David

    2017-01-01

    Purpose: According to Vygotskian theory, verbal thinking serves to guide our behavior and underpins critical self-regulatory functions. Indeed, numerous studies now link inner speech usage with performance on tests of executive function (EF). However, the selectivity of inner speech contributions to multifactorial executive planning performance…

  11. Executive Function and Mathematics Achievement: Are Effects Construct- and Time-General or Specific?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Duncan, Robert; Nguyen, Tutrang; Miao, Alicia; McClelland, Megan; Bailey, Drew

    2016-01-01

    Executive function (EF) is considered a set of interrelated cognitive processes, including inhibitory control, working memory, and attentional shifting, that are connected to the development of the prefrontal cortex and contribute to children's problem solving skills and self regulatory behavior (Best & Miller, 2010; Garon, Bryson, &…

  12. Hot and Cool Executive Function: Foundations for Learning and Healthy Development

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Meuwissen, Alyssa S.; Zelazo, Philip David

    2014-01-01

    Executive function (EF) refers to the set of core self-regulatory skills required for deliberate, goal-directed problem solving. These skills, which are exercised when children pause and reflect before reacting, provide a foundation for learning in a classroom context. They make it possible to pay attention, think flexibly, keep information in…

  13. Assessment of Executive Function in Preschool-Aged Children

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Isquith, Peter K.; Crawford, Jennifer S.; Espy, Kimberly Andrews; Gioia, Gerard A.

    2005-01-01

    Assessment of the overarching self-regulatory mechanisms, or executive functions, in any age group is challenging, in part due to the complexity of this domain, in part due to their dynamic essence, and in part due to the inextricable links between these central processes and the associated domain-specific processes, such as language, motor…

  14. Promoting Prosocial Behavior and Self-Regulatory Skills in Preschool Children through a Mindfulness-Based Kindness Curriculum

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Flook, Lisa; Goldberg, Simon B.; Pinger, Laura; Davidson, Richard J.

    2015-01-01

    Self-regulatory abilities are robust predictors of important outcomes across the life span, yet they are rarely taught explicitly in school. Using a randomized controlled design, the present study investigated the effects of a 12-week mindfulness-based Kindness Curriculum (KC) delivered in a public school setting on executive function,…

  15. The development of regulatory functions from birth to 5 years: insights from premature infants.

    PubMed

    Feldman, Ruth

    2009-01-01

    This study examined physiological, emotional, and attentional regulatory functions as predictors of self-regulation in 125 infants followed 7 times from birth to 5 years. Physiological regulation was assessed by neonatal vagal tone and sleep-wake cyclicity; emotion regulation by response to stress at 3, 6, and 12 months; and attention regulation by focused attention and delayed response in the 2nd year. Executive functions, behavior adaptation, and self-restraint were measured at 5 years. Regulatory functions showed stability across time, measures, and levels. Structural modeling demonstrated both mediated paths from physiological to self-regulation through emotional and attentional processes and direct continuity between vagal tone and each level of regulation. Results support the coherence of the regulation construct and are consistent with neurobiological models on self and consciousness.

  16. The SNAPSHOT study protocol: SNAcking, Physical activity, Self-regulation, and Heart rate Over Time.

    PubMed

    McMinn, David; Allan, Julia L

    2014-09-26

    The cognitive processes responsible for effortful behavioural regulation are known as the executive functions, and are implicated in several factors associated with behaviour control, including focussing on tasks, resisting temptations, planning future actions, and inhibiting prepotent responses. Similar to muscles, the executive functions become fatigued following intensive use (e.g. stressful situations, when tired or busy, and when regulating behaviour such as quitting smoking). Therefore, an individual may be more susceptible to engaging in unhealthy behaviours when their executive functions are depleted. In the present study we investigate associations between the executive functions, snack food consumption, and sedentary behaviour in real time. We hypothesise that individuals may be more susceptible to unhealthy snacking and sedentary behaviours during periods when their executive functions are depleted. We test this hypothesis using real-time objective within-person measurements. A sample of approximately 50 Scottish adults from varied socio-economic, working, and cultural backgrounds will participate in the three phases of the SNAcking, Physical activity, Self-regulation, and Heart rate Over Time (SNAPSHOT) study. Phase one will require participants to complete home-based questionnaires concerned with diet, eating behaviour, and physical activity (≈1.5 hours to complete). Phase two will constitute a 2-3 hour psychological laboratory testing session during which trait-level executive function, general intelligence, and diet and physical activity intentions, past behaviour, and automaticity will be measured. The final phase will involve a 7-day ambulatory protocol during which objective repeated assessments of executive function, snacking behaviour, physical activity, mood, heart rate, perceived energy level, current context and location will be measured during participants' daily routines. Multi-level regression analysis, accounting for observations nested within participants, will be used to investigate associations between fluctuations in the executive functions and health behaviours. Data from the SNAPSHOT study will provide ecologically valid information to help better understand the temporal associations between self-regulatory resources (executive functions) and deleterious health behaviours such as snacking and sedentary behaviour. If we can identify particular periods of the day or locations where self-regulatory resources become depleted and produce suboptimal health behaviour, then interventions can be designed and targeted accordingly.

  17. Associations between toddler-age communication and kindergarten-age self-regulatory skills.

    PubMed

    Aro, Tuija; Laakso, Marja-Leena; Määttä, Sira; Tolvanen, Asko; Poikkeus, Anna-Maija

    2014-08-01

    In this study, the authors aimed at gaining understanding on the associations of different types of early language and communication profiles with later self-regulation skills by using longitudinal data from toddler age to kindergarten age. Children with early language profiles representing expressive delay, broad delay (i.e., expressive, social, and/or symbolic), and typical language development were compared in domains of kindergarten-age executive and regulative skills (attentional/executive functions, regulation of emotions and behavioral activity, and social skills) assessed with parental questionnaires. Children with delay in toddler-age language development demonstrated poorer kindergarten-age self-regulation skills than children with typical early language development. Broad early language delays were associated with compromised social skills and attentional/executive functions, and early expressive delays were associated with a generally lower level of kindergarten-age executive and regulative skills. Regression analyses showed that both earlier and concurrent language had an effect especially on the attentional/executive functions. The findings suggest that different aspects of toddler-age language have differential associations with later self-regulation. Possible mechanisms linking early language development to later self-regulative development are discussed.

  18. 78 FR 28906 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-05-16

    ... every executed contract for complex orders routed to CBOE through their system. The purpose of this... that offer complex order execution systems in order for the Participant to qualify to participate in... complex order execution systems as of May 6, 2013. \\4\\ SR-CBOE-2013-032, pp. 5-7. The primary functional...

  19. Exploring associations between self-regulatory mechanisms and neuropsychological functioning and driver behaviour after brain injury.

    PubMed

    Rike, Per-Ola; Johansen, Hans J; Ulleberg, Pål; Lundqvist, Anna; Schanke, Anne-Kristine

    2018-04-01

    The objective of this prospective one-year follow-up study was to explore the associations between self-regulatory mechanisms and neuropsychological tests as well as baseline and follow-up ratings of driver behaviour. The participants were a cohort of subjects with stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI) who were found fit to drive after a multi-disciplinary driver assessment (baseline). Baseline measures included neuropsychological tests and ratings of self-regulatory mechanisms, i.e., executive functions (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version; BRIEF-A) and impulsive personality traits (UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale). The participants rated pre-injury driving behaviour on the Driver Behaviour Qestionnaire (DBQ) retrospectively at baseline and after one year of post-injury driving (follow-up). Better performance on neuropsychological tests was significantly associated with more post-injury DBQ Violations. The BRIEF-A main indexes were significantly associated with baseline and follow-up ratings of DBQ Mistakes and follow-up DBQ Inattention. UPPS (lack of) Perseverance was significantly associated with baseline DBQ Inattention, whereas UPPS Urgency was significantly associated with baseline DBQ Inexperience and post-injury DBQ Mistakes. There were no significant changes in DBQ ratings from baseline (pre-injury) to follow-up (post-injury). It was concluded that neuropsychological functioning and self-regulatory mechanisms are related to driver behaviour. Some aspects of driver behaviour do not necessarily change after brain injury, reflecting the influence of premorbid driving behaviour or impaired awareness of deficits on post-injury driving behaviour. Further evidence is required to predict the role of self-regulatory mechanisms on driver behaviour and crashes or near misses.

  20. Measuring self-regulation in a physically active context: Psychometric analyses of scores derived from an observer-rated measure of self-regulation.

    PubMed

    Lakes, Kimberley D

    2013-10-01

    The purpose of this study is to report psychometric properties of scores obtained using a novel observer-rated measure of children's self-regulation, the Response to Challenge Scale (RCS). The RCS was developed to rate children's self-regulatory abilities in a physically active context (e.g., while completing a physical challenge course). The RCS and other study measures were administered in a private school sample of 207 children. Analyses of score distributions indicated that the RCS was able to capture variance among children in self-regulatory abilities; the distribution was normal for the Affective, Cognitive, and Total Self-Regulation scales. Validity analyses revealed significant positive correlations between Cognitive, Affective, Motor, and Total Self-Regulation and executive function task performance; significant negative correlations between Cognitive Regulation and teacher-rated hyperactivity and inattention; significant negative correlations between Affective, Motor, and Total Self-Regulation and teacher ratings of peer problems; and significant positive correlations between Cognitive and Affective Regulation and parent ratings of prosocial behavior. Parent and teacher rated Total Difficulties scores were both negatively correlated with RCS Total Self-Regulation scores. Results suggest that it is possible for observers to rate self-regulatory abilities in the context of physical activities, and that these ratings correspond with performance on tasks requiring executive function as well as teacher and parent ratings of children's difficulties.

  1. Zooming in on children's behavior during delay of gratification: Disentangling impulsigenic and volitional processes underlying self-regulation.

    PubMed

    Neuenschwander, Regula; Blair, Clancy

    2017-02-01

    When delaying gratification, both motivational and regulatory processes are likely to be at play; however, the relative contributions of motivational and regulatory influences on delay behavior are unclear. By examining behavioral responses during a delay task, this study sought to examine the motivational (anticipatory behavior) and regulatory mechanisms (executive function and self-control strategies) underlying children's self-regulation. The participants, 65 5- to 9-year-old children (M age =7.19years, SD=0.89), were video-recorded during a delay procedure and later coded for anticipatory behaviors (e.g., gazing intensely at the tablet) and self-control strategies. Children also completed two executive function (EF) tasks. We found that anticipatory behavior was curvilinearly related to delay time. Children showing either very low or very high levels of anticipatory behavior were not able to wait the entire time. Furthermore, our results indicated that anticipatory behavior interacted with EF to predict delay time. Specifically, anticipatory behavior was negatively related to delay time only if EF abilities were low. Finally, self-control strategies also interacted with EF to predict children's ability to delay. Spontaneous engagement in self-control strategies such as fidgeting and engagement in alternative activities were beneficial for children with low EF but were unrelated to delay time for children with high EF. Results indicate the value of examining motivational and regulatory influences on delay behavior. Lapses in self-regulation may be due to the combination of powerful impulsigenic (i.e., anticipatory behavior) and weak volitional processes (i.e., EF, self-control strategies). Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Inc.

  2. Monitoring, metacognition, and executive function: elucidating the role of self-reflection in the development of self-regulation.

    PubMed

    Lyons, Kristen E; Zelazo, Philip David

    2011-01-01

    While an abundance of research has investigated the development of the automatic and controlled processes through which individuals control their thoughts, emotions, and actions, less research has emphasized the role of the self in self-regulation. This chapter synthesizes four literatures that have examined the mechanisms through which the individual acts in a managerial role, evaluating the current status of the system and initiating regulatory actions as necessary. Taken together, these literatures (on executive function, error monitoring, metacognition, and uncertainty monitoring) suggest that self-reflection plays a critical role in self-regulation, and that developmental improvements in self-reflection (via increasing levels of conscious awareness and enhanced calibration of monitoring systems) may serve as driving forces underlying developmental improvement (and temperamental individual differences) in children's ability to control their thoughts and actions.

  3. Self-Regulation Mediates the Link between Family Context and Socioemotional Competence in Turkish Preschoolers

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Gündüz, Gizem; Yagmurlu, Bilge; Harma, Mehmet

    2015-01-01

    Research Findings: In this study, we examined self-regulatory skills, namely, effortful control and executive function, in Turkish preschoolers (N = 217) and their mediating roles in the associations between parenting and children's socioemotional competence. We also investigated the role of family socioeconomic status and maternal psychological…

  4. Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based Kindness Curriculum.

    PubMed

    Flook, Lisa; Goldberg, Simon B; Pinger, Laura; Davidson, Richard J

    2015-01-01

    Self-regulatory abilities are robust predictors of important outcomes across the life span, yet they are rarely taught explicitly in school. Using a randomized controlled design, the present study investigated the effects of a 12-week mindfulness-based Kindness Curriculum (KC) delivered in a public school setting on executive function, self-regulation, and prosocial behavior in a sample of 68 preschool children. The KC intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning, health, and social-emotional development, whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time. Interpretation of effect sizes overall indicate small to medium effects favoring the KC group on measures of cognitive flexibility and delay of gratification. Baseline functioning was found to moderate treatment effects with KC children initially lower in social competence and executive functioning demonstrating larger gains in social competence relative to the control group. These findings, observed over a relatively short intervention period, support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behavior in young children. They also support the need for future investigation of program implementation across diverse settings.

  5. Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness curriculum

    PubMed Central

    Flook, Lisa; Goldberg, Simon B.; Pinger, Laura; Davidson, Richard J.

    2015-01-01

    Self-regulatory abilities are robust predictors of important outcomes across the lifespan, yet they are rarely taught explicitly in school. Using a randomized controlled design, the present study investigated the effects of a 12-week mindfulness-based Kindness Curriculum (KC) delivered in a public school setting on executive function, self-regulation, and prosocial behavior in a sample of 68 preschool children. The KC intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning, health, and social-emotional development, whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time. Interpretation of effect sizes overall indicate small to medium effects favoring the KC group on measures of cognitive flexibility and delay of gratification . Baseline functioning was found to moderate treatment effects with KC children initially lower in social competence and executive functioning demonstrating larger gains in social competence relative to the control group. These findings, observed over a relatively short intervention period, support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behavior in young children. They also support the need for future investigation of program implementation across diverse settings. PMID:25383689

  6. 75 FR 80870 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Order Granting...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-12-23

    ... Proposed Rule Change To Eliminate the Validated Cross Trade Entry Functionality December 16, 2010. Pursuant... eliminate the Validated Cross Trade Entry Functionality for Exchange-registered Institutional Brokers. The... Brokers (``Institutional Brokers'') by eliminating the ability of an Institutional Broker to execute...

  7. Linking Executive Function and Peer Problems from Early Childhood Through Middle Adolescence.

    PubMed

    Holmes, Christopher J; Kim-Spoon, Jungmeen; Deater-Deckard, Kirby

    2016-01-01

    Peer interactions and executive function play central roles in the development of healthy children, as peer problems have been indicative of lower cognitive competencies such as self-regulatory behavior and poor executive function has been indicative of problem behaviors and social dysfunction. However, few studies have focused on the relation between peer interactions and executive function and the underlying mechanisms that may create this link. Using a national sample (n = 1164, 48.6% female) from the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD), we analyzed executive function and peer problems (including victimization and rejection) across three waves within each domain (executive function or peer problems), beginning in early childhood and ending in middle adolescence. Executive function was measured as a multi-method, multi-informant composite including reports from parents on the Children's Behavior Questionnaire and Child Behavior Checklist and child's performance on behavioral tasks including the Continuous Performance Task, Woodcock-Johnson, Tower of Hanoi, Operation Span Task, Stroop, and Tower of London. Peer problems were measured as a multi-informant composite including self, teacher, and afterschool caregiver reports on multiple peer-relationship scales. Using a cross-lagged design, our Structural Equation Modeling findings suggested that experiencing peer problems contributed to lower executive function later in childhood and better executive function reduced the likelihood of experiencing peer problems later in childhood and middle adolescence, although these relations weakened as a child moves into adolescence. The results highlight that peer relationships are involved in the development of strengths and deficits in executive function and vice versa.

  8. Linking Executive Function and Peer Problems from Early Childhood through Middle Adolescence

    PubMed Central

    Holmes, Christopher J.; Kim-Spoon, Jungmeen; Deater-Deckard, Kirby

    2015-01-01

    Peer interactions and executive function play central roles in the development of healthy children, as peer problems have been indicative of lower cognitive competencies such as self-regulatory behavior and poor executive function has been indicative of problem behaviors and social dysfunction. However, few studies have focused on the relation between peer interactions and executive function and the underlying mechanisms that may create this link. Using a national sample (n = 1,164, 48.6% female) from the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD), we analyzed executive function and peer problems (including victimization and rejection) across three waves within each domain (executive function or peer problems), beginning in early childhood and ending in middle adolescence. Executive function was measured as a multi-method, multi-informant composite including reports from parents on the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire and Child Behavior Checklist and child’s performance on behavioral tasks including the Continuous Performance Task, Woodcock-Johnson, Tower of Hanoi, Operation Span Task, Stroop, and Tower of London. Peer problems were measured as a multi-informant composite including self, teacher, and after school caregiver reports on multiple peer-relationship scales. Using a cross-lagged design, our Structural Equation Modeling findings suggested that experiencing peer problems contributed to lower executive function later in childhood and better executive function reduced the likelihood of experiencing peer problems later in childhood and middle adolescence, although these relations weakened as a child moves into adolescence. The results highlight that peer relationships are involved in the development of strengths and deficits in executive function and vice versa. PMID:26096194

  9. 17 CFR 37.1501 - Chief compliance officer.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... facility's self-regulatory program that is requested by the board of directors or the regulatory oversight... compliance office review, look-back, internal or external audit finding, self-reported error, or validated...) Supervising the swap execution facility's self-regulatory program with respect to trade practice surveillance...

  10. 76 FR 44638 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Stock Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing of Proposed...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-07-26

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-64937; File No. SR-CHX-2011-17] Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Stock Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change Regarding the Submission by the Exchange of Clearing-Related Information for Trades Executed on the Exchange as Well as for Trades Executed Otherwise Than...

  11. 78 FR 11258 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-15

    ....0022/share in all Derivative Securities Products priced $1.00/share or more executed in the Regular....0022/share in all Derivative Securities Products priced $1.00/share or more executed in the Regular... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-68894; File No. SR-CHX-2013-06] Self-Regulatory...

  12. Executive functions, impulsivity, and inhibitory control in adolescents: A structural equation model

    PubMed Central

    Fino, Emanuele; Melogno, Sergio; Iliceto, Paolo; D’Aliesio, Sara; Pinto, Maria Antonietta; Candilera, Gabriella; Sabatello, Ugo

    2014-01-01

    Background. Adolescence represents a critical period for brain development, addressed by neurodevelopmental models to frontal, subcortical-limbic, and striatal activation, a pattern associated with rise of impulsivity and deficits in inhibitory control. The present study aimed at studying the association between self-report measures of impulsivity and inhibitory control with executive function in adolescents, employing structural equation modeling. Method. Tests were administered to 434 high school students. Acting without thinking was measured through the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and the Dickman Impulsivity Inventory, reward sensitivity through the Behavioral Activation System, and sensation seeking through the Zuckerman–Kuhlman–Aluja Personali- ty Questionnaire. Inhibitory control was assessed through the Behavioral Inhibition System. The performance at the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task indicated executive function. Three models were specified using Sample Covariance Matrix, and the estimated parameters using Maximum Likelihood. Results. In the final model, impulsivity and inhibitory control predicted executive function, but sensation seeking did not. The fit of the model to data was excellent. Conclusions. The hypothesis that inhibitory control and impulsivity are predictors of executive function was supported. Our results appear informative of the validity of self-report measures to examine the relation between impulsivity traits rather than others to regulatory function of cognition and behavior. PMID:25157298

  13. 75 FR 37488 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Order Approving a...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-29

    ..., Commission, from R. Cromwell Coulson, Chief Executive Officer, Pink OTC Markets, Inc., dated September 23... Coulson, Chief Executive Officer, Pink OTC Markets, Inc., dated January 6, 2010 (``Pink OTC 2 Letter..., Chief Executive Officer, Pink OTC Markets Inc., dated April 9, 2010 (``Pink OTC 3 Letter''). II...

  14. Fathers’ Sensitive Parenting and the Development of Early Executive Functioning

    PubMed Central

    Towe-Goodman, Nissa R.; Willoughby, Michael; Blair, Clancy; Gustafsson, Hanna C.; Mills-Koonce, W. Roger; Cox, Martha J.

    2014-01-01

    Using data from a diverse sample of 620 families residing in rural, predominately low-income communities, this study examined longitudinal links between fathers’ sensitive parenting in infancy and toddlerhood and children’s early executive functioning, as well as the contribution of maternal sensitive parenting. After accounting for the quality of concurrent and prior parental care, children’s early cognitive ability, and other child and family factors, fathers’ and mothers’ sensitive and supportive parenting during play at 24-months predicted children’s executive functioning at 3-years of age. In contrast, paternal parenting quality during play at 7-months did not make an independent contribution above that of maternal care, but the links between maternal sensitive and supportive parenting and executive functioning seemed to operate in similar ways during infancy and toddlerhood. These findings add to prior work on early experience and children’s executive functioning, suggesting that both fathers and mothers play a distinct and complementary role in the development of these self-regulatory skills. PMID:25347539

  15. Fathers' sensitive parenting and the development of early executive functioning.

    PubMed

    Towe-Goodman, Nissa R; Willoughby, Michael; Blair, Clancy; Gustafsson, Hanna C; Mills-Koonce, W Roger; Cox, Martha J

    2014-12-01

    Using data from a diverse sample of 620 families residing in rural, predominately low-income communities, this study examined longitudinal links between fathers' sensitive parenting in infancy and toddlerhood and children's early executive functioning, as well as the contribution of maternal sensitive parenting. After accounting for the quality of concurrent and prior parental care, children's early cognitive ability, and other child and family factors, fathers' and mothers' sensitive and supportive parenting during play at 24 months predicted children's executive functioning at 3 years of age. In contrast, paternal parenting quality during play at 7 months did not make an independent contribution above that of maternal care, but the links between maternal sensitive and supportive parenting and executive functioning seemed to operate in similar ways during infancy and toddlerhood. These findings add to prior work on early experience and children's executive functioning, suggesting that both fathers and mothers play a distinct and complementary role in the development of these self-regulatory skills.

  16. 17 CFR 140.72 - Delegation of authority to disclose confidential information to a registered entity, swap...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ..., registered futures association or self-regulatory organization. 140.72 Section 140.72 Commodity and... or self-regulatory organization. (a) Pursuant to the authority granted under sections 2(a)(11), 8a(5... execution facility, swap data repository, registered futures association, or self-regulatory organization as...

  17. 17 CFR 140.72 - Delegation of authority to disclose confidential information to a contract market, swap execution...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ..., registered futures association or self-regulatory organization. 140.72 Section 140.72 Commodity and... futures association, or self-regulatory organization as defined in section 3(a)(26) of the Securities... futures association or self-regulatory organization. (b) Disclosure under this section shall only be made...

  18. The Relationship between College Students' Executive Functioning and Study Strategies

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Petersen, Rebecca; Lavelle, Ellen; Guarino, A. J.

    2006-01-01

    Working from a cognitive perspective, a range of studies have supported the relationship between study strategies and academic performance of college students (e.g., Peverly, Brobst, Graham, & Shaw, 2003). In particular, self-regulatory processes comprised of learner-directed activities geared toward promoting academic achievement have been…

  19. LORETA Neurofeedback in the Precuneus: Operant Conditioning in Basic Mechanisms of Self-Regulation.

    PubMed

    Cannon, Rex L; Baldwin, Debora R; Diloreto, Dominic J; Phillips, Sherman T; Shaw, Tiffany L; Levy, Jacob J

    2014-10-01

    Low-resolution brain electomagnetic tomography (LORETA) neurofeedback provides a mechanism to influence the electrical activity of the brain in intracranial space. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of LORETA neurofeedback (LNFB) in the precuneus as a mechanism for improving self-regulation in controls and a heterogeneous diagnostic group (DX). Thirteen participants completed between 10 and 20 sessions of LNFB training in a 3-voxel cluster in the left precuneus. The participants included 5 nonclinical university students, and 8 adults with heterogeneous psychiatric diagnoses. We assessed the effects of LNFB with neurophysiological measures as well as pre- and post-Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) subscales and selected subtests from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (DKEFS). There was a significant total relative power increase at the precuneus for baseline contrasts for the control group. The DX group did not reach significant levels. All participants showed improvements in executive functions and tended to report significantly less psychopathology. The basic neural mechanisms of self-regulation are poorly understood. The data obtained in this study demonstrate that LNFB in a heterogeneous population enhances executive functions while concordantly decreasing endorsement of psychological symptoms. The alpha frequency in the brain may represent integrative functioning relative to operant efficiency and self-regulatory mechanisms. © EEG and Clinical Neuroscience Society (ECNS) 2014.

  20. Positive beliefs about rumination are associated with ruminative thinking and affect in daily life: evidence for a metacognitive view on depression.

    PubMed

    Kubiak, Thomas; Zahn, Daniela; Siewert, Kerstin; Jonas, Cornelia; Weber, Hannelore

    2014-09-01

    Self-regulatory executive function theory (Wells and Matthews, 1994; Wells, 2008) stresses the role of metacognitions in the development of emotional disorders. Within this metacognitive model, positive beliefs about ruminative thinking are thought to be a risk factor for engaging in rumination and subsequently for depression. However, most of the existing research relies on retrospective self-report trait measures. The aim of the present study was to examine the theory's predictions with an Ecological Momentary Assessment approach capturing rumination as it occurs in daily life. Non-clinical participants (N = 93) were equipped with electronic diaries and completed four signal-contingent momentary self-reports per day for 4 weeks. A multilevel mediation model was computed to examine associations between positive beliefs about rumination and ruminative thinking and negative affect in daily life. Positive beliefs about rumination were significantly associated with ruminative thinking as it occurs in daily life. We further found evidence for a negative association with positive affect that was completely mediated via ruminative thinking in daily life occurring in response to negative emotions. Our results add ecologically valid corroborating evidence for the metacognitive model of emotional disorders within the framework of self-regulatory executive function theory.

  1. Unraveling Executive Functioning in Dual Diagnosis.

    PubMed

    Duijkers, Judith C L M; Vissers, Constance Th W M; Egger, Jos I M

    2016-01-01

    In mental health, the term dual-diagnosis is used for the co-occurrence of Substance Use Disorder (SUD) with another mental disorder. These co-occurring disorders can have a shared cause, and can cause/intensify each other's expression. Forming a threat to health and society, dual-diagnosis is associated with relapses in addiction-related behavior and a destructive lifestyle. This is due to a persistent failure to control impulses and the maintaining of inadequate self-regulatory behavior in daily life. Thus, several aspects of executive functioning like inhibitory, shifting and updating processes seem impaired in dual-diagnosis. Executive (dys-)function is currently even seen as a shared underlying key component of most mental disorders. However, the number of studies on diverse aspects of executive functioning in dual-diagnosis is limited. In the present review, a systematic overview of various aspects of executive functioning in dual-diagnosis is presented, striving for a prototypical profile of patients with dual-diagnosis. Looking at empirical results, inhibitory and shifting processes appear to be impaired for SUD combined with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or cluster B personality disorders. Studies involving updating process tasks for dual-diagnosis were limited. More research that zooms in to the full diversity of these executive functions is needed in order to strengthen these findings. Detailed insight in the profile of strengths and weaknesses that underlies one's behavior and is related to diagnostic classifications, can lead to tailor-made assessment and indications for treatment, pointing out which aspects need attention and/or training in one's self-regulative abilities.

  2. A balance of activity in brain control and reward systems predicts self-regulatory outcomes

    PubMed Central

    Chen, Pin-Hao A.; Huckins, Jeremy F.; Hofmann, Wilhelm; Kelley, William M.; Heatherton, Todd F.

    2017-01-01

    Abstract Previous neuroimaging work has shown that increased reward-related activity following exposure to food cues is predictive of self-control failure. The balance model suggests that self-regulation failures result from an imbalance in reward and executive control mechanisms. However, an open question is whether the relative balance of activity in brain systems associated with executive control (vs reward) supports self-regulatory outcomes when people encounter tempting cues in daily life. Sixty-nine chronic dieters, a population known for frequent lapses in self-control, completed a food cue-reactivity task during an fMRI scanning session, followed by a weeklong sampling of daily eating behaviors via ecological momentary assessment. We related participants’ food cue activity in brain systems associated with executive control and reward to real-world eating patterns. Specifically, a balance score representing the amount of activity in brain regions associated with self-regulatory control, relative to automatic reward-related activity, predicted dieters’ control over their eating behavior during the following week. This balance measure may reflect individual self-control capacity and be useful for examining self-regulation success in other domains and populations. PMID:28158874

  3. A balance of activity in brain control and reward systems predicts self-regulatory outcomes.

    PubMed

    Lopez, Richard B; Chen, Pin-Hao A; Huckins, Jeremy F; Hofmann, Wilhelm; Kelley, William M; Heatherton, Todd F

    2017-05-01

    Previous neuroimaging work has shown that increased reward-related activity following exposure to food cues is predictive of self-control failure. The balance model suggests that self-regulation failures result from an imbalance in reward and executive control mechanisms. However, an open question is whether the relative balance of activity in brain systems associated with executive control (vs reward) supports self-regulatory outcomes when people encounter tempting cues in daily life. Sixty-nine chronic dieters, a population known for frequent lapses in self-control, completed a food cue-reactivity task during an fMRI scanning session, followed by a weeklong sampling of daily eating behaviors via ecological momentary assessment. We related participants' food cue activity in brain systems associated with executive control and reward to real-world eating patterns. Specifically, a balance score representing the amount of activity in brain regions associated with self-regulatory control, relative to automatic reward-related activity, predicted dieters' control over their eating behavior during the following week. This balance measure may reflect individual self-control capacity and be useful for examining self-regulation success in other domains and populations. © The Author (2017). Published by Oxford University Press.

  4. Pathways from maternal effortful control to child self-regulation: The role of maternal emotional support.

    PubMed

    Zeytinoglu, Selin; Calkins, Susan D; Swingler, Margaret M; Leerkes, Esther M

    2017-03-01

    This study examined the direct and indirect pathways from maternal effortful control to 2 aspects of children's self-regulation-executive functioning and behavioral regulation-via maternal emotional support. Two hundred seventy-eight children and their primary caregivers (96% mothers) participated in laboratory visits when children were 4 and 5 years, and teachers reported on children's behavior at kindergarten. At the 4-year assessment, maternal effortful control was measured using the Adult Temperament Questionnaire (Evans & Rothbart, 2007) and maternal emotional support was observed during a semistructured mother-child problem-solving task. At the 5-year assessment, children's executive functioning was measured using laboratory tasks designed to assess updating/working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility, whereas behavioral regulation was assessed via teacher-report questionnaires on children's attention control, discipline and persistence, and work habits. Results from structural equation modeling indicated that, after controlling for child gender and minority status, and maternal education, maternal effortful control was indirectly associated with both child executive functioning and behavioral regulation through maternal emotional support. Maternal effortful control had a direct association with children's teacher-reported behavioral regulation but not observed executive functioning. These findings suggest that maternal effortful control may be a key contributing factor to the development of children's self-regulatory competencies through its impact on maternal emotional support. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).

  5. Pathways from Maternal Effortful Control to Child Self-Regulation: The Role of Maternal Emotional Support

    PubMed Central

    Zeytinoglu, Selin; Calkins, Susan D.; Swingler, Margaret M.; Leerkes, Esther M.

    2016-01-01

    This study examined the direct and indirect pathways from maternal effortful control to two aspects of children’s self-regulation – executive functioning and behavioral regulation – via maternal emotional support. Two hundred and seventy eight children and their primary caregivers (96% mothers) participated in laboratory visits when children were 4 and 5 years, and teachers reported on children’s behavior at kindergarten. At the 4-year assessment, maternal effortful control was measured using the Adult Temperament Questionnaire (ATQ; Evans & Rothbart, 2007) and maternal emotional support was observed during a semi-structured mother-child problem-solving task. At the 5-year assessment, children’s executive functioning was measured using laboratory tasks designed to assess updating/working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility, whereas behavioral regulation was assessed via teacher-report questionnaires on children’s attention control, discipline and persistence, and work habits. Results from structural equation modeling indicated that, after controlling for child gender and minority status, and maternal education, maternal effortful control was indirectly associated with both child executive functioning and behavioral regulation through maternal emotional support. Maternal effortful control had a direct association with children’s teacher-reported behavioral regulation but not observed executive functioning. These findings suggest that maternal effortful control may be a key contributing factor to the development of children’s self-regulatory competencies through its impact on maternal emotional support. PMID:27929315

  6. 77 FR 4070 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; C2 Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-01-26

    ... all the option series have the same expiration.\\7\\ The functionality is designed to detect scenarios... designed to prevent incoming orders from automatically executing at potentially erroneous prices. These price check parameter features are designed to help maintain a fair and orderly market. The Exchange is...

  7. 77 FR 63903 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-17

    ... a fully automated, price/time priority execution system built on the core functionality of the... orders in price/time priority without regard to the status of the entities that are entering orders. The BX Options market closely resembles NOM, including, most prominently, by offering true price/time...

  8. Ego depletion interferes with rule-defined category learning but not non-rule-defined category learning.

    PubMed

    Minda, John P; Rabi, Rahel

    2015-01-01

    Considerable research on category learning has suggested that many cognitive and environmental factors can have a differential effect on the learning of rule-defined (RD) categories as opposed to the learning of non-rule-defined (NRD) categories. Prior research has also suggested that ego depletion can temporarily reduce the capacity for executive functioning and cognitive flexibility. The present study examined whether temporarily reducing participants' executive functioning via a resource depletion manipulation would differentially impact RD and NRD category learning. Participants were either asked to write a story with no restrictions (the control condition), or without using two common letters (the ego depletion condition). Participants were then asked to learn either a set of RD categories or a set of NRD categories. Resource depleted participants performed more poorly than controls on the RD task, but did not differ from controls on the NRD task, suggesting that self regulatory resources are required for successful RD category learning. These results lend support to multiple systems theories and clarify the role of self-regulatory resources within this theory.

  9. Ego depletion interferes with rule-defined category learning but not non-rule-defined category learning

    PubMed Central

    Minda, John P.; Rabi, Rahel

    2015-01-01

    Considerable research on category learning has suggested that many cognitive and environmental factors can have a differential effect on the learning of rule-defined (RD) categories as opposed to the learning of non-rule-defined (NRD) categories. Prior research has also suggested that ego depletion can temporarily reduce the capacity for executive functioning and cognitive flexibility. The present study examined whether temporarily reducing participants’ executive functioning via a resource depletion manipulation would differentially impact RD and NRD category learning. Participants were either asked to write a story with no restrictions (the control condition), or without using two common letters (the ego depletion condition). Participants were then asked to learn either a set of RD categories or a set of NRD categories. Resource depleted participants performed more poorly than controls on the RD task, but did not differ from controls on the NRD task, suggesting that self regulatory resources are required for successful RD category learning. These results lend support to multiple systems theories and clarify the role of self-regulatory resources within this theory. PMID:25688220

  10. 78 FR 38769 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-06-27

    ... Replacing References to ``Principle Executive'' With References to ``Principal Executive'' in the Exchange's... Rule Change The Exchange proposes to replace references to ``principle executive'' with references to... replace references to ``principle executive'' with references to ``principal executive'' in the Exchange's...

  11. Can the attention training technique turn one marshmallow into two? Improving children's ability to delay gratification.

    PubMed

    Murray, Joanne; Theakston, Anna; Wells, Adrian

    2016-02-01

    The seminal Marshmallow Test (Mischel & Ebbesen, 1970) has reliably demonstrated that children who can delay gratification are more likely to be emotionally stable and successful later in life. However, this is not good news for those children who can't delay. Therefore, this study aimed to explore whether a metacognitive therapy technique, Attention Training (ATT: Wells, 1990) can improve young children's ability to delay gratification. One hundred children participated. Classes of 5-6 year olds were randomly allocated to either the ATT or a no-intervention condition and were tested pre and post-intervention on ability to delay gratification, verbal inhibition (executive control), and measures of mood. The ATT intervention significantly increased (2.64 times) delay of gratification compared to the no-intervention condition. After controlling for age and months in school, the ATT intervention and verbal inhibition task performance were significant independent predictors of delay of gratification. These results provide evidence that ATT can improve children's self-regulatory abilities with the implication that this might reduce psychological vulnerability later in life. The findings highlight the potential contribution that the Self-Regulatory Executive Function (S-REF) model could make to designing techniques to enhance children's self-regulatory processes. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  12. 78 FR 62745 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change To Amend...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-10-22

    ... modifiers. Given the ever complex nature of equities trading, the Exchange has undertaken a comprehensive... been adopted and amended over the years, accurately describe the functionality associated with those... executed at the National Best Bid or Offer (``NBBO''). Therefore, Market Orders will not trade through the...

  13. 77 FR 15429 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-03-15

    ...-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change Implementing Changes to the Per Contract Execution Costs for Certain Participants March 9, 2012. Pursuant to... Schedule (``Fee Schedule'') to increase the per contract execution costs for certain participants. The text...

  14. 78 FR 71695 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-29

    ... inquiries and investigations. The current approach of requiring members to report the reference time instead... proposing amendments to the equity trade reporting rules relating to reporting (i) an additional time field for specified trades, (ii) execution time in milliseconds, (iii) reversals, (iv) trades executed on...

  15. 75 FR 57313 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-09-20

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-62902; File No. SR-CBOE-2010-081] Self... Options Executed in Open Outcry or in the Automated Improvement Mechanism September 14, 2010. Pursuant to... notice to solicit comments on the proposed rule change from interested persons. I. Self-Regulatory...

  16. 76 FR 40948 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-07-12

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-64817; File No. SR-CBOE-2011-059] Self... Customer Orders in SPY Options Executed in Open Outcry or in the Automated Improvement Mechanism July 6...)(2). I. Self-Regulatory Organization's Statement of the Terms of Substance of the Proposed Rule...

  17. 75 FR 76770 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated: Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-12-09

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-63422; File No. SR-CBOE-2010-105] Self... Orders in SPDR Options Executed in Open Outcry or in the Automated Improvement Mechanism December 3, 2010... notice to solicit comments on the proposed rule change from interested persons. I. Self-Regulatory...

  18. Urinary brain-derived neurotrophic factor as a biomarker of executive functioning.

    PubMed

    Koven, Nancy S; Collins, Larisa R

    2014-01-01

    Neurotrophins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are vital for neuronal survival and adaptive plasticity. With high BDNF gene expression in the prefrontal cortex, BDNF is a potential regulatory factor for building and maintaining cognitive reserves. Recent studies suggest that individual differences in executive functioning, a broad cognitive domain reliant upon frontal lobe structure and function, are governed in part by variance in BDNF polymorphisms. However, as neurogenetic data are not necessarily indicative of in vivo neurochemistry, this study examines the relationship between executive functioning and the neurotransmitter by measuring peripheral BDNF levels. Fifty-two healthy young adults completed a battery of standardized executive function tests. BDNF levels, adjusted for creatinine, were quantified with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of urine samples taken at the time of testing. BDNF concentration was positively associated with cognitive flexibility but had no relationship with working memory, abstract reasoning/planning, self-monitoring/response inhibition, or fluency. These results individuate cognitive flexibility as the specific facet of executive functioning associated with in vivo BDNF levels. This study also validates urinary BDNF as a peripheral biomarker of cognition in healthy adults. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.

  19. 75 FR 81701 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-12-28

    ...-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of... Fee Structure for Certain Bond Trades Executed on the NYSE Bonds System December 21, 2010. Pursuant to...\\ 15 U.S.C. 78s(b)(1). \\2\\ 17 CFR 240.19b-4. I. Self-Regulatory Organization's Statement of the Terms...

  20. 75 FR 40004 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-07-13

    ...-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of... Structure for Certain Bond Trades Executed on the NYSE Bonds\\SM\\ System to December 31, 2010 July 6, 2010... interested persons. \\1\\ 15 U.S.C. 78s(b)(1). \\2\\ 17 CFR 240.19b-4. I. Self-Regulatory Organization's...

  1. Childhood Poverty, Chronic Stress, and Young Adult Working Memory: The Protective Role of Self-Regulatory Capacity

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Evans, Gary W.; Fuller-Rowell, Thomas E.

    2013-01-01

    Prior research shows that childhood poverty as well as chronic stress can damage children's executive functioning (EF) capacities, including working memory. However, it is also clear that not all children suffer the same degree of adverse consequences from risk exposure. We show that chronic stress early in life (ages 9-13) links childhood…

  2. The Impact of Executive Functions on the Written Language Process: Some Evidence from Children with Writing Disabilities

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Alevriadou, Anastasia; Giaouri, Stergiani

    2015-01-01

    Written language is a difficult endeavour as the demands of transcription require self-regulatory skills from a motor, cognitive and attention perspective. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relation between the Test of Writing Difficulties (Porpodas et al., 2007) and the Test of Detection and Investigation of Executive…

  3. Evaluation of the Preschool Situational Self-Regulation Toolkit (PRSIST) Program for Supporting children's early self-regulation development: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial.

    PubMed

    Howard, Steven J; Vasseleu, Elena; Neilsen-Hewett, Cathrine; Cliff, Ken

    2018-01-24

    For children with low self-regulation in the preschool years, the likelihood of poorer intellectual, health, wealth and anti-social outcomes in adulthood is overwhelming. Yet this knowledge has not yielded a framework for understanding self-regulatory change, nor generated particularly successful methods for enacting this change. Reconciling insights from cross-disciplinary theory, research and practice, this study seeks to implement a newly developed program of low-cost and routine practices and activities for supporting early self-regulatory development within preschool contexts and to evaluate its effect on children's self-regulation, executive function and school readiness; and educator perceived knowledge, attitudes and self-efficacy related to self-regulation. The Early Start to Self-Regulation study is a cluster randomized, controlled trial for evaluating benefits of the Preschool Situational Self-Regulation Toolkit (PRSIST) program, when implemented by early childhood educators, compared with routine practice. The PRSIST program combines professional learning, adult practices, child activities and connections to the home to support children's self-regulation development. Fifty preschool centers in New South Wales, Australia, will be selected to ensure a range of characteristics, namely: National Quality Standards (NQS) ratings, geographic location and socioeconomic status. After collection of baseline child and educator data, participating centers will then be randomly allocated to one of two groups, stratified by NQS rating: (1) an intervention group (25 centers) that will implement the PRSIST program; or (2) a control group (25 centers) that will continue to engage in practice as usual. Primary outcomes at the child level will be two measures of self-regulation: Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders task and the PRSIST observational assessment. Secondary outcomes at the child level will be adult-reported measures of child self-regulation, executive function and school readiness. Outcomes at the educator level will involve a survey of their perceived knowledge, attitudes and self-efficacy for supporting children's self-regulatory development. In all cases, data collectors will be blinded to group allocation. This is the first randomized controlled trial of a new program to foster early self-regulation, using low-cost practices and activities that are aligned with early-years contexts, routines and practices. Results will provide important information about the efficacy of this approach and evaluate its underlying model of self-regulatory change. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12617001568303 . Registered on 21 November 2017.

  4. 77 FR 19743 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-04-02

    .... The ORF is assessed to each member for all options transactions executed or cleared by the member that..., does not exceed regulatory costs. The ORF is imposed upon all transactions executed by a member, even if such transactions do not take place on the Exchange.\\3\\ The ORF also includes options transactions...

  5. 76 FR 20390 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated: Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-04-12

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-64197; File No. SR-CBOE-2011-034] Self... Orders in SPY Options Executed in Open Outcry or in the Automated Improvement Mechanism April 6, 2011.... \\1\\ 15 U.S.C. 78s(b)(1). \\2\\ 17 CFR 240.19b-4. I. Self-Regulatory Organization's Statement of the...

  6. 76 FR 9841 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-02-22

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-63916; File No. SR-BATS-2011-005] Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change To Amend BATS Rule 11.13, Entitled ``Order Execution'' February 15, 2011. Pursuant to Section 19(b...

  7. 78 FR 69725 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-20

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-70874; File No. SR-Phlx-2013-111] Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change To Amend the Exchange's Pricing Schedule Under Section VIII With Respect To Execution and Routing...

  8. 78 FR 69734 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; National Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-20

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-70881; File No. SR-NSX-2013-20] Self-Regulatory Organizations; National Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change Amending Exchange Rule 11.11 Regarding the Entry and Execution of Zero Display Reserve Orders...

  9. 75 FR 69491 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Order Approving Proposed Rule Change by New York Stock Exchange...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-12

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-63266; File No. SR-NYSE-2010-67] Self-Regulatory Organizations; Order Approving Proposed Rule Change by New York Stock Exchange LLC Changing the NYBX Order Execution Sequence November 5, 2010. I. Introduction On September 9, 2010, the New York...

  10. 75 FR 66183 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-10-27

    ... technological changes for one or more of the new routing strategies in place to support the proposed rule change... ``Order Execution,'' to add certain new routing strategies and to modify the description of certain existing Exchange routing strategies. II. Self-Regulatory Organization's Statement of the Purpose of, and...

  11. 76 FR 65555 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-21

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-65583; File No. SR-ISE-2011-68] Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change to Amend the Volume Threshold for Tier-Based Rebates for Qualified Contingent Cross Orders and Solicitation Orders Executed...

  12. 76 FR 77279 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-12

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-65898; File No. SR-ISE-2011-78] Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change to Amend the Threshold Levels for Tier-Based Rebates for Qualified Contingent Cross Orders and Solicitation Orders Executed...

  13. 76 FR 67239 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice and Order Granting...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-31

    ... submission pursuant to this rule must obtain documentary evidence of a non-Exchange trade execution no later... which entered the original submission provides documentary evidence that the original trade execution... entered on terms which differed from the reported trade execution, if provided with documentary evidence...

  14. 77 FR 67847 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-11-14

    ... ex-dividend.\\5\\ Dividend strategy transactions are only executed by Market-Makers. The Exchange... Sliding Scale volume thresholds. However, because only Market- Makers execute dividend strategy trades and... from the list of strategy executions for which fee caps apply. Under the Exchange's current Fees...

  15. 78 FR 54941 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX Inc.; Notice of Designation of Longer Period for...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-09-06

    ..., Secretary, Commission, from Janet McGuiness, Executive Vice President, Secretary and General Counsel, NYSE.... Murphy, Secretary, Commission, from Janet McGuiness, Executive Vice President, Secretary and General... Elizabeth M. Murphy, Secretary, Commission, from Janet McGuiness, Executive Vice President, Secretary and...

  16. The Mediating Role of Metacognition in the Relationship between Executive Function and Self-Regulated Learning

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Follmer, D. Jake; Sperling, Rayne A.

    2016-01-01

    Background: Researchers have demonstrated significant relations among executive function, metacognition, and self-regulated learning. However, prior research emphasized the use of indirect measures of executive function and did not evaluate how specific executive functions are related to participants' self-regulated learning. Aims: The primary…

  17. 76 FR 72744 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-11-25

    ... equity options transaction fees for members executing facilitation orders pursuant to Exchange Rule 1064... waiver to members executing facilitation orders pursuant to Exchange Rule 1064 to cabinet trade equity...

  18. 75 FR 5824 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-02-04

    .... Those public customers who continue to receive priority in the execution algorithm are called Priority... standard execution algorithm: \\3\\ Securities Exchange Act Release No. 59287 (January 23, 2009), 74 FR 5694...

  19. A multicontext approach to promoting transfer of strategy use and self regulation after brain injury: An exploratory study.

    PubMed

    Toglia, Joan; Johnston, Mark V; Goverover, Yael; Dain, Barry

    2010-01-01

    Persons with brain injury frequently demonstrate decreased ability to monitor and apply strategies learned in treatment to everyday situations. The aim of this study is to refine, explore and provide preliminary testing of the multicontext approach in promoting strategy use across situations and increasing self-regulation, awareness and functional performance. This study used a single-subject design with repeated measures pre- and post-intervention, with data analysed descriptively and graphically. Four persons with difficulty following multi-step directions, 3-5 years post-TBI, received a nine session intervention programme. Outcome measures included the Awareness Questionnaire, Self-Regulation Skills Interview, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Multiple Errands Test and an Executive Function Performance Test sub-task. The process of change within each treatment session was examined with strategy and awareness ratings. All participants demonstrated positive changes in self-regulatory skills and strategy use that was observed across tasks. As expected, general awareness of deficits remained unchanged. Examination of individual participants revealed important, varying patterns of change in strategy use, learning transfer and self-awareness across intervention. Results provide preliminary support for the feasibility and efficacy of the multicontext approach in promoting transfer of strategy use to enhance functional performance and selective aspects of awareness. Further investigation, including a larger controlled study, is needed to confirm or limit these observations.

  20. 78 FR 25327 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-30

    ... the purchase or sale of securities the execution of which would involve no change of beneficial... execute or cause to be executed or participate in an account for which there are executed purchases of any... purchase of such security with the knowledge that an order or orders of substantially the same size, and at...

  1. 76 FR 38712 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Order Approving a Proposed Rule Change To...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-07-01

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-64754; File No. SR-BATS-2011-015] Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Order Approving a Proposed Rule Change To Amend BATS Rule 11.9, Entitled ``Orders and Modifiers'' and BATS Rule 11.13, Entitled ``Order Execution'' June 27, 2011. I...

  2. 77 FR 4073 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-01-26

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-66207; File No. SR-CBOE-2012-004] Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change Related to Automatic Execution and Complex Order Price Check Parameter Features January 20, 2012. Pursuant to Sectio...

  3. 76 FR 57088 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Stock Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Designation of a...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-15

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-65300; File No. SR-CHX-2011-17] Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Stock Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Designation of a Longer Period for Commission Action on Proposed Rule Change Regarding the Submission by the Exchange of Clearing-Related Information for Trades Executed on the Exchange...

  4. 77 FR 26590 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Order Approving a Proposed...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-04

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-66880; File No. SR-ISE-2012-16] Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Order Approving a Proposed Rule Change Relating to Procedures for Executing the Stock Leg(s) of Stock-Option Orders April 30, 2012. I. Introduction On February 29, 2012, the International...

  5. 77 FR 1103 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-01-09

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-66084; File No. SR-ISE-2011-84] Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change Relating to Fees for Certain Complex Orders Executed on the Exchange January 3, 2012. Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) of the...

  6. Temporal self-regulation theory: a neurobiologically informed model for physical activity behavior

    PubMed Central

    Hall, Peter A.; Fong, Geoffrey T.

    2015-01-01

    Dominant explanatory models for physical activity behavior are limited by the exclusion of several important components, including temporal dynamics, ecological forces, and neurobiological factors. The latter may be a critical omission, given the relevance of several aspects of cognitive function for the self-regulatory processes that are likely required for consistent implementation of physical activity behavior in everyday life. This narrative review introduces temporal self-regulation theory (TST; Hall and Fong, 2007, 2013) as a new explanatory model for physical activity behavior. Important features of the model include consideration of the default status of the physical activity behavior, as well as the disproportionate influence of temporally proximal behavioral contingencies. Most importantly, the TST model proposes positive feedback loops linking executive function (EF) and the performance of physical activity behavior. Specifically, those with relatively stronger executive control (and optimized brain structures supporting it, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC)) are able to implement physical activity with more consistency than others, which in turn serves to strengthen the executive control network itself. The TST model has the potential to explain everyday variants of incidental physical activity, sport-related excellence via capacity for deliberate practice, and variability in the propensity to schedule and implement exercise routines. PMID:25859196

  7. 75 FR 15760 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-30

    ... schedule to execution charges for inbound ``Linkage Orders'' which only applied to the execution of linkage... in footnote (6) regarding the marketing fee; (iii) delete references to the old linkage in footnote...

  8. 77 FR 11606 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Order Approving Proposed Rule Change Relating...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-27

    ... stock execution clerk from the Exchange's rules. Exchange Rule 1090 currently defines a stock execution... Rule 1090, Commentary .01(a). The Exchange has represented that this registration capacity is outdated...

  9. 78 FR 40252 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Order Approving a Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-07-03

    ... except for the Chief Executive Officer, the fair representation candidates must qualify as independent... remaining directors are comprised of the Chief Executive Officer of NYSE Regulation and members of the board.... The NYSE Regulation Bylaws do not require any affiliated directors other than the Chief Executive...

  10. 76 FR 44061 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-07-22

    ... Implementing Proposal To Amend the Fee Schedule by Adding Definitions for the Strategy Executions That Qualify... its Fee Schedule by adding definitions for the Strategy Executions that qualify for transaction fee... adding definitions for the Strategy Executions that qualify for transaction fee caps. The Exchange does...

  11. 76 FR 42759 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-07-19

    ... Change Amending Its Fee Schedule by Adding Definitions for the Strategy Executions That Qualify for... Schedule by adding definitions for the Strategy Executions that qualify for transaction fee caps. The text... definitions for the Strategy Executions that qualify for transaction fee caps. The Exchange does not propose...

  12. 78 FR 75642 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-12

    ... Amending the NYSE Amex Options Fee Schedule To Include FLEX Option Transactions in the Strategy Execution...'') to include FLEX Option transactions in the strategy execution fee cap. The Exchange proposes to... Option transactions in the strategy execution fee cap. The Exchange proposes to implement the fee change...

  13. 77 FR 35089 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-12

    ... Change Amending the Qualifications for Credits for Electronic Executions of Posted Customer Liquidity in... credits for electronic executions of posted Customer liquidity in Penny Pilot issues and to amend the fees... amend the qualifications for credits for electronic executions of posted Customer liquidity in Penny...

  14. 77 FR 38879 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Order Granting Approval of Proposed Rule Change...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-29

    ... be eligible to execute against displayed liquidity on Arca's Consolidated Book.\\5\\ If a PNPLO... Book, it would be rejected; (2) execute against both displayed and non-displayed liquidity on the Consolidated Book, it would immediately execute against such displayed liquidity, but not against the non...

  15. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and executive functioning in emerging adults.

    PubMed

    Jarrett, Matthew A

    2016-02-01

    The current study examined attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety symptoms in relation to self-reported executive functioning deficits in emerging adults. College students (N = 421; ages 17-25; 73.1% female) completed self-reports of ADHD, anxiety, and executive functioning in a laboratory setting. Structural equation modeling analyses revealed that self-reported executive functioning deficits were significantly related to all 3 symptom domains. Executive functioning deficits were most strongly related to inattention followed by hyperactivity/impulsivity and anxiety. Analyses based on clinical groups revealed that groups with ADHD and comorbid anxiety showed greater deficits on self-regulation of emotion and self-organization/problem solving than those with ADHD only or anxiety only. Groups with ADHD showed greater deficits with self-motivation and self-restraint than those with anxiety only. All clinical groups differed from a control group on executive functioning deficits. Overall, anxiety symptoms appear to be associated with college students' self-reported executive functioning deficits above and beyond relationships with ADHD symptomatology. Further, those with ADHD and anxiety appear to show increased difficulties with self-regulation of emotion and self-organization/problem solving, a domain which appears to overlap substantially with working memory. Future studies should seek to replicate our findings with a clinical population, utilize both report-based and laboratory task measures of executive functioning, and integrate both state and trait anxiety indices into study designs. Finally, future studies should seek to determine how executive functioning deficits can be best ameliorated in emerging adults with ADHD and anxiety. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved).

  16. Executive functioning independently predicts self-rated health and improvement in self-rated health over time among community-dwelling older adults.

    PubMed

    McHugh, Joanna Edel; Lawlor, Brian A

    2016-01-01

    Self-rated health, as distinct from objective measures of health, is a clinically informative metric among older adults. The purpose of our study was to examine the cognitive and psychosocial factors associated with self-rated health. 624 participants over the age of 60 were assessed at baseline, and of these, 510 were contacted for a follow-up two years later. Measures of executive function and self-rated health were assessed at baseline, and self-rated health was assessed at follow-up. We employed multiple linear regression analyses to investigate the relationship between executive functioning and self-rated health, while controlling for demographic, psychosocial and biological variables. Controlling for other relevant variables, executive functioning independently and solely predicted self-rated health, both at a cross-sectional level, and also over time. Loneliness was also found to cross-sectionally predict self-rated health, although this relationship was not present at a longitudinal level. Older adults' self-rated health may be related to their executive functioning and to their loneliness. Self-rated health appeared to improve over time, and the extent of this improvement was also related to executive functioning at baseline. Self-rated health may be a judgement made of one's functioning, especially executive functioning, which changes with age and therefore may be particularly salient in the reflections of older adults.

  17. 77 FR 5590 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Amendment No. 1, and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-03

    ... Letter to Elizabeth Murphy, Secretary, Commission, from Anthony D. McCormick, Chief Executive Officer..., Commission, from Anthony D. McCormick, Chief Executive Officer, BOX, dated December 9, 2011 (``BOX Response...

  18. 76 FR 20744 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-04-13

    ...-Transaction Fees for Executions Against a Public Quotation in an OTC Equity Security April 8, 2011. On... disclose on its website any fees imposed against its published quotation in any OTC Equity Security...

  19. 78 FR 4502 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-01-22

    ... Exchange currently charges $0.11 per contract for Customer orders executed at NYSE MKT LLC (``AMEX''), BOX... Customer orders executed at MIAX and $0.57 per contract for Professional, Firm, and Market Maker orders executed at MIAX. As noted above, the Exchange currently charges $0.11 per contract for Customer orders and...

  20. 75 FR 77021 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX, LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-12-10

    ... options transactions executed or cleared by the member that are cleared by The Options Clearing... imposed upon all transactions executed by a member, even if such transactions do not take place on the Exchange.\\3\\ The ORF also includes options transactions that are not executed by an Exchange member but are...

  1. 76 FR 12178 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-04

    ... orders on the NOM book, last sale information for trades executed on NOM, and Order Imbalance Information... orders that appear on the feed, and subtracting individual orders that are executed. The Order Imbalance... trades executed on NOM, and Order Imbalance Information as set forth in NOM Rules Chapter VI, Section 8...

  2. 78 FR 68113 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change, as...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-13

    ... Consolidated Book,\\6\\ unless individual orders or quotes in the Consolidated Book can execute against incoming... quotes or orders in the Consolidated Book, provided that the Electronic Complex Orders can be executed in... purpose of executing a particular investment strategy.'' \\5\\ NYSE Arca Options Rule 6.91(a) defines the...

  3. 77 FR 62287 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-12

    ... other markets and thereby allows market participants to react to the execution (an effect known as... effect of market impact discussed above and result in overall faster and better executions of its members... Routable Orders to Simultaneously Execute Against Exchange Available Shares and Route to Other Markets for...

  4. 77 FR 3829 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Order Granting Accelerated...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-01-25

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-66192; File No. SR-NYSEArca-2012-02] Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Order Granting Accelerated Approval of a Proposed Rule Amendments to NYSE Arca Rule 9.4 and NYSE Equities Inc. Rules 5.3(d) and 9.4 Relating to Discretionary Proxy Voting on Executive...

  5. 77 FR 40684 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change With...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-10

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-67343; File No. SR-Phlx-2012-81] Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change With Respect to the Authority of the Exchange or NASDAQ Execution Services to Cancel Orders When a Technical or System Issue Occurs on the Exchange's NASDAQ OMX PSX...

  6. 77 FR 28905 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-16

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-66964; File No. SR-NASDAQ-2012-057] Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change With Respect to the Authority of NASDAQ or NASDAQ Execution Services To Cancel Orders When a Technical or System Issue Occurs and To Describe the Operation of...

  7. 77 FR 30576 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change With...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-23

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-67014; File No. SR-BX-2012-034] Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change With Respect to the Authority of the Exchange or NASDAQ Execution Services to Cancel Orders When a Technical or System Issue Occurs and To Describe the Operation of an...

  8. 78 FR 77516 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-23

    ... 19(b)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the ``Act''),\\1\\ and Rule 19b-4 thereunder,\\2... interested persons. \\1\\ 15 U.S.C. 78s(b)(1). \\2\\ 17 CFR 240.19b-4. I. Self-Regulatory Organization's... Rule Change 1. Purpose The CBSX Fees Schedule provides for different fee tiers for Maker executions in...

  9. 78 FR 26675 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-05-07

    ... Electronic Executions and To Introduce Volume-Based Tiers for Certain Proprietary Electronic Executions May 1, 2013. Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) \\1\\ of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the ``Act'') \\2\\ and... change from interested persons. \\1\\ 15 U.S.C. 78s(b)(1). \\2\\ 15 U.S.C. 78a. \\3\\ 17 CFR 240.19b-4. I. Self...

  10. 76 FR 28252 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-05-16

    ... liquidity provider rebate is $0.0020 per share executed for displayed quotes/orders and $0.0010 per share... determining whether a member qualifies for its highest rebate tier of $0.0015 per share executed for non-displayed quotes/orders and $0.00295 per share executed for displayed quotes/orders. Currently, a member's...

  11. 76 FR 75586 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; National Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-02

    ..., including the Chief Executive Officer, will resign from the Board and committees, as applicable, effective... include the Chief Executive Officer of the Exchange; at least 50% Non- Industry Directors (at least one of... Directors, the Chief Executive Officer of the Exchange shall be excluded.\\23\\ \\21\\ See A&R By-Laws Section 3...

  12. 77 FR 28909 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; National Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-16

    ... executions in securities priced at least one dollar in the Exchange's Automatic Execution Mode of order... securities priced at least one dollar in AutoEx. Third, SR-NSX-2012-06 amended the rebate tiers applicable to order executions in securities priced at least one dollar in the Exchange's Order Delivery Mode of order...

  13. 77 FR 47905 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-08-10

    ...-or-Cancel orders, and (3) maintain a ratio of executed liquidity adding volume-to-total volume of... of CADV, ratio of cancelled orders to total orders and ratio of executed liquidity adding volume-to... ratio of executed liquidity adding volume to total volume of greater than 80%, which is the same ratio...

  14. 77 FR 6831 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-09

    ... correlation observed by NASDAQ between levels of liquidity provided during pre-market hours and levels... extra rebate with respect to all displayed liquidity provided through a designated MPID that executes at... Execution Ratio'' for the month is less than 10. The PMI Execution Ratio is defined as the ratio of (A) the...

  15. 77 FR 38869 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-29

    ... series that are perceived as having little if any chance of expiring in-the-money. For this reason... that series immediately preceding the execution was, and for five (5) seconds prior to the execution... for at least five (5) seconds prior to the execution and (ii) at least one call option series in ABC...

  16. 75 FR 16543 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-04-01

    ... transaction fees for the execution of orders routed to away exchanges. The Exchange will not assess a Routing Surcharge on Customer orders that do not incur a transaction charge at the away exchange. The Exchange... executable on NYSE Amex, immediately upon receipt, to the away market(s) at the NBBO. For any order executed...

  17. 78 FR 19777 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-02

    ... executions Electronic complex order QCC executions executions Marketing Marketing Fee/rebate Marketing charge Fee/rebate charge Fee/rebate Marketing charge Fee/rebate charge Customer $0.00 N/A $0.00 N/A $0.00 N/A... cleared by The Options Clearing Corporation (``OCC'') in the customer range, regardless of the exchange on...

  18. 77 FR 14843 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-03-13

    ... share executed for BTFY orders that execute at the New York Stock Exchange (``NYSE''), but NYSE charges... book for available shares only if so instructed by the entering firm and are thereafter routed out to... un-executed after routing, they are posted to the BX book and do not thereafter route out. The BTFY...

  19. 78 FR 9957 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-12

    ... that are not posting Protected Quotations within the meaning of Regulation NMS (i.e. ``dark venues'' or ``dark pools''). If shares remain un-executed after routing, they are posted on the book. Once on the... participants that seek to execute on Nasdaq or on dark pools without executing on another exchange. Members may...

  20. Self-assembled software and method of overriding software execution

    DOEpatents

    Bouchard, Ann M.; Osbourn, Gordon C.

    2013-01-08

    A computer-implemented software self-assembled system and method for providing an external override and monitoring capability to dynamically self-assembling software containing machines that self-assemble execution sequences and data structures. The method provides an external override machine that can be introduced into a system of self-assembling machines while the machines are executing such that the functionality of the executing software can be changed or paused without stopping the code execution and modifying the existing code. Additionally, a monitoring machine can be introduced without stopping code execution that can monitor specified code execution functions by designated machines and communicate the status to an output device.

  1. Test Review: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function--Self-Report Version

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Walker, Justin M.; D'Amato, Rik Carl

    2006-01-01

    The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Self-Report version (BRIEF-SR) is the first self-report measure of executive functioning for adolescents. With the Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act authorization, there is a greater need for appropriate assessment of severely impaired children. Recent studies have…

  2. Self-Reported Executive Functioning in Everyday Life in Parkinson's Disease after Three Months of Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation.

    PubMed

    Pham, Uyen Ha Gia; Andersson, Stein; Toft, Mathias; Pripp, Are Hugo; Konglund, Ane Eidahl; Dietrichs, Espen; Malt, Ulrik Fredrik; Skogseid, Inger Marie; Haraldsen, Ira Ronit Hebolt; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin

    2015-01-01

    Objective. Studies on the effect of subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) on executive functioning in Parkinson's disease (PD) are still controversial. In this study we compared self-reported daily executive functioning in PD patients before and after three months of STN-DBS. We also examined whether executive functioning in everyday life was associated with motor symptoms, apathy, and psychiatric symptoms. Method. 40 PD patients were examined with the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A), the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R), and the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES-S). Results. PD patients reported significant improvement in daily life executive functioning after 3 months of STN-DBS. Anxiety scores significantly declined, while other psychiatric symptoms remained unchanged. The improvement of self-reported executive functioning did not correlate with motor improvement after STN-DBS. Apathy scores remained unchanged after surgery. Only preoperative depressed mood had predictive value to the improvement of executive function and appears to prevent potentially favorable outcomes from STN-DBS on some aspects of executive function. Conclusion. PD patients being screened for STN-DBS surgery should be evaluated with regard to self-reported executive functioning. Depressive symptoms in presurgical PD patients should be treated. Complementary information about daily life executive functioning in PD patients might enhance further treatment planning of STN-DBS.

  3. 76 FR 15352 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-03-21

    ... the defined terms, ``TRACE-Eligible Security,'' ``Reportable TRACE Transaction,'' ``Agency Debt...'') for reporting Asset-Backed Securities transactions; (C) to consolidate reporting requirements for Asset-Backed Securities transactions that are executed other than during TRACE System Hours; (D) to...

  4. 78 FR 37867 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Withdrawal of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-06-24

    ... Robert D. Shallish, Jr., Executive Vice President--Finance and Chief Financial Officer, CONMED..., President and Chief Executive Officer, Society of Corporate Secretaries & Governance Professionals, dated Mar. 29, 2013; Letter from Paul R. Oldham, Chief Financial Officer and Vice President Finance...

  5. 78 FR 24281 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Designation of a Longer...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-24

    ... Pharmaceuticals, Inc., dated March 28, 2013; Robert D. Shallish, Jr., Executive Vice President--Finance and Chief... Executive Officer, Society of Corporate Secretaries & Governance Professionals, dated March 29, 2013; Paul R. Oldham, Chief Financial Officer and Vice President Finance Administration, Electro Scientific Industries...

  6. 77 FR 9714 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGX Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-17

    ... practices and display execution and trading systems. While the Series 56 examination is primarily dedicated to topics related to proprietary trading, the Series 56 examination also covers some general concepts... Practices and Prohibited Acts, 50 questions; and Display, Execution, and Trading Systems, 13 questions...

  7. 78 FR 21452 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-10

    .... First, the Exchange proposes to eliminate the first and third qualification requirements for Tier 4... Pilot Issues, plus executed ADV of Retail Orders of 0.3% of U.S. Equity Market Share Posted and Executed... and Non-Penny Pilot Issues Plus executed ADV of Retail Orders of 0.3% ADV of U.S. Equity Market Share...

  8. 78 FR 18386 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change To...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-26

    ... allocating the execution of incoming orders against orders resting on the PSX book.\\4\\ Phlx anticipated that... arrive on the book is executed first. (3) Non-Displayed Orders and the Reserve Portion of Quotes \\5\\ and... Orders, the first to arrive on the books is executed first. \\5\\ As discussed below, PSX will introduce...

  9. The Neural Correlates of Self-Regulatory Fatigability During Inhibitory Control of Eye Blinking.

    PubMed

    Abi-Jaoude, Elia; Segura, Barbara; Cho, Sang Soo; Crawley, Adrian; Sandor, Paul

    2018-05-30

    The capacity to regulate urges is an important human characteristic associated with a range of social and health outcomes. Self-regulatory capacity has been postulated to have a limited reserve, which when depleted leads to failure. The authors aimed to investigate the neural correlates of self-regulatory fatigability. Functional MRI was used to detect brain activations in 19 right-handed healthy subjects during inhibition of eye blinking, in a block design. The increase in number of blinks during blink inhibition from the first to the last block was used as covariate of interest. There was an increase in the number of eye blinks escaping inhibitory control across blink inhibition blocks, whereas there was no change in the number of eye blinks occurring during rest blocks. Inhibition of blinking activated a wide network bilaterally, including the inferior frontal gyrus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, supplementary motor area, and caudate. Deteriorating performance was associated with activity in orbitofrontal cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, rostroventral anterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, somatosensory, and parietal areas. As anticipated, effortful eye-blink control resulted in activation of prefrontal control areas and regions involved in urge and interoceptive processing. Worsening performance was associated with activations in brain areas involved in urge, as well as regions involved in motivational evaluation. These findings suggest that self-regulatory fatigability is associated with relatively less recruitment of prefrontal cortical regions involved in executive control.

  10. 75 FR 69508 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Filings...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-12

    ... letter from Brendan Daly, Legal and Compliance Counsel, Commonwealth Financial Network, to Elizabeth M. Murphy, Secretary, Commission, dated August 27, 2010 (``Commonwealth Letter''); letter from Kristin Bulls..., Secretary, Commission, dated August 30, 2010 (``State Farm Letter''); letter from Joan Hinchman, Executive...

  11. 78 FR 7828 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-04

    ...-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change Amending the NYSE Arca Options Fee Schedule To Revise Qualification Thresholds for Tiered Customer...'') to revise the qualification thresholds for tiered Customer posting credits for electronic executions...

  12. 75 FR 17806 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-04-07

    ...) require that members report secondary market transactions in non-exchange-listed direct participation...., OTC Bulletin Board and Pink Sheets securities), which are reported through the OTC Reporting Facility...) (``Cancellations Order''). This new requirement would include trades executed during normal market hours and...

  13. 76 FR 78706 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Order Approving a...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-19

    ... incorporated NYSE Rule 2A (Jurisdiction) as part of the process of developing a consolidated rulebook..., among other things, rulemaking, examinations, disciplinary actions, and listing applications. NYSE Rule... executives, employees and approved persons in connection with their conduct of the business of member...

  14. Less-structured time in children's daily lives predicts self-directed executive functioning.

    PubMed

    Barker, Jane E; Semenov, Andrei D; Michaelson, Laura; Provan, Lindsay S; Snyder, Hannah R; Munakata, Yuko

    2014-01-01

    Executive functions (EFs) in childhood predict important life outcomes. Thus, there is great interest in attempts to improve EFs early in life. Many interventions are led by trained adults, including structured training activities in the lab, and less-structured activities implemented in schools. Such programs have yielded gains in children's externally-driven executive functioning, where they are instructed on what goal-directed actions to carry out and when. However, it is less clear how children's experiences relate to their development of self-directed executive functioning, where they must determine on their own what goal-directed actions to carry out and when. We hypothesized that time spent in less-structured activities would give children opportunities to practice self-directed executive functioning, and lead to benefits. To investigate this possibility, we collected information from parents about their 6-7 year-old children's daily, annual, and typical schedules. We categorized children's activities as "structured" or "less-structured" based on categorization schemes from prior studies on child leisure time use. We assessed children's self-directed executive functioning using a well-established verbal fluency task, in which children generate members of a category and can decide on their own when to switch from one subcategory to another. The more time that children spent in less-structured activities, the better their self-directed executive functioning. The opposite was true of structured activities, which predicted poorer self-directed executive functioning. These relationships were robust (holding across increasingly strict classifications of structured and less-structured time) and specific (time use did not predict externally-driven executive functioning). We discuss implications, caveats, and ways in which potential interpretations can be distinguished in future work, to advance an understanding of this fundamental aspect of growing up.

  15. Less-structured time in children's daily lives predicts self-directed executive functioning

    PubMed Central

    Barker, Jane E.; Semenov, Andrei D.; Michaelson, Laura; Provan, Lindsay S.; Snyder, Hannah R.; Munakata, Yuko

    2014-01-01

    Executive functions (EFs) in childhood predict important life outcomes. Thus, there is great interest in attempts to improve EFs early in life. Many interventions are led by trained adults, including structured training activities in the lab, and less-structured activities implemented in schools. Such programs have yielded gains in children's externally-driven executive functioning, where they are instructed on what goal-directed actions to carry out and when. However, it is less clear how children's experiences relate to their development of self-directed executive functioning, where they must determine on their own what goal-directed actions to carry out and when. We hypothesized that time spent in less-structured activities would give children opportunities to practice self-directed executive functioning, and lead to benefits. To investigate this possibility, we collected information from parents about their 6–7 year-old children's daily, annual, and typical schedules. We categorized children's activities as “structured” or “less-structured” based on categorization schemes from prior studies on child leisure time use. We assessed children's self-directed executive functioning using a well-established verbal fluency task, in which children generate members of a category and can decide on their own when to switch from one subcategory to another. The more time that children spent in less-structured activities, the better their self-directed executive functioning. The opposite was true of structured activities, which predicted poorer self-directed executive functioning. These relationships were robust (holding across increasingly strict classifications of structured and less-structured time) and specific (time use did not predict externally-driven executive functioning). We discuss implications, caveats, and ways in which potential interpretations can be distinguished in future work, to advance an understanding of this fundamental aspect of growing up. PMID:25071617

  16. Executive Functioning, Metacognition, and Self-Perceived Competence in Elementary School Children: An Explorative Study on Their Interrelations and Their Role for School Achievement

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Roebers, Claudia M.; Cimeli, Patrizia; Rothlisberger, Marianne; Neuenschwander, Regula

    2012-01-01

    In the present study, associations between executive functioning, metacognition, and self-perceived competence in the context of early academic outcomes were examined. A total of 209 children attending first grade were initially assessed in terms of their executive functioning and academic self-concept. One year later, children's executive…

  17. 75 FR 27031 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-05-13

    ....25 $0.25 $0.25 $0.25 Fee for Removing $0.35 $0.45 $0.45 $0.45 Liquidity IWM, QQQQ, SPY Rebate to Add... executes in the Nasdaq Options Market shall be $0.45 per executed contract. (2)-(3) No Change. (4) Fees for... SPY options to $0.30 per executed contract.\\6\\ The fee to remove liquidity in these options will...

  18. 75 FR 42801 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-07-22

    ... Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed... at or under the threshold are charged the constituent's prescribed execution fee. This waiver applies... members to execute large-sized FX options orders on the Exchange in a manner that is cost effective. The...

  19. 78 FR 30378 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing of a Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-05-22

    ...-affiliated directors. The remaining directors are comprised of the Chief Executive Officer of NYSE Regulation... NYSE Regulation.\\4\\ Finally, like all members of the NYSE Regulation Board except for the Chief Executive Officer, fair representation candidates must qualify as independent under the director...

  20. 77 FR 68877 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-11-16

    ... pricing for NASDAQ members using the NASDAQ Options Market (``NOM''), NASDAQ's facility for executing and... recoup costs that the Exchange incurs for routing and executing certain orders in equity options to the International Securities Exchange, LLC (``ISE''). The Exchange's Pricing Schedule at Chapter XV, Section 2(4...

  1. 75 FR 50785 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-17

    ... imbalances that accumulate prior to the opening transaction on the Exchange and the price at which interest eligible to participate in the opening transaction may be executed in full (``Order Imbalance Information'').\\6\\ The Order Imbalance Information data feed includes all interest eligible for execution in the...

  2. 75 FR 50787 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-17

    ... to Rule 15(c), Exchange systems disseminate a data feed of real-time order imbalances that accumulate... in the opening transaction may be executed in full (``Order Imbalance Information'').\\6\\ The Order Imbalance Information data feed includes all interest eligible for execution in the opening transaction of...

  3. 78 FR 28671 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-05-15

    ... Exchange also proposes to make corresponding grammatical amendments and technical amendments to improve... categories, as proposed paragraphs (a)-(g): (a) General Order Types; (b) Order Execution Modifiers; (c) Order... grammatical amendments. The purpose of this amendment is to clarify that an order execution modifier is not a...

  4. 77 FR 62285 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-12

    ... other markets and thereby allows market participants to react to the execution (an effect known as... BX available shares and routing to other venues' shares will avoid the deleterious effect of market... Orders To Simultaneously Execute Against Exchange Available Shares and Route to Other Markets for...

  5. Heart rate variability indices as bio-markers of top-down self-regulatory mechanisms: A meta-analytic review.

    PubMed

    Holzman, Jacob B; Bridgett, David J

    2017-03-01

    Theoretical perspectives posit that heart-rate variability (HRV) reflects self-regulatory capacity and therefore can be employed as a bio-marker of top-down self-regulation (the ability to regulate behavioral, cognitive, and emotional processes). However, existing findings of relations between self-regulation and HRV indices are mixed. To clarify the nature of such relations, we conducted a meta-analysis of 123 studies (N=14,347) reporting relations between HRV indices and aspects of top-down self-regulation (e.g., executive functioning, emotion regulation, effortful control). A significant, albeit small, effect was observed (r=0.09) such that greater HRV was related to better top-down self-regulation. Differences in relations were negligible across aspects of self-regulation, self-regulation measurement methods, HRV computational techniques, at-risk compared with healthy samples, and the context of HRV measurement. Stronger relations were observed in older relative to younger samples and in published compared to unpublished studies. These findings generally support the notion that HRV indices can tentatively be employed as bio-markers of top-down self-regulation. Conceptual and theoretical implications, and critical gaps in current knowledge to be addressed by future work, are discussed. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  6. [Neuropsychological evaluation of the executive functions by means of virtual reality].

    PubMed

    Climent-Martínez, Gema; Luna-Lario, Pilar; Bombín-González, Igor; Cifuentes-Rodríguez, Alicia; Tirapu-Ustárroz, Javier; Díaz-Orueta, Unai

    2014-05-16

    Executive functions include a wide range of self regulatory functions that allow control, organization and coordination of other cognitive functions, emotional responses and behaviours. The traditional approach to evaluate these functions, by means of paper and pencil neuropsychological tests, shows a greater than expected performance within the normal range for patients whose daily life difficulties would predict an inferior performance. These discrepancies suggest that classical neuropsychological tests may not adequately reproduce the complexity and dynamic nature of real life situations. Latest developments in the field of virtual reality offer interesting options for the neuropsychological assessment of many cognitive processes. Virtual reality reproduces three-dimensional environments with which the patient interacts in a dynamic way, with a sense of immersion in the environment similar to the presence and exposure to a real environment. Furthermore, the presentation of these stimuli, as well as distractors and other variables, may be controlled in a systematic way. Moreover, more consistent and precise answers may be obtained, and an in-depth analysis of them is possible. The present review shows current problems in neuropsychological evaluation of executive functions and latest advances in the consecution of higher preciseness and validity of the evaluation by means of new technologies and virtual reality, with special mention to some developments performed in Spain.

  7. 75 FR 55385 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGX Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-09-10

    ...-Regulatory Organizations; EDGX Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule... guarantee limits the increase in a Members' execution costs associating with failing to meet the volume thresholds of other exchanges and ECNs while a Member is in the process of migrating volumes from one...

  8. 78 FR 62807 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-10-22

    ...-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change To Amend Its Schedule of Fees and Credits Applicable to Execution and Routing of... is hereby given that on September 27, 2013, The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (``NASDAQ'' or ``Exchange...

  9. 76 FR 70190 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Order Approving...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-11-10

    ... concern about dark pools and their potential impact on the fairness and transparency of the national market system.\\12\\ One of these commenters suggested that dark pools be prohibited entirely.\\13\\ FINRA... transparency that currently exists.\\14\\ FINRA stated that all trades executed on an ATS, including a dark pool...

  10. The Relationship of Self-reported Executive Functioning to Suicide Ideation and Attempts: Findings from a Large U.S.-based Online Sample.

    PubMed

    Saffer, Boaz Y; Klonsky, E David

    2017-01-01

    An increasing number of studies demonstrate that individuals with a history of suicidality exhibit impaired executive functioning abilities. The current study examines whether these differences are linked to suicidal thoughts or suicidal acts-a crucial distinction given that most people who think about suicide will not act on their thoughts. A large online sample of U.S. participants with a history of suicide ideation (n = 197), suicide attempts (n = 166), and no suicidality (n = 180) completed self-report measures assessing executive functioning, suicide ideation and attempts; in addition, depression, self-efficacy, and history of drug abuse and brain injury were assessed as potential covariates. Individuals with recent suicide attempts reported significantly worse executive functioning than ideators. This difference was not accounted for by depression, self-efficacy, history of drug abuse or brain injury. Self-reported executive functioning may represent an important short-term risk factor for suicide attempts.

  11. 75 FR 22170 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-04-27

    ... Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change To Remove a Feature and Revise Outdated Text Regarding Certain Execution... Proposed Rule Change The Exchange is proposing to eliminate a feature and revise outdated text regarding certain of its execution rules. The text of the proposed rule change is available on CBOE's Web site at...

  12. 76 FR 79236 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-21

    ... Rule Change Relating to Fees for Certain Complex Orders Executed on the Exchange December 15, 2011... proposing to amend fees for certain complex orders executed on the Exchange. The text of the proposed rule... participants that add or remove liquidity in the Complex Order Book (``maker/taker fees'') in symbols that are...

  13. 78 FR 66791 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Stock Exchange, Inc.; Order Approving a Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-06

    ...) defines ``Bona Fide Error'' as: (1) The inaccurate conveyance or execution of any term of an order... Participant that submitted the order to the Matching System or the customer of the Participant that submitted... the execution of customer orders that have been placed in error, provided that the following...

  14. 76 FR 34281 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-06-13

    ...''). The specified time period will commence for an option when a transaction occurs in any series in such... contracts executed among all series during the specified time period that represents an issue percentage... executed among all series during the specified time period that represents an issue percentage equal to the...

  15. 77 FR 23521 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-04-19

    ... short stock interest strategy \\13\\ and executions subject to the Reversal and Conversion Cap.\\14\\ \\5\\ A...). \\11\\ A dividend strategy is defined as transactions done to achieve a dividend arbitrage involving the purchase, sale and exercise of in-the-money options of the same class, executed the first business day...

  16. 76 FR 80444 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-23

    ... Change Relating to Strategy Executions and the Monthly Cap December 19, 2011. Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1...\\ short stock interest \\5\\ and reversal \\6\\ and conversion \\7\\ strategies (collectively ``Strategy Executions'') from the Monthly Firm Fee Cap \\8\\ and the Monthly Cap.\\9\\ \\3\\ A dividend strategy is defined as...

  17. 77 FR 61041 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-05

    .... Purpose The Exchange is proposing to adopt the new QView service. QView is a web-based, front-end... dashboard interface. The dashboard also allows a QView subscriber to track his/her executions and open...-based tool that, among other things, allows users access to all of the BX order and execution...

  18. 78 FR 16561 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-15

    ... interest. Accordingly, at the $22.00 price point, both the entire amount of B4 and the remaining balance of...-side interest, Exchange systems would cancel the remaining balance of the incoming STPN order that... STPN could execute at multiple price points, the incoming STPN would execute at the multiple prices...

  19. 75 FR 18932 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-04-13

    ... for, the Proposed Rule Change 1. Purpose NASDAQ is making modifications to its pricing schedule for... venue. The change is designed to ensure that NASDAQ does not lose money on trade executions, as is... will eliminate circumstances in which NASDAQ loses money on order executions by paying a rebate that is...

  20. 77 FR 63398 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The Options Clearing Corporation; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-16

    ... trade, size of the trade, and any new product discounts that may be applicable. In 2009, OCC's... Change To Reduce the Per Contract Clearing Fee for Routing Trades Executed in Accordance With the Options... clearing fee for routing trades executed in accordance with the Options Order Protection and Locked/Crossed...

  1. 75 FR 15472 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-29

    ... Transactions Outside the Prevailing NYSE Amex Quotation March 22, 2010. Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) \\1\\ of the... (``Block Crosses Outside the Prevailing Exchange Quotation'') to remove the restrictions on the execution of block cross transactions outside the prevailing NYSE Amex quotation to make such execution more...

  2. 77 FR 64571 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; National Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-22

    ... Change To Amend its Rules To Clarify the Handling of Zero Displayed Reserve Orders During Crossed Markets...) clarify that the Exchange's trading system (the ``System'' \\3\\) will not execute a Zero Display Reserve.... Purpose The Exchange is proposing to amend its rules to clarify that the System will not execute Zero...

  3. 75 FR 8421 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-02-24

    ... $.0035 per contract to each member for all options transactions executed or cleared by the member that... Options Intermarket Linkage Plan (``Linkage'').\\3\\ The ORF is imposed upon all such transactions executed by a member, even if such transactions do not take place on the Exchange.\\4\\ The ORF also includes...

  4. 77 FR 43633 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-25

    ... members executing transactions on the Exchange. The proposed rule change is intended to adopt rules that... purposes. Current Rules Rule 1051(b) currently requires that all Exchange options transactions be reported at the time of execution to the Exchange for comparison of trade information at the specialist's post...

  5. 75 FR 47874 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-09

    ... decrease the current $.0035 per contract fee to each member for all options transactions executed or... exceed costs. The ORF is imposed upon all such transactions executed by a member, even if such transactions do not take place on the Exchange.\\3\\ The ORF also includes options transactions that are not...

  6. 76 FR 78066 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-15

    ... the order executed against the Consolidated Book an electronic transaction fee and charges any remaining order size that trades against interest in the Trading Crowd a manual transaction fee.\\4\\ \\3\\ See... time of the adoption of Post-Take pricing for electronic executions in Penny Pilot classes, the...

  7. 76 FR 64413 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-18

    ... Customers in Section 1c is $0.07 per executed contract for all non-PIP transactions. The Exchange proposes to amend Section 1c to expand this applicable fee to all non-Auction Transactions and define the term ``Auction Transactions'' to include all transactions executed through PIP, the Solicitation Auction...

  8. 75 FR 33878 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-15

    ... the Proposed Rule Change NASDAQ proposes to modify pricing for NASDAQ members using the NASDAQ Market... Statutory Basis for, the Proposed Rule Change 1. Purpose NASDAQ is making modifications to its pricing... for orders using the TFTY routing strategy that execute at the NYSE from $0.0017 per share executed to...

  9. 77 FR 9278 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-16

    ...-Cancel orders, which are liquidity removing in nature. Maintain a ratio of executed liquidity adding... and promote liquidity on the Exchange. The Exchange does not propose to make any changes to the... share for executed orders that provide liquidity to the Book for Tape A, Tape B and Tape C securities...

  10. 76 FR 71092 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-11-16

    ... quoted prices in the respective SPX series at the time of execution, each constituent execution will be... Demeterfi, Emanuel Derman, Michael Kamal and Joseph Zou, Goldman Sachs Quantitative Strategies Research... series. The following table shows the SPX option mid-quote prices prevailing at the time of the S&P 500...

  11. 77 FR 1099 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-01-09

    ... is currently defined in Exchange Rule 1090 as any clerk other than a specialist clerk on the Exchange... execution clerk.\\7\\ \\5\\ See Exchange Rule 1090, Commentary .01(a). Further, no stock execution clerk shall... or independent authority over any account or transaction. See Exchange Rule 1090, Commentary .01(d...

  12. 78 FR 77750 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-24

    ... electronic servers in close physical proximity to the Exchange's trading and execution system. See id. at 59299. Partial Cabinets A User is able to request a physical cabinet to house its servers and other... Exchange enter the Exchange's trading and execution systems through the same order gateway, regardless of...

  13. 75 FR 36737 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-28

    ... Proposed Rule Change Amending Rule 1000 Regarding Order Size Eligible for Automatic Execution June 22, 2010... proposes to amend Exchange Rule 1000 regarding order size eligible for automatic execution. The text of the... Proposed Rule Change 1. Purpose The Exchange proposes to amend Rule 1000 to state that the order size...

  14. 75 FR 36736 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-28

    ... Amending NYSE Amex Equities Rule 1000 Regarding Order Size Eligible for Automatic Execution June 22, 2010... Equities Rule 1000 regarding order size eligible for automatic execution. The text of the proposed rule... 1. Purpose The Exchange proposes to amend Rule 1000 to state that the order size eligible for...

  15. 76 FR 78063 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-15

    ... Strategy Executions from the monthly Firm fee cap. The proposed change will be operative on December 1... those statements may be examined at the places specified in Item IV below. The Exchange has prepared... Change 1. Purpose The Exchange proposes to amend the Fee Schedule to exclude Strategy Executions from the...

  16. 76 FR 80989 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Order Granting Accelerated...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-27

    ... Rule 577 Relating to Discretionary Proxy Voting on Executive Compensation Matters December 20, 2011. Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (``Act''),\\1\\ and Rule 19b-4 thereunder... from voting uninstructed shares if the matter voted on relates to executive compensation. The foregoing...

  17. 78 FR 68111 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change, as...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-13

    ... Complex Orders in the Consolidated Book,\\6\\ unless individual orders or quotes in the Consolidated Book... execute against individual quotes or orders in the Consolidated Book, provided that the Electronic Complex... for the purpose of executing a particular investment strategy.'' \\5\\ Rule 980NY(a) defines the CME as...

  18. 75 FR 2172 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-01-14

    ... complex order auction (COA) and book (COB) rule. The COA system facilitates the handling and execution of complex orders by allowing for complex orders to rest in the system and allowing for inbound complex... order), and the stock component of a stock-option complex order handled by the system is executed on...

  19. 77 FR 67419 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of a...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-11-09

    ... the incentive for market participants to effect such executions on the Exchange. This would also be... Change To Amend the NYSE Amex Options Fee Schedule To Remove Dividend Spreads From the List of Strategy... (``Fee Schedule'') to remove dividend spreads from the list of strategy executions for which fee caps...

  20. 78 FR 28688 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-05-15

    ... Maker has reached the Monthly Market Maker Cap, except for reversal and conversion strategies executed... reversal or conversion strategy \\8\\ execution. Today, the maximum rebate the Exchange will pay in a given month for QCC Orders is $275,000. Today, QCC Transaction Fees for a Specialist,\\9\\ Market Maker,\\10...

  1. 77 FR 61042 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; ICE Clear Credit LLC; Notice of Filing and Order Granting...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-05

    ... requires, among other things, that ICC accept or reject trades submitted for clearance that are executed... other things, that ICC accept or reject trades submitted for clearance that are not executed... the Commission's Internet comment form ( http://www.sec.gov/rules/sro.shtml ); or Send an email to...

  2. 76 FR 2729 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Y-Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-01-14

    ... rule change is available at the Exchange's Web site at http://www.batstrading.com , at the principal... ``Dark Scan'' that the Exchange has ceased offering. (i) One Under Pricing for Certain Orders Executed at... which has a specific fee for an execution that occurs at NYSE. (ii) Elimination of Dark Scan The...

  3. 75 FR 47668 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-06

    ... systems (``ATSs''), including dark pools and electronic communication networks (``ECNs''). Each SRO market...ECN, BATS Trading and Direct Edge. Today, BATS publishes certain data at no charge on its Web site and... resulting executions to maintain low execution charges for its users.\\11\\ A proliferation of dark pools and...

  4. 77 FR 74723 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-17

    ... that executes in part against an electronic order or quote resting on the Consolidated Book prior to... interact with orders in the Consolidated Book, then the Floor Broker is charged the electronic execution...-2011-91). Currently, electronic orders and quotes resting on the Consolidated Book have priority over...

  5. 78 FR 5525 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-01-25

    ... with another complex order on the Exchange. \\3\\ See ISE Rule 722(a)(1). Rule 720 provides a framework... deemed to have occurred when the execution price of a transaction is higher or lower than the theoretical... criteria when determining the theoretical price of an options execution, which is enumerated in ISE Rule...

  6. Executive Functioning and School Performance Among Pediatric Survivors of Complex Congenital Heart Disease

    PubMed Central

    Gerstle, Melissa; Beebe, Dean W.; Drotar, Dennis; Cassedy, Amy; Marino, Bradley S.

    2016-01-01

    Objective To investigate the presence and severity of real-world impairments in executive functioning– responsible for children’s regulatory skills (metacognition, behavioral regulation) – and its potential impact on school performance among pediatric survivors of complex congenital heart disease (CHD). Study design Survivors of complex CHD aged 8–16 years (n=143)and their parents/guardians from a regional CHD survivor registry participated (81% participation rate). Parents completed proxy measures of executive functioning, school competency, and school-related quality of life (QOL). Patients also completed a measure of school QOL and underwent IQ testing. Patients were categorized into two groups based on heart lesion complexity: two-ventricle or single-ventricle. Results Survivors of complex CHD performed significantly worse than norms for executive functioning, IQ, school competency, and school QOL. Metacognition was more severely affected than behavioral regulation, and metacognitive deficits were more often present in older children. Even after taking into account demographic factors, disease severity, and IQ, metacognition uniquely and strongly predicted poorer school performance. In exploratory analyses, patients with single-ventricle lesions were rated as having lower school competency and school QOL, and patients with two-ventricle lesions were rated as having poorer behavioral regulation. Conclusions Survivors of complex CHD experience greater executive functioning difficulties than healthy peers, with metacognition particularly impacted and particularly relevant for day-to-day school performance. Especially in older children, clinicians should watch for metacognitive deficits, such as problems with organization, planning, self-monitoring, and follow-through on tasks. PMID:26875011

  7. Executive functioning, emotion regulation, eating self-regulation, and weight status in low-income preschool children: How do they relate?

    PubMed Central

    Hughes, Sheryl O.; Power, Thomas G.; O’Connor, Teresia M.; Fisher, Jennifer Orlet

    2016-01-01

    The purpose of the present study was to examine relationships between child eating self-regulation, child non-eating self-regulation, and child BMIz in a low-income sample of Hispanic families with preschoolers. The eating in the absence of hunger task as well as parent-report of child satiety responsiveness and food responsiveness were used to assess child eating self-regulation. Two laboratory tasks assessing executive functioning, a parent questionnaire assessing child effortful control (a temperament dimension related to executive functioning), and the delay of gratification and gift delay tasks assessing child emotion regulation were used to assess child non-eating self-regulation. Bivariate correlations were run among all variables in the study. Hierarchical linear regression analyses assessed: 1) child eating self-regulation associations with the demographic, executive functioning, effortful control, and emotion regulation measures; and 2) child BMI z-scores associations with executive functioning, effortful control, emotion regulation measures, and eating self-regulation measures. Within child eating self-regulation, only the two parent-report measures were related. Low to moderate positive correlations were found between measures of executive functioning, effortful control, and emotion regulation. Only three relationships were found between child eating self-regulation and other forms of child self-regulation: eating in the absence of hunger was positively associated with delay of gratification, and poor regulation on the gift delay task was associated positively with maternal reports of food responsiveness and negatively with parent-reports of satiety responsiveness. Regression analyses showed that child eating self-regulation was associated with child BMIz but other forms of child self-regulation were not. Implications for understanding the role of self-regulation in the development of child obesity are discussed. PMID:25596501

  8. Executive functioning, emotion regulation, eating self-regulation, and weight status in low-income preschool children: how do they relate?

    PubMed

    Hughes, Sheryl O; Power, Thomas G; O'Connor, Teresia M; Orlet Fisher, Jennifer

    2015-06-01

    The purpose of the present study was to examine relationships between child eating self-regulation, child non-eating self-regulation, and child BMIz in a low-income sample of Hispanic families with preschoolers. The eating in the absence of hunger task as well as parent-report of child satiety responsiveness and food responsiveness were used to assess child eating self-regulation. Two laboratory tasks assessing executive functioning, a parent questionnaire assessing child effortful control (a temperament dimension related to executive functioning), and the delay of gratification and gift delay tasks assessing child emotion regulation were used to assess child non-eating self-regulation. Bivariate correlations were run among all variables in the study. Hierarchical linear regression analyses assessed: (1) child eating self-regulation associations with the demographic, executive functioning, effortful control, and emotion regulation measures; and (2) child BMI z-score associations with executive functioning, effortful control, emotion regulation measures, and eating self-regulation measures. Within child eating self-regulation, only the two parent-report measures were related. Low to moderate positive correlations were found between measures of executive functioning, effortful control, and emotion regulation. Only three relationships were found between child eating self-regulation and other forms of child self-regulation: eating in the absence of hunger was positively associated with delay of gratification, and poor regulation on the gift delay task was associated positively with maternal reports of food responsiveness and negatively with parent-reports of satiety responsiveness. Regression analyses showed that child eating self-regulation was associated with child BMIz but other forms of child self-regulation were not. Implications for understanding the role of self-regulation in the development of child obesity are discussed. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  9. Association between Executive Function and Problematic Adolescent Driving

    PubMed Central

    Pope, Caitlin N.; Ross, Lesley A.; Stavrinos, Despina

    2016-01-01

    Objective Motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) are one of the leading causes of injury and death for adolescents. Driving is a complex activity that is highly reliant on executive function to safely navigate through the environment. Little research has examined the efficacy of using self-reported executive function measures for assessing adolescent driving risk. This study examined the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) questionnaire and performance based-executive function tasks as potential predictors of problematic driving outcomes in adolescents. Methods Forty-six adolescent drivers completed the (1) BRIEF, (2) Trail Making Test (TMT), (3) Backwards Digit Span, and (4) self-report on three problematic driving outcomes: the number of times of having been pulled over by a police officer, the number of tickets issued, and the number of MVCs. Results Greater self-reported difficulty with planning and organization was associated with greater odds of having a MVC, while inhibition difficulties were associated with greater odds of receiving a ticket. Greater self-reported difficulty across multiple BRIEF subscales was associated with greater odds of being pulled over. Conclusion Overall findings indicated that the BRIEF, an ecological measure of executive function, showed significant association with self-reported problematic driving outcomes in adolescents. No relationship was found between performance-based executive function measures and self-reported driving outcomes. The BRIEF could offer unique and quick insight into problematic driving behavior and potentially be an indicator of driving risk in adolescent drivers during clinical evaluations. PMID:27661394

  10. [The Influence of the Functioning of Brain Regulatory Systems onto the Voluntary Regulation of Cognitive Performance in Children. Report 2. Neuropsychological and Electrophysiological Assessment of Brain Regulatory Functions in Children Aged 10-12 with Learning Difficulties].

    PubMed

    Semenova, O A; Machinskaya, R I

    2015-01-01

    A total number of 172 children aged 10-12 were electrophysiologically and neuropsychologically assessed in order to analyze the influence of the functioning of brain regulatory systems onto the voluntary regulation of cognitive performance during the preteen years. EEG patterns associated with the nonoptimal functioning of brain regulatory systems, particularly fronto-thalamic, limbic and fronto-striatal structures were significantly more often observed in children with learning and behavioral difficulties, as compared to the control group. Neuropsychological assessment showed that the nonoptimal functioning of different brain regulatory systems specifically affect the voluntary regulation of cognitive performance. Children with EEG patterns of fronto-thalamic nonoptimal functioning demonstrated poor voluntary regulation such as impulsiveness and difficulties in continuing the same algorithms. Children with EEG patterns of limbic nonoptimal functioning showed a less pronounced executive dysfunction manifested only in poor switching between program units within a task. Children with EEG patterns of fronto-striatal nonoptimal functioning struggled with such executive dysfunctions as motor and tactile perseverations and emotional-motivational deviations such as poor motivation and communicative skills.

  11. 77 FR 40671 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-10

    ... evolution of the equities markets away from manual executions and manual enforcement of rules toward an... technology and the development of automated systems. \\5\\ 15 U.S.C. 78f(b). \\6\\ 15 U.S.C. 78f(b)(4). B. Self...

  12. 77 FR 45401 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of a...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-31

    ... Applicable to the Market Maker Risk Limitation Mechanism Will Be Between One and 100 Executions per Second, To Eliminate the Current Reference to the Default Setting and, in the Future, To Specify the Applicable Minimum, Maximum and Default Settings via Regulatory Bulletin July 25, 2012. Pursuant to Section...

  13. 77 FR 49034 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Order Approving a Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-08-15

    ... to react to the execution (an effect known as ``market impact'' or ``information leakage''). As a...' shares will avoid the deleterious effect of market impact discussed above and result in overall faster...-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Order Approving a Proposed Rule Change To Amend Rule...

  14. 77 FR 38875 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-29

    ... participants to react to the execution (an effect known as ``market impact'' or ``information leakage''). As a... available shares and routing to other venues' shares will avoid the deleterious effect of market impact...-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change To Amend Rule...

  15. The Development of Self-Regulation and Executive Function in Young Children

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    McClelland, Megan M.; Tominey, Shauna L.

    2014-01-01

    Self-regulation lays the foundation for positive social relationships and academic success. In this article, we provide an overview of self-regulation and the key terms related to selfregulation, such as executive function. We discuss research on how self-regulation develops and connections between self-regulation and social and academic outcomes.…

  16. 77 FR 39552 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Order Approving a Proposed Rule Change With...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-03

    ... Exchange or NASDAQ Execution Services To Cancel Orders When a Technical or Systems Issue Occurs and To... the authority of BX or NASDAQ Execution Services (``NES'') to cancel orders when a technical or... issue may occur at BX, NES, or a routing destination that causes BX or NES to cancel orders, if BX or...

  17. 75 FR 76500 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX, LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-12-08

    ... routing certain equity and index option Customer orders to away markets for execution. \\3\\ For a complete..., 2009) (SR-Phlx-2009-32). The instant proposed fees will apply only to option orders entered into, and... and executing certain Customer orders in equity and index options to away markets. In May 2009, the...

  18. 78 FR 16544 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-15

    ... interest. Accordingly, at the $22.00 price point, both the entire amount of B4 and the remaining balance of...-STP opposite-side interest, Exchange systems would cancel the remaining balance of the incoming STPN.... If an STPN could execute at multiple price points, the incoming STPN would execute at the multiple...

  19. 78 FR 46643 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-08-01

    ... Change Amending the NYSE Arca Options Fee Schedule With Respect to Cap on Fees for Firm and Broker Dealer... (``Fee Schedule'') with respect to cap on fees for Firm and Broker Dealer open outcry executions. The... the cap on fees for Firm and Broker Dealer open outcry executions. Currently, there is a $100,000 cap...

  20. 78 FR 14867 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; National Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-07

    ... how the NSX System may execute certain types of Zero Display Reserve Orders \\4\\ that are pegged to the midpoint between the Protected BBO in subpennies. NSX Rule 11.3(c) provides that a Zero Display Reserve... the System rounds executions in securities priced less than $1.00 per share resulting from a Zero...

  1. 78 FR 19047 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; National Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-28

    ... Change To Provide the Ability To Prevent Zero Display Reserve Orders From Executing in a Locked Market... Exchange not to execute a Zero Display Reserve Order \\4\\ when the protected bid is equal to the protected offer (i.e., a locked market); (ii) clarify that a Zero Display Reserve Order will be eligible for...

  2. 76 FR 77277 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-12

    ... the ORF will not exceed costs. The ORF is assessed to each member for all options transactions...] transactions executed by a member, even if such transactions do not take place on the Exchange.\\3\\ The ORF also includes options transactions that are not executed by an Exchange member but are ultimately cleared by an...

  3. 76 FR 55996 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-09

    ... to execute 300 transactions per quarter is more likely to result in regular market-making activity... transactions executed in the trading crowd where the contra-side is an ROT in order to focus market making... better focus their market making, similar to the new trading requirement. Secondly, the current in person...

  4. 75 FR 12318 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-15

    ... Proposed Rule Change Relating to Pricing for Option Orders Routed to Away Markets March 5, 2010. Pursuant... into NOM but routed to and executed on away markets (``routing fees''). When NASDAQ began trading... executions on away markets at the time was to pass-through to NASDAQ members the actual fees assessed by away...

  5. 76 FR 41546 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-07-14

    ... NBBO Setter Rebate for BYX). An order that is entered at the most aggressive price both on the Exchange... Setter Program without regard to whether a more aggressive order is entered prior to the original order...-displayed orders that are not executable at their most aggressive price to be executed at one-half minimum...

  6. 78 FR 39426 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-07-01

    ... Order in a Simple or Complex Order that executes against non-Initiating Order interest and will also pay... to solicit comments on the proposed rule change from interested persons. \\1\\ 15 U.S.C. 78s(b)(1). \\2... paid to members executing electronically- delivered Customer Simple Orders in Penny Pilot Options and...

  7. 76 FR 38226 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-06-29

    ... principal office of the Exchange, at the Commission's Public Reference Room and also on the Exchange's... time priority: (1) Market Maker offer on the Book to buy 100 contracts at $2.00. (2) Public Customer... execute 40 contracts (40% of 100) against the Agency Order; and the Market Maker on the Book would execute...

  8. 75 FR 36456 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-25

    ... prices. See Exchange Rule 1079. FLEX Options are a trademark of the Chicago Board Options Exchange. While... transactions executed pursuant to Exchange Rule 1079 (``FLEX equity options''). The Exchange believes that the... options transactions executed pursuant to Exchange Rule 1079. \\11\\ 15 U.S.C. 78f(b). \\12\\ 15 U.S.C. 78f(b...

  9. 75 FR 6423 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; National Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-02-09

    ... Orders of Securities Priced Under One Dollar in the Auto Execution Mode of Order Interaction to 0.25% of... for liquidity adding displayed orders of securities priced under one dollar in the Auto Execution mode of order interaction (``AutoEx'') \\3\\ to 0.25% of trade value. \\3\\ The Exchange's two modes of order...

  10. 75 FR 80090 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-12-21

    ... LLC To Establish Royalty Fees for Non-Customer Executions in Options Based on the KBW Bank Index... (``Fee Schedule'') to implement new royalty fees of $0.10 per contract associated with executions in... index, and will pay a fee to KBW on every contract traded on the Exchange. As with other royalty fees...

  11. 77 FR 9288 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-16

    ... electronic executions and to delete references to Royalty Fees for foreign currency options, which the... posted electronic executions and to delete references to Royalty Fees for foreign currency options, which....... -0.36 Threshold 3 More than 1,200,000.. -0.42 Threshold 4 More than 3,500,000.. -0.43 Royalty Fees...

  12. 75 FR 56633 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX, Inc.; Order Approving a Proposed Rule Change, as...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-09-16

    ... ceasing operations of XLE, the Exchange has solely operated an options market. The System will allow PSX..., Display and Execution The System will operate, and orders can be entered into the System, from 9 a.m. to 5... satisfies this requirement. \\63\\ In considering the operation of automated execution systems operated by an...

  13. 75 FR 74755 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change by NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-12-01

    ... contingent orders and the rules that apply to such executions. Rule 1092 provides a framework for reviewing... execution price of a transaction is higher or lower than the theoretical price for a series by a certain amount depending on the type of option. OEOs use one of three criteria when determining the theoretical...

  14. Academic procrastination in college students: the role of self-reported executive function.

    PubMed

    Rabin, Laura A; Fogel, Joshua; Nutter-Upham, Katherine E

    2011-03-01

    Procrastination, or the intentional delay of due tasks, is a widespread phenomenon in college settings. Because procrastination can negatively impact learning, achievement, academic self-efficacy, and quality of life, research has sought to understand the factors that produce and maintain this troublesome behavior. Procrastination is increasingly viewed as involving failures in self-regulation and volition, processes commonly regarded as executive functions. The present study was the first to investigate subcomponents of self-reported executive functioning associated with academic procrastination in a demographically diverse sample of college students aged 30 years and below (n = 212). We included each of nine aspects of executive functioning in multiple regression models that also included various demographic and medical/psychiatric characteristics, estimated IQ, depression, anxiety, neuroticism, and conscientiousness. The executive function domains of initiation, plan/organize, inhibit, self-monitor, working memory, task monitor, and organization of materials were significant predictors of academic procrastination in addition to increased age and lower conscientiousness. Results enhance understanding of the neuropsychological correlates of procrastination and may lead to practical suggestions or interventions to reduce its harmful effects on students' academic performance and well-being.

  15. Studying self-awareness in children: validation of the Questionnaire of Executive Functioning (QEF).

    PubMed

    Geurten, Marie; Catale, Corinne; Geurten, Claire; Wansard, Murielle; Meulemans, Thierry

    2016-05-01

    People with accurate representations of their own cognitive functioning (i.e. cognitive self-awareness) tend to use appropriate strategies to regulate their behavior. Due to the lack of appropriate instruments, few studies have examined the development of this ability among children. This study tested the measurement properties of the self-rating and other-rating forms of the Questionnaire of Executive Functioning (QEF), designed to tap children's knowledge of their executive functioning. Specifically, the construct, convergent, and discriminant validities were investigated and a self-other discrepancy score was computed to assess children's executive self-awareness. Participants were 317 children aged 7-14 years old. Confirmatory factor analyses carried out on the QEF confirmed the eight-factor structure of both versions. There were significant correlations between the QEF and the parent versions of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, the Dysexecutive Questionnaire for Children, and the Childhood Executive Functioning Inventory. Both forms of the QEF were able to distinguish between children who had sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI) and control participants. A statistical difference was observed between the TBI and control groups on this score, suggesting that TBI may trigger self-awareness impairments in children. The good psychometric properties of the two forms of the QEF were established. Furthermore, results of the analyses carried out on the different discrepancy scores seem to indicate that the QEF could help clinicians to detect patients with self-awareness deficits.

  16. Mechanisms behind distracted driving behavior: The role of age and executive function in the engagement of distracted driving

    PubMed Central

    Pope, Caitlin Northcutt; Bell, Tyler Reed; Stavrinos, Despina

    2016-01-01

    Performing secondary tasks, such as texting while driving, is associated with an increased risk of motor vehicle collisions (MVCs). While cognitive processes, such as executive function, are involved in driving, little is known about the relationship between executive control and willingness to engage in distracted driving. This study investigated the relationship between age, behavioral manifestations of executive function, and self-reported distracted driving behaviors. Executive difficulty (assessed with the BRIEF-A) as well as demographics (age and gender) was considered as possible predictors of engagement in distracted driving behaviors. Fifty-nine young, middle, and older adults self-reported executive difficulty and weekly engagement in distracted driving behaviors. Results revealed that while partially accounted for by age, global executive difficulty was uniquely related to engagement in distracted driving behaviors. Older age was associated with fewer weekly self-reported distracted driving behaviors while higher self-reported executive difficulty was associated with more frequent weekly engagement in distracted behavior. No significant differences were found between young and middle-aged adults on distracted driving behaviors. Findings conclude that distracted driving is a ubiquitous phenomenon evident in drivers of all ages. Possible mechanisms underlying distracted driving behavior could potentially be related to deficits in executive function. PMID:27716494

  17. Mechanisms behind distracted driving behavior: The role of age and executive function in the engagement of distracted driving.

    PubMed

    Pope, Caitlin Northcutt; Bell, Tyler Reed; Stavrinos, Despina

    2017-01-01

    Performing secondary tasks, such as texting while driving, is associated with an increased risk of motor vehicle collisions (MVCs). While cognitive processes, such as executive function, are involved in driving, little is known about the relationship between executive control and willingness to engage in distracted driving. This study investigated the relationship between age, behavioral manifestations of executive function, and self-reported distracted driving behaviors. Executive difficulty (assessed with the BRIEF-A) as well as demographics (age and gender) was considered as possible predictors of engagement in distracted driving behaviors. Fifty-nine young, middle, and older adults self-reported executive difficulty and weekly engagement in distracted driving behaviors. Results revealed that while partially accounted for by age, global executive difficulty was uniquely related to engagement in distracted driving behaviors. Older age was associated with fewer weekly self-reported distracted driving behaviors while higher self-reported executive difficulty was associated with more frequent weekly engagement in distracted behavior. No significant differences were found between young and middle-aged adults on distracted driving behaviors. Findings conclude that distracted driving is a ubiquitous phenomenon evident in drivers of all ages. Possible mechanisms underlying distracted driving behavior could potentially be related to deficits in executive function. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  18. The impact of mindfulness education on elementary school students: Evaluation of the Master Mind Program

    PubMed Central

    Parker, Alison E.; Kupersmidt, Janis B.; Mathis, Erin T.; Scull, Tracy M.; Sims, Calvin

    2016-01-01

    Children need to be equipped with the skills to respond effectively to stress and prevent poor decision-making surrounding alcohol and tobacco use. Training and practice in mindfulness is one possible avenue for building children's skills. Recent research has revealed that mindfulness education in the classroom may play a role in enhancing children's self-regulatory abilities. Thus, the goal of the current study was to extend existing research in mindfulness education in classrooms and conduct an assessment of the feasibility and effectiveness of a new mindfulness education, substance abuse prevention program for 4th and 5th grade children (Master Mind). Two elementary schools were randomly assigned to be an intervention group (N = 71) or waitlist control group (N = 40). Students in the intervention group were taught the four-week Master Mind program by their regular classroom teachers. At pre- and post-intervention time points, students completed self-reports of their intentions to use substances and an executive functioning performance task. Teachers rated students on their behavior in the classroom. Findings revealed that students who participated in the Master Mind program, as compared to those in the wait-list control condition, showed significant improvements in executive functioning skills (girls and boys), as well as a marginally significant increase in self-control abilities (boys only). In addition, significant reductions were found in aggression and social problems (girls and boys), as well as anxiety (girls only). No significant differences across groups were found for intentions to use alcohol or tobacco. Teachers implemented the program with fidelity; both teachers and students positively rated the structure and content of the Master Mind program, providing evidence of program satisfaction and feasibility. Although generalization may be limited by the small sample size, the findings suggest that mindfulness education may be beneficial in increasing self-regulatory abilities, which is important for substance abuse prevention. PMID:27057208

  19. The impact of mindfulness education on elementary school students: Evaluation of the Master Mind Program.

    PubMed

    Parker, Alison E; Kupersmidt, Janis B; Mathis, Erin T; Scull, Tracy M; Sims, Calvin

    Children need to be equipped with the skills to respond effectively to stress and prevent poor decision-making surrounding alcohol and tobacco use. Training and practice in mindfulness is one possible avenue for building children's skills. Recent research has revealed that mindfulness education in the classroom may play a role in enhancing children's self-regulatory abilities. Thus, the goal of the current study was to extend existing research in mindfulness education in classrooms and conduct an assessment of the feasibility and effectiveness of a new mindfulness education, substance abuse prevention program for 4 th and 5 th grade children ( Master Mind ). Two elementary schools were randomly assigned to be an intervention group (N = 71) or waitlist control group (N = 40). Students in the intervention group were taught the four-week Master Mind program by their regular classroom teachers. At pre- and post-intervention time points, students completed self-reports of their intentions to use substances and an executive functioning performance task. Teachers rated students on their behavior in the classroom. Findings revealed that students who participated in the Master Mind program, as compared to those in the wait-list control condition, showed significant improvements in executive functioning skills (girls and boys), as well as a marginally significant increase in self-control abilities (boys only). In addition, significant reductions were found in aggression and social problems (girls and boys), as well as anxiety (girls only). No significant differences across groups were found for intentions to use alcohol or tobacco. Teachers implemented the program with fidelity; both teachers and students positively rated the structure and content of the Master Mind program, providing evidence of program satisfaction and feasibility. Although generalization may be limited by the small sample size, the findings suggest that mindfulness education may be beneficial in increasing self-regulatory abilities, which is important for substance abuse prevention.

  20. 78 FR 76415 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGA Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing of a Proposed Rule Change...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-17

    ... Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (``FINRA''). The Exchange understands that, pursuant to NASD... case of a Person that is a company, corporation or similar entity, any executive officer (as defined... relative of such spouse who has the same home as such Person or who is a director or officer of [DE...

  1. 78 FR 76479 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGX Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing of a Proposed Rule Change...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-17

    ... Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (``FINRA''). The Exchange understands that, pursuant to NASD... case of a Person that is a company, corporation or similar entity, any executive officer (as defined... relative of such spouse who has the same home as such Person or who is a director or officer of [DE...

  2. 75 FR 71479 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-23

    ... Series (Order Audit Trail System); NASD Rule 2320 (Best Execution and Interpositioning); NASD Rule 2400 Series (Commissions, Mark-Ups and Charges); NASD IM-2110-2 (Trading Ahead of Customer Limit Order); and... prepared to purchase or sell at that price and under the conditions stated at the time of the offer to buy...

  3. 78 FR 76347 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-17

    ... they remain in effect until executed or the end of either regular market hours at 4:00 p.m. or the end...-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...\\ thereunder, notice is hereby given that on November 29, 2013, The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (``NASDAQ'' or...

  4. A Cluster Randomized-Controlled Trial of the Impact of the Tools of the Mind Curriculum on Self-Regulation in Canadian Preschoolers.

    PubMed

    Solomon, Tracy; Plamondon, Andre; O'Hara, Arland; Finch, Heather; Goco, Geraldine; Chaban, Peter; Huggins, Lorrie; Ferguson, Bruce; Tannock, Rosemary

    2017-01-01

    Early self-regulation predicts school readiness, academic success, and quality of life in adulthood. Its development in the preschool years is rapid and also malleable. Thus, preschool curricula that promote the development of self-regulation may help set children on a more positive developmental trajectory. We conducted a cluster-randomized controlled trial of the Tools of the Mind preschool curriculum, a program that targets self-regulation through imaginative play and self-regulatory language (Tools; clinical trials identifier NCT02462733). Previous research with Tools is limited, with mixed evidence of its effectiveness. Moreover, it is unclear whether it would benefit all preschoolers or primarily those with poorly developed cognitive capacities (e.g., language, executive function, attention). The study goals were to ascertain whether the Tools program leads to greater gains in self-regulation compared to Playing to Learn (YMCA PTL), another play based program that does not target self-regulation specifically, and whether the effects were moderated by children's initial language and hyperactivity/inattention. Two hundred and sixty 3- to 4-year-olds attending 20 largely urban daycares were randomly assigned, at the site level, to receive either Tools or YMCA PTL (the business-as-usual curriculum) for 15 months. We assessed self-regulation at pre-, mid and post intervention, using two executive function tasks, and two questionnaires regarding behavior at home and at school, to capture development in cognitive as well as socio-emotional aspects of self-regulation. Fidelity data showed that only the teachers at the Tools sites implemented Tools, and did so with reasonable success. We found that children who received Tools made greater gains on a behavioral measure of executive function than their YMCA PTL peers, but the difference was significant only for those children whose parents rated them high in hyperactivity/inattention initially. The effect of Tools did not vary with children's initial language skills. We suggest that, as both programs promote quality play and that the two groups fared similarly well overall, Tools and YMCA PTL may be effective curricula choices for a diverse preschool classroom. However, Tools may be advantageous in classrooms with children experiencing greater challenges with self-regulation, at no apparent cost to those less challenged in this regard.

  5. A Cluster Randomized-Controlled Trial of the Impact of the Tools of the Mind Curriculum on Self-Regulation in Canadian Preschoolers

    PubMed Central

    Solomon, Tracy; Plamondon, Andre; O’Hara, Arland; Finch, Heather; Goco, Geraldine; Chaban, Peter; Huggins, Lorrie; Ferguson, Bruce; Tannock, Rosemary

    2018-01-01

    Early self-regulation predicts school readiness, academic success, and quality of life in adulthood. Its development in the preschool years is rapid and also malleable. Thus, preschool curricula that promote the development of self-regulation may help set children on a more positive developmental trajectory. We conducted a cluster-randomized controlled trial of the Tools of the Mind preschool curriculum, a program that targets self-regulation through imaginative play and self-regulatory language (Tools; clinical trials identifier NCT02462733). Previous research with Tools is limited, with mixed evidence of its effectiveness. Moreover, it is unclear whether it would benefit all preschoolers or primarily those with poorly developed cognitive capacities (e.g., language, executive function, attention). The study goals were to ascertain whether the Tools program leads to greater gains in self-regulation compared to Playing to Learn (YMCA PTL), another play based program that does not target self-regulation specifically, and whether the effects were moderated by children’s initial language and hyperactivity/inattention. Two hundred and sixty 3- to 4-year-olds attending 20 largely urban daycares were randomly assigned, at the site level, to receive either Tools or YMCA PTL (the business-as-usual curriculum) for 15 months. We assessed self-regulation at pre-, mid and post intervention, using two executive function tasks, and two questionnaires regarding behavior at home and at school, to capture development in cognitive as well as socio-emotional aspects of self-regulation. Fidelity data showed that only the teachers at the Tools sites implemented Tools, and did so with reasonable success. We found that children who received Tools made greater gains on a behavioral measure of executive function than their YMCA PTL peers, but the difference was significant only for those children whose parents rated them high in hyperactivity/inattention initially. The effect of Tools did not vary with children’s initial language skills. We suggest that, as both programs promote quality play and that the two groups fared similarly well overall, Tools and YMCA PTL may be effective curricula choices for a diverse preschool classroom. However, Tools may be advantageous in classrooms with children experiencing greater challenges with self-regulation, at no apparent cost to those less challenged in this regard. PMID:29403411

  6. 75 FR 44037 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-07-27

    ... for Removing Liquidity $0.[35]40 $0.45 $0.45 $0.45 [IWM, QQQQ, SPY] [Rebate to Add Liquidity] [$0.30... members. Elimination of IWM, QQQQ and SPY: The Exchange currently pays a rebate of $0.30 per executed... overlying IWM, QQQQ and SPY in the capacity of Customer and a fee of $0.45 per executed contract to all...

  7. 77 FR 42343 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-18

    ... market maker executions (except SPY) in SPY Base ($0.32) ($0.34) Tier 1 30,000 Contracts from ($0.34) ($0.36) Market Maker Posted Orders in Penny Pilot Issues. Tier 2 80,000 Contracts from ($0.38) ($0.40... would receive a credit of $0.34 per contract for posted electronic executions in non-SPY Penny Pilot...

  8. 76 FR 28256 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-05-16

    ... for execution at an away market other than on BOX, resulting in a covered sale on that market and an..., Supp. Material .01 of the BOX Trading Rules, to pay the related sales fee of that away market.\\8\\ \\8... by Routing Broker(s), which executes the routed order on the away market on behalf of the Participant...

  9. 77 FR 66902 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-11-07

    ... Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the ``Act'') \\2\\ and Rule 19b-4 thereunder,\\3\\ notice is hereby given that... least 1,000 contracts, is part of a QCT, and is executed at a price at least equal to the national best... per contract than they would pay if the trade were executed as a non-QCC trade. Currently...

  10. 77 FR 39767 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; National Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-05

    ... has executed on average per trading day (excluding partial trading days) in AutoEx or Order Delivery... (``AutoEx'') shall mean only those executed shares of the ETP Holder that are submitted in AutoEx mode... period, a combined ADV in both AutoEx and Order Delivery of at least 11.5 million shares, of which at...

  11. 76 FR 78712 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-19

    ...\\ of the Fee Schedule. Currently, the Exchange pays a rebate of $0.05 per contract for all executed eQCC Orders. Today, the Exchange does not pay a rebate for Floor QCC Orders. The Exchange proposes to pay a rebate of $0.07 per contract for all executed eQCC Orders and Floor QCC Orders with some...

  12. 77 FR 28411 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-14

    ... liquidity from the Book to pay a reduced fee of $0.0029 per share if they directly execute providing volume... liquidity from the Book to pay a reduced fee of $0.0029 per share if they directly execute providing volume... B Step Up Tier allows ETP Holders and Market Makers that take liquidity from the Book to pay a...

  13. 77 FR 40664 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-10

    ... CBSX Book until they trade will incur the Maker fee when they trade, but because they executed, will... that are likely to execute to CBSX. Orders that are sent to CBSX and rest on the CBSX Book will count... orders to CBSX with the intention of either trading immediately or letting the orders rest on the CBSX...

  14. 78 FR 28654 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change, as...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-05-15

    ... response is received to sell the strategy at $0.55. If the market for option A becomes $1.05 bid, offered... of $0.60. The residual 24 strategy contracts will trade against the two market maker responses in a... trade against the two market maker responses with MM1 executing 10 strategy contracts and MM2 executing...

  15. 78 FR 9977 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-12

    ... posting Protected Quotations within the meaning of Regulation NMS (i.e. ``dark venues'' or ``dark pools... seek to execute on PSX or on dark pools without executing on another exchange. Members may seek to....00- $10.01, and PSX, DarkVenueA and ARCA each offer 100 shares at $10.01, a XDRK order to buy 1000...

  16. 78 FR 9961 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMS BX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-12

    ... posting Protected Quotations within the meaning of Regulation NMS (i.e. ``dark venues'' or ``dark pools... seek to execute on BX or on dark pools without executing on another exchange. Members may seek to....00- $10.01, and BX, DarkVenueA and ARCA each offer 100 shares at $10.01, a BDRK order to buy 1000...

  17. 17 CFR 1.59 - Activities of self-regulatory organization employees, governing board members, committee members...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... COMMODITY EXCHANGE ACT Miscellaneous § 1.59 Activities of self-regulatory organization employees, governing...) Self-regulatory organization means “self-regulatory organization,” as defined in Commission regulation... governors of a self-regulatory organization. (3) Committee member means a member, or functional equivalent...

  18. 17 CFR 1.59 - Activities of self-regulatory organization employees, governing board members, committee members...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... COMMODITY EXCHANGE ACT Miscellaneous § 1.59 Activities of self-regulatory organization employees, governing...) Self-regulatory organization means “self-regulatory organization,” as defined in Commission regulation... governors of a self-regulatory organization. (3) Committee member means a member, or functional equivalent...

  19. 17 CFR 1.59 - Activities of self-regulatory organization employees, governing board members, committee members...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... COMMODITY EXCHANGE ACT Miscellaneous § 1.59 Activities of self-regulatory organization employees, governing...) Self-regulatory organization means “self-regulatory organization,” as defined in Commission regulation... governors of a self-regulatory organization. (3) Committee member means a member, or functional equivalent...

  20. In search of a human self-regulation system.

    PubMed

    Kelley, William M; Wagner, Dylan D; Heatherton, Todd F

    2015-07-08

    The capacity for self-regulation allows people to control their thoughts, behaviors, emotions, and desires. In spite of this impressive ability, failures of self-regulation are common and contribute to numerous societal problems, from obesity to drug addiction. Such failures frequently occur following exposure to highly tempting cues, during negative moods, or after self-regulatory resources have been depleted. Here we review the available neuroscientific evidence regarding self-regulation and its failures. At its core, self-regulation involves a critical balance between the strength of an impulse and an individual's ability to inhibit the desired behavior. Although neuroimaging and patient studies provide consistent evidence regarding the reward aspects of impulses and desires, the neural mechanisms that underlie the capacity for control have eluded consensus, with various executive control regions implicated in different studies. We outline the necessary properties for a self-regulation control system and suggest that the use of resting-state functional connectivity analyses may be useful for understanding how people regulate their behavior and why they sometimes fail in their attempts.

  1. 17 CFR 1.59 - Activities of self-regulatory organization employees, governing board members, committee members...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... COMMODITY EXCHANGE ACT Miscellaneous § 1.59 Activities of self-regulatory organization employees, governing...) Self-regulatory organization means “self-regulatory organization,” as defined in § 1.3(ee), and... member, or functional equivalent thereof, of the board of governors of a self-regulatory organization. (3...

  2. 17 CFR 1.59 - Activities of self-regulatory organization employees, governing board members, committee members...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... COMMODITY EXCHANGE ACT Miscellaneous § 1.59 Activities of self-regulatory organization employees, governing...) Self-regulatory organization means “self-regulatory organization,” as defined in § 1.3(ee), and... member, or functional equivalent thereof, of the board of governors of a self-regulatory organization. (3...

  3. 78 FR 11257 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-15

    ... facility for executing and routing standardized equity and index options. The Exchange also proposes a... using the Financial Information Exchange (``FIX'') protocol. The Exchange also proposes to define the...

  4. Don’t be Too Strict with Yourself! Rigid Negative Self-Representation in Healthy Subjects Mimics the Neurocognitive Profile of Depression for Autobiographical Memory

    PubMed Central

    Sperduti, Marco; Martinelli, Pénélope; Kalenzaga, Sandrine; Devauchelle, Anne-Dominique; Lion, Stéphanie; Malherbe, Caroline; Gallarda, Thierry; Amado, Isabelle; Krebs, Marie-Odile; Oppenheim, Catherine; Piolino, Pascale

    2013-01-01

    Autobiographical memory (AM) comprises representation of both specific (episodic) and generic (semantic) personal information. Depression is characterized by a shift from episodic to semantic AM retrieval. According to theoretical models, this process (“overgeneralization”), would be linked to reduced executive resources. Moreover, “overgeneral” memories, accompanied by a negativity bias in depression, lead to a pervasive negative self-representation. As executive functions and AM specificity are also closely intricate among “non-clinical” populations, “overgeneral” memories could result in depressive emotional responses. Consequently, our hypothesis was that the neurocognitive profile of healthy subjects showing a rigid negative self-image would mimic that of patients. Executive functions and self-image were measured and brain activity was recorded, by means of fMRI, during episodic AMs retrieval in young healthy subjects. The results show an inverse correlation, that is, a more rigid and negative self-image produces lower performances in both executive and specific memories. Moreover, higher negative self-image is associated with decreased activity in the left ventro-lateral prefrontal and in the anterior cingulate cortex, repeatedly shown to exhibit altered functioning in depression. Activity in these regions, on the contrary, positively correlates with executive and memory performances, in line with their role in executive functions and AM retrieval. These findings suggest that rigid negative self-image could represent a marker or a vulnerability trait of depression by being linked to reduced executive function efficiency and episodic AM decline. These results are encouraging for psychotherapeutic approaches aimed at cognitive flexibility in depression and other psychiatric disorders. PMID:23734107

  5. The interactive effect of social pain and executive functioning on aggression: an fMRI experiment.

    PubMed

    Chester, David S; Eisenberger, Naomi I; Pond, Richard S; Richman, Stephanie B; Bushman, Brad J; Dewall, C Nathan

    2014-05-01

    Social rejection often increases aggression, but the neural mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear. This experiment tested whether neural activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and anterior insula in response to social rejection predicted greater subsequent aggression. Additionally, it tested whether executive functioning moderated this relationship. Participants completed a behavioral measure of executive functioning, experienced social rejection while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging and then completed a task in which they could aggress against a person who rejected them using noise blasts . We found that dACC activation and executive functioning interacted to predict aggression. Specifically, participants with low executive functioning showed a positive association between dACC activation and aggression, whereas individuals with high executive functioning showed a negative association. Similar results were found for the left anterior insula. These findings suggest that social pain can increase or decrease aggression, depending on an individual's regulatory capability.

  6. Cognitive insight in psychosis: the relationship between self-certainty and self-reflection dimensions and neuropsychological measures.

    PubMed

    Cooke, Michael A; Peters, Emmanuelle R; Fannon, Dominic; Aasen, Ingrid; Kuipers, Elizabeth; Kumari, Veena

    2010-07-30

    Cognitive insight in schizophrenia encompasses the evaluation and reinterpretation of distorted beliefs and appraisals. We investigated the neuropsychological basis of cognitive insight in psychosis. It was predicted that, like clinical insight, cognitive insight would be associated with a wide range of neuropsychological functions, but would be most strongly associated with measures of executive function. Sixty-five outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were assessed on tests of intelligence quotient (IQ), executive function, verbal fluency, attention and memory, and completed the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale, which includes two subscales, self-certainty and self-reflection. Higher self-certainty scores reflect greater certainty about being right and more resistant to correction (poor insight), while higher self-reflection scores indicate the expression of introspection and the willingness to acknowledge fallibility (good insight). The self-certainty dimension of poor cognitive insight was significantly associated with lower scores on the Behavioural Assessment of Dysexecutive Syndrome; this relationship was not mediated by IQ. There were no relationships between self-reflection and any neuropsychological measures. We conclude that greater self-certainty (poor cognitive insight) is modestly associated with poorer executive function in psychotic individuals; self-reflection has no association with executive function. The self-certainty and self-reflection dimensions of cognitive insight have differential correlates, and probably different mechanisms, in psychosis. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  7. 77 FR 29718 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BOX Options Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-18

    ... (``PIP'') from one second to one hundred milliseconds. The PIP allows BOX Options Participants to... the BOX Book at the NBBO for a period of one second. If the order is not executed during the one... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-66982; File No. SR-BOX-2012-001] Self...

  8. Associations between respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reactivity and effortful control in preschool-age children.

    PubMed

    Sulik, Michael J; Eisenberg, Nancy; Spinrad, Tracy L; Silva, Kassondra M

    2015-07-01

    We tested whether respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reactivity in response to each of three self-regulation tasks (bird and dragon; knock-tap; and gift wrap) would predict self-regulation performance in a sample of 101 preschool-age children (M age = 4.49, SD = .64). While controlling for baseline RSA, decreases in RSA from bird and dragon to knock-tap (but not from baseline to bird and dragon) predicted a latent variable measuring self-regulation. Furthermore, increases in RSA from the knock-tap to gift wrap-the only task involving delay of gratification-were related to concurrent task performance while controlling for the relation between RSA reactivity and the latent self-regulation variable. Results suggest that the relations between RSA reactivity and self-regulatory ability are influenced by task-specific demands and possibly by task order. Furthermore, RSA reactivity appears to relate differently to performance on motivationally salient self-regulation tasks such as delay of gratification relative to cool executive function tasks. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  9. Cognitive reserve and self-efficacy as moderators of the relationship between stress exposure and executive functioning among spousal dementia caregivers.

    PubMed

    Pertl, M M; Hannigan, C; Brennan, S; Robertson, I H; Lawlor, B A

    2017-04-01

    A substantial literature has reported that stress negatively impacts on cognitive processes. As dementia caregiving can be stressful, it has been hypothesized that the challenges of dementia care may increase caregivers' own vulnerability to cognitive decline. Prefrontal processes are thought to be most vulnerable to stress; however, few studies have examined whether greater caregiver stress predicts poorer executive dysfunction, and no previous research has considered potential moderators of this relationship. We examined (1) whether greater psychological stress mediated a relationship between caregiver stress exposure and executive functioning and (2) whether greater self-efficacy and cognitive reserve (CR) moderated this relationship. Spousal dementia caregivers (n = 253) completed the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (stress exposure), the Perceived Stress Scale, the National Adult Reading Test (CR), the Fortinsky dementia-specific caregiver self-efficacy scale, and the Color Trails Test (executive functioning). Moderated mediation was tested using the PROCESS macro. Age, gender, and dementia risk factors were included as covariates. Greater stress exposure indirectly predicted executive functioning through psychological stress. Stronger relationships between greater psychological stress and poorer executive functioning were observed among caregivers with lower CR; there was no evidence that self-efficacy moderated the relationship between stress exposure and psychological stress. Our findings are in line with the idea that greater psychological stress in response to challenges associated with dementia care predicts poorer caregiver executive functioning, particularly among caregivers with low CR. However, these findings are cross sectional; it is also possible that poorer executive functioning contributes to greater caregiver stress.

  10. 75 FR 80872 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-12-23

    ... which it handles and executes odd lot and mixed lot orders.\\3\\ If CBSX is not displaying the NBBO and... mixed lot orders will be handled and executed in a more consistent manner with round lot orders. \\3\\ A... lot'' order is an order for a quantity that is less than 100. A ``mixed lot'' order is an order for a...

  11. 75 FR 54928 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-09-09

    ... (``LOC'') orders executed in the NYSE Closing Auction. For stocks with a per share stock price of $1.00... stocks with a per share stock price less than $1.00 per share, the fee will change from (A) the lesser of... LOC orders executed in the NYSE Closing Auction. For stocks with a per share stock price of $1.00 or...

  12. 78 FR 9756 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; National Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-11

    ... Permit (``ETP'') Holders \\3\\ for Double Play Orders \\4\\ that are executed at or above $1.00 on an away... at or above $1.00 on an away Trading Center. Clarifying Change Under Section I of the Fee Schedule... executed at or above $1.00 on an away Trading Center. The Double Play Order is a market or limit order that...

  13. 75 FR 50019 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGX Exchange, Inc.; Order Approving Proposed Rule Change to Amend...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

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    ... was subject to significant competitive pressure to act equitably, fairly, and reasonably in setting the physical port fees, in light of the highly competitive nature of the market for execution and...

  14. 77 FR 40683 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-10

    ... evolution of the equities markets away from manual executions and manual enforcement of rules toward an... Exchange's current market structure and to reflect rapidly changing market technology and the development...

  15. Goal Management Training improves everyday executive functioning for persons with spina bifida: self-and informant reports six months post-training.

    PubMed

    Stubberud, Jan; Langenbahn, Donna; Levine, Brian; Stanghelle, Johan; Schanke, Anne-Kristine

    2014-01-01

    Executive dysfunction accounts for significant disability for many patients with spina bifida (SB), thus indicating the need for effective interventions aimed at improving executive functioning in this population. Goal Management Training™ (GMT) is a cognitive rehabilitation approach that targets disorganised behaviour resulting from executive dysfunction, and has received empirical support in studies of other patient groups. The purpose of this study was to determine if GMT would lead to perceived improved executive functioning in the daily lives of patients with SB, as evidenced by reduced report of dysexecutive problems in daily life on self- and informant questionnaires. Thirty-eight adults with SB were included in this randomised controlled trial (RCT). Inclusion was based upon the presence of executive functioning complaints. Experimental subjects (n = 24) received 21 hours of GMT, with efficacy of GMT being compared to results of subjects in a wait-list condition (n = 14). All subjects were assessed at baseline, post-intervention, and at six-month follow-up. Self-report measures indicated that the GMT group's everyday executive functioning improved significantly after training, lasting at least 6 months post-treatment. There were no significant effects on informant-report questionnaires. Overall, these findings indicate that executive difficulties in everyday life can be ameliorated for individuals with congenital brain dysfunction.

  16. Individual Differences and Day-to-Day Fluctuations in Perceived Self-Regulation Associated With Daily Adherence in Late Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes

    PubMed Central

    Wiebe, Deborah J.; Suchy, Yana; Hughes, Amy E.; Anderson, Jessica H.; Godbey, Elida I.; Butner, Jonathan; Tucker, Christy; Franchow, Emilie I.; Pihlaskari, Andrea K.; King, Pamela S.; Murray, Mary A.; White, Perrin C.

    2014-01-01

    Objective To examine whether individual differences and intraindividual (within-person day-to-day) fluctuations in late adolescents’ self-regulation were associated with daily adherence to the type 1 diabetes regimen. Methods 110 school seniors (M age = 17.78 years) and their mothers assessed adolescents’ skills underlying self-regulation (executive function, attention, self-control, behavioral inhibition and activation, emotion regulation) and adherence, with glycosylated hemoglobin from medical records. Teens completed daily diaries reporting self-regulation failures surrounding monitoring blood glucose, adherence, and number of blood glucose checks each day for 14 days. Results Hierarchical Linear Models indicated that better daily adherence was associated with teen and mother reports of better self-regulation skills and teens’ reports of fewer daily self-regulation failures. Daily adherence was unrelated to temperamental differences in behavioral inhibition and activation. Conclusions Results indicate that both individual and intraindividual differences in self-regulation contribute to daily adherence highlighting the importance of daily self-regulatory challenges to adherence. PMID:25064802

  17. Influence of the SLC6A3-DAT1 Gene on Multifaceted Measures of Self-regulation in Preschool Children

    PubMed Central

    Cómbita, Lina M.; Voelker, Pascale; Abundis-Gutiérrez, Alicia; Pozuelos, Joan P.; Rueda, M. Rosario

    2017-01-01

    Development of self-regulation, the capacity to voluntarily modulate thoughts, emotions and actions is strongly related to the maturation of the dopamine-mediated executive attention network (EAN). The attention control processes associated with the EAN greatly overlap with efficiency of the executive functions and are correlated with measures of effortful control. Regulation of dopamine levels within the EAN, particularly in the basal ganglia is carried out by the action of dopamine transporters. In humans, the SLC6A3/DAT1 gene carries out the synthesis of the DAT protein. The 10-repeat allele has been associated with an enhanced expression of the gene and has been related to ADHD symptoms. Little is known about the impact of DAT1 variations on children's capacity to self-regulate in contexts that impose particular demands of regulatory control such as the school or home. This study defines a multi-domain phenotype of self-regulation and examines whether variations of the DAT1 gene accounts for individual differences in performance in 4–5 year old children. Results show that presence of the 10r allele is related to a diminished ability to exert voluntary regulation of reactivity. These findings shed light on the neurobiological mechanisms underlying individual differences in self-regulation during childhood. PMID:28154545

  18. 78 FR 75657 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-12

    ... facility for executing and routing standardized equity and index options, to amend Routing Fees. While... other persons using any facility or system which NASDAQ operates or controls, and is not designed to...

  19. 75 FR 50020 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGA Exchange, Inc.; Order Approving Proposed Rule Change To Amend...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-16

    ... significant competitive pressure to act equitably, fairly, and reasonably in setting the physical port fees, in light of the highly competitive nature of the market for execution and routing services.\\11\\ \\11...

  20. 75 FR 1667 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-01-12

    ... recovering the costs of the license. However, because of competitive pressures in the industry, the Exchange... transactions is $0.45 per contract.\\6\\ For competitive reasons, the Exchange does not charge an execution fee...

  1. 77 FR 43636 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-25

    ... trade execution services are an example of `joint products' with `joint costs.'''), attachment at pg. 4... economic theory. See, e.g., F. W. Taussig, ``A Contribution to the Theory of Railway Rates,'' Quarterly...

  2. Training in Goal-Oriented Attentional Self-Regulation Improves Executive Functioning in Veterans with Chronic TBI.

    PubMed

    Novakovic-Agopian, Tatjana; Kornblith, Erica S; Abrams, Gary; Burciaga-Rosales, Joaquin; Loya, Fred; D'Esposito, Mark; Chen, Anthony J-W

    2018-05-02

    Deficits in executive control functions are some of the most common and disabling consequences of both military and civilian brain injury. However, effective interventions are scant. The goal of this study was to assess whether cognitive rehabilitation training that was successfully applied in chronic civilian brain injury would be effective for military Veterans with TBI. In a prior study, participants with chronic acquired brain injury significantly improved after training in goal-oriented attentional self-regulation (GOALS) on measures of attention/executive function, functional task performance, and goal-directed control over neural processing on fMRI. The objective of this study was to assess effects of GOALS training in Veterans with chronic TBI. 33 Veterans with chronic TBI and executive difficulties in their daily life completed either five weeks of manualized Goal-Oriented Attentional Self-Regulation (GOALS) training or Brain-Health Education (BHE) matched in time and intensity. Evaluator-blinded assessments at baseline and post training included neuropsychological and complex functional task performance and self-report measures of emotional regulation. After GOALS, but not BHE training, participants significantly improved from baseline on primary outcome measures of: Overall Complex Attention/Executive Function composite neuropsychological performance score [F = 7.10, p =.01; partial 2 = .19], and on overall complex functional task performance (Goal Processing Scale Overall Performance) [F=6.92, p=.01, partial 2 =.20]. Additionally, post-GOALS participants indicated significant improvement on emotional regulation self-report measures [POMS Confusion Score F=6.05, p=.02, partial2=.20]. Training in attentional self-regulation applied to participant defined goals may improve cognitive functioning in Veterans with chronic TBI. Attention regulation training may not only impact executive control functioning in real world complex tasks, but may also improve emotional regulation and functioning. Implications for treatment of Veterans with TBI are discussed.

  3. The Association between Infants' Self-Regulatory Behavior and MAOA Gene Polymorphism

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Zhang, Minghao; Chen, Xinyin; Way, Niobe; Yoshikawa, Hirokazu; Deng, Huihua; Ke, Xiaoyan; Yu, Weiwei; Chen, Ping; He, Chuan; Chi, Xia; Lu, Zuhong

    2011-01-01

    Self-regulatory behavior in early childhood is an important characteristic that has considerable implications for the development of adaptive and maladaptive functioning. The present study investigated the relations between a functional polymorphism in the upstream region of monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA) and self-regulatory behavior in a sample…

  4. The interactive effect of social pain and executive functioning on aggression: an fMRI experiment

    PubMed Central

    Eisenberger, Naomi I.; Pond, Richard S.; Richman, Stephanie B.; Bushman, Brad J.; DeWall, C. Nathan

    2014-01-01

    Social rejection often increases aggression, but the neural mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear. This experiment tested whether neural activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and anterior insula in response to social rejection predicted greater subsequent aggression. Additionally, it tested whether executive functioning moderated this relationship. Participants completed a behavioral measure of executive functioning, experienced social rejection while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging and then completed a task in which they could aggress against a person who rejected them using noise blasts . We found that dACC activation and executive functioning interacted to predict aggression. Specifically, participants with low executive functioning showed a positive association between dACC activation and aggression, whereas individuals with high executive functioning showed a negative association. Similar results were found for the left anterior insula. These findings suggest that social pain can increase or decrease aggression, depending on an individual’s regulatory capability. PMID:23482622

  5. 77 FR 57175 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-09-17

    ... routing and executing certain orders in equity options to NOM, specifically, options on Facebook, Inc... Reference Room, 100 F Street NE., Washington, DC 20549, on official business days between the hours of 10:00...

  6. What Would Batman Do? Self-Distancing Improves Executive Function in Young Children

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    White, Rachel E.; Carlson, Stephanie M.

    2016-01-01

    This experimental research assessed the influence of graded levels of self-distancing--psychological distancing from one's egocentric perspective--on executive function (EF) in young children. Three- (n = 48) and 5-year-old (n = 48) children were randomly assigned to one of four manipulations of distance from the self (from proximal to distal:…

  7. Preschoolers' Cognitive and Emotional Self-Regulation in Pretend Play: Relations with Executive Functions and Quality of Play

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Slot, Pauline Louise; Mulder, Hanna; Verhagen, Josje; Leseman, Paul P. M.

    2017-01-01

    The preschool period is marked by rapid growth of children's self-regulation and related executive functions. Self-regulation is considered an important aspect of school readiness and is related to academic and social--emotional outcomes in childhood. Pretend play, as part of the early childhood curriculum, is hypothesized to support…

  8. Components of executive functioning in metamemory.

    PubMed

    Mäntylä, Timo; Rönnlund, Michael; Kliegel, Matthias

    2010-10-01

    This study examined metamemory in relation to three basic executive functions (set shifting, working memory updating, and response inhibition) measured as latent variables. Young adults (Experiment 1) and middle-aged adults (Experiment 2) completed a set of executive functioning tasks and the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ). In Experiment 1, source recall and face recognition tasks were included as indicators of objective memory performance. In both experiments, analyses of the executive functioning data yielded a two-factor solution, with the updating and inhibition tasks constituting a common factor and the shifting tasks a separate factor. Self-reported memory problems showed low predictive validity, but subjective and objective memory performance were related to different components of executive functioning. In both experiments, set shifting, but not updating and inhibition, was related to PRMQ, whereas source recall showed the opposite pattern of correlations in Experiment 1. These findings suggest that metamemorial judgments reflect selective effects of executive functioning and that individual differences in mental flexibility contribute to self-beliefs of efficacy.

  9. In Search of a Human Self-Regulation System

    PubMed Central

    Kelley, William M.; Wagner, Dylan D.; Heatherton, Todd F.

    2015-01-01

    The capacity for self-regulation allows people to control their thoughts, behaviors, emotions, and desires. In spite of this impressive ability, failures of self-regulation are common and contribute to numerous societal problems, from obesity to drug addiction. Such failures frequently occur following exposure to highly tempting cues, during negative moods, or after self-regulatory resources have been depleted. Here we review the available neuroscientific evidence regarding self-regulation and its failures. At its core, self-regulation involves a critical balance between the strength of an impulse and an individual’s ability to inhibit the desired behavior. Although neuroimaging and patient studies provide consistent evidence regarding the reward aspects of impulses and desires, the neural mechanisms that underlie the capacity for control have eluded consensus, with various executive control regions implicated in different studies. We outline the necessary properties for a self-regulation control system and suggest that the use of resting-state functional connectivity analyses may be useful for understanding how people regulate their behavior and why they sometimes fail in their attempts. PMID:25938728

  10. How does mindfulness modulate self-regulation in pre-adolescent children? An integrative neurocognitive review.

    PubMed

    Kaunhoven, Rebekah Jane; Dorjee, Dusana

    2017-03-01

    Pre-adolescence is a key developmental period in which complex intrinsic volitional methods of self-regulation are acquired as a result of rapid maturation within the brain networks underlying the self-regulatory processes of attention control and emotion regulation. Fostering adaptive self-regulation skills during this stage of development has strong implications for physical health, emotional and socio-economic outcomes during adulthood. There is a growing interest in mindfulness-based programmes for pre-adolescents with initial findings suggesting self-regulation improvements, however, neurodevelopmental studies on mindfulness with pre-adolescents are scarce. This analytical review outlines an integrative neuro-developmental approach, which combines self-report and behavioural assessments with event related brain potentials (ERPs) to provide a systemic multilevel understanding of the neurocognitive mechanisms of mindfulness in pre-adolescence. We specifically focus on the N2, error related negativity (ERN), error positivity (Pe), P3a, P3b and late positive potential (LPP) ERP components as indexes of mindfulness related modulations in non-volitional bottom-up self-regulatory processes (salience detection, stimulus driven orienting and mind wandering) and volitional top-down self-regulatory processes (endogenous orienting and executive attention). Crown Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  11. Rehabilitation of executive functioning with training in attention regulation applied to individually defined goals: a pilot study bridging theory, assessment, and treatment.

    PubMed

    Novakovic-Agopian, Tatjana; Chen, Anthony J-W; Rome, Scott; Abrams, Gary; Castelli, Holli; Rossi, Annemarie; McKim, Ryan; Hills, Nancy; D'Esposito, Mark

    2011-01-01

    To assess feasibility and effects of training in goal-oriented attentional self-regulation for patients with brain injury and chronic executive dysfunction. Sixteen individuals with chronic brain injury and mild to moderate executive dysfunction. Participants were divided into 2 groups: one group completed goal-oriented attentional self-regulation training during the first 5 weeks, followed by a brief (2-hour) educational instruction session as a control midway through the second 5 weeks; the other group participated in reverse order. Neuropsychological and functional performance assessed at baseline and at weeks 5 and 10. Participants found training in goal-oriented attentional self-regulation engaging, incorporated some trained strategies into daily life, and reported subjective improvements in personal functioning. At week 5, participants who completed goals training significantly improved on tests of attention and executive function and had fewer functional task failures, while performance did not change after educational instruction. At week 10, participants who crossed over from educational instruction to goals training also significantly improved on attention and executive function tests. Participants who crossed from goals training to educational instruction maintained their week 5 gains. Training in goal-oriented attentional self-regulation is theoretically driven and feasible in a research setting. Pilot results suggest improvements in cognitive and functional domains targeted by the intervention.

  12. Questionnaire of Executive Function for Dancers: An Ecological Approach

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wong, Alina; Rodriguez, Mabel; Quevedo, Liliana; de Cossio, Lourdes Fernandez; Borges, Ariel; Reyes, Alicia; Corral, Roberto; Blanco, Florentino; Alvarez, Miguel

    2012-01-01

    There is a current debate about the ecological validity of executive function (EF) tests. Consistent with the verisimilitude approach, this research proposes the Ballet Executive Scale (BES), a self-rating questionnaire that assimilates idiosyncratic executive behaviors of classical dance community. The BES was administrated to 149 adolescents,…

  13. Developing Self-Directed Executive Functioning: Recent Findings and Future Directions

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Barker, Jane E.; Munakata, Yuko

    2015-01-01

    How do children become increasingly self-directed across development, achieving their goals without help from others? How might such developments be impacted by societal changes in how children spend their time? Children's abilities to achieve their goals are supported by developing executive functions (EFs), cognitive processes that predict…

  14. 76 FR 33284 - Agency Information Collection Activities, Proposed Collection Renewals; Comment Request

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-06-08

    ...: Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, New Executive Office... insured depository institution to continue functioning on the day following failure; support the FDIC's... Deposit Insurance Corporation. Valerie J. Best, Assistant Executive Secretary. [FR Doc. 2011-14099 Filed 6...

  15. Boys have caught up, family influences still continue: Influences on executive functioning and behavioral self-regulation in elementary students in Germany.

    PubMed

    Gunzenhauser, Catherine; Saalbach, Henrik; von Suchodoletz, Antje

    2017-03-01

    The development of self-regulation is influenced by various child-level and family-level characteristics. Previous research focusing on the preschool period has reported a female advantage in self-regulation and negative effects of various adverse features of the family environment on self-regulation. The present study aimed to investigate growth in self-regulation (i.e., executive functioning and behavioral self-regulation) over 1 school year during early elementary school and to explore the influences of child sex, the level of home chaos, and family educational resources on self-regulation. Participants were 263 German children (51% boys; mean age 8.59 years, SD = 0.56 years). Data were collected during the fall and spring of the school year. A computer-based standardized test battery was used to assess executive functioning. Caregiver ratings assessed children's behavioral self-regulation and information on the family's home environment (chaotic home environment and educational resources). Results suggest growth in elementary school children's executive functioning over the course of the school year. However, there were no significant changes in children's behavioral self-regulation between the beginning and the end of Grade 3. Sex differences in executive functioning and behavioral self-regulation were found, suggesting an advantage for boys. Educational resources in the family but not chaotic family environment were significantly related to self-regulation at both time-points. Children from families with more educational resources scored higher on self-regulation measures compared to their counterparts from less advantaged families. We did not find evidence for child-level or family-level characteristics predicting self-regulation growth over time. Findings suggest that the male disadvantage in self-regulation documented in previous studies might be specific to characteristics of the sample and the context in which the data were collected. Adequate self-regulation skills should be fostered in both girls and boys. Results also add to the importance of supporting self-regulation development in children from disadvantaged family backgrounds early in life. © 2017 The Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.

  16. 18 CFR 376.207 - Personnel and fiscal functions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... functions. 376.207 Section 376.207 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY REVISED GENERAL RULES ORGANIZATION, MISSION, AND FUNCTIONS; OPERATIONS... fiscal functions. Subject to modifications or revocation by authority of the Executive Director, during...

  17. 78 FR 63530 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Order Granting Approval to Proposed...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-10-24

    ... Bertsch, President and CEO, Society of Corporate Secretaries & Governance Professionals, dated March 7... March 14, 2013 (``Harrington Letter''); James McRitchie, Shareowner, Corporate Governance, dated March... March 15, 2013 (``Sharegate Letter''); Laura Berry, Executive Director, Interfaith Center on Corporate...

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  19. 76 FR 16844 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

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    2011-03-25

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  20. 75 FR 44042 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-07-27

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  1. Preliminary Evidence for Reduced Post-Error Reaction Time Slowing in Hyperactive/Inattentive Preschool Children

    PubMed Central

    Berwid, Olga G.; Halperin, Jeffrey M.; Johnson, Ray E.; Marks, David J.

    2013-01-01

    Background Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder has been associated with deficits in self-regulatory cognitive processes, some of which are thought to lie at the heart of the disorder. Slowing of reaction times (RTs) for correct responses following errors made during decision tasks has been interpreted as an indication of intact self-regulatory functioning and has been shown to be attenuated in school-aged children with ADHD. This study attempted to examine whether ADHD symptoms are associated with an early-emerging deficit in post-error slowing. Method A computerized two-choice RT task was administered to an ethnically diverse sample of preschool-aged children classified as either ‘control’ (n = 120) or ‘hyperactive/inattentive’ (HI; n = 148) using parent- and teacher-rated ADHD symptoms. Analyses were conducted to determine whether HI preschoolers exhibit a deficit in this self-regulatory ability. Results HI children exhibited reduced post-error slowing relative to controls on the trials selected for analysis. Supplementary analyses indicated that this may have been due to a reduced proportion of trials following errors on which HI children slowed rather than to a reduction in the absolute magnitude of slowing on all trials following errors. Conclusions High levels of ADHD symptoms in preschoolers may be associated with a deficit in error processing as indicated by post-error slowing. The results of supplementary analyses suggest that this deficit is perhaps more a result of failures to perceive errors than of difficulties with executive control. PMID:23387525

  2. Self-Regulation, Executive Function, Working Memory, and Academic Achievement of Female High School Students

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Halloran, Roberta Kathryn

    2011-01-01

    Self-regulation, executive function and working memory are areas of cognitive processing that have been studied extensively. Although many studies have examined the constructs, there is limited empirical support suggesting a formal link between the three cognitive processes and their prediction of academic achievement. Thus, the present study…

  3. Inhibitory Control of Spanish-Speaking Language-Minority Preschool Children: Measurement and Association with Language, Literacy, and Math Skills

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Lonigan, Christopher J.; Allan, Darcey M.; Goodrich, J. Marc; Farrington, Amber L.; Phillips, Beth M.

    2017-01-01

    Children's self-regulation, including components of executive function such as inhibitory control, is related concurrently and longitudinally with elementary school children's reading and math abilities. Although several recent studies have examined links between preschool children's self-regulation or executive function and their academic skill…

  4. Executive Function, Self-Regulated Learning, and Reading Comprehension: A Training Study

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cirino, Paul T.; Miciak, Jeremy; Gerst, Elyssa; Barnes, Marcia A.; Vaughn, Sharon; Child, Amanda; Huston-Warren, Emily

    2017-01-01

    The goal of this study was to evaluate the extent to which training that emphasizes the process of executive function (EF) and self-regulated learning (SRL) would result in increased reading comprehension; we also evaluated interrelationships of EF, SRL, and reading. We report an experiment (N = 75 fourth graders) that contrasted two…

  5. The Role of Mentoring in Fostering Executive Function, Effort, and Academic Self-Concept

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Meltzer, Lynn; Basho, Surina; Reddy, Ranjini; Kurkul, Katelyn

    2015-01-01

    This exploratory study examined the impact of an in-school intervention program that blends peer mentoring with executive function strategy instruction for at-risk learners. More specifically, the study focused on evaluating the effects of the SMARTS Executive Function and Mentoring intervention on students' strategy use, effort, academic…

  6. Discordance between Psychometric Testing and Questionnaire-Based Definitions of Executive Function Deficits in Individuals with ADHD

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Biederman, Joseph; Petty, Carter R.; Fried, Ronna; Black, Sarah; Faneuil, Alicia; Doyle, Alysa E.; Seidman, Larry J.; Faraone, Stephen V.

    2008-01-01

    Objective: One suspected source of negative outcomes associated with ADHD has been deficits in executive functions. Although both psychometrically defined and self-reported executive function deficits (EFDs) have been shown to be associated with poor academic and occupational outcomes, whether these two approaches define the same individuals…

  7. Implementation intentions for physical activity behavior in older adult women: an examination of executive function as a moderator of treatment effects.

    PubMed

    Hall, Peter A; Zehr, Christopher; Paulitzki, Jeffrey; Rhodes, Ryan

    2014-08-01

    Implementation intentions are effective for enhancing physical activity, but it is unknown how well these effects extend to older adults and/or are modified by cognitive variables. Our objective is to examine (1) the efficacy of an implementation intentions intervention for physical activity in older adult women and (2) to examine the moderating effects of executive function. Participants (N = 75, M age = 73.72) completed measures of executive function and were randomly assigned to weekly implementation intentions for physical activity (experimental condition), implementation intentions for an unrelated behavior (control condition), or no treatment. Baseline activity was measured by accelerometer and self-report; follow-up activity was measured by weekly self-report. Findings indicated a significant treatment effect for the experimental condition and a treatment by executive function interaction. Specifically, participants with relatively stronger executive function benefited most from the experimental intervention. Implementation intentions are effective for enhancing physical activity among older adult women, and the effects may be especially pronounced for those with relatively stronger executive function.

  8. 77 FR 34434 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-11

    ... introducing broker proprietary accounts along with key personnel to Apex Clearing (the ``Transferring Accounts... Member, will provide the clearing and execution services currently provided to the Transferring Accounts... the Transferring Accounts, Apex Clearing has requested that the Exchange temporarily suspend its new...

  9. 77 FR 69673 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

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    ... Organizations; Chicago Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule... costs and burdens associated with handling and recording orders that were rarely executed. \\5\\ The... actually exacerbated the operational costs which the Exchange sought to avoid by creating the order...

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    ... executive officer of such limited liability company, or (4) a general partner in an OTP Firm partnership...). \\7\\ ``OTP Firm'' means a sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, limited liability company, or... Firms. \\13\\ An ``ETP Holder'' is a sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, limited liability...

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    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-21

    ... information barriers, that operate to prevent one trading unit from obtaining knowledge of customer orders... respect to customer orders involving securities for which there is limited pricing information or... Change Relating to Trading Ahead of Customer Orders and Best Execution and Interpositioning Requirements...

  12. 75 FR 30095 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-05-28

    ... Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed... on May 5, 2010, the International Securities Exchange, LLC (the ``Exchange'' or the ``ISE'') filed.... Specifically, the Exchange proposes to adopt a $0.18 per contract execution fee for ``professional customers...

  13. 75 FR 78296 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-12-15

    .... See PSX Rule 3301(h)(4). vi. PSX Rule 3301(h)(8) to reflect that ``good-til-market close'' \\6\\ orders must be available for entry and potential execution from 8 a.m. ET instead of 9 a.m. ET. \\6\\ ``Good-til...

  14. 77 FR 19042 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-03-29

    ... investments, trading practices and display execution and trading systems. While the examination is primarily... concepts relating to customers.\\5\\ \\5\\ Proprietary trading firms don not have customers. The qualification... Trading Systems, 13 questions. Representatives from the applicable markets intend to meet on a periodic...

  15. 75 FR 36147 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Order Approving...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-24

    ..., as Modified by Amendment No. 1 Thereto, Related to the Hybrid Matching Algorithms June 17, 2010. On... Hybrid System. Each rule currently provides allocation algorithms the Exchange can utilize when executing incoming electronic orders, including the Ultimate Matching Algorithm (``UMA''), and price-time and pro...

  16. Naturally occurring circadian rhythm and sleep duration are related to executive functions in early adulthood.

    PubMed

    Kuula, Liisa; Pesonen, Anu-Katriina; Heinonen, Kati; Kajantie, Eero; Eriksson, Johan Gunnar; Andersson, Sture; Lano, Aulikki; Lahti, Jari; Wolke, Dieter; Räikkönen, Katri

    2018-02-01

    Experimental sleep deprivation studies suggest that insufficient sleep and circadian misalignment associates with poorer executive function. It is not known whether this association translates to naturally occurring sleep patterns. A total of 512 of full-term-born members of the Arvo Ylppö Longitudinal Study [mean age = 25.3, standard deviation (SD) = 0.65] (44.3% men) wore actigraphs to define sleep duration, its irregularity and circadian rhythm (sleep mid-point) during a 1-week period (mean 6.9 nights, SD = 1.7). Performance-based executive function was assessed with the Trail-Making Test, Conners' Continuous Performance Test and Stroop. The self-rated adult version of Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function was used to assess trait-like executive function. We found that performance-based and self-reported trait-like executive function correlated only modestly (all correlations ≤0.17). Shorter sleep duration associated with more commission errors. Later circadian rhythm associated with poorer trait-like executive function, as indicated by the Brief Metacognitive Index and the Behavior Regulation Index. Those belonging to the group with the most irregular sleep duration performed slower than others in the Trail-Making Test Part A. All associations were adjusted for sex, age, socioeconomic status and body mass index. In conclusion, naturally occurring insufficient sleep and later circadian rhythm showed modest associations with poorer executive function. Shorter habitual sleep duration was associated with lower scores of performance-based tests of executive function, and later circadian rhythm was associated mainly with poorer trait-like executive function characteristics. Our findings suggest additionally that sleep duration and circadian rhythm associate with different domains of executive function, and there are no additive effects between the two. © 2017 European Sleep Research Society.

  17. Cortisol reactivity is positively related to executive function in preschool children attending head start.

    PubMed

    Blair, Clancy; Granger, Douglas; Peters Razza, Rachel

    2005-01-01

    This study examined relations among cortisol reactivity and measures of cognitive function and social behavior in 4- to 5-year-old children (N = 169) attending Head Start. Saliva samples for the assay of cortisol were collected at the beginning, middle, and end of an approximately 45-min testing session. Moderate increase in cortisol followed by down-regulation of this increase was positively associated with measures of executive function, self-regulation, and letter knowledge but not with measures of receptive vocabulary, emotion knowledge, or false belief understanding. Regression analysis indicates that executive function accounted for the association between cortisol reactivity and self-regulation and letter knowledge.

  18. An Early Years Toolbox for Assessing Early Executive Function, Language, Self-Regulation, and Social Development: Validity, Reliability, and Preliminary Norms

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Howard, Steven J.; Melhuish, Edward

    2017-01-01

    Several methods of assessing executive function (EF), self-regulation, language development, and social development in young children have been developed over previous decades. Yet new technologies make available methods of assessment not previously considered. In resolving conceptual and pragmatic limitations of existing tools, the Early Years…

  19. Behavioral Self-Regulation and Executive Function Both Predict Visuomotor Skills and Early Academic Achievement

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Becker, Derek R.; Miao, Alicia; Duncan, Robert; McClelland, Megan M.

    2014-01-01

    The present study explored direct and interactive effects between behavioral self-regulation (SR) and two measures of executive function (EF, inhibitory control and working memory), with a fine motor measure tapping visuomotor skills (VMS) in a sample of 127 prekindergarten and kindergarten children. It also examined the relative contribution of…

  20. Pathogenesis and spectrum of autoimmunity.

    PubMed

    Perl, Andras

    2012-01-01

    The immune system specifically recognizes and eliminates foreign antigens and, thus, protects integrity of the host. During maturation of the immune system, tolerance mechanisms develop that prevent or inhibit potentially harmful reactivities to self-antigens. Autoreactive B and T cells that are generated during immune responses are eliminated by apoptosis in the thymus, lymph nodes, or peripheral circulation or actively suppressed by regulatory T cells. However, autoreactive cells may survive due to failure of apoptosis or molecular mimicry, i.e., presentation and recognition of cryptic epitopes of self-antigens, or aberrant lymphokine production. Preservation of the host requires the development of immune responses to foreign antigen and tolerance to self-antigens. Autoimmunity results from a breakdown of tolerance to self-antigens through an interplay of genetic and environmental factors.One of the basic functions of the immune system is to specifically recognize and eliminate foreign antigens and, thus, protect integrity of the host. Through rearrangements and somatic mutations of various gene segments encoding T and B cell receptors and antibody molecules, the immune system acquires tremendous diversity. During maturation of the immune system, recognition of self-antigens plays an important role in shaping the repertoires of immune receptors. Tolerance mechanisms develop that prevent or inhibit potentially harmful reactivities to self-antigens. These self-defense mechanisms are mediated on the levels of central and peripheral tolerance, i.e., autoreactive T cells are either eliminated by apoptosis in the thymus, lymph nodes, or peripheral circulation or actively suppressed by regulatory T cells. Likewise, autoreactive B cells are eliminated in the bone marrow or peripheral lymphoid organs. However, immune responses triggered by foreign antigens may be sustained by molecular mimicry, i.e., presentation and recognition of cryptic epitopes of self-antigens. Further downstream, execution of immune responses depends on the functioning of intracellular signaling networks and the cooperation of many cell types communicating via surface receptors, cytokines, chemokines, and antibody molecules. Therefore, autoimmunity represents the end result of the breakdown of one or multiple basic mechanisms of immune tolerance (Table 1).

  1. Test Review: J. A. Naglieri & S. Goldstein "Comprehensive Executive Function Inventory." Toronto, Ontario, Canada: MHS, 2013

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Climie, Emma A.; Cadogan, Sarah; Goukon, Rina

    2014-01-01

    The "Comprehensive Executive Function Inventory" (CEFI; Naglieri & Goldstein, 2013), published by Multi-Health Systems Inc. (MHS), is a new executive function (EF) rating scale for children and youth ages 5 to 18 years. The CEFI strives to accurately assess EF abilities based on self, parent, and teacher reports, and provides…

  2. Self-Regulation and Inhibition in Comorbid ADHD Children: An Evaluation of Executive Functions

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sarkis, Stephanie Moulton; Sarkis, Elias H.; Marshall, David; Archer, James

    2005-01-01

    The relationship between executive function and comorbid diagnoses in ADHD children is examined. One hundred six children between 7 and 15 years of age are assessed using the Tower of London (TOL), a test of executive function, and the Kiddie Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, Present and Lifetime Version, a diagnostic interview.…

  3. Differential diagnosis of adults with ADHD: the role of executive function and self-regulation.

    PubMed

    Barkley, Russell A

    2010-07-01

    Adult ADHD is conceptualized as a disorder of age-inappropriate behavior that occurs because of maldevelopment of 2 related neuropsychological domains. The neuropsychological symptoms seen in adults with ADHD may be explained by deficits in executive function, which can be broadly defined as a set of neurocognitive processes that allow for the organization of behavior across time so as to attain future goals. Executive function is comprised of 2 broad domains: inhibition and metacognition. Inhibition encompasses the ability to inhibit motor, verbal, cognitive, and emotional activities. In turn, deficits in inhibition contribute to deficits in the development of 4 aspects of executive function in the domain of metacognition, which include nonverbal working memory, verbal working memory, planning and problem-solving, and emotional self-regulation. Understanding the ways in which deficits in executive function contribute to the symptoms of ADHD can help in differentiating ADHD from disorders that share similar characteristics. (c) Copyright 2010 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.

  4. Decline in cognitive function and risk of elder self-neglect: finding from the Chicago Health Aging Project.

    PubMed

    Dong, XinQi; Simon, Melissa A; Wilson, Robert S; Mendes de Leon, Carlos F; Rajan, K Bharat; Evans, Denis A

    2010-12-01

    To examine the longitudinal association between decline in cognitive function and risk of elder self-neglect in a community-dwelling population. Prospective population-based study. Geographically defined community in Chicago. Community-dwelling subjects reported to the social services agency from 1993 to 2005 for self-neglect who also participated in the Chicago Health Aging Project (CHAP). Of the 5,519 participants in CHAP, 1,017 were reported to social services agency for suspected elder self-neglect from 1993 to 2005. Social services agency identified reported elder self-neglect. The primary predictor was decline in cognitive function assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (Executive Function), and immediate and delayed recall of the East Boston Memory Test (Episodic Memory). An index of global cognitive function scores was derived by averaging z-scores of all tests. Outcome of interest was elder self-neglect. Logistic and linear regression models were used to assess these longitudinal associations. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, decline in global cognitive function, MMSE score, and episodic memory were not independently associated with greater risk of reported and confirmed elder self-neglect. Decline in executive function was associated with greater risk of reported and confirmed elder self-neglect. Decline in global cognitive function was associated with greater risk of greater self-neglect severity (parameter estimate=0.76, standard error=0.31, P=.01). Decline in executive function was associated with risk of reported and confirmed elder self-neglect. Decline in global cognitive function was associated with risk of greater self-neglect severity. © 2010, Copyright the Authors. Journal compilation © 2010, The American Geriatrics Society.

  5. Culture, executive function, and social understanding.

    PubMed

    Lewis, Charlie; Koyasu, Masuo; Oh, Seungmi; Ogawa, Ayako; Short, Benjamin; Huang, Zhao

    2009-01-01

    Much of the evidence from the West has shown links between children's developing self-control (executive function), their social experiences, and their social understanding (Carpendale & Lewis, 2006, chapters 5 and 6), across a range of cultures including China. This chapter describes four studies conducted in three Oriental cultures, suggesting that the relationships among social interaction, executive function, and social understanding are different in these cultures, implying that social and executive skills are underpinned by key cultural processes.

  6. Executive Function, Behavioral Self-Regulation, and School Related Well-Being Did Not Mediate the Effect of School-Based Physical Activity on Academic Performance in Numeracy in 10-Year-Old Children. The Active Smarter Kids (ASK) Study.

    PubMed

    Aadland, Katrine N; Aadland, Eivind; Andersen, John R; Lervåg, Arne; Moe, Vegard F; Resaland, Geir K; Ommundsen, Yngvar

    2018-01-01

    Inconsistent findings exist for the effect of school-based physical activity interventions on academic performance. The Active Smarter Kids (ASK) study revealed a favorable intervention effect of school-based physical activity on academic performance in numeracy in a subsample of 10-year-old elementary schoolchildren performing poorer at baseline in numeracy. Aiming to explain this finding, we investigated the mediating effects of executive function, behavioral self-regulation, and school related well-being in the relation between the physical activity intervention and child's performance in numeracy. An ANCOVA model with latent variable structural equation modeling was estimated using data from 360 children (the lower third in academic performance in numeracy at baseline). The model consisted of the three latent factors as mediators; executive function, behavioral self-regulation, and school related well-being. We found no mediating effects of executive function, behavioral self-regulation or school related well-being in the relationship between the ASK intervention and academic performance in numeracy ( p ≥ 0.256). Our results suggest that the effect of the intervention on performance in numeracy in the present sample is not explained by change in executive function, behavioral self-regulation, or school related well-being. We suggest this finding mainly could be explained by the lack of effect of the intervention on the mediators, which might be due to an insufficient dose of physical activity. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov registry, trial registration number: NCT02132494.

  7. Executive Function, Behavioral Self-Regulation, and School Related Well-Being Did Not Mediate the Effect of School-Based Physical Activity on Academic Performance in Numeracy in 10-Year-Old Children. The Active Smarter Kids (ASK) Study

    PubMed Central

    Aadland, Katrine N.; Aadland, Eivind; Andersen, John R.; Lervåg, Arne; Moe, Vegard F.; Resaland, Geir K.; Ommundsen, Yngvar

    2018-01-01

    Inconsistent findings exist for the effect of school-based physical activity interventions on academic performance. The Active Smarter Kids (ASK) study revealed a favorable intervention effect of school-based physical activity on academic performance in numeracy in a subsample of 10-year-old elementary schoolchildren performing poorer at baseline in numeracy. Aiming to explain this finding, we investigated the mediating effects of executive function, behavioral self-regulation, and school related well-being in the relation between the physical activity intervention and child’s performance in numeracy. An ANCOVA model with latent variable structural equation modeling was estimated using data from 360 children (the lower third in academic performance in numeracy at baseline). The model consisted of the three latent factors as mediators; executive function, behavioral self-regulation, and school related well-being. We found no mediating effects of executive function, behavioral self-regulation or school related well-being in the relationship between the ASK intervention and academic performance in numeracy (p ≥ 0.256). Our results suggest that the effect of the intervention on performance in numeracy in the present sample is not explained by change in executive function, behavioral self-regulation, or school related well-being. We suggest this finding mainly could be explained by the lack of effect of the intervention on the mediators, which might be due to an insufficient dose of physical activity. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov registry, trial registration number: NCT02132494. PMID:29541050

  8. Language Ability and Verbal and Nonverbal Executive Functioning in Deaf Students Communicating in Spoken English

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Remine, Maria D.; Care, Esther; Brown, P. Margaret

    2008-01-01

    The internal use of language during problem solving is considered to play a key role in executive functioning. This role provides a means for self-reflection and self-questioning during the formation of rules and plans and a capacity to control and monitor behavior during problem-solving activity. Given that increasingly sophisticated language is…

  9. Executive Function Skills of 6-8 Year Olds: Brain and Behavioral Evidence and Implications for School Achievement

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Molfese, Victoria J.; Molfese, Peter J.; Molfese, Dennis L.; Rudasill, Kathleen Moritz; Armstrong, Natalie; Starkey, Gillian

    2010-01-01

    Academic and social success in school has been linked to children's self-regulation. This study investigated the assessment of the executive function (EF) component of self-regulation using a low-cost, easily administered measure to determine whether scores obtained from the behavioral task would agree with those obtained using a laboratory-based…

  10. Family matters: Intergenerational and interpersonal processes of executive function and attentive behavior

    PubMed Central

    Deater-Deckard, Kirby

    2014-01-01

    Individual differences in self-regulation include executive function (EF) components that serve self-regulation of attentive behavior by modulating reactive responses to the environment. These factors “run in families”. The purpose of this review is to summarize a program of research that addresses familial inter-generational transmission and inter-personal processes in development. Self-regulation of attentive behavior involves inter-related aspects of executive function (EF) including attention, inhibitory control, and working memory. Individual differences in EF skills develop in systematic ways over childhood, resulting in moderately stable differences between people by early adolescence. Through complex gene-environment transactions, EF is transmitted across generations within parent-child relationships that provide powerful socialization and experiential contexts in which EF and related attentive behavior are forged and practiced. Families matter as parents regulate home environments and themselves as best they can while also supporting cognitive self-regulation of attentive behavior in their children. PMID:25197171

  11. 78 FR 28912 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-05-16

    ... Proposed Rule Change Relating to Penny Pilot Options and Non-Penny Pilot Options May 10, 2013. Pursuant to... ``Options Pricing,'' at Section 2 governing pricing for NASDAQ members using the NASDAQ Options Market (``NOM''), NASDAQ's facility for executing and routing standardized equity and index options...

  12. 77 FR 67421 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-11-09

    ... makes available to Trading Permit Holders various application programming interfaces (``APIs''),\\4\\ such... Permit Holders to enter and execute orders, as well as submit certain order and trade data to the Exchange, which data the Exchange uses to conduct surveillances of its markets and Trading Permit Holders...

  13. 76 FR 68238 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Options Clearing Corporation; Order Approving Proposed Rule Change...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-11-03

    ... Defaulting Clearing Member's Accounts October 28, 2011. I. Introduction On July 28, 2011, the Options..._occ_11_08_a_1.pdf . The liquidation of open long and short positions through exchange transactions is... expected to result in a shorter liquidation period and reduced execution risk. During Lehman Brothers...

  14. 76 FR 32248 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-06-03

    ...\\ See letter from F. John White, Chief Executive Officer, Public Financial Management, Inc., dated... Financial Strategies, dated March 21, 2011 (``Nathan Howard Letter''); letter from Mike Nicholas, Chief... preserve the general confusion between the role of a financial advisor and the role of an underwriter and...

  15. 76 FR 10926 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-02-28

    ..., Chief Financial Officer dated September 8, 2010 (``Georgetown, Texas Letter''); and Portland Letter... the financial advisor are separate, adversarial roles and cannot be provided by the same party.'' One..., President and Chief Executive Officer dated September 29, 2010 (``D.A. Davidson Letter''); and J.J.B...

  16. 77 FR 68856 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing of Amendments No. 1, and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-11-16

    ... increased order flow provides better execution quality on the Exchange because customers enjoy greater price... flow, and on the extent of price improvement provided to directed customer Complex Orders. The data... 707 is intended to prohibit coordinated actions between Directed Participants and order flow providers...

  17. 76 FR 57793 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-16

    ...). The Exchange had been informed by several Order Flow Providers that the absence of marketing charges for Customer executions in the complex order book was hindering their ability to route complex order flow to the Exchange, particularly since competing exchanges do allow for the collection of marketing...

  18. 76 FR 42143 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-07-18

    ...\\ strategies; and (iii) firm facilitation transactions.\\8\\ The Subsidy applies to contracts that are executed... qualifying member organizations that participate in that transaction. \\5\\ A dividend strategy is defined as transactions done to achieve a dividend arbitrage involving the purchase, sale and exercise of in-the-money...

  19. 75 FR 64379 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-10-19

    ... market participants that the program is experimental and that NASDAQ may choose not to continue the... not only the costs of the data distribution infrastructure, but also the costs of designing... infrastructure--that have risen. The same holds true for execution services; despite numerous enhancements to...

  20. 78 FR 57913 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-09-20

    ... Options Transaction Charge (including the Cabinet Options Transaction Charge) as well as the Broker-Dealer FLEX transaction fee, for members executing facilitation orders pursuant to Exchange Rule 1064 when... average daily volume (including both FLEX and non-FLEX transactions) exceeds 10,000 contracts per day in a...

  1. 78 FR 18382 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The Options Clearing Corporation; Notice of Filing of Proposed...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-26

    ... a means for OCC clearing members to submit broker-to-broker stock loan transactions to OCC for clearance. Broker-to-broker transactions are independently- executed stock loan transactions that are negotiated directly between two OCC clearing members. Where a stock loan transaction is submitted to, and...

  2. 78 FR 14388 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-05

    ... the Transaction. IFUS trades its products exclusively on an electronic trading platform and no longer... that are proposed to relocate to the Blue Room can execute transactions electronically in all products... orange juice, coffee, sugar, cocoa, energy, foreign currencies, and certain Russell Indices.\\6\\ However...

  3. 75 FR 71168 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-22

    ... flexibility and the ability to more closely tailor their investment and risk management strategies and... will aid investors by offering opportunities to manage risk and execute a variety of option strategies... to provide investors with additional strikes for investment, trading, and risk management purposes. 2...

  4. 76 FR 64144 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change To...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-17

    ... closely tailor their investment and risk management strategies and decisions. Furthermore, the Exchange... investment, trading, and risk management purposes. 2. Statutory Basis The Exchange believes that its proposal... having the ability to execute hedging and trading strategies via STOs,\\8\\ particularly in the current...

  5. 78 FR 6368 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-01-30

    ... fees for routing options to away markets. While these amendments are effective upon filing, the... recoup costs the Exchange incurs for routing and executing certain orders in equity options to away... plus the away market transaction fee as noted below. Today, the Exchange calculates Routing Fees by...

  6. 78 FR 3055 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-01-15

    ... Exchange incurs for routing and executing certain orders in equity options to away markets. The Exchange proposes to amend Routing Fees for the following away markets: BATS Exchange, Inc. (``BATS''), BOX Options... NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC (``Phlx''). These away markets amended their transaction fees and the Exchange...

  7. 78 FR 60966 - Self-Regulatory Organizations: Miami International Securities Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-10-02

    .... As such, marketing fee programs,\\7\\ and customer posting incentive programs,\\8\\ are based on... its current Priority Customer Rebate Program (the ``Program'') until October 31, 2013.\\3\\ The Program... Priority Customer \\6\\ order transmitted by that Member which is executed on the Exchange in all multiply...

  8. 78 FR 66094 - Self-Regulatory Organizations: Miami International Securities Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-04

    ... Priority Customer Rebate Program (the ``Program'') until November 30, 2013.\\3\\ The Program currently... Customer \\6\\ order transmitted by that Member which is executed on the Exchange in all multiply-listed... thresholds are calculated based on the customer average daily volume over the course of the month. Volume...

  9. 77 FR 62572 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change, as...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-15

    ... notes that Amendment No. 1 made clarifying descriptive changes in the Purpose section of the filing... to evaluate the independence of each director as it relates to the determination of executive... for Asset-backed Issuers and cooperatives. The Exchange will constantly evaluate the appropriateness...

  10. 78 FR 21677 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Miami International Securities Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-11

    ... end subscribers. Vendors impose price restraints based upon their business models. For example... revenue. Although the business models may differ, these vendors' pricing discipline is the same: They can... executions and of data as a unified cost of doing business with the exchange. A broker-dealer will direct...

  11. 76 FR 49805 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-08-11

    ... practices and display execution and trading systems. While the examination is primarily dedicated to topics related to proprietary trading, the Series 56 examination also covers a few general concepts relating to... Trading Systems, 13 questions. Representatives from the applicable SROs intend to meet on a periodic basis...

  12. 76 FR 49809 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-08-11

    ... investments, trading practices and display execution and trading systems. While the examination is primarily... concepts relating to customers.\\6\\ \\6\\ Proprietary trading firms do not have customers. The qualification... Trading Systems, 13 questions. Representatives from the applicable SROs intend to meet on a periodic basis...

  13. 75 FR 68659 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGA Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-08

    ... proposed rule change reflects a competitive pricing structure designed to incent market participants to... that the above pricing is appropriate since lower rates for Flag H executions are directly correlated... notes that it operates in a highly competitive market in which market participants can readily direct...

  14. 75 FR 47053 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-04

    ... price. Other closing cross orders, however, can be entered in response to the order imbalance indicator disseminated prior to the closing cross. The order imbalance indicator provides market participants with... additional orders to eliminate the imbalance, thereby ensuring the execution of more Limit-on-Close and...

  15. 77 FR 59444 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-09-27

    ... provides a ``menu'' of matching algorithms to choose from when executing incoming electronic orders. The menu format allows the Exchange to utilize different matching algorithms on a class-by-class basis. The menu includes, among other choices, the ultimate matching algorithm (``UMA''), as well as price-time...

  16. 75 FR 27850 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-05-18

    ... Change, as Modified by Amendment No. 1 Thereto, Related to the Hybrid Matching Algorithms May 12, 2010... allocation algorithms to choose from when executing incoming electronic orders. The menu format allows the Exchange to utilize different allocation algorithms on a class-by-class basis. The menu includes, among...

  17. 76 FR 76472 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-07

    ... Exchange's Web site at http://www.nasdaq.cchwallstreet.com , at the principal office of the Exchange, and... percentage of the orders of institutional investors are executed in dark pools. See Securities Exchange Act... frequency trading and un- displayed, or ``dark,'' liquidity. See also Mary L. Schapiro, Strengthening Our...

  18. 77 FR 74719 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-17

    ... for Electronic Complex Order executions, and (vii) include days when the Exchange closes early in the... combined thresholds in contracts from Customer posted orders in Penny Pilot issues and Electronic Complex Orders.\\5\\ The Exchange proposes not to count Electronic Complex Orders toward the Customer monthly...

  19. 78 FR 71688 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Order Approving a...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-29

    ... orders.\\10\\ In addition, because CBOE's electronic complex order execution systems, the Complex Order..., ``Minimum Increments for Bids and Offers,'' to establish a minimum quoting increment for complex orders. The... 6.42(4) provides that bids and offers on complex orders may be expressed in any increment regardless...

  20. 77 FR 22022 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; C2 Options Exchange, Incorporated; Order Approving a Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-04-12

    ... Organizations; C2 Options Exchange, Incorporated; Order Approving a Proposed Rule Change Relating To Stock-Option Orders April 6, 2012. I. Introduction On February 7, 2012, the C2 Options Exchange, Incorporated...'s procedures for electronically executing stock-option orders. The proposed rule change was...

  1. 75 FR 77931 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-12-14

    ... Exchange, Inc. (``CBOE'') currently charges a marketing fee of up to $0.65 per contract for customer orders... a Public Customer Order in the Exchange's Price Improvement Mechanism (``PIM''). For competitive reasons, the Exchange now proposes to apply its PFOF fee for Public Customer Orders executed in the...

  2. 77 FR 67417 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of a...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-11-09

    ... fee cap would eliminate the incentive for market participants to effect such executions on the... discriminatory because it would apply equally to all market participants and because the remaining Strategy... elimination of the $750 fee cap would eliminate the incentive for market participants to effect such...

  3. 77 FR 27256 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-09

    ... general matter, the changes will result in fee increases and rebate reductions that reflect the persistent... the orders of institutional investors are executed in dark pools. Securities Exchange Act Release No... trading and un- displayed, or ``dark,'' liquidity. See also Mary L. Schapiro, Strengthening Our Equity...

  4. 76 FR 1201 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of a Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-01-07

    ... institutional investors are executed in dark pools. Securities Exchange Act Release No. 61358 (January 14, 2010...- displayed, or ``dark,'' liquidity. See also Mary L. Schapiro, Strengthening Our Equity Market Structure... Web site)(comments of Commission Chairman on what she viewed as a troubling trend of reduced...

  5. 77 FR 2335 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-01-17

    ... Exchange's Web site at http://www.nasdaq.cchwallstreet.com , at the principal office of the Exchange, and... significant percentage of the orders of institutional investors are executed in dark pools. See Securities... high frequency trading and un- displayed, or ``dark,'' liquidity. See also Mary L. Schapiro...

  6. 75 FR 69489 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-12

    ... institutional investors are executed in dark pools. Securities Exchange Act Release No. 61358 (January 14, 2010... York, Sept. 7, 2010) (``Schapiro Speech,'' available on the Commission Web site) (comments of... individual investors). \\5\\ In the January 2010 Concept Release, the Commission noted that dark pools and...

  7. 78 FR 9098 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Miami International Securities Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-07

    ... executed contract for the MIAX Clearing Trade Drop (``CTD''), a messaging interface that will provide real... proposes to establish a new Port Fee for the MIAX CTD. CTD provides Exchange Members, their clearing firms... are routed to a CTD connection containing certain information. The information includes, among other...

  8. 75 FR 5157 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Amendment No. 1 and Order...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-02-01

    .... 1, the Exchange: (1) Clarified the Form 19b-4 discussion regarding establishing strike prices for... rules of an exchange not be designed to permit unfair discrimination among customers, issuers, brokers... and among the options exchanges, resulting in better prices and executions for investors. This...

  9. Circadian Rhythms in Executive Function during the Transition to Adolescence: The Effect of Synchrony between Chronotype and Time of Day

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hahn, Constanze; Cowell, Jason M.; Wiprzycka, Ursula J.; Goldstein, David; Ralph, Martin; Hasher, Lynn; Zelazo, Philip David

    2012-01-01

    To explore the influence of circadian rhythms on executive function during early adolescence, we administered a battery of executive function measures (including a Go-Nogo task, the Iowa Gambling Task, a Self-ordered Pointing task, and an Intra/Extradimensional Shift task) to Morning-preference and Evening-preference participants (N = 80) between…

  10. Executive functions and behavioral problems in deaf and hard-of-hearing students at general and special schools.

    PubMed

    Hintermair, Manfred

    2013-01-01

    In this study, behavioral problems of deaf and hard-of-hearing (D/HH) school-aged children are discussed in the context of executive functioning and communicative competence. Teachers assessed the executive functions of a sample of 214 D/HH students from general schools and schools for the deaf, using a German version of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions (BRIEF-D). This was complemented by a questionnaire that measured communicative competence and behavioral problems (German version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; SDQ-D). The results in nearly all the scales show a significantly higher problem rate for executive functions in the group of D/HH students compared with a normative sample of hearing children. In the D/HH group, students at general schools had better scores on most scales than students at schools for the deaf. Regression analysis reveals the importance of executive functions and communicative competence for behavioral problems. The relevance of the findings for pedagogical work is discussed. A specific focus on competencies such as self-efficacy or self-control in educational concepts for D/HH students seems to be necessary in addition to extending language competencies.

  11. Developmental Trajectories in Toddlers' Self-Restraint Predict Individual Differences in Executive Functions 14 Years Later: A Behavioral Genetic Analysis

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Friedman, Naomi P.; Miyake, Akira; Robinson, JoAnn L.; Hewitt, John K.

    2011-01-01

    We examined whether self-restraint in early childhood predicted individual differences in 3 executive functions (EFs; inhibiting prepotent responses, updating working memory, and shifting task sets) in late adolescence in a sample of approximately 950 twins. At ages 14, 20, 24, and 36 months, the children were shown an attractive toy and told not…

  12. 75 FR 43584 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGX Exchange, Inc; Order Approving a Proposed Rule Change...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-07-26

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-62515; File No. SR-EDGX-2010-02] Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGX Exchange, Inc; Order Approving a Proposed Rule Change Relating to Direct Edge... DE Holdings, and DE Holdings will be the sole stockholder of DEI. The self-regulatory functions of...

  13. 75 FR 43582 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGA Exchange, Inc.; Order Approving a Proposed Rule Change...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-07-26

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-62514; File No. SR-EDGA-2010-02] Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGA Exchange, Inc.; Order Approving a Proposed Rule Change Relating to Direct Edge... Holdings will be the sole stockholder of DEI. The self-regulatory functions of the Exchange will remain...

  14. Executive Function and Internalizing Symptoms in Adolescents and Young Adults With Congenital Heart Disease: The Role of Coping.

    PubMed

    Jackson, Jamie L; Gerardo, Gina M; Monti, Jennifer D; Schofield, Kyle A; Vannatta, Kathryn

    2018-01-10

    Executive functioning deficits have been documented among congenital heart disease (CHD) survivors and may contribute to emotional distress. Little research has investigated the role of coping in this association. This study examined the role of coping in accounting for the association between self-reported executive function problems and internalizing symptoms among adolescents and emerging adults (AEAs), as well as young adults (YAs) with CHD. Participants included 74 AEA ( M age  = 19.32  ±  3.47 years, range 15-25 years) and 98 YA CHD survivors ( M age  = 32.00  ±  3.69 years, range 26-39 years), recruited from pediatric and adult outpatient cardiology clinics. Participants completed self-report measures of executive function problems, coping (primary control, secondary control, and disengagement coping), and internalizing symptoms. Lesion severity classification and functional impairment due to symptoms of heart failure were determined from medical chart review. Significant problems in executive function were reported by 5% of AEA and 13% of YA. Coping was not associated with executive function problems or internalizing symptoms for AEA. However, among YA, less use of adaptive coping strategies and more maladaptive coping responses was associated with both more executive function problems and internalizing symptoms. An indirect effect of executive function problems on internalizing symptoms via secondary control coping emerged for YA. Executive function problems may disrupt the ability to use important adaptive coping skills, such as cognitive reappraisal, positive thinking, and acceptance, thereby resulting in greater emotional distress among YA CHD survivors. © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Pediatric Psychology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com

  15. Self-Efficacy Buffers the Relationship between Educational Disadvantage and Executive Functioning.

    PubMed

    Zahodne, Laura B; Nowinski, Cindy J; Gershon, Richard C; Manly, Jennifer J

    2015-04-01

    Previous studies showed that control beliefs are more strongly related to global cognition and mortality among adults with low education, providing preliminary evidence that self-efficacy buffers against the negative impact of educational disadvantage on physical and cognitive health. The current study extends these findings to a nationally representative sample of men and women aged 30 to 85 and explores which cognitive domains are most strongly associated with self-efficacy, educational attainment, and their interaction. Data were obtained from 1032 adult (30-85) participants in the United States norming study for the NIH Toolbox. Self-efficacy, executive functioning, working memory, processing speed, episodic memory, and vocabulary were assessed with the NIH Toolbox. Multivariate analysis of covariance and follow-up regressions tested the hypothesis that self-efficacy would be more strongly related to cognitive performance among individuals with lower education, controlling for age, sex, race, ethnicity, education, reading level, testing language, and depressive symptoms. Higher education was associated with higher self-efficacy and better performance on all cognitive tests. Higher self-efficacy was associated with better set-switching and attention/inhibition. Significant self-efficacy by education interactions indicated that associations between self-efficacy and executive abilities were stronger for individuals with lower education. Specifically, individuals with low education but high self-efficacy performed similarly to individuals with high education. This study provides evidence that self-efficacy beliefs buffer against the negative effects of low educational attainment on executive functioning. These results have implications for future policy and/or intervention work aimed at reducing the deleterious effects of educational disadvantage on later cognitive health.

  16. Rehabilitation of Executive Functions in Patients with Chronic Acquired Brain Injury with Goal Management Training, External Cuing, and Emotional Regulation: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

    PubMed

    Tornås, Sveinung; Løvstad, Marianne; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Evans, Jonathan; Endestad, Tor; Hol, Per Kristian; Schanke, Anne-Kristine; Stubberud, Jan

    2016-04-01

    Executive dysfunction is a common consequence of acquired brain injury (ABI), causing significant disability in daily life. This randomized controlled trial investigated the efficacy of Goal Management Training (GMT) in improving executive functioning in patients with chronic ABI. Seventy patients with a verified ABI and executive dysfunction were randomly allocated to GMT (n=33) or a psycho-educative active control condition, Brain Health Workshop (BHW) (n=37). In addition, all participants received external cueing by text messages. Neuropsychological tests and self-reported questionnaires of executive functioning were administered pre-intervention, immediately after intervention, and at 6 months follow-up. Assessors were blinded to group allocation. Questionnaire measures indicated significant improvement of everyday executive functioning in the GMT group, with effects lasting at least 6 months post-treatment. Both groups improved on the majority of the applied neuropsychological tests. However, improved performance on tests demanding executive attention was most prominent in the GMT group. The results indicate that GMT combined with external cueing is an effective metacognitive strategy training method, ameliorating executive dysfunction in daily life for patients with chronic ABI. The strongest effects were seen on self-report measures of executive functions 6 months post-treatment, suggesting that strategies learned in GMT were applied and consolidated in everyday life after the end of training. Furthermore, these findings show that executive dysfunction can be improved years after the ABI.

  17. cis-Regulatory control of the initial neurogenic pattern of onecut gene expression in the sea urchin embryo.

    PubMed

    Barsi, Julius C; Davidson, Eric H

    2016-01-01

    Specification of the ciliated band (CB) of echinoid embryos executes three spatial functions essential for postgastrular organization. These are establishment of a band about 5 cells wide which delimits and bounds other embryonic territories; definition of a neurogenic domain within this band; and generation within it of arrays of ciliary cells that bear the special long cilia from which the structure derives its name. In Strongylocentrotus purpuratus the spatial coordinates of the future ciliated band are initially and exactly determined by the disposition of a ring of cells that transcriptionally activate the onecut homeodomain regulatory gene, beginning in blastula stage, long before the appearance of the CB per se. Thus the cis-regulatory apparatus that governs onecut expression in the blastula directly reveals the genomic sequence code by which these aspects of the spatial organization of the embryo are initially determined. We screened the entire onecut locus and its flanking region for transcriptionally active cis-regulatory elements, and by means of BAC recombineered deletions identified three separated and required cis-regulatory modules that execute different functions. The operating logic of the crucial spatial control module accounting for the spectacularly precise and beautiful early onecut expression domain depends on spatial repression. Previously predicted oral ectoderm and aboral ectoderm repressors were identified by cis-regulatory mutation as the products of goosecoid and irxa genes respectively, while the pan-ectodermal activator SoxB1 supplies a transcriptional driver function. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Inc.

  18. Primate Cognition: Attention, Episodic Memory, Prospective Memory, Self-Control, and Metacognition as Examples of Cognitive Control in Nonhuman Primates1

    PubMed Central

    Menzel, Charles R.; Parrish, Audrey E.; Perdue, Bonnie M.; Sayers, Ken; Smith, J. David; Washburn, David A.

    2016-01-01

    Primate Cognition is the study of cognitive processes, which represent internal mental processes involved in discriminations, decisions, and behaviors of humans and other primate species. Cognitive control involves executive and regulatory processes that allocate attention, manipulate and evaluate available information (and, when necessary, seek additional information), remember past experiences to plan future behaviors, and deal with distraction and impulsivity when they are threats to goal achievement. Areas of research that relate to cognitive control as it is assessed across species include executive attention, episodic memory, prospective memory, metacognition and self-control. Executive attention refers to the ability to control what sensory stimuli one attends to and how one regulates responses to those stimuli, especially in cases of conflict. Episodic memory refers to memory for personally experienced, autobiographical events. Prospective memory refers to the formation and implementation of future-intended actions, such as remembering what needs to be done later. Metacognition consists of control and monitoring processes that allow individuals to assess what information they have and what information they still need, and then if necessary to seek information. Self-control is a regulatory process whereby individuals forego more immediate or easier to obtain rewards for more delayed or harder to obtain rewards that are objectively more valuable. The behavioral complexity shown by nonhuman primates when given tests to assess these capacities indicates psychological continuities with human cognitive control capacities. However, more research is needed to clarify the proper interpretation of these behaviors with regard to possible cognitive constructs that may underlie such behaviors. PMID:27284790

  19. Hygienic food handling behaviors: attempting to bridge the intention-behavior gap using aspects from temporal self-regulation theory.

    PubMed

    Fulham, Elizabeth; Mullan, Barbara

    2011-06-01

    An estimated 25% of the populations of both the United States and Australia suffer from foodborne illness every year, generally as a result of incorrect food handling practices. The aim of the current study was to determine through the application of the theory of planned behavior what motivates these behaviors and to supplement the model with two aspects of temporal self-regulation theory--behavioral prepotency and executive function--in an attempt to bridge the "intention-behavior gap." A prospective 1-week design was utilized to investigate the prediction of food hygiene using the theory of planned behavior with the additional variables of behavioral prepotency and executive function. One hundred forty-nine undergraduate psychology students completed two neurocognitive executive function tasks and a self-report questionnaire assessing theory of planned behavior variables, behavioral prepotency, and intentions to perform hygienic food handling behaviors. A week later, behavior was assessed via a follow-up self-report questionnaire. It was found that subjective norm and perceived behavioral control predicted intentions and intentions predicted behavior. However, behavioral prepotency was found to be the strongest predictor of behavior, over and above intentions, suggesting that food hygiene behavior is habitual. Neither executive function measure of self-regulation predicted any additional variance. These results provide support for the utility of the theory of planned behavior in this health domain, but the augmentation of the theory with two aspects of temporal self-regulation theory was only partially successful.

  20. The impact of motivation and teachers' autonomy support on children's executive functions.

    PubMed

    Sosic-Vasic, Zrinka; Keis, Oliver; Lau, Maren; Spitzer, Manfred; Streb, Judith

    2015-01-01

    The present study investigates the interplay of executive functions, motivation, and teacher's autonomy support in school context. In a cross-sectional study design 208 students from different school types completed a standardized motivation questionnaire and processed two executive function tasks. All teachers who teach these students were asked about their autonomy supporting behavior by a standardized test. Multilevel analyses assessed the effects of the student's motivation and their teachers' autonomy support on student's executive functions. Our results show considerable relationships between these variables: high executive function capacities came along with teacher's autonomy support and student's intrinsic motivation styles, whereas low executive function capacities were related to external regulation styles. The results indicate the importance of autonomy support in school instruction and disclose the need to popularize the self-regulation approach.

  1. Maternal Executive Function, Harsh Parenting, and Child Conduct Problems

    PubMed Central

    Deater-Deckard, Kirby; Wang, Zhe; Chen, Nan; Bell, Martha Ann

    2012-01-01

    Background Maternal executive function and household regulation both are critical aspects of optimal childrearing, but their interplay is not understood. We tested the hypotheses that 1) the link between challenging child conduct problems and harsh parenting would be strongest for mothers with poorer executive function and weakest among those with better executive function, and 2) this mechanism would be further moderated by the degree of household chaos. Methods The socioeconomically diverse sample included 147 mothers of 3-to-7 year old children. Mothers completed questionnaires and a laboratory assessment of executive function. Results Consistent with hypotheses, harsh parenting was linked with child conduct problems only among mothers with poorer executive function. This effect was particularly strong in calm, predictable environments, but was not evident in chaotic environments. Conclusion Maternal executive function is critical to minimizing harsh parenting in the context of challenging child behavior, but this self-regulation process may not operate well in chaotic environments. PMID:22764829

  2. Executive functioning complaints and escitalopram treatment response in late-life depression.

    PubMed

    Manning, Kevin J; Alexopoulos, George S; Banerjee, Samprit; Morimoto, Sarah Shizuko; Seirup, Joanna K; Klimstra, Sibel A; Yuen, Genevieve; Kanellopoulos, Theodora; Gunning-Dixon, Faith

    2015-05-01

    Executive dysfunction may play a key role in the pathophysiology of late-life depression. Executive dysfunction can be assessed with cognitive tests and subjective report of difficulties with executive skills. The present study investigated the association between subjective report of executive functioning complaints and time to escitalopram treatment response in older adults with major depressive disorder (MDD). 100 older adults with MDD (58 with executive functioning complaints and 42 without executive functioning complaints) completed a 12-week trial of escitalopram. Treatment response over 12 weeks, as measured by repeated Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores, was compared for adults with and without executive complaints using mixed-effects modeling. Mixed effects analysis revealed a significant group × time interaction, F(1, 523.34) = 6.00, p = 0.01. Depressed older adults who reported executive functioning complaints at baseline demonstrated a slower response to escitalopram treatment than those without executive functioning complaints. Self-report of executive functioning difficulties may be a useful prognostic indicator for subsequent speed of response to antidepressant medication. Copyright © 2015 American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  3. 77 FR 60163 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; C2 Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-02

    ... Change Related to AIM and SAM September 26, 2012. Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) of the Securities Exchange.... Under Rule 6.52, Solicitation Auction Mechanism (``SAM''), a Trading Permit Holder that represents... Agency Order for electronic execution into the SAM auction process, under which both the Agency Order and...

  4. 75 FR 63238 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-10-14

    ... Proposed Rule Change To Modify the Requirements To Qualify for Credits as a Designated Liquidity Provider... requirements to qualify for credits as a designated liquidity provider under Rule 7018(i) and to make a minor... Designated Liquidity Providers: Charge to Designated Liquidity Provider $0.003 per share executed entering...

  5. 77 FR 47894 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-08-10

    ... Change To Modify Phlx's Fee Schedule Governing Order Execution on its NASDAQ OMX PSX Facility August 6...'') filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (``Commission'') a proposed rule change as described... publishing this notice to solicit comments on the proposed rule change from interested persons. \\1\\ 15 U.S.C...

  6. 78 FR 35654 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

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    2013-06-13

    ... rebate will apply throughout that month. \\6\\ Phlx is adding a footnote to the fee schedule defining... not designed to permit unfair discrimination between customers, issuers, brokers, or dealers. \\9\\ 15 U... tier of $0.0028 per share executed upon the satisfaction of stipulated requirements for volume and...

  7. 76 FR 55954 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; the NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-09

    ... of Substance of the Proposed Rule Change NASDAQ proposes to modify pricing for NASDAQ members using... its pricing schedule for routing and execution of quotes/orders through the NASDAQ Market Center of... entering Directed Orders sent to NASDAQ OMX PSX. The current charge of $0.0027 reflects a premium of $0...

  8. 77 FR 40924 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-11

    ... execution, order or cancel information, which can be exported into a spreadsheet for review. TradeInfo.... This is the same fee assessed to NOM Participants and PHLX members for this service. Use of TradeInfo... allocate trades to the appropriate accounts and sub- accounts for clearing. The Options Clearing...

  9. 76 FR 58068 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-19

    ... linkage and to change the treatment of customer orders subject to intermarket linkage in its Select..., both Priority Customer \\4\\ and Professional Customer \\5\\ orders on the ISE that are not executable on... price.\\6\\ Since the inception of maker/taker fees on the Exchange, Priority Customer orders in the...

  10. 76 FR 27732 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-05-12

    ... requiring prior exposure'' and that the ISE QCC Proposal failed adequately to protect customers with orders...]hose who engage in contingent trades can benefit the market as a whole by studying the relationships between the prices of such securities and executing contingent trades when they believe such relationships...

  11. 75 FR 18556 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-04-12

    ... attracting order flow to the Exchange. The Exchange further believes that this change benefits customers by... by the Exchange on all electronically executed customer orders where a market maker is on the contra... flow providers) at the direction of the Specialist, e-Specialist, or Directed Market Maker.\\6\\ \\6\\ See...

  12. 78 FR 7844 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-04

    ... trading against a Priority Customer order preferenced to it for execution by an order flow provider... Makers \\6\\ when they trade against Priority Customer \\7\\ orders that are preferenced to them to $0.05 per contract from the fee charged to Market Makers who trade against Priority Customer orders that are not...

  13. 76 FR 28110 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGX Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-05-13

    ... Proposed Rule Change 1. Purpose For customer internalization (i.e., same MPID),\\4\\ currently there is no... execution for customer internalization. \\4\\ This occurs when two orders presented to the Exchange from the... U.S.C. 78f(b)(4). The Exchange believes that the increased fee for customer internalization of $0...

  14. 77 FR 6828 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-09

    ... Change The Exchange proposes to amend Exchange Rule 1082, Firm Quotations, by modifying Exchange Rules 1017, Openings in Options, and 1082, Firm Quotations, to describe the manner in which the PHLX XL... Exchange Rule 1082(a)(ii)(B)(3). Rather than immediately executing at the next available price, the PHLX XL...

  15. 78 FR 60362 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

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    2013-10-01

    ... the Exchange on each ATP Holder for all options transactions, including mini-options, executed or cleared by the ATP Holder that are cleared by The Options Clearing Corporation (``OCC'') in the customer range (i.e., transactions that clear in the customer account of the ATP Holder's clearing firm at OCC...

  16. 77 FR 18875 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change To Amend...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-03-28

    ... floor trades executed by Floor Market Makers [sic] a designated Trading Zone, not just those to which... Makers are not appointed to a designated Trading Zone, they are subject to certain Market Maker... effected on the Trading Floor to count toward the Market Maker's appointment trading requirement and to...

  17. 76 FR 78710 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-19

    ... stock interest \\7\\ strategies; and (v) firm facilitation transactions.\\8\\ The Subsidy applies to... dividend strategy is defined as transactions done to achieve a dividend arbitrage involving the purchase, sale and exercise of in-the-money options of the same class, executed the first business day prior to...

  18. 77 FR 42780 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-20

    ... strategies effectively via STOs,\\8\\ particularly in the current fast and volatile multi-faceted trading and... proposal, to allow execution of more effective trading and hedging strategies on the Exchange. See... strategies on the Exchange. The Exchange believes that this precision is increasingly necessary, and in fact...

  19. 78 FR 16749 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BOX Options Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-18

    ...). The Limit Up-Limit Down Plan is designed to prevent executions from occurring outside of dynamic price... count for purposes of calculating whether a Market Maker is fulfilling its obligations for continuous... Organizations; BOX Options Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change To Clarify How the Exchange...

  20. 78 FR 76339 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-17

    ... November 1, 2013 the Exchange further amended its Schedule of Fees to increase its Market Maker Plus rebate... Maker Plus and are affiliated with an Electronic Access Member that executes a total affiliated Priority Customer ADV of 200,000 contracts in a calendar month.\\4\\ When introducing this new Market Maker Plus...

  1. 78 FR 28692 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BOX Options Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-05-15

    ... standard SPY options, (2) codify the minimum contract threshold requirement for the execution of Jumbo SPY... Fund (``IWM''). QQQQ, SPY and IWM are quoted in $0.01 increments for all options series. This proposed... Exchange believes that by reducing the minimum trading increments for Jumbo SPY Options to $0.01, the...

  2. 77 FR 61039 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-05

    ... adopt the new QView service. QView is a web-based, front-end application, which provides a subscribing... orders and executions provided in the QView dashboard interface. The dashboard also allows a QView... trading activity.\\5\\ \\4\\ TradeInfo PSX is a web-based tool that, among other things, allows users access...

  3. 76 FR 58072 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-19

    ... Amend the BOX Fee Schedule September 14, 2011. Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) of the Securities Exchange... Fee Schedule of the Boston Options Exchange Group, LLC (``BOX''). The changes to the BOX Fee Schedule... structure that provides a discount to BOX Options Participants (``Participants'') that execute transactions...

  4. 76 FR 2733 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX, LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-01-14

    ... system,\\3\\ for routing standardized equity and index option Customer and Professional orders to away... No. 59995 (May 28, 2009), 74 FR 26750 (June 3, 2009) (SR-Phlx-2009-32). The instant proposed fees... costs that the Exchange incurs for routing and executing Customer and Professional orders in equity and...

  5. 75 FR 48391 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-10

    ... system,\\3\\ for routing standardized equity and index option customer and professional orders to away... No. 59995 (May 28, 2009), 74 FR 26750 (June 3, 2009) (SR-Phlx-2009-32). The instant proposed fees... and executing customer and professional orders in equity and index options to away markets. In May...

  6. 78 FR 25334 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-30

    ... aggregate size (``BBO data,'' sometimes referred to as ``top-of-book data''). Data with respect to executed... for complex strategies (e.g., spreads, straddles, buy-writes, etc.) (``Spread Data''), (iv) BBO data... approved redistributor (i.e., a market data vendor or an extranet service provider) and then distributes it...

  7. 78 FR 50477 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-08-19

    ... them in sequence for entry into the System for execution. Each of Phlx's current connection offerings... connectivity and installation fees for a 10Gb Ultra low latency fiber connection option, and provide a waiver... bandwidth options for connectivity to the Exchange, including a 40Gb fiber connection, a 10Gb fiber...

  8. 78 FR 50132 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-08-16

    ... into the System for execution. Each of BX's current connection offerings uses different switches... 10Gb Ultra low latency fiber connection option, and provide a waiver of installation fees for... to the Exchange, including a 40Gb fiber connection, a 10Gb fiber connection, a 1Gb fiber connection...

  9. 78 FR 15385 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change To...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-11

    ... Series, any adjusted option series, and any option series until the time to expiration for such series is... existing requirement may at times discourage liquidity in particular options series because a market maker... the option is subject to the Price/Time execution algorithm, the Directed Market Maker shall receive...

  10. 78 FR 19348 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-29

    ... Exchange is proposing to eliminate this language as it is no longer relevant. Executions may only happen... outside of business hours. The Exchange believes deleting this language would bring greater clarity to.... Next, the Exchange is proposing to add language to Rule 6.1.01 to specify that the Exchange will not...

  11. 76 FR 57089 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Stock Exchange, Incorporated; Order Approving a Proposed...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-15

    ... execution of the stock leg of a stock-option order could be cancelled only if market conditions in the... Consolidated Tape in order that the parties and other market participants are aware that the transaction may be... cancellation will help prevent the possible abuse by a single party acting unilaterally. The Exchange...

  12. 78 FR 21985 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; C2 Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing of Amendment...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-12

    ... prices of a large number of individual securities suddenly declining by significant amounts in a very short time period before suddenly reversing to prices consistent with their pre-decline levels.\\8\\ This severe price volatility led to a large number of trades being executed at temporarily depressed prices...

  13. 76 FR 60569 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Order Approving Proposed Rule Change Amending...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-29

    ... Facilitation Auction, a broadcast message, which will include the proposed execution price of the cross (the ``Facilitation Price''), will be sent to Options Participants giving them one second to enter responses (``Responses'') \\4\\ with the prices and sizes at which they would be willing to participate in the facilitation...

  14. 76 FR 20412 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; National Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-04-12

    ... least one dollar. With respect to the rebate for Zero Display Orders that add liquidity in AutoEx that... in the Automatic Execution Mode of order interaction (``AutoEx'') \\3\\ priced at least one dollar. Certain conforming changes are also proposed for rebates for liquidity adding Zero Display Orders \\4\\ in...

  15. 78 FR 12397 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Order Granting Approval to Proposed...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-22

    ...''), that is priced more aggressively than the Protected National Best Bid or Offer (``Protected NBBO'') \\10..., generally, the Protected Bid and Protected Offer, and the national best bid (``NBB'') and national best... automatic execution. In such case, the Exchange states that the Protected NBBO would be the best-priced...

  16. 78 FR 66796 - Self-Regulatory Organizations: Miami International Securities Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-06

    ... transaction fee for executions in standard option contracts and $0.008 transaction fee for Mini Option... Exchange for purposes of the transaction fee and Section 1(a)(i) of the Fee Schedule include: (i... (``DPLMM''). See MIAX Options Fee Schedule, Section 1(a)(i)--Market Maker Transaction Fees. The current...

  17. 77 FR 44294 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change Amending...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-27

    ... communications between the parties of the transaction, and the negotiations may occur through a telephone...'' orders by Floor Brokers. Rule 76--Equities applies only to manual transactions executed at the point of... the proposed cross transaction.\\3\\ If no one in the trading crowd breaks up the proposed cross, the...

  18. 78 FR 16338 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-14

    ... trades where none of the parties to the trade are Priority Customers (i.e., market makers, broker-dealers... that this proposed rule change is a fair way to address the issue of a trade executing through a customer's limit order price while balancing the competing interests of certainty that trades stand versus...

  19. 75 FR 28082 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-05-19

    ... Change NASDAQ proposes to modify pricing for NASDAQ members using the NASDAQ Market Center. NASDAQ will... Exchange (``NYSE''), NASDAQ is making minor modifications to its pricing schedule for the routing of orders... using the STGY, SCAN, SKNY, SKIP, or DOTI routing strategies to either add liquidity or execute at the...

  20. 76 FR 38243 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; BATS Y-Exchange, Inc.; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-06-29

    ... Changes Relating To Expanding the Pilot Rule for Trading Pauses Due to Extraordinary Market Volatility to... levels. This severe price volatility led to a large number of trades being executed at temporarily... intended to address extraordinary market volatility in NMS stocks. See Securities Exchange Act Release No...

  1. 75 FR 34799 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-18

    ... destinations of the user's choice. The PULSe workstation will be made available by Signal Trading Systems, LLC... (CBSX) to be the default destination exchange for individually executed marketable option (stock) orders... allow any user to manually override CBOE (CBSX) as the default destination on an order- by-order basis...

  2. 77 FR 61457 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Designation of Longer Period for...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-09

    ... Physical Copper Trust Pursuant To NYSE Arca Equities Rule 8.201 October 2, 2012. On April 2, 2012, NYSE... Copper Trust (``Trust'') pursuant to NYSE Arca Equities Rule 8.201. The proposed rule change was..., Director of Purchasing, Encore Wire Corporation; Ron Beal, Executive Vice President, Tubes Division, Luvata...

  3. 78 FR 3053 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-01-15

    ... options to away markets. The text of the proposed rule change is provided in Exhibit 5. The text of the... routing and executing certain orders in equity options to away markets. The Exchange proposes to amend Routing Fees for the following away markets: BATS Exchange, Inc. (``BATS''), BOX Options Exchange LLC...

  4. 78 FR 6386 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-01-30

    ... for routing and executing certain orders in equity options to away markets. Currently, the fees for... plus the away market transaction fee as noted below. Today, the Exchange calculates Routing Fees by... routing orders to away markets plus the away market's transaction fee. With respect to the fixed costs...

  5. 75 FR 11957 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-12

    ... system,\\3\\ for routing standardized equity and index option customer orders to away markets for execution... and index options to certain better-priced away markets. In May 2009, the Exchange adopted Rule 1080(m... the Exchange when orders are routed to these away markets. The Exchange is proposing a $.36...

  6. 76 FR 30412 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-05-25

    ... marketing charges for Customer executions in the complex order book is hindering their ability to route and...\\ The standard marketing charges are $0.25 per contract for any electronic Customer order in a Penny...-imposition of marketing charges on market makers who trade with electronic Customer orders in the complex...

  7. 78 FR 67424 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-11-12

    ... Terms of Substance of the Proposed Rule Change The Exchange proposes to adopt a CBOE Stock Exchange, LLC... Basis for, the Proposed Rule Change 1. Purpose CBSX is a stock execution facility of CBOE. Therefore...-fraud and anti- manipulation. The proposed requirement that all CBSX Trading Permit Holders be members...

  8. 76 FR 51082 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-08-17

    ...., International Securities Exchange LLC, The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC, New York Stock Exchange LLC, NYSE Amex LLC... include all remaining National Market System (``NMS'') stocks (``Phase III Securities'').\\9\\ The new pilot... executions, so that the rule will continue to operate in the same manner after changes to the single stock...

  9. 78 FR 5538 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-01-25

    ... contracts, and qualifying volume of other proprietary products of 500,000 contracts (totaling 1,350,000... executed greater than (or equal to) 375,000 contracts of multiply-listed options volume but less than 1,500... contracts of multiply-listed options volume but less than 1,500,000 such contracts, the Clearing Trading...

  10. 77 FR 47131 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Order Granting Approval of Proposed Rule Change...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-08-07

    ... exercised or assigned, the writer of the option is obligated to purchase the requisite amount of the asset... put option segregates an amount of cash or cash equivalents sufficient to cover the purchase price of... when the seller executes a closing purchase transaction with respect to such option. All put options...

  11. 76 FR 71398 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-11-17

    ... practices and display execution and trading systems. While the examination is primarily dedicated to topics related to proprietary trading, the Series 56 examination also covers a few general concepts relating to... on competition, and, by its terms, does not become operative for 30 days from the date on which it...

  12. 76 FR 64137 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-17

    ... book data for the NASDAQ Market Center Execution System. NASDAQ has also implemented these capped/flat..., there is no economic basis for regulating maximum prices for one of the joint products in an industry in... publishing proprietary book data on the Internet. Second, because a single order or transaction report can...

  13. 77 FR 61800 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGA Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-11

    ... reflects a competitive pricing structure designed to incent market participants to direct their order flow... ROUC \\5\\ routing strategy and executes at non-exchange destinations. The pricing of Flag Q is also... qualifying for additional volume tiered pricing. The Exchange offered Members a rebate of $0.0014 per share...

  14. 76 FR 69774 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing of Rule Change Proposing a One...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-11-09

    ... matters concerning its previously assigned RLP securities. RLP Requirements Under proposed NYSE Amex... determinations by the RLP Panel would constitute final action by the Exchange on the matter at issue. Retail...) (noting that dark pools and internalizing broker- dealers executed approximately 25.4% of share volume in...

  15. 76 FR 69788 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing of Rule Change...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-11-09

    ... would not be held responsible for any matters concerning its previously assigned RLP securities. RLP... determinations by the RLP Panel would constitute final action by the Exchange on the matter at issue. Retail..., 2010), 75 FR 3594 (January 21, 2010) (noting that dark pools and internalizing broker- dealers executed...

  16. 77 FR 26588 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-04

    ... they deem fee levels at a particular venue to be excessive. In such an environment, BX must continually... excessive extent, it will lose customers to its competitors. Accordingly, BX believes that competitive market forces help to ensure that the fees it charges for execution and routing are reasonable, equitably...

  17. 77 FR 21140 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-04-09

    ... a particular venue to be excessive. In such an environment, BX must continually adjust its fees to... execution and routing services offered by BX, if BX increases its fees to an excessive extent, it will lose customers to its competitors. Accordingly, BX believes that competitive market forces help to ensure that...

  18. 75 FR 69722 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-15

    ... premises controlled by the Exchange in order that they may locate their electronic servers in close... the Exchange's trading and execution systems through the same order gateway regardless of whether the... weekends if NOT scheduled at least 1 day in advance. Rack and Stack Installation of one $200 per server...

  19. 76 FR 60566 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Order Approving Proposed Rule Change...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-29

    .... Description of the Proposal The purpose of the proposal is to amend two subsections of Exchange Rule 1080 to allow entry of day limit orders for the proprietary accounts of SQTs and RSQTs. Current Rule 1080 (Phlx....\\4\\ Rule 1080 states that it governs the orders, execution reports and administrative order messages...

  20. 75 FR 66172 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Y-Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-10-27

    ... expects to have technological changes for one or more of the new routing strategies in place to support... Execution,'' to modify the description of certain routing strategies that the Exchange proposes to offer... rule change. The text of these statements may be examined at the places specified in Item IV below. The...

  1. 77 FR 59441 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGA Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-09-27

    ... is available on the Exchange's Web site at www.directedge.com , at the Exchange's principal office... dark pools for low-cost, low impact executions, which takes a greater amount of time to fill an order... on the Commission's Internet Web site ( http://www.sec.gov/rules/sro.shtml ). Copies of the...

  2. 77 FR 14456 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-03-09

    ... operative on March 1, 2012. The text of the proposed rule change is available on the Exchange's Web site at... percentage of the orders of institutional investors are executed in dark pools. See Securities Exchange Act... frequency trading and un-displayed, or ``dark,'' liquidity. See also Mary L. Schapiro, Strengthening Our...

  3. 77 FR 59429 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGX Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-09-27

    ... is available on the Exchange's Web site at www.directedge.com , at the Exchange's principal office... dark pools for low-cost, low impact executions, which takes a greater amount of time to fill an order... Web site ( http://www.sec.gov/rules/sro.shtml ). Copies of the submission, all subsequent amendments...

  4. 77 FR 44299 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Stock Clearing Corporation of Philadelphia; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-27

    ... discussed any comments it received on the proposed rule change. The text of these statements may be examined... to the Executive Committee and the Nominating and Governance Committee, as well as the full Board of... Industry Director. A ``Public Director'' means a Director who has no material business relationship with a...

  5. 77 FR 30043 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-21

    ... the individual components, for the same account, for the purpose of executing a particular investment strategy. See Exchange Rule 1080.08(a)(i). \\5\\ See Exchange Rule 1080.08(e). The Exchange believes that... strategies. The Exchange believes that PHLX Orders is a valuable tool that subscribers can use to gain...

  6. 77 FR 4852 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Order Approving a Proposed...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-01-31

    ... order type, the legging order, is designed to increase the opportunities for a complex order resting on.... Description A complex order resting on ISE's complex order book may be executed either by: (i) Trading against an incoming complex order that is marketable against the resting complex order, or (ii) legging into...

  7. 78 FR 21663 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-11

    ... price improving orders, and then are eligible to access non-price improving liquidity on the NASDAQ book.... For Type 2 Retail Orders that execute against non-price improving orders on the NASDAQ book, NASDAQ... investment intentions, they promote price discovery and dampen volatility. Accordingly, their presence in the...

  8. 78 FR 28269 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGX Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-05-14

    ... other charges because it incentivizes Members to add liquidity to the EDGX Book \\6\\ as well as remove... applicable routing table. If shares remain un-executed after routing, they are posted on the Nasdaq book). Because retail orders are more likely to reflect long-term investment intentions than the orders of...

  9. 76 FR 56838 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated: Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-14

    ... addition, the Exchange is proposing to eliminate the PULSe non-standard services fee. Finally, the Exchange is proposing to make a non-substantive numbering correction to its Fees Schedule. All of these... executed contract or share equivalent. The Exchange is proposing to reduce the fee to $0.02 per contract or...

  10. 76 FR 62887 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-11

    ... Strategy Trades for billing purposes. Participants engaged in trades that would qualify for the fee caps on Strategy Executions can choose to either pay the proposed QCC fees or avail themselves of the Strategy... an NYSE Amex ATP Holder to effect a qualified contingent trade (``QCT'') in a Regulation NMS stock...

  11. 77 FR 62280 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-12

    ... execution fee for Priority Customer \\3\\ orders, from $0.18 per contract to $0.20 per contract, in certain... also proposes to increase the fee for Crossing Orders \\5\\ for Priority Customers in Singly Listed... to standardize the fees charged to Priority Customer orders in Singly Listed Symbols with the fees...

  12. 78 FR 22353 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-15

    ... strategy executions (as defined in this Section II) will be excluded from the Monthly Market Maker Cap. In... QCC'', both of which will apply in the Customer, Professional, Specialist and Market Maker, Broker... calculates Routing Fees by assessing certain Exchange costs related to routing orders to away markets plus...

  13. 77 FR 58190 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-09-19

    ... amend NASDAQ's schedule of execution fees and rebates under Rule 7018(a). As a general matter, the... in dark pools. Securities Exchange Act Release No. 61358 (January 14, 2010), 75 FR 3594 (January 21... market structure issues, including high frequency trading and un- displayed, or ``dark,'' liquidity. See...

  14. 77 FR 60000 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Mercantile Exchange Inc.; Notice of Filing and Order...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-01

    ... recently amended Rule 971 to, among other things, add new subsection D, which requires the chief executive...: Electronic Comments Use the Commission's Internet comment form ( http://www.sec.gov/rules/sro.shtml ); or... Commission will post all comments on the Commission's Internet Web site ( http://www.sec.gov/rules/sro.shtml...

  15. 75 FR 54935 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-09-09

    ... Rules 104 and 1000. In addition, the Exchange implemented a system change that allowed DMMs to create a... with interest and provide price improvement to orders in the Exchange's system. This schedule is known.... \\12\\ The Display Book system is an order management and execution facility. The Display Book system...

  16. 76 FR 9384 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-02-17

    ... are executed in dark pools. Securities Exchange Act Release No. 61358 (January 14, 2010), 75 FR 3594... wide range of market structure issues, including high frequency trading and un- displayed, or ``dark... of New York, Sept. 7, 2010) (``Schapiro Speech,'' available on the Commission Web site) (comments of...

  17. 77 FR 72423 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; National Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-05

    ... on the Exchange's Web site at http://www.nsx.com , at the principal office of the Exchange, and at....\\5\\ Such Trading Centers may include execution venues known as ``dark pools.'' The order will not be... Commission's Internet Web site ( http://www.sec.gov/rules/sro.shtml ). Copies of the submission, all...

  18. 78 FR 14872 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-07

    ... Participants request multiple mnemonics for purposes of accounting for trading activity. The Exchange bills per...; options directory messages to relay basic option symbol and contract information for options traded on the... order, the orders will execute. Non-matching orders are added to the limit order book, a database of...

  19. 78 FR 21993 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BOX Options Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-04-12

    ... greater than $0.01 (i.e., all non-Penny Pilot Classes, and Penny Pilot Classes where the trade price is... intense competition on price (and other dimensions of competition) to attract order flow from order flow... II (Liquidity Fees and Credits) that when a non-immediately marketable order executes against a PIP...

  20. 78 FR 62785 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Topaz Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-10-22

    ... will automatically remove a market maker's quotes in all series of an options class when certain... on a class-by-class basis. These parameters are available for market maker quotes in single options... contracts executed by the market maker in an options class; (2) the percentage of the total size of the...

  1. 78 FR 38420 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-06-26

    ... Proposed Rule Change Amending NYSE Rule 1000 To Increase the Price Threshold for Those Securities... threshold for those securities ineligible for automatic executions from $1,000.00 or more to $10,000.00 or...). Specifically, the Exchange believes that increasing the dollar threshold for high-priced securities would...

  2. 76 FR 6165 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Suspension of and Order Instituting...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-02-03

    ..., Chief Executive Officer, Direct Edge to Florence E. Harmon, Deputy Secretary, Commission (the ``Direct Edge Letter''). The commenter suggested that the proposed rule change should be suspended and that the... daily volume of 12 million shares or more of liquidity provided through the NASDAQ Market Center in all...

  3. 78 FR 27274 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGX Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-05-09

    ...' orders that yield Flag BY. When Direct Edge ECN LLC (d/b/a DE Route) (``DE Route''), the Exchange's... for removing liquidity from the BYX order book for executions by members that add a daily average... competing venues to maintain their competitive standing in the financial markets. The Exchange believes that...

  4. 78 FR 54697 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-09-05

    ... execution systems through the same order gateway, regardless of whether the sender is co-located in the data... a 40 Gigabit Liquidity Center Network Connection in the Exchange Data Center August 29, 2013.... The Commission is publishing this notice to solicit comments on the proposed rule change from...

  5. 76 FR 2940 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Order Granting Approval of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-01-18

    ... complex orders. \\4\\ Rule 1092 provides a framework for reviewing the price of a transaction to determine... the theoretical price for a series by a certain amount depending on the type of option. OEOs use one of three criteria when determining the theoretical price of an options execution, which are...

  6. Psychological and neural mechanisms associated with effort-related cardiovascular reactivity and cognitive control: An integrative approach.

    PubMed

    Silvestrini, Nicolas

    2017-09-01

    Numerous studies have assessed cardiovascular (CV) reactivity as a measure of effort mobilization during cognitive tasks. However, psychological and neural processes underlying effort-related CV reactivity are still relatively unclear. Previous research reliably found that CV reactivity during cognitive tasks is mainly determined by one region of the brain, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), and that this region is systematically engaged during cognitively demanding tasks. The present integrative approach builds on the research on cognitive control and its brain correlates that shows that dACC function can be related to conflict monitoring and integration of information related to task difficulty and success importance-two key variables in determining effort mobilization. In contrast, evidence also indicates that executive cognitive functioning is processed in more lateral regions of the prefrontal cortex. The resulting model suggests that, when automatic cognitive processes are insufficient to sustain behavior, the dACC determines the amount of required and justified effort according to task difficulty and success importance, which leads to proportional adjustments in CV reactivity and executive cognitive functioning. These propositions are discussed in relation to previous findings on effort-related CV reactivity and cognitive performance, new predictions for future studies, and relevance for other self-regulatory processes. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  7. Prefrontal Recruitment During Social Rejection Predicts Greater Subsequent Self-Regulatory Imbalance and Impairment: Neural and Longitudinal Evidence

    PubMed Central

    Chester, David S.; DeWall, C. Nathan

    2014-01-01

    Social rejection impairs self-regulation, yet the neural mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unknown. The right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (rVLPFC) facilitates self-regulation and plays a robust role in regulating the distress of social rejection. However, recruiting this region’s inhibitory function during social rejection may come at a self-regulatory cost. As supported by prominent theories of self-regulation, we hypothesized that greater rVLPFC recruitment during rejection would predict a subsequent self-regulatory imbalance that favored reflexive impulses (i.e., cravings), which would then impair self-regulation. Supporting our hypotheses, rVLPFC activation during social rejection was associated with greater subsequent nucleus accumbens (NAcc) activation and lesser functional connectivity between the NAcc and rVLPFC to appetitive cues. Over seven days, the effect of daily felt rejection on daily self-regulatory impairment was exacerbated among participants who showed a stronger rVLPFC response to social rejection. This interactive effect was mirrored in the effect of daily felt rejection on heightened daily alcohol cravings. Our findings suggest that social rejection likely impairs self-regulation by recruiting the rVLPFC, which then tips the regulatory balance towards reward-based impulses. PMID:25094019

  8. Prefrontal recruitment during social rejection predicts greater subsequent self-regulatory imbalance and impairment: neural and longitudinal evidence.

    PubMed

    Chester, David S; DeWall, C Nathan

    2014-11-01

    Social rejection impairs self-regulation, yet the neural mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unknown. The right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (rVLPFC) facilitates self-regulation and plays a robust role in regulating the distress of social rejection. However, recruiting this region's inhibitory function during social rejection may come at a self-regulatory cost. As supported by prominent theories of self-regulation, we hypothesized that greater rVLPFC recruitment during rejection would predict a subsequent self-regulatory imbalance that favored reflexive impulses (i.e., cravings), which would then impair self-regulation. Supporting our hypotheses, rVLPFC activation during social rejection was associated with greater subsequent nucleus accumbens (NAcc) activation and lesser functional connectivity between the NAcc and rVLPFC to appetitive cues. Over seven days, the effect of daily felt rejection on daily self-regulatory impairment was exacerbated among participants who showed a stronger rVLPFC response to social rejection. This interactive effect was mirrored in the effect of daily felt rejection on heightened daily alcohol cravings. Our findings suggest that social rejection likely impairs self-regulation by recruiting the rVLPFC, which then tips the regulatory balance towards reward-based impulses. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  9. Executive Functioning, Barriers to Adherence, and Nonadherence in Adolescent and Young Adult Transplant Recipients.

    PubMed

    Gutiérrez-Colina, Ana M; Eaton, Cyd K; Lee, Jennifer L; Reed-Knight, Bonney; Loiselle, Kristin; Mee, Laura L; LaMotte, Julia; Liverman, Rochelle; Blount, Ronald L

    2016-08-01

    OBJECTIVE : To evaluate levels of executive functioning in a sample of adolescent and young adult (AYA) transplant recipients, and to examine executive functioning in association with barriers to adherence and medication nonadherence.  METHOD : In all, 41 caregivers and 39 AYAs were administered self- and proxy-report measures.  RESULTS : AYA transplant recipients have significant impairments in executive functioning abilities. Greater dysfunction in specific domains of executive functioning was significantly associated with more barriers to adherence and greater medication nonadherence.  CONCLUSION : AYA transplant recipients are at increased risk for executive dysfunction. The assessment of executive functioning abilities may guide intervention efforts designed to decrease barriers to adherence and promote developmentally appropriate levels of treatment responsibility. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Pediatric Psychology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

  10. Executive Dysfunctions Predict Self-Restricted Driving Habits in Elderly People with or without Alzheimer's Dementia.

    PubMed

    Kurzthaler, Ilsemarie; Kemmler, Georg; Defrancesco, Michaela; Moser, Bernadette; Fleischhacker, Wolfgang W; Weiss, Elisabeth M

    2017-09-01

    Introduction The purpose of this study was to elucidate the impact of specific cognitive functions on self-restricted driving habits in healthy elderly drivers and patients suffering from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's dementia (AD). Method Our study population included 35 cognitively healthy controls, 10 MCI patients, and 16 patients with AD. All participants completed a neuropsychological examination and a self-reported questionnaire assessing driving habits and patterns. Results In challenging driving conditions, patients with MCI or AD showed significantly more driving self-restriction than healthy subjects (effect size d=1.06, p=0.007). Ordinal regression analysis across the entire group revealed that deficits in executive functions and reaction had a higher impact on driving restriction (p=0.002) than deficits in memory functions (p=0.570). Additionally, our data showed that 40% of patients with mild to moderate AD still drive in challenging conditions. Discussion Our results illustrate that elderly individuals use self-imposed driving restrictions as compensatory strategies. These restrictions increase with cognitive decline mainly in the field of executive functions, but they do not change once patients convert from MCI to AD. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

  11. Self-Efficacy Buffers the Relationship between Educational Disadvantage and Executive Functioning

    PubMed Central

    Zahodne, Laura B.; Nowinski, Cindy J.; Gershon, Richard C.; Manly, Jennifer J.

    2016-01-01

    Objective Previous studies showed that control beliefs are more strongly related to global cognition and mortality among adults with low education, providing preliminary evidence that self-efficacy buffers against the negative impact of educational disadvantage on physical and cognitive health. The current study extends these findings to a nationally-representative sample of men and women aged 30 to 85 and explores which cognitive domains are most strongly associated with self-efficacy, educational attainment, and their interaction. Method Data were obtained from 1,032 adult (30-85) participants in the United States norming study for the NIH Toolbox. Self-efficacy, executive functioning, working memory, processing speed, episodic memory, and vocabulary were assessed with the NIH Toolbox. Multivariate analysis of covariance and follow-up regressions tested the hypothesis that self-efficacy would be more strongly related to cognitive performance among individuals with lower education, controlling for age, sex, race, ethnicity, education, reading level, testing language, and depressive symptoms. Results Higher education was associated with higher self-efficacy and better performance on all cognitive tests. Higher self-efficacy was associated with better set-switching and attention/inhibition. Significant self-efficacy by education interactions indicated that associations between self-efficacy and executive abilities were stronger for individuals with lower education. Specifically, individuals with low education but high self-efficacy performed similarly to individuals with high education. Conclusions This study provides evidence that self-efficacy beliefs buffer against the negative effects of low educational attainment on executive functioning. These results have implications for future policy and/or intervention work aimed at reducing the deleterious effects of educational disadvantage on later cognitive health. PMID:25877284

  12. Developing mechanisms of self-regulation.

    PubMed

    Posne, M I; Rothbart, M K

    2000-01-01

    Child development involves both reactive and self-regulatory mechanisms that children develop in conjunction with social norms. A half-century of research has uncovered aspects of the physical basis of attentional networks that produce regulation, and has given us some knowledge of how the social environment may alter them. In this paper, we discuss six forms of developmental plasticity related to aspects of attention. We then focus on effortful or executive aspects of attention, reviewing research on temperamental individual differences and important pathways to normal and pathological development. Pathologies of development may arise when regulatory and reactive systems fail to reach the balance that allows for both self-expression and socially acceptable behavior. It remains a challenge for our society during the next millennium to obtain the information necessary to design systems that allow a successful balance to be realized by the largest possible number of children.

  13. The impact of motivation and teachers’ autonomy support on children’s executive functions

    PubMed Central

    Sosic-Vasic, Zrinka; Keis, Oliver; Lau, Maren; Spitzer, Manfred; Streb, Judith

    2015-01-01

    The present study investigates the interplay of executive functions, motivation, and teacher’s autonomy support in school context. In a cross-sectional study design 208 students from different school types completed a standardized motivation questionnaire and processed two executive function tasks. All teachers who teach these students were asked about their autonomy supporting behavior by a standardized test. Multilevel analyses assessed the effects of the student’s motivation and their teachers’ autonomy support on student’s executive functions. Our results show considerable relationships between these variables: high executive function capacities came along with teacher’s autonomy support and student’s intrinsic motivation styles, whereas low executive function capacities were related to external regulation styles. The results indicate the importance of autonomy support in school instruction and disclose the need to popularize the self-regulation approach. PMID:25762958

  14. Self-regulation and quality of life in high-functioning young adults with autism.

    PubMed

    Dijkhuis, Renee R; Ziermans, Tim B; Van Rijn, Sophie; Staal, Wouter G; Swaab, Hanna

    2017-10-01

    Autism is generally associated with poor functional outcome but little is known about predictors of quality of life, especially during early adulthood. This study was conducted to assess subjective quality of life during early adulthood in high-functioning autism spectrum disorder and its relation with self-regulating abilities. Individuals with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder who progressed into post-secondary higher education ( N = 75) were compared to a typical peer control group ( N = 28) based on behavioral self-report questionnaires. The results indicated that individuals with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder reported significantly lower subjective quality of life than typical controls ( p < 0.001, effect size ( d) = 1.84). In addition, individuals with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder reported more problems with emotion processing ( p < 0.05, effect size ( d) = 0.79) and daily executive functioning ( p < 0.001, effect size ( d) = 1.29) than controls. A higher level of executive functioning problems was related to lower quality of life in the high-functioning autism spectrum disorder group, but no significant relation between level of emotion processing and subjective quality of life became apparent in the regression analysis. Our findings show that even in high-functioning young adults with autism, executive functioning, emotion processing, and subjective quality of life are low compared to typically developing peers. Furthermore, these results emphasize the importance of targeting executive functioning problems in individuals with autism to improve subjective quality of life.

  15. The Nature of Self-Regulatory Fatigue and "Ego Depletion": Lessons From Physical Fatigue.

    PubMed

    Evans, Daniel R; Boggero, Ian A; Segerstrom, Suzanne C

    2015-07-30

    Self-regulation requires overriding a dominant response and leads to temporary self-regulatory fatigue. Existing theories of the nature and causes of self-regulatory fatigue highlight physiological substrates such as glucose, or psychological processes such as motivation, but these explanations are incomplete on their own. Historically, theories of physical fatigue demonstrate a similar pattern of useful but incomplete explanations, as recent views of physical fatigue emphasize the roles of both physiological and psychological factors. In addition to accounting for multiple inputs, these newer views also explain how fatigue can occur even in the presence of sufficient resources. Examining these newer theories of physical fatigue can serve as a foundation on which to build a more comprehensive understanding of self-regulatory fatigue that integrates possible neurobiological underpinnings of physical and self-regulatory fatigue, and suggests the possible function of self-regulatory fatigue. © 2015 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

  16. The nature of self-regulatory fatigue and “ego depletion”: Lessons from physical fatigue

    PubMed Central

    Evans, Daniel R.; Boggero, Ian A.; Segerstrom, Suzanne C.

    2016-01-01

    Self-regulation requires overriding a dominant response, and leads to temporary self-regulatory fatigue. Existing theories of the nature and causes of self-regulatory fatigue highlight physiological substrates such as glucose or psychological processes such as motivation, but these explanations are incomplete on their own. Historically, theories of physical fatigue demonstrate a similar pattern of useful but incomplete explanations, as recent views of physical fatigue emphasize the roles of both physiological and psychological factors. In addition to accounting for multiple inputs, these newer views also explain how fatigue can occur even in the presence of sufficient resources. Examining these newer theories of physical fatigue can serve as a foundation on which to build a more comprehensive understanding of self-regulatory fatigue that integrates possible neurobiological underpinnings of physical and self-regulatory fatigue, and suggests the possible function of self-regulatory fatigue. PMID:26228914

  17. Self-reference enhances relational memory in young and older adults.

    PubMed

    Hou, Mingzhu; Grilli, Matthew D; Glisky, Elizabeth L

    2017-11-27

    The present study investigated the influence of self-reference on two kinds of relational memory, internal source memory and associative memory, in young and older adults. Participants encoded object-location word pairs using the strategies of imagination and sentence generation, either with reference to themselves or to a famous other (i.e., George Clooney or Oprah Winfrey). Both young and older adults showed memory benefits in the self-reference conditions compared to other-reference conditions on both tests, and the self-referential effects in older adults were not limited by low memory or executive functioning. These results suggest that self-reference can benefit relational memory in older adults relatively independently of basic memory and executive functions.

  18. CEOS Theory: A Comprehensive Approach to Understanding Hard to Maintain Behaviour Change.

    PubMed

    Borland, Ron

    2017-03-01

    This paper provides a brief introduction to CEOS theory, a comprehensive theory for understanding hard to maintain behaviour change. The name CEOS is an acronym for Context, Executive, and Operational Systems theory. Behaviour is theorised to be the result of the moment by moment interaction between internal needs (operational processes) in relation to environmental conditions, and for humans this is augmented by goal-directed, executive action which can transcend immediate contingencies. All behaviour is generated by operational processes. Goal-directed behaviours only triumph over contingency-generated competing behaviours when operational processes have been sufficiently activated to support them. Affective force can be generated around executive system (ES) goals from such things as memories of direct experience, vicarious experience, and emotionally charged communications mediated through stories the person generates. This paper makes some refinements and elaborations of the theory, particularly around the role of feelings, and of the importance of stories and scripts for facilitating executive action. It also sketches out how it reconceptualises a range of issues relevant to behaviour change. CEOS provides a framework for understanding the limitations of both informational and environmental approaches to behaviour change, the need for self-regulatory strategies and for taking into account more basic aspects of human functioning. © 2016 The Authors. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Association of Applied Psychology.

  19. Improvement of Self-regulated Learning in Mathematics through a Hypermedia Application: Differences based on Academic Performance and Previous Knowledge.

    PubMed

    Cueli, Marisol; Rodríguez, Celestino; Areces, Débora; García, Trinidad; González-Castro, Paloma

    2017-12-04

    Self-regulation on behalf of the student is crucial in learning Mathematics through hypermedia applications and is an even greater challenge in these IT environments. Two aims are formulated. First, to analyze the effectiveness of a hypermedia tool in improving perceived knowledge of self-regulatory strategies and the perceived usage of the planning, executing and assessment strategy on behalf of students with low, medium and high levels of academic performance. Second, to analyze the effectiveness of the hypermedia tool in improving perceived usage of the strategy for planning, monitoring and evaluating on behalf of students with a perceived knowledge (low, medium and high). Participants were 624 students (aged 10-13), classified into a treatment group (TG; 391) and a comparative group (CG; 233). They completed a questionnaire on perceived knowledge (Perceived Knowledge of Self-Regulatory Strategies) and another one on perceived usage of the strategy for planning, performing and evaluating (Inventory of Self-regulatory Learning Processes). Univariate covariance analyses (ANCOVAs) and Student-t tests were used. ANCOVA results were not statistically significant. However, the linear contrast indicated a significant improvement in perceived knowledge of strategies among the TG with low, medium and high academic performance (p ≤ .001). Results are discussed in the light of past and future research.

  20. Pain acceptance, psychological functioning, and self-regulatory fatigue in temporomandibular disorder.

    PubMed

    Eisenlohr-Moul, Tory A; Burris, Jessica L; Evans, Daniel R

    2013-12-01

    A growing body of evidence suggests that chronic pain patients suffer from chronic self-regulatory fatigue: difficulty controlling thoughts, emotions, and behavior. Pain acceptance, which involves responding to pain and related experiences without attempts to control or avoid them (pain willingness), and pursuit of valued life activities regardless of pain (activity engagement) has been associated with various favorable outcomes in chronic pain patients, including better psychological functioning. The study presented here tested the hypotheses that pain acceptance is associated with less psychological distress, higher psychological well-being, and reduced self-regulatory fatigue in temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients, particularly for those with longer pain duration. Cross-sectional data were provided by 135 TMD patients during an initial evaluation at a university-based tertiary orofacial pain clinic. Results of hierarchical linear regression models indicated that, controlling for pain severity, pain willingness is associated with less psychological distress and lower self-regulatory fatigue, and activity engagement is associated with greater psychological well-being. Furthermore, the effect of pain willingness on psychological distress was moderated by pain duration such that pain willingness was more strongly associated with less psychological distress in patients with longer pain duration; this moderating effect was fully mediated by self-regulatory fatigue. These findings suggest pain willingness may buffer against self-regulatory fatigue in those with longer pain duration, and such conservation of self-regulatory resources may protect against psychological symptoms.

  1. Emotion suppression moderates the quadratic association between RSA and executive function

    PubMed Central

    Spangler, Derek P.; Bell, Martha Ann; Deater-Deckard, Kirby

    2016-01-01

    There is uncertainty about whether respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), a cardiac marker of adaptive emotion regulation, is involved in relatively low or high executive function performance. In the present study, we investigated: (1) whether RSA during rest and tasks predict both relatively low and high executive function within a larger quadratic association among the two variables, and (2) the extent to which this quadratic trend was moderated by individual differences in emotion regulation. To achieve these aims, a sample of ethnically and socioeconomically diverse women self-reported reappraisal and emotion suppression. They next experienced a two-minute resting period during which ECG was continually assessed. In the next phase, the women completed an array of executive function and non-executive cognitive tasks while ECG was measured throughout. As anticipated, resting RSA showed a quadratic association with executive function that was strongest for high suppression. These results suggest that relatively high resting RSA may predict poor executive function ability when emotion regulation consumes executive control resources needed for ongoing cognitive performance. PMID:26018941

  2. Validating independent ratings of executive functioning following acquired brain injury using Rasch analysis.

    PubMed

    Simblett, Sara K; Badham, Rachel; Greening, Kate; Adlam, Anna; Ring, Howard; Bateman, Andrew

    2012-01-01

    Assessment of everyday problems with executive functioning following acquired brain injury (ABI) is greatly valued by neurorehabilitation services. Reliance on self-report measures alone is problematic within this client group who may experience difficulties with awareness and memory. The construct validity and reliability of independent ratings (i.e., ratings provided by a carer/relative) on the Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX-I) was explored in this study. Consistent with the results recently reported on the self-rated version of the DEX (DEX-S; Simblett & Bateman, 2011 ), Rasch analysis completed on 271 responses to the DEX-I revealed that the scale did not fit the Rasch model and did not meet the assumption of unidimensionality, that is, a single underlying construct could not be found for the DEX-I that would allow development of an interval-level measure as a whole. Subscales, based on theoretical conceptualisations of executive functioning (Stuss, 2007 ) previously suggested for the DEX-S, were able to demonstrate fit to the Rasch model and unidimensionality. Reliability of independent responses to these subscales in comparison to self-reported ratings is discussed. These results contribute to a greater understanding of how assessment of executive functioning can be improved.

  3. Profile of Self-Reported Problems with Executive Functioning in College and Professional Football Players

    PubMed Central

    Seichepine, Daniel R.; Stamm, Julie M.; Daneshvar, Daniel H.; Riley, David O.; Baugh, Christine M.; Gavett, Brandon E.; Tripodis, Yorghos; Martin, Brett; Chaisson, Christine; McKee, Ann C.; Cantu, Robert C.; Nowinski, Christopher J.

    2013-01-01

    Abstract Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), such as that experienced by contact-sport athletes, has been associated with the development of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Executive dysfunction is believed to be among the earliest symptoms of CTE, with these symptoms presenting in the fourth or fifth decade of life. The present study used a well-validated self-report measure to study executive functioning in football players, compared to healthy adults. Sixty-four college and professional football players were administered the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, adult version (BRIEF-A) to evaluate nine areas of executive functioning. Scores on the BRIEF-A were compared to published age-corrected normative scores for healthy adults Relative to healthy adults, the football players indicated significantly more problems overall and on seven of the nine clinical scales, including Inhibit, Shift, Emotional Control, Initiate, Working Memory, Plan/Organize, and Task Monitor. These symptoms were greater in athletes 40 and older, relative to younger players. In sum, football players reported more-frequent problems with executive functioning and these symptoms may develop or worsen in the fifth decade of life. The findings are in accord with a growing body of evidence that participation in football is associated with the development of cognitive changes and dementia as observed in CTE. PMID:23421745

  4. Profile of self-reported problems with executive functioning in college and professional football players.

    PubMed

    Seichepine, Daniel R; Stamm, Julie M; Daneshvar, Daniel H; Riley, David O; Baugh, Christine M; Gavett, Brandon E; Tripodis, Yorghos; Martin, Brett; Chaisson, Christine; McKee, Ann C; Cantu, Robert C; Nowinski, Christopher J; Stern, Robert A

    2013-07-15

    Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), such as that experienced by contact-sport athletes, has been associated with the development of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Executive dysfunction is believed to be among the earliest symptoms of CTE, with these symptoms presenting in the fourth or fifth decade of life. The present study used a well-validated self-report measure to study executive functioning in football players, compared to healthy adults. Sixty-four college and professional football players were administered the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, adult version (BRIEF-A) to evaluate nine areas of executive functioning. Scores on the BRIEF-A were compared to published age-corrected normative scores for healthy adults Relative to healthy adults, the football players indicated significantly more problems overall and on seven of the nine clinical scales, including Inhibit, Shift, Emotional Control, Initiate, Working Memory, Plan/Organize, and Task Monitor. These symptoms were greater in athletes 40 and older, relative to younger players. In sum, football players reported more-frequent problems with executive functioning and these symptoms may develop or worsen in the fifth decade of life. The findings are in accord with a growing body of evidence that participation in football is associated with the development of cognitive changes and dementia as observed in CTE.

  5. Examining the Predictive Relations between Two Aspects of Self-Regulation and Growth in Preschool Children’s Early Literacy Skills

    PubMed Central

    Lonigan, Christopher J.; Allan, Darcey M.; Phillips, Beth M.

    2016-01-01

    There is strong evidence that self-regulatory processes are linked to early academic skills both concurrently and longitudinally. The majority of extant longitudinal studies, however, have been conducted using autoregressive techniques that may not accurately model change across time. The purpose of this study was to examine the unique associations between two components of self-regulation, attention and executive functioning (EF), and growth in early literacy skills over the preschool year using latent-growth-curve analysis. The sample included 1,082 preschool children (M-age = 55.0 months, SD = 3.73). Children completed measures of vocabulary, syntax, phonological awareness, print knowledge, cognitive ability, and self-regulation, and children’s classroom teachers completed a behavior rating measure. To examine the independent relations of the self-regulatory skills and cognitive ability with children’s initial early literacy skills and growth across the preschool year, growth models in which the intercept and slope were simultaneously regressed on each of the predictor variables were examined. Because of the significant relation between intercept and slope for most outcomes, slope was regressed on intercept in the models to allow a determination of direct and indirect effects of the predictors on growth in children’s language and literacy skills across the preschool year. In general, both teacher-rated inattention and directly measured EF were uniquely associated with initial skills level; however, only teacher-rated inattention uniquely predicted growth in early literacy skills. These findings suggest that teacher-ratings of inattention may measure an aspect of self-regulation that is particularly associated with the acquisition of academic skills in early childhood. PMID:27854463

  6. Parent ratings of executive functioning in children with shunted hydrocephalus.

    PubMed

    Lacy, Maureen; Baldassarre, Megan; Nader, Todd; Frim, David

    2012-01-01

    The present study examined the executive functioning of a group of children with a history of communicating hydrocephalus and how their level of functioning was correlated with parent ratings of executive functioning. The study examined the executive functioning of 39 shunted children with a history of hydrocephalus and 20 healthy peers. Additionally, parents of both groups of children completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) to assess the parents' perceptions of their children's executive functioning. Finally, the study investigated the relationship between the shunted hydrocephalus children's executive functioning and the parent ratings of their executive functioning. Overall, the children with a history of shunted hydrocephalus displayed more executive dysfunction than their healthy peers. These children were rated by their parents as having more executive dysfunction than their healthy peers and displaying working memory, initiation, mental flexibility and self-monitoring difficulties, which appear to increase with age among the shunted hydrocephalus group. While parent ratings as measured by the BRIEF indices did not correlate with all executive tasks within the shunted hydrocephalus group, the cognitive tests assessing mental flexibility may be sensitive to the problems noted by parents at home. The children with a history of shunted hydrocephalus displayed executive functioning deficits on formal examination. The parents of children with a history of shunted hydrocephalus report ongoing executive difficulties which may increase with age. Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel.

  7. Executive Functions Impact the Relation Between Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia and Frequency of Stuttering in Young Children Who Do and Do Not Stutter

    PubMed Central

    Walden, Tedra A.; Conture, Edward G.; Erdemir, Aysu; Lambert, Warren E.; Porges, Stephen W.

    2017-01-01

    Purpose This study sought to determine whether respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and executive functions are associated with stuttered speech disfluencies of young children who do (CWS) and do not stutter (CWNS). Method Thirty-six young CWS and 36 CWNS were exposed to neutral, negative, and positive emotion-inducing video clips, followed by their participation in speaking tasks. During the neutral video, we measured baseline RSA, a physiological index of emotion regulation, and during video viewing and speaking, we measured RSA change from baseline, a physiological index of regulatory responses during challenge. Participants' caregivers completed the Children's Behavior Questionnaire from which a composite score of the inhibitory control and attentional focusing subscales served to index executive functioning. Results For both CWS and CWNS, greater decrease of RSA during both video viewing and speaking was associated with more stuttering. During speaking, CWS with lower executive functioning exhibited a negative association between RSA change and stuttering; conversely, CWNS with higher executive functioning exhibited a negative association between RSA change and stuttering. Conclusion Findings suggest that decreased RSA during video viewing and speaking is associated with increased stuttering and young CWS differ from CWNS in terms of how their executive functions moderate the relation between RSA change and stuttered disfluencies. PMID:28763803

  8. Executive Functions Impact the Relation Between Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia and Frequency of Stuttering in Young Children Who Do and Do Not Stutter.

    PubMed

    Jones, Robin M; Walden, Tedra A; Conture, Edward G; Erdemir, Aysu; Lambert, Warren E; Porges, Stephen W

    2017-08-16

    This study sought to determine whether respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and executive functions are associated with stuttered speech disfluencies of young children who do (CWS) and do not stutter (CWNS). Thirty-six young CWS and 36 CWNS were exposed to neutral, negative, and positive emotion-inducing video clips, followed by their participation in speaking tasks. During the neutral video, we measured baseline RSA, a physiological index of emotion regulation, and during video viewing and speaking, we measured RSA change from baseline, a physiological index of regulatory responses during challenge. Participants' caregivers completed the Children's Behavior Questionnaire from which a composite score of the inhibitory control and attentional focusing subscales served to index executive functioning. For both CWS and CWNS, greater decrease of RSA during both video viewing and speaking was associated with more stuttering. During speaking, CWS with lower executive functioning exhibited a negative association between RSA change and stuttering; conversely, CWNS with higher executive functioning exhibited a negative association between RSA change and stuttering. Findings suggest that decreased RSA during video viewing and speaking is associated with increased stuttering and young CWS differ from CWNS in terms of how their executive functions moderate the relation between RSA change and stuttered disfluencies.

  9. 75 FR 58456 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change by New York Stock...

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    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-01-26

    ... 28, 2009), 74 FR 26750 (June 3, 2009) (SR-Phlx-2009-32). The instant proposed fees will apply only to... that this fee would enable it to recoup the majority of costs associated with routing customer orders... customer orders to NYSE Arca for execution. The Exchange's system will continue to route customer orders to...

  5. 76 FR 72480 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-11-23

    ..., 2009) (SR-Phlx-2009-32). The instant proposed fees will apply only to option orders entered into, and... includes Routing Fees for routing and executing Customer and Professional orders to away markets. The... assesses a Customer Routing Fee of $0.36 per contract for option orders that are routed to BATS. This fee...

  6. 75 FR 22882 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-04-30

    ... II system,\\3\\ for routing standardized equity and index option customer orders to away markets for... 28, 2009), 74 FR 26750 (June 3, 2009) (SR-Phlx-2009-32). The instant proposed fees will apply only to... change is to recoup costs that the Exchange incurs for routing and executing customer orders in equity...

  7. 77 FR 77172 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-31

    ... Floor broker that executes against the Book is not charged (i.e., it is free),\\10\\ both for a security... being assessed for the following intraday transactions: For a Floor broker discretionary e-Quote (``d...'') trading on the Exchange pursuant to a grant of unlisted trading privileges (``UTP''); \\3\\ \\3\\ See, e.g...

  8. 78 FR 56249 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-09-12

    ... executing certain trades that either add liquidity to or remove liquidity from the Exchange's order book in... adopted its fees, it set its fee levels appropriate to the start-up nature of the Exchange's new equities... to perform at a high level of responsiveness and efficiency. \\5\\ Securities Exchange Act Release No...

  9. 78 FR 34681 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-06-10

    ... and Raise the Fee Cap that Applies to Certain Firm and Broker Dealer Open Outcry Executions June 4... for Option Trading Permits (``OTPs'') and raise the fee cap that applies to certain Firm and Broker... monthly fees for OTPs and raise the fee cap that applies to certain Firm and Broker Dealer open outcry...

  10. 77 FR 31410 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-25

    .... Eastern Time. As proposed the order type would be renamed the ``Primary After 3:55 Order.'' Other than the time change, the Exchange does not propose any changes to the order type. The Exchange is proposing... type to obtain an Exchange execution before it is routed to the primary market. In particular, because...

  11. 77 FR 64167 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-18

    ..., offers investors a trade execution tool which should lead to a greater level of transparency as it... for using the INAV, investors should note that the INAV is only an estimation of a fund's value, and... of the trading day. Investors should also note that INAVs are only calculated and disseminated during...

  12. 77 FR 44302 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-27

    ... Brokers. Rule 76 applies only to manual transactions executed at the point of sale on the trading Floor... break up the announced bid and offer by trading with either side of the proposed cross transaction.\\3... Floor Broker enters the cross transaction into the Exchange's Display Book system as a completed...

  13. 75 FR 8163 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-02-23

    ... Proposed Rule Change Extending the Waiver of all Transaction Fees for Shares Executed on the NYSE Match... Substance of the Proposed Rule Change The Exchange proposes to extend the waiver of all transaction fees for... Proposed Rule Change 1. Purpose The Exchange proposes to extend the waiver of all transaction fees for...

  14. 78 FR 76353 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-17

    ... fees for routing options to away markets. The text of the proposed rule change is available on the... Exchange incurs for routing and executing certain orders in equity options to away markets. Today, the... assessed. If the away market pays a rebate, the Routing Fee is $0.00 per contract.\\4\\ \\3\\ Including BATS...

  15. 78 FR 5530 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-01-25

    ... costs that the Exchange incurs for routing and executing orders in equity options to various away... routing orders to away markets plus the away market's transaction fee. The Exchange assesses a $0.04 per... addition to the actual transaction fee or rebate paid by the away market. The fixed Routing Fee is based on...

  16. 78 FR 41966 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; National Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-07-12

    ... after its initial route to the designated away Trading Center,\\6\\ and subsequently executed on the NSX or routed away in accordance with NSX Rule 11.15(a)(ii) is subject to the standard Fee Schedule; and... orders for which an ETP Holder instructs the System to route to designated away Trading Centers which are...

  17. 77 FR 37942 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-25

    ... Brokers must successfully complete the Series 45 within five years of the application date for an OTP and..., execution, and trading systems.\\6\\ As such the Exchange believes that an applicant who has passed the Series... qualifying exams to new applicants, the Exchange will continue to recognize any individual who has passed one...

  18. 78 FR 16308 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Y-Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-14

    ... aggressive price to which such orders are re-priced. Any resting interest that is re-priced pursuant to this... that is displayed and/or resting at a less aggressive price but executable at a more aggressive price... the most aggressive permissible price up to the order's limit price. All other displayed and non...

  19. 77 FR 31055 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-24

    ... order is no longer converted to a Non-Displayed Order, but rather is displayed at the most aggressive... cases, a member will submit a Price to Comply Order at an aggressive price that it anticipates will be... typically submit additional aggressive orders, which likewise are not executed. Because the OUCH protocol is...

  20. 76 FR 38714 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Y-Exchange, Inc.; Order Approving a Proposed Rule Change To...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-07-01

    ... at their most aggressive price to be executed in the manner and under the circumstances described... minimum price variation less aggressive than its price. \\4\\ BYX Rule 11.9(c)(11) defines a Non-Displayed... most ``aggressive'' price means for bids the highest price the User is willing to pay, and for offers...

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